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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_biosafety | Biocontainment | ["1 Terminology","2 Containment types","2.1 Laboratory context","2.2 Agricultural context","3 Biosafety levels","4 Guidelines","5 Laboratory program","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading"] | Physical containment of pathogenic organisms or agents in microbiology laboratories
For the protection of people from infection in health care facilities, see Isolation (health care).
Researchers working in Class III cabinets at the U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories, Camp Detrick, Maryland (1940s). Biocontainment procedures were pioneered at the USBWL in the 1940s and '50s.
One use of the concept of biocontainment is related to laboratory biosafety and pertains to microbiology laboratories in which the physical containment of pathogenic organisms or agents (bacteria, viruses, and toxins) is required, usually by isolation in environmentally and biologically secure cabinets or rooms, to prevent accidental infection of workers or release into the surrounding community during scientific research.
Another use of the term relates to facilities for the study of agricultural pathogens, where it is used similarly to the term "biosafety", relating to safety practices and procedures used to prevent unintended infection of plants or animals or the release of high-consequence pathogenic agents into the environment (air, soil, or water).
Terminology
The World Health Organization's 2006 publication, Biorisk management: Laboratory biosecurity guidance, defines laboratory biosafety as "the containment principles, technologies and practices that are implemented to prevent the unintentional exposure to pathogens and toxins, or their accidental release". It defines biorisk management as "the analysis of ways and development of strategies to minimize the likelihood of the occurrence of biorisks".
The term "biocontainment" is related to laboratory biosafety. Merriam-Webster's online dictionary reports the first use of the term in 1966, defined as "the containment of extremely pathogenic organisms (such as viruses) usually by isolation in secure facilities to prevent their accidental release especially during research".
The term laboratory biosafety refers to the measures taken "to reduce the risk of accidental release of or exposure to infectious disease agents", whereas laboratory biosecurity is usually taken to mean "a set of systems and practices employed in legitimate bioscience facilities to reduce the risk that dangerous biological agents will be stolen and used maliciously".
Containment types
Laboratory context
Primary containment is the first container in direct contact with biohazardous material as well as protection of personnel and the immediate laboratory environment from exposure to infectious agents. Primary containment requires using proper storage containers, good microbiological technique, and the use of appropriate safety equipment such as biological safety cabinets.
Secondary containment is the protection of the environment external to the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials and is provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices.
Biological safety cabinets (BSC), first commercially available in 1950, are fairly common devices designed to provide effective primary biocontainment in laboratories working with highly infectious agents. Three general levels and types have been devised (Class I, Class II, and Class III).
Biosafety suites are suites of laboratory rooms which are essentially equivalent to large Class III cabinets in which positive pressure personnel suits ("space suits") serve as the "outside" environment for workers. Examples include the biosafety suites at USAMRIID at Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA and the Maximum Containment Facility (MCF) of the CDC in Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Agricultural context
See also: Biocontainment of genetically modified organisms
The term “biocontainment” is used differently in facilities for the study of human pathogens versus those used for the study of agricultural pathogens. In agricultural facilities, the definition for “biocontainment” resembles that for “biosafety,” i.e., the safety practices and procedures used to prevent unintended infection of plants or animals or the release of high-consequence pathogenic agents into the environment (air, soil, or water). In the agricultural setting, worker protection and public health are always considerations; however, emphasis is placed on reducing the risk that agents under study could escape into the environment.
Biosafety levels
Main article: Biosafety level
See also: List of biosafety level 4 organisms
A "biosafety level" (BSL) is the level of the biocontainment precautions required to isolate dangerous biological agents in an enclosed laboratory facility. The levels of containment range from the lowest biosafety level 1 (BSL-1) to the highest at level 4 (BSL-4). In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have specified these levels. In the European Union, the same biosafety levels are defined in a directive.
Guidelines
The Aeromedical Isolation Team (AIT) of the U.S. Army operated mobile biocontainment equipment designed for patient care and transport from 1978 to 2010. (Photo by Bruce Maston, 2007)
Today, guiding publications for biosafety and containment in the US are set by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Since 1984, the CDC and the NIH have jointly authored the Biosafety in Microbiological and Medical Laboratories (BMBL). The BMBL is an advisory document providing national recommedations for Biosafety Levels, Containment, Decontamination and Disinfection, Transportation, and Disposal of biohazardous agents.
In Canada the government publication "Laboratory biosafety guidelines" was current between 1990 and 2013, and has been superseded by the "Canadian Biosafety Standards and Guidelines".
OECD Best Practice Guidelines for Biological Resource Centres is a consensus report created in 2001 after experts from OECD countries came together, calling upon "national governments to undertake actions to bring the BRC concept into being in concert with the international scientific community". BRCs are "repositories and providers of high-quality biological materials and information".
Laboratory program
Components of a laboratory biosecurity program include:
Physical security
Personnel security
Material control and accountability
Transport security
Information security
Program management
See also
Aeromedical Isolation Team – Former US Army aeromobile biocontainment team
Biorisk – Risk associated with biological materials and/or infectious agents ("pathogens")
Biosafety – Prevention of large-scale loss of biological integrity
Biosafety level – Set of biocontainment precautions
Biosecurity – Preventive measures designed to reduce the risk of infectious disease transmission
Biological hazard – Biological material that poses serious risks to the health of living organisms
Chemical hazard – Non-biological hazards of hazardous materials
Safety engineering – Engineering discipline which assures that engineered systems provide acceptable levels of safety
Security engineering – Process of incorporating security controls into an information system
Select agent – Controlled biological agents in the United States
References
Citations
^ "Biorisk management: Laboratory biosecurity guidance" (PDF). World Health Organization. September 2006. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
^ "Biosafety". US Dept of Health & Human Services. Public Health Emergency (Science Safety Security). Retrieved 22 May 2020.
^ "Biocontainment". US Dept of Health & Human Services. Public Health Emergency (Science Safety Security). Retrieved 22 May 2020.
^ "Definition of biocontainment". Merriam-Webster: Dictionary. 18 March 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
^ a b Salerno, Reynolds M.; Gaudioso, Jennifer; Brodsky, Benjamin H. (2007). "Preface". Laboratory Biosecurity Handbook (Illustrated ed.). CRC Press. p. xi. ISBN 9781420006209. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
^ Definition of primary containment
^ Wedum, A.G. (1969), "The Detrick experience as a guide to the probable efficacy of P4 microbiological containment facilities for studies on microbial recombinant DNA molecules"; J Am Biol Safety Assoc;1:7-25.
^ Richmond JY, McKinney RW (editors) (1999). Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (4th ed.). ISBN 0-7881-8513-6. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ Council Directive 90/679/EEC of 26 November 1990 on the protection of workers from risks related to exposure to biological agents at work, OJ No. L 374, p. 1.
^ a b Meechan, Paul J; Potts, Jeffrey (2020), Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) (PDF) (6th ed.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
^ "Animal Pathogen Containment Levels". Containment Standards for Veterinary Facilities Sections 1-3. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 2013-08-01. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013.
^ "Laboratory biosafety guidelines / Published by authority of the ... Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response". Public Works and Government Services Canada. 2013-04-03.
^ "Facilities Handling Animal Pathogens". Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 2013-08-01.
^ "Canadian Biosafety Standards and Guidelines". Public Health Agency of Canada. 2022-11-24.
^ "OECD Best Practice Guidelines for Biological Resource Centres". OECD. Retrieved 23 May 2020. pdf
Other sources
Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (1999), 4th Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
The 2013 International Conference on Biocontainment Facilities
The 2014 International Conference on Biocontainment Facilities
eBook Reference: Management Principles for Building and Operating Biocontainment Facilities (Kindle Edition) Archived 2013-05-26 at the Wayback Machine
Wedum, A.G., W.E. Barkley, and A. Hellman (1972), "Handling of infectious agents", Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 161(11):1557-1567.
Further reading
Biorisk Management: Laboratory Biosecurity Guidance. WHO, 2006
Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 5th edition, 2007 (CDC)
Clevestig, Peter (28 June 2009). Handbook of Applied Biosecurity for Life Science Laboratories (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. ISBN 978-91-85114-61-0. (Website here)
Kanabrocki, Joseph (20 January 2017). "Biosafety and Biosecurity in the Realm of Dual-Use Research of Concern" (PDF). p. 2. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (14 September 2017). "3. Managing Dual Use Research of Concern". Dual Use Research of Concern in the Life Sciences: Current Issues and Controversies. Washington DC: National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/24761. ISBN 978-0-309-45888-7. PMID 29001489. Retrieved 23 May 2020 – via NCBI Bookshelf.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) PDF
Laboratory Biosafety Manual, 3rd edition, 2004 (4th edition slideshow and draft - Section 8 on Laboratory Biosecurity)
Laboratory Biosecurity Handbook. CRC Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8493-6475-4.
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Smallpox virus retention debate | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isolation (health care)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_(health_care)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-w-scientists.jpg"},{"link_name":"Class III cabinets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_level#Biosafety_level_3"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Biological_Warfare_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"Camp Detrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Detrick"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"microbiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology"},{"link_name":"pathogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenic"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"viruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"},{"link_name":"toxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin"},{"link_name":"biosafety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety"}],"text":"For the protection of people from infection in health care facilities, see Isolation (health care).Researchers working in Class III cabinets at the U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories, Camp Detrick, Maryland (1940s). 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It defines biorisk management as \"the analysis of ways and development of strategies to minimize the likelihood of the occurrence of biorisks\".[1]The term \"biocontainment\" is related to laboratory biosafety.[2][3] Merriam-Webster's online dictionary reports the first use of the term in 1966, defined as \"the containment of extremely pathogenic organisms (such as viruses) usually by isolation in secure facilities to prevent their accidental release especially during research\".[4]The term laboratory biosafety refers to the measures taken \"to reduce the risk of accidental release of or exposure to infectious disease agents\", whereas laboratory biosecurity is usually taken to mean \"a set of systems and practices employed in legitimate bioscience facilities to reduce the risk that dangerous biological agents will be stolen and used maliciously\".[5]","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Containment types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Biological safety cabinets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_safety_cabinet"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Class I, Class II, and Class III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_safety_cabinet#Classes"},{"link_name":"positive pressure personnel suits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_pressure_personnel_suit"},{"link_name":"USAMRIID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAMRIID"},{"link_name":"Fort Detrick, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Detrick,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Maximum Containment Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maximum_Containment_Facility&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"},{"link_name":"Atlanta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"}],"sub_title":"Laboratory context","text":"Primary containment is the first container in direct contact with biohazardous material[6] as well as protection of personnel and the immediate laboratory environment from exposure to infectious agents. Primary containment requires using proper storage containers, good microbiological technique, and the use of appropriate safety equipment such as biological safety cabinets.Secondary containment is the protection of the environment external to the laboratory from exposure to infectious materials and is provided by a combination of facility design and operational practices.Biological safety cabinets (BSC), first commercially available in 1950,[7] are fairly common devices designed to provide effective primary biocontainment in laboratories working with highly infectious agents. Three general levels and types have been devised (Class I, Class II, and Class III).Biosafety suites are suites of laboratory rooms which are essentially equivalent to large Class III cabinets in which positive pressure personnel suits (\"space suits\") serve as the \"outside\" environment for workers. Examples include the biosafety suites at USAMRIID at Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA and the Maximum Containment Facility (MCF) of the CDC in Atlanta, Georgia, USA.","title":"Containment types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biocontainment of genetically modified organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocontainment_of_genetically_modified_organisms"}],"sub_title":"Agricultural context","text":"See also: Biocontainment of genetically modified organismsThe term “biocontainment” is used differently in facilities for the study of human pathogens versus those used for the study of agricultural pathogens. In agricultural facilities, the definition for “biocontainment” resembles that for “biosafety,” i.e., the safety practices and procedures used to prevent unintended infection of plants or animals or the release of high-consequence pathogenic agents into the environment (air, soil, or water). In the agricultural setting, worker protection and public health are always considerations; however, emphasis is placed on reducing the risk that agents under study could escape into the environment.","title":"Containment types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of biosafety level 4 organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biosafety_level_4_organisms"},{"link_name":"biological agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_agent"},{"link_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMBL-8"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"directive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_directive"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"See also: List of biosafety level 4 organismsA \"biosafety level\" (BSL) is the level of the biocontainment precautions required to isolate dangerous biological agents in an enclosed laboratory facility. The levels of containment range from the lowest biosafety level 1 (BSL-1) to the highest at level 4 (BSL-4). In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have specified these levels.[8] In the European Union, the same biosafety levels are defined in a directive.[9]","title":"Biosafety levels"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AIT1.png"},{"link_name":"Aeromedical Isolation Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeromedical_Isolation_Team"},{"link_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"},{"link_name":"National Institutes of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMBL6-10"},{"link_name":"Biosafety Levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_Level"},{"link_name":"Decontamination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decontamination"},{"link_name":"Disinfection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfection"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMBL6-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lbg13-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfia13-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbsg-14"},{"link_name":"OECD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The Aeromedical Isolation Team (AIT) of the U.S. Army operated mobile biocontainment equipment designed for patient care and transport from 1978 to 2010. (Photo by Bruce Maston, 2007)Today, guiding publications for biosafety and containment in the US are set by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH).[10] Since 1984, the CDC and the NIH have jointly authored the Biosafety in Microbiological and Medical Laboratories (BMBL). The BMBL is an advisory document providing national recommedations for Biosafety Levels, Containment, Decontamination and Disinfection, Transportation, and Disposal of biohazardous agents.[10]In Canada the government publication \"Laboratory biosafety guidelines\" was current between 1990 and 2013,[11][12] and has been superseded by the \"Canadian Biosafety Standards and Guidelines\".[13][14]OECD Best Practice Guidelines for Biological Resource Centres is a consensus report created in 2001 after experts from OECD countries came together, calling upon \"national governments to undertake actions to bring the BRC concept into being in concert with the international scientific community\". BRCs are \"repositories and providers of high-quality biological materials and information\".[15]","title":"Guidelines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-labbio-5"},{"link_name":"Physical security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_security"},{"link_name":"accountability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountability"},{"link_name":"Information security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_security"}],"text":"Components of a laboratory biosecurity program include:[5]Physical security\nPersonnel security\nMaterial control and accountability\nTransport security\nInformation security\nProgram management","title":"Laboratory program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biorisk Management: Laboratory Biosecurity Guidance. 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2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodefense_and_Pandemic_Vaccine_and_Drug_Development_Act_of_2005"},{"link_name":"Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Readiness_and_Emergency_Preparedness_Act"},{"link_name":"Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic_and_All-Hazards_Preparedness_Act"},{"link_name":"Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic_and_All-Hazards_Preparedness_Reauthorization_Act_of_2013"},{"link_name":"Global Health Security Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Health_Security_Initiative"},{"link_name":"Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Partnership_Against_the_Spread_of_Weapons_and_Materials_of_Mass_Destruction"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1540"},{"link_name":"1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Rajneeshee_bioterror_attack"},{"link_name":"1989 California medfly attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_California_medfly_attack"},{"link_name":"2001 anthrax attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_anthrax_attacks"},{"link_name":"Wood Green ricin plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_Green_ricin_plot"},{"link_name":"2003 ricin letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_ricin_letters"},{"link_name":"2013 ricin letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2013_ricin_letters"},{"link_name":"United States Army Medical Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Medical_Unit"},{"link_name":"United States biological weapons program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_biological_weapons_program"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Project"},{"link_name":"Aeromedical Isolation Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeromedical_Isolation_Team"},{"link_name":"DoD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Agro-terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agro-terrorism"},{"link_name":"Biodefense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodefense"},{"link_name":"Biosecurity in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosecurity_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Biological agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_agent"},{"link_name":"Biological hazard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_hazard"},{"link_name":"Biological warfare (BW)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_warfare"},{"link_name":"Biosurveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosurveillance"},{"link_name":"Bioterrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioterrorism"},{"link_name":"CBRN defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBRN_defense"},{"link_name":"Decontamination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_decontamination"},{"link_name":"Entomological warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomological_warfare"},{"link_name":"Isolation (health care)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_(health_care)"},{"link_name":"Select agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_agent"},{"link_name":"Smallpox virus retention debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox_virus_retention_debate"}],"text":"Biorisk Management: Laboratory Biosecurity Guidance. WHO, 2006\nBiosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 5th edition, 2007 (CDC)Clevestig, Peter (28 June 2009). Handbook of Applied Biosecurity for Life Science Laboratories (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. ISBN 978-91-85114-61-0. (Website here)\nKanabrocki, Joseph (20 January 2017). \"Biosafety and Biosecurity in the Realm of Dual-Use Research of Concern\" (PDF). p. 2. Retrieved 23 May 2020.\nNational Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (14 September 2017). \"3. Managing Dual Use Research of Concern\". Dual Use Research of Concern in the Life Sciences: Current Issues and Controversies. Washington DC: National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/24761. ISBN 978-0-309-45888-7. PMID 29001489. Retrieved 23 May 2020 – via NCBI Bookshelf.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) PDF\nLaboratory Biosafety Manual, 3rd edition, 2004[dead link] (4th edition slideshow and draft - Section 8 on Laboratory Biosecurity)\nLaboratory Biosecurity Handbook. CRC Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8493-6475-4.vteBiological warfare and bioterrorismModern incidents\nUnit 731\n1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack\n1989 California medfly attack\n2001 anthrax attacks\nWood Green ricin plot\n2003 ricin letters\n2013 ricin letters\nPreventionand response\nAustralia Group\nCaribbean Public Health Agency\nCenter for Health Security\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention\nChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention\nCouncil of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism\nDefense Advanced Research Projects Agency\nDefense Threat Reduction Agency\nEuropean Centre for Disease Prevention and Control\nGlobal Health Security Initiative\nHealth Threat Unit\nLaboratory Response Network\nIndia's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare\nNational Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center\nNational Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity\nUnited Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs\nUnited States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases\nBiological agents\nAnthrax\nAvian influenza\nBotulinum toxin\nBrucellosis\nBurkholderia pseudomallei\nChlamydophila psittaci\nCoxiella burnetii\nEbola\nEquine encephalitis (Eastern\nWestern\nVenezuelan)\nFoodborne illness\nFungi\nGlanders\nHantavirus\nHenipavirus\nLegionnaires' disease\nMarburg virus\nMold\nPlague\nRicin\nSalmonella enterica\nSalmonellosis\nSalmonella typhi\nSmallpox\nStaphylococcus\nTularemia\nTyphus\nViral hemorrhagic fever\nRelated concepts\nAgro-terrorism\nAnthrax hoaxes\nPsychochemical weapons\nBacteria\nBiocontainment\nBiological hazard\nBiological warfare in popular culture\nEthnic bioweapon\nDecontamination\nEntomological warfare\nInfectious disease\nVirus\nToxin\nTerrorism\nInternational law\nGeneva Protocol\nBiological Weapons Convention\nUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1540\n\nWiktionary definition\nWikimedia Commons\nWikisourcevteUnited States biological defense programOrganizationsFederaladministrativeDHS\nDHS Chemical and Biological Defense Division\nDHS Office of Health Affairs (National Biosurvelliance Integration Center, BioWatch)\nNational Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center\nNational Bio and Agro-Defense Facility\nNational Bioforensic Analysis Center\nDNI\nNational Counterproliferation Center (Advisory Committee on Bioterrorism)\nDHHS\nOffice of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response\nDivision of Select Agents and Toxins (CDC)\nNational Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity\nDoD\nAssistant SECDEF for NCB Defense Programs\nDefense Threat Reduction Agency\nGlobal Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System\nJoint Program Executive Office of Chemical and Biological Defense (JPEO-CBD)\nNational Center for Medical Intelligence\nFederalresearchTrans-departmental\nNational Interagency Confederation for Biological Research (National Interagency Biodefense Campus, Fort Detrick)\nIntegrated National Biodefense Medical Countermeasures Portfolio (DHHS/DoD)\nMilitary\nU.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases\nDefense Advanced Research Projects Agency\nEdgewood Chemical Biological Center\nDugway Proving Ground\nCivilian\nGalveston National Laboratory (UTMB/NIAID)\nIntegrated Research Facility (HHS/NIAID)\nBiomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (HHS)\nHomeland Security Research Program (EPA/DHS)\nPlum Island Animal Disease Center (USDA)\nForeign Disease Weed Science Research Unit (USDA)\nResponseLocal\nLocal Health Departments\nState\nState Health Departments\nNebraska Biocontainment Patient Care Unit\nFederal\nNational Medical Response Team/National Pharmacy Response Team (NDMS, HHS)\nChemical Biological Incident Response Force (USMC)\nEpidemic Intelligence Service (CDC)\nAeromedical Biological Containment System (CDC)\nBioterror Rapid Response and Advanced Technology Laboratory (CDC)\nNon-governmentalAcademic centersand think tanks\nJohns Hopkins Center for Health Security (formerly Center for Biosecurity)\nHenry L. Stimson Center\nCenter for Advancing Microbial Risk Assessment\nCenter for Biodefense and Emerging Pathogens (Brown University)\nMiddle-Atlantic Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research\nCenter for Biodefense Immune Modeling (University of Rochester)\nJohns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies\nNational Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases (NCBID; George Mason Univ.)\nGovernmentcontractors\nBattelle Memorial Institute\nSRI International\nIdaho Technology\nPhoenix Air\nProgramsand projectsThreat reduction\nNunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program, implemented the Defense Threat Reduction Agency and Biological Threat Reduction (DoD) plus\nProject Bacchus\nProject Clear Vision\nProject Jefferson\nBiosurveillance\nNational Biosurveillance Strategy\nLaboratory Response Network (CDC)\nBioWatch (EPA, CDC)\nGlobal Bio-Surveillance Technology Initiative (GBTI), Bio-Surveillance Management Office (BMO) (part of JPEO-CBD)\nESSENCE (DoD)\nRODS (Civilian)\nBiosecurity/Biosurety\nSelect Agent Program (CDC)\nPersonnel Reliability Program (DoD)\nMedical intelligence\nNational Intelligence Assessments on Infectious Diseases\nDisaster response\nNational Response Framework of the National Strategy for Homeland Security (DHS; including NIMS and ICS)\nNational Disaster Medical System (DHHS)\nStrategic National Stockpile (CDC, DHS)\nTechnologyand equipmentProtection\nMOPP\nNBC suit\nRespirators\nDetection\nCell CANARY\nBiological Materials MASINT\nAutonomous Pathogen Detection System\nJoint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostic System (JBAIDS)\nBiocontainment\nBiosafety level\nBiosafety cabinet\nPositive pressure personnel suit\nLawTreaties\nGeneva Protocol (1925, 1975)\nStatement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs (1969)\nBiological Weapons Convention (1972)\nLegislation\nBiological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989\nSoviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991\nExecutive Order 13139 (1999)\nPatriot Act (2001)\nPublic Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act (2002)\nAgricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002\nProject Bioshield Act (2004)\nBiodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005\nPublic Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act (2005)\nPandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act (2006)\nPandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013\nInternationalrepresentation\nGlobal Health Security Initiative\nGlobal Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction\nUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 (2004)\nHistoryPast biologicalincidents\n1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack\n1989 California medfly attack\n2001 anthrax attacks\nWood Green ricin plot (2002)\n2003 ricin letters\n2013 ricin letters\nDefunct organizationsand programs\nUnited States Army Medical Unit\nUnited States biological weapons program\nSunshine Project\nAeromedical Isolation Team (DoD)\nRelated topics\nAgro-terrorism\nBiodefense\nBiosecurity in the United States\nBiological agent\nBiological hazard\nBiological warfare (BW)\nBiosurveillance\nBioterrorism\nCBRN defense\nDecontamination\nEntomological warfare\nIsolation (health care)\nSelect agent\nSmallpox virus retention debate","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Researchers working in Class III cabinets at the U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories, Camp Detrick, Maryland (1940s). Biocontainment procedures were pioneered at the USBWL in the 1940s and '50s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/B-w-scientists.jpg/280px-B-w-scientists.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Aeromedical Isolation Team (AIT) of the U.S. Army operated mobile biocontainment equipment designed for patient care and transport from 1978 to 2010. (Photo by Bruce Maston, 2007)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/AIT1.png/250px-AIT1.png"}] | [{"title":"Aeromedical Isolation Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeromedical_Isolation_Team"},{"title":"Biorisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorisk"},{"title":"Biosafety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety"},{"title":"Biosafety level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_level"},{"title":"Biosecurity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosecurity"},{"title":"Biological hazard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_hazard"},{"title":"Chemical hazard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_hazard"},{"title":"Safety engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_engineering"},{"title":"Security engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_engineering"},{"title":"Select agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_agent"}] | [{"reference":"\"Biorisk management: Laboratory biosecurity guidance\" (PDF). World Health Organization. September 2006. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/biosafety/WHO_CDS_EPR_2006_6.pdf","url_text":"\"Biorisk management: Laboratory biosecurity guidance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biosafety\". US Dept of Health & Human Services. Public Health Emergency (Science Safety Security). Retrieved 22 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phe.gov/s3/BioriskManagement/biosafety/Pages/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Biosafety\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biocontainment\". US Dept of Health & Human Services. Public Health Emergency (Science Safety Security). Retrieved 22 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phe.gov/s3/BioriskManagement/biocontainment/Pages/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Biocontainment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Definition of biocontainment\". Merriam-Webster: Dictionary. 18 March 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/biocontainment","url_text":"\"Definition of biocontainment\""}]},{"reference":"Salerno, Reynolds M.; Gaudioso, Jennifer; Brodsky, Benjamin H. (2007). \"Preface\". Laboratory Biosecurity Handbook (Illustrated ed.). CRC Press. p. xi. ISBN 9781420006209. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V7XwtVhtr1oC&pg=PR11","url_text":"\"Preface\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781420006209","url_text":"9781420006209"}]},{"reference":"Richmond JY, McKinney RW (editors) (1999). Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (4th ed.). ISBN 0-7881-8513-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/biosfty/bmbl4/bmbl4toc.htm","url_text":"Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7881-8513-6","url_text":"0-7881-8513-6"}]},{"reference":"Meechan, Paul J; Potts, Jeffrey (2020), Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) (PDF) (6th ed.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/labs/pdf/SF__19_308133-A_BMBL6_00-BOOK-WEB-final-3.pdf","url_text":"Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL)"}]},{"reference":"\"Animal Pathogen Containment Levels\". Containment Standards for Veterinary Facilities Sections 1-3. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 2013-08-01. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130617165510/http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/bio/anima/convet/convet1-3e.shtml","url_text":"Containment Standards for Veterinary Facilities Sections 1-3"},{"url":"http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/bio/anima/convet/convet1-3e.shtml#a2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Laboratory biosafety guidelines / Published by authority of the ... Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response\". Public Works and Government Services Canada. 2013-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/262616/publication.html","url_text":"\"Laboratory biosafety guidelines / Published by authority of the ... Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response\""}]},{"reference":"\"Facilities Handling Animal Pathogens\". Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 2013-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://inspection.canada.ca/animal-health/biohazard-containment-and-safety/facility-certification/facilities-handling-animal-pathogens/eng/1371793769297/1371793824290#a2","url_text":"\"Facilities Handling Animal Pathogens\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Biosafety Standards and Guidelines\". Public Health Agency of Canada. 2022-11-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/canadian-biosafety-standards-guidelines.html","url_text":"\"Canadian Biosafety Standards and Guidelines\""}]},{"reference":"\"OECD Best Practice Guidelines for Biological Resource Centres\". OECD. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oecd.org/sti/emerging-tech/oecdbestpracticeguidelinesforbiologicalresourcecentres.htm","url_text":"\"OECD Best Practice Guidelines for Biological Resource Centres\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD","url_text":"OECD"}]},{"reference":"Clevestig, Peter (28 June 2009). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochkhamuri_river | Ochkhamuri (river) | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 41°53′30″N 41°46′58″E / 41.8918°N 41.7828°E / 41.8918; 41.7828This article is about river. For town, see Ochkhamuri.
River in Adjara, GeorgiaOchkhamuriShow map of AdjaraShow map of GeorgiaNative nameოჩხამური (Georgian)LocationCountryGeorgiaAdjaraPhysical characteristicsSourceMeskheti Range
MouthCholoki • coordinates41°53′30″N 41°46′58″E / 41.8918°N 41.7828°E / 41.8918; 41.7828Length21.4 km (13.3 mi)Basin size65.2 km2Basin featuresProgressionCholoki→ Natanebi→ Black Sea
The Ochkhamuri (Georgian: ოჩხამური) is a river in Adjara, Georgia, a left tributary to the Choloki. Its length is 21,4 km and the area of basin is 65,2 km.2 The townlet of the same name is located on the banks of the river.
The archaeological complex of Pichvnari lies at the confluence of the Choloki and the Ochkhamuri, near the Black Sea coast. Both rivers flow through the area which was home to a rich Bronze Age culture of Colchis.
See also
Ochkhamuri
References
^ (in Georgian) Apkhazava, I., "ოჩხამური" ("Ochkhamuri"), in: Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 7, p. 623. Tbilisi, 1984
^ Khakhutaishvili, David (2009), The Manufacture of Iron in Ancient Colchis, pp. 29-30. Archaeopress, ISBN 1-4073-0389-9
vte Rivers of GeorgiaBlack sea basin
Abasha
Bzipi
Chorokhi
Acharistsqali
Enguri
Khobi
Chanistsqali
Kodori
Sakeni
Natanebi
Choloki
Ochkhamuri
Psou
Rioni
Qvirila
Tekhuri
Tskhenistsqali
Supsa
Bakhvistsqali
Caspian basin
Andi Koysu
Mtkvari †
Liakhvi
Patsa
Aragvi
Iori
Alazani
Ksani
Algeti
Khrami
Tergi ‡
Note: † also known as Kura ‡ also known as Terek List of rivers of Georgia (country)
This article related to a river in Georgia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ochkhamuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochkhamuri"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"Adjara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjara"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Choloki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choloki"},{"link_name":"townlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townlet"},{"link_name":"same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochkhamuri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIO-1"},{"link_name":"Pichvnari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pichvnari"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"Colchis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KDT-2"}],"text":"This article is about river. For town, see Ochkhamuri.River in Adjara, GeorgiaThe Ochkhamuri (Georgian: ოჩხამური) is a river in Adjara, Georgia, a left tributary to the Choloki. Its length is 21,4 km and the area of basin is 65,2 km.2 The townlet of the same name is located on the banks of the river.[1]The archaeological complex of Pichvnari lies at the confluence of the Choloki and the Ochkhamuri, near the Black Sea coast. Both rivers flow through the area which was home to a rich Bronze Age culture of Colchis.[2]","title":"Ochkhamuri (river)"}] | [] | [{"title":"Ochkhamuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochkhamuri"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ochkhamuri_(river)¶ms=41.8918_N_41.7828_E_type:river","external_links_name":"41°53′30″N 41°46′58″E / 41.8918°N 41.7828°E / 41.8918; 41.7828"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ochkhamuri_(river)¶ms=41.8918_N_41.7828_E_type:river","external_links_name":"41°53′30″N 41°46′58″E / 41.8918°N 41.7828°E / 41.8918; 41.7828"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ochkhamuri_(river)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_J%C3%B8rgen_Fuglesang | Rolf Jørgen Fuglesang | ["1 See also","2 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rolf Jørgen Fuglesang" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Fuglesang in 1940
Rolf Jørgen Fuglesang (31 January 1909, Fredrikstad – 25 November 1988) was a Norwegian secretary to the Nasjonal Samling government of Vidkun Quisling 1940–1941 and minister 1941–1942 and 1942–1945. He was also President of the Kulturting 1943–1945.
Fuglesang, educated in law, was from the very beginning, one of Quisling's most loyal followers and played an important role under the establishment of NS and the building of the Nazi administration during the German occupation. In the early stages of the occupation, he was regarded by the Germans as one of their strongholds, among others, due to his focus on Nazi race ideas. Fuglesang became an advocate of Pan-Germanism, which led to an approach from Heinrich Himmler himself.
In January 1944, he accompanied Vidkun Quisling on his visit to Adolf Hitler and then also had a longer and mainly conciliatory conversation with Himmler in Rastenburg. Towards the end of the war, however, he was a figurehead of the opposition to the Germans inside NS.
During the legal purge in Norway after World War II, Fuglesang was sentenced to life imprisonment with forced labour for treason. He narrowly avoided execution when four out of seven judges voted for a life sentence. Fuglesang was released from prison in 1956.
His daughter was married to art historian Per Jonas Nordhagen, a son of Rolf Nordhagen, for some time.
See also
The Norwegian Ministry of Culture and Enlightenment
References
^ Dahl, Hans Fredrik; Skodvin, Magne (2024-03-22), "Rolf Jørgen Fuglesang", Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian), retrieved 2024-05-06
^ Hans Fredrik Dahl i utdypende artikkel i SNL
^ Indahl, Trond. "Per Jonas Nordhagen". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
This article about a Norwegian politician born in the 1900s is a stub. 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He was also President of the Kulturting [no] 1943–1945.Fuglesang, educated in law, was from the very beginning, one of Quisling's most loyal followers and played an important role under the establishment of NS and the building of the Nazi administration during the German occupation. In the early stages of the occupation, he was regarded by the Germans as one of their strongholds,[citation needed] among others, due to his focus on Nazi race ideas. Fuglesang became an advocate of Pan-Germanism, which led to an approach from Heinrich Himmler himself.In January 1944, he accompanied Vidkun Quisling on his visit to Adolf Hitler and then also had a longer and mainly conciliatory conversation with Himmler in Rastenburg. Towards the end of the war, however, he was a figurehead of the opposition to the Germans inside NS.[1]During the legal purge in Norway after World War II, Fuglesang was sentenced to life imprisonment with forced labour for treason. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Apip%C3%A9 | Isla Apipé | ["1 Geography","2 References"] | Coordinates: 27°30′S 56°54′W / 27.500°S 56.900°W / -27.500; -56.900You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (August 2023) Click for important translation instructions.
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Island in Misiones Province, Argentina
Isla ApipéMap of island and the three others, showing approximately their greatest size when the river is low. The borders are quite clear on this mapIsla ApipéShow map of ParaguayIsla ApipéShow map of ArgentinaGeographyCoordinates27°30′S 56°54′W / 27.500°S 56.900°W / -27.500; -56.900Adjacent toParaná RiverAdministrationArgentinaProvinceCorrientes
Isla Apipé or Isla Apipé Grande is an Argentine island about 25 km long in the Paraná River below the Argentine city of Posadas, Misiones, very marginally within the Argentina–Paraguay border, divided by river and a thin strip of variable marsh depending on the season.
Geography
Isla Apipé is part of Corrientes Province, separated from the rest of the province by a channel of the Paraná River and marsh up to the mean high water mark along a longer strip of the left bank belonging to Paraguay, a country which otherwise commences on the other side of the island. The island and three smaller notable, permanent islands are surrounded by Paraguay — being exclaves and enclaves. The other islands are the Isla Apipé Chico, Isla Los Patos and Isla San Martín. In order the four islands measure about 276, 23.8, 11.8 and 3.7 km².
References
^ "Reserva Natural Apipé Grande". Ministerio de Turismo de la Provincia de Corrientes (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-02-17.
This article about a place in Misiones Province, Argentina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about an island is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Paraná River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Posadas, Misiones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posadas,_Misiones"},{"link_name":"Argentina–Paraguay border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Paraguay_border"}],"text":"Island in Misiones Province, ArgentinaIsla Apipé or Isla Apipé Grande is an Argentine island about 25 km long in the Paraná River[1] below the Argentine city of Posadas, Misiones, very marginally within the Argentina–Paraguay border, divided by river and a thin strip of variable marsh depending on the season.","title":"Isla Apipé"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corrientes Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrientes_Province"},{"link_name":"left bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_(geography)"},{"link_name":"exclaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclave"}],"text":"Isla Apipé is part of Corrientes Province, separated from the rest of the province by a channel of the Paraná River and marsh up to the mean high water mark along a longer strip of the left bank belonging to Paraguay, a country which otherwise commences on the other side of the island. The island and three smaller notable, permanent islands are surrounded by Paraguay — being exclaves and enclaves. The other islands are the Isla Apipé Chico, Isla Los Patos and Isla San Martín. In order the four islands measure about 276, 23.8, 11.8 and 3.7 km².","title":"Geography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Reserva Natural Apipé Grande\". Ministerio de Turismo de la Provincia de Corrientes (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://corrientes.tur.ar/experiencia/reserva-natural-apipe-grande/","url_text":"\"Reserva Natural Apipé Grande\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isla_Apip%C3%A9¶ms=27_30_S_56_54_W_type:isle","external_links_name":"27°30′S 56°54′W / 27.500°S 56.900°W / -27.500; -56.900"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Isla_Apip%C3%A9¶ms=27_30_S_56_54_W_type:isle","external_links_name":"27°30′S 56°54′W / 27.500°S 56.900°W / -27.500; -56.900"},{"Link":"https://corrientes.tur.ar/experiencia/reserva-natural-apipe-grande/","external_links_name":"\"Reserva Natural Apipé Grande\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isla_Apip%C3%A9&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isla_Apip%C3%A9&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_Jiang_Yan_Irrigation_System | Dujiangyan | ["1 History","1.1 Planning","1.2 Construction","1.3 Legacy","1.4 2008 Sichuan earthquake","2 Engineering constructions","2.1 Irrigation head","2.2 Anlan Suspension Bridge","3 Geography","3.1 Location","3.2 Geology","3.3 Topography and geomorphology","3.4 Hydrology","4 Temple sites","4.1 Two Kings Temple","4.2 Dragon-Taming Temple","5 See also","6 References"] | Coordinates: 31°0′6″N 103°36′19″E / 31.00167°N 103.60528°E / 31.00167; 103.60528Ancient irrigation system in Sichuan, China
For the city, see Dujiangyan City. For other uses, see Dujiangyan (disambiguation).
UNESCO World Heritage SiteDujiangyan irrigation systemLocationDujiangyan City, Chengdu, Sichuan, ChinaPart ofMount Qingcheng and the Dujiangyan Irrigation SystemCriteriaCultural: (ii)(iv)(vi)Reference1001Inscription2000 (24th Session)Coordinates31°0′6″N 103°36′19″E / 31.00167°N 103.60528°E / 31.00167; 103.60528Location of Dujiangyan in SichuanShow map of SichuanDujiangyan (China)Show map of China
The Dujiangyan (Chinese: 都江堰; pinyin: Dūjiāngyàn) is an ancient irrigation system in Dujiangyan City, Sichuan, China. Originally constructed around 256 BC by the State of Qin as an irrigation and flood control project, it is still in use today. The system's infrastructure develops on the Min River (Minjiang), the longest tributary of the Yangtze. The area is in the west part of the Chengdu Plain, between the Sichuan Basin and the Tibetan Plateau. Originally, the Min would rush down from the Min Mountains and slow down abruptly after reaching the Chengdu Plain, filling the watercourse with silt, thus making the nearby areas extremely prone to floods. King Zhao of Qin commissioned the project, and the construction of the Dujiangyan harnessed the river using a new method of channeling and dividing the water rather than simply damming it. The water management scheme is still in use today to irrigate over 5,300 km2 (2,000 sq mi) of land in the region and has produced comprehensive benefits in flood control, irrigation, water transport and general water consumption. Begun over 2,250 years ago, it now irrigates 668,700 hectares of farmland. The Dujiangyan, the Zhengguo Canal in Shaanxi and the Lingqu Canal in Guangxi are collectively known as the "three great hydraulic engineering projects of the Qin."
Dujiangyan Irrigation System were inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2000. It has also been declared a State Priority Protected Site, among the first batch of National Scenic Areas and Historical Sites, and a National ISO14000 Demonstration Area.
History
Planning
Map showing the plan of the Dujiangyan project
Eastern Han (25–220 CE) statue of Li Bing, the hydraulic engineer responsible for Dujiangyan
During the Warring States period, people who lived in the area of the Min River were plagued by annual flooding. Qin hydrologist Li Bing investigated the problem and discovered that the river was swelled by fast flowing spring melt-water from the local mountains that burst the banks when it reached the slow moving and heavily silted stretch below.
One solution would have been to build a dam, but the Qin wanted to keep the waterway open for military vessels to supply troops on the frontier, so instead an artificial levee was constructed to redirect a portion of the river's flow and then to cut a channel through Mount Yulei to discharge the excess water upon the dry Chengdu Plain beyond.
Construction
King Zhao of Qin allocated 100,000 taels of silver for the project and sent a team said to number tens of thousands. The levee was constructed from long sausage-shaped baskets of woven bamboo filled with stones known as Zhulong held in place by wooden tripods known as Macha. The construction of a water-diversion levee resembling a fish's mouth took four years to complete.
Cutting the channel proved to be a far greater problem, as the hand tools available at the time, prior to the invention of gunpowder, would have taken decades to cut through the mountain. Li Bing devised an ingenious method of using fire and water to rapidly heat and cool the rocks, causing them to crack and allowing them to be easily removed. After eight years of work, a channel 20 meters (66 ft) wide had been gouged through the mountain.
Legacy
Dujiangyan
After the system was finished, no more floods occurred. The irrigation made Sichuan the most productive agricultural region in China for a time. The construction is also credited with giving the people of the region a laid-back attitude to life; by eliminating disaster and ensuring a regular and bountiful harvest, it left them with plenty of free time.
Turmoil surrounding the conquering of Chengdu by peasant rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong in 1644, and the Ming-Qing transition more generally, led to depopulation and the deterioration of the Dujiangyan irrigation system to the point where rice cultivation was set back for decades. The original Dujiangyan irrigation system was destroyed by the 1933 Diexi earthquake. The current Dujiangyan irrigation system was rebuilt after the Diexi earthquake in 1933 by Zhang Yuan (张沅) and his sons, including Zhang Shiling (张世龄).
In 2000, Dujiangyan became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Today it has become a major tourist attraction.
2008 Sichuan earthquake
Main article: 2008 Sichuan earthquake
On May 12, 2008, a massive earthquake struck a vast portion of west Sichuan, including the Dujiangyan area. Initial reports indicated that the Yuzui Levee was cracked but not severely damaged. Diversion of flow could still be seen as the river turns.
Panorama of Inner Stream
Engineering constructions
Fish Mouth Levee
Waterways map
Irrigation head
The irrigation system consists of three main constructions that work in harmony with one another to ensure against flooding and keep the fields well supplied with water:
The Yuzui or Fish Mouth Levee (Chinese:鱼嘴), named for its conical head that is said to resemble the mouth of a fish, is the key part of the construction. It is an artificial levee that divides the water into inner and outer streams. The inner stream is deep and narrow, while the outer stream is relatively shallow but wide. This special structure ensures that the inner stream carries approximately 60% of the river's flow into the irrigation system during dry season. While during flood, this amount decreases to 40% to protect the people from flooding. The outer stream drains away the rest, flushing out much of the silt and sediment.
The Feishayan or Flying Sand Weir (Chinese:飞沙堰) has a 200-meter (660 ft)-wide opening that connects the inner and outer streams. This ensures against flooding by allowing the natural swirling flow of the water to drain out excess water from the inner to the outer stream. The swirl also drains out silt and sediment that failed to go into the outer stream. A modern reinforced concrete weir has replaced the original weighted bamboo baskets.
The Baopingkou or Bottle-Neck Channel (Chinese:宝瓶口), which was gouged through the mountain, is the final part of the system. The channel distributes the water to the farmlands in the Chengdu Plain, whilst the narrow entrance, that gives it its name, works as a check gate, creating the whirlpool flow that carries away the excess water over Flying Sand Fence, to ensure against flooding.
Anlan Suspension Bridge
Anlan or Couple's Bridge spans the full width of the river connecting the artificial island to both banks and is known as one of the Five Ancient Bridges of China. The original Zhupu Bridge only spanned the inner stream connecting the levee to the foot of Mount Yulei. This was replaced in the Song dynasty by Pingshi Bridge which burned down during the wars that marked the end of the Ming dynasty.
In 1803 during the Qing dynasty a local man named He Xiande and his wife proposed the construction of a replacement, made of wooden plates and bamboo handrails, to span both streams and this was nicknamed Couple's Bridge in their honour. This was demolished in the 1970s and replaced by a modern bridge.
Geography
Location
Longmen Mountains, located on the northwest edge of Sichuan Basin
The Dujiangyan irrigation system is located in the western portion of the Chengdu flatlands, at the junction between the Sichuan basin and the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.
Geology
The Dujiangyan irrigation system is located at the turning point of the two topographic steps of the western plateau mountains and the Chengdu Plain. It is the southwest extension of the Longmen Mountains and the area through which the Longmen Mountain Fault Zone passes.
Topography and geomorphology
The Dujiangyan irrigation system is higher in the northwest and lower in the southeast. The west belongs to the southern section of Longmen Mountains, with the mountain elevation below 3000 meters. The east is Chengdu Plain, with an altitude of 720 meters.
Hydrology
Zipingpu Dam North of Dujiangyan
The Dujiangyan irrigation system was built at the entrance of Minjiang River, with an average annual inflow of 15.082 billion cubic meters. There are two hydrological stations in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River. One is the Zipingpu Dam at the mouth of the main stream. The water catchment area of the control survey is 22664 square kilometers, accounting for 98.38% of the total water catchment area of the upper reaches of the Minjiang River. The other is Yangliuping Dam at the outlet of Baisha River, with a controlled catchment area of 363 square kilometers, accounting for 1.58% of the total catchment area. There is a catchment area of 10 square kilometers from Estuary of Baisha River to Dujiangyan lrrigation system, accounting for 0.04% of the total catchment area.
Temple sites
Two Kings Temple
The Erwang Temple at Dujiangyan
Erwang or Two Kings Temple is on the bank of the river at the foot of Mount Yulei. The original Wangdi Temple built in memory of an ancient Shu king was moved, so locals renamed the temple here.
The 10,072 m2 Qing dynasty wooden complex conforms to the traditional standard of temple design except that it does not follow a north–south axis. The main hall, which contains a modern statue of Li Bing, opens up onto a courtyard facing an opera stage. On Li Bing's traditional birthday, 24th day of the 7th month of the lunar calendar, local operas were performed for the public, and on Tomb Sweeping Day a Water Throwing Festival is held.
The rear hall contains a modern statue of the god Erlang Shen. Because it would be a problem if a family had no offspring in Chinese feudal society, locals regarded this Erlang as Li Bing's son. Guanlantin Pavilion stands above the complex and is inscribed with wise words from Li Bing such as, When the river flows in zigzags, cut a straight channel; when the riverbed is wide and shallow, dig it deeper.
Dragon-Taming Temple
A paifang in Dujiangyan
Fulongguan or Dragon-Taming Temple in Lidui Park was founded in the third century in honour of Fan Changsheng. Following Li Bing's death a hall was established here in his honour and the temple was renamed to commemorate the dragon fighting legends that surrounded him. It is here that Erlang Shen, the legendary son of Li Bing, is said to have chained the dragon that he and his seven sworn brothers had captured in an ambush at the River God Temple when it came to collect a human sacrifice. This action is said to have protected the region from floods ever since.
During the East Han dynasty a statue of Li Bing was placed in the river to monitor the water flow, with the level rising above his shoulders to indicate flood and falling beneath his calves to indicate drought. Recovered from the river in 1974 and placed on display in the main hall, this is the oldest known stone statue of a human in China.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dujiangyan.
Turfan water system
Grand Canal of China
References
^ Zhang, Kan; Hu Changshu (2006). World Heritage in China. Guangzhou: The Press of South China University of Technology. pp. 95–103. ISBN 7-5623-2390-9.
^ a b c Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Mount Qingcheng and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2023-03-12.
^ The Lingqu Canal, one of "The Three Great Hydraulic Engineering Projects of the Qin Dynasty" (秦代三大水利工程之一：灵渠) (in Chinese), sina.com, July 26, 2005
^ "Dujiangyan Irrigation System". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. More than 2,000 years ago, Li Bing (c.250-200 BC) served as a local governor of Shu State. At that time, the Mingjiang River flowed quickly down from the mountains. As it ran across the Chengdu Plain, it frequently flooded the Chengdu agricultural area where local farmers suffered much from the water disaster. Li Bing and his son designed this water control system and organized thousands of local people to construct the project.
^ China Heritage Project. "Taming the Floodwaters". The Australian National University. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2008. Li Bing was commissioned to conduct an extensive hydraulic survey to regulate the unpredictable course of the swiftly flowing spring-thaw waters of the Min River that regularly flooded areas and settlements on the plains around Chengdu, and simultaneously ensure that the Min River flowed unimpeded through Chengdu, facilitating navigation by military vessels that could service Qin's logistical supply lines.
^ China Heritage Project. "Taming the Floodwaters". The Australian National University. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2008. By 270 BCE he had drawn up plans to mitigate the Min River's floodwaters for year-round irrigation on the Chengdu Plain and navigability to Chengdu. The original plan called for the construction of weirs or levees to harness the Min River at Dujiangyan, where the hills meet the Chengdu Plain, and of a diversion channel to irrigate the plain that would cut straight through the natural barrier posed by Mount Jian.
^ "Zhulong". Dujiangyan Irrigation System Museum. It is also called Zhuo, Zhou, etc. which is a long sausage-shaped basket of woven bamboo filled with stones used to protect the riverbed or served as a dam. While the Dujiangyan Irrigation Project under the guidance of Li Bing, Zhulong was widely used. It was simple and cheap but effective and has been passed down from generation to generation. Even today it is still widely adopted in flood control.
^ "Zhulong". Dujiangyan Irrigation System Museum. They are wood tripods used to support a temporary dam to cut off a river, control flood or regulate water, etc. They are one kind of flexible convenient and effective engineering facilities.
^ China Heritage Project. "Taming the Floodwaters". The Australian National University. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2008. In 268 BCE, Li Bing is said to have personally led ten of thousands of workers in the initial stage of construction on the Min River banks. The workers made bamboo cages and threw cages of rocks into the middle of the river. It took them four years to complete a water-diversion levee resembling a fish's mouth. When the water reaches Yuzu, the 'fish's mouth,' it is naturally diverted into the inner and outer flows. The inner flow is the diversion channel that leads to Chengdu.
^ China Heritage Project. "Taming the Floodwaters". The Australian National University. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2008. Prior to the invention of gunpowder, manual labourers using only drill rods and stone hammers would have taken 30 years to cut through the mountain. Qin military planners required more immediate results, so Li Bing proposed using the expeditious and simple technology of using controlled blazes to scorch the rocks and then dousing them with cold water. The seemingly limitless forest resources of the region at that time – evidence of which is provided by the Shu kingdom period tree trunk coffins recently unearthed in downtown Chengdu – made such an option possible. King Zhao of Qin allocated 100,000 taels of silver for the project.
^ China Heritage Project. "Taming the Floodwaters". The Australian National University. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2008. It took a further eight years to cut through the mountain, and the 20-meter (66 ft)-wide culvert allows the water to flow into the Chengdu Plain. The key part of the project was the diversion gate called Baopingkou that resembles the neck of a bottle, and through this passage, the waters of the Min River could irrigate the Chengdu Plain in perpetuity. In 256 BCE, after 14 years of arduous labor, the Dujiangyan project was completed. That at least is one received historical account, but it is undeniable that for more than two millennia this irrigation project has been in use on the Chengdu Plain.
^ Lee, Don (February 8, 2006). "People's Party Animals". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 22, 2008. and other scholars say Chengdu's laid-back culture was spawned by its 2-millennium-old irrigation system.
^ Lee, Don (February 8, 2006). "People's Party Animals". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 22, 2008. says Du Jiang Yan, and Chengdu's fertile soil and moist air, made it easy to plant rice, corn, potatoes and a rich assortment of citrus and other fruits, giving farmers not only good harvests but also plenty of time for leisure.
^ Yuan, Shang; Schmitt, Edwin (2023). "The Retreat of the Human: Processes of Rewilding after Warfare in Sichuan, China". Environment and History. 29 (1): 109–131. doi:10.3197/096734020X15900760737310. hdl:11250/2721663.
^ Hornby, Lucy. "China quake weakens Sichuan dams, cuts off river". Relief Web. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
^ Chen, Lydia. "Most historical relics survive Sichuan quake". Shanghai Daily. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
^ Dujiangyan City Archives (2021-07-07). "都江堰鱼嘴指什么？" . Dujiangyan Municipal People's Government.
^ "At The Fish Mouth Water-Dividing Dam". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. The Fish Mouth Water-Dividing Dam is built in the middle of the river. It is the main part of Dujiangyan Irrigation system. The Fish mouth functions to divide the river into an inner canal and an outer canal. Long ago, when Li Ping worked as the local governor of the Shu State, he found the old river canal was too narrow to hold much water, which often overflowed the banks and caused disastrous floods. Based on natural geographic conditions, Li Bing organized the people to build a man-made dam. The whole dam looks like a fish, and the front dam has a circular cone shaped like a fish mouth.
^ "At The Fish Mouth Water-Dividing Dam". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. It is the dam that diverts water into the outer canal and the inner canal. The inner water canal functions as the main stream for irrigation purposes; the outer river is mainly used to drain excessive water and sand. During flood seasons the inner canal holds 40 percent of the water in the river, and 60 percent of the water flows into the outer river. It is vice versa in dry seasons. About 80 percent of the silt is carried away along the outer river.
^ "At the Flying Sand Fence". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. The water flows along the inner canal towards the Bottle-Neck Channel. On the way it passes the Flying Sand Fence, which has a 200-meter (660 ft)-wide opening from south to north. The Fence joins the inner and outer canals. The fence functions to control the flow of water and discharge excess into the outer canal from the inner canal.
^ "At the Flying Sand Fence". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. During the dry seasons the fence doesn't work much, but when floods occur, the river rushes forward along the inner canal. As it approaches the fence, the river begins to turn fast, and soon many whirlpools are formed. The whirlpools change quickly, swee-ping away sand and pebbles, and throwing them into the outer canal. During the flood seasons, this spillway transports 80 percent of the sediments into the outer river, and at the same time excessive water flows over the Flying Sands Fence into the outer river. In ancient times, there was no cement in use. Instead, huge bamboo cages were used as the fence. They were filled with stones and pebbles. However, at present, a reinforced concrete weir has replaced the ancient fence.
^ "At the Bottle-Neck Channel". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. The inner canal leads to the Bottleneck Channel, which is the entrance of the extensive irrigation system. A trunk canal cuts the mountain into two parts. The small part was later called Li Dui, which means an isolated hill. Chengdu looks like a large bottle, and the trunk canal between the mountain and the hill takes the shape of a bottleneck. During the flood seasons, the water will not overflow into the trunk canal. Instead, it flows in whirlpools into the outer canal. The trunk canal works as a check gate to safeguard the Chengdu Plain.
^ "世界文化遗产——青城山 都江堰". www.gov.cn. Retrieved 2023-03-12.
^ "Anlan Bridge". Dujiangyan Irrigation System Museum. The bridge is 261 meters long across both the inner river and the outer river. It was called Zhupu Bridge in ancient times and was rebuiltin the Song dynasty and called Pinshi Bridge. In the late Ming dynasty(1368–1644), it was burned in a war. In the 8th year of Jiaqing Reign(1803 A.D.) of the Qing dynasty, He Xiande,a native, and his wife proposed rebuilding it and as a result the people on both banks could cross the raging waves in safety, hence it was called Anlan Bridge and also called Couple Bridge at that time.
^ "Anlan Suspension Bridge". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. Anlan Suspension Bridge is one of the five ancient bridges in China. The total length is 320 m. Its ancient name was called the Rope Suspension Bridge or the Bamboo and Cane Suspension Bridge. Unfortunately, a fire caused by war towards the end of the Ming dynasty destroyed the original bridge. In 1803, a new bridge was built. It was made with local bamboo rope chains, and the bridge bottom floor was replaced with wooden plates. The old bridge lasted until the 1970s when it was replaced by a steel chains bridge.
^ a b c Dujiangyan feng jing ming sheng qu zhi. Dujiangyan feng jing ming sheng qu. Guan li ju, 都江堰风景名胜区. 管理局. (Chengdu di 1 ban ed.). Chengdu Shi: Chengdu shi dai chu ban she. 2003. ISBN 978-7-80548-841-7. OCLC 174253111.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. Erwang (Two King's) Temple was built to commemorate Li Bing and his son. Erwang means two kings. Originally, the temple was called Wangdi Temple in memory of Duyu, the king of the ancient Shu. Later Wangdi Temple was relocated in Pixian county during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Local people renamed the temple Chongdemiao to express respect for Li Bing and his son. Chongde means worship of virtue or reverence. During the Song dynasty the temple was called Wangmiao, which means the king's temple. Down to the Qing dynasty it was called Erwang Temple. People offered Li Bing and his son the posthumous title of Wang (king).
^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. The temple complex occupies an area of 10,072 square meters. the ancient timber buildings remain similar in design and style to other ancient Chinese architecture. The broad roof, perfect decoration, strict size and traditional use of color meet in harmony with the mountaintop environment. However, the temple buildings are not placed based on the concept of the north-south axis.
^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. The main hall is devoted to Li Bing himself. The statue is newly molded. The old statue was a larger-than-life painted statue, and the figure looked like a wise scholar looking at the rushing river below. The newly molded figure has a silk map in his hand, and appears to be thinking about the blueprint of the project.
^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. According to Folk tale, July 24 of the Chinese Lunar Calendar is Li Ping's birthday. On that day many local people visit the temple where they prostrate themselves before the image of Li Ping and his son and burn incense to honor them. At the same time, the beatings of drums and gongs resound to the sky as incense smoke curls upwards.
^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. Li Bing's hall is a compound. The hall faces an opera stage across the courtyard below, surrounded by other buildings. On July 24 of the Chinese Lunar Calendar during the Ming and Qing dynasties entertainers performed local operas on the stage. People gathered in the courtyard to watch the performance. Legend says the actors offered the performance mainly for Li Bing, as tribute for his great contribution to local people.
^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. The rear hall is devoted to Li Bing's son. His son's statue is newly molded. The figure stands firmly with a tool in his hands as ready to level mountains. Behind the statue is the Minjiang River, which serves as the background. Li Bing's son had a name called Erlang.
^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. Erlang is a popular legendary figure in Chinese folk literature. In the folk stories, he has a close relationship with Li Bing. It should be pointed out that no recorded historical evidence could be found to show Erlang was Li Bing's son. In Chinese feudal society, it was a great problem for a family to have no offspring, so local people regarded Erlang as Li Bing's son. They sincerely wished Li Bing would have a son so that Li's family tree would continue.
^ "Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. There is a delicate pavilion called Guanlantin. Carved characters are on both sides of stonewalls. These are quotations of how to manage the Dujiangyan Irrigation System. One of the famous inscriptions engraved on the wall is an eight-character quotation from Li Ping. It says: When the river flows in zigzags, cut a straight channel; when the riverbed is wide and shallow, dig it deeper.
^ "On the way to Fulonguan (The Dragon-Taming Temple)". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. The Dragon-Taming Temple is located in Lidui Park, which is close to the city. It was built in the 3rd century. Originally, it was devoted to Fan Changsheng, the founder of Tianshi Dao, one Daoist sect in the Jin dynasty (266–420). During the Five Dynasties and Ten States, Li Bing was conferred the posthumous title called Da'anwang, and his hall was set up here in honor of him. A popular legend during the Song dynasty was that Erwang, Li Bing's son, had subdued an evil dragon here. So the temple was renamed as the Dragon-Taming Temple accordingly.
^ Cheng Manchao (1995). The Origin of Chinese Deities. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. pp. 170–180. ISBN 7-119-00030-6.
^ "On the way to Fulonguan (The Dragon-Taming Temple)". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. In 1974, a stone statue of Li Bing was unearthed from the river base. Now it is placed in the middle of the main hall. It is 2.9 m in height and 4.5 tons in weight. Based on archeological studies, the statue was carved in 168 during the East Han Dynasty.
^ Wintle, Justin (2002). The Rough Guide History of China. London: Rough Guides Ltd. p. 78. ISBN 1-85828-764-2.
vteWorld Heritage Sites in ChinaEast
Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City
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Mount Sanqing
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Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains
Historic Centre of Macau
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Chengjiang Fossil Site
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Honghe Hani Rice Terraces
Huanglong
Jiuzhaigou
Lijiang
Mount Emei and Leshan Giant Buddha
Mount Qingcheng and Dujiangyan
Potala Palace, including the Jokhang and Norbulingka
Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries
Three Parallel Rivers
North
Mount Wutai
Chengde Mountain Resort, including Putuo Zongcheng Temple, Xumi Fushou Temple and Puning Temple
Forbidden City
Zhoukoudian
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Summer Palace
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Northeast
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Northwestern
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Zhangjiajie
Geography of China | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dujiangyan City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dujiangyan_City"},{"link_name":"Dujiangyan (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dujiangyan_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"Dujiangyan City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dujiangyan_City"},{"link_name":"Sichuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Qin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_(state)"},{"link_name":"Min River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_River_(Sichuan)"},{"link_name":"Yangtze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze"},{"link_name":"Chengdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu"},{"link_name":"Sichuan Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_Basin"},{"link_name":"Tibetan Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Min Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Mountains"},{"link_name":"King Zhao of Qin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Zhao_of_Qin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zhangKan-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Zhengguo Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengguo_Canal"},{"link_name":"Shaanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaanxi"},{"link_name":"Lingqu Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingqu_Canal"},{"link_name":"Guangxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"World Heritage List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Ancient irrigation system in Sichuan, ChinaFor the city, see Dujiangyan City. For other uses, see Dujiangyan (disambiguation).The Dujiangyan (Chinese: 都江堰; pinyin: Dūjiāngyàn) is an ancient irrigation system in Dujiangyan City, Sichuan, China. Originally constructed around 256 BC by the State of Qin as an irrigation and flood control project, it is still in use today. The system's infrastructure develops on the Min River (Minjiang), the longest tributary of the Yangtze. The area is in the west part of the Chengdu Plain, between the Sichuan Basin and the Tibetan Plateau. Originally, the Min would rush down from the Min Mountains and slow down abruptly after reaching the Chengdu Plain, filling the watercourse with silt, thus making the nearby areas extremely prone to floods. King Zhao of Qin commissioned the project, and the construction of the Dujiangyan harnessed the river using a new method of channeling and dividing the water rather than simply damming it. The water management scheme is still in use today to irrigate over 5,300 km2 (2,000 sq mi) of land in the region[1] and has produced comprehensive benefits in flood control, irrigation, water transport and general water consumption.[2] Begun over 2,250 years ago, it now irrigates 668,700 hectares of farmland. The Dujiangyan, the Zhengguo Canal in Shaanxi and the Lingqu Canal in Guangxi are collectively known as the \"three great hydraulic engineering projects of the Qin.\"[3]Dujiangyan Irrigation System were inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2000. It has also been declared a State Priority Protected Site, among the first batch of National Scenic Areas and Historical Sites, and a National ISO14000 Demonstration Area.[2]","title":"Dujiangyan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dujiangyan.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Li_Bing_Statue_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Eastern Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han"},{"link_name":"Warring States period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period"},{"link_name":"Min River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_River_(Sichuan)"},{"link_name":"Qin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_(state)"},{"link_name":"Li Bing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Bing_(Qin)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tctIntro1-4"},{"link_name":"dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anuTaming1-5"},{"link_name":"levee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levee"},{"link_name":"Chengdu Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu_Plain"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anuTaming2-6"}],"sub_title":"Planning","text":"Map showing the plan of the Dujiangyan projectEastern Han (25–220 CE) statue of Li Bing, the hydraulic engineer responsible for DujiangyanDuring the Warring States period, people who lived in the area of the Min River were plagued by annual flooding. Qin hydrologist Li Bing investigated the problem and discovered that the river was swelled by fast flowing spring melt-water from the local mountains that burst the banks when it reached the slow moving and heavily silted stretch below.[4]One solution would have been to build a dam, but the Qin wanted to keep the waterway open for military vessels to supply troops on the frontier,[5] so instead an artificial levee was constructed to redirect a portion of the river's flow and then to cut a channel through Mount Yulei to discharge the excess water upon the dry Chengdu Plain beyond.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Zhao of Qin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Zhao_of_Qin"},{"link_name":"taels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tael"},{"link_name":"bamboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disZhulong1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disMacha1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anuTaming3-9"},{"link_name":"invention of gunpowder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_gunpowder"},{"link_name":"rapidly heat and cool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathering#Thermal_stress"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anuTaming4-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anuTaming5-11"}],"sub_title":"Construction","text":"King Zhao of Qin allocated 100,000 taels of silver for the project and sent a team said to number tens of thousands. The levee was constructed from long sausage-shaped baskets of woven bamboo filled with stones known as Zhulong[7] held in place by wooden tripods known as Macha.[8] The construction of a water-diversion levee resembling a fish's mouth took four years to complete.[9]Cutting the channel proved to be a far greater problem, as the hand tools available at the time, prior to the invention of gunpowder, would have taken decades to cut through the mountain. Li Bing devised an ingenious method of using fire and water to rapidly heat and cool the rocks, causing them to crack and allowing them to be easily removed.[10] After eight years of work, a channel 20 meters (66 ft) wide had been gouged through the mountain.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dujiangyan_Irrigation_System.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sichuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laTimes1-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-laTimes2-13"},{"link_name":"Zhang Xianzhong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Xianzhong"},{"link_name":"Ming-Qing transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Qing_transition"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"1933 Diexi earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_Diexi_earthquake"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site"}],"sub_title":"Legacy","text":"DujiangyanAfter the system was finished, no more floods occurred. The irrigation made Sichuan the most productive agricultural region in China for a time. The construction is also credited with giving the people of the region a laid-back attitude to life;[12] by eliminating disaster and ensuring a regular and bountiful harvest, it left them with plenty of free time.[13]Turmoil surrounding the conquering of Chengdu by peasant rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong in 1644, and the Ming-Qing transition more generally, led to depopulation and the deterioration of the Dujiangyan irrigation system to the point where rice cultivation was set back for decades.[14] The original Dujiangyan irrigation system was destroyed by the 1933 Diexi earthquake. The current Dujiangyan irrigation system was rebuilt after the Diexi earthquake in 1933 by Zhang Yuan (张沅) and his sons, including Zhang Shiling (张世龄).[citation needed]In 2000, Dujiangyan became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Today it has become a major tourist attraction.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reliefWeb-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shanghaiDaily-16"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_of_Inner_Stream_of_Dujiangyan_Irrigation_System.jpg"}],"sub_title":"2008 Sichuan earthquake","text":"On May 12, 2008, a massive earthquake struck a vast portion of west Sichuan, including the Dujiangyan area. Initial reports indicated that the Yuzui Levee was cracked but not severely damaged.[15][16] Diversion of flow could still be seen as the river turns.[citation needed]Panorama of Inner Stream","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%83%BD%E6%B1%9F%E5%A0%B0%E9%B1%BC%E5%98%B4.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dujiangyan-Irrigation-System-TOUR-Map104.jpg"}],"text":"Fish Mouth LeveeWaterways map","title":"Engineering constructions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"levee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levee"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tctFishMouth1-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tctFishMouth2-19"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tctFlyingSandFence1-20"},{"link_name":"concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete"},{"link_name":"weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tctFlyingSandFence2-21"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tctBottleNeckChannel1-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Irrigation head","text":"The irrigation system consists of three main constructions that work in harmony with one another to ensure against flooding and keep the fields well supplied with water:The Yuzui or Fish Mouth Levee[17] (Chinese:鱼嘴), named for its conical head that is said to resemble the mouth of a fish, is the key part of the construction. It is an artificial levee that divides the water into inner and outer streams.[18] The inner stream is deep and narrow, while the outer stream is relatively shallow but wide. This special structure ensures that the inner stream carries approximately 60% of the river's flow into the irrigation system during dry season. While during flood, this amount decreases to 40% to protect the people from flooding. The outer stream drains away the rest, flushing out much of the silt and sediment.[19]The Feishayan or Flying Sand Weir (Chinese:飞沙堰) has a 200-meter (660 ft)-wide opening that connects the inner and outer streams.[20] This ensures against flooding by allowing the natural swirling flow of the water to drain out excess water from the inner to the outer stream. The swirl also drains out silt and sediment that failed to go into the outer stream. A modern reinforced concrete weir has replaced the original weighted bamboo baskets.[21]The Baopingkou or Bottle-Neck Channel (Chinese:宝瓶口), which was gouged through the mountain, is the final part of the system. The channel distributes the water to the farmlands in the Chengdu Plain, whilst the narrow entrance, that gives it its name, works as a check gate, creating the whirlpool flow that carries away the excess water over Flying Sand Fence, to ensure against flooding.[22][23]","title":"Engineering constructions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Song dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ming dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disAnlan1-24"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tctAnlan1-25"}],"sub_title":"Anlan Suspension Bridge","text":"Anlan or Couple's Bridge spans the full width of the river connecting the artificial island to both banks and is known as one of the Five Ancient Bridges of China. The original Zhupu Bridge only spanned the inner stream connecting the levee to the foot of Mount Yulei. This was replaced in the Song dynasty by Pingshi Bridge which burned down during the wars that marked the end of the Ming dynasty.[24]In 1803 during the Qing dynasty a local man named He Xiande and his wife proposed the construction of a replacement, made of wooden plates and bamboo handrails, to span both streams and this was nicknamed Couple's Bridge in their honour. This was demolished in the 1970s and replaced by a modern bridge.[25]","title":"Engineering constructions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%9C%A8%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD%E9%81%A5%E6%9C%9B%E9%9B%AA%E5%B1%B1_%E9%BE%99%E9%97%A8%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%891_Chengdu_skyline_with_a_view_of_Longmen_Mountains.jpg"},{"link_name":"Longmen Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longmen_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Sichuan Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_Basin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"sub_title":"Location","text":"Longmen Mountains, located on the northwest edge of Sichuan BasinThe Dujiangyan irrigation system is located in the western portion of the Chengdu flatlands, at the junction between the Sichuan basin and the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.[2]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chengdu Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu_Plain"},{"link_name":"Longmen Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longmen_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-26"}],"sub_title":"Geology","text":"The Dujiangyan irrigation system is located at the turning point of the two topographic steps of the western plateau mountains and the Chengdu Plain. It is the southwest extension of the Longmen Mountains and the area through which the Longmen Mountain Fault Zone passes.[26]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-26"}],"sub_title":"Topography and geomorphology","text":"The Dujiangyan irrigation system is higher in the northwest and lower in the southeast. The west belongs to the southern section of Longmen Mountains, with the mountain elevation below 3000 meters. The east is Chengdu Plain, with an altitude of 720 meters.[26]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zipingpu_Dam_North_of_Dujiangyan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zipingpu Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipingpu_Dam"},{"link_name":"Zipingpu Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipingpu_Dam"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-26"}],"sub_title":"Hydrology","text":"Zipingpu Dam North of DujiangyanThe Dujiangyan irrigation system was built at the entrance of Minjiang River, with an average annual inflow of 15.082 billion cubic meters. There are two hydrological stations in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River. One is the Zipingpu Dam at the mouth of the main stream. The water catchment area of the control survey is 22664 square kilometers, accounting for 98.38% of the total water catchment area of the upper reaches of the Minjiang River. The other is Yangliuping Dam at the outlet of Baisha River, with a controlled catchment area of 363 square kilometers, accounting for 1.58% of the total catchment area. There is a catchment area of 10 square kilometers from Estuary of Baisha River to Dujiangyan lrrigation system, accounting for 0.04% of the total catchment area.[26]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Temple sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Erwang_Temple.JPG"},{"link_name":"Shu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_(state)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tctErwang1-27"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tctErwang2-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tctErwang5-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tctErwang6-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tctErwang7-31"},{"link_name":"Tomb Sweeping Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_Sweeping_Day"},{"link_name":"Erlang Shen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlang_Shen"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tctErwang3-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tctErwang4-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tctErwan8-34"}],"sub_title":"Two Kings Temple","text":"The Erwang Temple at DujiangyanErwang or Two Kings Temple is on the bank of the river at the foot of Mount Yulei. The original Wangdi Temple built in memory of an ancient Shu king was moved, so locals renamed the temple here.[27]The 10,072 m2 Qing dynasty wooden complex conforms to the traditional standard of temple design except that it does not follow a north–south axis.[28] The main hall, which contains a modern statue of Li Bing,[29] opens up onto a courtyard facing an opera stage. On Li Bing's traditional birthday, 24th day of the 7th month of the lunar calendar,[30] local operas were performed for the public,[31] and on Tomb Sweeping Day a Water Throwing Festival is held.The rear hall contains a modern statue of the god Erlang Shen.[32] Because it would be a problem if a family had no offspring in Chinese feudal society, locals regarded this Erlang as Li Bing's son.[33] Guanlantin Pavilion stands above the complex and is inscribed with wise words from Li Bing such as, When the river flows in zigzags, cut a straight channel; when the riverbed is wide and shallow, dig it deeper.[34]","title":"Temple sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:32302450_DuJiangYan007.jpg"},{"link_name":"paifang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paifang"},{"link_name":"Fan Changsheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_Changsheng"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tctFulonguan1-35"},{"link_name":"Erlang Shen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlang_Shen"},{"link_name":"Li Bing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Bing_(Qin)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chengManchao-36"},{"link_name":"East Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tctFulonguan2-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-justinWintle-38"}],"sub_title":"Dragon-Taming Temple","text":"A paifang in DujiangyanFulongguan or Dragon-Taming Temple in Lidui Park was founded in the third century in honour of Fan Changsheng. Following Li Bing's death a hall was established here in his honour and the temple was renamed to commemorate the dragon fighting legends that surrounded him.[35] It is here that Erlang Shen, the legendary son of Li Bing, is said to have chained the dragon that he and his seven sworn brothers had captured in an ambush at the River God Temple when it came to collect a human sacrifice. This action is said to have protected the region from floods ever since.[36]During the East Han dynasty a statue of Li Bing was placed in the river to monitor the water flow, with the level rising above his shoulders to indicate flood and falling beneath his calves to indicate drought. Recovered from the river in 1974 and placed on display in the main hall, this is the oldest known stone statue of a human in China.[37][38]","title":"Temple sites"}] | [{"image_text":"Map showing the plan of the Dujiangyan project","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Dujiangyan.png/220px-Dujiangyan.png"},{"image_text":"Eastern Han (25–220 CE) statue of Li Bing, the hydraulic engineer responsible for Dujiangyan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Li_Bing_Statue_2.JPG/170px-Li_Bing_Statue_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Dujiangyan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dujiangyan_Irrigation_System.jpg/220px-Dujiangyan_Irrigation_System.jpg"},{"image_text":"Panorama of Inner Stream","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Panorama_of_Inner_Stream_of_Dujiangyan_Irrigation_System.jpg/652px-Panorama_of_Inner_Stream_of_Dujiangyan_Irrigation_System.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fish Mouth Levee","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/%E9%83%BD%E6%B1%9F%E5%A0%B0%E9%B1%BC%E5%98%B4.jpg/220px-%E9%83%BD%E6%B1%9F%E5%A0%B0%E9%B1%BC%E5%98%B4.jpg"},{"image_text":"Waterways map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Dujiangyan-Irrigation-System-TOUR-Map104.jpg/220px-Dujiangyan-Irrigation-System-TOUR-Map104.jpg"},{"image_text":"Longmen Mountains, located on the northwest edge of Sichuan Basin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%E5%9C%A8%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD%E9%81%A5%E6%9C%9B%E9%9B%AA%E5%B1%B1_%E9%BE%99%E9%97%A8%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%891_Chengdu_skyline_with_a_view_of_Longmen_Mountains.jpg/220px-%E5%9C%A8%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD%E9%81%A5%E6%9C%9B%E9%9B%AA%E5%B1%B1_%E9%BE%99%E9%97%A8%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%891_Chengdu_skyline_with_a_view_of_Longmen_Mountains.jpg"},{"image_text":"Zipingpu Dam North of Dujiangyan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Zipingpu_Dam_North_of_Dujiangyan.jpg/220px-Zipingpu_Dam_North_of_Dujiangyan.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Erwang Temple at Dujiangyan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Erwang_Temple.JPG/220px-Erwang_Temple.JPG"},{"image_text":"A paifang in Dujiangyan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/32302450_DuJiangYan007.jpg/220px-32302450_DuJiangYan007.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Dujiangyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dujiangyan"},{"title":"Turfan water system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turfan_water_system"},{"title":"Grand Canal of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)"}] | [{"reference":"Zhang, Kan; Hu Changshu (2006). World Heritage in China. Guangzhou: The Press of South China University of Technology. pp. 95–103. ISBN 7-5623-2390-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5623-2390-9","url_text":"7-5623-2390-9"}]},{"reference":"Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. \"Mount Qingcheng and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2023-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1001/","url_text":"\"Mount Qingcheng and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System\""}]},{"reference":"The Lingqu Canal, one of \"The Three Great Hydraulic Engineering Projects of the Qin Dynasty\" (秦代三大水利工程之一：灵渠) (in Chinese), sina.com, July 26, 2005","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina.com","url_text":"sina.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Dujiangyan Irrigation System\". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. More than 2,000 years ago, Li Bing (c.250-200 BC) served as a local governor of Shu State. At that time, the Mingjiang River flowed quickly down from the mountains. As it ran across the Chengdu Plain, it frequently flooded the Chengdu agricultural area where local farmers suffered much from the water disaster. Li Bing and his son designed this water control system and organized thousands of local people to construct the project.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-1.html","url_text":"\"Dujiangyan Irrigation System\""}]},{"reference":"China Heritage Project. \"Taming the Floodwaters\". The Australian National University. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2008. Li Bing was commissioned to conduct an extensive hydraulic survey to regulate the unpredictable course of the swiftly flowing spring-thaw waters of the Min River that regularly flooded areas and settlements on the plains around Chengdu, and simultaneously ensure that the Min River flowed unimpeded through Chengdu, facilitating navigation by military vessels that could service Qin's logistical supply lines.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719025120/http://www.chinaheritagenewsletter.org/features.php?searchterm=001_water.inc&issue=001","url_text":"\"Taming the Floodwaters\""},{"url":"http://www.chinaheritagenewsletter.org/features.php?searchterm=001_water.inc&issue=001","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"China Heritage Project. \"Taming the Floodwaters\". The Australian National University. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2008. By 270 BCE he had drawn up plans to mitigate the Min River's floodwaters for year-round irrigation on the Chengdu Plain and navigability to Chengdu. The original plan called for the construction of weirs or levees to harness the Min River at Dujiangyan, where the hills meet the Chengdu Plain, and of a diversion channel to irrigate the plain that would cut straight through the natural barrier posed by Mount Jian.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719025120/http://www.chinaheritagenewsletter.org/features.php?searchterm=001_water.inc&issue=001","url_text":"\"Taming the Floodwaters\""},{"url":"http://www.chinaheritagenewsletter.org/features.php?searchterm=001_water.inc&issue=001","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Zhulong\". Dujiangyan Irrigation System Museum. It is also called Zhuo, Zhou, etc. which is a long sausage-shaped basket of woven bamboo filled with stones used to protect the riverbed or served as a dam. While the Dujiangyan Irrigation Project under the guidance of Li Bing, Zhulong was widely used. It was simple and cheap but effective and has been passed down from generation to generation. Even today it is still widely adopted in flood control.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Zhulong\". Dujiangyan Irrigation System Museum. They are wood tripods used to support a temporary dam to cut off a river, control flood or regulate water, etc. They are one kind of flexible convenient and effective engineering facilities.","urls":[]},{"reference":"China Heritage Project. \"Taming the Floodwaters\". The Australian National University. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2008. In 268 BCE, Li Bing is said to have personally led ten of thousands of workers in the initial stage of construction on the Min River banks. The workers made bamboo cages and threw cages of rocks into the middle of the river. It took them four years to complete a water-diversion levee resembling a fish's mouth. When the water reaches Yuzu, the 'fish's mouth,' it is naturally diverted into the inner and outer flows. The inner flow is the diversion channel that leads to Chengdu.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719025120/http://www.chinaheritagenewsletter.org/features.php?searchterm=001_water.inc&issue=001","url_text":"\"Taming the Floodwaters\""},{"url":"http://www.chinaheritagenewsletter.org/features.php?searchterm=001_water.inc&issue=001","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"China Heritage Project. \"Taming the Floodwaters\". The Australian National University. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2008. Prior to the invention of gunpowder, manual labourers using only drill rods and stone hammers would have taken 30 years to cut through the mountain. Qin military planners required more immediate results, so Li Bing proposed using the expeditious and simple technology of using controlled blazes to scorch the rocks and then dousing them with cold water. The seemingly limitless forest resources of the region at that time – evidence of which is provided by the Shu kingdom period tree trunk coffins recently unearthed in downtown Chengdu – made such an option possible. King Zhao of Qin allocated 100,000 taels of silver for the project.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719025120/http://www.chinaheritagenewsletter.org/features.php?searchterm=001_water.inc&issue=001","url_text":"\"Taming the Floodwaters\""},{"url":"http://www.chinaheritagenewsletter.org/features.php?searchterm=001_water.inc&issue=001","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"China Heritage Project. \"Taming the Floodwaters\". The Australian National University. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2008. It took a further eight years to cut through the mountain, and the 20-meter (66 ft)-wide culvert allows the water to flow into the Chengdu Plain. The key part of the project was the diversion gate called Baopingkou that resembles the neck of a bottle, and through this passage, the waters of the Min River could irrigate the Chengdu Plain in perpetuity. In 256 BCE, after 14 years of arduous labor, the Dujiangyan project was completed. That at least is one received historical account, but it is undeniable that for more than two millennia this irrigation project has been in use on the Chengdu Plain.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719025120/http://www.chinaheritagenewsletter.org/features.php?searchterm=001_water.inc&issue=001","url_text":"\"Taming the Floodwaters\""},{"url":"http://www.chinaheritagenewsletter.org/features.php?searchterm=001_water.inc&issue=001","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Don (February 8, 2006). \"People's Party Animals\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 22, 2008. [Luo Xinben, a professor at Southwest University for Nationalities] and other scholars say Chengdu's laid-back culture was spawned by its 2-millennium-old irrigation system.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/columnone/la-fi-chinaparty8feb08,1,7457737.story?page=2&coll=la-headlines-columnone","url_text":"\"People's Party Animals\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Don (February 8, 2006). \"People's Party Animals\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 22, 2008. [Tan Jihe, a researcher at the Sichuan Provincial Academy of Social Sciences] says Du Jiang Yan, and Chengdu's fertile soil and moist air, made it easy to plant rice, corn, potatoes and a rich assortment of citrus and other fruits, giving farmers not only good harvests but also plenty of time for leisure.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/columnone/la-fi-chinaparty8feb08,1,7457737.story?page=2&coll=la-headlines-columnone","url_text":"\"People's Party Animals\""}]},{"reference":"Yuan, Shang; Schmitt, Edwin (2023). \"The Retreat of the Human: Processes of Rewilding after Warfare in Sichuan, China\". Environment and History. 29 (1): 109–131. doi:10.3197/096734020X15900760737310. hdl:11250/2721663.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/whp/eh/2023/00000029/00000001/art00008","url_text":"\"The Retreat of the Human: Processes of Rewilding after Warfare in Sichuan, China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3197%2F096734020X15900760737310","url_text":"10.3197/096734020X15900760737310"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F2721663","url_text":"11250/2721663"}]},{"reference":"Hornby, Lucy. \"China quake weakens Sichuan dams, cuts off river\". Relief Web. Retrieved 2008-05-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/KHII-7EMA3N?OpenDocument&RSS20=03","url_text":"\"China quake weakens Sichuan dams, cuts off river\""}]},{"reference":"Chen, Lydia. \"Most historical relics survive Sichuan quake\". Shanghai Daily. Retrieved 2008-05-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shanghaidaily.com/sp/article/2008/200805/20080514/article_359528.htm","url_text":"\"Most historical relics survive Sichuan quake\""}]},{"reference":"Dujiangyan City Archives (2021-07-07). \"都江堰鱼嘴指什么？\" [What does Dujiangyan fish mouth mean?]. Dujiangyan Municipal People's Government.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.djy.gov.cn/dyjgb_rmzfwz/c129463/2021-07/07/content_d39af6eaf11949e2b0bb1517d7034d1e.shtml","url_text":"\"都江堰鱼嘴指什么？\""}]},{"reference":"\"At The Fish Mouth Water-Dividing Dam\". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. The Fish Mouth Water-Dividing Dam is built in the middle of the river. It is the main part of Dujiangyan Irrigation system. The Fish mouth functions to divide the river into an inner canal and an outer canal. Long ago, when Li Ping worked as the local governor of the Shu State, he found the old river canal was too narrow to hold much water, which often overflowed the banks and caused disastrous floods. Based on natural geographic conditions, Li Bing organized the people to build a man-made dam. The whole dam looks like a fish, and the front dam has a circular cone shaped like a fish mouth.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-2.html","url_text":"\"At The Fish Mouth Water-Dividing Dam\""}]},{"reference":"\"At The Fish Mouth Water-Dividing Dam\". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. It is the dam that diverts water into the outer canal and the inner canal. The inner water canal functions as the main stream for irrigation purposes; the outer river is mainly used to drain excessive water and sand. During flood seasons the inner canal holds 40 percent of the water in the river, and 60 percent of the water flows into the outer river. It is vice versa in dry seasons. About 80 percent of the silt is carried away along the outer river.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-2.html","url_text":"\"At The Fish Mouth Water-Dividing Dam\""}]},{"reference":"\"At the Flying Sand Fence\". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. The water flows along the inner canal towards the Bottle-Neck Channel. On the way it passes the Flying Sand Fence, which has a 200-meter (660 ft)-wide opening from south to north. The Fence joins the inner and outer canals. The fence functions to control the flow of water and discharge excess into the outer canal from the inner canal.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-2.html","url_text":"\"At the Flying Sand Fence\""}]},{"reference":"\"At the Flying Sand Fence\". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. During the dry seasons the fence doesn't work much, but when floods occur, the river rushes forward along the inner canal. As it approaches the fence, the river begins to turn fast, and soon many whirlpools are formed. The whirlpools change quickly, swee-ping away sand and pebbles, and throwing them into the outer canal. During the flood seasons, this spillway transports 80 percent of the sediments into the outer river, and at the same time excessive water flows over the Flying Sands Fence into the outer river. In ancient times, there was no cement in use. Instead, huge bamboo cages were used as the fence. They were filled with stones and pebbles. However, at present, a reinforced concrete weir has replaced the ancient fence.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-2.html","url_text":"\"At the Flying Sand Fence\""}]},{"reference":"\"At the Bottle-Neck Channel\". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. The inner canal leads to the Bottleneck Channel, which is the entrance of the extensive irrigation system. A trunk canal cuts the mountain into two parts. The small part was later called Li Dui, which means an isolated hill. Chengdu looks like a large bottle, and the trunk canal between the mountain and the hill takes the shape of a bottleneck. During the flood seasons, the water will not overflow into the trunk canal. Instead, it flows in whirlpools into the outer canal. The trunk canal works as a check gate to safeguard the Chengdu Plain.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-2.html","url_text":"\"At the Bottle-Neck Channel\""}]},{"reference":"\"世界文化遗产——青城山 都江堰\". www.gov.cn. Retrieved 2023-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gov.cn/test/2006-03/29/content_239215.htm","url_text":"\"世界文化遗产——青城山 都江堰\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anlan Bridge\". Dujiangyan Irrigation System Museum. The bridge is 261 meters long across both the inner river and the outer river. It was called Zhupu Bridge in ancient times and was rebuiltin the Song dynasty and called Pinshi Bridge. In the late Ming dynasty(1368–1644), it was burned in a war. In the 8th year of Jiaqing Reign(1803 A.D.) of the Qing dynasty, He Xiande,a native, and his wife proposed rebuilding it and as a result the people on both banks could cross the raging waves in safety, hence it was called Anlan Bridge and also called Couple Bridge at that time.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Anlan Suspension Bridge\". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. Anlan Suspension Bridge is one of the five ancient bridges in China. The total length is 320 m. Its ancient name was called the Rope Suspension Bridge or the Bamboo and Cane Suspension Bridge. Unfortunately, a fire caused by war towards the end of the Ming dynasty destroyed the original bridge. In 1803, a new bridge was built. It was made with local bamboo rope chains, and the bridge bottom floor was replaced with wooden plates. The old bridge lasted until the 1970s when it was replaced by a steel chains bridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-1.html","url_text":"\"Anlan Suspension Bridge\""}]},{"reference":"Dujiangyan feng jing ming sheng qu zhi. Dujiangyan feng jing ming sheng qu. Guan li ju, 都江堰风景名胜区. 管理局. (Chengdu di 1 ban ed.). Chengdu Shi: Chengdu shi dai chu ban she. 2003. ISBN 978-7-80548-841-7. OCLC 174253111.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/174253111","url_text":"Dujiangyan feng jing ming sheng qu zhi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-80548-841-7","url_text":"978-7-80548-841-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/174253111","url_text":"174253111"}]},{"reference":"\"Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan\". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. Erwang (Two King's) Temple was built to commemorate Li Bing and his son. Erwang means two kings. Originally, the temple was called Wangdi Temple in memory of Duyu, the king of the ancient Shu. Later Wangdi Temple was relocated in Pixian county during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Local people renamed the temple Chongdemiao to express respect for Li Bing and his son. Chongde means worship of virtue or reverence. During the Song dynasty the temple was called Wangmiao, which means the king's temple. Down to the Qing dynasty it was called Erwang Temple. People offered Li Bing and his son the posthumous title of Wang (king).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-1.html","url_text":"\"Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan\". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. The temple complex occupies an area of 10,072 square meters. the ancient timber buildings remain similar in design and style to other ancient Chinese architecture. The broad roof, perfect decoration, strict size and traditional use of color meet in harmony with the mountaintop environment. However, the temple buildings are not placed based on the concept of the north-south axis.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-1.html","url_text":"\"Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan\". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. The main hall is devoted to Li Bing himself. The statue is newly molded. The old statue was a larger-than-life painted statue, and the figure looked like a wise scholar looking at the rushing river below. The newly molded figure has a silk map in his hand, and appears to be thinking about the blueprint of the project.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-1.html","url_text":"\"Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan\". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. According to Folk tale, July 24 of the Chinese Lunar Calendar is Li Ping's birthday. On that day many local people visit the temple where they prostrate themselves before the image of Li Ping and his son and burn incense to honor them. At the same time, the beatings of drums and gongs resound to the sky as incense smoke curls upwards.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-1.html","url_text":"\"Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan\". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. Li Bing's hall is a compound. The hall faces an opera stage across the courtyard below, surrounded by other buildings. On July 24 of the Chinese Lunar Calendar during the Ming and Qing dynasties entertainers performed local operas on the stage. People gathered in the courtyard to watch the performance. Legend says the actors offered the performance mainly for Li Bing, as tribute for his great contribution to local people.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-1.html","url_text":"\"Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan\". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. The rear hall is devoted to Li Bing's son. His son's statue is newly molded. The figure stands firmly with a tool in his hands as ready to level mountains. Behind the statue is the Minjiang River, which serves as the background. Li Bing's son had a name called Erlang.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-1.html","url_text":"\"Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan\". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. Erlang is a popular legendary figure in Chinese folk literature. In the folk stories, he has a close relationship with Li Bing. It should be pointed out that no recorded historical evidence could be found to show Erlang was Li Bing's son. In Chinese feudal society, it was a great problem for a family to have no offspring, so local people regarded Erlang as Li Bing's son. They sincerely wished Li Bing would have a son so that Li's family tree would continue.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-1.html","url_text":"\"Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan\". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. There is a delicate pavilion called Guanlantin. Carved characters are on both sides of stonewalls. These are quotations of how to manage the Dujiangyan Irrigation System. One of the famous inscriptions engraved on the wall is an eight-character quotation from Li Ping. It says: When the river flows in zigzags, cut a straight channel; when the riverbed is wide and shallow, dig it deeper.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-1.html","url_text":"\"Two Kings' Temple at DuJianYan\""}]},{"reference":"\"On the way to Fulonguan (The Dragon-Taming Temple)\". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. The Dragon-Taming Temple is located in Lidui Park, which is close to the city. It was built in the 3rd century. Originally, it was devoted to Fan Changsheng, the founder of Tianshi Dao, one Daoist sect in the Jin dynasty (266–420). During the Five Dynasties and Ten States, Li Bing was conferred the posthumous title called Da'anwang, and his hall was set up here in honor of him. A popular legend during the Song dynasty was that Erwang, Li Bing's son, had subdued an evil dragon here. So the temple was renamed as the Dragon-Taming Temple accordingly.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-2.html","url_text":"\"On the way to Fulonguan (The Dragon-Taming Temple)\""}]},{"reference":"Cheng Manchao (1995). The Origin of Chinese Deities. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. pp. 170–180. ISBN 7-119-00030-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/originofchinesed00chen/page/170","url_text":"The Origin of Chinese Deities"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/originofchinesed00chen/page/170","url_text":"170–180"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-119-00030-6","url_text":"7-119-00030-6"}]},{"reference":"\"On the way to Fulonguan (The Dragon-Taming Temple)\". travelchinatour.com. Retrieved April 20, 2008. In 1974, a stone statue of Li Bing was unearthed from the river base. Now it is placed in the middle of the main hall. It is 2.9 m in height and 4.5 tons in weight. Based on archeological studies, the statue was carved in 168 during the East Han Dynasty.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-2.html","url_text":"\"On the way to Fulonguan (The Dragon-Taming Temple)\""}]},{"reference":"Wintle, Justin (2002). The Rough Guide History of China. London: Rough Guides Ltd. p. 78. ISBN 1-85828-764-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-764-2","url_text":"1-85828-764-2"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dujiangyan¶ms=31_0_6_N_103_36_19_E_","external_links_name":"31°0′6″N 103°36′19″E / 31.00167°N 103.60528°E / 31.00167; 103.60528"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1001","external_links_name":"1001"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dujiangyan¶ms=31_0_6_N_103_36_19_E_","external_links_name":"31°0′6″N 103°36′19″E / 31.00167°N 103.60528°E / 31.00167; 103.60528"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1001/","external_links_name":"\"Mount Qingcheng and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System\""},{"Link":"http://www.travelchinatour.com/sichuan-china/dujiangyan-irrigation-system-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Dujiangyan Irrigation 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aline_Gubbay | Aline Gubbay | ["1 Biography","2 Publications","3 References"] | Canadian photographer, art historian and writer
Aline GubbayBorn(1920-06-20)June 20, 1920Alexandria, EgyptDiedOctober 21, 2005(2005-10-21) (aged 85)Montreal, CanadaNationalityCanadianKnown forPhotographer, WriterSpouse
Eric Gubbay (m. 1948–1994)
Aline Gubbay (June 20, 1920 – October 21, 2005) was a Canadian photographer, art historian and writer.
Gubbay was the author of four non-fiction books, Montreal's Little Mountain (1979), The Mountain and the River (1981), A Street Called the Main (1989) and A View of Their Own (1998).
Biography
Born in Alexandria, Egypt on June 20, 1920 Gubbay was the daughter of a Turkish mother and a Russian Jewish father From Georgia. In 1924, at the age of four, Gubbay moved with her family to England.
Despite earning a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London in 1935, Gubbay pursued a career in photography at the urging of her parents. She studied under photographer Germaine Kahn and had a successful career as a portrait photographer in England. Notably, her photograph of Charles de Gaulle was used on a Free France propaganda leaflet.
In 1948 she married Eric Gubbay and they emigrated to Winnipeg. At that time Gubbay abandoned her photography career. In 1956, with her children grown, the Gubbays moved to Montreal and Aline returned to her education, obtaining a degree from McGill University in social work. In 1978 she received her master's degree in art history from Concordia University.
Gubbay wrote for the Westmount Examiner on the topic of local history. She was the author of four non-fiction books, Montreal's Little Mountain (1979), The Mountain and the River (1981), A Street Called the Main (1989) and A View of Their Own (1998).
In 2005 Gubbay died of pancreatic cancer in Montreal.
Publications
Montreal's Little Mountain =: La Petite Montagne: a Portrait of: un Portrait de Westmount. Westmount: Trillium, 1979. Photographs by Gubbay, maps by Sally Hooff. ISBN 978-0969015901. Translated by Rachel Levy. Text in English and French.
Montréal's Little Mountain: a Portrait of Westmount. Montreal: Optimum, 1985. ISBN 9780888901750. Text in English and French.
Montréal: le Fleuve et la Montagne; the Mountain and the River. Montreal: Trillium, 1981. Text and photographs by Gubbay. ISBN 9780969015918. Text in English and French.
A Street Called the Main: the Story of Montreal's Boulevard Saint-Laurent. Montreal: Meridian, 1989. ISBN 9780929058078.
A View of Their Own: The Story Of Westmount. Montreal: Price-Patterson, 1998. ISBN 9781896881102.
References
^ a b c d e f g Hustak, Alan. "Aline Gubbay: 'Westmount historian ' loved this city'". National Post. www.pressreader.com. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
^ a b c d e f "Gubbay, Aline". Canadian Women Artists History Initiative. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
^ Aline Gubbay: Historian Of Montreal Dies, History News Network, 2005, retrieved April 12, 2021, A silk merchant's daughter, Alice Helfer was born in Alexandria, Egypt on June 20, 1920. Her mother was Turkish, her father, a Russian Jew from Georgia.
^ Publications about Westmount, A View of Their Own: The Story of Westmount, retrieved April 12, 2021, A silk merchant's daughter, Aline Gubbay was born in Alexandria, Egypt on June 20, 1920. Her mother was Turkish, her father, a Jew from Georgia (formerly part of the Soviet Union). She and her family moved to England when she was 4... In 1948, she met and married Eric Gubbay, a cardiologist originally from Calcutta, and they emigrated to Winnipeg.
^ a b "The Aline Gubbay Fonds". Jewish Montreal of Yesterday. Jewish Public Library Archives. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NationalPost-1"},{"link_name":"art historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_historian"}],"text":"Aline Gubbay (June 20, 1920 – October 21, 2005)[1] was a Canadian photographer, art historian and writer.Gubbay was the author of four non-fiction books, Montreal's Little Mountain (1979), The Mountain and the River (1981), A Street Called the Main (1989) and A View of Their Own (1998).","title":"Aline Gubbay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexandria, Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwahi-2"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JewishMontreal-5"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Dramatic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Dramatic_Art"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NationalPost-1"},{"link_name":"portrait photographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_photography"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwahi-2"},{"link_name":"Charles de Gaulle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle"},{"link_name":"Free France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NationalPost-1"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NationalPost-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwahi-2"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwahi-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NationalPost-1"},{"link_name":"art history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_history"},{"link_name":"Concordia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwahi-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JewishMontreal-5"},{"link_name":"Westmount Examiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmount_Examiner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NationalPost-1"},{"link_name":"pancreatic cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwahi-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NationalPost-1"}],"text":"Born in Alexandria, Egypt on June 20, 1920[2] Gubbay was the daughter of a Turkish mother and a Russian Jewish father From Georgia.[3][4] In 1924, at the age of four, Gubbay moved with her family to England.[5]Despite earning a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London in 1935, Gubbay pursued a career in photography at the urging of her parents.[1] She studied under photographer Germaine Kahn and had a successful career as a portrait photographer in England.[2] Notably, her photograph of Charles de Gaulle was used on a Free France propaganda leaflet.[1]In 1948 she married Eric Gubbay and they emigrated to Winnipeg.[1] At that time Gubbay abandoned her photography career.[2] In 1956, with her children grown, the Gubbays moved to Montreal and Aline returned to her education, obtaining a degree from McGill University in social work.[2][1] In 1978 she received her master's degree in art history from Concordia University.[2][5]Gubbay wrote for the Westmount Examiner on the topic of local history. She was the author of four non-fiction books, Montreal's Little Mountain (1979), The Mountain and the River (1981), A Street Called the Main (1989) and A View of Their Own (1998).[1]In 2005 Gubbay died of pancreatic cancer in Montreal.[2][1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0969015901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0969015901"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780888901750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780888901750"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780969015918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780969015918"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780929058078","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780929058078"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781896881102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781896881102"}],"text":"Montreal's Little Mountain =: La Petite Montagne: a Portrait of: un Portrait de Westmount. Westmount: Trillium, 1979. Photographs by Gubbay, maps by Sally Hooff. ISBN 978-0969015901. Translated by Rachel Levy. Text in English and French.\nMontréal's Little Mountain: a Portrait of Westmount. Montreal: Optimum, 1985. ISBN 9780888901750. Text in English and French.\nMontréal: le Fleuve et la Montagne; the Mountain and the River. Montreal: Trillium, 1981. Text and photographs by Gubbay. ISBN 9780969015918. Text in English and French.\nA Street Called the Main: the Story of Montreal's Boulevard Saint-Laurent. Montreal: Meridian, 1989. ISBN 9780929058078.\nA View of Their Own: The Story Of Westmount. Montreal: Price-Patterson, 1998. ISBN 9781896881102.","title":"Publications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Hustak, Alan. \"Aline Gubbay: 'Westmount historian ' loved this city'\". National Post. www.pressreader.com. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressreader.com/canada/national-post-latest-edition/20051025/282119221938024","url_text":"\"Aline Gubbay: 'Westmount historian ' loved this city'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022142/https://www.pressreader.com/canada/national-post-latest-edition/20051025/282119221938024","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Gubbay, Aline\". Canadian Women Artists History Initiative. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. 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Her mother was Turkish, her father, a Jew from Georgia (formerly part of the Soviet Union). She and her family moved to England when she was 4... In 1948, she met and married Eric Gubbay, a cardiologist originally from Calcutta, and they emigrated to Winnipeg.","urls":[{"url":"https://westmount.org/en/the-city/publications/#1438870606733-4adc562a-96a4","url_text":"Publications about Westmount, A View of Their Own: The Story of Westmount"}]},{"reference":"\"The Aline Gubbay Fonds\". Jewish Montreal of Yesterday. Jewish Public Library Archives. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jewishpubliclibrary.org/blog/?p=1616","url_text":"\"The Aline Gubbay Fonds\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023759/http://www.jewishpubliclibrary.org/blog/?p=1616","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.pressreader.com/canada/national-post-latest-edition/20051025/282119221938024","external_links_name":"\"Aline Gubbay: 'Westmount historian ' loved this city'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022142/https://www.pressreader.com/canada/national-post-latest-edition/20051025/282119221938024","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://cwahi.concordia.ca/sources/artists/displayArtist.php?ID_artist=5628","external_links_name":"\"Gubbay, Aline\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004243/http://cwahi.concordia.ca/sources/artists/displayArtist.php?ID_artist=5628","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/17398","external_links_name":"Aline Gubbay: Historian Of Montreal Dies"},{"Link":"https://westmount.org/en/the-city/publications/#1438870606733-4adc562a-96a4","external_links_name":"Publications about Westmount, A View of Their Own: The Story of Westmount"},{"Link":"http://www.jewishpubliclibrary.org/blog/?p=1616","external_links_name":"\"The Aline Gubbay Fonds\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023759/http://www.jewishpubliclibrary.org/blog/?p=1616","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000073868661","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/48062943","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjXhbBC9JgCY6pqTdvbVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80080989","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/244959161","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram_Ter-Ghevondyan | Aram Ter-Ghevondyan | ["1 Life","1.1 Education","1.2 Academic career","2 Published works","3 Notes"] | Egyptian-born Armenian historian (1928–1988)
Aram Ter-GhevondyanBorn(1928-07-24)July 24, 1928Cairo, EgyptDiedFebruary 10, 1988(1988-02-10) (aged 59)Yerevan, USSRAlma materYerevan State UniversityKnown forThe Arab Emirates in Bagratuni Armenia (1965) Armeniia i arabaskii khalifat (1977)Scientific careerFieldsArmenian studies, Oriental studiesInstitutionsArmenian Academy of SciencesDoctoral advisorJoseph Orbeli
Aram Ter-Ghevondyan (Armenian: Արամ Նահապետի Տեր-Ղևոնդյան; Russian: Aрaм Наaпетович Теp-Гeвoндян, also often seen written in Western sources as Ter-Ghewondyan or Ter-Łewondyan; July 24, 1928 – February 10, 1988) was an Armenian historian and scholar who specialized in the study of historical sources and medieval Armenia's relations with the Islamic world and Oriental studies. His seminal work, The Arab Emirates in Bagratuni Armenia, is an important study on the Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia. From 1981 until his death, Ter-Ghevondyan headed the Institute of Oriental Studies at the Armenian Academy of Sciences and he additionally held an honorary doctorate from the University of Aleppo and was an associate member of the Tiberian Academy of Rome.
Life
Education
Ter-Ghevondyan was born in Cairo, Egypt to an Armenian family which had fled from the town of Marash in the Ottoman Empire during the massacres of the Armenian genocide. In the late 1940s, his family repatriated to Soviet Armenia, where he enrolled at Yerevan State University. Ter-Ghevondyan graduated from the with a degree in philology in Oriental languages in 1954. Pursuing higher studies, he was accepted to the Oriental Studies Department at Leningrad State University. There, he met the renowned Armenian scholars Hrachia Acharian and Joseph Orbeli. He was especially fond of the guidance and advice Orbeli provided him with, as he repeatedly remarked after he had completed his studies, "Once more, fortune had smiled upon me, my adviser was Academician Hovsep Orbeli." He defended his dissertation, "The Emirate of Dvin from the Ninth to Eleventh Centuries," and was awarded his kandidat nauk in 1958.
Academic career
As a scholar who was fluent in Arabic, Ter-Ghevondyan had a profound interest in the history of the medieval Arab caliphates and emirates. From 1958 to 1981, he worked at the Institute of History at the Armenian Academy of Sciences (AAS) with a special emphasis in philology, historiography and the study of historical sources. His first significant work devoted to Bagratuni Armenia's relations with the Islamic world was The Arab Emirates in Bagratuni Armenia (Armenian: Արաբական Ամիրայությունները Բագրատունյաց Հայաստանում) and was published in 1965. The book was highly praised and found to be of such great importance that it was translated from Armenian into English by American Byzantine scholar Nina Garsoïan, and later into Arabic by Aleksan Keshishyan. Ter-Ghevondyan's doctoral work centered on the political and cultural links between Armenians and Arabs during the medieval era and he defended his dissertation once more and received his doktor nauk in 1977. Titled Armenia and the Arab Caliphate, Ter-Ghevondyan's work was published by the AAS in the same year.
In 1981, thanks to Ter-Ghevondyan's efforts, the institute of Oriental Studies at the AAS was established and he was appointed to be the inaugural holder of the chair for the study of primary sources. He continued on with his research and in the same year, he completed the translation of the excerpts of the work of the 13th-century Arab chronicler Ibn al-Asir, as part of a series initiated by the AAS to translate historical sources about Armenia and Armenians from their original languages into Armenian. He translated from classical to modern Armenian, wrote the introductions and commentaries on, in 1982 and 1983 respectively, the works of Armenian historians Ghevond (History) and Agatangeghos (History of Armenia). In 1983, Ter-Ghevondyan became a professor at Yerevan State University and taught the courses "Ancient and Medieval History of the Arab World" and "An Introduction to Arabic Philology."
Due to his death in February 1988, many of Ter-Ghevondyan's works were left unpublished. His monograph, Armenia in 6th to 8th Centuries, was published posthumously in 1996. He was the author of over 100 articles and a regular contributor to the Arab-related entries in the Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia (1974–1987) and wrote numerous chapters in the second and third volumes of the History of the Armenian People (vol. 2, 1984; vol. 3, 1976).
Published works
(in Armenian) Arabakan amirayutyunnere Bagratunyats Hayastanum. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1965.
The Arab emirates in Bagratid Armenia translated from armenian and edited by Nina G. Garsoïan. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1976
(in French) "Chronologie de la ville de Dvin (Duin) aux 9e et 11e siècles," Revue des Études Arméniennes (1965).
(in French) "Le Prince d’Arménie à l’époque de la domination arabe," Revue des Études Arméniennes 3 (1966).
(in French) "La survivance de la division administrative Kust-i-Kapkoh sous le califat." Revue des Études Arméniennes. N.S. 5, 1968.
(in Armenian) "Sasuni 749-752 tt. anhayt apstambutyune Khalifayutyan dem Patma-Banasirakan Handes 3 (1971).
(in Russian) Armeniia i arabaskii khalifat . Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1977.
(in French) L'Armenie et la conquete arabe," in Armenian Studies/Études Arméniennes in Memoriaum Haig Berbérian. Dickran Kouymjian (ed.) Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1986.
(in Armenian) Hodvatsneri zhoghovatsu , ed. Vahan Ter-Ghevondyan. Yerevan: Yerevan State University Press, 2003.
"The Armenian Rebellion of 703 Against the Caliphate" in The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims. Andrew G. Bostom (ed.) New York: Prometheus Books and Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.
Notes
^ The rendering of his name in this manner follows the transliteration system established in the Hübschmann-Meillet system.
^ a b c d (in Armenian) s.v. "Ter-Ghevondyan, Aram Nahapeti," Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 11, p. 674.
^ a b c (in Armenian) Papazyan, Hakob D. "Lratu: Aram Ter-Ghevondyan" , Patma-Banasirakan Handes 120/1 (1988): pp. 243-245.
^ a b c d (in Armenian) Hovsepyan, Arthur. "Metsanun gitnakani vastake Archived May 31, 2011, at the Wayback Machine" , Aravot. February 5, 2005. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
^ (in French) Mahé, Jean-Pierre and Nina G. Garsoïan. "In memoriam Aram Ter-Łewondyan: Travaux et publications," Revue des Études Arméniennes 21 (1988-1989): p. 15.
^ Ter-Ghewondyan, Aram. The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia. Trans. Nina G. Garsoïan. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1976.
^ (in Russian) Ter-Gevondian, A. N. Armeniia i arabaskii khalifat (Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1977).
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"medieval Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Islamic world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_studies"},{"link_name":"Oriental studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_studies"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAE-2"},{"link_name":"Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagratuni_Kingdom_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Armenian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"University of Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PBH-3"}],"text":"Aram Ter-Ghevondyan (Armenian: Արամ Նահապետի Տեր-Ղևոնդյան; Russian: Aрaм Наaпетович Теp-Гeвoндян, also often seen written in Western sources as Ter-Ghewondyan or Ter-Łewondyan;[1] July 24, 1928 – February 10, 1988) was an Armenian historian and scholar who specialized in the study of historical sources and medieval Armenia's relations with the Islamic world and Oriental studies.[2] His seminal work, The Arab Emirates in Bagratuni Armenia, is an important study on the Bagratuni Kingdom of Armenia. 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Pursuing higher studies, he was accepted to the Oriental Studies Department at Leningrad State University. There, he met the renowned Armenian scholars Hrachia Acharian and Joseph Orbeli. He was especially fond of the guidance and advice Orbeli provided him with, as he repeatedly remarked after he had completed his studies, \"Once more, fortune had smiled upon me, [for] my adviser was Academician Hovsep [Joseph] Orbeli.\"[3] He defended his dissertation, \"The Emirate of Dvin from the Ninth to Eleventh Centuries,\" and was awarded his kandidat nauk in 1958.[5]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"caliphates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate"},{"link_name":"emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate"},{"link_name":"Armenian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Bagratuni Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagratuni_Kingdom_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Nina Garsoïan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Garso%C3%AFan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aravot-4"},{"link_name":"doktor nauk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktor_nauk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAE-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAE-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAE-2"},{"link_name":"classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Armenian"},{"link_name":"Agatangeghos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathangelos"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aravot-4"},{"link_name":"Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Armenian_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aravot-4"}],"sub_title":"Academic career","text":"As a scholar who was fluent in Arabic, Ter-Ghevondyan had a profound interest in the history of the medieval Arab caliphates and emirates. From 1958 to 1981, he worked at the Institute of History at the Armenian Academy of Sciences (AAS) with a special emphasis in philology, historiography and the study of historical sources. His first significant work devoted to Bagratuni Armenia's relations with the Islamic world was The Arab Emirates in Bagratuni Armenia (Armenian: Արաբական Ամիրայությունները Բագրատունյաց Հայաստանում) and was published in 1965. The book was highly praised and found to be of such great importance that it was translated from Armenian into English by American Byzantine scholar Nina Garsoïan,[6] and later into Arabic by Aleksan Keshishyan.[4] Ter-Ghevondyan's doctoral work centered on the political and cultural links between Armenians and Arabs during the medieval era and he defended his dissertation once more and received his doktor nauk in 1977.[2] Titled Armenia and the Arab Caliphate, Ter-Ghevondyan's work was published by the AAS in the same year.[7]In 1981, thanks to Ter-Ghevondyan's efforts, the institute of Oriental Studies at the AAS was established and he was appointed to be the inaugural holder of the chair for the study of primary sources.[2] He continued on with his research and in the same year, he completed the translation of the excerpts of the work of the 13th-century Arab chronicler Ibn al-Asir, as part of a series initiated by the AAS to translate historical sources about Armenia and Armenians from their original languages into Armenian.[2] He translated from classical to modern Armenian, wrote the introductions and commentaries on, in 1982 and 1983 respectively, the works of Armenian historians Ghevond (History) and Agatangeghos (History of Armenia). In 1983, Ter-Ghevondyan became a professor at Yerevan State University and taught the courses \"Ancient and Medieval History of the Arab World\" and \"An Introduction to Arabic Philology.\"[4]Due to his death in February 1988, many of Ter-Ghevondyan's works were left unpublished. His monograph, Armenia in 6th to 8th Centuries, was published posthumously in 1996. He was the author of over 100 articles and a regular contributor to the Arab-related entries in the Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia (1974–1987) and wrote numerous chapters in the second and third volumes of the History of the Armenian People (vol. 2, 1984; vol. 3, 1976).[4]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nina G. Garsoïan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_G._Garso%C3%AFan"},{"link_name":"Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calouste_Gulbenkian_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Revue des Études Arméniennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Arm%C3%A9niennes"},{"link_name":"Patma-Banasirakan Handes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patma-Banasirakan_Handes"},{"link_name":"Dickran Kouymjian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickran_Kouymjian"},{"link_name":"The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legacy_of_Jihad"},{"link_name":"Andrew G. Bostom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_G._Bostom"}],"text":"(in Armenian) Arabakan amirayutyunnere Bagratunyats Hayastanum. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1965.\nThe Arab emirates in Bagratid Armenia translated from armenian and edited by Nina G. Garsoïan. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1976\n(in French) \"Chronologie de la ville de Dvin (Duin) aux 9e et 11e siècles,\" Revue des Études Arméniennes (1965).\n(in French) \"Le Prince d’Arménie à l’époque de la domination arabe,\" Revue des Études Arméniennes 3 (1966).\n(in French) \"La survivance de la division administrative Kust-i-Kapkoh sous le califat.\" Revue des Études Arméniennes. N.S. 5, 1968.\n(in Armenian) \"Sasuni 749-752 tt. anhayt apstambutyune Khalifayutyan dem [The Obscure 749-752 Sasun Rebellion against the Caliphate] Patma-Banasirakan Handes 3 (1971).\n(in Russian) Armeniia i arabaskii khalifat [Armenia and the Arab Caliphate]. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1977.\n(in French) L'Armenie et la conquete arabe,\" in Armenian Studies/Études Arméniennes in Memoriaum Haig Berbérian. Dickran Kouymjian (ed.) Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1986.\n(in Armenian) Hodvatsneri zhoghovatsu [Collected Articles], ed. Vahan Ter-Ghevondyan. Yerevan: Yerevan State University Press, 2003.\n\"The Armenian Rebellion of 703 Against the Caliphate\" in The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims. Andrew G. Bostom (ed.) New York: Prometheus Books and Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.","title":"Published works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Hübschmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_H%C3%BCbschmann"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAE_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAE_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAE_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SAE_2-3"},{"link_name":"Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PBH_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PBH_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PBH_3-2"},{"link_name":"Patma-Banasirakan Handes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patma-Banasirakan_Handes"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aravot_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aravot_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aravot_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aravot_4-3"},{"link_name":"Metsanun gitnakani vastake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aravot.am/am/articles/society/4678"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110531152828/http://www.aravot.am/am/articles/society/4678"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"In memoriam Aram Ter-Łewondyan: Travaux et publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=article&id=2017189&journal_code=REA"},{"link_name":"Revue des Études Arméniennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Arm%C3%A9niennes"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4783950#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000083798927"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/47098543"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhmGxTwDhxc6qwQDX7WDq"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15866672f"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15866672f"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1047947749"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007320087905171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n83065108"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06747019X"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810572962605606"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/147158508"}],"text":"^ The rendering of his name in this manner follows the transliteration system established in the Hübschmann-Meillet system.\n\n^ a b c d (in Armenian) s.v. \"Ter-Ghevondyan, Aram Nahapeti,\" Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 11, p. 674.\n\n^ a b c (in Armenian) Papazyan, Hakob D. \"Lratu: Aram Ter-Ghevondyan\" [News: Aram Ter-Ghevondyan], Patma-Banasirakan Handes 120/1 (1988): pp. 243-245.\n\n^ a b c d (in Armenian) Hovsepyan, Arthur. \"Metsanun gitnakani vastake Archived May 31, 2011, at the Wayback Machine\" [The Work of a Distinguished Intellectual], Aravot. February 5, 2005. Retrieved March 23, 2009.\n\n^ (in French) Mahé, Jean-Pierre and Nina G. Garsoïan. \"In memoriam Aram Ter-Łewondyan: Travaux et publications,\" Revue des Études Arméniennes 21 (1988-1989): p. 15.\n\n^ Ter-Ghewondyan, Aram. The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia. Trans. Nina G. Garsoïan. Lisbon: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1976.\n\n^ (in Russian) Ter-Gevondian, A. N. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Case_of_the_Missing_Rugrat | List of Rugrats episodes | ["1 Series overview","2 Episodes","2.1 Pilot (1990)","2.2 Season 1 (1991)","2.3 Season 2 (1992–93)","2.4 Season 3 (1993–95)","2.5 Season 4 (1996–97)","2.6 Season 5 (1998–99)","2.7 Season 6 (1999–2001)","2.8 Season 7 (2001; 2004)","2.9 Season 8 (2001–03)","2.10 Season 9 (2002–04)","3 Home video releases","4 Rugrats: Tales from the Crib (2005–06)","5 Films","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"] | Rugrats is an American animated television series created by Arlene Klasky, Gábor Csupó, and Paul Germain. The show focuses on a group of toddlers, most prominently Tommy, Chuckie, Angelica, twins Phil and Lil, Susie, then later Dil and Kimi and their day-to-day lives, usually involving common life experiences that become adventures in the babies' imaginations. Adults in the series are almost always unaware of what the children are up to.
The series premiered on August 11, 1991, as the second Nicktoon after Doug and preceding The Ren & Stimpy Show. Production initially halted in 1993 after 65 episodes, with the last episode airing on November 12, 1994. In 1995 and 1996, two Jewish-themed specials premiered; "A Rugrats Passover" and "A Rugrats Chanukah", respectively, both of which received critical acclaim. During this time, well after the end of the show's production run, Rugrats began to receive a boost in ratings and popularity with constant reruns on Nickelodeon and the Nick Jr block. In 1996, Klasky Csupo Animation began producing new episodes, and the show's fourth season began airing in 1997. As a result of the show's popularity, a series of theatrical films were released. Following the release of the second film on November 17, 2000, its popularity started to wane, and the final episode aired on August 1, 2004, bringing the series to a total of 172 episodes and 9 seasons during a 13-year run.
On July 21, 2001, Nickelodeon broadcast the made-for-TV special "All Growed Up" in celebration of the series' 10th anniversary. Though initially intended as a one-time special, it was popular enough that it acted as a pilot for the Rugrats spin-off series All Grown Up!, which chronicles the lives of the babies and their parents after they age 10 years. Another spin-off series, Rugrats Pre-School Daze, was considered, with four episodes produced. Two direct-to-video specials were released in 2005 and 2006, under the title Rugrats Tales from the Crib. Tie-in media for the series include video games, comics, toys, and various other merchandise.
Rugrats gained over 20 awards during its 13-year run, including 4 Daytime Emmy Awards, 6 Kids' Choice Awards, and its own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The series was Nickelodeon's longest-running Nicktoon until 2012 when SpongeBob SquarePants aired its 173rd episode, and is currently Nickelodeon's third longest-running Nicktoon, behind SpongeBob SquarePants and The Fairly OddParents.
On July 16, 2018, it was announced that Nickelodeon had given a series order to a 26-episode revival of the series, executive produced by Klasky, Csupo, and Germain.
Series overview
SeasonSegmentsEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedPilotAugust 7, 2001 (VHS/DVD)12513August 11, 1991 (1991-08-11)December 22, 1991 (1991-12-22)25126September 13, 1992 (1992-09-13)May 23, 1993 (1993-05-23)35126September 26, 1993 (1993-09-26)April 13, 1995 (1995-04-13)42815December 4, 1996 (1996-12-04)November 22, 1997 (1997-11-22)53720May 29, 1998 (1998-05-29)February 20, 1999 (1999-02-20)65230February 27, 1999 (1999-02-27)July 20, 2001 (2001-07-20)73614January 15, 2001 (2001-01-15)April 10, 2004 (2004-04-10)82314July 21, 2001 (2001-07-21)November 11, 2003 (2003-11-11)92414September 21, 2002 (2002-09-21)August 1, 2004 (2004-08-01)Tales from the Crib—2November 13, 2005 (2005-11-13)November 5, 2006 (2006-11-05)
Episodes
Pilot (1990)
TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date"Tommy Pickles and the Great White Thing"Peter ChungBen Herndon & Paul GermainAugust 7, 2001 (2001-08-07) (VHS) September 24, 2002 (2002-09-24) (DVD)
After seeing his grandpa go to the bathroom so many times, Tommy Pickles wants to find out what a "great white thing" (toilet) is, creating a mess when he investigates.
Note: Although the episode was released in 2001, it had already been made in 1990, a year before "Tommy's First Birthday".
Season 1 (1991)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitle Directed byWritten byOriginal air date Prod.code 11"Tommy's First Birthday"Howard E. BakerPaul Germain & Craig BartlettAugust 11, 1991 (1991-08-11)001
Stu and Didi strive to make Tommy's first birthday a memorable one. They do, but under the wrong circumstances. Meanwhile, Tommy wants to eat dog food so he can be just like Spike, eventually selling the other Rugrats on the idea.
22"Barbecue Story""BAR-B-Q"Norton VirgienSteve Viksten & Joe AnsolabehereAugust 18, 1991 (1991-08-18)002"Waiter, There's a Baby in My Soup""Baby in My Soup"Craig Bartlett & Paul Germain
Tommy has received his most favorite toy in the whole wide world – a ball. Angelica, who is always looking to spoil the babies' fun, takes the ball and throws it into the next yard, resulting in the babies risking life and limb to look for it.
Stu and Didi end up taking Tommy to an important dinner at Chez Ennui with Mr. Mucklehoney (president of Mucklehoney Industries, a toy company), since Tiffany the babysitter (via telephone) and Grandpa have other plans (the babysitter's OTHER goldfish died and Grandpa was going bowling with a friend of his, Louise). Tommy, however, has plans of his own.
33"At the Movies"Dan ThompsonCraig Bartlett & Paul GermainAugust 25, 1991 (1991-08-25)003"Slumber Party"Jeffrey Townsend
Tommy wants to see Reptar, but his parents take him and the other Rugrats, to the Westside Octoplex to see The Land Without Smiles, starring the Dummi Bears, instead. The Rugrats leave the Dummi Bears to go look for Reptar (showing at the same theater), leaving a path of destruction behind them.
Angelica stays over with Tommy, but her desire for an open window leaves Tommy feeling ill and hallucinating, which eventually leads to his vomiting on her.
44"Baby Commercial"Howard E. BakerSteve Viksten & Joe AnsolabehereSeptember 8, 1991 (1991-09-08)004"Little Dude"M.S. Freeman
Phil and Lil make a brief appearance in a diaper commercial, and they tell Tommy about it, as well as the mayhem they cause in the process.
Didi takes Tommy to her workplace, a local high school, for use as a visual aid in Home Economics. Three of her students ask to watch Tommy while Didi's on her lunch break, but when they accidentally lose him, he starts wandering around the campus, causing trouble as he does.
55"Beauty Contest"Norton VirgienStory by : Arlene KlaskyTeleplay by : Everett PeckSeptember 15, 1991 (1991-09-15)005"Baseball"M.S. Freeman
Having the desire for the Kingfisher 9000 (a top-of-the-line sports boat), Stu and Grandpa enter Tommy into a beauty contest by placing him in girl's clothes and a wig, naming him "Tonya". Their main competitor is Angelica, who complicates the competition.
Using tickets Grandpa won in a radio contest, Stu and Grandpa take Tommy to the Grizzlies' baseball game, where they play the Boston Bombers. Tommy, however, is more interested in catching his balloon than the ball game. As the episode progresses, Tommy's balloon hunt eventually helps make a spectacular catch for Grizzlies player Bucky Majors.
66"Ruthless Tommy"Dan ThompsonRon BirnbachSeptember 22, 1991 (1991-09-22)006"Moose Country"Jeffrey Townsend
Being mistaken for the son of millionaire Ronald Thump, Tommy is kidnapped by some thugs, Bob and Mike. The thieves soon find that kidnapping Tommy is more trouble than they thought it would be.
After hearing Grandpa's mythical story about a moose, the babies go look for one in the backyard.
77"Grandpa's Teeth"Howard E. BakerBen Herndon & Margot PipkinOctober 6, 1991 (1991-10-06)007"Momma Trauma"Steve Viksten & Joe Ansolabehere
At a picnic, Grandpa is warned to keep his dentures in his mouth. However, he removes them regardless, and Spike steals his teeth while he is busy with the food. Tommy and Chuckie try to get the teeth back because the war veterans are having a concert at the picnic, and Grandpa needs his teeth in order to play the trumpet properly.
When Tommy draws on the walls, Didi insists on taking him to a therapist. While there, he sneaks away and goes for an adventure around the office building, while Stu ends up being psychoanalyzed.
88"Real or Robots?""Real or Robots"Norton VirgienSteve Viksten & Joe AnsolabehereOctober 13, 1991 (1991-10-13)008"Special Delivery"Patric Verrone & Maiya Williams
After seeing a Frankenstein-type horror flick, Tommy and Chuckie want to see whether Stu is a human or a robot. Stu, however, has a recurring sleepwalking dream, in which he is the host of a cooking show. Tommy and Chuckie accidentally wakes him up after using a wrench on his belly button and Didi calls him out for not going to see a psychiatrist in dealing with his sleepwalking issues.
Stu orders a doll from his competitor Eggbert Toys, called "Tina Trousers", and Didi tells Tommy the doll is his baby sister arriving in the mail. Believing this, Tommy sneaks out with the mailman to the post office, causing trouble as he does.
99"Candy Bar Creep Show""Candy Bar Creepshow"Howard E. BakerTom Abrams & David HowardOctober 27, 1991 (1991-10-27)009"Monster in the Garage"Dan ThompsonPeter Gaffney
The Pickles set up a haunted house for the neighborhood children on Halloween. As treats, they pass out "Reptar Bars", which contain "chocolate, and nuts, and caramel, and green stuff". The Rugrats go to the haunted house to search for them, eventually scaring Angelica and Grandpa as well.
A mouse is loose in the Pickles' garage and house, knocking things off of the shelves, and Stu places the blame on Spike. The Rugrats set out to prove Spike's innocence; after hearing Boris' story about a hero fighting off the "dibbick" monster with his "klobbermeister", the Rugrats go into the garage in search of this "monster".
1010"Weaning Tommy"Howard E. BakerAnn HamiltonNovember 10, 1991 (1991-11-10)010"Incident in Aisle Seven""Incident at Aisle 7"Dan ThompsonLou Greenstein & Larry Loebell
On advice from Dr. Homer, Tommy's dentist, Stu, and Didi take his bottles away from him and try to coax him into drinking from a sippy cup. He isn't happy about it and wants his bottle. Even Grandpa agrees and this leads to an argument between them when he attempts to keep Tommy on the bottle. Stu and Didi later agree to return him to the bottle after Grandpa convinces them to see how unhappy he really is with the sippy cup.
Grandpa takes Tommy to the supermarket where Tommy makes a huge mess while looking for the new Reptar cereal.
1111"Touchdown Tommy""Touch-Down Tommy"Norton VirgienTom Abrams & David HowardNovember 24, 1991 (1991-11-24)011"The Trial"Paul Germain
While Didi and Betty go shopping, Stu and the guys babysit the Rugrats while watching the "Ultra Bowl XXXVII" on TV. Later, Grandpa gives Tommy a bottle of chocolate milk; Angelica, who normally thinks that she is too old for baby bottles, fights Tommy over it, which sends the Rugrats into their own "football" game over the bottle.
Someone broke "Mr. Fluffles," Tommy's clown lamp, and Angelica wants to find out who the lamp in evil, so the Rugrats hold a mock trial. The trial ends up revealing that Angelica was the one who broke the lamp, and she ends up in the high chair as a punishment when Didi picks Angelica.
1212"Fluffy vs. Spike"Dan ThompsonSteve Viksten & Joe AnsolabehereDecember 8, 1991 (1991-12-08)012"Reptar's Revenge"Peter Gaffney
Angelica brings Fluffy, her pet cat, to Tommy's house. Fluffy ends up making a mess of things, but Angelica blames Fluffy's crimes on Spike, so the Rugrats attempt to prove him innocent.
The Rugrats go looking for Reptar at the Sleazola Bros. fair. This Reptar, however, is a cereal addict named Leo.
1313"Graham Canyon"Craig BartlettCraig BartlettDecember 22, 1991 (1991-12-22)013"Stu-Maker's Elves"Steve Viksten & Joe Ansolabehere
The Pickles experience car trouble en route to the Grand Canyon/Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona. Eddie and Ace, a couple of crooked auto mechanics working at "Twin Cactus Auto Repair", try to make a simple, cheap thing more expensive, but Angelica and Tommy inadvertently stop them from further damage while playing in a "canyon" of tires.
Stu has received an order from Mucklehoney Industries for 15,000 "Patty Pants" dolls. However, he is having trouble with the machine, but Tommy and Chuckie accidentally fix it while fetching the "Zippo-Glider", which Chuckie has accidentally tossed into the basement.
Season 2 (1992–93)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitle Directed byWritten byOriginal air date Prod.code U.S. households (in millions)141"Chuckie vs. the Potty"Norton VirgienJoe AnsolabehereSeptember 13, 1992 (1992-09-13)015N/A"Together at Last"Steven Dean MooreJonathan Greenberg
Chuckie has a difficult decision to make: spend the rest of his life in diapers, or learn to use the potty. A dream has his friends forcing him on the toilet, which inspires him to use the potty for the first time.
When Phil and Lil have a huge fight, Betty decides to separate them for a while and takes Lil to play with Tommy and Chuckie. Lil soon misses her brother and the three babies decide to head next door, not realizing Phil is doing the same thing.
152"Toy Palace"Dan ThompsonPeter GaffneySeptember 20, 1992 (1992-09-20)014N/A"Sand Ho!"Howard E. Baker & Jim Duffy
After wandering away from their fathers, Tommy and Chuckie unwittingly end up playing around in a closed toy store, which they never want to leave. However, they become terrified of an electronic gorilla toy named Thorg who wants eat and try to get a giant Reptar toy to help them.
Intrigued by Grandpa's pirate story, the Rugrats play "pirates" themselves.
163"The Big House"Jim DuffyPaul GermainSeptember 27, 1992 (1992-09-27)016N/A"The Shot"Dan ThompsonJoe Ansolabehere
While Didi is running some errands, she leaves Tommy at a maximum-security daycare center. Desperate for freedom, Tommy contemplates escaping with help from the other babies there.
Tommy is due to get a booster shot but soon worries about the shot after hearing Chuckie's horror story about his, but in the end it is not as bad as he thought it was.
174"Showdown at Teeter-Totter Gulch"Steven Dean MooreGlenn EichlerOctober 4, 1992 (1992-10-04)017N/A"Mirrorland"Norton VirgienMichael Ferris
Tommy and Chuckie match wits with Prudence, a.k.a. "The Junk Food Kid", the local playground bully at a Wild-West-themed playground.
Chuckie and Tommy decide to go through a mirror to see "Mirrorland" where "everything is the same, only different", with Didi and Grandpa's examination of various antiques making them believe they really did cross over.
185"Angelica's in Love"Jim DuffyPaul GermainOctober 11, 1992 (1992-10-11)018N/A"Ice Cream Mountain""Maximum Golf"Dan ThompsonChip Johannessen
Angelica falls in love with Dean, a biker-type kid who is described as "a 4-year-old's dream on a 5-year-old's bike". However, her heart is broken when he pledges his love to someone else: his mother.
Stu and Drew intend to take the Rugrats out for ice cream, but when they pass "Fun Land", a miniature golf course, they decide to stop to play a round of golf. While there, the Rugrats try to reach "Ice Cream Mountain", a gargantuan sundae (not knowing it is made of plastic).
196"Regarding Stuie"Norton VirgienGuy Maxtone-GrahamOctober 18, 1992 (1992-10-18)019N/A"Garage Sale"Steven Dean MooreSteve Viksten
Stu falls off the roof while attempting to install his new "Quack-O-Matic" weather vane. Suffering from a strange amnesia, Stu reverts to his childhood (as "Stuie") and becomes one of the Rugrats. The babies have fun with Stuie for a while, but Tommy soon starts to miss his father which leads to him returning to his original self.
To make room for some new stuff (including Stu's new stereo), the Pickles sell their unwanted goods at their garage sale. However, thanks to the babies, they end up unintentionally selling everything in the house.
207"Let There Be Light"Dan ThompsonPam WickOctober 25, 1992 (1992-10-25)020N/A"The Bank Trick"Jim DuffyEarl Klasky & Gary Gurner
While working on the anti-gravity playpen (his latest invention), Stu blacks out the neighborhood. Being afraid of the dark and wondering where the light is hiding, the Rugrats look for the light in the most logical place: the fridge.
After ruining Grandpa's chess game (being played by mail), Didi takes Tommy and Chuckie on her errands. While at the bank, Tommy and Chuckie wander around, looking for the "M&M machine" (the automated teller machine (ATM)), while inadvertently foiling a bank robbery by two crooks posing as bank examiners.
218"Family Reunion"Steven Dean MoorePeter GaffneyNovember 1, 1992 (1992-11-01)021N/A"Grandpa's Date"Norton VirgienSteve Viksten & Joe Ansolabehere
The Pickles family reunion is held in Iowa, hosted by Hugh Pickles and his wife, Dotti. While there, Angelica tells Tommy and the other babies that reunions are swap meets for babies, with the babies being swapped to different parents.
Grandpa's night of watching 'Lonely Space Vixens' is ruined when after 40 years, his long-lost girlfriend named Morgana pays a visit to him, for the first time since the early 1950s. Lou, not wanting Morgana to know that he is a grandpa, rushes Tommy and Chuckie to bed early. Naturally, the babies try to figure out why and end up causing trouble with Stu's mechanical couch. When Morgana finds out about the babies, she is delighted to know that Lou is a grandfather.
229"No Bones About It"Dan ThompsonDavid Benavente & Michael J. BenaventeNovember 8, 1992 (1992-11-08)022N/A"Beach Blanket Babies""On the Beach"Jim DuffyMark Trafficante & James Grant Goldin
Grandpa takes the Rugrats to the natural history museum. Later, the Rugrats dismantle a dinosaur while looking for a bone for Spike. Meanwhile, Grandpa locks horns with security chief Sally Payson, while rushing around the museum looking for the Rugrats.
The Pickles and the Finsters go to the beach. Chuckie has a personal mission, which is to set free the "Sea Moneys" (Sea Monkeys) that his dad gave him.
2310"Reptar on Ice"Howard E. BakerPeter GaffneyNovember 15, 1992 (1992-11-15)023N/A"Family Feud"Norton VirgienMichael Ferris
After finding a lizard, which the Rugrats think is "Reptar's baby", they try to present it to him at "Reptar on Ice", an "Ice Capades"-type show. The problem is that the actor playing Reptar is afraid of lizards—and is not too fond of children, either.
After a game of charades between the Pickles and the DeVilles ends up causing a huge argument, the families abruptly end their friendship and wage war, upsetting the babies. While Chas is caught in the crossfire, having to return everything the neighbors borrowed from each other as well as listen to their constant bickering, Tommy is upset as he is not allowed to play with Phil and Lil anymore.
2411"Superhero Chuckie"Dan ThompsonDouglas PetrieNovember 22, 1992 (1992-11-22)024N/A"The Dog Broomer"Jim DuffyGary Glasberg
Chuckie thinks that he is really a superhero after seeing a taping of "Captain Blasto" (voiced by Adam West).
The babies try to protect Spike from the "dog broomer" (a dog groomer).
2512"Aunt Miriam"Howard E. BakerPeter GaffneyNovember 29, 1992 (1992-11-29)025N/A"The Inside Story"Norton VirgienHolly Huckins
Aunt Miriam (Andrea Martin) is mistaken for an evil alien by Tommy and Chuckie when she comes to visit.
After Chuckie swallows a watermelon seed, the babies are forced to shrink down with a laser beam and enter his body to retrieve it after Angelica tells them it will grow inside his stomach and explode. However, it turns out that the entire journey was a dream, and that the babies never shrunk down.
2613"The Santa Experience"Charles SwensonJoe Ansolabehere, Peter Gaffney,Paul Germain & Jonathan GreenbergDecember 6, 1992 (1992-12-06)027N/A
After a traumatic Santa visit in the mall, the babies' parents rent a cabin in the mountains in which to spend Christmas. Meanwhile, Chuckie is scared of Santa and wants to stop him from coming, while Angelica tries to right a wrong involving Phil and Lil's toys and presents.
2714"A Visit from Lipschitz"Jim DuffyJonathan GreenbergDecember 13, 1992 (1992-12-13)026N/A"What the Big People Do"Dan ThompsonPatricia Marx
Dr. Lipschitz (Tony Jay), the famous child psychologist whose advice Didi always follows, visits the Pickles but is not prepared for an encounter with the babies.
Tommy and Chuckie have a shared dream, with their lives as adults but realize later that it's better to be young when they are literally in hell including the fire, flames, and adult Angelica's hair in devil horns.
2815"Visitors from Outer Space"Dan Thompson & Raymie MuzquizPaul GermainDecember 20, 1992 (1992-12-20)028N/A"The Case of the Missing Rugrat"Howard E. BakerPeter Gaffney
Tommy dreams that he and the other Rugrats are captured by aliens that resemble his parents, pet dog, and his grandfather. Angelica steals a planet-atomizing remote from Stuvon (Stu as an alien) and escapes with help from a talking fish. Meanwhile, the babies wander into the ship's control room and play with the controls, thinking that they are toys. This ends up with Angelica being tricked into being teleported to a desert planet and the ship hurling into an unnamed star.
Grandpa uses his skills from working as a detective as a young man in the 1930s to look for Tommy after he winds up at the mansion home of two eccentric sisters.
2916"Chuckie Loses His Glasses"Norton VirgienRachel LipmanDecember 27, 1992 (1992-12-27)029N/A"Chuckie Gets Skunked"Jim Duffy & Pete MichelsPeter Gaffney
Chuckie's eyeglasses disappear during a game of hide-and-seek, and he has trouble finding his friends without them.
A skunk sprays Chuckie, and both the grown-ups and babies try to do something about the terrible smell.
3017"Rebel Without a Teddy Bear"Dan ThompsonJonathan GreenbergJanuary 3, 1993 (1993-01-03)030N/A"Angelica the Magnificent"Igor KovalyovMichael Ferris
When Tommy's favorite stuffed lion plush gets filthy, Didi confiscates it for a cleaning. Tommy is greatly upset by this, thinking he will never see the stuffed animal again, and Angelica helps Tommy "go bad" to get what he wants.
Angelica experiments with magic and Lil goes missing in the process. This leads to the belief that Angelica made Lil disappear.
3118"Meet the Carmichaels"Jim Duffy & Rick BugentalSteve Viksten & Joe AnsolabehereJanuary 10, 1993 (1993-01-10)031N/A"The Box"Norton Virgien & Jeff McGrathMichael Ferris
New neighbors move in across the street from the Pickles, where Tommy helps the youngest member of the family, Susie (Cree Summer), find her new room.
Stu buys a self-assembly theme-park toy for Tommy but finds it too complicated to build. Meanwhile, the babies quickly find something even more fun: the box that the toy came in.
3219"Down the Drain"Dan ThompsonJoe AnsolabehereJanuary 17, 1993 (1993-01-17)032N/A"Let Them Eat Cake"Steven Dean MooreSteve Viksten
Tommy and Chuckie are afraid of being sucked down the drain, so they clog it in various ways to avoid having to take a bath.
The gang attends a relative's wedding, where Tommy and Chuckie seek cake.
3320"The Seven Voyages of Cynthia"Norton VirgienCraig BartlettApril 11, 1993 (1993-04-11)0331.69"My Friend Barney"Jim Duffy & Steve SockiPeter Gaffney & Paul Germain
Tommy and Chuckie accidentally lose Angelica's favorite doll, Cynthia, while Stu and Drew wash Drew's boat. While Angelica holds a funeral for Cynthia, Spike manages to find the doll.
Chuckie has an imaginary friend named Barney.
3421"Feeding Hubert"Dan ThompsonJeffrey TownsendApril 18, 1993 (1993-04-18)0341.62"Spike the Wonder Dog"Igor KovalyovSteve Viksten
The babies mistake a garbage truck for a monster that eats trash.
After watching a TV show about a superhero dog named "Oodles the Talking Poodle" the babies wish Spike can talk, and be a superhero as well. They get their wish when Angelica fools them with her toy executive telephone into thinking Spike can talk - instead being a scheme created by her to obtain a few cookies. But in the end, Spike becomes the hero the babies always wished him up to be.
3522"The Slide"Norton VirgienJoe AnsolabehereApril 25, 1993 (1993-04-25)0351.86"The Big Flush"Jim DuffyLisa Latham
Chuckie is afraid to go down the playground slide after accidentally getting on a giant slide at a pizza place. After Angelica intimidates him, the babies consult Susie, and she trains Chuckie to be "the bestest slider in the whole wide park".
The babies mistake a swimming pool for a giant potty, and set out to try to find the flusher. Meanwhile, Stu is struggling to overcome his fear of diving.
3623"King Ten Pin"Dan ThompsonDoria BiddleMay 2, 1993 (1993-05-02)0361.52"Runaway Angelica"Steven Dean MooreSteve Viksten
Grandpa competes in a bowling tournament, where Tommy and the others inadvertently help Grandpa win by exposing his bowling rival (Tom Bosley) as a cheater.
Angelica runs away from home and hides in the Pickles' backyard after being sent to her room for ruining her father's office. She later realizes her mistake when it starts raining and she has to live in Spike's doghouse, and thinks her father is happy that she ran away when in reality he is not.
3724"Game Show Didi"Jim DuffyAndy HoutsMay 9, 1993 (1993-05-09)0371.61"Toys in the Attic"Norton VirgienCarroll Mine
Didi appears on a TV game show.
Guest stars: Alex Trebek and Charles Nelson Reilly
Tommy and Angelica are left to stay with Didi's parents for a weekend, where they discover toys (and some family history) in their attic.
3825"Driving Miss Angelica"Dan Thompson & Raymie MuzquizJonathan GreenbergMay 16, 1993 (1993-05-16)0381.54"Susie vs. Angelica"Igor KovalyovJoe Ansolabehere
After Angelica saves Chuckie's life from nearly being hit by a gang of big-wheelers, she takes advantage of the debt he owes to her by making him become her personal slave. Until she gets a taste of her own medicine at the end.
When Susie attempts to defend the babies from Angelica, the two compete to see who is the best.
3926"Tooth or Dare"Norton VirgienPaul Germain & Jonathan GreenbergMay 23, 1993 (1993-05-23)0391.70"Party Animals"Jim DuffyHolly Huckins
Angelica schemes to pull out and steal Chuckie's teeth in order to get money from the tooth fairy.
The grown-ups throw a costume party, and the babies think that everybody's costumes are real, including Didi's cousin dressed as a baby, after they rub a magic lamp.
Season 3 (1993–95)
This is the final series that Sherry Gunther released production that edited.
No.overallNo. inseasonTitle Directed byWritten byOriginal air date Prod.code Viewers(millions)401"Dummi Bear Dinner Disaster"Jim DuffyRachel LipmanSeptember 26, 1993 (1993-09-26)0402.03(HH)"Twins' Pique"Norton VirgienPaul Germain
When the grown-ups hear that Randy Carmichael is having the creator of Dummi Bears over for dinner, the grown-ups invite themselves. While the adults are keen to impress, the babies scheme to ruin it as Susie fears she might have to move.
Phil and Lil are tired of being mistaken for each other and yearn to be different, so they decide to change their personalities. While Phil decides to model himself like Chuckie, Lil chooses Angelica as her example.
412"Chuckie's First Haircut"Howard E. BakerWritten by: Peter Gaffney & Jonathan GreenbergIdea by: R.E. DanielsOctober 3, 1993 (1993-10-03)0411.85(HH)"Cool Hand Angelica"Jim DuffyPeter Gaffney
With Chuckie's hair getting longer and longer, Chas decides to get him a haircut. With Chuckie too scared to sit under the scissors, the babies and grown-ups use different methods to try and show him there's nothing to worry about.
When Susie tells the babies about her time at an upcoming day camp, Angelica boasts she'd have no problem there. Eager to prove her wrong, Susie arranges for Angelica to join her.
423"Tricycle Thief""The Tricycle Thief"Norton VirgienGlenn EichlerOctober 10, 1993 (1993-10-10)042N/A"Rhinoceritis"Jim DuffyDoria Biddle
When Susie's brand-new tricycle goes missing, she and the babies suspect Angelica is responsible and put her on trial.
Angelica, after watching an episode of "Binks McGill - Preteen Brain Surgeon", she tells Chuckie that he is turning into a rhinoceros when she pretends to be a doctor; meanwhile, Drew helps Stu with taxes.
434"Grandpa Moves Out"Howard E. BakerJonathan GreenbergOctober 17, 1993 (1993-10-17)0432.07(HH)"The Legend of Satchmo""Legend of Satchmo"Jim DuffyMatt Uitz
Grandpa moves into a retirement home after feuding with Stu and Didi. During a visit to there, Tommy and Angelica cause trouble trying to get Grandpa back.
The babies go camping in the backyard, and things turn bad at night when they fear that a "Satchmo" will capture them.
445"Circus Angelicus"Norton Virgien & Jeff McGrathLarry DoyleOctober 24, 1993 (1993-10-24)0441.59(HH)"The Stork"Jim DuffyDeborah Raznick & Daniel Benton
Angelica and the babies stage a "circus" of their own after they are forced to leave a real one due to Chuckie's fear of clowns.
Tommy thinks that he is getting a new baby brother, and tries to protect it.
456"The Baby Vanishes"Howard E. BakerRachel LipmanNovember 7, 1993 (1993-11-07)0451.87(HH)"Farewell, My Friend"Jim DuffySamuel S. Williams
Angelica uses vanishing cream to try to steal desserts while Drew tries to deal with Angelica's misbehavior, along with other adults who pretend to not notice her.
When Chuckie's glasses break during an adventure, he decides to stop going on them causing a rift between him and Tommy.
467"When Wishes Come True"Norton VirgienWritten by: Joe AnsolabehereIdea by: Samuel S. WilliamsNovember 14, 1993 (1993-11-14)0461.87(HH)"Angelica Breaks a Leg""Angelica Breaks Her Leg"Jim DuffyWritten by: Steve VikstenIdea by: Lisa Latham
The babies think that Angelica has turned into stone after a bad wish. In actuality, it is a statue of Angelica — Drew's anniversary gift to Charlotte.
While staying at Stu and Didi's for a week, Angelica fakes a broken leg to get more attention. She has a great time using a buzzer (which Stu set up) to get attention at all times, stressing out her aunt and uncle in the process. However, when Stu and Didi discover Angelica never had a broken leg and the doctor had misdiagnosed it with that of a football player, they were relieved. Yet, she faces her own karma when Drew having heard what she did to them and punishes her by forcing her to serve Charlotte whom had broken her leg during their rafting trip in the woods.
478"The Last Babysitter"Howard E. BakerPeter GaffneyNovember 21, 1993 (1993-11-21)047N/A"Sour Pickles"Jim DuffyScott Schneid & Tony Michelman
Susie's older sister, Alisa, babysits for her younger siblings and Tommy, but things go awry when a "monster" appears. There’s been a power cut at Susie’s house called a blackout.
Grandpa recalls a turning point in the early 1960s, of the early childhoods of Stu and Drew when Angelica gets a kaleidoscope.
489"Reptar 2010"Norton VirgienPaul Germain & Peter GaffneyNovember 28, 1993 (1993-11-28)048N/A"Stu Gets a Job"Jim DuffyMichael Kramer
When watching a Reptar movie, the tape breaks. As Grandpa tries to get it working, the babies supply their own ending.
After Stu fails to make a perfect toy, he gets a job and is less available to Tommy than usual. Tommy tries to prevent his dad from going to work, and Stu believes that what Tommy is doing is actually what Drew is doing. The episode title of "Reptar 2010" is the same title as the last level in Rugrats: Search for Reptar.
4910"Give & Take""Give and Take"Howard E. BakerRachel LipmanDecember 12, 1993 (1993-12-12)049N/A"The Gold Rush"Jim DuffyDoria Biddle
Tommy plays with an inflatable clown that Stu made for him, but accidentally gives it to Chuckie, who has a great time with it. Only when Angelica points out his fear of clowns does Chuckie realize his mistake.
When the babies find a nickel on the playground, Angelica sees a golden opportunity to get rich and puts the babies to work searching for more (throwing away other "junk" like $100 bills and jeweled rings in the process).
5011"Home Movies""Home Movie"Norton VirgienWritten by: Joe AnsolabehereIdea by: Norton VirgienDecember 26, 1993 (1993-12-26)050N/A"The Mysterious Mr. Friend"Jim DuffyMichael Ferris
After being bored by Stu's home movies, the babies make "films" about their lives. The home movies are drawn up by the writers' children in this episode.
Stu designs a new toy called Mr. Friend and gives the first one made to Tommy. Although Stu believes he loves it, Tommy is actually scared of the toy (thanks to its strange design and voice) and works with his friends to get rid of it.
5112"Cuffed!""Cuffed"Jim DuffySteve VikstenJanuary 2, 1994 (1994-01-02)0511.95(HH)"The Blizzard"Howard E. BakerSamuel S. Williams
Angelica accidentally handcuffs herself to Chuckie with a gift that is being sent to charity, and things get worse when she loses the key.
A snowstorm comes to the neighborhood, and the babies imagine they are sledding to the North Pole but at the end Chuckie says they unknowingly ended up in the South Pole.
5213"Princess Angelica"Jim DuffyRachel LipmanJanuary 9, 1994 (1994-01-09)053N/A"The Odd Couple"Howard E. BakerJonathan Greenberg
Angelica thinks that she is royalty when she overhears her parents, and schemes to go to her "castle".
Tommy stays at Chuckie's house for the weekend, and both of them learn that "you don't really know someone until you live with them".
5314"Destination: Moon"""Destination Moon"Norton VirgienMichael FerrisJanuary 16, 1994 (1994-01-16)052N/A"Angelica's Birthday"Jim DuffyAndy Houts
The babies pretend that Grandpa's new trailer is a spaceship, and go to the "moon" to find Chuckie's toy.
On the day of her birthday party, Angelica wants to be a baby to avoid the responsibilities that come with getting older, but realising like most cartoon characters, she will remain ageless.
5415"Naked Tommy"Norton VirgienLarry DoyleJanuary 23, 1994 (1994-01-23)054N/A"Tommy and the Secret Club"Jim DuffyBarbara Slade
Tommy wants to shed his clothes to be like his dog, Spike, so he tries out naturism. The other Rugrats join in, with the exception of Chuckie; Stu attempts to keep Tommy's clothes on.
Angelica forces the babies to compete to see who gets to be in her club.
5516"Under Chuckie's Bed"Howard E. Baker & Steve SockiJoe AnsolabehereFebruary 6, 1994 (1994-02-06)0551.88(HH)"Chuckie is Rich"Jim DuffyPeter Gaffney
Chuckie thinks that there is a monster, or worse monsters living underneath his new "big boy" bed, but Tommy ventures under it to prove otherwise.
Chas wins ten million dollars from a sweepstakes and lets wealth go to his head.
Guest star: Pat Sajak as himself
5617"Mommy's Little Assets"Norton VirgienDoria BiddleFebruary 20, 1994 (1994-02-20)056N/A"Chuckie's Wonderful Life"Jim DuffyWritten by: Paul Germain & Jonathan GreenbergIdea by: Samuel S. Williams
Charlotte is forced to take Angelica and Tommy to work with her, where they nearly ruin an important business deal.
After Chas's favorite CD vanishes and Chuckie feels responsible, Angelica convinces him the world would be better off without him. Chas’s favourite 1961 Latvian Folk Dance CD vanishes around the room, Angelica gets no dessert for 1 whole week. As he is running away, he runs into an angel who shows him how things would be worse for his friends without him.
5718"In the Dreamtime""In the Dream Time"Howard E. Baker & Steve SockiPeter GaffneyFebruary 27, 1994 (1994-02-27)0572.01(HH)"The Unfair Pair"Jim DuffyRachel Lipman
Chuckie has a very hard time distinguishing dreams from reality.
Angelica worries Phil and Lil about which one is "their parents' favorite".
5819"Chuckie's Red Hair"Jeff McGrathJonathan GreenburgMarch 6, 1994 (1994-03-06)058N/A"Spike Runs Away"Jim DuffyPeter Gaffney
Chuckie is tired of standing out because of his red hair, so he uses Grandpa's hair dye. He soon finds that not being noticed is not as good as he thinks.
Spike runs away from home and does not return, which leaves Tommy unhappy. Stu and Didi are also upset and decide to try and find a replacement pet, but nothing works.
5920"The Alien"Steve SockiWritten by: Jonathan GreenburgIdea by: Bruce HenkinMarch 20, 1994 (1994-03-20)0592.01(HH)"Mr. Clean"Jim DuffyWritten by: Rachel LipmanIdea by: Jonathan Blum
Angelica convinces Tommy, Phil, and Lil that Chuckie is an alien.
Chuckie becomes a neat freak after his father tells him about germs.
6021"Angelica's Worst Nightmare"Jeff McGrathSteve VikstenOctober 8, 1994 (1994-10-08)0601.71(HH)"The Mega Diaper Babies"Jim DuffyJoe Ansolabehere
Charlotte announces that she may be pregnant, which frightens Angelica to the point of her having a nightmare about being rejected by her parents and her new baby sibling threatening her.
The babies pretend to be superheroes to get back the action figures of their favorite TV heroes from Angelica.
6122"New Kid in Town"Steve SockiRachel LipmanOctober 15, 1994 (1994-10-15)061N/A"Pickles vs. Pickles"Jim DuffyPaul Germain & Jonathan Greenberg
Tired of being picked on by Angelica, the babies meet a boy named Josh, who turns out to be even worse.
After Drew punishes Angelica for having some broccoli and no dessert, she tries to throw her dinner at the wall, he worries when she tells him he'll regret it. He then has a nightmare in which Angelica hires a lawyer and sues him.
6223"Kid TV"Jeff McGrathWritten by: Michael FerrisIdea by: Matt VitzOctober 22, 1994 (1994-10-22)0631.78(HH)"The Sky is Falling"Jim DuffyPeter Gaffney
The babies create their own TV shows after Stu breaks the TV set for believing a falsely advertised toy that can do anything.
Angelica tells the babies that it is the "end of the world", but then believes it herself, were Angelica images an arid wasteland with Dieselpunk in the style of Mad Max.
6324"I Remember Melville"Steve SockiBarbera SladeNovember 5, 1994 (1994-11-05)064N/A"No More Cookies"Jim DuffyJonathan Greenberg
Chuckie's pet pill bug dies, and he has trouble dealing with the loss.
Angelica swears off cookies after she suffers a stomachache but, after several failed attempts to get more, she reminisces about her first experiences with them as a newborn in the late 1980s.
6425"Cradle Attraction"Jeff McGrath & Steve SockiPeter Gaffney, Paul Germain,Jonathan Greenberg & Rachel LipmanNovember 12, 1994 (1994-11-12)0651.79(HH)"Moving Away""Angelica's Moving Away"Jim Duffy
Chuckie falls for a new girl named Megan who tries to get his attention by bullying him.
Angelica's announcement that she may be moving delights the babies — until they recall how they first met.
Note: This episode was the initial final of the series.
6526"A Rugrats Passover""Rugrats Passover"Jeff McGrath, Jim Duffy & Steve SockiPeter Gaffney, Paul Germain,Jonathan Greenberg & Rachel LipmanApril 13, 1995 (1995-04-13)0623.1
While attending a Passover seder at Didi's parents' house, Boris and the children (and later, most of the adults), get locked in the attic because the door does not open from the inside. To pass the time, Boris tells the children the story of why Jews celebrate Passover, and how Moses saved his people from slavery. This is the last episode that Sherry Gunther released the date.
Season 4 (1996–97)
After Sherry Gunther’s death, Terry Thoren takes the charge of production executive of 1994.
No.overallNo. inseasonTitle Directed byWritten byOriginal air date Prod.code U.S. households (in millions)661"A Rugrats Chanukah""Rugrats Chanukah"Raymie MuzquizJ. David Stem & David N. WeissDecember 4, 1996 (1996-12-04)9993.08
The Rugrats celebrate Chanukah. Boris is scheduled to perform alongside his childhood rival in a play based on the holiday's origin story; Angelica tries to find a TV to watch a Christmas special, and Stu tries to make it to the synagogue.
672"Mother's Day""Rugrats Mother's Day"Norton Virgien & Toni VianJon Cooksey, Ali Marie Matheson, J. David Stem & David WeissMay 6, 1997 (1997-05-06)9982.91
The Rugrats celebrate Mother's Day, and Chuckie wonders about his late mother.
683"Spike's Babies"Rick BugentalStory by : David MaplesTeleplay by : Mark PalmerAugust 23, 1997 (1997-08-23)0662.61"Chicken Pops"Jim DuffyDavid Maples
Spike looks after some stray kittens while Stu prepares for a barbecue.
Chuckie catches the chicken pox, which spreads to the other Rugrats, and they worry about turning into chickens.
694"Radio Daze"John HolmquistJon Cooksey & Ali Marie MathesonAugust 30, 1997 (1997-08-30)0672.52"Psycho Angelica"Celia Kendrick
Grandpa and the children listen to an old detective radio show from Grandpa Lou's childhood in the 1920s of the prohibition, and the babies imagine that they're living it.
Angelica pretends to be a psychic in order to get goodies from the babies.
705"America's Wackiest Home Movies"Rick BugentalVinny Montello & Steve OchsSeptember 6, 1997 (1997-09-06)0682.38"The 'Lympics"Jim DuffyDavid Maples
Stu and Drew compete against each other for a TV show prize by filming their children.
Angelica meets Timmy McNulty, and makes the babies compete against his younger brothers in an Olympics-style event.
716"The Carwash"Celia KendrickVinny Montello & Steve OchsSeptember 13, 1997 (1997-09-13)0692.74"Heat Wave"John HolmquistDavid Maples
Stu takes the babies to the car wash after a little accident. Things get out of control, however, when Angelica takes over the car.
A new friend helps the babies to search for water on a hot day, while Grandpa supervises the workers repairing the pipes.
727"Faire Play"John HolmquistVinny Montello & Steve OchsSeptember 20, 1997 (1997-09-20)0712.92"The Smell of Success (USA on Nickelodeon) and Something Smells (UK on BopKids)"Celia KendrickJon Cooksey & Ali Marie Matheson
The gang attends a medieval festival, where they deal with a robotic dragon controlled by Stu.
Chuckie takes part in an experiment to improve his nasal congestion.
738"Dust Bunnies"John HolmquistKat LikkelSeptember 27, 1997 (1997-09-27)0773.16"Educating Angelica"Celia KendrickStory by : Tom Szollosi & David MaplesTeleplay by : Tom Szollosi
The babies develop a fear of "dust bunnies" when the grown-ups clean the house, who are mindless monsters who look like rabbits but they are made of dust that drag babies to their "Dust Kingdom".
Angelica goes to pre-school, and must learn to share after a bad moment. Having trouble doing so, she eventually decides to bring Tommy along with her.
749"Angelica's Last Stand"Rick BugentalVinny Montello & Steve OchsOctober 4, 1997 (1997-10-04)0702.38"Clan of the Duck""Jim DuffyJon Cooksey & Ali Marie Matheson
The babies help Angelica with her lemonade stand, but they want some of Angelica's dimes, which she wants to keep all to herself.
When Lil tells the boys that dresses are only for girls, Chuckie and Phil decide to wear dresses to see what it is like.
7510"Potty Training Spike"Celia KendrickStory by : Jon Cooksey & Ali Marie MathesonTeleplay by : David MaplesOctober 11, 1997 (1997-10-11)0732.72"The Art Fair"John HolmquistVinny Montello & Steve Ochs
After being scolded for his own bad habits, Chuckie tries to potty-train Spike.
Angelica creates a painting and thinks that she is a gifted artist, but the babies attempt to improve her creation when she is not in the room. They cause a mess when Angelica returns, but the grown-ups consider this a work of art and enter it into an art contest.
7611"Send in the Clouds"Jim DuffyVinny Montello & Steve OchsOctober 18, 1997 (1997-10-18)0742.69"In the Naval"Rick BugentalStory by : Vinny Montello & Steve OchsTeleplay by : Kat Likkel
The babies mistake fog for being in the sky and try to keep anyone from going outside.
While on a fishing trip, Angelica loses her doll, Cynthia, and Tommy and Chuckie try to get her back while pretending to be "Wavy Seals".
7712"The Mattress"Celia KendrickStory by : Tom CarricoTeleplay by : Tom Carrico & David MaplesNovember 1, 1997 (1997-11-01)0753.03"Looking for Jack"Jim DuffyRick Gitelson
Grandpa has problems sleeping in his matress that he has had since World War II in the 1940s, so the others try to replace his mattress with a better one.
Charlotte's van breaks down en route to a Dummi Bears concert, and Angelica is mistaken for the daughter of an Italian restaurant owner when she goes to ask for help.
7813"Ransom of Cynthia"Rick BugentalMonica PiperNovember 8, 1997 (1997-11-08)0782.86"Turtle Recall"John HolmquistStory by : Jon Cooksey & Ali Marie MathesonTeleplay by : Brian Swenlin & David Maples
To get the babies' candy, as well as a new and better Cynthia doll, Angelica fakes a ransom and makes the babies think Cynthia was stolen. Believing this, the Rugrats attempt to get Cynthia back. When the Rugrats figure out the ruse, Angelica's doll is found by Spike and she barfs from eating the babies' candy.
While visiting the mall with Chas and Stu, the babies try to reunite a turtle with its father.
7914"Angelica Orders Out"John HolmquistStory by : Rick Gitelson & David MaplesTeleplay by : David MaplesNovember 15, 1997 (1997-11-15)0793.13"Let it Snow"Jim DuffyVinny Montello & Steve Ochs
Angelica orders food from a deli—and then phones all of the other grown-ups—using Stu's voice-changer invention, which makes her sound exactly like Charlotte.
When the Pickles take their family Christmas photo in August 25, the babies think that Santa Claus forgot about them.
8015"Angelica Nose Best"Jim DuffyVinny Montello & Steve OchsNovember 22, 1997 (1997-11-22)0802.97"The Pirate Light""Pirate Light"Rick BugentalWritten by: Rick GitelsonIdea by: Mariel Hope Cooksey
A mosquito bite causes Angelica to be honest, alluding to the story of Pinocchio.
The babies think the furnace repairman (voiced by Andrew Dice Clay) is a pirate and tries to find Stu's "treasure" before him.
Season 5 (1998–99)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date Prod.code Viewers(millions)811"Vacation""Rugrats Vacation"Toni VianJon Cooksey & Ali Marie MathesonMay 29, 1998 (1998-05-29)9973.622.45(HH)
The Rugrats go on a vacation to Las Vegas in an RV, where they cause their usual mayhem. Meanwhile, Tommy searches for "kitties" (white tigers).
822"Babysitting Fluffy"John HolmquistBarbara Herndon & Jill GoreyAugust 15, 1998 (1998-08-15)0892.28(HH)"Sleep Trouble"Anthony BellStory by : Bill Crounse & Don PequignotTeleplay by : Barbara Herndon & Jill Gorey
When Angelica and her parents go on a road trip, Chas and Chuckie look after Angelica's cat while she is away and underestimate the difficulty of doing so.
Tommy and Chuckie fear "the Sandman" after a story while Chas is out at a Halloween party. Stu and Didi try to get them to fall asleep, but fall asleep themselves. Tommy and Chuckie then try to catch the Sandman, but end up catching Chas.
833"The First Cut"Rick BugentalStory by : David Maples, Jon Cooksey, Ali Marie Matheson & Kate BoutilierTeleplay by : Kate BoutilierAugust 16, 1998 (1998-08-16)0862.30(HH)"Chuckie Grows"Jim DuffyStory by : Rick GitelsonTeleplay by : Rick Gitelson & Barbara Slade
When Tommy saves a baby bird from a runner, he falls into a thorn bush and gets a cut, which frightens him.
The babies think that Chuckie has gotten bigger when his shirt shrinks in the wash.
844"The Wild Wild West"Jim DuffyJon HanishAugust 17, 1998 (1998-08-17)0882.74(HH)"Angelica for a Day"Rick BugentalStory by : Rick Gitelson, Daniel Goodman, Joshua Goodman, Jeffrey Goodman & Kenny GoodmanTeleplay by : Rick Gitelson
The babies take part in a Western spoof to reclaim ice cream coupons from Angelica.
Tommy dreams that Chuckie and Angelica switch personalities—Angelica is more timid while Chuckie turns mean and bratty.
855"The Word of the Day"Anthony BellVinny Montello & Steve OchsAugust 18, 1998 (1998-08-18)0832.85(HH)"Jonathan Babysits"John HolmquistRick Gitelson
Angelica learns a curse word from the host of her favorite children's show, Miss Carol's Happy House. Not knowing what it means or how negatively her parents will react, she begins to use it in her vocabulary.
Jonathan looks after the babies while searching for ways to blackmail Charlotte.
866"Grandpa's Bad Bug""Grandpas' Bad Bug"John HolmquistVinny Montello & Steve OchsAugust 19, 1998 (1998-08-19)0812.95(HH)"Lady Luck"Rick BugentalKat Likkel
The babies fear there is a "bad bug" in Grandpa's bed and attempt to get it out.
Grandpa takes the babies to a bingo game at the senior citizens' center. Note: This part of the episode marked the final performance for David Doyle (1929-1997) as Grandpa Lou and was dedicated in his memory. Joe Alaskey would succeed Doyle in this role for the remainder of the show's original run.
877"Crime and Punishment"Rick BugentalDavid MaplesAugust 20, 1998 (1998-08-20)0822.62(HH)"Baby Maybe"Jim DuffyStory by : Vinny Montello & Steve OchsTeleplay by : Monica Piper
Angelica tells the babies that the police officers arrest bad people while Chas is dating a police officer. Chuckie accidentally breaks Chas' glasses and fears that he will be arrested.
Didi's brother and sister-in-law consider having a baby, and to prove it, they babysit the babies while Stu, Didi, and the other grown-ups leave for an opera. The chore, however, becomes harder than the sitters hoped it would be.
888"He Saw, She Saw"Rick BugentalDavid MaplesAugust 21, 1998 (1998-08-21)084N/A"Piggy's Pizza Palace"Jim DuffyStory by : Vinny Montello & Steve OchsTeleplay by : Melody Fox
Chuckie's latest crush has an over-protective brother.
The gang goes to a pizzeria that resembles Chuck E. Cheese's and tries to get Angelica's tickets back from a pig that "stole" them. Meanwhile, Stu and Drew attempt to beat one another's high score at a Reptar pinball game.
899"Fugitive Tommy"John HolmquistVinny Montello & Steve OchsAugust 22, 1998 (1998-08-22)085N/A"Visiting Aunt Miriam"Anthony BellRick Gitelson
Tommy is mistaken for another troublemaking baby with a big tooth, but he attempts to prove his innocence.
When Grandpa Lou takes the babies to Aunt Miriam's to play cards, the babies are convinced that she and her friends plan to eat Chuckie and attempt to protect him.
9010"Uneasy Rider"John HolmquistStory by : Ali Marie Matheson, Jon Cooksey & Monica PiperTeleplay by : Monica PiperAugust 29, 1998 (1998-08-29)087N/A"Where's Grandpa?"Anthony BellVinny Montello & Steve Ochs
Chuckie is nervous about riding his new two-wheeled bicycle.
Stu and Didi accidentally leave Grandpa behind on a road trip, and Tommy and Chuckie try to give Grandpa a chance to catch up.
9111"Hiccups"Rick BugentalBill BraunsteinSeptember 12, 1998 (1998-09-12)0762.29(HH)"Autumn Leaves"Jim DuffyRick Gitelson
Tommy gets hiccups, and the babies' attempts to scare him do not cure him.
A change of season makes the babies think that the trees are ill, so they apply whatever remedies they think of to them.
9212"Journey to the Center of the Basement"Rick BugentalVinny Montello & Steve OchsSeptember 19, 1998 (1998-09-19)0902.22(HH)"A Very McNulty Birthday"Jim DuffyStory by : David Maples & Kate BoutilierTeleplay by : Kate BoutilierAdditional Material by : Rick Gitelson, Vinny Montello & Steve Ochs
The babies go down to the basement to retrieve Chuckie's robotic Reptar toy.
The babies attend a rival's birthday party, where girls are left out due to cooties.
9313"The Family Tree""Rugrats Family Tree"Jim DuffyStory by : Rick Gitelson, Jill Gorey, Barbara Herndon, Vinny Montello, Steve Ochs & Monica PiperTeleplay by : Rick Gitelson, Vinny Montello & Steve OchsSeptember 21, 1998 (1998-09-21)0913.11(HH)
While Didi and Stu go on an anniversary vacation, Tommy and Angelica stay at Chuckie's house, where Chuckie learns about his ancestors. Meanwhile, Didi starts to feel seasick, and the cause is eventually revealed to be pregnancy.
9414"The Turkey Who Came to Dinner""Rugrats Thanksgiving"Rick Bugental & Jim DuffyStory by : Lane Raichert, J. David Stem & David N. WeissTeleplay by : Mark PalmerAdditional Material by : David MaplesNovember 10, 1998 (1998-11-10)0725.163.45(HH)
The babies try to defend a live turkey that Grandpa wins from being Thanksgiving dinner; Stu and Drew try to watch football, Didi and the ladies try to find food for dinner; and Angelica wants to hold a parade.
9515"Chuckie's Duckling"Rick BugentalBarbara Herndon & Jill GoreyJanuary 18, 1999 (1999-01-18)0927.964.77(HH)"A Dog's Life"John HolmquistMelody Fox
Chuckie takes in a duck that fled from a construction site, but caring for the new pet soon becomes difficult.
Spike attempts to protect Dil from imminent danger, but he gets in trouble with Stu and Didi.
9616"Chuckerfly"Jim DuffyStory by : Kate Boutilier, Jon Cooksey & Ali Marie MathesonTeleplay by : Kate BoutilierJanuary 23, 1999 (1999-01-23)0932.75(HH)"Angelica's Twin"Jeff ScottRick Gitelson
Chuckie wants to be cute again, so he goes through his own metamorphosis.
Angelica pretends she has a twin sister named Balina to get extra goodies.
9717"Hand Me Downs"John HolmquistRick GitelsonJanuary 30, 1999 (1999-01-30)1002.47(HH)"Angelica's Ballet"Rick BugentalStory by : James Peters, Barbara Herndon & Jill GoreyTeleplay by : Kate Boutilier
Angelica tells Tommy that he will disappear after Dil gets his old toys.
Angelica puts on a ballet (with the help of the Rugrats) in an attempt to outsmart Susie.
9818"Raising Dil"Rick BugentalKate BoutilierFebruary 6, 1999 (1999-02-06)0942.76(HH)"No Naps"John HolmquistStory by : Jordana Arkin & Rick GitelsonTeleplay by : Rick Gitelson
Tommy and the babies try to educate Dil, who they believe is not as smart as they are.
The babies try to avoid napping for a toy from Angelica.
9919"Man of the House"Jim DuffyStory by : Vinny Montello, Steve Ochs, Barbara Herndon & Jill GoreyTeleplay by : Barbara Herndon & Jill GoreyFebruary 13, 1999 (1999-02-13)0952.07(HH)"A Whole New Stu"Jeff ScottStory by : Rick GitelsonTeleplay by : Monica Piper
Tommy tries to run the household while Stu is out of town on business.
Stu undergoes a makeover at a health spa after suffering from so much stress.
10020"Submarine"Rick BugentalStory by : Rick Gitelson, Jon Cooksey & Ali Marie MathesonTeleplay by : Jon Cooksey & Ali Marie MathesonFebruary 20, 1999 (1999-02-20)0962.69(HH)"Chuckie's a Lefty"John HolmquistStory by : Jon Cooksey, Ali Marie Matheson, Barbara Herndon & Jill GoreyTeleplay by : Kate Boutilier
While Stu shops for a used car, Tommy, Chuckie, and Dil imagine the test automobile is a submarine.
Chuckie learns he is left-handed, and Angelica makes him feel like a freak.
Season 6 (1999–2001)
In the United States, episodes 127 to 130 were held over from this season and ended up airing during Season 7.
Rugrats season 6 episodesNo.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.code Viewers(millions)1011"Baking Dil"Jim DuffyStory by : Barbara Herndon & Jill GoreyTeleplay by : Ben SieglerFebruary 27, 1999 (1999-02-27)0973.732.46(HH)"Hair!"Jeff ScottStory by : Jon Cooksey, Ali Marie Matheson, Barbara Herndon & Jill GoreyTeleplay by : Monica Piper
Dil gets lost at the bakery, where a cake is being picked up for Didi's birthday.
Tommy is under the false impression that not growing hair will keep him young forever.
1022"Pedal Pusher"John HolmquistStory by : Rick GitelsonTeleplay by : Roger ReitzelMarch 6, 1999 (1999-03-06)1043.05(HH)"Music"Rick BugentalRick Gitelson
Chuckie gets a new toy car that wins him popularity from other children at the park.
The babies perform music videos.
1033"Opposites Attract"Jeff ScottStory by : Rick GitelsonTeleplay by : Monica PiperMarch 13, 1999 (1999-03-13)1014.332.62(HH)"The Art Museum"Jim DuffyAnne Baker
The babies Tommy and Chuckie meet other babies who are just like each of them at the park but more extreme, a masculine girl and a sensitive boy.
The babies see themselves in various works of art at the museum.
1044"The Jungle"John HolmquistStory by : Monica Piper, Barbara Herndon & Jill GoreyTeleplay by : Roger ReitzelMarch 20, 1999 (1999-03-20)102N/A"The Old Country"Rick BugentalMonica Piper
The babies visit a flower shop where they think Dil is infected with "jungle beaver", a mispronunciation of jungle fever.
The babies visit their grandparents in the country and fear that a stampede of elephants are threatening to break down the cabin and stomp on them.
1055"Ghost Story"Jeff ScottStory by : James Peters, Barbara Herndon & Jill GoreyTeleplay by : Barbara Herndon & Jill GoreyMarch 27, 1999 (1999-03-27)1035.523.36(HH)"Chuckie's Complaint"Jim DuffyStory by : Barbara Herndon & Jill GoreyTeleplay by : Kate Boutilier
The babies get involved in a ghost story with characters from Aaahh!!! Real Monsters.
Chuckie becomes afraid after Angelica sends Reptar an angry letter, which she partially wrote and signed Chuckie's name on it.
1066"Chuckie's Bachelor Pad"Barry VodosBarbara Herndon & Jill GoreyApril 10, 1999 (1999-04-10)1052.24(HH)"Junior Prom"Jeff ScottStory by : Jon Cooksey, Ali Marie Matheson, Barbara Herndon & Jill GoreyTeleplay by : Kate Boutilier
Chuckie, after seeing boxes in his room, moves into the granny flat in his backyard while his room is being remodeled. This was possibly a response to the oldest Millennials moving out, upon maturing in 1999.
After Suzie shows an old photo of her parents in a high school dance in the early 1970s, the babies hold their own prom.
1077"What's Your Line?"Barry VodosBarbara Herndon & Jill GoreyApril 17, 1999 (1999-04-17)1072.27(HH)"Two by Two"Jim DuffyStory by : Barbara Herndon, Jill Gorey & Stephanie McClainTeleplay by : Kate Boutilier
Chuckie looks at some careers, including an ice cream man and a librarian.
The babies try to build an ark after fearing a huge flood.
1088"Wrestling Grandpa"Jeff ScottBarbara Herndon & Jill GoreyMay 1, 1999 (1999-05-01)109N/A"Chuckie Collects"Rick BugentalStory by : Rick Gitelson, Barbara Herndon & Jill GoreyTeleplay by : Melody Fox
Grandpa Lou competes in a wrestling match.
Chuckie starts a new rock collection that the Rugrats try to improve for him.
1099"Zoo Story"John HolmquistStory by : Randi GitelsonTeleplay by : Rick GitelsonAugust 7, 1999 (1999-08-07)098N/A"I Do"Rick BugentalBarbara Herndon & Jill Gorey
The babies go to the zoo, get trapped inside the pen, and end up accidentally freeing the animals when attempting to leave.
Angelica forces Chuckie and Lil to get married after attending a wedding. They afterwards pretend Dil is their baby.
11010"Silent Angelica"John HolmquistStory by : Scott Gray & Ben SieglerTeleplay by : Ben SieglerAugust 7, 1999 (1999-08-07)1062.27(HH)"Tie My Shoes"Rick BugentalStory by : Jon Cooksey, Ali Marie Matheson, Barbara Herndon, Jill Gorey & Scott GrayTeleplay by : Scott Gray
Angelica tries to remain quiet to receive toys from the Rugrats.
Angelica ties Chuckie's shoes, and Chuckie gets the credit.
11111"No Place Like Home"Becky BristowBarbara Herndon & Jill GoreyOctober 2, 1999 (1999-10-02)1222.22(HH)
Susie imagines she is in a world similar to The Wizard of Oz while she is under anesthesia while her tonsils are removed.
11212"Share and Share a Spike"Rick BugentalWritten by : Monica PiperIdea by: Jake PiperOctober 2, 1999 (1999-10-02)1123.662.42(HH)"Tommy for Mayor"Jim DuffyStory by : Barbara Herndon, Jill Gorey & Rick GitelsonTeleplay by : Rick Gitelson
Dil and Tommy must share Spike.
The babies hold their own election between Tommy and Phil.
11313"Brothers are Monsters"Jeff ScottBarbara Herndon & Jill GoreyOctober 9, 1999 (1999-10-09)113N/A"Cooking with Susie"John HolmquistJon Cooksey & Ali Matheson
Tommy thinks he is turning into a monster after getting caught in hair.
Susie gets a toy oven, but she cooks horribly; meanwhile, Stu tries out doorstoppers.
11414"Officer Chuckie"Jim DuffyScott GrayOctober 16, 1999 (1999-10-16)114N/A"Auctioning Grandpa"Rick Bugental
Chuckie studies street safety from an officer.
The babies think Grandpa will be sold.
11515"Planting Dil"Rick BugentalStory by : Barbara Herndon, Jill Gorey & Bob DailyTeleplay by : Bob DailyOctober 16, 1999 (1999-10-16)116N/A"Joke's on You"Jim DuffyStory by : Barbara Herndon, Jill Gorey & Bob DailyTeleplay by : David RegalOctober 23, 1999 (1999-10-23)
Didi is planting dill plants, which the babies think is baby Dil and attempt to keep the plants from growing.
Angelica tries to turn the babies against each other with pranks.
11616"Partners in Crime"Jeff ScottMonica PiperNovember 6, 1999 (1999-11-06)115N/A"Thumbs Up"John HolmquistAdam BeechenNovember 13, 1999 (1999-11-13)
Angelica makes Dil her "partner" after watching a crime film.
Tommy tries to stop the other babies from thumb-sucking, fearing that they will stay babies forever if they continue to do so. But when Stu bangs his thumb, Dil imitates Stu Pickles.
11717"Big Showdown"Steve ResselStory by : Barbara Herndon, Jill Gorey & Peter EganTeleplay by : Scott GrayNovember 20, 1999 (1999-11-20)117N/A"Doctor Susie"Jeff ScottScott GrayDecember 4, 1999 (1999-12-04)
Didi completely re-models Tommy and Dil's room, against their good will.
Susie learns how to fix broken toys, but Angelica becomes jealous of the attention Susie gets.
11818"Runaway Reptar"John Holmquist & Jim DuffyWritten by: Ali Marie Matheson & Jon CookseyIdea by: Scott GrayNovember 27, 1999 (1999-11-27)110−111 (995)2.17(HH)11919
The babies pretend they get sucked into an evil Robot Reptar movie, in which they must find Reptar and stop Angelica's evil Reptar.
12020"Accidents Happen"John Holmquist & Dave FontanaMonica PiperDecember 18, 1999 (1999-12-18)118N/A"Pee Wee Scouts"Rick BugentalStory by : Barbara Herndon & Jill GoreyTeleplay by : John FitzpatrickJanuary 8, 2000 (2000-01-08)
Chuckie accidentally wets the bed during a dream, so Chas puts him in "training pants". That night, the babies try to keep Chuckie from falling asleep so that he will not forget about waking up to go to the bathroom.
The babies form a scout troop.
12121"Chuckie's New Shirt"Jeff ScottStory by : Barbara Herndon, Jill Gorey & Stephanie McClainTeleplay by : Bob DailyJanuary 22, 2000 (2000-01-22)119N/A"Cavebabies"Steve ResselRick GitelsonJanuary 29, 2000 (2000-01-29)3.642.53(HH)
Chuckie destroys his shirt and, since he cannot find a perfect replacement, he fears for his identity.
The babies try to get to the cookie jar for Angelica in a prehistoric era.
12222"Be My Valentine"Carol Millican & Mark RisleyBarbara Herndon, Jill Gorey & Eleah HorwitzStory by : Barbara Herndon & Jill GoreyFebruary 14, 2000 (2000-02-14)1234.002.49(HH)
Chuckie tries to give a Valentine to his dad.
12323"Discover America"Sylvia KeulenStory by : Barbara Herndon, Jill Gorey, Adam Beechen & Kate BoutilierTeleplay by : Kate BoutilierOctober 9, 2000 (2000-10-09)1243.56
The babies go on an imaginary tour of America when Angelica and Susie cause some damage at a picnic.
12424"Acorn Nuts and Diapey Butts - Part 1: Diaper Change""Prequel Part 1"Louie del CarmenJill Gorey & Barbara HerndonNovember 7, 2000 (2000-11-07)125N/A
12525"Acorn Nuts and Diapey Butts - Part 2: Fall Stinks""Prequel Part 2"Chris HermansStory by : Jill Gorey & Barbara HerndonTeleplay by : Scott GrayNovember 8, 2000 (2000-11-08)126N/A
12626"Acorn Nuts and Diapey Butts - Part 3: Don't Poop on My Parade""Prequel Part 3"Jim DuffyStory by : Jill Gorey & Barbara HerndonTeleplay by : Peter EganNovember 9, 2000 (2000-11-09)127N/A
12727"The Magic Baby"Jim DuffyStory by : Barbara Herndon & Jill GoreyTeleplay by : Scott GrayMay 4, 2001 (2001-05-04)0991.43(HH)"Dil We Meet Again"Jeff ScottBarbara Herndon & Jill Gorey
In an attempt to get Tommy's toy pony, Angelica trades the babies "magic beans", which Dil eats.
The babies think that Dil has turned into a watermelon. In reality, however, Didi took Dil inside to clean him and change his diaper.
12828"All's Well that Pretends Well"Rick BugentalStory by : Barbara Herndon, Jill Gorey & Scott GrayTeleplay by : Scott GrayJuly 6, 2001 (2001-07-06)108N/A"Big Babies"Jeff ScottBen Siegler
Angelica is starting to show symptoms of a cold, but wants to attend a Dummy Bears' show. To keep from being unable to go, she tries to convince the grown-ups that the babies are sick instead of her.
The babies perform an initiation ceremony for Dil so he can join a club. Meanwhile, the adults make a bet to imitate their babies.
12929"Incredible Shrinking Babies"Sylvia KeulenStory by : Barbara Herndon, Jill Gorey & Peter EganTeleplay by : Peter EganJuly 13, 2001 (2001-07-13)120N/A"Miss Manners"Carol MillicanStory by : Barbara Herndon & Jill GoreyTeleplay by : Alice Miller
The babies dream that they are smaller than they already are, and that Dil is a giant. They try to get him to take his nap, which proves difficult.
After learning manners, Angelica tries to help with a business dinner for Charlotte's boss.
13030"A Dose of Dil"Carol MillicanEleah HorwitzJuly 20, 2001 (2001-07-20)121N/A"Famous Babies"Cathy MalkasianKeythe Farley & Brian Flemming
The babies try to get more attention than Dil.
The babies want to be famous, so they start a rock band.
Season 7 (2001; 2004)
During season 7, Rugrats made a change with a different format that consisted of three segments per episode. Additionally, all half-hour stories from this point on had two ad breaks instead of one.
Rugrats season 7 episodesNo.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date Prod.code Viewers(millions)1311"Finsterella"Jeff ScottJill Gorey & Barbara HerndonJanuary 15, 2001 (2001-01-15)1315.633.48(HH)
Chuckie thinks that his life parallels that of Cinderella after hearing of the story and Angelica drawing the parallels. When he hears about a party that all the babies seem to know about (and Kimi having a new outfit for the occasion), Chuckie becomes sad thinking he was not invited, having a dream in which he is Finsterella, Angelica and Kimi are his "evil step-ed sisters", Tommy is his fairy bob brother, and Phil and Lil are Hansel and Gretel. The party turns out to be an adoption party, in which Chas and Kira adopt each other's babies as their own- they just forgot to tell Chuckie.
1322"Angelicon"Jeff ScottEleah HorwitzJanuary 19, 2001 (2001-01-19)1284.492.64(HH)"Dil's Binkie"Jeff ScottDavid Regal"Big Brother Chuckie"Dave FontanaDavid Regal
Angelica is a giant from the eyes of the babies in their new treehouse.
Dil's pacifier gets tossed around the house.
Chuckie, realizing that he is Kimi's big brother, tries to protect her from danger.
1333"Sister Act"Rick BugentalDavid RosenbergJanuary 26, 2001 (2001-01-26)1303.832.48(HH)"Spike's Nightscare"Chris HermansDavid Rosenberg"Cuddle Bunny"Chris HermansSarah Jane Cunningham & Suzie Villandry
Angelica becomes lonely and jealous after watching all the babies play with their respective siblings (Tommy/Dil, Phil/Lil, Chuckie/Kimi.) When demanding her parents give her a baby sibling does not work, she enlists some of the babies to become her siblings for the day. Grandpa Lou responds to Angelica when he recollects his memory as a baby with his grandfather in the 1910s.
Spike has a nightmare.
Kimi falls for a piñata at a party and doesn't want the guests to break it.
1344"Changes for Chuckie"Chris HermansSarah Jane Cunningham & Suzie VillandryFebruary 2, 2001 (2001-02-02)1344.132.60(HH)"The Magic Show"Bob Fuentes IIIDavid Regal"A Lulu of a Time"Bob Fuentes IIIDavid Rosenberg
Chuckie goes through adjustments with his new step-mom, Kira. Kira ends up taking WaWa, Chuckie's prized teddy bear (made by his mother) to clean him up and fix him, which upsets Chuckie greatly. Kira apologizes to Chuckie for all of the changes and returns WaWa to him, who fell into the hands of Dil and returned to its worn out look.
The babies visit a magic show.
The babies see the retirement home with Lulu and cause predictable havoc.
1355"Dayscare"Anthony BellStory by : Sarah Jane Cunningham, Suzie Villandry & Scott GrayTeleplay by : Scott GrayFebruary 9, 2001 (2001-02-09)1334.022.35(HH)"The Great Unknown"Louie del CarmenDavid Regal"Wash-Dry Story"Dave FontanaDavid Regal
Chuckie and Kimi go to daycare.
Tommy finds something weird on the stairs.
In this musical episode, the babies and Jonathan go to the laundromat to take care of some laundry. Angelica, who is staying home with her mother, accidentally loses Cynthia in the laundry basket. The doll ends up falling into the hands of the youngest McNulty child, who falls in love with her. The babies then fight the brothers for Cynthia and the right to play at the laundromat.
1366"Cat Got Your Tongue?"Dave FontanaStory by : Sarah Jane Cunningham & Suzie VillandryFebruary 16, 2001 (2001-02-16)1352.12(HH)"The War Room"Jeff ScottJoan Considine Johnson"Attention Please"Jeff ScottJoan Considine Johnson
Howard loses his voice, and the babies think Fluffy stole his tongue.
Tommy tries to find Dil's bottle in a reception office.
Kimi gets more attention than Chuckie, making him jealous.
1377"And the Winner Is..."Anthony BellJoan Considine JohnsonMarch 9, 2001 (2001-03-09)136N/A"Dil's Bathtime"Louie del Carmen & Jim DuffyDavid Rosenberg"Bigger Than Life"Jim DuffyDavid Rosenberg
Angelica and Susie compete in a talent contest, as do Grandpa and Lulu. A clapping meter helps decide the winner based on the crowd's applause. Angelica sabotages Susie's performance by stealing her dancing shoes, causing the girl to slip and fall around the stage. The audience loves her performance, and Susie ends up winning.
Dil takes a bath with Tommy and fears the worst.
The babies have "big" adventures.
1388"My Fair Babies"Jeff ScottScott GrayMarch 30, 2001 (2001-03-30)1383.602.40(HH)"The Way Things Work"Dave FontanaDavid Regal"Home Sweet Home"Dave FontanaStory by : Scott MalchusTeleplay by : John E. Fitzpatrick
The babies attend a "lunch party" and must act formal.
Tommy shows Dil how things work, such as the fridge and the toilet.
Chuckie believes Kimi is going to be mailed back to Japan, so he tries to stop her from leaving.
1399"Day of the Potty"Bob Fuentes IIIDavid RegalApril 6, 2001 (2001-04-06)137N/A"Tell-Tale Cell Phone"Chris HermansSarah Jane Cunningham & Suzie Villandry"The Time of Their Lives"Chris HermansJoan Considine Johnson
Chuckie breaks his home's toilet, and the Rugrats take a trip to the appliance store with Chas and Kira to get a new one.
Angelica believes she broke Charlotte's phone and hides it. But not before causing chaos by accidentally calling the police and listing herself as "extreme emergency." She ends up tearfully giving Charlotte the "broken" phone, to which Charlotte assures her its not broken, as the antenna on it breaks all the time.
Angelica gets a watch.
14010"Dil Saver"Louie del CarmenAlice MillerApril 13, 2001 (2001-04-13)129N/A"Cooking with Phil and Lil"Bob Fuentes IIISarah Jane Cunningham & Suzie Villandry"Piece of Cake"Bob Fuentes IIISarah Jane Cunningham & Suzie Villandry
Stu makes a Dil screen-saver, and Angelica tricks the babies into thinking that Dil is trapped in the computer.
Phil and Lil make a pie their style.
Angelica has a dream where she is powerful after eating cake.
14111"Bad Shoes"Bob Fuentes IIIDavid RegalApril 20, 2001 (2001-04-20)132N/A"The World According to Dil and Spike"Dave FontanaSarah Jane Cunningham & Suzie Villandry"Falling Stars"Louie del CarmenDavid Rosenberg
Stu has to wear uncomfortable shoes.
Dil and Spike's perspectives on the world are shown.
The babies wish on shooting stars and fear they are falling down.
14212"Adventure Squad"Chris HermansStory by : Joan Considine JohnsonTeleplay by : Elin HamptonApril 27, 2001 (2001-04-27)1391.75(HH)"The Way More Things Work"Jeff ScottDavid Regal"Talk of the Town"Jeff ScottStory by : Scott GrayTeleplay by : David Rosenberg
The Rugrats play a game of adventure squad.
A follow-up from "The Way Things Work," Tommy explains more things to Dil.
Angelica hosts a talk show.
14313"A Rugrats Kwanzaa"Anthony BellLisa D. Hall, Jill Gorey & Barbara HerndonDecember 11, 2001 (2001-12-11)1402.31(HH)
Susie's great-aunt T visits and teaches Susie and the babies about Kwanzaa.
14414"Pre-School Daze"Carol MillicanJohn E. Fitzpatrick, Jill Gorey & Barbara HerndonApril 10, 2004 (2004-04-10)1431.69(2-11)
Angelica, Susie, and Harold go to pre-school.
Season 8 (2001–03)
The original two-segment format for Rugrats was brought back in season 8. However, the half-hour episodes retain having two commercial breaks.
Rugrats season 8 episodesNo.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.code Viewers(millions)1451"All Growed Up"Louie del Carmen & Jim DuffyKate Boutilier & Eryk CasemiroJuly 21, 2001 (2001-07-21)141−142 (993)11.915.89(HH)1462
The Rugrats are now ten years older, and in school, where they attend a concert.
1473"Quiet Please"Anthony BellRick GitelsonFebruary 9, 2002 (2002-02-09)1462.34(HH)"Early Retirement"Ron NobleScott Gray
Chuckie loses his first library card and Chas deals with a book fine.
Angelica asks the babies to be quiet and "retire" so she can try to watch her favorite show in peace.
1484"The Doctor is In"Anthony BellScott Howard LevaFebruary 9, 2002 (2002-02-09)1473.992.66(HH)"The Big Sneeze"Ron NobleMary Williams-Villano
Angelica pretends to be a doctor on the radio after hearing Didi and Betty listen to a doctor on the radio who helps people with their problems.
Chuckie thinks he is allergic to Kimi because he sneezes frequently, both when interacting with her and whenever she passes by him. The Rugrats believe this, so they try several ways to get him not to sneeze when he is close to her. When nothing seems to work as planned, the Rugrats believe that he genuinely is allergic to her. The actual cause, however, is revealed later: Kimi was having a dandelion in her pocket.
1495"The Fun Way Day"Dave FontanaBarbara SchwartzFebruary 23, 2002 (2002-02-23)1483.872.46(HH)"The Age of Aquarium"Chris HermansDavid Rosenberg & Scott GrayStory by : Scott Gray
Kira and Chas hire a guy to help boost Java Lava's popularity, but this unknowingly leads to a game of Hide and Seek.
The babies visit a boat-shaped aquarium and think the boat is sinking.
1506"Daddy's Little Helpers"Broni LikomanovBarbara SchwartzStory by : Monica Piper & Scott GrayMarch 9, 2002 (2002-03-09)1492.38(HH)"Hello Dilly"Michael MullenMonica Piper
The babies help their fathers.
The babies believe that Dil has turned into a doll.
Note: This episode parodies the musical Hello, Dolly!
1517"Bow Wow Wedding Vows"Dean CriswellScott GrayMarch 25, 2002 (2002-03-25)1454.342.62(HH)
Tommy fears Spike has no more time for him on Easter. Meanwhile, Kira and Chas celebrate their first Easter.
1528"Cynthia Comes Alive"Carol MillicanBarbara SchwartzApril 6, 2002 (2002-04-06)1502.36(HH)"Trading Phil"Jeff ScottNoah Taft
The babies mistake a teenager for a real-life version of Angelica's doll while it is being repaired.
Angelica trades Phil so a group of older children can play with him.
1539"A Tale of Two Puppies"Michael MullenRick GitelsonJune 1, 2002 (2002-06-01)1542.55(HH)"Okey-Dokey Jones and the Ring of the Sunbeams"Carol MillicanRick Gitelson, Scott Gray, Alice Miller & Monica Piper
The adults try to find buyers for Spike's two last puppies.
The babies seek Lil's ring in a pet store.
Note: This episode is based on the first scene of The Rugrats Movie, which parodies the Indiana Jones series of films.
15410"Happy Taffy"Dave FontanaScott GraySeptember 21, 2002 (2002-09-21)1552.39(HH)"Imagine That"Chris HermansStory by : Mark Palmer, Nan Friedman & Ronda SpinakTeleplay by : Nan Friedman & Ronda SpinakNovember 16, 2002 (2002-11-16)2.28(HH)
Stu and Didi hire a new babysitter for the Rugrats.
Guest star: Amanda Bynes as Taffy
Angelica pretends to be a spy in her game, "The Cynthia Team".
15511"Curse of the Werewuff"Joseph ScottPeter EganOctober 28, 2002 (2002-10-28)144N/A
Angelica tells the babies they will become their costumes at Halloween's end, and the only way to keep that from happening is to give her their candy.
15612"Back to School"Michael MullenRick GitelsonSeptember 13, 2003 (2003-09-13)152N/A"Sweet Dreams"Dave FontanaNan Friedman & Ronda SpinakStory by : Nan Friedman, Ronda Spinak, Scott Gray & Monica Piper
Didi enrolls in college.
Chuckie does not have a dream as the other Rugrats do.
15713"A Step at a Time"Broni LikomanovMark PalmerBased on an idea by: Alex Dilts & Sam WilliamsSeptember 27, 2003 (2003-09-27)1531.78(2-11)"Angelica's Assistant"Jeff ScottScott GrayStory by : Rick Gitelson, Scott Gray & Monica Piper
Stu thinks Dil is walking after the babies manipulate him.
Harold visits Angelica's house and Angelica must maintain calmness.
15814"Murmur on the Ornery Express"Chris HermansDavid RegalStory by : David Rosenberg & David RegalNovember 11, 2003 (2003-11-11)1511.98(2-11)
Strange things happen during a train ride to "Little Biendeltown", where Chuckie and Angelica's dolls vanish, as well as Minka's necklace. The Rugrats believe that there is a bandit on the train, so they try to catch him.
Season 9 (2002–04)
Rugrats season 9 episodesNo.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date Prod.code Viewers(millions)1591"Club Fred"Jeff ScottStory by : Rick Gitelson, Scott Gray & Monica PiperTeleplay by : David RegalSeptember 6, 2003 (2003-09-06)1562.00(2-11)
The babies and their parents go on a vacation at a pirate-themed family resort, with predictably disastrous results as the babies search for a treasure and Angelica starts to use credit cards.
1602"The Perfect Twins"Carol MillicanStory by : Rick Gitelson, Scott Gray & Monica PiperTeleplay by : Monica PiperNovember 30, 2002 (2002-11-30)157N/A
Betty's British cousins are nothing like Phil and Lil at a family reunion.
1613"Babies in Toyland"Broni LikomanovStory by : Mark Palmer, Monica Piper, Rick Gitelson & Eryk CasemiroTeleplay by : Eryk CasemiroDecember 9, 2002 (2002-12-09)158−159 (991)N/A1624
The babies visit Stu's holiday village, where Angelica forces Santa (voiced by James Belushi) to quit, and the adults get stranded in Stu's Western cabin. Kira and Chas celebrate their first Christmas together. Paul Reubens voices Hermie the Elf.
1635"Clown Around"Michael MullenRick GitelsonJanuary 30, 2003 (2003-01-30)160N/A"The Baby Rewards"Steve Ochs
The babies go to the circus.
The babies have an awards show, and the awards go to all of the others (Stu, Fluffy, and almost Angelica).
1646"Diapies and Dragons"Chris HermansScott GrayOctober 5, 2002 (2002-10-05)1612.33(HH)"Baby Power"Jeff ScottNoah TaftN/A
The babies go to a video arcade.
The babies fear Dil is stronger than they are.
1657"Bug Off"Dave Fontana & John HolmquistScott GraySeptember 21, 2002 (2002-09-21)1622.39(HH)"The Crawl Space"Carol MillicanStory by : Rick GitelsonTeleplay by : Jeff WynneMarch 8, 2003 (2003-03-08)2.57(HH)
The babies fear a mascot.
The babies move into a crawl space.
1668"Starstruck"Jeff ScottNoah TaftMarch 8, 2003 (2003-03-08)1632.57(HH)"Who's Taffy?"Chris HermansPeter EganSeptember 28, 2002 (2002-09-28)2.48(HH)
Kimi gets cast in a movie.
Angelica and Taffy switch places.
1679"They Came from the Backyard"Broni LikomanovPeter HunzikerJune 10, 2004 (2004-06-10)164N/A"Lil's Phil of Trash"Jim DuffyVera DuffyOctober 5, 2002 (2002-10-05)2.33(HH)
The babies fear an alien invasion.
Phil picks up trash.
Guest star: Drake Bell as Dusty
16810"Mutt's in a Name"Michael MullenJeff WynneNovember 22, 2002 (2002-11-22)1652.33(HH)"Hurricane Alice"Carol MillicanRobb LanumAugust 1, 2004 (2004-08-01)N/A
Chas thinks of a name for a puppy.
Phil and Lil think that Hurricane Alice and a visiting girl named Alice are one and the same.
16911"Bestest of Show"Chris HermansStory by : Scott GrayTeleplay by : Shari HearnNovember 16, 2002 (2002-11-16)1662.28(HH)"Hold the Pickles"Jeff ScottCynthia RiddleSeptember 28, 2002 (2002-09-28)2.48(HH)
Tommy, Angelica, and Susie compete in a pet show.
Tommy misunderstands Taffy when he hears her say she does not want pickles on her burger, thinking that she is referring to Dil when she says "I don't like dill pickles". The babies cover Dil in various things trying to make Taffy like him.
17012"Baby Sale"Carol MillicanStory by : Rick Gitelson & Scott GrayTeleplay by : Rick GitelsonSeptember 20, 2003 (2003-09-20)1672.17(HH)"Steve"Broni LikomanovTom Mason & Dan Danko
Didi, Kira, and Betty go to a toddler clothing sale, where the babies think they will be sold.
The babies make a snow-baby but get upset when it melts with the snow.
17113"The Braveliest Baby"Jim DuffyScott GrayOctober 11, 2003 (2003-10-11)168N/A"Gimme an 'A'"Michael MullenMark Valenti
Tommy loses his courage, which his friends attempt to recover.
The babies try to find an A for Didi.
17214"Fountain of Youth"Jeff ScottStory by : Rick Gitelson & Jeff WynneTeleplay by : Rick GitelsonJune 10, 2004 (2004-06-10)169N/A"Kimi Takes the Cake"Chris HermansPeter HunzikerOctober 5, 2002 (2002-10-05)N/A
The children go to a cabin that has special memories for Drew, Stu, and Chas and the babies fear that the fountain in the center of the lake at the lodge will rejuvenate the adults.
The babies search for a birthday cake in a scary house where Taffy performs.
Home video releases
From 1993 to 1996, Nickelodeon Home Video and Sony Wonder released six VHS tapes of the series.
Nickelodeon and Amazon.com produce DVDs of new and old Nickelodeon shows through the CreateSpace service. Using a concept similar to print on demand, Amazon manufactures the discs, cover art, and disc art. As of May 9, 2014, Seasons 1-9 were available. As of February 2017, the Amazon.com releases have been discontinued.
In Australia, Beyond Home Entertainment has released all 9 seasons on DVD.
In May 2017, Nickelodeon Home Entertainment and Paramount Home Media Distribution released Seasons 1 and 2 on DVD. In February 2018, Nickelodeon Home Entertainment and Paramount Home Media Distribution released Seasons 3 and 4 on DVD. On May 18, 2021, Nickelodeon Home Entertainment and Paramount Home Entertainment released Rugrats: The Complete Series on DVD.
Rugrats home media releases
Season
Title
Format
Release dates
Region 1
Region 2
Region 4
1
Road Trip
VHS
June 13, 1995
—
—
Tommy Troubles
VHS
October 15, 1996February 25, 1997October 7, 1997September 8, 1998
—
—
Tales from the Crib
VHS
August 31, 1993October 15, 1996October 7, 1997
—
—
A Baby's Gotta Do What a Baby's Gotta Do
VHS
August 31, 1993October 15, 1996October 7, 1997
—
—
Season 1
DVD
June 2, 2009
—
December 4, 2013
May 2, 2017
—
Outdoor Shenanigans!
DVD
July 8, 2014
—
—
The Complete Series
DVD
May 18, 2021
—
October 31, 2017
2
Mushfest
VHS
January 18, 1994
—
—
Tommy Troubles
VHS
October 15, 1996February 25, 1997October 7, 1997
—
—
Tales from the Crib
VHS
August 31, 1993October 15, 1996October 7, 1997
—
—
A Baby's Gotta Do What a Baby's Gotta Do
VHS
August 31, 1993October 15, 1996October 7, 1997
—
—
Chuckie the Brave
VHS
April 12, 1994October 15, 1996October 7, 1997September 8, 1998
—
—
The Santa Experience
VHS
August 30, 1994October 15, 1996October 7, 1997September 8, 1998October 3, 2000 (English/French/Spanish)
—
—
Angelica the Divine
VHS
April 12, 1994October 15, 1996October 7, 1997September 8, 1998
—
—
Grandpa's Favorite Stories
VHS
February 25, 1997October 7, 1997
—
—
Diapered Duo
VHS
January 13, 1998
—
—
Mommy Mania
VHS
April 7, 1998
—
—
Decade in Diapers: Volume 1
VHS
August 7, 2001
—
—
Decade in Diapers
DVD
September 24, 2002
—
—
Nick Picks Holiday
DVD
September 26, 2006
—
—
Season 2
DVD
May 9, 2014
—
December 4, 2013
May 2, 2017
—
The Complete Series
DVD
May 18, 2021
—
October 31, 2017
3
Phil and Lil, Double Trouble
VHS
October 15, 1996February 25, 1997October 7, 1997
—
—
Passover
VHS
February 20, 1996October 15, 1996
—
—
Grandpa's Favorite Stories
VHS
February 25, 1997October 7, 1997
—
—
Bedtime Bash
VHS
October 7, 1997
—
—
Thanksgiving
VHS
October 21, 1997September 8, 1998
—
—
Season 3
DVD
September 23, 2011
—
April 2, 2014
February 6, 2018
—
The Complete Series
DVD
May 18, 2021
—
October 31, 2017
4
Vacation
VHS
July 8, 1997August 29, 2000 (English/French/Spanish)
—
—
Thanksgiving
VHS
October 21, 1997
—
—
Chanukah
VHS
October 7, 1997
—
—
Mommy Mania
VHS
April 7, 1998
—
—
Angelica Knows Best
VHS
June 9, 1998
—
—
Decade in Diapers
DVD
September 24, 2002
—
—
Holiday Celebration
DVD
August 31, 2004
—
—
Season 4
DVD
September 23, 2011
—
June 4, 2014
February 6, 2018
—
The Complete Series
DVD
May 18, 2021
—
October 31, 2017
5
Dr. Tommy Pickles
VHS
January 13, 1998August 29, 2000 (English/French/Spanish)
—
—
Season 5
DVD
October 4, 2011
—
June 4, 2014
The Complete Series
DVD
May 18, 2021
—
October 31, 2017
6
Runaway Reptar
VHS
August 3, 1999
—
—
Make Room for Dil
VHS
September 21, 1999
—
—
I Think I Like You
VHS
January 11, 2000
—
—
Discover America
VHS
May 5, 2000
—
—
Decade in Diapers: Volume 1
VHS
August 7, 2001
—
—
Decade in Diapers
DVD
September 24, 2002
—
—
The Show Must Go On!
DVD
—
September 27, 2004
—
VHS
—
—
Season 6
DVD
October 6, 2011
—
June 4, 2014
The Complete Series
DVD
May 18, 2021
—
October 31, 2017
Outdoor Shenanigans!
DVD
July 8, 2014
—
—
Reptar Returns!
DVD
—
—
7
Decade in Diapers: Volume 2
VHS
August 7, 2001
—
—
Kwanzaa
VHS
September 25, 2001
—
—
Decade in Diapers
DVD
September 24, 2002
—
—
Nick Picks #1
DVD
May 5, 2005
—
—
Season 7
DVD
October 6, 2011
—
December 3, 2014
The Complete Series
DVD
May 18, 2021
—
October 31, 2017
8
All Growed Up
VHS
August 7, 2001
—
—
Easter
VHS
February 5, 2002
—
—
Halloween
VHS
August 27, 2002
—
—
DVD
September 20, 2011
—
—
Mysteries
DVD
January 28, 2003
—
—
VHS
—
—
Nicktoons Halloween
DVD
August 26, 2003
—
—
Halloween Spooky Stories
DVD
—
October 17, 2005
—
Nick Picks #2
DVD
October 18, 2005
—
—
Season 8
DVD
October 6, 2011
—
December 3, 2014
The Complete Series
DVD
May 18, 2021
—
October 31, 2017
9
Christmas
VHS
September 24, 2002
—
—
Nicktoons Christmas
DVD
September 30, 2003
—
—
Holiday Celebration
DVD
August 31, 2004
—
—
Season 9
DVD
May 9, 2014
—
December 3, 2014
The Complete Series
DVD
May 18, 2021
—
October 31, 2017
Rugrats: Tales from the Crib (2005–06)
These movies are direct-to-DVD movies that are part of the Rugrats series.
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
Prod.code
S1"Snow White"Ron Noble, Michael Dædalus Kenny & Andrei SvislotskiJill Gorey & Barbara HerndonSeptember 27, 2005 (2005-09-27) (VHS/DVD)November 13, 2005 (2005-11-13) (TV)989
Taffy tells the kids the tale of Snow White as the Wicked Queen (Angelica) plots to get rid of Snow White (Susie), who lives with the Seven Babies who work in their diaper factory.
S2"Three Jacks and a Beanstalk"Ron Noble, Michael Dædalus Kenny, Zhenia Delioussine & Andrei SvislotskiJill Gorey & Barbara HerndonSeptember 5, 2006 (2006-09-05) (DVD)November 5, 2006 (2006-11-05) (TV)888
Three Jacks and a Beanstalk is the Rugrats spin on a classic fairytale, combining Jack Sprat with Jack and Jill - and creating their own version of Jack and the Beanstalk in the process. The babies get some magical beans that grows into a giant beanstalk leading to a huge castle in the sky. There, a fairy (Susie) offers them a key to the castle if they get three things for the castle's occupant, Angelica, a giantess.
Guest star: Mo'Nique as Aunt Moo
Films
Main article: Rugrats (film series)
TitleDirected byWritten byRelease dateThe Rugrats MovieIgor Kovalyov & Norton VirgienDavid N. Weiss & J. David StemNovember 20, 1998 (1998-11-20)
Rugrats in Paris: The MovieStig Bergqvist & Paul DemeyerJ. David Stem, David N. Weiss, Jill Gorey, Barbara Herndon & Kate BoutilierNovember 17, 2000 (2000-11-17)
Rugrats Go WildNorton Virgien & John EngKate BoutilierJune 13, 2003 (2003-06-13)
Notes
^ The pilot episode never aired on television, but was later released on the Decade in Diapers VHS and DVD.
^ a b c d Alternate titles for episodes from the first three seasons are sourced from archived Nickelodeon and YTV episode guides.
^ Originally called "Bar-B–Q Story"
^ Originally called "Baby Commercial—Take 1"
^ Originally called "Little Miss Lovely"
^ Originally called "Tommy at Bat"
^ Originally called "They're Round, They're Mean, They Turn Milk Green"
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt (HH) indicates the amount of households an episode was viewed in when it premiered.
^ The episode was released on the A Rugrats Passover VHS on February 20, 1995.
^ The episode was released on the A Rugrats Vacation VHS on July 8, 1997.
^ The episode was released on the A Rugrats Thanksgiving VHS on October 21, 1997.
^ The episode was released on the Runaway Reptar VHS on August 3, 1999.
^ This episode was first released on the I Think I Like You VHS on January 11, 2000.
^ The segment "Dil We Meet Again" was first released on the Make Room For Dil VHS on October 5, 1999.
^ The episode was released on the Rugrats Kwanzaa VHS on September 25, 2001.
^ a b c d (2-11) denotes the amount of children aged 2 through 11 who watched the episode when it premiered.
^ The episode was released on the Rugrats Easter VHS on February 5, 2002.
^ The episode was released on the Rugrats Halloween VHS on August 27, 2002.
^ The episode was released on the Rugrats Christmas VHS on September 24, 2002.
^ The episode was released on the Rugrats Christmas VHS on September 24, 2002.
^ Each of the segments from this episode premiered at different times.
^ A trailer for this movie (released on other Nickelodeon/Nick Jr. DVD's throughout 2006) also includes the DVD release date, which can be found on YouTube.
^ Newspaper listings had this movie listed as an untitled Rugrats special.
References
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General references
"Rugrats Episode Guide". TV Guide. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
External links
TV Guide's Rugrats episode
vteRugratsTelevision series
Original series (1991–2004)
All Grown Up! (2003–2008)
Reboot series (2021–present)
Characters
Tommy Pickles
Angelica Pickles
Reptar
Film series
The Rugrats Movie (1998)
Rugrats in Paris: The Movie (2000)
Rugrats Go Wild (2003)
EpisodesRugrats episodes
"At the Movies"
"Reptar on Ice"
"A Rugrats Passover"
"A Rugrats Chanukah"
"Mother's Day"
"Runaway Reptar"
"A Rugrats Kwanzaa"
"All Growed Up"
All Grown Up! episodes
Video games
Adventure Game
Search for Reptar
The Rugrats Movie
Scavenger Hunt
Time Travelers
Studio Tour
Totally Angelica
Rugrats in Paris: The Movie
Castle Capers
I Gotta Go Party
Royal Ransom
Related
Nicktoons Racing
Nickelodeon Party Blast
Nicktoons: Freeze Frame Frenzy
Nickelodeon Kart Racers
2: Grand Prix
3: Slime Speedway
Nickelodeon Super Brawl
All-Star Brawl
2
Related
Musical
Comic strip
Judaism in Rugrats
Jimmy Neutron's Nicktoon Blast (cameo)
Let My Babies Go! | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rugrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugrats"},{"link_name":"Arlene Klasky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlene_Klasky"},{"link_name":"Gábor Csupó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_Csup%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Paul Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Germain"},{"link_name":"toddlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toddler"},{"link_name":"Tommy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Pickles"},{"link_name":"Chuckie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Rugrats_characters#Chuckie_Finster"},{"link_name":"Angelica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica_Pickles"},{"link_name":"Phil and Lil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Rugrats_characters#Phil_and_Lil_DeVille"},{"link_name":"Dil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_Pickles"},{"link_name":"Kimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimi_Finster"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nicktoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicktoons"},{"link_name":"Doug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Ren & Stimpy Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ren_%26_Stimpy_Show"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"A Rugrats Passover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Rugrats_Passover"},{"link_name":"A Rugrats Chanukah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Rugrats_Chanukah"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon"},{"link_name":"Nick Jr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Jr._Channel"},{"link_name":"block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Jr."},{"link_name":"Klasky Csupo Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasky_Csupo"},{"link_name":"series of theatrical films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugrats_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"second film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugrats_in_Paris:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RugratsTVGuide-3"},{"link_name":"All Growed Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Growed_Up"},{"link_name":"All Grown Up!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Grown_Up!"},{"link_name":"Tie-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie-in"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Kids' Choice Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kids%27_Choice_Awards"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Walk of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"SpongeBob SquarePants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants"},{"link_name":"The Fairly OddParents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fairly_OddParents"},{"link_name":"revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugrats_(2021_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Rugrats is an American animated television series created by Arlene Klasky, Gábor Csupó, and Paul Germain. The show focuses on a group of toddlers, most prominently Tommy, Chuckie, Angelica, twins Phil and Lil, Susie, then later Dil and Kimi and their day-to-day lives, usually involving common life experiences that become adventures in the babies' imaginations.[1][2] Adults in the series are almost always unaware of what the children are up to.The series premiered on August 11, 1991, as the second Nicktoon after Doug and preceding The Ren & Stimpy Show. Production initially halted in 1993 after 65 episodes, with the last episode airing on November 12, 1994. In 1995 and 1996, two Jewish-themed specials premiered; \"A Rugrats Passover\" and \"A Rugrats Chanukah\", respectively, both of which received critical acclaim. During this time, well after the end of the show's production run, Rugrats began to receive a boost in ratings and popularity with constant reruns on Nickelodeon and the Nick Jr block. In 1996, Klasky Csupo Animation began producing new episodes, and the show's fourth season began airing in 1997. As a result of the show's popularity, a series of theatrical films were released. Following the release of the second film on November 17, 2000, its popularity started to wane, and the final episode aired on August 1, 2004,[3] bringing the series to a total of 172 episodes and 9 seasons during a 13-year run.On July 21, 2001, Nickelodeon broadcast the made-for-TV special \"All Growed Up\" in celebration of the series' 10th anniversary. Though initially intended as a one-time special, it was popular enough that it acted as a pilot for the Rugrats spin-off series All Grown Up!, which chronicles the lives of the babies and their parents after they age 10 years. Another spin-off series, Rugrats Pre-School Daze, was considered, with four episodes produced. Two direct-to-video specials were released in 2005 and 2006, under the title Rugrats Tales from the Crib. Tie-in media for the series include video games, comics, toys, and various other merchandise.Rugrats gained over 20 awards during its 13-year run, including 4 Daytime Emmy Awards, 6 Kids' Choice Awards, and its own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The series was Nickelodeon's longest-running Nicktoon until 2012 when SpongeBob SquarePants aired its 173rd episode, and is currently Nickelodeon's third longest-running Nicktoon, behind SpongeBob SquarePants and The Fairly OddParents.On July 16, 2018, it was announced that Nickelodeon had given a series order to a 26-episode revival of the series, executive produced by Klasky, Csupo, and Germain.[4][5]","title":"List of Rugrats episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pilot_(1990)"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_1_(1991)"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_2_(1992%E2%80%9393)"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_3_(1993%E2%80%9395)"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_4_(1996%E2%80%9397)"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_5_(1998%E2%80%9399)"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_6_(1999%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_7_(2001;_2004)"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_8_(2001%E2%80%9303)"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_9_(2002%E2%80%9304)"},{"link_name":"Tales from the Crib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Rugrats:_Tales_from_the_Crib_(2005%E2%80%9306)"}],"text":"SeasonSegmentsEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedPilotAugust 7, 2001 (VHS/DVD)12513August 11, 1991 (1991-08-11)December 22, 1991 (1991-12-22)25126September 13, 1992 (1992-09-13)May 23, 1993 (1993-05-23)35126September 26, 1993 (1993-09-26)April 13, 1995 (1995-04-13)42815December 4, 1996 (1996-12-04)November 22, 1997 (1997-11-22)53720May 29, 1998 (1998-05-29)February 20, 1999 (1999-02-20)65230February 27, 1999 (1999-02-27)July 20, 2001 (2001-07-20)73614January 15, 2001 (2001-01-15)April 10, 2004 (2004-04-10)82314July 21, 2001 (2001-07-21)November 11, 2003 (2003-11-11)92414September 21, 2002 (2002-09-21)August 1, 2004 (2004-08-01)Tales from the Crib—2November 13, 2005 (2005-11-13)November 5, 2006 (2006-11-05)","title":"Series overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pilot (1990)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (1991)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2 (1992–93)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 3 (1993–95)","text":"This is the final series that Sherry Gunther released production that edited.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 4 (1996–97)","text":"After Sherry Gunther’s death, Terry Thoren takes the charge of production executive of 1994.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 5 (1998–99)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 6 (1999–2001)","text":"In the United States, episodes 127 to 130 were held over from this season and ended up airing during Season 7.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 7 (2001; 2004)","text":"During season 7, Rugrats made a change with a different format that consisted of three segments per episode. Additionally, all half-hour stories from this point on had two ad breaks instead of one.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rugrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugrats"}],"sub_title":"Season 8 (2001–03)","text":"The original two-segment format for Rugrats was brought back in season 8. However, the half-hour episodes retain having two commercial breaks.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 9 (2002–04)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sony Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Amazon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"CreateSpace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CreateSpace"},{"link_name":"print on demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_on_demand"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rugrats_episodes&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rugrats_episodes&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USComplete-147"}],"text":"From 1993 to 1996, Nickelodeon Home Video and Sony Wonder released six VHS tapes of the series.Nickelodeon and Amazon.com produce DVDs of new and old Nickelodeon shows through the CreateSpace service. Using a concept similar to print on demand, Amazon manufactures the discs, cover art, and disc art. As of May 9, 2014[update], Seasons 1-9 were available. As of February 2017[update], the Amazon.com releases have been discontinued.[123]In Australia, Beyond Home Entertainment has released all 9 seasons on DVD.In May 2017, Nickelodeon Home Entertainment and Paramount Home Media Distribution released Seasons 1 and 2 on DVD.[124] In February 2018, Nickelodeon Home Entertainment and Paramount Home Media Distribution released Seasons 3 and 4 on DVD.[125] On May 18, 2021, Nickelodeon Home Entertainment and Paramount Home Entertainment released Rugrats: The Complete Series on DVD.[126]","title":"Home video releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"direct-to-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-to-video"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"}],"text":"These movies are direct-to-DVD movies that are part of the Rugrats series.","title":"Rugrats: Tales from the Crib 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The pilot episode never aired on television, but was later released on the Decade in Diapers VHS and DVD.\n\n^ a b c d Alternate titles for episodes from the first three seasons are sourced from archived Nickelodeon and YTV episode guides.[6][7]\n\n^ Originally called \"Bar-B–Q Story\"[9]\n\n^ Originally called \"Baby Commercial—Take 1\"[10]\n\n^ Originally called \"Little Miss Lovely\"[10]\n\n^ Originally called \"Tommy at Bat\"[10]\n\n^ Originally called \"They're Round, They're Mean, They Turn Milk Green\"[11]\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt (HH) indicates the amount of households an episode was viewed in when it premiered.\n\n^ The episode was released on the A Rugrats Passover VHS on February 20, 1995.\n\n^ The episode was released on the A Rugrats Vacation VHS on July 8, 1997.\n\n^ The episode was released on the A Rugrats Thanksgiving VHS on October 21, 1997.\n\n^ The episode was released on the Runaway Reptar VHS on August 3, 1999.\n\n^ This episode was first released on the I Think I Like You VHS on January 11, 2000.\n\n^ The segment \"Dil We Meet Again\" was first released on the Make Room For Dil VHS on October 5, 1999.\n\n^ The episode was released on the Rugrats Kwanzaa VHS on September 25, 2001.\n\n^ a b c d (2-11) denotes the amount of children aged 2 through 11 who watched the episode when it premiered.\n\n^ The episode was released on the Rugrats Easter VHS on February 5, 2002.\n\n^ The episode was released on the Rugrats Halloween VHS on August 27, 2002.\n\n^ The episode was released on the Rugrats Christmas VHS on September 24, 2002.\n\n^ The episode was released on the Rugrats Christmas VHS on September 24, 2002.\n\n^ Each of the segments from this episode premiered at different times.\n\n^ A trailer for this movie (released on other Nickelodeon/Nick Jr. DVD's throughout 2006) also includes the DVD release date, which can be found on YouTube.\n\n^ Newspaper listings had this movie listed as an untitled Rugrats special.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Brownfield, Paul (August 16, 1998). \"Talk About A Baby Boom\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1998/aug/16/entertainment/ca-13511","url_text":"\"Talk About A Baby Boom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121105052012/http://articles.latimes.com/1998/aug/16/entertainment/ca-13511","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Heffley, Lynne (July 21, 1996). \"View From the Rug Up: 'Rugrats,' Nickelodeon's Animated Hit, Looks at World Through Eyes of a Toddler\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1996-07-21/news/tv-26268_1","url_text":"\"View From the Rug Up: 'Rugrats,' Nickelodeon's Animated Hit, Looks at World Through Eyes of a Toddler\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20120701124633/http://articles.latimes.com/1996-07-21/news/tv-26268_1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rugrats - TVGuide.com\". TVGuide.com. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved June 28, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/rugrats/episodes/191757/","url_text":"\"Rugrats - TVGuide.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160818033213/http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/rugrats/episodes/191757","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Lesley (July 16, 2018). \"'Rugrats' Revived at Viacom With New Nickelodeon Series, Feature Film\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on July 17, 2018. Retrieved July 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/rugrats-revived-at-viacom-new-nickelodeon-series-feature-film-1127473","url_text":"\"'Rugrats' Revived at Viacom With New Nickelodeon Series, Feature Film\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180717001735/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/rugrats-revived-at-viacom-new-nickelodeon-series-feature-film-1127473","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie; Petski, Denise (July 16, 2018). \"'Rugrats' Returns With Nickelodeon Series Revival & Live-Action Paramount Movie\". Deadline. Archived from the original on July 17, 2018. Retrieved July 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2018/07/rugrats-revival-series-nickelodeon-live-action-movie-paramount-1202427458/","url_text":"\"'Rugrats' Returns With Nickelodeon Series Revival & Live-Action Paramount Movie\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180717011850/https://deadline.com/2018/07/rugrats-revival-series-nickelodeon-live-action-movie-paramount-1202427458/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rugrats: Episodes\". Nick.com. Archived from the original on June 21, 2000. Retrieved February 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000621171551/http://www.nick.com/docs/tv/shows/p51t4c1.tin","url_text":"\"Rugrats: Episodes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick.com","url_text":"Nick.com"},{"url":"http://www.nick.com/docs/tv/shows/p51t4c1.tin","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"YTV - SHOWS - RUGRATS - EPISODES\". YTV.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2000. Retrieved May 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000929032120/http://www.ytv.com/shows/rugrats/Episodes.htm","url_text":"\"YTV - SHOWS - RUGRATS - EPISODES\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YTV.com","url_text":"YTV.com"},{"url":"http://www.ytv.com/shows/rugrats/Episodes.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rugrats, Season 1\". iTunes Store. Apple, Inc. August 11, 1991. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/tv-season/rugrats-season-1/id715084603/","url_text":"\"Rugrats, Season 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple,_Inc.","url_text":"Apple, Inc."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200229173058/https://itunes.apple.com/us/tv-season/rugrats-season-1/id715084603/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Writer's Bible for Rugrats\". Writer's Bible. Klasky Csupo, Inc. June 1991. p. 34 – via the Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rugrats-writers-bible/page/32/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Writer's Bible for Rugrats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Writer's Bible for Rugrats\". Writer's Bible. Klasky Csupo, Inc. June 1991. p. 35 – via the Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rugrats-writers-bible/page/32/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Writer's Bible for Rugrats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Writer's Bible for Rugrats\". Writer's Bible. Klasky Csupo, Inc. June 1991. p. 37 – via the Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rugrats-writers-bible/page/34/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Writer's Bible for Rugrats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rugrats, Season 2\". iTunes Store. Apple, Inc. August 11, 1991. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/tv-season/rugrats-season-2/id715107922/","url_text":"\"Rugrats, Season 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple,_Inc.","url_text":"Apple, Inc."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190621230437/https://itunes.apple.com/us/tv-season/rugrats-season-2/id715107922/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"40 Top Cable Programs: April 5–11, 1993 (p. 40)\" (PDF). Broadcasting and Cable Magazine. April 19, 1993. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 6, 2022. Retrieved September 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/93-OCR/BC-1993-04-19-OCR-Page-0048.pdf","url_text":"\"40 Top Cable Programs: April 5–11, 1993 (p. 40)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221206011044/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1993/BC-1993-04-19.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"40 Top Cable Programs: April 12–18, 1993 (p. 49)\" (PDF). Broadcasting and Cable Magazine. April 19, 1993. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved September 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/93-OCR/BC-1993-04-26-OCR-Page-0057.pdf","url_text":"\"40 Top Cable Programs: April 12–18, 1993 (p. 49)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221207232749/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1993/BC-1993-04-26.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"40 Top Cable Programs: April 19–25, 1993 (p. 49)\" (PDF). Broadcasting and Cable Magazine. May 3, 1993. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 6, 2022. Retrieved September 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/93-OCR/BC-1993-05-03-OCR-Page-0040.pdf","url_text":"\"40 Top Cable Programs: April 19–25, 1993 (p. 49)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221206202428/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1993/BC-1993-05-03.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"40 Top Cable Programs: April 26–May 2, 1993 (p. 25)\" (PDF). Broadcasting and Cable Magazine. May 10, 1993. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/93-OCR/BC-1993-05-10-OCR-Page-0025.pdf","url_text":"\"40 Top Cable Programs: April 26–May 2, 1993 (p. 25)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211108151416/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1993/BC-1993-05-10.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"40 Top Cable Programs: May 3–9, 1993 (p. 32)\" (PDF). Broadcasting and Cable Magazine. May 17, 1993. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved September 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/93-OCR/BC-1993-05-17-OCR-Page-0032.pdf","url_text":"\"40 Top Cable Programs: May 3–9, 1993 (p. 32)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221208060603/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1993/BC-1993-05-17.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"40 Top Cable Programs: May 10–16, 1993 (p. 34)\" (PDF). Broadcasting and Cable Magazine. May 24, 1993. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 5, 2022. Retrieved September 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/93-OCR/BC-1993-05-24-OCR-Page-0034.pdf","url_text":"\"40 Top Cable Programs: May 10–16, 1993 (p. 34)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221205134721/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1993/BC-1993-05-24.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"40 Top Cable Programs: May 17–23, 1993 (p. 19)\" (PDF). Broadcasting and Cable Magazine. May 31, 1993. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved September 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/93-OCR/BC-1993-05-31-OCR-Page-0019.pdf","url_text":"\"40 Top Cable Programs: May 17–23, 1993 (p. 19)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220816074251/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1993/BC-1993-05-31.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rugrats, Season 3\". iTunes Store. Apple, Inc. August 11, 1991. Archived from the original on November 15, 2019. Retrieved April 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/tv-season/rugrats-season-3/id715108092","url_text":"\"Rugrats, Season 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple,_Inc.","url_text":"Apple, Inc."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191115115252/https://itunes.apple.com/us/tv-season/rugrats-season-3/id715108092","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top cable shows and nets (p. 41)\" (PDF). Broadcasting and Cable Magazine. October 4, 1993. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 6, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/93-OCR/BC-1993-10-04-Page-0041.pdf","url_text":"\"Top cable shows and nets (p. 41)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221206060201/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1993/BC-1993-10-04.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top cable shows and nets (p. 68)\" (PDF). Broadcasting and Cable Magazine. October 11, 1993. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/93-OCR/BC-1993-10-11-Page-0084.pdf","url_text":"\"Top cable shows and nets (p. 68)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221006121107/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1993/BC-1993-10-11.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top cable shows and nets (p. 34)\" (PDF). Broadcasting and Cable Magazine. October 25, 1993. 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August 16, 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/99-OCR/BC-1999-08-16-OCR-Page-0038.pdf","url_text":"\"People's Choice: 25 Top Cable Shows (p. 38)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221008030807/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1999/BC-1999-08-16.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"People's Choice: 25 Top Cable Shows (p. 82)\" (PDF). Broadcasting and Cable Magazine. October 11, 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 8, 2022. 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Retrieved June 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sitcomsonline.com/boards/showthread.php?t=2566","url_text":"\"4/23-4/29 Basic Cable Primetime Ratings (8PM-11PM)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broadcast and Cable Nielsens: Week Ending December 16, 2001\". Ratings Ryan. February 25, 2022. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved December 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20221207151925/https://www.ratingsryan.com/2022/02/broadcast-cable-nielsens-20011216.html","url_text":"\"Broadcast and Cable Nielsens: Week Ending December 16, 2001\""},{"url":"https://www.ratingsryan.com/2022/02/broadcast-cable-nielsens-20011216.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Diego Vazquez (April 16, 2004). \"Under the knife with the under-aged\". Media Life Magazine. Archived from the original on October 8, 2013. 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Archived from the original on April 4, 2015. Retrieved April 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20150404131414/http://www.medialifemagazine.com/news2002/apr02/apr08/3_wed/news4wednesday.html","url_text":"\"Mounting heap of mid season flameouts\""},{"url":"http://www.medialifemagazine.com/news2002/apr02/apr08/3_wed/news4wednesday.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Broadcast and Cable Nielsens: Week Ending April 7, 2002\". Ratings Ryan. April 20, 2022. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved December 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20221207150305/https://www.ratingsryan.com/2022/04/broadcast-cable-nielsens-20020407.html","url_text":"\"Broadcast and Cable Nielsens: Week Ending April 7, 2002\""},{"url":"https://www.ratingsryan.com/2022/04/broadcast-cable-nielsens-20020407.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Broadcast and Cable Nielsens: Week Ending June 2, 2002\". Ratings Ryan. May 11, 2022. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved December 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20221207150512/https://www.ratingsryan.com/2022/05/broadcast-cable-nielsens-20020602.html","url_text":"\"Broadcast and Cable Nielsens: Week Ending June 2, 2002\""},{"url":"https://www.ratingsryan.com/2022/05/broadcast-cable-nielsens-20020602.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Broadcast and Cable Nielsens: Week Ending September 22, 2002\". Ratings Ryan. June 27, 2022. Archived from the original on December 12, 2022. Retrieved December 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20221212130505/https://www.ratingsryan.com/2022/06/broadcast-cable-nielsens-20020922.html","url_text":"\"Broadcast and Cable Nielsens: Week Ending September 22, 2002\""},{"url":"https://www.ratingsryan.com/2022/06/broadcast-cable-nielsens-20020922.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Broadcasting and Cable Magazine\" (PDF). November 11, 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 6, 2022. Retrieved December 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-2002/BC-2002-11-11.pdf","url_text":"\"Broadcasting and Cable Magazine\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221206080930/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-2002/BC-2002-11-11.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Broadcast and Cable Nielsens: Week Ending November 17, 2002\". Ratings Ryan. July 12, 2022. Archived from the original on December 12, 2022. Retrieved December 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20221212130743/https://www.ratingsryan.com/2022/07/broadcast-cable-nielsens-20021117.html","url_text":"\"Broadcast and Cable Nielsens: Week Ending November 17, 2002\""},{"url":"https://www.ratingsryan.com/2022/07/broadcast-cable-nielsens-20021117.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Toni Fitzgerald (October 3, 2003). \"UPN's chance to shine among young\". Media Life Magazine. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Young_(British_Army_officer) | Desmond Young (British Army officer) | ["1 Early life and First World War","2 Between the wars","3 Second World War","4 Later life","5 References","6 External links"] | Army officer
Young at an undetermined date
Brigadier Desmond Young OBE, MC (27 December 1891 – 27 June 1966) was an Australian-born British Army officer, newspaper publisher and writer. He travelled widely during his youth, accompanying his father in his work as a maritime salvage expert. He attended the University of Oxford but was asked to leave after he failed to attend a single lecture. Young found work in Malaya as a rubber planter and operated a nightclub in London. Soon after the beginning of the First World War he joined the British Army, serving as an officer in the King's Royal Rifle Corps. He was wounded in action and won a Military Cross in June 1918. After the War Young worked as a newspaper reporter, editor and publisher in the South African Cape Times and the Indian Allahabad Pioneer.
Young joined the British Indian Army in 1941, during the Second World War. He was appointed to command the 10th Indian Infantry Brigade in the North African campaign. Young was captured during the 1942 Battle of Gazala and briefly met the German commander Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. Imprisoned in Italy he escaped and ended the war as editor of a pro-Allied newspaper in Switzerland. Young published Rommel: The Desert Fox, a biography of the German general, in 1950 and it was adapted into the 1951 film The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel. The work has been criticised for its overly positive portrayal of Rommel's actions. In 1960 Young published Fountain of the Elephants, a biography of the French adventurer Benoît de Boigne. He also wrote two autobiographies.
Early life and First World War
Desmond Young was born in Port Adelaide, South Australia in 1891. His father, Frederick William Young was a marine salvage expert and in his youth Young accompanied him on trips around the world. Young matriculated at the University of Oxford but attended no lectures and was asked to leave. He afterwards travelled to Malaya to work as a rubber planter. At one point he ran the Quadrant nightclub in London but claimed the police forced him to leave the business.
On 12 September 1914, shortly after the start of the First World War, Young joined the British Army in the temporary rank of second lieutenant. On 1 October he was promoted to lieutenant in the 9th battalion of the King's Royal Rifle Corps and on 13 February 1915 to captain. Young was wounded while serving in the trenches of the Western Front and, while recovering, missed serving in the Third Battle of Ypres. He passed his time in convalescence writing war poetry. Having returned to the front, on 26 July 1918, at which point he was on the general list of officers, he was awarded the Military Cross, the citation for which reads:
For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. Under heavy fire during an enemy attack he assisted in collecting disorganised troops, and organised them into trenches round brigade headquarters. Through his example and coolness the attack was checked. Later on he took out ammunition under heavy machine-gun fire, and set a fine example.
Between the wars
After the war Young travelled to South Africa where he found work as a reporter at the Cape Times. He was later appointed its editor and then its publisher. Young then travelled to India to manage the Allahabad Pioneer.
Second World War
During the Second World War Young received an emergency commission as a second lieutenant in the British Indian Army on 12 April 1941. He rose quickly in rank and held command of the 10th Indian Infantry Brigade during Operation Aberdeen, a 5 June 1942 attack ordered by Lieutenant-General Neil Ritchie during the Battle of Gazala. The 10th captured all of their objectives at a thinly-held portion of the German line at Aslagh Ridge but subsequent British attacks on the main defensive line failed. A counter-attack by the German 21st Panzer Division penetrated the British defences in an area of ground known as The Cauldron and disordered part of Young's brigade. A separate attack by the 15th Panzer Division struck a gap in the British minefields south-west of Bir el Harmat and destroyed the headquarters of Young's brigade and that of the 9th Indian Infantry Brigade. The 15th Panzer then trapped the remnants of Young's brigade, alongside other units in The Cauldron, and caused them to surrender. Young was one of 3,100 men captured on 6 June.
After his capture a German officer tried to compel Young to order the surrender of a British artillery position. He refused and the incident was interrupted by the arrival of the German commander Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. Rommel ordered the German officer to cease his actions, advising that Young was not required to issue such an order. Young was transferred to a prisoner-of-war camp in Italy, where he led the camp's escape committee. He escaped successfully to Switzerland where, by the war's end, he was editor of a pro-Allied newspaper.
Later life
After the war, Young was appointed director of public relations at the Army's general headquarters in India. He was appointed an officer of the Order of the British Empire on 12 June 1947 for his work in this role. Despite only meeting Rommel once Young was inspired to write a biography of the man. Rommel: The Desert Fox was published in London in 1950; it received some criticism for Young's positive description of the man, with Young's Daily News obituary stating Young had portrayed Rommel a "blue-eyed god who could do no wrong". Young's book was adapted by Nunnally Johnson into the 1951 film The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel, with James Mason in the title role.
Young also wrote Fountain of the Elephants, a 1959 biography of the French adventurer in India Benoît de Boigne. He produced two memoirs, Try Anything Twice and the 1961 work All the Best Years. Young moved to Sark, an island in the English Channel governed by a feudal system, around 1962. He was married with two children and died at his home on Sark on 27 June 1966 aged 74.
References
^ a b c "Desmond Young, page 37". The Gazette (Montreal). Newspapers.com. 28 June 1966. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ a b c d e f "DESMOND YOUNG, ADVENTURER, DIES; Biographer of Rommel, 74, Told of Own Exploits, Too". The New York Times. 28 June 1966. ProQuest 117205351.
^ "No. 28902". The London Gazette. 15 September 1914. p. 7301.
^ "No. 29065". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 February 1915. p. 1420.
^ "No. 29112". The London Gazette (Supplement). 23 March 1915. p. 2960.
^ Liddle, Peter H. (2017). Passchendaele in Perspective: The Third Battle of Ypres. Pen and Sword. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-4738-1708-1.
^ "No. 30813". The London Gazette (Supplement). 23 July 1918. p. 8860.
^ "No. 35203". The London Gazette. 27 June 1941. p. 3698.
^ a b Stewart, Adrian (2010). Early Battles of the Eighth Army: Crusader to the Alamein Line 1941-42. Stackpole Books. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-8117-3536-0.
^ Stewart, Adrian (2010). Early Battles of the Eighth Army: Crusader to the Alamein Line 1941-42. Stackpole Books. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-8117-3536-0.
^ Mitcham, Samuel W. (2007). Rommel's Desert War: The Life and Death of the Afrika Korps. Stackpole Books. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-8117-3413-4.
^ Khanna, K. K. (2015). Art of Generalship. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 18. ISBN 978-93-82652-93-9.
^ "No. 37977". The London Gazette (Supplement). 6 June 1947. p. 2581.
^ Stewart, Adrian (2010). Early Battles of the Eighth Army: Crusader to the Alamein Line 1941-42. Stackpole Books. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-8117-3536-0.
^ The Tablet. 1950. p. 90. hdl:2027/uc1.e0000243493. ISSN 0039-8837. {{cite magazine}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "Desmond Young Dies; Author of 'Rommel', page 476". Daily News (New York). Newspapers.com. 28 June 1966. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ a b Niemi, Robert (2006). History in the Media: Film and Television. ABC-CLIO. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-57607-952-2.
^ Leasor, James (31 January 1960). "Covered With Glory; FOUNTAIN Of THE ELEPHANTS. By Desmond Young. Illustrated. 319 pp. New York: Harper & Bros. $5". The New York Times. ProQuest 115210126.
^ Middleton, Drew (5 November 1961). "Everywhere With Gusto; ALL THE BEST YEARS. By Desmond Young. Illustrated. 342 pp. New York: Harper & Bros. $5.95". The New York Times. ProQuest 115298693.
External links
Works by Desmond Young at Faded Page (Canada)
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Desmond_Young_book.jpg"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OBE"},{"link_name":"MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"King's Royal Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Royal_Rifle_Corps"},{"link_name":"Military Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"Cape Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Times"},{"link_name":"Allahabad Pioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pioneer_(India)"},{"link_name":"British Indian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Army"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"10th Indian Infantry Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade"},{"link_name":"North African campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_campaign"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gazala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala"},{"link_name":"Erwin Rommel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Rommel"},{"link_name":"Rommel: The Desert Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rommel:_The_Desert_Fox"},{"link_name":"The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Desert_Fox:_The_Story_of_Rommel"},{"link_name":"Benoît de Boigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_de_Boigne"}],"text":"Young at an undetermined dateBrigadier Desmond Young OBE, MC (27 December 1891 – 27 June 1966) was an Australian-born British Army officer, newspaper publisher and writer. He travelled widely during his youth, accompanying his father in his work as a maritime salvage expert. He attended the University of Oxford but was asked to leave after he failed to attend a single lecture. Young found work in Malaya as a rubber planter and operated a nightclub in London. Soon after the beginning of the First World War he joined the British Army, serving as an officer in the King's Royal Rifle Corps. He was wounded in action and won a Military Cross in June 1918. After the War Young worked as a newspaper reporter, editor and publisher in the South African Cape Times and the Indian Allahabad Pioneer.Young joined the British Indian Army in 1941, during the Second World War. He was appointed to command the 10th Indian Infantry Brigade in the North African campaign. Young was captured during the 1942 Battle of Gazala and briefly met the German commander Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. Imprisoned in Italy he escaped and ended the war as editor of a pro-Allied newspaper in Switzerland. Young published Rommel: The Desert Fox, a biography of the German general, in 1950 and it was adapted into the 1951 film The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel. The work has been criticised for its overly positive portrayal of Rommel's actions. In 1960 Young published Fountain of the Elephants, a biography of the French adventurer Benoît de Boigne. 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His father, Frederick William Young was a marine salvage expert and in his youth Young accompanied him on trips around the world.[1] Young matriculated at the University of Oxford but attended no lectures and was asked to leave.[2] He afterwards travelled to Malaya to work as a rubber planter. 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A counter-attack by the German 21st Panzer Division penetrated the British defences in an area of ground known as The Cauldron and disordered part of Young's brigade.[9] A separate attack by the 15th Panzer Division struck a gap in the British minefields south-west of Bir el Harmat and destroyed the headquarters of Young's brigade and that of the 9th Indian Infantry Brigade. The 15th Panzer then trapped the remnants of Young's brigade, alongside other units in The Cauldron, and caused them to surrender.[10] Young was one of 3,100 men captured on 6 June.[11]After his capture a German officer tried to compel Young to order the surrender of a British artillery position. He refused and the incident was interrupted by the arrival of the German commander Field Marshal Erwin Rommel. Rommel ordered the German officer to cease his actions, advising that Young was not required to issue such an order.[12] Young was transferred to a prisoner-of-war camp in Italy, where he led the camp's escape committee. He escaped successfully to Switzerland where, by the war's end, he was editor of a pro-Allied newspaper.[2]","title":"Second World War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"officer of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Rommel: The Desert Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rommel:_The_Desert_Fox"},{"link_name":"Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-17"},{"link_name":"Nunnally Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunnally_Johnson"},{"link_name":"The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Desert_Fox:_The_Story_of_Rommel"},{"link_name":"James Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mason"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-17"},{"link_name":"Benoît de Boigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_de_Boigne"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gazette-1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Sark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gazette-1"}],"text":"After the war, Young was appointed director of public relations at the Army's general headquarters in India. He was appointed an officer of the Order of the British Empire on 12 June 1947 for his work in this role.[13] Despite only meeting Rommel once Young was inspired to write a biography of the man.[14][15] Rommel: The Desert Fox was published in London in 1950; it received some criticism for Young's positive description of the man, with Young's Daily News obituary stating Young had portrayed Rommel a \"blue-eyed god who could do no wrong\".[16][17] Young's book was adapted by Nunnally Johnson into the 1951 film The Desert Fox: The Story of Rommel, with James Mason in the title role.[17]Young also wrote Fountain of the Elephants, a 1959 biography of the French adventurer in India Benoît de Boigne.[18] He produced two memoirs, Try Anything Twice and the 1961 work All the Best Years.[1][19] Young moved to Sark, an island in the English Channel governed by a feudal system, around 1962. He was married with two children and died at his home on Sark on 27 June 1966 aged 74.[1]","title":"Later life"}] | [{"image_text":"Young at an undetermined date","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0e/Desmond_Young_book.jpg/220px-Desmond_Young_book.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Desmond Young, page 37\". The Gazette (Montreal). Newspapers.com. 28 June 1966. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/421253720/","url_text":"\"Desmond Young, page 37\""}]},{"reference":"\"DESMOND YOUNG, ADVENTURER, DIES; Biographer of Rommel, 74, Told of Own Exploits, Too\". The New York Times. 28 June 1966. 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ISSN 0039-8837.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tablet","url_text":"The Tablet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.e0000243493","url_text":"2027/uc1.e0000243493"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0039-8837","url_text":"0039-8837"}]},{"reference":"\"Desmond Young Dies; Author of 'Rommel', page 476\". Daily News (New York). Newspapers.com. 28 June 1966. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/463280975","url_text":"\"Desmond Young Dies; Author of 'Rommel', page 476\""}]},{"reference":"Niemi, Robert (2006). History in the Media: Film and Television. ABC-CLIO. p. 86. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Missing_Frame | The Missing Frame | ["1 Music video","2 Charts","3 References"] | 2007 single by AFI"The Missing Frame"Single by AFIfrom the album Decemberunderground ReleasedFebruary 27, 2007GenreAlternative rock, proto-punkLength4:40LabelInterscopeSongwriter(s)Hunter BurganAdam CarsonDavid Paden MarchandJade PugetProducer(s)Jerry FinnAFI singles chronology
"Love Like Winter" (2006)
"The Missing Frame" (2007)
"Carcinogen Crush" (2008)
"The Missing Frame" is a song by American rock band AFI. It was released as the third single from their seventh studio album Decemberunderground, impacting radio on February 27, 2007. The song peaked at number 17 on the Alternative Songs chart.
In an interview with Kerrang! magazine, Davey Havok noted that this was the only song on the album that has 'whoa's on it (seeming to forget the 'whoa's on "Prelude 12/21" and "Miss Murder"), also noting the lack of 'whoa's on their 2003 album, Sing the Sorrow.
Havok describes the song as proto-punk as well as saying that the song has "some definite U2 moments to it."
Music video
A music video was confirmed to be released in March 2007 by guitarist Jade Puget. However, in early June vocalist Davey Havok said that there was never a music video on the 'Ask AFI' section of the Official AFI Message Board.
Charts
Chart (2007)
Peakposition
Billboard Alternative Songs
17
References
^ a b c "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved April 7, 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "AllAccess.com Alternative eWeekly". AllAccess. February 20, 2007. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
vteAFI
Davey Havok
Adam Carson
Hunter Burgan
Jade Puget
Vic Chalker
Geoff Kresge
Mark Stopholese
Studio albums
Answer That and Stay Fashionable
Very Proud of Ya
Shut Your Mouth and Open Your Eyes
Black Sails in the Sunset
The Art of Drowning
Sing the Sorrow
Decemberunderground
Crash Love
Burials
AFI
Bodies
Live albums
Eddie Picnic's All Wet
I Heard a Voice – Live from Long Beach Arena
Compilation albums
AFI
Extended plays
Dork
Behind the Times
Fly in the Ointment
A Fire Inside
Black Sails
All Hallow's
The Days of the Phoenix
The Missing Man
Singles
"The Days of the Phoenix"
"Girl's Not Grey"
"The Leaving Song Pt. II"
"Silver and Cold"
"Head Like a Hole"
"Miss Murder"
"Love Like Winter"
"The Missing Frame"
"Medicate"
"Beautiful Thieves"
"I Hope You Suffer"
"17 Crimes"
"Snow Cats"
"Looking Tragic / Begging for Trouble"
Related articles
Discography
"Prelude 12/21"
This 2000s rock song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"AFI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI_(band)"},{"link_name":"Decemberunderground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decemberunderground"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alternative Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Songs"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kerrang!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang!"},{"link_name":"Davey Havok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davey_Havok"},{"link_name":"Prelude 12/21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelude_12/21"},{"link_name":"Sing the Sorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_the_Sorrow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KER-1"},{"link_name":"proto-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-punk"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KER-1"}],"text":"2007 single by AFI\"The Missing Frame\" is a song by American rock band AFI. It was released as the third single from their seventh studio album Decemberunderground, impacting radio on February 27, 2007.[2] The song peaked at number 17 on the Alternative Songs chart.[citation needed]In an interview with Kerrang! magazine, Davey Havok noted that this was the only song on the album that has 'whoa's on it (seeming to forget the 'whoa's on \"Prelude 12/21\" and \"Miss Murder\"), also noting the lack of 'whoa's on their 2003 album, Sing the Sorrow.[1]Havok describes the song as proto-punk as well as saying that the song has \"some definite U2 moments to it.\"[1]","title":"The Missing Frame"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jade Puget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Puget"},{"link_name":"Davey Havok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davey_Havok"}],"text":"A music video was confirmed to be released in March 2007 by guitarist Jade Puget. However, in early June vocalist Davey Havok said that there was never a music video on the 'Ask AFI' section of the Official AFI Message Board.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved April 7, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070310190401/http://www.afireinside.net/gallery/press/051006_kerrang_2.jpg","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.afireinside.net/gallery/press/051006_kerrang_2.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AllAccess.com Alternative eWeekly\". AllAccess. February 20, 2007. Retrieved July 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allaccess.com/mail/archive/eweekly/alternative/2007-2-20.html","url_text":"\"AllAccess.com Alternative eWeekly\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070310190401/http://www.afireinside.net/gallery/press/051006_kerrang_2.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.afireinside.net/gallery/press/051006_kerrang_2.jpg","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.allaccess.com/mail/archive/eweekly/alternative/2007-2-20.html","external_links_name":"\"AllAccess.com Alternative eWeekly\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Missing_Frame&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiddieland | Kiddieland Amusement Park | ["1 History","1.1 Closure","2 Image gallery","3 Rides and Attractions","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°54′34″N 87°50′11″W / 41.9094°N 87.8364°W / 41.9094; -87.8364Former amusement park in Melrose Park, Illinois, United States
Kiddieland Amusement ParkSign at the front of Kiddieland.LocationMelrose Park, Illinois, U.S.Coordinates41°54′34″N 87°50′11″W / 41.9094°N 87.8364°W / 41.9094; -87.8364StatusDefunctOpened1929ClosedSeptember 27, 2009OwnerFamily owned and operatedOperating seasonMay – SeptemberAttractionsTotal27Roller coastersThe Little Dipper
The Little Dipper.
The top of one of the carousels before the park closed.
Kiddieland Amusement Park (stylized as "KiDDieLAND") was an amusement park located at the corner of North Avenue and First Avenue in Melrose Park, Illinois. It was home to several classic rides including the Little Dipper roller coaster, which opened in 1950. The park closed on September 27, 2009, and was demolished in 2010 to make way for a new Costco store. The sign for the amusement park was relocated to the Melrose Park Public Library, where it can be seen in the parking lot.
History
Kiddieland started out as a small venture of Arthur Fritz, a local builder and contractor, in 1929 when he purchased six ponies and offered rides to local children. He realized parents would often save a few pennies in order to provide their children entertainment during the Great Depression. Miniature gasoline-powered cars were added a few years later after Fritz learned that they were being given away to children by a Chicago newspaper as a subscription promotion. By the 1930s, Fritz was calling his collection of amusements Kiddieland; the attractions were primarily sized and geared towards younger children.
In 1940, the German Carousel, two miniature steam locomotives, the Little Auto Ride, the Roto Whip and the Ferris wheel were added. The Roto Whip and Ferris wheel would remain as rides until the park's closing. The park saw its first major expansion in the 1950s with the addition of the Little Dipper and the merry-go-round. Fritz's adult children also became more involved in the park at this time. The 1960s saw bumper cars replace the original pony ride, as well as the unexpected death of Fritz in 1967.
The park transferred ownership in 1977, as three of Fritz's grandchildren took over the park and its operation. The park continued its expansion over the next several decades and installed several major attractions, including a Log flume, a swinging pirate ship, a 40-foot (12 m) long water coaster, and numerous other attractions.
Closure
A dispute developed between Shirley and Glenn Rynes, who owned the land that Kiddieland occupied, and Ronald Rynes, Jr. and Cathy and Tom Norini, who owned the amusement park itself. The landowners sued the park owners in 2004, claiming that the park had an improper insurance policy and that fireworks were prohibited in the lease. The case was thrown out in a Cook County court and later in an appeals court. The landowners declined to extend the lease on the land in early 2009. In late June 2010, it was announced that Kiddieland would be demolished, nine months after the park closed to the public. A Costco store now occupies the land.
Image gallery
Rides and Attractions
Ride
Year opened
Year closed
Description
Boats
1949
2009
Tractors
1958
1988
Five gas-powered tractors could be driven between guardrails (not on tracks) by children with an optional standing platform in back for adults. Tractors were painted two green to represent John Deere, three red to represent International Harvester and one yellow to represent Allis-Chalmers. Tractors were not sold at the closing auction. The family kept one; as of 2020 Thoosie Rocco Casella owns another; some additional trucks were located at a private collector's house when the Kiddieland firetrucks were resecued in 2022.
Dune Buggies
1971
2009
Large Ferris Wheel
1940
2009
Relocated to Nelis' Dutch Village. It was combined with a reproduction of the de Grosmolen windmill in Hoogmade, Netherlands and renamed Harry's Windmill Ride.
Flying Saucers
1966
2009
Most likely now in a traveling fair circuit.
Galleon
1986
2009
Was relocated Gillian's Funland in Sea Isle City, New Jersey, but status is unknown after park closed.
German Carousel
1962
2009
Special ordered by Fritz for Kiddieland. Sold at auto auction for $557,000 to a private car collector in Canada. Was last seen in Arizona auction.
Kiddie Swings
2008
2009
Kiddieland Limited Steam Engines
1941 & 1949
2009
A 14 in (356 mm) gauge miniature railway with two steam locomotives. One, a 4-6-4 Hudson, was built in 1941 and the other, a 4-8-4 Northern, was built in 1949. The Hudson was sold to Hesston Steam Museum in the 1980s. The Northern stayed at Kiddieland until 2009 and was bought by Bill McEnery of Gas City. The Northern was leased by McEnery to the Hesston Steam Museum in Indiana and operated for the 2010 and 2011 seasons. The Northern was purchased outright by the Museum after McEnery filed for bankruptcy.
Kiddieland Limited Diesel Engines
1953
2009
Two diesel-powered engines built between 1950 and 1953. The diesels have disappeared from public knowledge since the park closed and it is unknown if they were sold or scrapped.
Midge-O-Racers
1954
2009
Now located at Santa's Village AZoosment Park
Mushroom Ride
1979
2009
Relocated to Lake Winnepesaukah in Rossville, Georgia, renamed Silly Saucers.
Lava Run Hand Cars
1950
1984
Relocated to Nelis' Dutch Village in Holland, Michigan and renamed Petal Pumper Cars.
Little Autos
1939
1954
Replaced with Midge-O-Racers
Little Dipper
1950
2009
Designed by Herbert Schmeck and built by the Philadelphia Toboggan Company in 1950. The brakes are operated manually by a wooden handle in the station. The out-and-back coaster is 24 feet (7.3 m) tall and travels a course of 700 feet (210 m). It was awarded the ACE Coaster Classic award by the American Coaster Enthusiasts. The ride was relocated to Six Flags Great America after Kiddieland's closure.
Little Ferris Wheel
1951
2009
Now at the Volo Museum in Volo, Illinois.
Log Jammer
1992
2009
Being relocated to Santa's Village AZoosment Park after sitting in storage at Wisconsin's Little Amerricka. Was planned to reopen as Yule Tide Plunge in 2022, but plans have not progressed as of 2024.
Merry-Go-Round
1949
2009
Relocated to Sonny's Place in Somers, Connecticut in 2017. The hand carved horses are in the process of being restored by The Carousel Museum.
Pipeline
1995
2009
Polyp
1967
2009
Relocated to Lake Winnie, Georgia from 2009 until 2020. Relocated to Indiana Beach Amusement and Water Park, in Monticello, Indiana. Now known as Sea Warrior.
Raceabouts
1982
2009
Scooters
1962
2009
Sold to Jeff Kimble who resold it to collector in TX.
Scrambler
1966
2009
Relocated to Gillians Wonderland Pier in Ocean City, New Jersey, but as of 2021 the ride is no longer on the pier or listed on the website. Current whereabouts are unknown.
Sky Fighters
1950
2009
Tilt-A-Whirl
1962
2009
Was relocated Gillian's Funland in Sea Isle City, New Jersey, but status is unknown after park closed.
Tornado
2008
2009
Space Age Umbrella Ride
1966
2009
Relocated to Santa's Village AZoosment Park and renamed Space Invasion.
Volcano Play Center
1984
2009
Roto Whip
1938
2009
Relocated at Santa's Village AZoosment Park.
Dip N Drop
2009
Firetrucks
1959
1990s
Rescued by Randy Carlson and currently under refurbishment in California in 2022.
Elephant Ride
2009
vteKiddieland Limited
Legend
Maintenance depot
Race-A-Bouts
Parking lot
References
^ Gale, Neil. "The History of Kiddieland in Melrose Park, Illinois. (1929-2009)". Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
^ a b Kara Spak (2009-05-20). "Kiddieland, Chicago area's oldest amusement park, to close". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 2009-05-23. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
^ Staff (2009-05-20). "Family feud closing kids amusement park". Chicago Breaking News Center. Retrieved 2009-05-20.
^ "Kiddieland coming down". Sun-Times Media, LLC. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
^ "Rides". Nelis' Dutch Village. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
^ "Kiddieland to close". ABC 7 Chicago. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
^ "Kiddie Rides". Lake Winnie. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
^ Vikki Ortiz Healy. "Kiddieland auctions off rides; carousel sells for $355K" Chicago Breaking News Center. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
^ "The Carousel". Sonny's Place. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
^ a b "Kiddie Rides". Santa's Village AZoosment Park. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
^ "VINTAGE VEHICLE RESEARCH, RECOVERY and PRESERVATION". carchaeology. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kiddieland Amusement Park.
Archived copy of official website, from 4/10/2008
Kiddieland Amusement Park at the Roller Coaster DataBase | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiddielandlittledipper.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiddieland_Amusement_Park_carousel_top.jpg"},{"link_name":"amusement park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_park"},{"link_name":"North Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Route_64"},{"link_name":"Melrose Park, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melrose_Park,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Costco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costco"}],"text":"Former amusement park in Melrose Park, Illinois, United StatesThe Little Dipper.The top of one of the carousels before the park closed.Kiddieland Amusement Park (stylized as \"KiDDieLAND\") was an amusement park located at the corner of North Avenue and First Avenue in Melrose Park, Illinois. It was home to several classic rides including the Little Dipper roller coaster, which opened in 1950. The park closed on September 27, 2009, and was demolished in 2010 to make way for a new Costco store. The sign for the amusement park was relocated to the Melrose Park Public Library, where it can be seen in the parking lot.","title":"Kiddieland Amusement Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Carousel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousel"},{"link_name":"steam locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotives"},{"link_name":"Ferris wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferris_wheel"},{"link_name":"merry-go-round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merry-go-round"},{"link_name":"bumper cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumper_cars"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Log flume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_flume"},{"link_name":"swinging pirate ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_ship_(ride)"},{"link_name":"water coaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_slide#Water_coaster"}],"text":"Kiddieland started out as a small venture of Arthur Fritz, a local builder and contractor, in 1929 when he purchased six ponies and offered rides to local children. He realized parents would often save a few pennies in order to provide their children entertainment during the Great Depression. Miniature gasoline-powered cars were added a few years later after Fritz learned that they were being given away to children by a Chicago newspaper as a subscription promotion. By the 1930s, Fritz was calling his collection of amusements Kiddieland; the attractions were primarily sized and geared towards younger children.In 1940, the German Carousel, two miniature steam locomotives, the Little Auto Ride, the Roto Whip and the Ferris wheel were added. The Roto Whip and Ferris wheel would remain as rides until the park's closing. The park saw its first major expansion in the 1950s with the addition of the Little Dipper and the merry-go-round. Fritz's adult children also became more involved in the park at this time. The 1960s saw bumper cars replace the original pony ride, as well as the unexpected death of Fritz in 1967.[1]The park transferred ownership in 1977, as three of Fritz's grandchildren took over the park and its operation. The park continued its expansion over the next several decades and installed several major attractions, including a Log flume, a swinging pirate ship, a 40-foot (12 m) long water coaster, and numerous other attractions.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suntimes1-2"},{"link_name":"Cook County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suntimes1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-breakingnews1-3"},{"link_name":"Costco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costco"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Closure","text":"A dispute developed between Shirley and Glenn Rynes, who owned the land that Kiddieland occupied, and Ronald Rynes, Jr. and Cathy and Tom Norini, who owned the amusement park itself.[2] The landowners sued the park owners in 2004, claiming that the park had an improper insurance policy and that fireworks were prohibited in the lease. The case was thrown out in a Cook County court and later in an appeals court. The landowners declined to extend the lease on the land in early 2009.[2][3] In late June 2010, it was announced that Kiddieland would be demolished, nine months after the park closed to the public. A Costco store now occupies the land.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiddieland_001.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiddieland_002.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiddieland_005.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiddieland_007.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiddieland_010.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiddieland_017.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiddieland_018.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiddieland_019.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiddieland_020.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiddieland_021.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiddieland_026.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiddieland_027.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiddieland_034.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiddieland_035.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiddieland_051.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiddieland_076.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiddieland_118.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiddieland_155.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_legacy_lives_on.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Founding_Kiddieland_Committee_Members.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kiddieland_sign_lit_up.jpg"}],"title":"Image gallery"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rides and Attractions"}] | [{"image_text":"The Little Dipper.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kiddielandlittledipper.jpg/280px-Kiddielandlittledipper.jpg"},{"image_text":"The top of one of the carousels before the park closed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kiddieland_Amusement_Park_carousel_top.jpg/220px-Kiddieland_Amusement_Park_carousel_top.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Gale, Neil. \"The History of Kiddieland in Melrose Park, Illinois. 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Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lakewinnie.com/chattanooga-attractions/kid-friendly-activities/","url_text":"\"Kiddie Rides\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Carousel\". Sonny's Place. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sonnysplace.com/carousel-somers-ct/","url_text":"\"The Carousel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kiddie Rides\". Santa's Village AZoosment Park. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://santasvillagedundee.com/things-to-do/kiddie-rides/#category-kiddie-rides","url_text":"\"Kiddie Rides\""}]},{"reference":"\"VINTAGE VEHICLE RESEARCH, RECOVERY and PRESERVATION\". carchaeology. 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(1929-2009)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090523140316/http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/1582779,kiddieland-closing-close-chicago-052009.article","external_links_name":"\"Kiddieland, Chicago area's oldest amusement park, to close\""},{"Link":"http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/1582779,kiddieland-closing-close-chicago-052009.article","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.chicagobreakingnews.com/2009/05/longtime-area-amusement-park-closing.html","external_links_name":"\"Family feud closing kids amusement park\""},{"Link":"http://www.suburbanchicagonews.com/couriernews/news/2440238,Kiddieland-park-demolition-scn062810.article","external_links_name":"\"Kiddieland coming down\""},{"Link":"https://www.dutchvillage.com/rides.html","external_links_name":"\"Rides\""},{"Link":"https://abc7chicago.com/archive/6822888/","external_links_name":"\"Kiddieland to close\""},{"Link":"https://www.lakewinnie.com/chattanooga-attractions/kid-friendly-activities/","external_links_name":"\"Kiddie Rides\""},{"Link":"http://www.chicagobreakingnews.com/2009/11/kiddieland-amusement-park-auction-rides.html","external_links_name":"Kiddieland auctions off rides; carousel sells for $355K"},{"Link":"https://sonnysplace.com/carousel-somers-ct/","external_links_name":"\"The Carousel\""},{"Link":"https://santasvillagedundee.com/things-to-do/kiddie-rides/#category-kiddie-rides","external_links_name":"\"Kiddie Rides\""},{"Link":"https://www.carchaeology.com//","external_links_name":"\"VINTAGE VEHICLE RESEARCH, RECOVERY and PRESERVATION\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19991005104920/http://kiddieland.com/","external_links_name":"Archived copy of official website, from 4/10/2008"},{"Link":"https://rcdb.com/4614.htm","external_links_name":"Kiddieland Amusement Park"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiersheim | Thiersheim | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 50°4′N 12°7′E / 50.067°N 12.117°E / 50.067; 12.117Municipality in Bavaria, GermanyThiersheim MunicipalityThiersheim seen from the north
Coat of armsLocation of Thiersheim within Wunsiedel im Fichtelgebirge district
Thiersheim Show map of GermanyThiersheim Show map of BavariaCoordinates: 50°4′N 12°7′E / 50.067°N 12.117°E / 50.067; 12.117CountryGermanyStateBavariaAdmin. regionOberfranken DistrictWunsiedel im Fichtelgebirge Municipal assoc.Thiersheim Subdivisions9 OrtschaftenGovernment • Mayor (2020–26) Werner FrohmaderArea • Total23.69 km2 (9.15 sq mi)Elevation551 m (1,808 ft)Population (2022-12-31) • Total1,747 • Density74/km2 (190/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes95707Dialling codes09233Vehicle registrationWUNWebsitewww.thiersheim.de
Thiersheim is a municipality in the district of Wunsiedel in Bavaria in Germany.
Grafenreuth, now a part of Thiersheim, was the seat of the noble family Gravenreuth for centuries.
Evangelical Lutheran Church Sankt Ägidien (Saint Giles).
Rathaus.
War memorial.
Gasthaus Weisses Ross.
References
^ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden, Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik, 15 July 2021.
^ Genesis Online-Datenbank des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Statistik Tabelle 12411-003r Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes: Gemeinden, Stichtag (Einwohnerzahlen auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011).
vteTowns and municipalities in Wunsiedel (district)
Arzberg
Bad Alexandersbad
Höchstädt im Fichtelgebirge
Hohenberg an der Eger
Kirchenlamitz
Marktleuthen
Marktredwitz
Nagel
Röslau
Schirnding
Schönwald
Selb
Thiersheim
Thierstein
Tröstau
Weißenstadt
Wunsiedel
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
This Wunsiedel district location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Wunsiedel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wunsiedel_(district)"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Gravenreuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravenreuth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thiersheim_-_Sankt_%C3%84gidien_Kirche_-_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Lutheran Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Saint Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Giles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thiersheim_-_Rathaus_-_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rathaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathaus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thiersheim_-_Kriegerdenkmal_-_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thiersheim_-_Weisses_Ross_-_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gasthaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasthaus"}],"text":"Municipality in Bavaria, GermanyThiersheim is a municipality in the district of Wunsiedel in Bavaria in Germany.Grafenreuth, now a part of Thiersheim, was the seat of the noble family Gravenreuth for centuries.Evangelical Lutheran Church Sankt Ägidien (Saint Giles).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRathaus.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWar memorial.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGasthaus Weisses Ross.","title":"Thiersheim"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Thiersheim_in_WUN.svg/240px-Thiersheim_in_WUN.svg.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thiersheim¶ms=50_4_N_12_7_E_type:city(1747)_region:DE-BY","external_links_name":"50°4′N 12°7′E / 50.067°N 12.117°E / 50.067; 12.117"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thiersheim¶ms=50_4_N_12_7_E_type:city(1747)_region:DE-BY","external_links_name":"50°4′N 12°7′E / 50.067°N 12.117°E / 50.067; 12.117"},{"Link":"http://www.thiersheim.de/","external_links_name":"www.thiersheim.de"},{"Link":"https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/","external_links_name":"Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden"},{"Link":"https://www.statistikdaten.bayern.de/genesis/online?operation=result&code=12411-003r&leerzeilen=false&language=de","external_links_name":"Genesis Online-Datenbank des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Statistik Tabelle 12411-003r Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes: Gemeinden, Stichtag"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/240799784","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJc3CT8PJfGbmCPWq8tVG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4059879-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiersheim&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Pines_Heritage_Classic | RBC Heritage | ["1 Course","2 Invitational status","3 Field","4 Playing history","5 Winners","6 Multiple winners","7 Highlights","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 32°08′10″N 80°48′36″W / 32.136°N 80.810°W / 32.136; -80.810Golf tournament held in South Carolina, United States
"MCI Classic" redirects here. For the bus model of the same name, see Classic (transit bus).
Golf tournament
RBC HeritageTournament informationLocationHilton Head Island,South CarolinaEstablished1969Course(s)Harbour Town Golf LinksPar71Length7,191 yards (6,575 m)Organized byThe Heritage Classic FoundationTour(s)PGA TourFormatStroke playPrize fundUS$20,000,000Month playedAprilTournament record scoreAggregate262 Webb Simpson (2020)To par−22 as aboveCurrent champion Scottie SchefflerLocation mapHarbour Town Golf LinksLocation in the United StatesShow map of the United StatesHarbour Town Golf LinksLocation in South CarolinaShow map of South Carolina
The RBC Heritage, known for much of its history as the Heritage Classic or simply The Heritage, is a PGA Tour event in South Carolina, first played 55 years ago in 1969. It is currently played in mid-April, the week after The Masters in Augusta, Georgia.
The venue for its entire existence has been the Harbour Town Golf Links at the Sea Pines Resort on Hilton Head Island. The Harbour Town course, which frequently appears on several "Best Courses" lists, was designed by famed golf course architect Pete Dye, with assistance from Jack Nicklaus. In 1972, the first two rounds were played on both the Harbour Town Golf Links and the Ocean course at Sea Pines, with the final two rounds at Harbour Town.
Originally played in late November, it moved to mid-September in 1973, March in 1974, and April in 1983. The inaugural champion in 1969 was forty-year-old Arnold Palmer, his first win in over a year. Course co-designer Nicklaus won in 1975, two weeks before his fifth Masters win. Davis Love III leads with five victories in the event, Hale Irwin and Stewart Cink have three, while seven others have won twice.
From 1987 through 2010, it was sponsored either by MCI (under both the "MCI" and "WorldCom" names) or its eventual purchaser, Verizon. The tournament operated without a title sponsor in 2011, and the Royal Bank of Canada has been the title sponsor of The Heritage since 2012. It is currently organized by The Heritage Classic Foundation.
Course
Main article: Harbour Town Golf Links
Hole
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Out
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
In
Total
Yards
410
502
469
200
549
419
195
473
332
3,549
451
436
430
373
192
588
434
174
472
3,550
7,099
Par
4
5
4
3
5
4
3
4
4
36
4
4
4
4
3
5
4
3
4
35
71
Source:
The course length at the inaugural event in 1969 was 6,655 yards (6,085 m).
Invitational status
The Heritage is one of only five tournaments given "invitational" status by the PGA Tour, and consequently it has a reduced field of only 69 players in 2024 (as opposed to most full-field open tournaments with a field of 156 players). The other four tournaments with invitational status are the Arnold Palmer Invitational, the Charles Schwab Challenge, the Memorial Tournament, and the Genesis Invitational. Invitational tournaments have smaller fields, and have more freedom than full-field open tournaments in determining which players are eligible to participate in their event, as invitational tournaments are not required to fill their fields using the PGA Tour Priority Ranking System. Furthermore, unlike full-field open tournaments, invitational tournaments do not offer open qualifying (aka Monday qualifying).
Field
The field consists of 69 players invited using the following criteria:
RBC Heritage winners prior to 2000 and in the last five years
U.S. Open or PGA Championship winners prior to 2005 playing 15 events in prior year
The Players Championship and major championship winners in the last five years
The Tour Championship and World Golf Championships winners in the past three years
Winners of the Arnold Palmer Invitational and Memorial Tournament in the past three years
Prior year U.S. Amateur winner (if still amateur)
Winner FedEx Cup in the last five years
Playing member of last named U.S. Ryder Cup team; current PGA Tour members who were playing members on last named European Ryder Cup team, U.S. Presidents Cup team, and International Presidents Cup team
Top 50 Official World Golf Ranking through two weeks prior to the commitment deadline
8 sponsors exemptions – 2 from Korn Ferry Tour finals, 2 members not otherwise exempt, and 4 unrestricted
Commissioner exemption - 2 foreign players
PGA Section (Carolinas) champion/player of the year
Career Money Exemption
Life members
Top 125 from prior year's FedEx Cup points list, including top 125 (medical)
Members in the top 125 non-member category whose non-WGC points equal or exceed the points by the player finishing in 125th on the prior year FedEx Cup points list
Tournament winners (PGA Tour eligibility category 10)
Top 20 on current FedEx Cup points list through Friday prior to the tournament
Next five available players not otherwise eligible from current year's FedEx Cup points list
Remaining positions filled using standard PGA Tour eligibility ranking after top 125 non-member category
Playing history
The tournament has been played in the month of
November (1969–72)
September (1973)
March (1974–82) - usually two weeks before the Masters Tournament
April (1983– ) - usually the week after the Masters Tournament
Exception: In 2020, it was postponed until June due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Winners
Year
Winner
Score
To par
Margin ofvictory
Runner(s)-up
Purse($)
Winner'sshare ($)
RBC Heritage
2024
Scottie Scheffler
265
−19
3 strokes
Sahith Theegala
20,000,000
3,600,000
2023
Matt Fitzpatrick
267
−17
Playoff
Jordan Spieth
20,000,000
3,600,000
2022
Jordan Spieth
271
−13
Playoff
Patrick Cantlay
8,000,000
1,440,000
2021
Stewart Cink (3)
265
−19
4 strokes
Emiliano Grillo Harold Varner III
7,100,000
1,278,000
2020
Webb Simpson
262
−22
1 stroke
Abraham Ancer
7,100,000
1,278,000
2019
Pan Cheng-tsung
272
−12
1 stroke
Matt Kuchar
6,900,000
1,242,000
2018
Satoshi Kodaira
272
−12
Playoff
Kim Si-woo
6,700,000
1,206,000
2017
Wesley Bryan
271
−13
1 stroke
Luke Donald
6,500,000
1,170,000
2016
Branden Grace
275
−9
2 strokes
Luke Donald Russell Knox
5,900,000
1,062,000
2015
Jim Furyk (2)
266
−18
Playoff
Kevin Kisner
5,900,000
1,062,000
2014
Matt Kuchar
273
−11
1 stroke
Luke Donald
5,800,000
1,044,000
2013
Graeme McDowell
275
−9
Playoff
Webb Simpson
5,800,000
1,044,000
2012
Carl Pettersson
270
−14
5 strokes
Zach Johnson
5,700,000
1,026,000
The Heritage
2011
Brandt Snedeker
272
−12
Playoff
Luke Donald
5,700,000
1,026,000
Verizon Heritage
2010
Jim Furyk
271
−13
Playoff
Brian Davis
5,700,000
1,026,000
2009
Brian Gay
264
−20
10 strokes
Briny Baird Luke Donald
5,700,000
1,026,000
2008
Boo Weekley (2)
269
−15
3 strokes
Aaron Baddeley Anthony Kim
5,500,000
990,000
2007
Boo Weekley
270
−14
1 stroke
Ernie Els
5,400,000
972,000
2006
Aaron Baddeley
269
−15
1 stroke
Jim Furyk
5,300,000
954,000
MCI Heritage
2005
Peter Lonard
277
−7
2 strokes
Billy Andrade Darren Clarke Jim Furyk Davis Love III
5,200,000
936,000
2004
Stewart Cink (2)
274
−10
Playoff
Ted Purdy
4,800,000
864,000
2003
Davis Love III (5)
271
−13
Playoff
Woody Austin
4,500,000
810,000
WorldCom Classic - The Heritage of Golf
2002
Justin Leonard
270
−14
1 stroke
Heath Slocum
4,000,000
720,000
2001
José Cóceres
273
−11
Playoff
Billy Mayfair
3,500,000
630,000
MCI Classic
2000
Stewart Cink
270
−14
2 strokes
Tom Lehman
3,000,000
540,000
1999
Glen Day
274
−10
Playoff
Jeff Sluman Payne Stewart
2,500,000
450,000
1998
Davis Love III (4)
266
−18
7 strokes
Glen Day
1,900,000
342,000
1997
Nick Price
269
−15
6 strokes
Brad Faxon Jesper Parnevik
1,500,000
270,000
1996
Loren Roberts
265
−19
3 strokes
Mark O'Meara
1,400,000
252,000
1995
Bob Tway
275
−9
Playoff
David Frost Nolan Henke
1,300,000
234,000
MCI Heritage Golf Classic
1994
Hale Irwin (3)
266
−18
2 strokes
Greg Norman
1,250,000
225,000
1993
David Edwards
273
−11
2 strokes
David Frost
1,125,000
202,500
1992
Davis Love III (3)
269
−15
4 strokes
Chip Beck
1,000,000
180,000
1991
Davis Love III (2)
271
−13
2 strokes
Ian Baker-Finch
1,000,000
180,000
1990
Payne Stewart (2)
276
−8
Playoff
Steve Jones Larry Mize
1,000,000
180,000
1989
Payne Stewart
268
−16
5 strokes
Kenny Perry
800,000
144,000
1988
Greg Norman
271
−13
1 stroke
David Frost Gil Morgan
700,000
126,000
1987
Davis Love III
271
−13
1 stroke
Steve Jones
650,000
117,000
Sea Pines Heritage
1986
Fuzzy Zoeller (2)
276
−8
1 stroke
Chip Beck Roger Maltbie Greg Norman
450,000
81,000
1985
Bernhard Langer
273
−11
Playoff
Bobby Wadkins
400,000
72,000
1984
Nick Faldo
270
−14
1 stroke
Tom Kite
400,000
72,000
1983
Fuzzy Zoeller
275
−9
2 strokes
Jim Nelford
350,000
63,000
1982
Tom Watson (2)
280
−4
Playoff
Frank Conner
300,000
54,000
1981
Bill Rogers
278
−6
1 stroke
Bruce Devlin Hale Irwin Gil Morgan Craig Stadler
300,000
54,000
1980
Doug Tewell
280
−4
Playoff
Jerry Pate
300,000
54,000
Sea Pines Heritage Classic
1979
Tom Watson
270
−14
5 strokes
Ed Sneed
300,000
54,000
Heritage Classic
1978
Hubert Green (2)
277
−7
3 strokes
Hale Irwin
225,000
45,000
1977
Graham Marsh
273
−11
1 stroke
Tom Watson
225,000
45,000
Sea Pines Heritage Classic
1976
Hubert Green
274
−10
5 strokes
Jerry McGee
215,000
43,000
1975
Jack Nicklaus
271
−13
3 strokes
Tom Weiskopf
200,000
40,000
1974
Johnny Miller (2)
276
−8
3 strokes
Gibby Gilbert
200,000
40,000
1973
Hale Irwin (2)
272
−12
5 strokes
Jerry Heard Grier Jones
150,000
30,000
1972
Johnny Miller
281
−3
1 stroke
Tom Weiskopf
125,000
25,000
1971
Hale Irwin
279
−5
1 stroke
Bob Lunn
110,000
22,000
Heritage Golf Classic
1970
Bob Goalby
280
−4
4 strokes
Lanny Wadkins
100,000
20,000
1969
Arnold Palmer
283
−1
3 strokes
Richard Crawford Bert Yancey
100,000
20,000
Note: Green highlight indicates scoring records.
Sources:
Multiple winners
Ten men have won this tournament more than once through 2024.
5 wins
Davis Love III: 1987, 1991, 1992, 1998, 2003
3 wins
Hale Irwin: 1971, 1973, 1994
Stewart Cink: 2000, 2004, 2021
2 wins
Johnny Miller: 1972, 1974
Hubert Green: 1976, 1978
Tom Watson: 1979, 1982
Fuzzy Zoeller: 1983, 1986
Payne Stewart: 1989, 1990
Boo Weekley: 2007, 2008
Jim Furyk: 2010, 2015
Highlights
1969: Arnold Palmer wins the inaugural edition of the tournament. He finishes three shots ahead of Richard Crawford and Bert Yancey.
1971: Future three-time U.S. Open Champion, Hale Irwin, makes Heritage his first ever PGA Tour victory. He beats Bob Lunn by one shot.
1976: Hubert Green wins by five shots over Jerry McGee. It was Green's third consecutive win in as many weeks.
1980: George Archer sets a PGA Tour record for fewest putts in a 72-hole tournament, 94. The previous mark was 99 set by Bob Menne. Kenny Knox would subsequently break Archer's record at the 1989 MCI Heritage Golf Classic.
1984: Nick Faldo wins his first PGA Tour event by one shot over Tom Kite. He is the first Englishman to win on United States soil since Tony Jacklin at the 1972 Greater Jacksonville Open.
1987: Davis Love III wins by one shot over Steve Jones. Jones had come to the 72nd hole leading by one but made a double bogey after his tee shot went out of bounds.
1990: Payne Stewart becomes the first Heritage champion to successfully defend his title. He beats Larry Mize and Steve Jones in a sudden death playoff.
1994: Hale Irwin collects his 20th overall and last PGA Tour win at Harbour Town. He wins by two shots over Greg Norman.
1998: Davis Love III becomes the first four-time Heritage winner. He wins by seven shots over Glen Day. Day would avenge his loss the next season for his only PGA Tour win.
2003: Davis Love III wins his fifth Heritage by defeating Woody Austin in a sudden death playoff. To get in the playoff, Love chipped in from off the green at the 72nd hole.
2005: Peter Lonard wins by two shots over Darren Clarke, Jim Furyk, Billy Andrade, and Davis Love III. Clarke was tied for the lead when teeing off on the 72nd hole, but like Steve Jones did in 1987, he hit his tee shot out of bounds and made double bogey. David Frost breaks Mark Calcavecchia's record of 93 putts in a 72-hole tournament by hitting only 92 putts.
2007 Boo Weekley chips in on the last two holes for his first ever PGA Tour victory. He wins by one shot over Ernie Els.
2010: Jim Furyk defeats Brian Davis in a sudden death playoff. On the first playoff hole, Davis calls a two-shot penalty on himself after he touched a loose impediment in a hazard with his golf club.
2013: A PGA Tour record-tying 91 players make the 36-hole cut, (a record set at the 1981 Greater Hartford Open). Jesper Parnevik bogeyed the 18th hole, giving Parnevik and 21 additional golfers entry into the third round.
References
^ a b "Course: RBC Heritage". PGA Tour. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
^ a b "Arnie wins 1st tourney in 15 months". Chicago Tribune. UPI. December 1, 1969. p. 4, sec. 3.
^ a b c "Comeback of the year: Palmer ends long slump". St. Petersburg Times. (Florida). Associated Press. December 1, 1969. p. 1C.
^ "Nicklaus gets into swing; wins Heritage by three". Chicago Tribune. wire services. March 31, 1975. p. 1, sec. 4.
^ "2011 PGA Tour schedule" (Press release). PGA Tour. December 2, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
^ "RBC named as new title sponsor of Heritage". PGA Tour. June 16, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
^ The Heritage Classic Foundation - Overview Archived 2013-10-10 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Did you know?: True tales from the RBC Heritage". March 27, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
^ "2015–16 PGA Tour Player Handbook & Tournament Regulations" (PDF). October 5, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 12, 2016.
^ "2015-2016 PGA Tour Eligibility Ranking". Retrieved 2 April 2016.
^ "PGA Tour announces schedule adjustments for remainder of 2019-20 FedExCup season, releases fall portion of 2020-21 PGA Tour Regular Season schedule". PGA Tour. April 16, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
^ RBC Heritage – Winners – at pgatour.com
^ RBC Heritage – Winners – at golfobserver.com
^ Arnold Palmer wins Heritage Golf Classic
^ Hale Irwin Takes Heritage With Record Five Under Par
^ Green Makes Heritage Third Straight
^ Tewell, Pate, meet again
^ There's lots of gain for Payne as he wins Heritage Classic
^ Faldo rises to Kite's challenge to win
^ Jones out of bounds-Love steps in
^ 30-foot putt lifts Stewart in Heritage
^ Late charge gives Irwin Heritage win
^ Heritage winner surprises everyone
^ Love affair: Davis wins 5th Heritage
^ "Bloomberg Politics - Bloomberg". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 2015-09-16.
^ Kelley, Brent. "Fewest Putts in a PGA Tour Tournament". About.com. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
^ Weekley Wins the Heritage
^ Jim Furyk hails Brian Davis' sportsmanship at Verizon Heritage
^ Gray, Will (April 20, 2013). "Record number of players make 36-hole Heritage cut". Golf Channel. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
External links
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32°08′10″N 80°48′36″W / 32.136°N 80.810°W / 32.136; -80.810 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Classic (transit bus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_(transit_bus)"},{"link_name":"PGA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awftioa-2"},{"link_name":"The Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Augusta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Harbour Town Golf Links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbour_Town_Golf_Links"},{"link_name":"Sea Pines Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Pines_Resort"},{"link_name":"Hilton Head Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Head_Island,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Pete Dye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Dye"},{"link_name":"Jack Nicklaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbofyr-3"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"Arnold Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Palmer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awftioa-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbofyr-3"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ngisw-4"},{"link_name":"Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Masters_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Davis Love III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Love_III"},{"link_name":"Hale Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale_Irwin"},{"link_name":"Stewart Cink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Cink"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"MCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCI_Inc."},{"link_name":"Verizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Communications"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Royal Bank of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Golf tournament held in South Carolina, United States\"MCI Classic\" redirects here. For the bus model of the same name, see Classic (transit bus).Golf tournamentThe RBC Heritage, known for much of its history as the Heritage Classic or simply The Heritage, is a PGA Tour event in South Carolina, first played 55 years ago in 1969.[2] It is currently played in mid-April, the week after The Masters in Augusta, Georgia.The venue for its entire existence has been the Harbour Town Golf Links at the Sea Pines Resort on Hilton Head Island. The Harbour Town course, which frequently appears on several \"Best Courses\" lists, was designed by famed golf course architect Pete Dye, with assistance from Jack Nicklaus. In 1972, the first two rounds were played on both the Harbour Town Golf Links and the Ocean course at Sea Pines, with the final two rounds at Harbour Town.Originally played in late November,[3] it moved to mid-September in 1973, March in 1974, and April in 1983. The inaugural champion in 1969 was forty-year-old Arnold Palmer, his first win in over a year.[2][3] Course co-designer Nicklaus won in 1975,[4] two weeks before his fifth Masters win. Davis Love III leads with five victories in the event, Hale Irwin and Stewart Cink have three, while seven others have won twice.From 1987 through 2010, it was sponsored either by MCI (under both the \"MCI\" and \"WorldCom\" names) or its eventual purchaser, Verizon. The tournament operated without a title sponsor in 2011,[5] and the Royal Bank of Canada has been the title sponsor of The Heritage since 2012.[6] It is currently organized by The Heritage Classic Foundation.[7]","title":"RBC Heritage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-csrbcpgat-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbofyr-3"}],"text":"Source:[1]The course length at the inaugural event in 1969 was 6,655 yards (6,085 m).[3]","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PGA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Arnold Palmer Invitational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Palmer_Invitational"},{"link_name":"Charles Schwab Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Schwab_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Memorial Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Genesis Invitational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_Invitational"}],"text":"The Heritage is one of only five tournaments given \"invitational\" status by the PGA Tour,[8] and consequently it has a reduced field of only 69 players in 2024 (as opposed to most full-field open tournaments with a field of 156 players). The other four tournaments with invitational status are the Arnold Palmer Invitational, the Charles Schwab Challenge, the Memorial Tournament, and the Genesis Invitational. Invitational tournaments have smaller fields, and have more freedom than full-field open tournaments in determining which players are eligible to participate in their event, as invitational tournaments are not required to fill their fields using the PGA Tour Priority Ranking System. Furthermore, unlike full-field open tournaments, invitational tournaments do not offer open qualifying (aka Monday qualifying).","title":"Invitational status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"U.S. Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Open_(golf)"},{"link_name":"PGA Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Championship"},{"link_name":"The Players Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Players_Championship"},{"link_name":"major championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_major_golf_championships#Major_championship_winners"},{"link_name":"The Tour Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tour_Championship"},{"link_name":"World Golf Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Golf_Championships"},{"link_name":"Arnold Palmer Invitational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Palmer_Invitational"},{"link_name":"Memorial Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Tournament"},{"link_name":"U.S. Amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Amateur"},{"link_name":"Ryder Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder_Cup"},{"link_name":"Presidents Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidents_Cup"},{"link_name":"Official World Golf Ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_World_Golf_Ranking"},{"link_name":"Korn Ferry Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn_Ferry_Tour"},{"link_name":"FedEx Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx_Cup"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The field consists of 69 players invited using the following criteria:[9]RBC Heritage winners prior to 2000 and in the last five years\nU.S. Open or PGA Championship winners prior to 2005 playing 15 events in prior year\nThe Players Championship and major championship winners in the last five years\nThe Tour Championship and World Golf Championships winners in the past three years\nWinners of the Arnold Palmer Invitational and Memorial Tournament in the past three years\nPrior year U.S. Amateur winner (if still amateur)\nWinner FedEx Cup in the last five years\nPlaying member of last named U.S. Ryder Cup team; current PGA Tour members who were playing members on last named European Ryder Cup team, U.S. Presidents Cup team, and International Presidents Cup team\nTop 50 Official World Golf Ranking through two weeks prior to the commitment deadline\n8 sponsors exemptions – 2 from Korn Ferry Tour finals, 2 members not otherwise exempt, and 4 unrestricted\nCommissioner exemption - 2 foreign players\nPGA Section (Carolinas) champion/player of the year\nCareer Money Exemption\nLife members\nTop 125 from prior year's FedEx Cup points list, including top 125 (medical)\nMembers in the top 125 non-member category whose non-WGC points equal or exceed the points by the player finishing in 125th on the prior year FedEx Cup points list\nTournament winners (PGA Tour eligibility category 10)[10]\nTop 20 on current FedEx Cup points list through Friday prior to the tournament\nNext five available players not otherwise eligible from current year's FedEx Cup points list\nRemaining positions filled using standard PGA Tour eligibility ranking after top 125 non-member category","title":"Field"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masters Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_Tournament"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The tournament has been played in the month ofNovember (1969–72)\nSeptember (1973)\nMarch (1974–82) - usually two weeks before the Masters Tournament\nApril (1983– ) - usually the week after the Masters Tournament\nException: In 2020, it was postponed until June due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[11]","title":"Playing history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Note: Green highlight indicates scoring records.\nSources:[12][13]","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Davis Love III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Love_III"},{"link_name":"Hale Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale_Irwin"},{"link_name":"Stewart Cink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Cink"},{"link_name":"Johnny Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Miller"},{"link_name":"Hubert Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Green"},{"link_name":"Tom Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Watson_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"Fuzzy Zoeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_Zoeller"},{"link_name":"Payne Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payne_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Boo Weekley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boo_Weekley"},{"link_name":"Jim Furyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Furyk"}],"text":"Ten men have won this tournament more than once through 2024.5 wins\nDavis Love III: 1987, 1991, 1992, 1998, 2003\n3 wins\nHale Irwin: 1971, 1973, 1994\nStewart Cink: 2000, 2004, 2021\n2 wins\nJohnny Miller: 1972, 1974\nHubert Green: 1976, 1978\nTom Watson: 1979, 1982\nFuzzy Zoeller: 1983, 1986\nPayne Stewart: 1989, 1990\nBoo Weekley: 2007, 2008\nJim Furyk: 2010, 2015","title":"Multiple winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arnold Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Richard Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Crawford_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"Bert Yancey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Yancey"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"U.S. Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Open_(golf)"},{"link_name":"Hale Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale_Irwin"},{"link_name":"Bob Lunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Lunn"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Hubert Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Green"},{"link_name":"Jerry McGee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_McGee"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"George Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Archer"},{"link_name":"Bob Menne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Menne"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Kenny Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Knox"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Nick Faldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Faldo"},{"link_name":"Tom Kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kite"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Tony Jacklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Jacklin"},{"link_name":"Greater Jacksonville Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Jacksonville_Open"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Davis Love III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Love_III"},{"link_name":"Steve Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jones_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Payne Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payne_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Larry Mize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Mize"},{"link_name":"Steve Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jones_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Greg Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Norman"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Glen Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Day"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Woody Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Austin"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Peter Lonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lonard"},{"link_name":"Darren Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Jim Furyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Furyk"},{"link_name":"Billy Andrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Andrade"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"David Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Frost_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"Mark Calcavecchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Calcavecchia"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Boo Weekley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boo_Weekley"},{"link_name":"Ernie Els","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Els"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Brian Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Davis_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Greater Hartford Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Hartford_Open"},{"link_name":"Jesper Parnevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesper_Parnevik"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"1969: Arnold Palmer wins the inaugural edition of the tournament. He finishes three shots ahead of Richard Crawford and Bert Yancey.[14]\n1971: Future three-time U.S. Open Champion, Hale Irwin, makes Heritage his first ever PGA Tour victory. He beats Bob Lunn by one shot.[15]\n1976: Hubert Green wins by five shots over Jerry McGee. It was Green's third consecutive win in as many weeks.[16]\n1980: George Archer sets a PGA Tour record for fewest putts in a 72-hole tournament, 94. The previous mark was 99 set by Bob Menne.[17] Kenny Knox would subsequently break Archer's record at the 1989 MCI Heritage Golf Classic.[18]\n1984: Nick Faldo wins his first PGA Tour event by one shot over Tom Kite. He is the first Englishman to win on United States soil since Tony Jacklin at the 1972 Greater Jacksonville Open.[19]\n1987: Davis Love III wins by one shot over Steve Jones. Jones had come to the 72nd hole leading by one but made a double bogey after his tee shot went out of bounds.[20]\n1990: Payne Stewart becomes the first Heritage champion to successfully defend his title. He beats Larry Mize and Steve Jones in a sudden death playoff.[21]\n1994: Hale Irwin collects his 20th overall and last PGA Tour win at Harbour Town. He wins by two shots over Greg Norman.[22]\n1998: Davis Love III becomes the first four-time Heritage winner. He wins by seven shots over Glen Day. Day would avenge his loss the next season for his only PGA Tour win.[23]\n2003: Davis Love III wins his fifth Heritage by defeating Woody Austin in a sudden death playoff. To get in the playoff, Love chipped in from off the green at the 72nd hole.[24]\n2005: Peter Lonard wins by two shots over Darren Clarke, Jim Furyk, Billy Andrade, and Davis Love III. Clarke was tied for the lead when teeing off on the 72nd hole, but like Steve Jones did in 1987, he hit his tee shot out of bounds and made double bogey.[25] David Frost breaks Mark Calcavecchia's record of 93 putts in a 72-hole tournament by hitting only 92 putts.[26]\n2007 Boo Weekley chips in on the last two holes for his first ever PGA Tour victory. He wins by one shot over Ernie Els.[27]\n2010: Jim Furyk defeats Brian Davis in a sudden death playoff. On the first playoff hole, Davis calls a two-shot penalty on himself after he touched a loose impediment in a hazard with his golf club.[28]\n2013: A PGA Tour record-tying 91 players make the 36-hole cut, (a record set at the 1981 Greater Hartford Open). Jesper Parnevik bogeyed the 18th hole, giving Parnevik and 21 additional golfers entry into the third round.[29]","title":"Highlights"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Course: RBC Heritage\". PGA Tour. Retrieved April 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/tournaments/rbc-heritage/course.html","url_text":"\"Course: RBC Heritage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arnie wins 1st tourney in 15 months\". Chicago Tribune. UPI. December 1, 1969. p. 4, sec. 3.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/12/01/page/76/article/arnie-wins-ist-tourney-in-15-months","url_text":"\"Arnie wins 1st tourney in 15 months\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comeback of the year: Palmer ends long slump\". St. Petersburg Times. (Florida). Associated Press. December 1, 1969. p. 1C.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZGFSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9HsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2903%2C315149","url_text":"\"Comeback of the year: Palmer ends long slump\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nicklaus gets into swing; wins Heritage by three\". Chicago Tribune. wire services. March 31, 1975. p. 1, sec. 4.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1975/03/31/page/67/article/nicklaus-gets-into-swing-wins-heritage-by-three","url_text":"\"Nicklaus gets into swing; wins Heritage by three\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 PGA Tour schedule\" (Press release). PGA Tour. December 2, 2010. Retrieved April 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/news/2010/12/02/2011_schedule.html","url_text":"\"2011 PGA Tour schedule\""}]},{"reference":"\"RBC named as new title sponsor of Heritage\". PGA Tour. June 16, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/news/2011/06/16/rbc-new-sponsor.html","url_text":"\"RBC named as new title sponsor of Heritage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Did you know?: True tales from the RBC Heritage\". March 27, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hiltonheadmonthly.com/rbc-heritage/2367-did-you-know-true-tales-from-the-rbc-heritage","url_text":"\"Did you know?: True tales from the RBC Heritage\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015–16 PGA Tour Player Handbook & Tournament Regulations\" (PDF). October 5, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160412192428/https://playersupport.pgatourhq.com/Tour/PLP/playersupportinforegistration.nsf/xsp/.ibmmodres/domino/OpenAttachment/Tour/PLP/playersupportinforegistration.nsf/C727DB7A7733806285257CC50066F582/pgAttachments/2015-16%20PGA%20TOUR%20Handbook%20%26%20Regulations%20-%20Final.pdf","url_text":"\"2015–16 PGA Tour Player Handbook & Tournament Regulations\""},{"url":"https://playersupport.pgatourhq.com/Tour/PLP/playersupportinforegistration.nsf/xsp/.ibmmodres/domino/OpenAttachment/Tour/PLP/playersupportinforegistration.nsf/C727DB7A7733806285257CC50066F582/pgAttachments/2015-16%20PGA%20TOUR%20Handbook%20&%20Regulations%20-%20Final.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2015-2016 PGA Tour Eligibility Ranking\". Retrieved 2 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pgatour.com/news/2015/pga-tour-priority-ranking.html","url_text":"\"2015-2016 PGA Tour Eligibility Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"PGA Tour announces schedule adjustments for remainder of 2019-20 FedExCup season, releases fall portion of 2020-21 PGA Tour Regular Season schedule\". PGA Tour. April 16, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pgatour.com/news/2020/04/16/pga-tour-schedule-adjustments-2019-2020-fedexcup-season-2020-2021-regular-season-coronavirus.html","url_text":"\"PGA Tour announces schedule adjustments for remainder of 2019-20 FedExCup season, releases fall portion of 2020-21 PGA Tour Regular Season schedule\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bloomberg Politics - Bloomberg\". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 2015-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aOnOqiiGCr_M&refer=australia","url_text":"\"Bloomberg Politics - Bloomberg\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News","url_text":"Bloomberg News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150916205622/https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kelley, Brent. \"Fewest Putts in a PGA Tour Tournament\". About.com. Retrieved January 16, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://golf.about.com/od/progolftours/qt/pfewestputts72.htm","url_text":"\"Fewest Putts in a PGA Tour Tournament\""}]},{"reference":"Gray, Will (April 20, 2013). \"Record number of players make 36-hole Heritage cut\". Golf Channel. Retrieved November 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.golfchannel.com/news/record-number-players-make-36-hole-heritage-cut","url_text":"\"Record number of players make 36-hole Heritage cut\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=RBC_Heritage¶ms=32.136_N_80.810_W_type:event","external_links_name":"32°08′10″N 80°48′36″W / 32.136°N 80.810°W / 32.136; -80.810"},{"Link":"http://www.pgatour.com/tournaments/rbc-heritage/course.html","external_links_name":"\"Course: RBC Heritage\""},{"Link":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/12/01/page/76/article/arnie-wins-ist-tourney-in-15-months","external_links_name":"\"Arnie wins 1st tourney in 15 months\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZGFSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9HsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2903%2C315149","external_links_name":"\"Comeback of the year: Palmer ends long slump\""},{"Link":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1975/03/31/page/67/article/nicklaus-gets-into-swing-wins-heritage-by-three","external_links_name":"\"Nicklaus gets into swing; wins Heritage by three\""},{"Link":"http://www.pgatour.com/news/2010/12/02/2011_schedule.html","external_links_name":"\"2011 PGA Tour schedule\""},{"Link":"http://www.pgatour.com/news/2011/06/16/rbc-new-sponsor.html","external_links_name":"\"RBC named as new title sponsor of Heritage\""},{"Link":"http://www.heritageclassicfoundation.com/overview.php","external_links_name":"The Heritage Classic Foundation - Overview"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131010043224/http://heritageclassicfoundation.com/overview.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hiltonheadmonthly.com/rbc-heritage/2367-did-you-know-true-tales-from-the-rbc-heritage","external_links_name":"\"Did you know?: True tales from the RBC Heritage\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160412192428/https://playersupport.pgatourhq.com/Tour/PLP/playersupportinforegistration.nsf/xsp/.ibmmodres/domino/OpenAttachment/Tour/PLP/playersupportinforegistration.nsf/C727DB7A7733806285257CC50066F582/pgAttachments/2015-16%20PGA%20TOUR%20Handbook%20%26%20Regulations%20-%20Final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2015–16 PGA Tour Player Handbook & Tournament Regulations\""},{"Link":"https://playersupport.pgatourhq.com/Tour/PLP/playersupportinforegistration.nsf/xsp/.ibmmodres/domino/OpenAttachment/Tour/PLP/playersupportinforegistration.nsf/C727DB7A7733806285257CC50066F582/pgAttachments/2015-16%20PGA%20TOUR%20Handbook%20&%20Regulations%20-%20Final.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.pgatour.com/news/2015/pga-tour-priority-ranking.html","external_links_name":"\"2015-2016 PGA Tour Eligibility Ranking\""},{"Link":"https://www.pgatour.com/news/2020/04/16/pga-tour-schedule-adjustments-2019-2020-fedexcup-season-2020-2021-regular-season-coronavirus.html","external_links_name":"\"PGA Tour announces schedule adjustments for remainder of 2019-20 FedExCup season, releases fall portion of 2020-21 PGA Tour Regular Season schedule\""},{"Link":"http://www.pgatour.com/tournaments/rbc-heritage/past-winners.html","external_links_name":"RBC Heritage – Winners"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716090934/http://www.golfobserver.com/new/golfstats.php?style=&tour=PGA&name=&year=&tournament=Verizon+Heritage&in=Search","external_links_name":"RBC Heritage – Winners"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0G5eAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VGENAAAAIBAJ&pg=945,4264191&dq=arnold+palmer+heritage&hl=en","external_links_name":"Arnold Palmer wins Heritage Golf Classic"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pKhIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FQENAAAAIBAJ&pg=3246,3928203&dq=hale+irwin+heritage&hl=en","external_links_name":"Hale Irwin Takes Heritage With Record Five Under Par"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AkdGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OOkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1168,3294064&dq=hubert+green+heritage&hl=en","external_links_name":"Green Makes Heritage Third Straight"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1-9PAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bVMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1770,2817040&dq=george+archer+doug+tewell+heritage&hl=en","external_links_name":"Tewell, Pate, meet again"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WkxTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QIQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6743,1155258&dq=kenny+knox+heritage&hl=en","external_links_name":"There's lots of gain for Payne as he wins Heritage Classic"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=arwyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=V-8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1310,1507766&dq=nick+faldo+heritage&hl=en","external_links_name":"Faldo rises to Kite's challenge to win"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=URA1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=sKULAAAAIBAJ&pg=3404,4564006&dq=steve+jones+out+of+bounds&hl=en","external_links_name":"Jones out of bounds-Love steps in"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YKtRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sRIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5022,4416182&dq=payne+stewart+larry+mize+heritage&hl=en","external_links_name":"30-foot putt lifts Stewart in Heritage"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GDZVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8z0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=5151,4426267&dq=hale+irwin+heritage&hl=en","external_links_name":"Late charge gives Irwin Heritage win"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gAFZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2B4EAAAAIBAJ&pg=2852,1807915&dq=glen+day+heritage&hl=en","external_links_name":"Heritage winner surprises everyone"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=J5YeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4oQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6797,520717&dq=davis+love+woody+austin&hl=en","external_links_name":"Love affair: Davis wins 5th Heritage"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aOnOqiiGCr_M&refer=australia","external_links_name":"\"Bloomberg Politics - Bloomberg\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150916205622/https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://golf.about.com/od/progolftours/qt/pfewestputts72.htm","external_links_name":"\"Fewest Putts in a PGA Tour Tournament\""},{"Link":"http://www.wtoc.com/Global/story.asp?S=6376454","external_links_name":"Weekley Wins the Heritage"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/golf/ustour/7606013/Jim-Furyk-hails-Brian-Davis-sportsmanship-at-Verizon-Heritage.html","external_links_name":"Jim Furyk hails Brian Davis' sportsmanship at Verizon Heritage"},{"Link":"https://www.golfchannel.com/news/record-number-players-make-36-hole-heritage-cut","external_links_name":"\"Record number of players make 36-hole Heritage cut\""},{"Link":"http://www.rbcheritage.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.pgatour.com/tournaments/2024/rbc-heritage/R2024012","external_links_name":"Coverage on the PGA Tour's official site"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=RBC_Heritage¶ms=32.136_N_80.810_W_type:event","external_links_name":"32°08′10″N 80°48′36″W / 32.136°N 80.810°W / 32.136; -80.810"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidity_pool | Dark pool | ["1 History","2 Operation","2.1 Iceberg orders","2.2 Price discovery","2.3 Market impact","2.4 Adverse selection","3 Controversy","3.1 Pipeline LLC controversy","3.2 Regulatory statements","3.3 Barclays lawsuit","3.4 UBS fine","3.5 ITG fine","4 Impact to outside investors","5 List of dark pools","5.1 Independent dark pools","5.2 Broker-dealer-owned dark pools","5.3 Consortium-owned dark pools","5.4 Exchange-owned dark pools","5.5 Dark pool aggregators","6 Regulation","7 See also","8 References"] | Institutional share trading syndicate not accessible to the general public
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In finance, a dark pool (also black pool) is a private forum (alternative trading system or ATS) for trading securities, derivatives, and other financial instruments. Liquidity on these markets is called dark pool liquidity. The bulk of dark pool trades represent large trades by financial institutions that are offered away from public exchanges like the New York Stock Exchange and the NASDAQ, so that such trades remain confidential and outside the purview of the general investing public. The fragmentation of electronic trading platforms has allowed dark pools to be created, and they are normally accessed through crossing networks or directly among market participants via private contractual arrangements. Generally, dark pools are not available to the public, but in some cases, they may be accessed indirectly by retail investors and traders via retail brokers.
One of the main advantages for institutional investors in using dark pools is for buying or selling large blocks of securities without showing their hand to others and thus avoiding market impact, as neither the size of the trade nor the identity are revealed until some time after the trade is filled. However, it also means that some market participants—retail investors—are disadvantaged, since they cannot see the orders before they are executed. Prices are agreed upon by participants in the dark pools, so the market is no longer transparent.
Dark pools are heavily used in high-frequency trading, which has also led to a conflict of interest for those operating dark pools due to payment for order flow and priority access. High frequency traders may obtain information from placing orders in one dark pool that can be used on other exchanges or dark pools. Depending on the precise way in which a "dark" pool operates and interacts with other venues, it may be considered, and indeed referred to by some vendors, as a "grey" pool.
These systems and strategies typically seek liquidity among open and closed trading venues, such as other alternative trading systems. Dark pools have grown in importance since 2007, with dozens of different pools garnering a substantial portion of U.S. equity trading. Dark pools are of various types and can execute trades in multiple ways, such as through negotiation or automatically (e.g., midpoint crosses, staggered crosses, VWAP, etc.), throughout the day or at scheduled times.
History
The origin of dark pools date back to 1979 when financial regulation changed in the United States that allowed securities listed on a given exchange to be actively traded off the exchange in which it was listed. Known as reg 19c3 the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission passed the regulation which would start on April 26, 1979.
The new regulation allowed the emergence of dark pools through the 1980s that allowed investors to trade large block orders while retaining privacy and avoiding market impact. In 1986, Instinet started the first dark pool trading venue known as "After Hours Cross". However it was not until the next year that ITG created the first intraday dark pool "POSIT", both allowed large trades to be executed anonymously which was attractive to sellers of large blocks of shares. For the next 20 years trades executed on dark pools represented a small fraction of the market, between 3–5% of all trades. This was sometimes referred to as "upstairs trading".
The next big development in dark pools came in 2007 when the SEC passed Regulation NMS (National Market System), which allowed investors to bypass public exchanges to gain price improvements. The effect of this was to attract a number of new players to the market and a large number of dark pools were created over the next 10 years. This was spurred on with the improvements of technology and increasing speed of execution as high-frequency trading took advantage of these dark pools.
By 2012, 40% of trading volume in equities took place in dark pools (of which there were more than 50 in the US) and internalizers. Most dark pools were run by large banks like Credit Suisse and Goldman Sachs.
Operation
Truly dark liquidity can be collected off-market in dark pools using FIX and FAST protocol based APIs. Dark pools are generally very similar to standard markets with similar order types, pricing rules and prioritization rules. However, the liquidity is deliberately not advertised—there is no market depth feed. Such markets have no need of an iceberg-order type. In addition, they prefer not to print the trades to any public data feed, or if legally required to do so, will do so with as large a delay as legally possible—all to reduce the market impact of any trade. Dark pools are often formed from brokers' order books and other off-market liquidity. When comparing pools, careful checks should be made as to how liquidity numbers were calculated—some venues count both sides of the trade, or even count liquidity that was posted but not filled.
Dark liquidity pools offer institutional investors many of the efficiencies associated with trading on the exchanges' public limit order books but without showing their actions to others. Dark liquidity pools avoid this risk because neither the price nor the identity of the trading company is displayed.
Dark pools are recorded to the national consolidated tape. However, they are recorded as over-the-counter transactions. Therefore, detailed information about the volumes and types of transactions is left to the crossing network to report to clients only if they desire or are contractually obliged to do so.
Dark pools allow funds to line up and move large blocks of equities without tipping their hands as to what they are up to. Modern electronic trading platforms and the lack of human interaction have reduced the time scale on market movements. This increased responsiveness of the price of an equity to market pressures has made it more difficult to move large blocks of stock without affecting the price. Thus dark pools may protect traders from market participants who use HFT in a predatory manner.
Dark pools are run by private brokerages which operate under fewer regulatory and public disclosure requirements than public exchanges. Tabb Group estimates trading on the dark pools accounts for 32% of trades in 2012 vs 26% in 2008.
Iceberg orders
Some markets allow dark liquidity to be posted inside the existing limit order book alongside public liquidity, usually through the use of iceberg orders. Iceberg orders generally specify an additional "display quantity"—i.e., smaller than the overall order quantity. The order is queued along with other orders but only the display quantity is printed to the market depth. When the order reaches the front of its price queue, only the display quantity is filled before the order is automatically put at the back of the queue and must wait for its next chance to get a fill. Such orders will, therefore, get filled less quickly than the fully public equivalent, and they often carry an explicit cost penalty in the form of a larger execution cost charged by the market. Iceberg orders are not truly dark either, as the trade is usually visible after the fact in the market's public trade feed.
Price discovery
If an asset can be traded only publicly, the standard price discovery process has the best chance of making the public price approximately "correct" or "fair". However, very few assets are in this category, since most can be traded off market without revealing the trade publicly. As long as non-public trades are only a small fraction of trading volumes, the public price might still be considered fair. However, the greater the proportion of trading volume that happens non-publicly, the less confident we can be that the public price is "fair".
To lessen this adverse impact on price discovery, off-market venues can still report consolidated data on trades publicly. By this route, the trades occurring in dark pools can continue to contribute to price discovery, albeit with a little delay.
Market impact
While it is safe to say that trading on a dark venue will reduce market impact, it is very unlikely to reduce it to zero. In particular the liquidity that crosses when there is a transaction has to come from somewhere—and at least some of it is likely to come from the public market, as automated broker systems intercept market-bound orders and instead cross them with the buyer/seller. This disappearance of the opposite side liquidity as it trades with the buyer/seller and leaves the market will cause impact. In addition, the order will slow down the market movement in the direction favorable to the buyer/seller and speed it up in the unfavourable direction. The market impact of the hidden liquidity is greatest when all of the public liquidity has a chance to cross with the user and least when the user is able to cross with ONLY other hidden liquidity that is also not represented on the market. In other words, the user has a tradeoff: reduce the speed of execution by crossing with only dark liquidity or increase it and increase their market impact.
Adverse selection
One potential problem with crossing networks is the so-called winner's curse. Fulfillment of an order implies that the seller actually had more liquidity behind their order than the buyer. If the seller was making many small orders across a long period of time, this would not be relevant. However, when large volumes are being traded, it can be assumed that the other side—being even larger—has the power to cause market impact and thus push the price against the buyer. Paradoxically, the fulfillment of a large order is actually an indicator that the buyer would have benefitted from not placing the order to begin with—he or she would have been better off waiting for the seller's market impact, and then purchasing at the new price.
Another type of adverse selection is caused on a very short-term basis by the economics of dark pools versus displayed markets. If a buy-side institution adds liquidity in the open market, a prop desk at a bank may want to take that liquidity because they have a short-term need. The prop desk would have to pay an Exchange/ECN access fee to take the liquidity in the displayed market. On the other hand, if the buy-side institution were floating their order in the prop desk's broker dark pool, then the economics make it very favorable to the prop desk—they pay little or no access fee to access their own dark pool, and the parent broker gets tape revenue for printing the trade on an exchange. For this reason, it is recommended that when entities transact in smaller sizes and do not have short-term alpha, do not add liquidity to dark pools; rather, go to the open market where the short-term adverse selection is likely to be less severe.
Controversy
The use of dark pools for trading has also attracted controversy and regulatory action in part due to their opaque nature and conflicts of interest by the operator of the dark pool and the participants, a subject that was the focus of Flash Boys, a non-fiction book published in 2014 by Michael Lewis about high-frequency trading (HFT) in financial markets.
Pipeline LLC controversy
Pipeline Trading Systems LLC, a company offering its services as a dark pool, contracted an affiliate that transacted the trades. In the Pipeline case, the firm attempted to provide a trading system that would protect investors from the open, public electronic marketplace. In that system, investors' orders would be made public on the consolidated tape as soon as they were announced, which traders characterized as "playing poker with your cards face up". The service Pipeline offered was to find counterparties for various trades in a private manner. The firm was subsequently investigated and sued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for misleading its clients. Following its 2011 settlement of the SEC's claims against it, the firm rebranded itself as Aritas Securities LLC in January 2012.
Regulatory statements
In 2009 the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) announced that it was proposing measures to increase the transparency of dark pools, "so investors get a clearer view of stock prices and liquidity". These requirements would involve that information about investor interest in buying or selling stock be made available to the public, instead of to only the members of a dark pools. FINRA announced in January 2013 that it will expand its monitoring of dark pools.
Barclays lawsuit
In June 2014 the U.S. state of New York filed a lawsuit against Barclays alleging the bank defrauded and deceived investors over its dark pool. A central allegation of the suit is that Barclays misrepresented the level of aggressive HFT activity in its dark pool to other clients. The state, in its complaint, said it was being assisted by former Barclays executives and it was seeking unspecified damages. The bank's shares dropped 5% on news of the lawsuit, prompting an announcement to the London Stock Exchange by the bank saying it was taking the allegations seriously, and was cooperating with the New York attorney general. In July 2014 Barclays filed a motion for the suit to be dismissed, saying there had been no fraud, no victims and no harm to anyone. The New York Attorney General's office said it was confident the motion would not succeed. In January 2016, Barclays agreed to pay a fine of $35 million to SEC and $70 million to NYAG for its dark pool wrongdoings.
UBS fine
In January 2015 the U.S. regulators imposed a fine on UBS Group AG’s dark pool for failing to follow rules designed to ensure stock trades are executed fairly. In ordering UBS to pay $14.4 million, including a $12 million fine that exceeds all prior penalties against an alternative trading system, the Securities and Exchange Commission flagged a series of violations from 2008 to 2012. It said UBS let customers submit orders at prices denominated in increments smaller than a penny, something SEC rules prohibit because it can be used to get a better place in line when buying or selling stock. The ability to trade in sub-penny increments also wasn’t widely disclosed to UBS customers, and was instead pitched secretly to market makers including high-frequency traders, according to the SEC.
ITG fine
In August 2015, ITG (and its affiliate AlterNet Securities) settled with SEC for $20.3 million due to operating a secret trading desk and misusing the confidential trading information of dark pool subscribers.
Impact to outside investors
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Hypothetically, a retail "everyday" shareholder in any company could be disadvantaged if a dark pool trade is executed by a seller within the dark pool getting rid of a large number of that company's shares, which would thereby cause the price to drop.
Share trading performed on platforms available to the public usually come with functionality allowing any user to see how many "now" and "sell" orders are in the pipeline that day for any individual security on the platform (i.e. NASDAQ).
In turn, if dark pool trades were publicly viewable in the same way, a retail shareholder could prevent loss by selling at the same time, before the price went any lower (assuming that shareholder is confident the price won't go back up).
Because they are private and withheld from the public, in this way, they pose some risk for traders outside the dark pool.
List of dark pools
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Three major types of dark pools exist:
Independent companies set up to offer a unique differentiated basis for trading
Broker-owned dark pools where clients of the broker interact, most commonly with other clients of the broker (possibly including its own proprietary traders) in conditions of anonymity
Some public exchanges set up their own dark pools to allow their clients the benefits of anonymity and non-display of orders while offering an exchange "infrastructure"
Independent dark pools
Chi-X Global
Instinet
SygnumOTC
Liquidnet
NYFIX Millennium
Posit/MatchNow from Investment Technology Group (ITG)
State Street's BlockCross
RiverCross Securities
SmartPool
TORA Crosspoint
ETF One
Codestreet Dealer Pool for Corporate Bonds
Broker-dealer-owned dark pools
JP Morgan – JPMX
Barclays Capital – LX Liquidity Cross
BNP Paribas – BNP Paribas Internal eXchange (BIX)
BNY ConvergEx Group (an affiliate of Bank of New York Mellon)
Cantor Fitzgerald – Aqua Securities
Citadel Connect – Citadel
Citi – Citi Match, Citi Cross
Credit Agricole Cheuvreux – BLINK
Credit Suisse – CrossFinder
Deutsche Bank Global Markets – DBA (Europe), SuperX ATS (U.S.)
Fidelity – Capital Markets
GETCO – GETMatched
Goldman Sachs – SIGMA X
Knight Capital Group – Knight Link, Knight Match
Merrill Lynch – Instinct-X
Morgan Stanley – MSPOOL
Nomura – Nomura NX
UBS Investment Bank – UBS ATS, UBS MTF, UBS PIN
Societe Generale – ALPHA Y
Daiwa – DRECT
Wells Fargo Securities LLC – WELX (has since closed)
Consortium-owned dark pools
BIDS Trading – BIDS ATS
LeveL ATS
Luminex (Buyside Only)
Exchange-owned dark pools
ASX Centre Point
International Securities Exchange
NYSE Euronext
BATS Trading
Turquoise
XTX Markets
Dark pool aggregators
Fidessa – Spotlight
Bloomberg Tradebook
Liquidnet – LN Dark
Credit Suisse – Crossfinder Plus
Deutsche Bank – SuperX+
Software AG – Apama
ONEPIPE – Weeden & Co. & Pragma Financial
Xasax Corporation
Crossfire – Credit Agricole Cheuvreux
Instinet – Nighthawk
Bernstein – Shadow
Wells Fargo – Komodo Dark
Regulation
Dark pools were largely motivated by the trades of large blocks and participants who did not want to move the market and cause front running. In the United States, however, these trades were stymied by Regulation NMS in 2004. However, under section 5 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Regulation ATS of 1998, off-exchange trading was allowed for up to five percent of the national volume of a stock.
The U.S. SEC adopted rules, as amendments to Regulation ATS, to require disclosures about dark pools in 2018. Known as Rule 304 of Regulation ATS, it requires the filing of Form ATS-N which includes a variety of disclosures including conflicts of interest, methods, fees, and so on. A review of these forms revealed a number of differences, including "tiering", "pegging", and "immediate-or-cancel (IOC)" orders, as well as a special features such as a speed bump by IEX to prevent high-frequency trading.
FINRA reports data on ATS systems quarterly for free, which it began doing in July 2015. When FINRA released this data, it showed that trades averaged 187 shares, which suggests that the pools were not used for large trades by institutional shareholders.
See also
Crossing network
Lit pool
Alternative trading system
Electronic communication network
All or none
Payment for order flow
References
^ "The New Financial Industry" (March 30, 2014). 65 Alabama Law Review 567 (2014); Temple University Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2014-11; via SSRN.
^ "Glossary - Dark Pools". Investopedia. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
^ "Glossary - Dark Pools". AT Monitor. Archived from the original on April 27, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
^ a b Lewis, Michael (2014). Flash Boys: Cracking the Money Code. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 9780241003633.
^ "Glossary | ATMonitor". Archived from the original on 2010-10-30. Retrieved 2011-01-27.
^ a b Lemke and Lins, Soft Dollars and Other Trading Activities, §2:28 (Thomson West, 2013-2014 ed.).
^ "Rule 19c-3". TheFreeDictionary. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
^ "What Are Dark Pools? - History of dark pools". FXCM. June 25, 2016.
^ "Dark Pools Part I: What Is It And How Does It Work?". Wall Street Oasis. October 29, 2012.
^ Patterson, Scott (2012). Dark Pools: High-Speed Traders, A.I. Bandits, and the Threat to the Global Financial System. Crown Publishing. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0307887177.
^ http://fixglobal.com/home/control-and-flexibility-how-trading-can-add-value-to-the-investment-process/ Archived 2020-08-01 at the Wayback Machine FIXGlobal. Control and Flexibility: How Trading Can Add Value to the Investment Process. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
^ http://www.quantprinciple.com/invest/index.php/docs/realworld/darkpools/#tape Consolidated tape and DARK Pools
^ "http://www.quantprinciple.com/invest/index.php/docs/realworld/darkpools/ Dark Pools: Some Reasons"
^ Congressional Research Service, ""Dark Pools" In Equity Trading: Significance and Recent Developments", Accessed 8 Sept 2014.
^ a b Philips, Matthew (May 10, 2012). "Where Has All the Stock Trading Gone?". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on May 11, 2012.
^ "www.tsx.com". tsx.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-08-21.
^ FIXGlobal, "The Impact of Dark Pools on Access to Desirable Liquidity" Retrieved 12 October 2012.
^ http://fixglobal.com/content/dark-pools-what-lies-beneath Archived 2013-07-30 at the Wayback Machine FIXGlobal. Dark Pools: What Lies Beneath. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
^ Lewis, Michael (31 March 2014). "The New York Times". Retrieved 2014-04-11.
^ Weil, Jonathan (April 1, 2014). "Weil on Finance: FBI Hops on Michael Lewis Bandwagon". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on April 25, 2015. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
^ Bradford, Harry (April 1, 2014). "FBI Investigating High-Frequency Traders: WSJ". Huffington Post. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
^ "New York State AG Eric Schneiderman: Some high-frequency trading practices "may be illegal"". CBS This Morning. CBS News. March 31, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
^ Scott Patterson and Jenny Strasburg, "Traders Navigate a Murky New World", Wall Street Journal, April 9, 2012.
^ Gallu, Joshua; Mehta, Nina; Baker, Nick. "Pipeline Settles With U.S. SEC Over Dark Pool Claims". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
^ Armstrong, James. "New Leadership, New Name, Pipeline Struggles to Start Over". Traders Magazine. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
^ U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, "SEC Issues Proposals to Shed Greater Light on Dark Pools", 21 October 2009, accessed 25 May 2012.
^ "Dark pool fraud lawsuit filed against Barclays in US". New York Telegraph. Archived from the original on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
^ "Barclays seeks dismissal of New York dark pool suit". The London News.Net. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
^ "Barclays, Credit Suisse Charged With Dark Pool Violations - Firms Collectively Paying More Than $150 Million to Settle Cases". SEC. 31 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
^ Mamudi, Sam. "UBS Hit With Record Dark Pool Fine for Breaking U.S. Rules". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2016-05-09.
^ "SEC Other Release No.: 34-74060, UBS Securities LLC" (PDF). Administrative Proceedings Archive 2015. SEC. 15 January 2015.
^ "SEC Charges ITG With Operating Secret Trading Desk and Misusing Dark Pool Subscriber Trading Information". SEC. 12 August 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
^ "ETFONE". Archived from the original on 2013-05-30. Retrieved 2013-07-22.
^ "Tradeweb Markets :: Tradeweb". www.codestreet.com. Archived from the original on 2015-01-27. Retrieved 2015-02-02.
^ a b c Hatch, Robert (2009–2010). "Reforming the Murky Depths of Wall Street: Putting the Spotlight on the Security and Exchange Commission's Regulatory Proposal concerning Dark Pools of Liquidity" (PDF). George Washington Law Review. 78: 1032. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-03-29.
^ "15 U.S. Code § 78e - Transactions on unregistered exchanges". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
^ "SEC.gov | SEC Adopts Rules to Enhance Transparency and Oversight of Alternative Trading Systems". www.sec.gov. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
^ "Form ATS-N Filings and Information". www.sec.gov. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
^ "SEC to adopt transparency rules for dark pools". Finextra Research. 2018-07-19. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
^ Bacidore, Jeff (2019-11-26). "Are Dark Pools All the Same? Form ATS-N Says "No"". Traders Magazine. Retrieved 2020-03-30.
^ "ATS Transparency Data Quarterly Statistics | FINRA.org". www.finra.org. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
^ "Downloadable ATS Data Available at no Charge on FINRA.org July 13, 2015 | FINRA.org". www.finra.org. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
^ D'Antona, John Jr. (2020-01-03). "FLASH FRIDAY: Turning the Spotlight On Dark Pools". Traders Magazine. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
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Yield | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance"},{"link_name":"alternative trading system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_trading_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ssrn.com-1"},{"link_name":"Liquidity on these markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_liquidity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"financial institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_institution"},{"link_name":"public exchanges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_(organized_market)"},{"link_name":"New York Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"NASDAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ"},{"link_name":"electronic trading platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_trading_platform"},{"link_name":"crossing networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_network"},{"link_name":"blocks of securities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_trade"},{"link_name":"market impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_impact"},{"link_name":"retail investors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market_participants"},{"link_name":"orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_order"},{"link_name":"transparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_(market)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"high-frequency trading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_trading"},{"link_name":"conflict of interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest"},{"link_name":"payment for order flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_for_order_flow"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"},{"link_name":"VWAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VWAP"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"}],"text":"In finance, a dark pool (also black pool) is a private forum (alternative trading system or ATS) for trading securities, derivatives, and other financial instruments.[1] Liquidity on these markets is called dark pool liquidity.[2] The bulk of dark pool trades represent large trades by financial institutions that are offered away from public exchanges like the New York Stock Exchange and the NASDAQ, so that such trades remain confidential and outside the purview of the general investing public. The fragmentation of electronic trading platforms has allowed dark pools to be created, and they are normally accessed through crossing networks or directly among market participants via private contractual arrangements. Generally, dark pools are not available to the public, but in some cases, they may be accessed indirectly by retail investors and traders via retail brokers.One of the main advantages for institutional investors in using dark pools is for buying or selling large blocks of securities without showing their hand to others and thus avoiding market impact, as neither the size of the trade nor the identity are revealed until some time after the trade is filled. However, it also means that some market participants—retail investors—are disadvantaged, since they cannot see the orders before they are executed. Prices are agreed upon by participants in the dark pools, so the market is no longer transparent.[3]Dark pools are heavily used in high-frequency trading, which has also led to a conflict of interest for those operating dark pools due to payment for order flow and priority access. High frequency traders may obtain information from placing orders in one dark pool that can be used on other exchanges or dark pools.[4] Depending on the precise way in which a \"dark\" pool operates and interacts with other venues, it may be considered, and indeed referred to by some vendors, as a \"grey\" pool.[5]These systems and strategies typically seek liquidity among open and closed trading venues, such as other alternative trading systems. Dark pools have grown in importance since 2007, with dozens of different pools garnering a substantial portion of U.S. equity trading.[6] Dark pools are of various types and can execute trades in multiple ways, such as through negotiation or automatically (e.g., midpoint crosses, staggered crosses, VWAP, etc.), throughout the day or at scheduled times.[6]","title":"Dark pool"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Instinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instinet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Regulation NMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_NMS"},{"link_name":"high-frequency trading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_trading"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Credit Suisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_Suisse"},{"link_name":"Goldman Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The origin of dark pools date back to 1979 when financial regulation changed in the United States that allowed securities listed on a given exchange to be actively traded off the exchange in which it was listed. Known as reg 19c3 the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission passed the regulation which would start on April 26, 1979.[7][8]The new regulation allowed the emergence of dark pools through the 1980s that allowed investors to trade large block orders while retaining privacy and avoiding market impact. In 1986, Instinet started the first dark pool trading venue known as \"After Hours Cross\". However it was not until the next year that ITG created the first intraday dark pool \"POSIT\", both allowed large trades to be executed anonymously which was attractive to sellers of large blocks of shares. For the next 20 years trades executed on dark pools represented a small fraction of the market, between 3–5% of all trades. This was sometimes referred to as \"upstairs trading\".[9]The next big development in dark pools came in 2007 when the SEC passed Regulation NMS (National Market System), which allowed investors to bypass public exchanges to gain price improvements. The effect of this was to attract a number of new players to the market and a large number of dark pools were created over the next 10 years. This was spurred on with the improvements of technology and increasing speed of execution as high-frequency trading took advantage of these dark pools.[citation needed]By 2012, 40% of trading volume in equities took place in dark pools (of which there were more than 50 in the US) and internalizers. Most dark pools were run by large banks like Credit Suisse and Goldman Sachs.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Information_eXchange"},{"link_name":"FAST protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAST_protocol"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(exchange)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"limit order books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_book_(trading)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"national consolidated tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Tape_System"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"electronic trading platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_trading_platform"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"HFT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_trading"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Philips1-15"},{"link_name":"Tabb Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tabb_Group&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Philips1-15"}],"text":"Truly dark liquidity can be collected off-market in dark pools using FIX and FAST protocol based APIs. Dark pools are generally very similar to standard markets with similar order types, pricing rules and prioritization rules. However, the liquidity is deliberately not advertised—there is no market depth feed. Such markets have no need of an iceberg-order type. In addition, they prefer not to print the trades to any public data feed, or if legally required to do so, will do so with as large a delay as legally possible—all to reduce the market impact of any trade. Dark pools are often formed from brokers' order books and other off-market liquidity. When comparing pools, careful checks should be made as to how liquidity numbers were calculated—some venues count both sides of the trade, or even count liquidity that was posted but not filled.[citation needed]Dark liquidity pools offer institutional investors many of the efficiencies associated with trading on the exchanges' public limit order books but without showing their actions to others. Dark liquidity pools avoid this risk because neither the price nor the identity of the trading company is displayed.[11]Dark pools are recorded to the national consolidated tape. However, they are recorded as over-the-counter transactions. Therefore, detailed information about the volumes and types of transactions is left to the crossing network to report to clients only if they desire or are contractually obliged to do so.[12]Dark pools allow funds to line up and move large blocks of equities without tipping their hands as to what they are up to. Modern electronic trading platforms and the lack of human interaction have reduced the time scale on market movements. This increased responsiveness of the price of an equity to market pressures has made it more difficult to move large blocks of stock without affecting the price.[13] Thus dark pools may protect traders from market participants who use HFT in a predatory manner.[14]Dark pools are run by private brokerages which operate under fewer regulatory and public disclosure requirements than public exchanges.[15] Tabb Group estimates trading on the dark pools accounts for 32% of trades in 2012 vs 26% in 2008.[15]","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"limit order book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_book_(trading)"},{"link_name":"orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(exchange)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"market depth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_depth"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Iceberg orders","text":"Some markets allow dark liquidity to be posted inside the existing limit order book alongside public liquidity, usually through the use of iceberg orders.[16] Iceberg orders generally specify an additional \"display quantity\"—i.e., smaller than the overall order quantity. The order is queued along with other orders but only the display quantity is printed to the market depth. When the order reaches the front of its price queue, only the display quantity is filled before the order is automatically put at the back of the queue and must wait for its next chance to get a fill. Such orders will, therefore, get filled less quickly than the fully public equivalent, and they often carry an explicit cost penalty in the form of a larger execution cost charged by the market. Iceberg orders are not truly dark either, as the trade is usually visible after the fact in the market's public trade feed.[citation needed]","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"price discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_discovery"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Price discovery","text":"If an asset can be traded only publicly, the standard price discovery process has the best chance of making the public price approximately \"correct\" or \"fair\". However, very few assets are in this category, since most can be traded off market without revealing the trade publicly. As long as non-public trades are only a small fraction of trading volumes, the public price might still be considered fair. However, the greater the proportion of trading volume that happens non-publicly, the less confident we can be that the public price is \"fair\".[citation needed]To lessen this adverse impact on price discovery, off-market venues can still report consolidated data on trades publicly. By this route, the trades occurring in dark pools can continue to contribute to price discovery, albeit with a little delay.[17]","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Market impact","text":"While it is safe to say that trading on a dark venue will reduce market impact, it is very unlikely to reduce it to zero. In particular the liquidity that crosses when there is a transaction has to come from somewhere—and at least some of it is likely to come from the public market, as automated broker systems intercept market-bound orders and instead cross them with the buyer/seller. This disappearance of the opposite side liquidity as it trades with the buyer/seller and leaves the market will cause impact. In addition, the order will slow down the market movement in the direction favorable to the buyer/seller and speed it up in the unfavourable direction. The market impact of the hidden liquidity is greatest when all of the public liquidity has a chance to cross with the user and least when the user is able to cross with ONLY other hidden liquidity that is also not represented on the market. In other words, the user has a tradeoff: reduce the speed of execution by crossing with only dark liquidity or increase it and increase their market impact.[citation needed]","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"winner's curse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winner%27s_curse"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"adverse selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_selection"},{"link_name":"prop desk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_trading"},{"link_name":"ECN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_communication_network"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Adverse selection","text":"One potential problem with crossing networks is the so-called winner's curse. Fulfillment of an order implies that the seller actually had more liquidity behind their order than the buyer. If the seller was making many small orders across a long period of time, this would not be relevant. However, when large volumes are being traded, it can be assumed that the other side—being even larger—has the power to cause market impact and thus push the price against the buyer. Paradoxically, the fulfillment of a large order is actually an indicator that the buyer would have benefitted from not placing the order to begin with—he or she would have been better off waiting for the seller's market impact, and then purchasing at the new price.[18]Another type of adverse selection is caused on a very short-term basis by the economics of dark pools versus displayed markets. If a buy-side institution adds liquidity in the open market, a prop desk at a bank may want to take that liquidity because they have a short-term need. The prop desk would have to pay an Exchange/ECN access fee to take the liquidity in the displayed market. On the other hand, if the buy-side institution were floating their order in the prop desk's broker dark pool, then the economics make it very favorable to the prop desk—they pay little or no access fee to access their own dark pool, and the parent broker gets tape revenue for printing the trade on an exchange. For this reason, it is recommended that when entities transact in smaller sizes and do not have short-term alpha, do not add liquidity to dark pools; rather, go to the open market where the short-term adverse selection is likely to be less severe.[citation needed]","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flash Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_Boys"},{"link_name":"Michael Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lewis"},{"link_name":"high-frequency trading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_trading"},{"link_name":"financial markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis-4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weil-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huff-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AG-22"}],"text":"The use of dark pools for trading has also attracted controversy and regulatory action in part due to their opaque nature and conflicts of interest by the operator of the dark pool and the participants, a subject that was the focus of Flash Boys, a non-fiction book published in 2014 by Michael Lewis about high-frequency trading (HFT) in financial markets.[4][19][20][21][22]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pipeline Trading Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_Trading_Systems"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bloomberg1-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aritas1-25"}],"sub_title":"Pipeline LLC controversy","text":"Pipeline Trading Systems LLC, a company offering its services as a dark pool, contracted an affiliate that transacted the trades.[23] In the Pipeline case, the firm attempted to provide a trading system that would protect investors from the open, public electronic marketplace. In that system, investors' orders would be made public on the consolidated tape as soon as they were announced, which traders characterized as \"playing poker with your cards face up\". The service Pipeline offered was to find counterparties for various trades in a private manner. The firm was subsequently investigated and sued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for misleading its clients.[24] Following its 2011 settlement of the SEC's claims against it, the firm rebranded itself as Aritas Securities LLC in January 2012.[25]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"FINRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Industry_Regulatory_Authority"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Regulatory statements","text":"In 2009 the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) announced that it was proposing measures to increase the transparency of dark pools, \"so investors get a clearer view of stock prices and liquidity\". These requirements would involve that information about investor interest in buying or selling stock be made available to the public, instead of to only the members of a dark pools.[26] FINRA announced in January 2013 that it will expand its monitoring of dark pools.[citation needed]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Barclays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays"},{"link_name":"London Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"New York attorney general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_attorney_general"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BarclaysVsNY-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BarclaysDefense-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Barclays lawsuit","text":"In June 2014 the U.S. state of New York filed a lawsuit against Barclays alleging the bank defrauded and deceived investors over its dark pool. A central allegation of the suit is that Barclays misrepresented the level of aggressive HFT activity in its dark pool to other clients. The state, in its complaint, said it was being assisted by former Barclays executives and it was seeking unspecified damages. The bank's shares dropped 5% on news of the lawsuit, prompting an announcement to the London Stock Exchange by the bank saying it was taking the allegations seriously, and was cooperating with the New York attorney general.[27] In July 2014 Barclays filed a motion for the suit to be dismissed, saying there had been no fraud, no victims and no harm to anyone. The New York Attorney General's office said it was confident the motion would not succeed.[28] In January 2016, Barclays agreed to pay a fine of $35 million to SEC and $70 million to NYAG for its dark pool wrongdoings.[29]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"SEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"UBS fine","text":"In January 2015 the U.S. regulators imposed a fine on UBS Group AG’s dark pool for failing to follow rules designed to ensure stock trades are executed fairly.[30][31] In ordering UBS to pay $14.4 million, including a $12 million fine that exceeds all prior penalties against an alternative trading system, the Securities and Exchange Commission flagged a series of violations from 2008 to 2012. It said UBS let customers submit orders at prices denominated in increments smaller than a penny, something SEC rules prohibit because it can be used to get a better place in line when buying or selling stock. The ability to trade in sub-penny increments also wasn’t widely disclosed to UBS customers, and was instead pitched secretly to market makers including high-frequency traders, according to the SEC.[citation needed]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"ITG fine","text":"In August 2015, ITG (and its affiliate AlterNet Securities) settled with SEC for $20.3 million due to operating a secret trading desk and misusing the confidential trading information of dark pool subscribers.[32]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hypothetically, a retail \"everyday\" shareholder in any company could be disadvantaged if a dark pool trade is executed by a seller within the dark pool getting rid of a large number of that company's shares, which would thereby cause the price to drop.Share trading performed on platforms available to the public usually come with functionality allowing any user to see how many \"now\" and \"sell\" orders are in the pipeline that day for any individual security on the platform (i.e. NASDAQ).In turn, if dark pool trades were publicly viewable in the same way, a retail shareholder could prevent loss by selling at the same time, before the price went any lower (assuming that shareholder is confident the price won't go back up).Because they are private and withheld from the public, in this way, they pose some risk for traders outside the dark pool.","title":"Impact to outside investors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proprietary traders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_traders"},{"link_name":"exchanges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_(organized_market)"},{"link_name":"orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(exchange)"}],"text":"Three major types of dark pools exist:Independent companies set up to offer a unique differentiated basis for trading\nBroker-owned dark pools where clients of the broker interact, most commonly with other clients of the broker (possibly including its own proprietary traders) in conditions of anonymity\nSome public exchanges set up their own dark pools to allow their clients the benefits of anonymity and non-display of orders while offering an exchange \"infrastructure\"","title":"List of dark pools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Instinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instinet"},{"link_name":"Liquidnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidnet"},{"link_name":"Investment Technology Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_Technology_Group"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Independent dark pools","text":"Chi-X Global\nInstinet\nSygnumOTC\nLiquidnet\nNYFIX Millennium\nPosit/MatchNow from Investment Technology Group (ITG)\nState Street's BlockCross\nRiverCross Securities\nSmartPool\nTORA Crosspoint\nETF One[33]\nCodestreet Dealer Pool for Corporate Bonds[34]","title":"List of dark pools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JP Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Barclays Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays_Capital"},{"link_name":"BNP Paribas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNP_Paribas"},{"link_name":"Bank of New York Mellon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_New_York_Mellon"},{"link_name":"Cantor Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"Citi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citigroup"},{"link_name":"Credit Suisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_Suisse"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bank"},{"link_name":"Fidelity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelity_Investments"},{"link_name":"GETCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Electronic_Trading_Company"},{"link_name":"Goldman Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs"},{"link_name":"Knight Capital Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Capital_Group"},{"link_name":"Merrill Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrill_Lynch"},{"link_name":"Morgan Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Stanley"},{"link_name":"Nomura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomura_Securities_Co."},{"link_name":"UBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBS_AG"},{"link_name":"Societe Generale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societe_Generale"},{"link_name":"Daiwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiwa_Securities_Capital_Markets"}],"sub_title":"Broker-dealer-owned dark pools","text":"JP Morgan – JPMX\nBarclays Capital – LX Liquidity Cross\nBNP Paribas – BNP Paribas Internal eXchange (BIX)\nBNY ConvergEx Group (an affiliate of Bank of New York Mellon)\nCantor Fitzgerald – Aqua Securities\nCitadel Connect – Citadel\nCiti – Citi Match, Citi Cross\nCredit Agricole Cheuvreux – BLINK\nCredit Suisse – CrossFinder\nDeutsche Bank Global Markets – DBA (Europe), SuperX ATS (U.S.)\nFidelity – Capital Markets\nGETCO – GETMatched\nGoldman Sachs – SIGMA X\nKnight Capital Group – Knight Link, Knight Match\nMerrill Lynch – Instinct-X\nMorgan Stanley – MSPOOL\nNomura – Nomura NX\nUBS Investment Bank – UBS ATS, UBS MTF, UBS PIN\nSociete Generale – ALPHA Y\nDaiwa – DRECT\nWells Fargo Securities LLC – WELX (has since closed)","title":"List of dark pools"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Consortium-owned dark pools","text":"BIDS Trading – BIDS ATS\nLeveL ATS\nLuminex (Buyside Only)","title":"List of dark pools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ASX Centre Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange"},{"link_name":"International Securities Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Securities_Exchange"},{"link_name":"NYSE Euronext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYSE_Euronext"},{"link_name":"BATS Trading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bats_Exchange,_Inc"},{"link_name":"Turquoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoise_(trading_platform)"},{"link_name":"XTX Markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XTX_Markets"}],"sub_title":"Exchange-owned dark pools","text":"ASX Centre Point\nInternational Securities Exchange\nNYSE Euronext\nBATS Trading\nTurquoise\nXTX Markets","title":"List of dark pools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fidessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidessa"},{"link_name":"Bloomberg Tradebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Tradebook"},{"link_name":"Liquidnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidnet"},{"link_name":"Credit Suisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_Suisse"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bank"},{"link_name":"Software AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_AG"},{"link_name":"Apama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apama_(software)"}],"sub_title":"Dark pool aggregators","text":"Fidessa – Spotlight\nBloomberg Tradebook\nLiquidnet – LN Dark\nCredit Suisse – Crossfinder Plus\nDeutsche Bank – SuperX+\nSoftware AG – Apama\nONEPIPE – Weeden & Co. & Pragma Financial\nXasax Corporation\nCrossfire – Credit Agricole Cheuvreux\nInstinet – Nighthawk\nBernstein – Shadow\nWells Fargo – Komodo Dark","title":"List of dark pools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"front running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_running"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-35"},{"link_name":"Regulation NMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_NMS"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Securities Exchange Act of 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_Exchange_Act_of_1934"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-35"},{"link_name":"U.S. SEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"IEX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEX"},{"link_name":"high-frequency trading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-frequency_trading"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"FINRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Industry_Regulatory_Authority"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Dark pools were largely motivated by the trades of large blocks and participants who did not want to move the market and cause front running.[35] In the United States, however, these trades were stymied by Regulation NMS in 2004.[35] However, under section 5[36] of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Regulation ATS of 1998, off-exchange trading was allowed for up to five percent of the national volume of a stock.[35]The U.S. SEC adopted rules, as amendments to Regulation ATS, to require disclosures about dark pools in 2018.[37] Known as Rule 304 of Regulation ATS,[38] it requires the filing of Form ATS-N which includes a variety of disclosures including conflicts of interest, methods, fees, and so on.[39] A review of these forms revealed a number of differences, including \"tiering\", \"pegging\", and \"immediate-or-cancel (IOC)\" orders, as well as a special features such as a speed bump by IEX to prevent high-frequency trading.[40]FINRA reports data on ATS systems quarterly for free,[41] which it began doing in July 2015.[42] When FINRA released this data, it showed that trades averaged 187 shares, which suggests that the pools were not used for large trades by institutional shareholders.[43]","title":"Regulation"}] | [] | [{"title":"Crossing network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_network"},{"title":"Lit pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit_pool"},{"title":"Alternative trading system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_trading_system"},{"title":"Electronic communication network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_communication_network"},{"title":"All or none","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_or_none"},{"title":"Payment for order flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_for_order_flow"}] | [{"reference":"\"Glossary - Dark Pools\". Investopedia. Retrieved 2011-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dark_pool_liquidity.asp","url_text":"\"Glossary - Dark Pools\""}]},{"reference":"\"Glossary - Dark Pools\". AT Monitor. Archived from the original on April 27, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110427212148/http://atmonitor.co.uk/glossary.aspx?id=146","url_text":"\"Glossary - Dark Pools\""},{"url":"http://www.atmonitor.co.uk/glossary.aspx?id=146","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Michael (2014). Flash Boys: Cracking the Money Code. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 9780241003633.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780241003633","url_text":"9780241003633"}]},{"reference":"\"Glossary | ATMonitor\". Archived from the original on 2010-10-30. Retrieved 2011-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101030103355/http://atmonitor.co.uk/glossary.aspx?id=146","url_text":"\"Glossary | ATMonitor\""},{"url":"http://www.atmonitor.co.uk/glossary.aspx?id=146","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rule 19c-3\". TheFreeDictionary. Retrieved June 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Rule+19c3","url_text":"\"Rule 19c-3\""}]},{"reference":"\"What Are Dark Pools? - History of dark pools\". FXCM. June 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fxcm.com/uk/insights/what-are-dark-pools/#footnote-3","url_text":"\"What Are Dark Pools? - History of dark pools\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dark Pools Part I: What Is It And How Does It Work?\". Wall Street Oasis. October 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wallstreetoasis.com/blog/dark-pools-part-i-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-work","url_text":"\"Dark Pools Part I: What Is It And How Does It Work?\""}]},{"reference":"Patterson, Scott (2012). Dark Pools: High-Speed Traders, A.I. Bandits, and the Threat to the Global Financial System. Crown Publishing. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0307887177.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307887177","url_text":"978-0307887177"}]},{"reference":"Philips, Matthew (May 10, 2012). \"Where Has All the Stock Trading Gone?\". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on May 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120511040836/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-05-10/where-has-all-the-stock-trading-gone","url_text":"\"Where Has All the Stock Trading Gone?\""},{"url":"http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-05-10/where-has-all-the-stock-trading-gone","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"www.tsx.com\". tsx.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930055947/http://www.tsx.com/en/trading/products_services/iceberg_orders.html","url_text":"\"www.tsx.com\""},{"url":"http://www.tsx.com/en/trading/products_services/iceberg_orders.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Michael (31 March 2014). \"The New York Times\". Retrieved 2014-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/06/magazine/flash-boys-michael-lewis.html?_r=1","url_text":"\"The New York Times\""}]},{"reference":"Weil, Jonathan (April 1, 2014). \"Weil on Finance: FBI Hops on Michael Lewis Bandwagon\". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on April 25, 2015. Retrieved April 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150425220050/http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2014-04-01/weil-on-finance-fbi-hops-on-michael-lewis-bandwagon","url_text":"\"Weil on Finance: FBI Hops on Michael Lewis Bandwagon\""},{"url":"http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2014-04-01/weil-on-finance-fbi-hops-on-michael-lewis-bandwagon","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bradford, Harry (April 1, 2014). \"FBI Investigating High-Frequency Traders: WSJ\". Huffington Post. Retrieved April 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/31/fbi-high-speed-trading_n_5065622.html","url_text":"\"FBI Investigating High-Frequency Traders: WSJ\""}]},{"reference":"\"New York State AG Eric Schneiderman: Some high-frequency trading practices \"may be illegal\"\". CBS This Morning. CBS News. March 31, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/news/new-york-state-ag-eric-schneiderman-some-high-frequency-trading-practices-may-be-illegal/","url_text":"\"New York State AG Eric Schneiderman: Some high-frequency trading practices \"may be illegal\"\""}]},{"reference":"Gallu, Joshua; Mehta, Nina; Baker, Nick. \"Pipeline Settles With U.S. SEC Over Dark Pool Claims\". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 28 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-10-24/pipeline-agrees-to-pay-1-million-over-sec-dark-pool-claims","url_text":"\"Pipeline Settles With U.S. SEC Over Dark Pool Claims\""}]},{"reference":"Armstrong, James. \"New Leadership, New Name, Pipeline Struggles to Start Over\". Traders Magazine. Retrieved 28 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tradersmagazine.com/news/pipeline-aritas-trading-109742-1.html?ET=tradersmagazine:e1225:47854a:&st=email","url_text":"\"New Leadership, New Name, Pipeline Struggles to Start Over\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dark pool fraud lawsuit filed against Barclays in US\". New York Telegraph. Archived from the original on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140628010744/http://www.newyorktelegraph.com/index.php/sid/223293195/scat/3a8a80d6f705f8cc/ht/Dark-pool-fraud-lawsuit-filed-against-Barclays-in-US","url_text":"\"Dark pool fraud lawsuit filed against Barclays in US\""},{"url":"http://www.newyorktelegraph.com/index.php/sid/223293195/scat/3a8a80d6f705f8cc/ht/Dark-pool-fraud-lawsuit-filed-against-Barclays-in-US","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Barclays seeks dismissal of New York dark pool suit\". The London News.Net. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140806065744/http://www.thelondonnews.net/index.php/sid/224095831/scat/3a8a80d6f705f8cc/ht/Barclays-seeks-dismissal-of-New-York-dark-pool-suit","url_text":"\"Barclays seeks dismissal of New York dark pool suit\""},{"url":"http://www.thelondonnews.net/index.php/sid/224095831/scat/3a8a80d6f705f8cc/ht/Barclays-seeks-dismissal-of-New-York-dark-pool-suit","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Barclays, Credit Suisse Charged With Dark Pool Violations - Firms Collectively Paying More Than $150 Million to Settle Cases\". SEC. 31 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/news/pressrelease/2016-16.html","url_text":"\"Barclays, Credit Suisse Charged With Dark Pool Violations - Firms Collectively Paying More Than $150 Million to Settle Cases\""}]},{"reference":"Mamudi, Sam. \"UBS Hit With Record Dark Pool Fine for Breaking U.S. Rules\". Bloomberg.com. 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Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200329171428/https://www.gwlr.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/78-5-Hatch.pdf","url_text":"\"Reforming the Murky Depths of Wall Street: Putting the Spotlight on the Security and Exchange Commission's Regulatory Proposal concerning Dark Pools of Liquidity\""},{"url":"https://www.gwlr.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/78-5-Hatch.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"15 U.S. Code § 78e - Transactions on unregistered exchanges\". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2020-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/15/78e","url_text":"\"15 U.S. Code § 78e - Transactions on unregistered exchanges\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEC.gov | SEC Adopts Rules to Enhance Transparency and Oversight of Alternative Trading Systems\". www.sec.gov. Retrieved 2020-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2018-136","url_text":"\"SEC.gov | SEC Adopts Rules to Enhance Transparency and Oversight of Alternative Trading Systems\""}]},{"reference":"\"Form ATS-N Filings and Information\". www.sec.gov. Retrieved 2020-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/divisions/marketreg/form-ats-n-filings.htm","url_text":"\"Form ATS-N Filings and Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"SEC to adopt transparency rules for dark pools\". Finextra Research. 2018-07-19. Retrieved 2020-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/74776/sec-to-adopt-transparency-rules-for-dark-pools","url_text":"\"SEC to adopt transparency rules for dark pools\""}]},{"reference":"Bacidore, Jeff (2019-11-26). \"Are Dark Pools All the Same? Form ATS-N Says \"No\"\". Traders Magazine. Retrieved 2020-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tradersmagazine.com/news/are-dark-pools-all-the-same-form-ats-n-says-no/","url_text":"\"Are Dark Pools All the Same? Form ATS-N Says \"No\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"ATS Transparency Data Quarterly Statistics | FINRA.org\". www.finra.org. Retrieved 2020-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.finra.org/filing-reporting/otc-transparency/ats-quarterly-statistics","url_text":"\"ATS Transparency Data Quarterly Statistics | FINRA.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Downloadable ATS Data Available at no Charge on FINRA.org July 13, 2015 | FINRA.org\". www.finra.org. Retrieved 2020-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.finra.org/filing-reporting/otc-transparency/technical-notices/technical-notices/downloadable-ats-data-available-no-charge-finraorg-july-13-2015","url_text":"\"Downloadable ATS Data Available at no Charge on FINRA.org July 13, 2015 | FINRA.org\""}]},{"reference":"D'Antona, John Jr. (2020-01-03). \"FLASH FRIDAY: Turning the Spotlight On Dark Pools\". Traders Magazine. Retrieved 2020-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tradersmagazine.com/flashback/flash-friday-turning-the-spotlight-on-dark-pools/","url_text":"\"FLASH FRIDAY: Turning the Spotlight On Dark Pools\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dark+pool%22","external_links_name":"\"Dark pool\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dark+pool%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dark+pool%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dark+pool%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dark+pool%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dark+pool%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://ssrn.com/abstract=2417988","external_links_name":"\"The New Financial 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Work?\""},{"Link":"http://fixglobal.com/home/control-and-flexibility-how-trading-can-add-value-to-the-investment-process/","external_links_name":"http://fixglobal.com/home/control-and-flexibility-how-trading-can-add-value-to-the-investment-process/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200801171905/https://www.fixglobal.com/home/control-and-flexibility-how-trading-can-add-value-to-the-investment-process/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.quantprinciple.com/invest/index.php/docs/realworld/darkpools/#tape","external_links_name":"http://www.quantprinciple.com/invest/index.php/docs/realworld/darkpools/#tape"},{"Link":"http://www.quantprinciple.com/invest/index.php/docs/realworld/darkpools/","external_links_name":"http://www.quantprinciple.com/invest/index.php/docs/realworld/darkpools/"},{"Link":"http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/IN10140.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Dark Pools\" In Equity Trading: Significance and Recent 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Pools"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140628010744/http://www.newyorktelegraph.com/index.php/sid/223293195/scat/3a8a80d6f705f8cc/ht/Dark-pool-fraud-lawsuit-filed-against-Barclays-in-US","external_links_name":"\"Dark pool fraud lawsuit filed against Barclays in US\""},{"Link":"http://www.newyorktelegraph.com/index.php/sid/223293195/scat/3a8a80d6f705f8cc/ht/Dark-pool-fraud-lawsuit-filed-against-Barclays-in-US","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140806065744/http://www.thelondonnews.net/index.php/sid/224095831/scat/3a8a80d6f705f8cc/ht/Barclays-seeks-dismissal-of-New-York-dark-pool-suit","external_links_name":"\"Barclays seeks dismissal of New York dark pool suit\""},{"Link":"http://www.thelondonnews.net/index.php/sid/224095831/scat/3a8a80d6f705f8cc/ht/Barclays-seeks-dismissal-of-New-York-dark-pool-suit","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/news/pressrelease/2016-16.html","external_links_name":"\"Barclays, Credit Suisse 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Form ATS-N Says \"No\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.finra.org/filing-reporting/otc-transparency/ats-quarterly-statistics","external_links_name":"\"ATS Transparency Data Quarterly Statistics | FINRA.org\""},{"Link":"https://www.finra.org/filing-reporting/otc-transparency/technical-notices/technical-notices/downloadable-ats-data-available-no-charge-finraorg-july-13-2015","external_links_name":"\"Downloadable ATS Data Available at no Charge on FINRA.org July 13, 2015 | FINRA.org\""},{"Link":"https://www.tradersmagazine.com/flashback/flash-friday-turning-the-spotlight-on-dark-pools/","external_links_name":"\"FLASH FRIDAY: Turning the Spotlight On Dark Pools\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Barnard | Arthur Barnard | ["1 Masters Track and Field","2 References"] | American sprinter and hurdler
Arthur BarnardBarnard at the 1952 OlympicsPersonal informationBorn(1929-03-10)March 10, 1929Seattle, Washington, U.S.DiedMay 1, 2018(2018-05-01) (aged 89)Height180 cm (5 ft 11 in)Weight77 kg (170 lb)SportSportAthleticsEvent(s)110 m, 400 m hurdlesClubLos Angeles Athletic ClubU.S. NavyAchievements and titlesPersonal best(s)110 mH – 14.1 (1952)400 mH – 53.9 (1954)
Medal record
Representing the United States
Olympic Games
1952 Helsinki
110 m hurdles
Arthur "Art" Barnard (March 10, 1929 – May 1, 2018) was an American sprinter. He competed mainly in the 110 m hurdles event, winning a bronze medal at the 1952 Olympics. Barnard attended the University of Southern California. Running for La Jolla High School, he finished second in the 120 yard high hurdles at the 1947 CIF California State Meet.
Masters Track and Field
Barnard continued to compete into the newly emerging Masters division. In July 1970 Barnard (age 41) competed in the 120 yard high hurdles (36" tall) at the 3rd Annual Masters National Outdoor Track and Field Championship in San Diego, California winning in 15.1. Barnard's 15.1 represented a Masters American Record at the time.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arthur Barnard.
^ a b c Art Barnard. sports-reference.com
^ Arthur Barnard's obituary
^ Arthur Barnard. trackfield.brinkster.net
^ USC OLYMPIANS: 1904–2004 Archived September 16, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, USC Trojans Athletic Department, Accessed August 13, 2008.
^ California State Meet Results – 1915 to present. lynbrooksports.prepcaltrack.com
^ 1970 Meet Results. Retrieved November 4, 2020
^ Masters Progression List. Retrieved November 4, 2020
vte1952 USA Olympic track and field teamMen's trackand road athletes
Bill Ashenfelter
Horace Ashenfelter
Thane Baker
Art Barnard
John Barnes
Roland Blackmon
Art Bragg
Charlie Capozzoli
Gene Cole
Ted Corbitt
Jack Davis
John Deni
Harrison Dillard
Warren Druetzler
Victor Dyrgall
James Gathers
Tom Jones
Price King
Henry Laskau
Ollie Matson
Bob McMillen
Javier Montez
Charles Moore
Reggie Pearman
Lindy Remigino
Browning Ross
Wes Santee
Leo Sjogren
Dean Smith
Andy Stanfield
Curt Stone
Adolf Weinacker
Mal Whitfield
Fred Wilt
Lee Yoder
Men's field athletes
Walter Ashbaugh
Bob Backus
Arnold Betton
Jerome Biffle
George Brown
Milt Campbell
Walt Davis
Jim Dillion
Marty Engel
Samuel Felton
Jim Fuchs
Jim Gerhardt
Fortune Gordien
Meredith Gourdine
Bud Held
Darrow Hooper
Sim Iness
Don Laz
Bob Mathias
George Mattos
Bill Miller
Parry O'Brien
Bob Richards
George Shaw
Floyd Simmons
Ken Wiesner
Cy Young
Women's track athletes
Constance Darnowski
Dolores Dwyer
Mae Faggs
Catherine Hardy
Barbara Jones (r)
Janet Moreau
Women's field athletes
Janet Dicks
Mabel Landry
Marjorie Larney
Coaches
Brutus Hamilton (men's head coach)
Clyde Littlefield (men's assistant coach)
Larry Snyder (men's assistant coach)
Charles Werner (men's assistant coach)
Lucile Wilson (women's manager-coach)
This article about a track and field Olympic medalist of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-1"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USColympians-4"},{"link_name":"La Jolla High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Jolla_High_School"},{"link_name":"CIF California State Meet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIF_California_State_Meet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Arthur \"Art\" Barnard (March 10, 1929 – May 1, 2018) was an American sprinter. He competed mainly in the 110 m hurdles event, winning a bronze medal at the 1952 Olympics.[1] Barnard attended the University of Southern California.[4] Running for La Jolla High School, he finished second in the 120 yard high hurdles at the 1947 CIF California State Meet.[5]","title":"Arthur Barnard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_athletics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Barnard continued to compete into the newly emerging Masters division. In July 1970 Barnard (age 41) competed in the 120 yard high hurdles (36\" tall) at the 3rd Annual Masters National Outdoor Track and Field Championship in San Diego, California winning in 15.1.[6] Barnard's 15.1 represented a Masters American Record at the time.[7]","title":"Masters Track and Field"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Athletics_pictogram.svg/50px-Athletics_pictogram.svg.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417172633/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ba/art-barnard-1.html","external_links_name":"Art Barnard"},{"Link":"http://usctrojans.com/news/2018/5/3/track-field-former-usc-olympic-hurdles-medalist-barnard-passes-away.aspx","external_links_name":"Arthur Barnard's obituary"},{"Link":"http://trackfield.brinkster.net/Profile.asp?ID=373&Gender=M","external_links_name":"Arthur Barnard"},{"Link":"http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/usc/genrel/auto_pdf/uscolympians.pdf","external_links_name":"USC OLYMPIANS: 1904–2004"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180916190511/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/usc/genrel/auto_pdf/uscolympians.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://lynbrooksports.prepcaltrack.com/ATHLETICS/TRACK/stateres.htm","external_links_name":"California State Meet Results – 1915 to present"},{"Link":"http://mastershistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/1970-07-Outdoor-Revised.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://mastershistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Masters-Sprint-Hurdles-Records-Progression-Men.pdf","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Barnard&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae/Soca_Music_Awards | Reggae/Soca Music Awards | [] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Reggae/Soca Music Awards" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Reggae/Soca Music Awards were first presented in 1994 by its founder Winsome 'Lady C' Charlton at The Bailey Concert Hall in Davie, South Florida. The Awards became a reality after years of deliberation, pondering and due to the lack of recognition for reggae and soca music in the United States despite its continued popularity.
The ceremony consists of twenty five awards in various categories namely vocalists, DJs, producers, albums, songs, record labels, instrumentals, videos, and many more.
vteSoca musicGenres
Bouyon soca
Chutney soca
Parang soca
Rapso
Related topics
Music of Trinidad and Tobago
Carnival
Trinidadian English
Disco1
Caribbean music in (Canada, the United Kingdom)
International Soca Monarch
Reggae/Soca Music Awards
1 Berry, Mick & Gianni, Jason (2003). "The Drummer's Bible: How to Play Every Drum Style from Afro-Cuban to Zydeco", p.67: "Disco incorporates stylistic elements of Rock, Funk and the Motown sound while also drawing from Swing, Soca, Merengue and Afro-Cuban styles", ISBN 1884365329, 9781884365324
This music event–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Davie, South Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davie,_Florida"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae_music"},{"link_name":"soca music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soca_music"},{"link_name":"vocalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocalists"},{"link_name":"DJs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Soca_music"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Soca_music"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soca_music"},{"link_name":"Soca music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soca_music"},{"link_name":"Bouyon soca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouyon_soca"},{"link_name":"Chutney soca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chutney_soca"},{"link_name":"Parang soca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parang_soca"},{"link_name":"Rapso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapso"},{"link_name":"Music of Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Carnival"},{"link_name":"Trinidadian English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidadian_English"},{"link_name":"Disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"Caribbean music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_music_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_music_in_the_United_Kingdom#Music_from_Trinidad"},{"link_name":"International Soca Monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Soca_Monarch"},{"link_name":"Reggae/Soca Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1884365329","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1884365329"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eighth_notes_and_rest.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reggae/Soca_Music_Awards&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Music-event-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Music-event-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music-event-stub"}],"text":"The Reggae/Soca Music Awards were first presented in 1994 by its founder Winsome 'Lady C' Charlton at The Bailey Concert Hall in Davie, South Florida. The Awards became a reality after years of deliberation, pondering and due to the lack of recognition for reggae and soca music in the United States despite its continued popularity.The ceremony consists of twenty five awards in various categories namely vocalists, DJs, producers, albums, songs, record labels, instrumentals, videos, and many more.vteSoca musicGenres\nBouyon soca\nChutney soca\nParang soca\nRapso\nRelated topics\nMusic of Trinidad and Tobago\nCarnival\nTrinidadian English\nDisco1\nCaribbean music in (Canada, the United Kingdom)\nInternational Soca Monarch\nReggae/Soca Music Awards\n1 Berry, Mick & Gianni, Jason (2003). \"The Drummer's Bible: How to Play Every Drum Style from Afro-Cuban to Zydeco\", p.67: \"Disco incorporates stylistic elements of Rock, Funk and the Motown sound while also drawing from Swing, Soca, Merengue and Afro-Cuban styles\", ISBN 1884365329, 9781884365324This music event–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Reggae/Soca Music Awards"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Reggae%2FSoca+Music+Awards%22","external_links_name":"\"Reggae/Soca Music Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Reggae%2FSoca+Music+Awards%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Reggae%2FSoca+Music+Awards%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Reggae%2FSoca+Music+Awards%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Reggae%2FSoca+Music+Awards%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Reggae%2FSoca+Music+Awards%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reggae/Soca_Music_Awards&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunter_(comics) | Manhunter (comics) | ["1 Paul Kirk, Rick Nelson, Paul Kirk","2 Dan Richards","3 Mark Shaw","4 Clone of Paul Kirk","5 Chase Lawler","6 Kirk DePaul","7 Kate Spencer","8 Ramsey Robinson","9 Manhunter 2070","10 Other versions","11 In other media","11.1 Television","12 References","13 External links"] | DC Comics superheroes
For the race of androids created by the Guardians of the Universe as a forerunner to the Green Lantern Corps, see Manhunters (DC Comics).
Not to be confused with Martian Manhunter.
Comics character
ManhunterThe first three Manhunters as depicted in Secret Origins vol. 2 #22 (January 1988). Art by Walt Simonson.Publication informationPublisher(All) DC Comics(Richards)Originally Quality ComicsFirst appearance(Kirk) Adventure Comics #58 (January 1941)(Richards)Police Comics #8 (March 1942)(Shaw)1st Issue Special #5 (August 1975)(Clone) The Secret Society of Super Villains #1 (June 1976)(Lawler)Manhunter (vol. 2), #0 (October 1994)(DePaul)The Power Company: Manhunter #1 (March 2002)Created by(Kirk, Shaw)Jack KirbyJoe Simon(Lawler)Steven Grant (writer)Vince Giarrano (penciler)In-story informationAlter ego- Dan Richards – Paul Kirk – Mark Shaw – Clone of Paul Kirk – Chase Lawler – Kirk DePaul – Kate SpencerTeam affiliations(Richards)Freedom Fighters(Richards, Kirk)All-Star Squadron(Kirk)Justice League(Shaw)Suicide Squad(DePaul)Power Company(Spencer)FBIDEOBirds of PreyJustice Society of AmericaNotable aliases(Shaw) PrivateerStar-TsarAbilitiesvaries, see below
Manhunter is the name given to several different fictional characters appearing in comic books published by DC Comics and Quality Comics. They are depicted as superheroes and antiheroes.
Paul Kirk, Rick Nelson, Paul Kirk
Main article: Manhunter (Paul Kirk)
"Paul Kirk, Manhunter" was a crime series that ran in Adventure Comics #58–72 (Jan. 1941 – March 1942). In this original incarnation, Kirk was a non-costumed investigator who helped police solve crimes. The word "manhunter" in the title was merely an epithet describing Kirk's role and was not a name, nickname, or alias used by Kirk in the stories. However, Paul Kirk was re-imagined as a kind of superhero called Manhunter in the 1970s, so he retroactively became comics' first Manhunter despite not possessing the name before the Quality or Simon & Kirby characters (below).
The final issue of Adventure Comics to feature a "Paul Kirk, Manhunter" story was #72. The following issue replaced it with a new Manhunter, by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby. This was Rick Nelson, a former big game hunter turned superhero. After a few issues, the name Rick Nelson was replaced by the name Paul Kirk, despite being a totally different character. The Simon/Kirby team left the feature after #80 (November 1942), though this Manhunter appeared in Adventure Comics until #92 in June 1944. This version of Manhunter (published by DC) appeared concurrently with the Quality character below.
Dan Richards
The second Manhunter's first appearance was in the Quality Comics title Police Comics #8 (cover-date (March 1942) and his solo stories ended in issue #101 (August 1950). The Quality Comics characters were purchased by DC Comics when Quality went out of business in 1956. Dan Richards would eventually be featured in Young All-Stars and All-Star Squadron. His origin was retold in Secret Origins (vol. 2) #22 (January 1988).
Donald "Dan" Richards attended the police academy with his girlfriend's brother, Jim, who was at the top of the class, while Dan was at the very bottom. After Jim was framed for a crime he didn't commit, Dan took up the identity of Manhunter to track down the actual killer. He caught the perpetrator and cleared Jim's name. Afterwards, he continued to operate as Manhunter. His sidekick was a dog named Thor, who was later retconned to be a robotic sentry operating under the auspices of the Manhunter cult.
According to Jess Nevins' Encyclopedia of Golden Age Superheroes, Manhunter's enemies include "ordinary criminals, Germans, the Nazi agent the Cobra, Dr. Sims (who has created telepathic brains-in-a-jar), the Ghostmaster, the whip-wielding female crime boss Red Kate, and the Spine-Snapper and his trained ape".
Dan's granddaughter, Marcie Cooper, became the third Harlequin after he convinced her to join the Manhunters.
Dan Richards was later killed by Mark Shaw, who had fallen back into his Dumas persona.
Mark Shaw
Main article: Manhunter (Mark Shaw)
Clone of Paul Kirk
One of Paul Kirk's remaining clones, claiming the identity of Manhunter and wearing Paul Kirk's Council-created uniform, masterminded the creation of the Secret Society of Super Villains. He died trying to kill Darkseid.
Chase Lawler
A new Manhunter title (by Steven Grant and Vince Giarrano), unrelated to any of the previous Manhunters, was created in the aftermath of the miniseries Zero Hour: Crisis in Time! #4-0 in 1994. Chase Lawler was a musician who summoned the Wild Huntsman to save himself and his girlfriend from harm. He did not understand the commitment he was making to the Wild Huntsman and found himself compelled to hunt the lonely. He tried to resist the urge by hunting villains, with limited success.
Lawler suffered a heart attack and Mark Shaw attempted to resuscitate him. This transferred the bond with the Wild Huntsman and the compulsion to hunt to Shaw. It was later revealed that Lawler had undergone the same mental programming as Shaw and that the Wild Huntsman was actually an illusion created as a side effect. Lawler was drugged and then murdered by Shaw, who had fallen back into his Dumas persona.
Kirk DePaul
Created by Kurt Busiek and Tom Grummett, the Kirk DePaul version of Manhunter was the last surviving Council-created clone of Paul Kirk and wore a variation of that Manhunter uniform. DePaul was roaming through Africa when his progenitor was killed. DePaul was a partner in the superhero-for-hire firm known as the Power Company. Fellow partner in the firm Skyrocket despised him for his miserly, materialistic attitude.
DePaul's role in the Power Company attracted the attention of Asano Nitobe and Christine St. Clair, who confronted him. They established that he was not evil and, although St. Clair continued watching DePaul, decided not to kill him. DePaul was later murdered and decapitated by Mark Shaw who had suffered a breakdown and resumed his Dumas persona.
Although never officially confirmed, it is strongly implied that DePaul was later resurrected by Morgaine le Fey as the character "Swashbuckler" in the comic book Trinity (2008–2009), a mercenary who shows all the skills of a Manhunter. Trinity writer Kurt Busiek (also the creator of Power Company and Kirk DePaul) confirmed that Swashbuckler is the only member of the Trinity series' villainous Dreambound that has been seen before in the DC Universe: "Swashbuckler is a pre-existing character, but not a Silver Age one. There are clues in the story that indicate who he is, though..." Also, in Trinity #27, Swashbuckler reveals a scar visible all around his neck. At the end of the Trinity series, the Dreambound including Swashbuckler switch to the side of the heroes, and are later pardoned in court. Their current whereabouts are unknown.
Kate Spencer
The current Manhunter, Kate Spencer, in the cover art for Manhunter (vol. 3), #4; art by Jae Lee.
Main article: Manhunter (Kate Spencer)
Kate Spencer, like Mark Shaw, is a lawyer, but instead works as a prosecutor. Outraged by the ability of supercriminals to escape justice, Spencer assembled a costume from a variety of devices left over from various heroes and villains. A Darkstar costume and Azrael's Batman gloves give Spencer enhanced strength, agility and resistance to injury while Mark Shaw's power staff allows her to fire bolts of energy. Spencer has taken on several minor league supervillains including Copperhead and the Shadow Thief.
Recently Spencer fought her father, a minor league supervillain who erroneously claimed to be the son of Al Pratt – the Golden Age Atom. Kate is in fact the granddaughter of Phantom Lady and Iron Munro. Al Pratt allowed Sandra Knight (the Phantom Lady) to use his contact information in order to enter a home for unwed mothers, which led to the mix-up.
Most recently Kate Spencer, in her heroic identity as Manhunter, began working with the US government's Department of Extranormal Operations, headed by the former criminal Mister Bones. The new Manhunter series in which she appears began in 2004. This current series has featured appearances by Dan Richards, Mark Shaw, Chase Lawler, and Kirk DePaul.
Manhunter was initially slated to be cancelled due to low sales, but a massive and organized fan campaign, along with support from DC Comics' management, allowed for another five-issue arc to be commissioned. The series was given a second reprieve from cancellation. It was meant to be restarted in July 2007, but was put on hold until several issues have been written and drawn before the title resumed publication. The series returned in June 2008 with issue #31, written by co-creator Marc Andreyko and pencilled by Michael Gaydos and ended again in January 2009 with issue #38.
Kate Spencer eventually joined the Birds of Prey, and her teammates were subsequently featured in a number of issues of the Manhunter series.
Kate Spencer briefly relocated to Gotham City where she took up a position as the new District Attorney. Her first adventures in Gotham were chronicled in a back-up feature in Batman: Streets of Gotham. She later appeared in Justice Society of America, which saw Kate move to the city of Monument Point and join the JSA.
Ramsey Robinson
Ramsey Robinson is the son of Kate Spencer and her ex-husband, Peter Robinson. He is revealed to have super powers in Manhunter (vol. 3) #33 when the seven-year-old smashed a garbage truck while rescuing his dog. Issue #38, penned as a "future story", details Ramsey's college graduation and introduces his super-powered boyfriend, Justin, as well as Jade, the super-powered daughter of Obsidian (who is named after Obsidian's twin sister, Jade). The story describes Ramsey, Justin, and Jade training to become the next generation of superheroes and ends with an older Kate presenting Ramsey with a man-made replica of her Darkstar exo-mantle as a graduation gift, hinting he's destined to be the next Manhunter.
Manhunter 2070
Manhunter 2070, by Mike Sekowsky.
Starker, a bounty hunter in the future, was the star of Manhunter 2070. The Manhunter 2070 series was created by writer and artist Mike Sekowsky. Starker first appeared in the pages of Showcase #91–93 (June–September 1970).
In 2053, Starker's father was murdered by space pirates and young Starker was taken as a galley slave. Starker took control of the pirate vessel, captured the pirates, and collected a bounty on them. Starker then decided to become a bounty hunter. He was aided by a robot named Arky.
Manhunter 2070 is one of six DC heroes featured in Walter Simonson's 2012 graphic novel The Judas Coin.
Other versions
A version of the Starker Manhunter appears in the Twilight mini-series by Howard Chaykin and José Luis García-López in 1990. In the series Starker is given the first name of John, and it is stated that he is the older brother of Silver Age hero Star Hawkins. He dies in Twilight #3.
In the Tangent Comics print, a character named Manhunter is a member of the Secret Six. This Manhunter is female, wears a gold, red and blue-black costume, and has a robotic dog named "Pooch". She is killed by the Tangent version of Power Girl in Tangent: Superman's Reign #4. Tangent's Lori Lemaris takes on the identity in issue #7.
In other media
Television
The Paul Kirk incarnation of Manhunter appears in the Beware the Batman episode "Unique", voiced by Xander Berkeley.
The Kate Spencer and Mark Shaw incarnations of Manhunter appear in Arrow, portrayed by Chelah Horsdal and David Cubitt respectively.
References
^ Manhunter (Quality Comics) at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on February 12, 2016.
^ Thomas, Roy (2006). The All-Star Companion: Vol. 2. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 89. ISBN 978-1893905375.
^ Koolman, Mike; Amash, Jim (2011). The Quality Companion. TwoMorrows Publishing. pp. 144–146. ISBN 978-1605490373.
^ a b Secret Origins #22
^ Nevins, Jess (2013). Encyclopedia of Golden Age Superheroes. High Rock Press. ISBN 978-1-61318-023-5.
^ The DC Comics Encyclopedia. Dorling Kindersley Limited. 2004. p. 194. ISBN 0-7566-0592-X.
^ Manhunter (vol. 3) #7
^ The Secret Society of Super Villains #1–5
^ Manhunter (vol. 2) #13
^ Manhunter (vol. 3) #13
^ Manhunter (vol. 3) #10
^ The Power Company #5
^ Manhunter (vol. 3) #11
^ Posted by Kurt Busiek on the Comic Bloc Forums, August 4th, 2010.
^ Trinity #27 (February 2009)
^ Newsarama.com: NYCC '07: DC NATION PANEL Archived 2007-03-18 at the Wayback Machine
^ Newsarama.com: WONDER CON '07: DC NATION PANEL Archived 2007-08-27 at the Wayback Machine
^ Newsarama.com: WONDERCON '08 – DC NATION PANEL Archived 2008-05-13 at the Wayback Machine
^ Manhunter (vol. 3) #31
^ Ramsey Robinson – Gay League profile
^ SBC.com: Everything Manhunter – Part Two Archived 2008-08-27 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Manhunter I (Richards) Index
Manhunter II (Kirk) Index
Manhunter I (Richards) Profile
Comics Nexus – Near Mint Memories: Manhunter (Jan. '05)
Power Company Chronology at DC Cosmic Teams
The Manhunter 20K Challenge: Help ensure the continued publication of Manhunter
Everything Manhunter part 2
Grand Comics Database Project – Index of Manhunter vol. 1
Grand Comics Database Project – Index of Manhunter vol. 2
Grand Comics Database Project – Index of Manhunter vol. 3
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guardians of the Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Universe"},{"link_name":"Green Lantern Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lantern_Corps"},{"link_name":"Manhunters (DC Comics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunters_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Martian Manhunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_Manhunter"},{"link_name":"comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Quality Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_Comics"},{"link_name":"superheroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"antiheroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihero"}],"text":"For the race of androids created by the Guardians of the Universe as a forerunner to the Green Lantern Corps, see Manhunters (DC Comics).Not to be confused with Martian Manhunter.Comics characterManhunter is the name given to several different fictional characters appearing in comic books published by DC Comics and Quality Comics. They are depicted as superheroes and antiheroes.","title":"Manhunter (comics)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adventure Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_Comics"}],"text":"\"Paul Kirk, Manhunter\" was a crime series that ran in Adventure Comics #58–72 (Jan. 1941 – March 1942). In this original incarnation, Kirk was a non-costumed investigator who helped police solve crimes. The word \"manhunter\" in the title was merely an epithet describing Kirk's role and was not a name, nickname, or alias used by Kirk in the stories. However, Paul Kirk was re-imagined as a kind of superhero called Manhunter in the 1970s, so he retroactively became comics' first Manhunter despite not possessing the name before the Quality or Simon & Kirby characters (below).The final issue of Adventure Comics to feature a \"Paul Kirk, Manhunter\" story was #72. The following issue replaced it with a new Manhunter, by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby. This was Rick Nelson, a former big game hunter turned superhero. After a few issues, the name Rick Nelson was replaced by the name Paul Kirk, despite being a totally different character. The Simon/Kirby team left the feature after #80 (November 1942), though this Manhunter appeared in Adventure Comics until #92 in June 1944. This version of Manhunter (published by DC) appeared concurrently with the Quality character below.","title":"Paul Kirk, Rick Nelson, Paul Kirk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first appearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_appearance"},{"link_name":"Quality Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_Comics"},{"link_name":"Police Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Comics"},{"link_name":"cover-date","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover-date"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toonopedia-manhunterquality-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"retconned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retcon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Secret_Origins_#22-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Secret_Origins_#22-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The second Manhunter's first appearance was in the Quality Comics title Police Comics #8 (cover-date (March 1942) and his solo stories ended in issue #101 (August 1950).[1] The Quality Comics characters were purchased by DC Comics when Quality went out of business in 1956. Dan Richards would eventually be featured in Young All-Stars and All-Star Squadron.[2] His origin was retold in Secret Origins (vol. 2) #22 (January 1988).Donald \"Dan\" Richards attended the police academy with his girlfriend's brother, Jim, who was at the top of the class, while Dan was at the very bottom. After Jim was framed for a crime he didn't commit, Dan took up the identity of Manhunter to track down the actual killer. He caught the perpetrator and cleared Jim's name. Afterwards, he continued to operate as Manhunter.[3] His sidekick was a dog named Thor, who was later retconned to be a robotic sentry operating under the auspices of the Manhunter cult.[4]According to Jess Nevins' Encyclopedia of Golden Age Superheroes, Manhunter's enemies include \"ordinary criminals, Germans, the Nazi agent the Cobra, Dr. Sims (who has created telepathic brains-in-a-jar), the Ghostmaster, the whip-wielding female crime boss Red Kate, and the Spine-Snapper and his trained ape\".[5]Dan's granddaughter, Marcie Cooper, became the third Harlequin after he convinced her to join the Manhunters.[4][6]Dan Richards was later killed by Mark Shaw, who had fallen back into his Dumas persona.[7]","title":"Dan Richards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mark Shaw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Secret Society of Super Villains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Society_of_Super_Villains"},{"link_name":"Darkseid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkseid"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"One of Paul Kirk's remaining clones, claiming the identity of Manhunter and wearing Paul Kirk's Council-created uniform, masterminded the creation of the Secret Society of Super Villains. He died trying to kill Darkseid.[8]","title":"Clone of Paul Kirk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steven Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Grant"},{"link_name":"Zero Hour: Crisis in Time!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Hour:_Crisis_in_Time!"},{"link_name":"Wild Huntsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Huntsman_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manhunter13-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"A new Manhunter title (by Steven Grant and Vince Giarrano), unrelated to any of the previous Manhunters, was created in the aftermath of the miniseries Zero Hour: Crisis in Time! #4-0 in 1994. Chase Lawler was a musician who summoned the Wild Huntsman to save himself and his girlfriend from harm. He did not understand the commitment he was making to the Wild Huntsman and found himself compelled to hunt the lonely. He tried to resist the urge by hunting villains, with limited success.Lawler suffered a heart attack and Mark Shaw attempted to resuscitate him.[9] This transferred the bond with the Wild Huntsman and the compulsion to hunt to Shaw. It was later revealed that Lawler had undergone the same mental programming as Shaw and that the Wild Huntsman was actually an illusion created as a side effect.[10] Lawler was drugged and then murdered by Shaw, who had fallen back into his Dumas persona.[11]","title":"Chase Lawler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kurt Busiek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Busiek"},{"link_name":"Tom Grummett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Grummett"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"superhero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superhero"},{"link_name":"Power Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Company"},{"link_name":"Skyrocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyrocket_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Morgaine le Fey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgaine_le_Fey_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Kurt Busiek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Busiek"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Created by Kurt Busiek and Tom Grummett, the Kirk DePaul version of Manhunter was the last surviving Council-created clone of Paul Kirk and wore a variation of that Manhunter uniform. DePaul was roaming through Africa when his progenitor was killed. DePaul was a partner in the superhero-for-hire firm known as the Power Company. Fellow partner in the firm Skyrocket despised him for his miserly, materialistic attitude.DePaul's role in the Power Company attracted the attention of Asano Nitobe and Christine St. Clair, who confronted him.[12] They established that he was not evil and, although St. Clair continued watching DePaul, decided not to kill him. DePaul was later murdered and decapitated by Mark Shaw who had suffered a breakdown and resumed his Dumas persona.[13]Although never officially confirmed, it is strongly implied that DePaul was later resurrected by Morgaine le Fey as the character \"Swashbuckler\" in the comic book Trinity (2008–2009), a mercenary who shows all the skills of a Manhunter. Trinity writer Kurt Busiek (also the creator of Power Company and Kirk DePaul) confirmed that Swashbuckler is the only member of the Trinity series' villainous Dreambound that has been seen before in the DC Universe: \"Swashbuckler is a pre-existing character, but not a Silver Age one. There are clues in the story that indicate who he is, though...\"[14] Also, in Trinity #27, Swashbuckler reveals a scar visible all around his neck.[15] At the end of the Trinity series, the Dreambound including Swashbuckler switch to the side of the heroes, and are later pardoned in court. Their current whereabouts are unknown.","title":"Kirk DePaul"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manhunter_KateSpencer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jae Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jae_Lee"},{"link_name":"Darkstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkstars"},{"link_name":"Azrael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azrael_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Copperhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhead_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Shadow Thief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Thief"},{"link_name":"Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comic_Books"},{"link_name":"Atom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_(Al_Pratt)"},{"link_name":"Phantom Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_Lady"},{"link_name":"Iron Munro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Munro"},{"link_name":"Department of Extranormal Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Extranormal_Operations"},{"link_name":"Mister Bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Bones"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Marc Andreyko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Andreyko"},{"link_name":"Michael Gaydos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gaydos"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Birds of Prey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_Prey_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Gotham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_City"},{"link_name":"Batman: Streets of Gotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_Streets_of_Gotham"},{"link_name":"Justice Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Society_of_America"}],"text":"The current Manhunter, Kate Spencer, in the cover art for Manhunter (vol. 3), #4; art by Jae Lee.Kate Spencer, like Mark Shaw, is a lawyer, but instead works as a prosecutor. Outraged by the ability of supercriminals to escape justice, Spencer assembled a costume from a variety of devices left over from various heroes and villains. A Darkstar costume and Azrael's Batman gloves give Spencer enhanced strength, agility and resistance to injury while Mark Shaw's power staff allows her to fire bolts of energy. Spencer has taken on several minor league supervillains including Copperhead and the Shadow Thief.Recently Spencer fought her father, a minor league supervillain who erroneously claimed to be the son of Al Pratt – the Golden Age Atom. Kate is in fact the granddaughter of Phantom Lady and Iron Munro. Al Pratt allowed Sandra Knight (the Phantom Lady) to use his contact information in order to enter a home for unwed mothers, which led to the mix-up.Most recently Kate Spencer, in her heroic identity as Manhunter, began working with the US government's Department of Extranormal Operations, headed by the former criminal Mister Bones. The new Manhunter series in which she appears began in 2004. This current series has featured appearances by Dan Richards, Mark Shaw, Chase Lawler, and Kirk DePaul.Manhunter was initially slated to be cancelled due to low sales, but a massive and organized fan campaign, along with support from DC Comics' management, allowed for another five-issue arc to be commissioned. The series was given a second reprieve from cancellation.[16][17] It was meant to be restarted in July 2007, but was put on hold until several issues have been written and drawn before the title resumed publication.[18] The series returned in June 2008 with issue #31, written by co-creator Marc Andreyko and pencilled by Michael Gaydos[19] and ended again in January 2009 with issue #38.Kate Spencer eventually joined the Birds of Prey, and her teammates were subsequently featured in a number of issues of the Manhunter series.Kate Spencer briefly relocated to Gotham City where she took up a position as the new District Attorney. Her first adventures in Gotham were chronicled in a back-up feature in Batman: Streets of Gotham. She later appeared in Justice Society of America, which saw Kate move to the city of Monument Point and join the JSA.","title":"Kate Spencer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Obsidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Jade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Ramsey Robinson is the son of Kate Spencer and her ex-husband, Peter Robinson. He is revealed to have super powers in Manhunter (vol. 3) #33 when the seven-year-old smashed a garbage truck while rescuing his dog. Issue #38, penned as a \"future story\", details Ramsey's college graduation and introduces his super-powered boyfriend, Justin, as well as Jade, the super-powered daughter of Obsidian (who is named after Obsidian's twin sister, Jade). The story describes Ramsey, Justin, and Jade training to become the next generation of superheroes and ends with an older Kate presenting Ramsey with a man-made replica of her Darkstar exo-mantle as a graduation gift, hinting he's destined to be the next Manhunter.[20]","title":"Ramsey Robinson"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manhunter2070dcu0.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mike Sekowsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Sekowsky"},{"link_name":"Mike Sekowsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Sekowsky"},{"link_name":"Showcase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showcase_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Walter Simonson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Simonson"}],"text":"Manhunter 2070, by Mike Sekowsky.Starker, a bounty hunter in the future, was the star of Manhunter 2070. The Manhunter 2070 series was created by writer and artist Mike Sekowsky. Starker first appeared in the pages of Showcase #91–93 (June–September 1970).In 2053, Starker's father was murdered by space pirates and young Starker was taken as a galley slave. Starker took control of the pirate vessel, captured the pirates, and collected a bounty on them. Starker then decided to become a bounty hunter. He was aided by a robot named Arky.Manhunter 2070 is one of six DC heroes featured in Walter Simonson's 2012 graphic novel The Judas Coin.","title":"Manhunter 2070"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twilight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_(comic_book)"},{"link_name":"Howard Chaykin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Chaykin"},{"link_name":"José Luis García-López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Garc%C3%ADa-L%C3%B3pez"},{"link_name":"Star Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Tangent Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent_Comics"},{"link_name":"Secret Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Six_(comics)"}],"text":"A version of the Starker Manhunter appears in the Twilight mini-series by Howard Chaykin and José Luis García-López in 1990. In the series Starker is given the first name of John, and it is stated that he is the older brother of Silver Age hero Star Hawkins. He dies in Twilight #3.[21]\nIn the Tangent Comics print, a character named Manhunter is a member of the Secret Six. This Manhunter is female, wears a gold, red and blue-black costume, and has a robotic dog named \"Pooch\". She is killed by the Tangent version of Power Girl in Tangent: Superman's Reign #4. Tangent's Lori Lemaris takes on the identity in issue #7.","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beware the Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beware_the_Batman"},{"link_name":"Xander Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xander_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Kate Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Spencer_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Mark Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Shaw_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Chelah Horsdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelah_Horsdal"},{"link_name":"David Cubitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cubitt"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"The Paul Kirk incarnation of Manhunter appears in the Beware the Batman episode \"Unique\", voiced by Xander Berkeley.\nThe Kate Spencer and Mark Shaw incarnations of Manhunter appear in Arrow, portrayed by Chelah Horsdal and David Cubitt respectively.","title":"In other media"}] | [{"image_text":"The current Manhunter, Kate Spencer, in the cover art for Manhunter (vol. 3), #4; art by Jae Lee.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b3/Manhunter_KateSpencer.jpg/175px-Manhunter_KateSpencer.jpg"},{"image_text":"Manhunter 2070, by Mike Sekowsky.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/73/Manhunter2070dcu0.jpg/150px-Manhunter2070dcu0.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Thomas, Roy (2006). The All-Star Companion: Vol. 2. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 89. ISBN 978-1893905375.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1893905375","url_text":"978-1893905375"}]},{"reference":"Koolman, Mike; Amash, Jim (2011). The Quality Companion. TwoMorrows Publishing. pp. 144–146. ISBN 978-1605490373.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1605490373","url_text":"978-1605490373"}]},{"reference":"Nevins, Jess (2013). Encyclopedia of Golden Age Superheroes. High Rock Press. ISBN 978-1-61318-023-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61318-023-5","url_text":"978-1-61318-023-5"}]},{"reference":"The DC Comics Encyclopedia. Dorling Kindersley Limited. 2004. p. 194. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Bloodworth | Jimmy Bloodworth | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Later life","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | American baseball player (1917-2002)
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Baseball player
Jimmy BloodworthSecond basemanBorn: (1917-07-26)July 26, 1917Tallahassee, Florida, U.S.Died: August 17, 2002(2002-08-17) (aged 85)Apalachicola, Florida, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutSeptember 14, 1937, for the Washington SenatorsLast MLB appearanceAugust 19, 1951, for the Philadelphia PhilliesMLB statisticsBatting average.248Home runs62Runs batted in451
Teams
Washington Senators (1937, 1939–1941)
Detroit Tigers (1942–1943, 1946)
Pittsburgh Pirates (1947)
Cincinnati Reds (1949–1950)
Philadelphia Phillies (1950–1951)
James Henry Bloodworth (July 26, 1917 – August 17, 2002) was an American professional baseball second baseman who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Washington Senators (1937 and 1939–41), Detroit Tigers (1942–43 and 1946), Pittsburgh Pirates (1947), Cincinnati Reds (1949–50), and Philadelphia Phillies (1950–51).
Early life
Bloodworth was born in Tallahassee, Florida, and he grew up in Apalachicola. Bloodworth said that he strengthened his upper body as a youth by pulling boats across Apalachicola Bay. He played local baseball with an adult team. He was 17 when he started his minor-league career with affiliates of the Washington Senators.
Career
Bloodworth made his major-league debut in 1937 and began to play regularly in 1939. In 1941, Bloodworth led AL second basemen in putouts and assists. That December, he was traded to the Detroit Tigers. He led the American League in grounding into double plays (29) in 1943. He served in the Florida Army National Guard. He missed the entire 1944 and 1945 seasons due to his military service, returning to the Tigers in 1946.
Bloodworth was traded to the Pirates in December 1946 and to the Dodgers about a year later. He was traded to the Reds in 1948 before being purchased by the Phillies in 1950. He was on the 1950 Phillies team that won the 1950 NL pennant. He played in one game in the 1950 World Series; as a ninth-inning defensive replacement, he did not get any plate appearances.
Bloodworth's last major-league season was with the 1951 Phillies. In 11 seasons, he played in 1,002 games and had a .248 batting average over 3,519 at bats with 62 home runs and 451 RBI. Bloodworth returned to the minor leagues, where he had stints as a player and player-manager for teams in Cedar Rapids and Spartanburg with the Spartanburg Peaches.
Later life
Bloodworth, who lived in Apalachicola during the baseball offseasons, continued to live there after his baseball career. He began to experience heart failure in the late 1970s. He died in 2002.
References
^ a b Bea, Alfred (November 29, 1982). "Former major leaguer's batting a thousand in Apalachicola". Tallahassee Democrat.
^ Singletary, Wes (2006). Florida's First Big League Baseball Players: A Narrative History. p. 66. ISBN 9781596291164.
^ "Bloodworth Can Remember When Benton Could Do Justice with a Bat", The Detroit Free Press, Detroit, Michigan, 111th year, number 364, May 3, 1942, part II (sports), page 2. (subscription required)
^ "Former 'Whiz Kid' dies". Quad-City Times. August 21, 2002. p. D3.
Further reading
Van Blair, Rick (1994). Dugout to Foxhole: Interviews with Baseball Players Whose Careers Were Affected by World War II. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company Publishers.
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet
Jimmy Bloodworth at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
Jimmy Bloodworth at Find a Grave
vteInternational League MVP Award
1932: Owen
1933: Rolfe
1934: Boone
1935: Puccinelli
1936: McGowan
1937: Crouse
1938: Carnegie
1939: Witek
1940: Ryba
1941: Hutchinson
1942: Barrett
1943: Schoendienst
1944: Moss
1945: Lollar
1946: Robinson
1947: Sauer
1948: Bloodworth
1949: B. Morgan
1950: Poholsky
1951: Wilson
1952: Gilliam
1953: Nelson
1954: Howard
1955: Nelson
1956: Goliat
1957: Baxes
1958: Nelson
1959: Herrera
1960: King
1961: Savage
1962: Martínez
1963: Buford
1964: J. Morgan
1965: Foy
1966: Epstein
1967: Aaron
1968: Rettenmund
1969: Alvarado
1970: Freed
1970: Kopacz
1971: Grich
1972: Evans
1973: Fuller
1974: Rice
1975: Vail
1976: Dauer
1976: Klutts
1976: Lis
1977: T. Cox
1978: Allenson
1979: Brown
1979: Stapleton
1980: Brant
1981: Butler
1982: Ashford
1983: Teufel
1984: Bradley
1985: Pasqua
1986: Dodson
1987: Milligan
1988: Worthington
1989: O'Malley
1990: Meulens
1991: Bell
1992: Snow
1993: Thome
1994: Manto
1995: Huskey
1996: Hiatt
1997: Petagine
1998: Petagine
1999: S. Cox
2000: Mottola
2001: Hall
2002: González
2003: Seguignol
2004: Peralta
2005: Victorino
2006: Witt
2007: Hessman
2008: Bailey
2009: Duncan
2010: Johnson
2011: Canzler
2012: Gómez
2013: Colabello
2014: Souza
2015: Hague
2016: Gamel
2017: Hoskins
2018: Meneses
2019: Mountcastle
2020: none
2021: Rodríguez
2022: Aranda
2023: Baker
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Kennedy_(film) | Killing Kennedy (film) | ["1 Plot summary","2 Main cast","3 Production","4 Reception","4.1 Critical response","4.2 Awards and nominations","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | 2013 American TV series or program
Killing KennedyPromotional posterGenreDocudramaBased onKilling Kennedyby Bill O'ReillyMartin DugardWritten byKelly MastersonDirected byNelson McCormickStarring
Rob Lowe
Will Rothhaar
Ginnifer Goodwin
Michelle Trachtenberg
Music byGeoff ZanelliCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionExecutive producers
Ridley Scott
David W. Zucker
Mary Lisio
Bill O'Reilly
Teri Weinberg
Howard Owens
Noel Siegel
Charlie Parsons
Richard J. Wells
ProducerLarry RapaportCinematographyStephen St. JohnEditorAdam WolfeRunning time92 minutesProduction companyScott Free ProductionsOriginal releaseNetworkNational Geographic ChannelReleaseNovember 10, 2013 (2013-11-10)
Killing Kennedy is a 2013 American docudrama TV film directed by Nelson McCormick and written by Kelly Masterson, based on the 2012 non-fiction book of the same title by Bill O'Reilly and Martin Dugard. The film stars Rob Lowe, Will Rothhaar, Ginnifer Goodwin, and Michelle Trachtenberg. It dramatizes the presidency and assassination of John F. Kennedy, as well as the life of Lee Harvey Oswald in the years leading up to the assassination.
It premiered in the United States and Canada on National Geographic Channel on November 10, 2013, followed by the various European National Geographic channels a few days later. It was first shown on terrestrial TV in the UK by Channel 4 on November 23, 2013 and in South Korea on November 21, 2013.
Plot summary
The plot follows the rise of John F. Kennedy (Lowe) as he becomes President of the United States. As Kennedy's career shapes, Lee Harvey Oswald (Rothhaar), a former marine, begins to grow disillusioned with the US. Their paths ultimately cross and results in Oswald's assassination of Kennedy.
Main cast
Rob Lowe as John F. Kennedy
Will Rothhaar as Lee Harvey Oswald
Ginnifer Goodwin as Jacqueline Kennedy
Michelle Trachtenberg as Marina Oswald
Jack Noseworthy as Robert F. Kennedy
Francis Guinan as Lyndon B. Johnson
Richard Flood as Kenny O'Donnell
Natalie Gold as Ruth Paine
Jamie McShane as US Moscow Embassy consul Richard Edward Snyder
Brian Hutchison as USSS Special Agent Winston Lawson
Casey Siemaszko as Jack Ruby
Antoinette LaVecchia as Lady Bird Johnson
Boris McGiver as FBI Special Agent John W. Fain
Matt Micou as J. D. Tippit
Keith Tyree as Governor John Connally
Adrienne Nelson as Nellie Connally
Lucas N Hall as Officer Atwell
Roger W. Durrett as Admiral Arleigh Burke, Chief of Naval Operations
Danny McCarthy as Agent James P. Hosty
Parker Dowling as Buell Wesley Frazier
Mike Shiflett as Captain Will Fritz
Terry Menefee Gau as Nurse Doris Nelson
Joseph Gray as Sergeant Gerald Hill
Mary Pat Gleason as Marguerite Oswald
Production
After the success of Killing Lincoln, National Geographic Channel announced it would produce a film adaptation of Killing Kennedy. In May 2013, it was announced that Rob Lowe was to play President John F. Kennedy, Ginnifer Goodwin would play First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, and Michelle Trachtenberg would portray Lee Harvey Oswald's wife Marina Oswald. Goodwin used intimate photos to better portray Jackie Kennedy and was concerned "to do her justice and to play her as accurately as possible without ever doing an impression of her." Costar Rob Lowe said of seeing Goodwin in the pink Chanel suit, "It made it real. If I were under any illusions about what we were doing, seeing her in that iconic moment was, I would say, sobering." While portraying Marina Oswald, Trachtenberg consulted her Russian-born mother for help in speaking Russian. Filming took place in Richmond, Virginia.
Reception
On its original airing, it drew in 3,354,000 viewers, averaging a 1.1 rating with adults in the 25-54 demographic. The viewership broke the record previously held by Killing Lincoln which averaged 3,351,000 viewers.
Critical response
Killing Kennedy received mixed reviews from both viewers and critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the series holds an approval rating of 56% based on 18 reviews, with an average of 5.9/10. On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 55 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
Awards and nominations
Year
Association
Category
Nominee
Result
2014
Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Movie/Miniseries
Killing Kennedy
Nominated
Directors Guild of America Award
Outstanding Directing – Television Film
Nelson McCormick
Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie
Rob Lowe
Nominated
Writers Guild of America Award
Long Form – Adaptation
Kelly Masterson
Nominated
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Television Movie
Nominated
Outstanding Cinematography For A Miniseries Or Movie
Stephen St. John
Nominated
Outstanding Sound Mixing For A Miniseries Or A Movie
William Britt, Mark Linden & Tara Paul
Nominated
See also
Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture
Robert F. Kennedy in media
Cultural depictions of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
References
^ "TV listings, November 10, 2013, at 8:00pm: Killing Kennedy". National Geographic Canada. Retrieved 24 Nov 2013.
^ "TV listings, November 12, 2013, at 9:00pm: Killing Kennedy". National Geographic UK. Retrieved 24 Nov 2013.
^ "TV listings, November 17, 2013, at 22:00: Killing Kennedy". National Geographic Denmark. Retrieved 24 Nov 2013.
^ "TV listings, November 17, 2013, at 22:00: Kennedy-mordet". National Geographic Sweden. Retrieved 24 Nov 2013.
^ "TV listings, November 20, 2013, at 20:40: Killing Kennedy". National Geographic France. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved 24 Nov 2013.
^ "TV listings, November 22, 2013, at 21:05: Killing Kennedy". National Geographic Germany. Archived from the original on December 11, 2014. Retrieved 24 Nov 2013.
^ "킬링 케네디". Naver. Archived from the original on 2023-02-01.
^ Facebook https://www.facebook.com/NatGeoKorea/videos/663390477025777/. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "Bill O'Reilly's 'Killing Lincoln' Sets NatGeo Ratings Record". Inquistir, Ld. The Inquistir. February 21, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
^ Hibberd, James (February 18, 2013). "'Killing Lincoln' gives NatGeo record ratings". Entertainment Weekly Inc. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
^ a b Hibberd, James (May 28, 2013). "Rob Lowe to play JFK in Nat Geo movie". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
^ a b Barnes, Bronwyn (June 20, 2013). "Who makes a better Jackie Kennedy: Ginnifer Goodwin or Katie Holmes? -- POLL". Entertainment Weekly.
^ Truitt, Brian (November 10, 2013). "Ginnifer Goodwin channels Jackie Kennedy's intimate side". USA Today.
^ a b "'Killing Kennedy': Co-star Ginnifer Goodwin says Rob Lowe was channeling JFK". Fox News. November 8, 2013.
^ "Michelle Trachtenberg got the role she wanted in 'Killing Kennedy,' and it wasn't Jackie Kennedy". New York Daily News.
^ O'Connell, Michael (November 11, 2013). "TV Ratings: 'Killing Kennedy' Edges Past 'Killing Lincoln' Record With 3.4 Million Viewers". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
^ Carson, Tom (November 8, 2013). "The GQ Review: Killing Kennedys Is Way More Fun Than The Zillion Other JFK Biopics". gq.com.
^ Miller, Bruce (November 9, 2013). "Review: 'Killing Kennedy' offers respectful but grating view of assassination". siouxcityjournal.com.
^ Lloyd, Robert (November 8, 2013). "Review: 'Killing Kennedy' is not the stuff of legend". Los Angeles Times.
^ Lowry, Brian (November 5, 2013). "TV Review: 'Killing Kennedy'". Variety.
^ "Killing Kennedy (2013)", Rotten Tomatoes, retrieved 2019-05-27
^ "Killing Kennedy reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
External links
Official website at the Wayback Machine (archived October 30, 2013)
Killing Kennedy at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Nelson McCormick
Control Factor (2003)
Prom Night (2008)
The Stepfather (2009)
Killing Kennedy (2013)
vteNational Geographic films
Inside Mecca (2003)
Inside 9/11 (2005)
Last Days of the Maya (2005)
Ultimate Tornado (2006)
Eye of the Leopard (2006)
Aftermath: Population Zero (2008)
Human Ape (2008)
Journey to the Edge of the Universe (2008)
Killing Lincoln (2013)
Killing Kennedy (2013)
JFK: The Lost Bullet (2013)
Killing Jesus (2015)
Killing Reagan (2016)
Gender Revolution (2017)
Jane (2017)
LA 92 (2017)
Free Solo (2018)
vteJohn F. Kennedy
35th President of the United States (1961–1963)
U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1953–1960)
U.S. Representative for MA–11 (1947–1953)
Presidency(timeline)
Transition
Inauguration
Cabinet
Judicial appointments
Supreme Court
Executive Orders
Presidential Proclamations
Presidential pardons
Presidential limousine
Presidential yacht
Resolute desk
Situation Room
Foreign policy
Alliance for Progress
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
Flexible response
Kennedy Doctrine
Peace Corps
Trade Expansion Act
Migration and Refugee Assistance Act
USAID
Vietnam War
Cuba: Bay of Pigs Invasion
Cuban Project
Cuban Missile Crisis
ExComm
Soviet Union: Berlin Crisis
Moscow–Washington hotline
Vienna summit
New Frontier
Clean Air Act
Communications Satellite Act
Community Mental Health Act
Equal Pay Act
Executive Order 11110
Federal affirmative action
Federal housing segregation ban
Fifty-mile hikes
Food for Peace
Pilot Food Stamp Program
Presidential Medal of Freedom
Space policy
Status of Women (Presidential Commission)
University of Alabama integration
Voter Education Project
All-Channel Receiver Act
Oil Pollution Act of 1961
Revenue Act of 1962
Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961
Wetlands Loan Act
Presidentialspeeches
Inaugural address
American University speech
"We choose to go to the Moon"
Report to the American People on Civil Rights
"Ich bin ein Berliner"
"A rising tide lifts all boats"
Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts
State of the Union Address
1961
1962
1963
Elections
U.S. House of Representatives elections: 1946
1948
1950
U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: 1952
1958
1960 presidential primaries
1960 presidential campaign
Democratic National Conventions: 1956
1960
U.S. presidential election 1960
debates
Personal life
Birthplace and childhood home
Kennedy Compound
Hickory Hill
Wexford
Navy service: PT-109
Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana
Arthur Evans
PT-59
Castle Hot Springs
Hammersmith Farm
Coretta Scott King phone call
"Happy Birthday, Mr. President"
John F. Kennedy document hoax
Books
Why England Slept (1940)
Profiles in Courage (1956)
A Nation of Immigrants (1958)
Death
Assassination
timeline
media coverage
reactions
in popular culture
State funeral
Riderless horse
attending dignitaries
Gravesite and Eternal Flame
Legacy
Bibliography
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
Profile in Courage Award
Twenty-fourth Amendment
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Apollo 11 Moon landing
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Kennedy Space Center
Kennedy Round
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
VISTA
Cultural depictions
films
Kennedy half dollar
U.S. postage stamps
U.S. five cent stamp
Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences
Operation Sail
Memorials,namesakes
Harvard Kennedy School
Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston)
John F. Kennedy International Airport
Boston statue
Brooklyn memorial
Dallas memorial
Hyannis memorial
London memorial
Portland memorial
Runnymede memorial
John F. Kennedy Arboretum
John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge
John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School
John F. Kennedy University (defunct)
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Kennedy Expressway
Mount Kennedy
MV John F. Kennedy
USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)
USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79)
Yad Kennedy
Family
Jacqueline Bouvier (wife)
Caroline Kennedy (daughter)
John F. Kennedy Jr. (son)
Patrick Bouvier Kennedy (son)
Rose Schlossberg (granddaughter)
Tatiana Schlossberg (granddaughter)
Jack Schlossberg (grandson)
Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (father)
Rose Fitzgerald (mother)
Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. (brother)
Rosemary Kennedy (sister)
Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington (sister)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver (sister)
Patricia Kennedy Lawford (sister)
Robert F. Kennedy (brother)
Jean Kennedy Smith (sister)
Ted Kennedy (brother)
P. J. Kennedy (grandfather)
John F. Fitzgerald (grandfather)
Pushinka (dog)
← Dwight D. Eisenhower
Lyndon B. Johnson →
Category
vteRobert F. KennedyNovember 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968
64th United States Attorney General, 1961–1964
United States senator from New York, 1965–1968
Life
1948 Palestine visit
Senate Committee investigation of Labor and Management
Cuban Missile Crisis
ExComm
Civil rights
Freedom Riders
Voter Education Project
Baldwin–Kennedy meeting
1964 Democratic National Convention
Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation
Mississippi Delta tour
Kennedy Compound
Hickory Hill home
Electoral
1964 U.S. Senate election
1968 presidential campaign
primaries
Boiler Room Girls
Speeches
Law Day Address (1961)
Day of Affirmation Address (1966)
Conflict in Vietnam and at Home (1968)
University of Kansas (1968)
Ball State (1968)
On the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. (1968)
"On the Mindless Menace of Violence" (1968)
Books
The Enemy Within (1960)
The Pursuit of Justice (1964)
To Seek a Newer World (1967)
Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis (1969)
Assassination
Sirhan Sirhan
Ambassador Hotel
Conspiracy theories
Gravesite
Legacy andmemorials
Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building
Robert F. Kennedy silver dollar
Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights
Human Rights Award
Journalism Award
Book Award
Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium
Brooklyn Memorial
Landmark for Peace Memorial
Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice
Kennedy–King College
Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools
Robert F. Kennedy Bridge
Popularculture
Robert F. Kennedy in media
Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment (1963 documentary)
Robert Kennedy Remembered (1968 documentary)
"Abraham, Martin and John" (1968 song)
The Missiles of October (1974 docudrama)
Kennedy (1983 miniseries)
Blood Feud (1983 film)
Prince Jack (1985 film)
Robert Kennedy and His Times (1985 miniseries)
Hoover vs. The Kennedys (1987 miniseries)
Thirteen Days (2000 film)
RFK (2002 film)
Bobby (2006 film)
RFK Must Die (2007 documentary)
The Kennedys (2011 miniseries)
Ethel (2012 documentary)
Killing Kennedy (2013 film)
Jackie (2016 film)
Bobby Kennedy for President (2018 miniseries)
Family,family tree
Ethel Skakel (wife)
Kathleen Kennedy (daughter)
Joseph Patrick Kennedy (son)
Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (son)
Michael LeMoyne Kennedy (son)
Kerry Kennedy (daughter)
Christopher G. Kennedy (son)
Max Kennedy (son)
Douglas Harriman Kennedy (son)
Rory Kennedy (daughter)
Maeve Kennedy McKean (granddaughter)
Joseph P. Kennedy III (grandson)
Max Kennedy Jr. (grandson)
Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. (father)
Rose Kennedy (mother)
Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. (brother)
John F. Kennedy (brother
presidency)
Rosemary Kennedy (sister)
Kathleen Kennedy Cavendish (sister)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver (sister)
Patricia Kennedy Lawford (sister)
Jean Kennedy Smith (sister)
Ted Kennedy (brother)
Patrick J. Kennedy (grandfather)
Mary Augusta Kennedy (grandmother)
John F. Fitzgerald (grandfather)
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"docudrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docudrama"},{"link_name":"TV film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_film"},{"link_name":"Nelson McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_McCormick_(director)"},{"link_name":"Kelly Masterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Masterson"},{"link_name":"non-fiction book of the same title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Bill O'Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)"},{"link_name":"Martin Dugard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Dugard_(author)"},{"link_name":"Rob Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Will Rothhaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Rothhaar"},{"link_name":"Ginnifer Goodwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginnifer_Goodwin"},{"link_name":"Michelle Trachtenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Trachtenberg"},{"link_name":"presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Lee Harvey Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald"},{"link_name":"National Geographic Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Killing Kennedy is a 2013 American docudrama TV film directed by Nelson McCormick and written by Kelly Masterson, based on the 2012 non-fiction book of the same title by Bill O'Reilly and Martin Dugard. The film stars Rob Lowe, Will Rothhaar, Ginnifer Goodwin, and Michelle Trachtenberg. It dramatizes the presidency and assassination of John F. Kennedy, as well as the life of Lee Harvey Oswald in the years leading up to the assassination.It premiered in the United States and Canada on National Geographic Channel on November 10, 2013,[1] followed by the various European National Geographic channels a few days later.[2][3][4][5][6] It was first shown on terrestrial TV in the UK by Channel 4 on November 23, 2013 and in South Korea on November 21, 2013.[7][8]","title":"Killing Kennedy (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Lee Harvey Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald"},{"link_name":"marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"assassination of Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy"}],"text":"The plot follows the rise of John F. Kennedy (Lowe) as he becomes President of the United States. As Kennedy's career shapes, Lee Harvey Oswald (Rothhaar), a former marine, begins to grow disillusioned with the US. Their paths ultimately cross and results in Oswald's assassination of Kennedy.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rob Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Lowe"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Will Rothhaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Rothhaar"},{"link_name":"Lee Harvey Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald"},{"link_name":"Ginnifer Goodwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginnifer_Goodwin"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis"},{"link_name":"Michelle Trachtenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Trachtenberg"},{"link_name":"Marina Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Oswald_Porter"},{"link_name":"Jack Noseworthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Noseworthy"},{"link_name":"Robert F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Francis Guinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Guinan"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Richard Flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Flood"},{"link_name":"Kenny O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_O%27Donnell"},{"link_name":"Natalie Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Gold"},{"link_name":"Ruth Paine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Paine"},{"link_name":"consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_(representative)"},{"link_name":"Richard Edward Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Edward_Snyder"},{"link_name":"Brian Hutchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Hutchison"},{"link_name":"USSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service"},{"link_name":"Casey Siemaszko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Siemaszko"},{"link_name":"Jack Ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ruby"},{"link_name":"Lady Bird Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Boris McGiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_McGiver"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"},{"link_name":"J. D. Tippit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Tippit"},{"link_name":"John Connally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Connally"},{"link_name":"Nellie Connally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellie_Connally"},{"link_name":"Admiral Arleigh Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arleigh_Burke"},{"link_name":"Chief of Naval Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations"},{"link_name":"Mary Pat Gleason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pat_Gleason"}],"text":"Rob Lowe as John F. Kennedy\nWill Rothhaar as Lee Harvey Oswald\nGinnifer Goodwin as Jacqueline Kennedy\nMichelle Trachtenberg as Marina Oswald\nJack Noseworthy as Robert F. Kennedy\nFrancis Guinan as Lyndon B. Johnson\nRichard Flood as Kenny O'Donnell\nNatalie Gold as Ruth Paine\nJamie McShane as US Moscow Embassy consul Richard Edward Snyder\nBrian Hutchison as USSS Special Agent Winston Lawson\nCasey Siemaszko as Jack Ruby\nAntoinette LaVecchia as Lady Bird Johnson\nBoris McGiver as FBI Special Agent John W. Fain\nMatt Micou as J. D. Tippit\nKeith Tyree as Governor John Connally\nAdrienne Nelson as Nellie Connally\nLucas N Hall as Officer Atwell\nRoger W. Durrett as Admiral Arleigh Burke, Chief of Naval Operations\nDanny McCarthy as Agent James P. Hosty\nParker Dowling as Buell Wesley Frazier\nMike Shiflett as Captain Will Fritz\nTerry Menefee Gau as Nurse Doris Nelson\nJoseph Gray as Sergeant Gerald Hill\nMary Pat Gleason as Marguerite Oswald","title":"Main cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Killing Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Lincoln_(film)"},{"link_name":"National Geographic Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Rob Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Lowe"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Ginnifer Goodwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginnifer_Goodwin"},{"link_name":"First Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ew1-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ew2-12"},{"link_name":"Michelle Trachtenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Trachtenberg"},{"link_name":"Lee Harvey Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald"},{"link_name":"Marina Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Oswald"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ew1-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Rob Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Lowe"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foxnews-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Richmond, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ew2-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foxnews-14"}],"text":"After the success of Killing Lincoln, National Geographic Channel announced it would produce a film adaptation of Killing Kennedy.[9][10] In May 2013, it was announced that Rob Lowe was to play President John F. Kennedy, Ginnifer Goodwin would play First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy,[11][12] and Michelle Trachtenberg would portray Lee Harvey Oswald's wife Marina Oswald.[11] Goodwin used intimate photos to better portray Jackie Kennedy and was concerned \"to do her justice and to play her as accurately as possible without ever doing an impression of her.\"[13] Costar Rob Lowe said of seeing Goodwin in the pink Chanel suit, \"It made it real. If I were under any illusions about what we were doing, seeing her in that iconic moment was, I would say, sobering.\"[14] While portraying Marina Oswald, Trachtenberg consulted her Russian-born mother for help in speaking Russian.[15] Filming took place in Richmond, Virginia.[12][14]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Killing Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Lincoln_(film)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"On its original airing, it drew in 3,354,000 viewers, averaging a 1.1 rating with adults in the 25-54 demographic. The viewership broke the record previously held by Killing Lincoln which averaged 3,351,000 viewers.[16]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Killing Kennedy received mixed reviews from both viewers and critics.[17][18][19][20] On Rotten Tomatoes the series holds an approval rating of 56% based on 18 reviews, with an average of 5.9/10.[21] On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 55 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[22]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Awards and nominations","title":"Reception"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg/90px-Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_in_popular_culture"},{"title":"Robert F. Kennedy in media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_in_media"},{"title":"Cultural depictions of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis"}] | [{"reference":"\"TV listings, November 10, 2013, at 8:00pm: Killing Kennedy\". National Geographic Canada. Retrieved 24 Nov 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/ca/listings/weekly/ngc/101113/3","url_text":"\"TV listings, November 10, 2013, at 8:00pm: Killing Kennedy\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV listings, November 12, 2013, at 9:00pm: Killing Kennedy\". National Geographic UK. Retrieved 24 Nov 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/uk/schedule/natgeo","url_text":"\"TV listings, November 12, 2013, at 9:00pm: Killing Kennedy\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV listings, November 17, 2013, at 22:00: Killing Kennedy\". National Geographic Denmark. Retrieved 24 Nov 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/dk/programoversigt/natgeo","url_text":"\"TV listings, November 17, 2013, at 22:00: Killing Kennedy\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV listings, November 17, 2013, at 22:00: Kennedy-mordet\". National Geographic Sweden. Retrieved 24 Nov 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.natgeotv.com/se/tabla/natgeo","url_text":"\"TV listings, November 17, 2013, at 22:00: Kennedy-mordet\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV listings, November 20, 2013, at 20:40: Killing Kennedy\". National Geographic France. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved 24 Nov 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231802/http://www.natgeotv.com/fr/grille/hebdo/ngc/241113/3","url_text":"\"TV listings, November 20, 2013, at 20:40: Killing Kennedy\""},{"url":"http://www.natgeotv.com/fr/grille/hebdo/ngc/241113/3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"TV listings, November 22, 2013, at 21:05: Killing Kennedy\". National Geographic Germany. Archived from the original on December 11, 2014. Retrieved 24 Nov 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141211050046/http://natgeotv.com/de/programmplan/woechentlich/ngc/241113/3","url_text":"\"TV listings, November 22, 2013, at 21:05: Killing Kennedy\""},{"url":"http://natgeotv.com/de/programmplan/woechentlich/ngc/241113/3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"킬링 케네디\". Naver. Archived from the original on 2023-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230201052727/https://m.blog.naver.com/PostView.naver?isHttpsRedirect=true&blogId=natgeo&logNo=70179586045","url_text":"\"킬링 케네디\""},{"url":"https://m.blog.naver.com/PostView.naver?isHttpsRedirect=true&blogId=natgeo&logNo=70179586045","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Facebook https://www.facebook.com/NatGeoKorea/videos/663390477025777/.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"},{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/NatGeoKorea/videos/663390477025777/","url_text":"https://www.facebook.com/NatGeoKorea/videos/663390477025777/"}]},{"reference":"\"Bill O'Reilly's 'Killing Lincoln' Sets NatGeo Ratings Record\". Inquistir, Ld. The Inquistir. February 21, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inquisitr.com/537540/bill-oreillys-killing-lincoln-sets-natgeo-ratings-record/","url_text":"\"Bill O'Reilly's 'Killing Lincoln' Sets NatGeo Ratings Record\""}]},{"reference":"Hibberd, James (February 18, 2013). \"'Killing Lincoln' gives NatGeo record ratings\". Entertainment Weekly Inc. Retrieved February 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://insidetv.ew.com/2013/02/18/killing-lincoln-gives-natgeo-record-ratings/","url_text":"\"'Killing Lincoln' gives NatGeo record ratings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Hibberd, James (May 28, 2013). \"Rob Lowe to play JFK in Nat Geo movie\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://insidetv.ew.com/2013/05/28/rob-lowe-to-play-jfk/","url_text":"\"Rob Lowe to play JFK in Nat Geo movie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Bronwyn (June 20, 2013). \"Who makes a better Jackie Kennedy: Ginnifer Goodwin or Katie Holmes? -- POLL\". Entertainment Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://ew.com/article/2013/06/20/who-makes-a-better-jackie-kennedy-ginnifer-goodwin-or-katie-holmes-poll/","url_text":"\"Who makes a better Jackie Kennedy: Ginnifer Goodwin or Katie Holmes? -- POLL\""}]},{"reference":"Truitt, Brian (November 10, 2013). \"Ginnifer Goodwin channels Jackie Kennedy's intimate side\". USA Today.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2013/11/10/ginnifer-goodwin-killing-kennedy/3432713/","url_text":"\"Ginnifer Goodwin channels Jackie Kennedy's intimate side\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Killing Kennedy': Co-star Ginnifer Goodwin says Rob Lowe was channeling JFK\". Fox News. November 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2013/11/08/killing-kennedy-co-star-ginnifer-goodwin-says-rob-lowe-was-channeling-jfk.html","url_text":"\"'Killing Kennedy': Co-star Ginnifer Goodwin says Rob Lowe was channeling JFK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michelle Trachtenberg got the role she wanted in 'Killing Kennedy,' and it wasn't Jackie Kennedy\". New York Daily News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/michelle-trachtenberg-speaks-russian-kennedy-article-1.1509071","url_text":"\"Michelle Trachtenberg got the role she wanted in 'Killing Kennedy,' and it wasn't Jackie Kennedy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"}]},{"reference":"O'Connell, Michael (November 11, 2013). \"TV Ratings: 'Killing Kennedy' Edges Past 'Killing Lincoln' Record With 3.4 Million Viewers\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/tv-ratings-killing-kennedy-edges-655049","url_text":"\"TV Ratings: 'Killing Kennedy' Edges Past 'Killing Lincoln' Record With 3.4 Million Viewers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Carson, Tom (November 8, 2013). \"The GQ Review: Killing Kennedys Is Way More Fun Than The Zillion Other JFK Biopics\". gq.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gq.com/story/killing-kennedy-gq-review-tom-carson","url_text":"\"The GQ Review: Killing Kennedys Is Way More Fun Than The Zillion Other JFK Biopics\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Bruce (November 9, 2013). \"Review: 'Killing Kennedy' offers respectful but grating view of assassination\". siouxcityjournal.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://siouxcityjournal.com/entertainment/television/review-killing-kennedy-offers-respectful-but-grating-view-of-assassination/article_5536a56c-3c7d-5ba4-9e7a-9c9a9aa7fa04.html","url_text":"\"Review: 'Killing Kennedy' offers respectful but grating view of assassination\""}]},{"reference":"Lloyd, Robert (November 8, 2013). \"Review: 'Killing Kennedy' is not the stuff of legend\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/nov/08/entertainment/la-et-st-killing-kennedy-20131108","url_text":"\"Review: 'Killing Kennedy' is not the stuff of legend\""}]},{"reference":"Lowry, Brian (November 5, 2013). \"TV Review: 'Killing Kennedy'\". Variety.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2013/tv/reviews/tv-review-killing-kennedy-1200775724/","url_text":"\"TV Review: 'Killing Kennedy'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Killing Kennedy (2013)\", Rotten Tomatoes, retrieved 2019-05-27","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/killing_kennedy","url_text":"\"Killing Kennedy (2013)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Killing Kennedy reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved September 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/tv/killing-kennedy","url_text":"\"Killing Kennedy reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.natgeotv.com/ca/listings/weekly/ngc/101113/3","external_links_name":"\"TV listings, November 10, 2013, at 8:00pm: Killing Kennedy\""},{"Link":"https://www.natgeotv.com/uk/schedule/natgeo","external_links_name":"\"TV listings, November 12, 2013, at 9:00pm: Killing Kennedy\""},{"Link":"https://www.natgeotv.com/dk/programoversigt/natgeo","external_links_name":"\"TV listings, November 17, 2013, at 22:00: Killing Kennedy\""},{"Link":"https://www.natgeotv.com/se/tabla/natgeo","external_links_name":"\"TV listings, November 17, 2013, at 22:00: Kennedy-mordet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231802/http://www.natgeotv.com/fr/grille/hebdo/ngc/241113/3","external_links_name":"\"TV listings, November 20, 2013, at 20:40: Killing Kennedy\""},{"Link":"http://www.natgeotv.com/fr/grille/hebdo/ngc/241113/3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141211050046/http://natgeotv.com/de/programmplan/woechentlich/ngc/241113/3","external_links_name":"\"TV listings, November 22, 2013, at 21:05: Killing Kennedy\""},{"Link":"http://natgeotv.com/de/programmplan/woechentlich/ngc/241113/3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230201052727/https://m.blog.naver.com/PostView.naver?isHttpsRedirect=true&blogId=natgeo&logNo=70179586045","external_links_name":"\"킬링 케네디\""},{"Link":"https://m.blog.naver.com/PostView.naver?isHttpsRedirect=true&blogId=natgeo&logNo=70179586045","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/NatGeoKorea/videos/663390477025777/","external_links_name":"https://www.facebook.com/NatGeoKorea/videos/663390477025777/"},{"Link":"http://www.inquisitr.com/537540/bill-oreillys-killing-lincoln-sets-natgeo-ratings-record/","external_links_name":"\"Bill O'Reilly's 'Killing Lincoln' Sets NatGeo Ratings Record\""},{"Link":"http://insidetv.ew.com/2013/02/18/killing-lincoln-gives-natgeo-record-ratings/","external_links_name":"\"'Killing Lincoln' gives NatGeo record ratings\""},{"Link":"http://insidetv.ew.com/2013/05/28/rob-lowe-to-play-jfk/","external_links_name":"\"Rob Lowe to play JFK in Nat Geo movie\""},{"Link":"http://ew.com/article/2013/06/20/who-makes-a-better-jackie-kennedy-ginnifer-goodwin-or-katie-holmes-poll/","external_links_name":"\"Who makes a better Jackie Kennedy: Ginnifer Goodwin or Katie Holmes? -- POLL\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2013/11/10/ginnifer-goodwin-killing-kennedy/3432713/","external_links_name":"\"Ginnifer Goodwin channels Jackie Kennedy's intimate side\""},{"Link":"http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2013/11/08/killing-kennedy-co-star-ginnifer-goodwin-says-rob-lowe-was-channeling-jfk.html","external_links_name":"\"'Killing Kennedy': Co-star Ginnifer Goodwin says Rob Lowe was channeling JFK\""},{"Link":"http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/michelle-trachtenberg-speaks-russian-kennedy-article-1.1509071","external_links_name":"\"Michelle Trachtenberg got the role she wanted in 'Killing Kennedy,' and it wasn't Jackie Kennedy\""},{"Link":"http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/tv-ratings-killing-kennedy-edges-655049","external_links_name":"\"TV Ratings: 'Killing Kennedy' Edges Past 'Killing Lincoln' Record With 3.4 Million Viewers\""},{"Link":"https://www.gq.com/story/killing-kennedy-gq-review-tom-carson","external_links_name":"\"The GQ Review: Killing Kennedys Is Way More Fun Than The Zillion Other JFK Biopics\""},{"Link":"https://siouxcityjournal.com/entertainment/television/review-killing-kennedy-offers-respectful-but-grating-view-of-assassination/article_5536a56c-3c7d-5ba4-9e7a-9c9a9aa7fa04.html","external_links_name":"\"Review: 'Killing Kennedy' offers respectful but grating view of assassination\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2013/nov/08/entertainment/la-et-st-killing-kennedy-20131108","external_links_name":"\"Review: 'Killing Kennedy' is not the stuff of legend\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2013/tv/reviews/tv-review-killing-kennedy-1200775724/","external_links_name":"\"TV Review: 'Killing Kennedy'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/killing_kennedy","external_links_name":"\"Killing Kennedy (2013)\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/tv/killing-kennedy","external_links_name":"\"Killing Kennedy reviews\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131030062721/http://kennedyandoswald.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2815030/","external_links_name":"Killing Kennedy"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasive_(album) | Puddle of Mudd discography | ["1 Albums","1.1 Studio albums","1.2 Cover albums","1.3 Video albums","1.4 Demo albums","1.5 Compilation albums","2 EPs","3 Singles","4 Music videos","5 Notes","6 References"] | Puddle of Mudd discographyStudio albums6Compilation albums1Video albums1Music videos13EPs1Singles16
The discography of Puddle of Mudd, an American alternative rock band from Kansas City, Missouri, formed in 1992 by Wes Scantlin (lead vocals, rhythm guitar). They released their first studio album in 1997; their major label debut, 2001's Come Clean, has sold over five million copies. They have released one independent and six studio albums, with their latest being Ubiquitous in September 2023. The band has sold over seven million albums.
Albums
Studio albums
Title
Details
Peak chart positions
Certifications(sales thresholds)
US
USAlt
USRock
AUS
AUT
NLD
NZL
SWE
SWI
UK
Come Clean
Released: August 28, 2001
Label: Flawless/Geffen
Formats: CD
9
—
—
23
8
53
10
52
26
12
RIAA: 3× Platinum
BPI: Platinum
ARIA: Gold
MC: Platinum
Life on Display
Released: November 25, 2003
Label: Flawless/Geffen
Formats: CD, DI
20
—
—
—
55
—
—
—
48
90
RIAA: Gold
MC: Gold
Famous
Released: October 9, 2007
Label: Flawless/Geffen
Formats: CD, DI
27
8
11
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Volume 4: Songs in the Key of Love & Hate
Released: December 8, 2009
Label: Flawless/Geffen
Formats: CD, DI
95
12
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Welcome to Galvania
Released: September 13, 2019
Label: Pavement Music
Formats: CD, DI
—
17
29
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Ubiquitous
Released: September 8, 2023
Label: Pavement Music
Formats: CD, DI
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"—" denotes releases that did not chart
Cover albums
Title
Details
Peak chart positions
US
USAlt
USRock
re:(disc)overed
Released: August 30, 2011
Label: RED
Formats: CD, DI
96
17
21
Video albums
Year
Video details
2005
Striking That Familiar Chord
Released: May 31, 2005
Label: Eagle Vision (801213012091)
Format: DVD, UMD
Demo albums
Year
Album details
1997
Abrasive
Released: September 3, 1997
Label: Hardknocks
Format: CD
Compilation albums
Year
Album details
2010
Best of Puddle of Mudd
Released: November 2, 2010
Label: Geffen, Universal
Format: CD
EPs
Year
EP details
1994
Stuck
Released: April 1994
Label: Mudd Dog/V&R
Singles
Year
Song
Peak chart positions
Certifications
Album
US
USAlt.
USMain.
AUS
CAN
GER
NZL
NLD
SWI
UK
2001
"Control"
68
3
3
54
—
60
—
—
84
15
Come Clean
"Blurry"
5
1
1
52
8
44
9
98
72
8
BPI: Gold
2002
"Drift & Die"
61
3
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"She Hates Me"
13
2
1
9
—
20
49
37
23
14
ARIA: Gold
BPI: Gold
2003
"Away from Me"
72
5
1
76
—
—
—
—
—
55
Life on Display
2004
"Heel Over Head"
—
10
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Spin You Around"
—
38
16
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2007
"Famous"
—
20
2
—
97
—
—
—
—
—
Famous
"Psycho"
67
1
1
—
56
—
—
—
—
—
2008
"We Don't Have to Look Back Now"
—
33
31
—
—
—
32
—
—
—
"Livin' on Borrowed Time"
—
40
15
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2009
"Spaceship"
—
26
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Volume 4: Songs in the Key of Love & Hate
2010
"Stoned"
—
33
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Shook Up the World"
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Non-album single
"Keep It Together"
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Volume 4: Songs in the Key of Love & Hate
2011
"Gimme Shelter"
—
—
26
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
re:(disc)overed
2014
"Piece of the Action"
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Non-album single
2019
"Uh Oh"
—
—
9
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Welcome to Galvania
2023
"My Baby"
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Ubiquitous
Music videos
Year
Song
Director(s)
Album
2001
"Control"
Fred Durst
Come Clean
2002
"Blurry"
"Drift & Die"
"She Hates Me"
Marc Webb
2003
"Away from Me"
Dean Karr
Life on Display
2004
"Heel Over Head"
Chris Cuffaro
"Spin You Around"
Goetz Brothers
2007
"Psycho"
Famous
2008
"We Don't Have to Look Back Now"
2009
"Spaceship"
Petro Papahadjopoulos
Volume 4: Songs in the Key of Love & Hate
2010
"Stoned"
Ryan Ramos & Bradley Warden
2019
"Uh Oh"
Reuben Armstrong
Welcome to Galvania
2021
"Just Tell Me"
Blake Scantlin & Reuben Armstrong
2022
"My Kind of Crazy"
Unknown
2024
"Cash & Cobain"
Ubiquitious
Notes
A.^ Peaked on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, a 25-song extension to the original Billboard Hot 100 chart.
References
^ a b "Puddle of Mudd Album & Song Chart History - Billboard 200". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
^ a b "Puddle of Mudd Album & Song Chart History - Alternative Albums". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
^ a b "Puddle of Mudd Album & Song Chart History - Rock Albums". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
^ a b ARIA chart peaks:
All except noted: "australian-charts.com - Australian charts portal". Hung Medien. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
"Control": "The ARIA Report: Issue 632 (Week Commencing 8 April 2002)" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 23, 2002. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
"Blurry": "The ARIA Report: Issue 647 (Week Commencing 22 July 2002)" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 6, 2002. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
"Away from Me": "The ARIA Report: Issue 726 (Week Commencing 26 January 2004)" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 9, 2004. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
^ "austriancharts.at - Austria Top 40". Hung Medien. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
^ a b "dutchcharts.nl - Dutch charts portal". Hung Medien. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
^ a b "charts.nz - New Zealand charts portal". Hung Medien. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
^ "swedishcharts.com - Swedish charts portal". Hung Medien. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
^ a b "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community". Hung Medien. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
^ a b Peak chart positions for releases charting in the UK:
"The Official Charts Company - Puddle of Mudd". Official Charts Company. March 16, 2011.
"Chart Log UK: Rodney P - The Pussycat Dolls". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
^ "RIAA - Gold & Platinum - March 16, 2011: Come Clean certified awards". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
^ "ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2003 Albums". ARIA Charts. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
^ "Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA): Gold & Platinum – March 2002". Canadian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
^ "RIAA - Gold & Platinum - March 16, 2011: Life on Display certified awards". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
^ "Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA): Gold & Platinum – February 2004". Canadian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on December 15, 2010. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
^ Iahn, Buddy (July 16, 2019). "PUDDLE OF MUDD ANNOUNCES 'WELCOME TO GALVANIA'". Retrieved July 16, 2019.
^ "Puddle of Mudd Chart History: Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
^ "Puddle of Mudd Chart History: Alternative Songs". Billboard. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
^ "Puddle of Mudd Chart History: Mainstream Rock Tracks". Billboard. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
^ "Puddle of Mudd > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles". AllMusic. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
^ "Chartverfolgung / Puddle of Mudd / Single". PhonoNet. Archived from the original on November 12, 2007. Retrieved November 23, 2010.
^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 442. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ "British certifications – Puddle of Mudd – Blurry". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2003 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association.
^ "British certifications – Puddle of Mudd – She Hates Me". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
^ "Puddle of Mudd Reworks Rolling Stones, Neil Young Hits for Covers Album". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
^ "iTunes - Music - Piece of the Action - Single by Puddle of Mudd". Itunes.apple.com. September 21, 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
^ "iTunes - Music - Uh Oh - Single by Puddle of Mudd". iTunes Store. Retrieved July 13, 2019.
vtePuddle of Mudd
Wes Scantlin
Matt Fuller
Dave Moreno
Michael John Adams
Sean Sammon
Kenny Burkitt
Jimmy Allen
Greg Upchurch
Paul Phillips
Ryan Yerdon
Damien Starkey
Doug Ardito
Adam Latiff
Mike Anthony Grajewski
Michael John Adams
Christian Stone
Shannon Boone
Studio albums
Come Clean
Life on Display
Famous
Volume 4: Songs in the Key of Love & Hate
Welcome to Galvania
Compilations
Best of Puddle of Mudd
Re:(disc)overed
Singles
"Control"
"Blurry"
"Drift & Die"
"She Hates Me"
"Away from Me"
"Famous"
"Psycho"
"We Don't Have to Look Back Now"
"Spaceship"
"Stoned"
"Gimme Shelter"
Related articles
Discography
Songs
Against All Will | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puddle of Mudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puddle_of_Mudd"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"Kansas City, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Wes Scantlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Scantlin"},{"link_name":"Come Clean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Clean_(Puddle_of_Mudd_album)"}],"text":"The discography of Puddle of Mudd, an American alternative rock band from Kansas City, Missouri, formed in 1992 by Wes Scantlin (lead vocals, rhythm guitar). They released their first studio album in 1997; their major label debut, 2001's Come Clean, has sold over five million copies. They have released one independent and six studio albums, with their latest being Ubiquitous in September 2023. 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Retrieved March 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/puddle-of-mudd/chart-history/alternative-albums","url_text":"\"Puddle of Mudd Album & Song Chart History - Alternative Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Puddle of Mudd Album & Song Chart History - Rock Albums\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/puddle-of-mudd/chart-history/rock-albums","url_text":"\"Puddle of Mudd Album & Song Chart History - Rock Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"australian-charts.com - Australian charts portal\". Hung Medien. Retrieved August 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Puddle+of+Mudd","url_text":"\"australian-charts.com - Australian charts portal\""}]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Report: Issue 632 (Week Commencing 8 April 2002)\" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 23, 2002. Retrieved August 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20020423140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20020424-0000/www.aria.com.au/Issue632.pdf","url_text":"\"The ARIA Report: Issue 632 (Week Commencing 8 April 2002)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"},{"url":"http://www.aria.com.au/Issue632.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Report: Issue 647 (Week Commencing 22 July 2002)\" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. p. 4. 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Gold & Platinum - March 16, 2011: Come Clean certified awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-albums-2003.htm","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2003 Albums\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706173941/http://www.cria.ca/gold/0302_g.php","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA): Gold & Platinum – March 2002\""},{"Link":"http://www.cria.ca/gold/0302_g.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Puddle%20of%20Mudd&title=Life&format=ALBUM&go=Search&perPage=50","external_links_name":"\"RIAA - Gold & Platinum - March 16, 2011: Life on Display certified awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101215012833/http://cria.ca/gold/0204_g.php","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA): Gold & Platinum – February 2004\""},{"Link":"http://www.cria.ca/gold/0204_g.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://themusicuniverse.com/puddle-mudd-announces-welcome-galvania/","external_links_name":"\"PUDDLE OF MUDD ANNOUNCES 'WELCOME TO GALVANIA'\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/puddle-of-mudd/chart-history/hot-100","external_links_name":"\"Puddle of Mudd Chart History: Billboard Hot 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/puddle-of-mudd/chart-history/alternative-songs","external_links_name":"\"Puddle of Mudd Chart History: Alternative Songs\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/puddle-of-mudd/chart-history/hot-mainstream-rock-tracks","external_links_name":"\"Puddle of Mudd Chart History: Mainstream Rock Tracks\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/puddle-of-mudd-p484548/charts-awards/billboard-singles","external_links_name":"\"Puddle of Mudd > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071112020252/http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Puddle+Of+Mudd/single","external_links_name":"\"Chartverfolgung / Puddle of Mudd / Single\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/PUDDLE+OF+MUDD/single","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/14098-1737-1","external_links_name":"\"British certifications – Puddle of Mudd – Blurry\""},{"Link":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AAAPr-mldzIAc3tSaFZxk5fha/2003%20Accreds.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2003 Singles\""},{"Link":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/14890-1737-1","external_links_name":"\"British certifications – Puddle of Mudd – She Hates Me\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/471152/puddle-of-mudd-reworks-rolling-stones-neil-young-hits-for-covers-album","external_links_name":"\"Puddle of Mudd Reworks Rolling Stones, Neil Young Hits for Covers Album\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/piece-of-the-action/id923203773?i=923203779","external_links_name":"\"iTunes - Music - Piece of the Action - Single by Puddle of Mudd\""},{"Link":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/welcome-to-galvania/1471037643","external_links_name":"\"iTunes - Music - Uh Oh - Single by Puddle of Mudd\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Don%27t_Need_to_Whisper | We Don't Need to Whisper | ["1 Background","2 Recording and production","3 Composition","4 Promotion","5 Reception","5.1 Critical","5.2 Commercial performance","6 Acoustic EP","7 Track listing","8 Personnel","8.1 Angels & Airwaves","8.2 Additional musicians","8.3 Production","9 Charts","9.1 Weekly charts","9.2 Year-end charts","10 Certifications","11 Release history","12 References","13 External links"] | 2006 studio album by Angels & Airwaves
We Don't Need to WhisperStudio album by Angels & AirwavesReleasedMay 23, 2006RecordedMarch 2005 – April 2006Studio
Neverpants Ranch, San Diego, California
Studio 606, Hollywood, California
GenreStadium rockpop rockLength49:48LabelGeffenProducerTom DeLongeAngels & Airwaves chronology
We Don't Need to Whisper(2006)
I-Empire(2007)
Singles from We Don't Need to Whisper
"The Adventure"Released: May 18, 2006
"It Hurts"Released: July 24, 2006 (UK)
"Do It for Me Now"Released: July 24, 2006
"The War"Released: October 27, 2006
We Don't Need to Whisper is the debut studio album by the American rock band Angels & Airwaves. Recorded at Neverpants Ranch in San Diego, California, and produced by guitarist and vocalist Tom DeLonge, the album was released on May 23, 2006, through Geffen Records. In February 2005, DeLonge, who wanted to spend more time with his family, quit Blink-182 after months of heated exchanges and increasing tension within the trio and spent three weeks in isolation, contemplating his life, career, and future in music.
Inspired by personal crises and global events, We Don't Need to Whisper was conceptualized as DeLonge taught himself to play instruments and created his own home studio. He recruited his longtime friend and guitarist David Kennedy of Box Car Racer, as well as drummer Atom Willard and bassist Ryan Sinn to form Angels & Airwaves, who were primarily inspired by arena rock groups such as U2 and The Police. DeLonge's later public statements regarding the band's music prompted media interest and concern from his relatives and family.
We Don't Need to Whisper peaked at number four on the Billboard 200 and has since sold nearly 800,000 copies. Three of the four singles released in promotion of the album reached the top 20 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, with "The Adventure" peaking at number five. It received largely mixed reviews from music critics, many who celebrated the album's obvious musical influences but found its contents rather pretentious. A documentary film based on the recording process of the album and early history of the band, Start the Machine, was released in 2008. It was their only album to feature bassist Ryan Sinn.
Background
DeLonge's time spent on the campaign trail with US presidential candidate John Kerry in 2004 created an "epiphany" within the musician to change the world.
Blink-182 consisted of guitarist Tom DeLonge, bassist Mark Hoppus and drummer Travis Barker, and by 2004 had been regarded as the most successful pop punk act of the time since the releases of Enema of the State (1999) and Take Off Your Pants and Jacket (2001). During its brief hiatus in 2002, DeLonge suffered a herniated disc in his back and collected several darker musical ideas he viewed unsuitable for the band; the ideas were used in supergroup Box Car Racer's self-titled album, recorded with assistance from Hazen Street guitarist and longtime friend David Kennedy. Box Car Racer was intended as a one-time experimental project but evolved into a full-fledged band involving Barker. The side project would cause personal conflicts between DeLonge and Hoppus; the latter was not a member of the supergroup and felt betrayed. The moody subject matter on Box Car Racer was incorporated into the sound of Blink-182, who explored experimentalist elements on their eponymous fifth studio album (2003). After the success of Box Car Racer, DeLonge declined a solo recording deal offered by Geffen Records because he believed it would cast negative light on Blink-182, but it loomed over the band in addition to growing internal tension.
While the trio embarked on a European tour the following fall, DeLonge felt increasingly quarreled both about his creative freedom within the group and the toll touring impacted on his personal life. He eventually expressed his desire to take a half-year respite from touring to spend more time with family matters, a decision that Hoppus and Barker asserted was a lengthy interruption. DeLonge did not blame his bandmates for disappointment with his requests, but was dismayed that they apparently could not understand them. He protested Meet the Barkers, a reality television series starring Barker which was produced for a 2005 premiere, and disliked surveillance cameras, feeling his personal privacy was invaded. Blink-182 agreed to perform at Music for Relief's Concert for South Asia, a benefit show to aid victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, but further arguments that ensued during rehearsals rooted in the band members' increasing paranoia and bitterness toward each other. DeLonge judged the band's priorities to be "mad, mad different" and claimed that they had simply grown apart as they aged. This communication breakdown led to heated exchanges resulting in his departure from the group, which Geffen announced on February 22, 2005 would be going on an "indefinite hiatus", and he would not speak to Barker or Hoppus for several years, although he called the latter his greatest friend.
DeLonge underwent a complete reassessment of his prime concerns in the aftermath of the band's break-up—a move "bearing the hallmarks of a nervous breakdown"—and went on a three-week "spiritual journey" in complete isolation away from his family, contemplating his life, career, and future in music. DeLonge was psychologically hurt by the band's dissolution, likening it to a divorce and calling it a "traumatic experience" and a "disaster." He had been known for his role in the Blink-182 as "the low-brow prankster" and wanted to restart his career without worrying whether fans would find him funny. The background of Angels & Airwaves was based on DeLonge's endorsement of John Kerry in the 2004 presidential election, travelling the political circuit with the Democratic Party candidate; DeLonge was inspired by Kerry's need for widespread reform and likened his presidential campaign to a drug, remarking later that it "really changed ." He rediscovered the epiphany developed during his tour with Kerry and applied it to the philosophy of Angels & Airwaves, while he redefined himself as he learned to play piano and self-produce and formed his own home studio.
Recording and production
DeLonge had to assemble Angels & Airwaves after recording several demos in his home studio. Following Blink-182's disestablishment, he declined offers from highly prolific musicians to collaborate on their developing material and recruited longtime friend and Box Car Racer guitarist David Kennedy. Atom Willard and Ryan Sinn soon followed, but the latter dropped out and was reluctant to join another band soon after the collapse of his previous group, The Distillers. Kennedy found himself in a similar situation with his band Hazen Street, and found the new environment refreshing. Uncertain on joining the band, DeLonge offered Sinn a job at Macbeth Footwear's warehouse, where he worked until he permanently committed to the band in August. The band members put forth several sayings and rules including "Friends and family first; band second."
We Don't Need to Whisper was inspired by a mix of both personal developments and global events. During production, DeLonge studied World War II, which he considered the "last great war clearly a battle between good and evil." He saw America enter a post-war period of prosperity, and perceived it as an analogy for possibilities in his life. The album was encouraged by other personal crises as well, such as DeLonge's father's diagnosis of leukemia and his brother's deployment to Iraq; DeLonge criticized the Iraq War as unnecessary. Although the band deemed the project lightly progressive rock-influenced, the album lacks guitar solos the genre is commonly known for in place of melodies inspired by 1970s rock bands, such as Pink Floyd, Rush and Led Zeppelin. DeLonge was influenced by and listened to Peter Gabriel, U2, The Police and The Cure, all who were artists that achieved massive success and inspired DeLonge's desire to reach the widest audience possible.
Composition
The record was inspired by the arena rock genre and bands such as The Police, pictured above.
The overlying message the band intended for We Don't Need to Whisper is that the future could become a utopia. Opening track "Valkyrie Missile" opens We Don't Need to Whisper with a cinematic organ melody, 1980s-influenced guitars and a quote from an astronaut: "Anybody out there?". "Distraction" follows and is filled with hand claps and a keyboard melody over verses lamenting death and destruction. "Do It for Me Now" originated from a beat DeLonge created in 2004 for rapper Talib Kweli, who turned the opportunity down; the Morse code beat was later adapted by the band and stimulated DeLonge's vision of the song being the soundtrack to "young lovers watching the sunrise." "The Adventure" is an "exhilarating ode to a beckoning future with a huge guitar sound reminiscent of The Cure." The song was motivated by a friend whose marriage was falling apart when his wife committed adultery. The situation had a deep impact on DeLonge in that he spent a night up crying for him when he wrote the track. "A Little's Enough" was inspired by a religious concept in which a God came to bring positive change on Earth when it faces terrorism, war or famine.
"The War", an anthem about the Iraq War and its death toll, is succeeded by "It Hurts", a track about a friend of DeLonge's with a cheating girlfriend. "It's a terrible situation where my friend is being crushed from the inside out by all the manipulative stuff she's doing and this song's about that."
During development, DeLonge often took his daughter Ava to an ice cream shop in San Diego, and on one occasion they wandered into a next door toy store and DeLonge was enchanted by the sound of a pink toy piano, which he would eventually purchase. He placed the piano in his shower and recorded "Start the Machine", which attempts to illustrate the state of "being on a boat as you're leaving a city in flames", only to find a tropical island and a more alluring place ahead. DeLonge considered it a reference to his time with Blink-182 and central to Angels & Airwaves' theme that "something special out of destruction."
Promotion
"They were quiet and I was talking, talking, talking and they stopped me. My manager was looking at me going, 'What is wrong with you?'. I looked at him, took a deep breath, and went, 'I don't know'. They were saying I wasn't the same person anymore, they said I was totally different. They were addressing things that were said in the press, how I was acting, who feverishly I was working on the band and the movie and all these different things. I got teary-eyed and looked at them and said, 'All the shit that's driving me absolutely crazy is making me feel like I'm losing my mind.'"
—Tom DeLonge on his intervention following his press statements
In September 2005, after spending months avoiding publicity, DeLonge announced his new Angels & Airwaves project and promised "the greatest rock and roll revolution for this generation." His statements—containing predictions that the album would usher in an "entire new culture of the youth" and lead to the band's dominance—were regarded as highly grandiose in the press and mocked and set sources in his belief that his album would become a recording critics would refer to two decades on as the album of the 2000s, or the sole successor to what he considered the most recent "important" album, Nirvana's Nevermind (1991). He also contended he began writing Whisper immediately following the release of Blink-182, seeing it as a "force to be reckoned with" that he "knew had to beat" and while wishing to take the project to "that Police level, that Joshua Tree level", he observed in interviews that prior to Blink-182's hiatus, he thought Angels & Airwaves would become a highly important band. The other band members did not refute DeLonge's press statements, viewing them as tongue-in-cheek and offering little substance.
Thoroughly utilized by the band, DeLonge often discussed minor details and plans for accompanying films and other promotional matter, and his managers approached him having an "intervention" in which they disquietingly questioned his frame of mind. His ambitious beliefs were intensified by his addiction to Vicodin, a drug which he used due to his back problem and did not try out again when he was unable to obtain it for a week, hallucinating and deep in withdrawal.
Reception
Critical
Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic53/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicAlternative PressThe A.V. ClubC−Entertainment WeeklyB−IGN8/10Punknews.orgRolling StoneSpin(mixed)Uncut(mixed)
We Don't Need to Whisper received largely mixed reviews from contemporary music critics at the time of its release. Alternative Press was generally the most enthusiastic of the positive reviews, considering it influential to rock bands in 2006. The publication found the album to not be abounding or thought-provoking and commented: "While the lyrics might be DeLonge at his most soul-searching, the music is built for nothing smaller than football stadiums." IGN was also very positive in their assessment of the record, writing, "This album is like a post-millennial concept record that beckons to be listened to with the lights dimmed and the headphones clamped tightly around your aural receptors. It may not be your cup of tea, but kudos to the quartet for not merely re-treading the market with more mature lyrics." Entertainment Weekly journalist Leah Greenblatt gave the album a B− rating, commending its obvious influences while also criticizing DeLonge's vocals. It stated that his vocals might improve to resemble those of Robert Smith heard on tracks like "It Hurts", but likened it to a high school student with a job at Del Taco communicating with a drive-through microphone.
Rolling Stone writer Christian Hoard summarized the record and the mixed reviews simply as "DeLonge yanks heartstrings with so-so results" and saw the atmospheric elements as excessive. Spin had a similar sentiment: "Here, his three sidemen elevate emo tendencies to something grander and more timelessly romantic—though somewhat less exciting. Blender scrutinized the composition of the album as it contains the "duller" aspects of Blink-182 accompanied with U2-influenced guitar chimes. Many critics arraigned the album to be pretentious and contrasted Angels & Airwaves with Blink-182. The A.V. Club journalist Kyle Ryan described his experience with We Don't Need to Whisper as 50 minutes of DeLonge demonstrating his musical skills. English magazine Uncut discerned his departure from Blink-182 and the album's serious tone. AllMusic writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine praised the differences in musical style between both bands, but remained polarized about the album and commented that "It may not make for a successful record, but it does make for an interesting one, particularly in how DeLonge's desire to be taken seriously has led him to use the serious music of his adolescence as a signifier that he's serious now, but We Don't Need to Whisper is too doggedly dour and amorphous to be more than a curiosity."
Commercial performance
The album sold 127,000 copies in its first week, and was certified Gold by the RIAA. It was nominated for an MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist in a Video, Best Special Effects in a Video and Best Editing in a Video for "The Adventure" as well as Best Band of 2006 for We Don't Need to Whisper.
Acoustic EP
We Don't Need to Whisper Acoustic - EPEP by Angels & AirwavesReleasedAugust 25, 2017Length18:25LabelTo the StarsProducerTom DeLongeAngels & Airwaves chronology
Chasing Shadows(2016)
We Don't Need to Whisper Acoustic - EP(2017)
Lifeforms(2021)
On August 25, 2017, the band released an EP of acoustic renditions of We Don't Need to Whisper's first four songs. At the time of its release, DeLonge had been planning to direct a feature film titled Strange Times, which was set to feature new music from the band. The EP was recorded and released as a means to "give the fans something while the band works on the soundtrack". The EP was also released in memory of the band's former producer, Jeff “Critter” Newell, who died in 2012. “Being in the studio brought back memories of AVA’s first album and I thought it’d be fun to reimagine those tracks and play around with the arrangements a bit. It’s the first time we’ve ever put out an all-acoustic release and it’s great to be able to do it with these songs, which are all pretty special to me. Critter was everything to us. We considered him a member of the band. He had the most artistic and beautiful soul and was such a big part of our lives. He always spoke with such poetry. He was my companion during the making of the first years of AVA. He would drink and dance in the studio parking lot to these songs till 4am. When we started recording these new versions, I couldn’t stop thinking about how much I miss him. His spirit was definitely with us in the studio.”By the time of the EP's recording, the band had now consisted of DeLonge and Ilan Rubin. Sinn left the band in 2007, while Willard left in 2011. From 2014 to 2018, Kennedy had taken a hiatus from the band and would return in the months following the EP's release. Additionally, the band released a lyric video for the acoustic version of "The Adventure", which contained footage of the album's original studio sessions.
Track listingNo.TitleLength1."Valkyrie Missile" (acoustic)4:092."Distraction" (acoustic)5:063."Do It for Me Now" (acoustic)4:244."The Adventure" (acoustic)4:50Total length:18:29
Track listing
All lyrics are written by Tom DeLonge; all music is composed by Angels & AirwavesNo.TitleLength1."Valkyrie Missile"6:392."Distraction"5:363."Do It for Me Now"4:334."The Adventure"5:125."A Little's Enough"4:456."The War"5:077."The Gift"5:028."It Hurts"4:149."Good Day"4:3010."Start the Machine"4:11Total length:49:48
International bonus trackNo.TitleLength11."Do It for Me Now" (Live from FUSE 7th Ave. Drop)4:39
UK bonus tracksNo.TitleLength11."The Machine"3:4212."Do It for Me Now" (Live from FUSE 7th Ave. Drop)4:39
iTunes bonus trackNo.TitleLength11."The Adventure" (Live from Whispers Studio)6:04
Wal-Mart bonus trackNo.TitleLength11."It Hurts" (Live from FUSE 7th Ave. Drop)4:21
Personnel
Angels & Airwaves
Tom DeLonge – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards
David Kennedy – lead guitar, keyboards, synthesizers
Ryan Sinn – bass guitar, backing vocals
Atom Willard – drums, percussion
Additional musicians
Roger Joseph Manning, Jr. – keyboards
Production
Tom DeLonge – producer
Jordan Schur – executive producer
Tom Lord-Alge – mixing engineer
Jeff 'Critter' Newell – assistant producer, programmer, photographer, mixing engineer on "The War"
Danny Lohner – assistant producer, programmer on "Distraction"
Doug Reesh – guitar/bass technician
Shilo – artwork
Brian Gardner – mastering engineer
Charts
Weekly charts
Chart (2006)
Peakposition
Australian Albums (ARIA)
8
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)
30
Canadian Albums (Billboard)
3
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
62
French Albums (SNEP)
82
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
18
Irish Albums (IRMA)
23
Scottish Albums (OCC)
5
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)
29
UK Albums (OCC)
6
US Billboard 200
4
Year-end charts
Chart (2006)
Position
US Billboard 200
150
Singles
Year
Title
Chart
Position
2006
"The Adventure"
US Billboard Hot 100
55
US Modern Rock Tracks
5
US Pop 100
51
UK Singles Chart
20
Irish Singles Chart
47
German Singles Chart
82
"It Hurts"
UK Singles Chart
59
"Do It for Me Now"
Modern Rock Tracks
21
"The War"
Modern Rock Tracks
19
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
United Kingdom (BPI)
Silver
60,000^
United States (RIAA)
Gold
500,000^
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Release history
Country
Release date
Australia
May 20, 2006
South Korea
May 22, 2006
United Kingdom
Canada
May 23, 2006
United States
References
^ Murphy, John (May 22, 2006). "Angels & Airwaves – We Don't Need To Whisper". musicOMH. Retrieved April 5, 2014.
^ a b c "We Don't Need to Whisper – Review". IGN. May 31, 2006. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
^ "Angels & Airwaves - We Don't Need To Whisper". IGN. 31 May 2006.
^ a b c d e f Tom Bryant (May 2006). "Jesus Christ Pose". Kerrang!. London: 20–24. ISSN 0262-6624.
^ a b c d e f g h i Scott Heisel (May 2006). "Here We Go, Life's Waiting to Begin". Alternative Press. Cleveland, Ohio: 136–140. ISSN 1065-1667.
^ Browne, Nichola (November 20, 2005). "Punk Rock! Nudity! Filthy Sex! Tom DeLonge Looks Back On Blink-182's Greatest Moments". Kerrang! (1083). London. ISSN 0262-6624.
^ Moss, Corey (2002-04-09). "Box Car Racer about end of the world, not end of Blink-182". MTV News. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
^ a b c d e James Montgomery (October 28, 2005). "Tom DeLonge: No More Compromises". MTV News. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^ a b "Tom DeLonge talks guitar tones, growing up and Blink". Total Guitar. Bath, United Kingdom. October 12, 2012. ISSN 1355-5049. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
^ Sean Richardson (May 23, 2002). "Blink 183: Box Car Racer go for a spin". The Phoenix. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
^ Jon Wiederhorn (August 11, 2003). "Blink-182 Tone Down Pranks, Get Down to Real 'Action' on Next LP". MTV News. Retrieved September 22, 2010.
^ a b c d Alex Mar (February 9, 2006). "Q&A: Blink-182 Man Launches Angels". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
^ Spence D. (April 8, 2005). "+44 Interview". IGN. Archived from the original on December 15, 2010. Retrieved April 10, 2011.
^ "AVA Article". Kerrang!. London. October 2005. ISSN 0262-6624.
^ James Montgomery (July 19, 2011). "Blink-182's 'Indefinite Hiatus' Was 'Really Stupid,' Tom DeLonge Says". MTV News. Retrieved May 28, 2013.
^ James Montgomery (February 22, 2005). "Blink-182 Announce 'Indefinite Hiatus' As Breakup Rumors Swirl". MTV News. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Nichola Browne (January 2006). "I'm Going to Change the World". Kerrang!. London: 20–23. ISSN 0262-6624.
^ a b "DeLonge Gets Serious with Angels & Airwaves". Billboard. April 12, 2006. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
^ a b c "Angels & Airwaves on Cloud Nine". Rock Sound: 7. January 2006.
^ Tom Bryant (February 2006). "Icons: The Rock Stars That Changed Your World: Tom DeLonge". Kerrang!. London: 40. ISSN 0262-6624.
^ James Montgomery (September 16, 2005). "Blink's Tom DeLonge Promises 'The Greatest Rock And Roll Revolution'". MTV News. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
^ James Montgomery (September 19, 2007). "Angels & Airwaves' Revolution Has Begun — Just Wait 29 Years, Tom DeLonge Insists". MTV News. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
^ Arroyave, Luis (April 26, 2010). "Tom DeLonge glad he's back with Blink". Chicago Tribune.
^ Greene, Andy (September 30, 2011). "Inside the Ups and Downs of Blink-182". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
^ "We Don't Need to Whisper by Angels and Airwaves". Metacritic.
^ a b Stephen Thomas Erlewine. "We Don't Need to Whisper – Review". AllMusic. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
^ a b "We Don't Need to Whisper – Review". Alternative Press. Cleveland, Ohio: 202. July 2006. ISSN 1065-1667. Archived from the original on 2010-07-03.
^ a b Kyle Ryan (June 7, 2006). "We Don't Need to Whisper – Review". The A.V. Club. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
^ a b Leah Greenblatt (May 26, 2006). "We Don't Need to Whisper – Review". Entertainment Weekly. No. 878. New York City. p. 107. ISSN 1049-0434. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
^ Paul, Aubin (May 23, 2006). "Angels and Airwaves - We Don't Need to Whisper". Punknews.org. Retrieved December 25, 2015.
^ a b c Christian Hoard (June 15, 2006). "We Don't Need to Whisper – Review". Rolling Stone. No. 1002. New York City. p. 98. ISSN 0035-791X.
^ a b Walters, Barry (July 2006). "We Don't Need to Whisper – Review". Spin. New York City: 82. ISSN 0886-3032.
^ a b "We Don't Need to Whisper – Review". Uncut. London: 84. July 2006. ISSN 1368-0722.
^ "We Don't Need to Whisper – Review". Blender: 136. June 2006.
^ "Shakira, Red Hot Chili Peppers Dominate 2006 VMA Nominee List". Rolling Stone. July 31, 2006. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
^ Kreps, Daniel (2017-08-22). "Tom DeLonge's Angels & Airwaves Rework Songs for Acoustic EP". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2021-08-14.
^ AltPress (2017-08-22). "Angels & Airwaves release EP of acoustic 'We Don't Need To Whisper' songs—watch new lyric video". Alternative Press. Retrieved 2021-08-14.
^ We Don't Need to Whisper Acoustic - EP by Angels & Airwaves, retrieved 2021-08-14
^ We Don't Need to Whisper (liner notes). Angels & Airwaves. United States: Geffen. 2006. B0006696-02.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ "Australiancharts.com – Angels & Airwaves – We Don't Need to Whisper". Hung Medien. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
^ "Austriancharts.at – Angels & Airwaves – We Don't Need to Whisper" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
^ "Angels Airwaves Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Angels & Airwaves – We Don't Need to Whisper" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
^ "Lescharts.com – Angels & Airwaves – We Don't Need to Whisper". Hung Medien. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Angels & Airwaves – We Don't Need to Whisper" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
^ "Irish-charts.com – Discography Angels & Airwaves". Hung Medien. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
^ "Charts.nz – Angels & Airwaves – We Don't Need to Whisper". Hung Medien. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
^ "Angels Airwaves Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2006". Billboard. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
^ "British album certifications – Angels & Airwaves – We Don't Need to Whisper". British Phonographic Industry.
^ "American album certifications – Angels & Airwaves – We Don't Need to Whisper". Recording Industry Association of America.
External links
We Don't Need to Whisper at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)
Original promotional trailer for We Don't Need to Whisper and AVA documentary on YouTube
vteAngels & Airwaves
Tom DeLonge
David Kennedy
Ilan Rubin
Matt Rubano
Ryan Sinn
Atom Willard
Matt Wachter
Eddie Breckenridge
Studio albums
We Don't Need to Whisper
I-Empire
Love
Love: Part Two
The Dream Walker
Lifeforms
EPs
...Of Nightmares
Chasing Shadows
Singles
"The Adventure"
"It Hurts"
"The War"
"Everything's Magic"
"Rebel Girl"
"All That's Left Is Love"
"Paper Thin"
"Euphoria"
Other songs
"Kiss & Tell"
"Timebomb"
Films
Start the Machine
Love (Love Live)
Poet Anderson: The Dream Walker
Related articles
Discography
List of songs
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Angels & Airwaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_%26_Airwaves"},{"link_name":"Tom DeLonge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_DeLonge"},{"link_name":"Geffen Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geffen_Records"},{"link_name":"Blink-182","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blink-182"},{"link_name":"Box Car Racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Car_Racer"},{"link_name":"Atom Willard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_Willard"},{"link_name":"Ryan Sinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Sinn"},{"link_name":"arena rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_rock"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"The Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Police"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jcpose-4"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Modern Rock Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Rock_Tracks"},{"link_name":"The Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Start the Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start_the_Machine_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ryan Sinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Sinn"}],"text":"2006 studio album by Angels & AirwavesWe Don't Need to Whisper is the debut studio album by the American rock band Angels & Airwaves. Recorded at Neverpants Ranch in San Diego, California, and produced by guitarist and vocalist Tom DeLonge, the album was released on May 23, 2006, through Geffen Records. In February 2005, DeLonge, who wanted to spend more time with his family, quit Blink-182 after months of heated exchanges and increasing tension within the trio and spent three weeks in isolation, contemplating his life, career, and future in music.Inspired by personal crises and global events, We Don't Need to Whisper was conceptualized as DeLonge taught himself to play instruments and created his own home studio. He recruited his longtime friend and guitarist David Kennedy of Box Car Racer, as well as drummer Atom Willard and bassist Ryan Sinn to form Angels & Airwaves, who were primarily inspired by arena rock groups such as U2 and The Police. DeLonge's later public statements regarding the band's music prompted media interest and concern from his relatives and family.[4]We Don't Need to Whisper peaked at number four on the Billboard 200 and has since sold nearly 800,000 copies. Three of the four singles released in promotion of the album reached the top 20 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, with \"The Adventure\" peaking at number five. It received largely mixed reviews from music critics, many who celebrated the album's obvious musical influences but found its contents rather pretentious. A documentary film based on the recording process of the album and early history of the band, Start the Machine, was released in 2008. It was their only album to feature bassist Ryan Sinn.","title":"We Don't Need to Whisper"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kerry02.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-altpressint-5"},{"link_name":"Mark Hoppus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hoppus"},{"link_name":"Travis Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Barker"},{"link_name":"pop punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_punk"},{"link_name":"Enema of the State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enema_of_the_State"},{"link_name":"Take Off Your Pants and Jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Off_Your_Pants_and_Jacket"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kerrang05-6"},{"link_name":"herniated disc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_disc_herniation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-endofworld-7"},{"link_name":"Box Car Racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Car_Racer"},{"link_name":"self-titled album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Car_Racer_(album)"},{"link_name":"Hazen Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazen_Street"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TomQA2005-8"},{"link_name":"experimentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_music"},{"link_name":"eponymous fifth studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blink-182_(album)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-totalguitar-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tonedown-11"},{"link_name":"Geffen Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geffen_Records"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-altpressint-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qandaRS-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGNint-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jcpose-4"},{"link_name":"Meet the Barkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_the_Barkers"},{"link_name":"surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-article-14"},{"link_name":"Music for Relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_for_Relief"},{"link_name":"2004 Indian Ocean earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtvhiatus1-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TomQA2005-8"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtv4-16"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jcpose-4"},{"link_name":"nervous breakdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_breakdown"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TomQA2005-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jcpose-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-altpressint-5"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-change-17"},{"link_name":"John Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry"},{"link_name":"2004 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-altpressint-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-totalguitar-9"}],"text":"DeLonge's time spent on the campaign trail with US presidential candidate John Kerry in 2004 created an \"epiphany\" within the musician to change the world.[5]Blink-182 consisted of guitarist Tom DeLonge, bassist Mark Hoppus and drummer Travis Barker, and by 2004 had been regarded as the most successful pop punk act of the time since the releases of Enema of the State (1999) and Take Off Your Pants and Jacket (2001).[6] During its brief hiatus in 2002, DeLonge suffered a herniated disc in his back[7] and collected several darker musical ideas he viewed unsuitable for the band; the ideas were used in supergroup Box Car Racer's self-titled album, recorded with assistance from Hazen Street guitarist and longtime friend David Kennedy. Box Car Racer was intended as a one-time experimental project but evolved into a full-fledged band involving Barker. The side project would cause personal conflicts between DeLonge and Hoppus; the latter was not a member of the supergroup and felt betrayed.[8] The moody subject matter on Box Car Racer was incorporated into the sound of Blink-182, who explored experimentalist elements on their eponymous fifth studio album (2003).[9][10][11] After the success of Box Car Racer, DeLonge declined a solo recording deal offered by Geffen Records because he believed it would cast negative light on Blink-182, but it loomed over the band in addition to growing internal tension.[5]While the trio embarked on a European tour the following fall, DeLonge felt increasingly quarreled both about his creative freedom within the group and the toll touring impacted on his personal life.[12] He eventually expressed his desire to take a half-year respite from touring to spend more time with family matters, a decision that Hoppus and Barker asserted was a lengthy interruption.[13] DeLonge did not blame his bandmates for disappointment with his requests, but was dismayed that they apparently could not understand them.[4] He protested Meet the Barkers, a reality television series starring Barker which was produced for a 2005 premiere, and disliked surveillance cameras, feeling his personal privacy was invaded.[14] Blink-182 agreed to perform at Music for Relief's Concert for South Asia, a benefit show to aid victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, but further arguments that ensued during rehearsals rooted in the band members' increasing paranoia and bitterness toward each other.[15] DeLonge judged the band's priorities to be \"mad, mad different\" and claimed that they had simply grown apart as they aged. This communication breakdown led to heated exchanges resulting in his departure from the group,[8] which Geffen announced on February 22, 2005 would be going on an \"indefinite hiatus\",[16] and he would not speak to Barker or Hoppus for several years, although he called the latter his greatest friend.[4]DeLonge underwent a complete reassessment of his prime concerns in the aftermath of the band's break-up—a move \"bearing the hallmarks of a nervous breakdown\"—and went on a three-week \"spiritual journey\" in complete isolation away from his family, contemplating his life, career, and future in music.[8][4] DeLonge was psychologically hurt by the band's dissolution, likening it to a divorce and calling it a \"traumatic experience\" and a \"disaster.\"[5] He had been known for his role in the Blink-182 as \"the low-brow prankster\" and wanted to restart his career without worrying whether fans would find him funny.[17] The background of Angels & Airwaves was based on DeLonge's endorsement of John Kerry in the 2004 presidential election, travelling the political circuit with the Democratic Party candidate; DeLonge was inspired by Kerry's need for widespread reform and likened his presidential campaign to a drug, remarking later that it \"really changed [me].\"[5] He rediscovered the epiphany developed during his tour with Kerry and applied it to the philosophy of Angels & Airwaves, while he redefined himself as he learned to play piano and self-produce and formed his own home studio.[9]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardarticle-18"},{"link_name":"Atom Willard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_Willard"},{"link_name":"Ryan Sinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Sinn"},{"link_name":"The Distillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Distillers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-altpressint-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-altpressint-5"},{"link_name":"Macbeth Footwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth_Footwear"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-altpressint-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-altpressint-5"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rocksound-19"},{"link_name":"America enter a post-war period of prosperity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_in_the_1950s"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rocksound-19"},{"link_name":"leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboardarticle-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icons-20"},{"link_name":"progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_(band)"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rocksound-19"},{"link_name":"Peter Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"The Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Police"},{"link_name":"The Cure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cure"},{"link_name":"massive success","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_rock"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qandaRS-12"}],"text":"DeLonge had to assemble Angels & Airwaves after recording several demos in his home studio. Following Blink-182's disestablishment, he declined offers from highly prolific musicians to collaborate on their developing material[18] and recruited longtime friend and Box Car Racer guitarist David Kennedy. Atom Willard and Ryan Sinn soon followed, but the latter dropped out and was reluctant to join another band soon after the collapse of his previous group, The Distillers.[5] Kennedy found himself in a similar situation with his band Hazen Street, and found the new environment refreshing.[5] Uncertain on joining the band, DeLonge offered Sinn a job at Macbeth Footwear's warehouse, where he worked until he permanently committed to the band in August.[5] The band members put forth several sayings and rules including \"Friends and family first; band second.\"[5]We Don't Need to Whisper was inspired by a mix of both personal developments and global events. During production, DeLonge studied World War II, which he considered the \"last great war clearly a battle between good and evil.\"[19] He saw America enter a post-war period of prosperity, and perceived it as an analogy for possibilities in his life.[19] The album was encouraged by other personal crises as well, such as DeLonge's father's diagnosis of leukemia and his brother's deployment to Iraq; DeLonge criticized the Iraq War as unnecessary.[18][20] Although the band deemed the project lightly progressive rock-influenced, the album lacks guitar solos the genre is commonly known for in place of melodies inspired by 1970s rock bands, such as Pink Floyd, Rush and Led Zeppelin.[19] DeLonge was influenced by and listened to Peter Gabriel, U2, The Police and The Cure, all who were artists that achieved massive success and inspired DeLonge's desire to reach the widest audience possible.[12]","title":"Recording and production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roxanne_Police.jpg"},{"link_name":"arena rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_rock"},{"link_name":"The Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Police"},{"link_name":"utopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-change-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-change-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-change-17"},{"link_name":"Talib Kweli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talib_Kweli"},{"link_name":"Morse code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-change-17"},{"link_name":"The Cure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cure"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-change-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-change-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qandaRS-12"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-change-17"},{"link_name":"Iraq War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-change-17"}],"text":"The record was inspired by the arena rock genre and bands such as The Police, pictured above.The overlying message the band intended for We Don't Need to Whisper is that the future could become a utopia.[17] Opening track \"Valkyrie Missile\" opens We Don't Need to Whisper with a cinematic organ melody, 1980s-influenced guitars and a quote from an astronaut: \"Anybody out there?\".[17] \"Distraction\" follows and is filled with hand claps and a keyboard melody over verses lamenting death and destruction.[17] \"Do It for Me Now\" originated from a beat DeLonge created in 2004 for rapper Talib Kweli, who turned the opportunity down; the Morse code beat was later adapted by the band and stimulated DeLonge's vision of the song being the soundtrack to \"young lovers watching the sunrise.\"[17] \"The Adventure\" is an \"exhilarating ode to a beckoning future with a huge guitar sound reminiscent of The Cure.\"[17] The song was motivated by a friend whose marriage was falling apart when his wife committed adultery.[17] The situation had a deep impact on DeLonge in that he spent a night up crying for him when he wrote the track.[12] \"A Little's Enough\" was inspired by a religious concept in which a God came to bring positive change on Earth when it faces terrorism, war or famine.[17]\"The War\", an anthem about the Iraq War and its death toll, is succeeded by \"It Hurts\", a track about a friend of DeLonge's with a cheating girlfriend. \"It's a terrible situation where my friend is being crushed from the inside out by all the manipulative stuff she's doing and this song's about that.\"During development, DeLonge often took his daughter Ava to an ice cream shop in San Diego, and on one occasion they wandered into a next door toy store and DeLonge was enchanted by the sound of a pink toy piano, which he would eventually purchase. He placed the piano in his shower and recorded \"Start the Machine\", which attempts to illustrate the state of \"being on a boat as you're leaving a city in flames\", only to find a tropical island and a more alluring place ahead. DeLonge considered it a reference to his time with Blink-182 and central to Angels & Airwaves' theme that \"something special [can come] out of destruction.\"[17]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jcpose-4"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtv5-21"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-change-17"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iempire-22"},{"link_name":"Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(band)"},{"link_name":"Nevermind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevermind"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qandaRS-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TomQA2005-8"},{"link_name":"Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Police"},{"link_name":"Joshua Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joshua_Tree"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TomQA2005-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-altpressint-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jcpose-4"},{"link_name":"Vicodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicodin"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chicago-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-upsdowns-24"}],"text":"\"They were quiet and I was talking, talking, talking and they stopped me. My manager was looking at me going, 'What is wrong with you?'. I looked at him, took a deep breath, and went, 'I don't know'. They were saying I wasn't the same person anymore, they said I was totally different. They were addressing things that were said in the press, how I was acting, who feverishly I was working on the band and the movie and all these different things. I got teary-eyed and looked at them and said, 'All the shit that's driving me absolutely crazy is making me feel like I'm losing my mind.'\"\n\n\n—Tom DeLonge on his intervention following his press statements[4]In September 2005, after spending months avoiding publicity, DeLonge announced his new Angels & Airwaves project and promised \"the greatest rock and roll revolution for this generation.\"[21] His statements—containing predictions that the album would usher in an \"entire new culture of the youth\" and lead to the band's dominance—were regarded as highly grandiose in the press and mocked[17][22] and set sources in his belief that his album would become a recording critics would refer to two decades on as the album of the 2000s, or the sole successor to what he considered the most recent \"important\" album, Nirvana's Nevermind (1991).[12] He also contended he began writing Whisper immediately following the release of Blink-182, seeing it as a \"force to be reckoned with\" that he \"knew [he] had to beat\"[8] and while wishing to take the project to \"that Police level, that Joshua Tree level\", he observed in interviews that prior to Blink-182's hiatus, he thought Angels & Airwaves would become a highly important band.[8] The other band members did not refute DeLonge's press statements, viewing them as tongue-in-cheek and offering little substance.[5]Thoroughly utilized by the band, DeLonge often discussed minor details and plans for accompanying films and other promotional matter, and his managers approached him having an \"intervention\" in which they disquietingly questioned his frame of mind.[4] His ambitious beliefs were intensified by his addiction to Vicodin, a drug which he used due to his back problem[23] and did not try out again when he was unable to obtain it for a week, hallucinating and deep in withdrawal.[24]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alternative Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Press_(music_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-altpressreview-27"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN-2"},{"link_name":"Robert Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Smith_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Del Taco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Taco"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewreview-29"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSreview-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSreview-31"},{"link_name":"Spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spinreview-32"},{"link_name":"Blender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blender-34"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avclubreview-28"},{"link_name":"Uncut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncut_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uncutreview-33"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-26"}],"sub_title":"Critical","text":"We Don't Need to Whisper received largely mixed reviews from contemporary music critics at the time of its release. Alternative Press was generally the most enthusiastic of the positive reviews, considering it influential to rock bands in 2006. The publication found the album to not be abounding or thought-provoking and commented: \"While the lyrics might be DeLonge at his most soul-searching, the music is built for nothing smaller than football stadiums.\"[27] IGN was also very positive in their assessment of the record, writing, \"This album is like a post-millennial concept record that beckons to be listened to with the lights dimmed and the headphones clamped tightly around your aural receptors. [...] It may not be your cup of tea, but kudos to the quartet for not merely re-treading the [blink-182] market with more mature lyrics.\"[2] Entertainment Weekly journalist Leah Greenblatt gave the album a B− rating, commending its obvious influences while also criticizing DeLonge's vocals. It stated that his vocals might improve to resemble those of Robert Smith heard on tracks like \"It Hurts\", but likened it to a high school student with a job at Del Taco communicating with a drive-through microphone.[29]Rolling Stone writer Christian Hoard summarized the record and the mixed reviews simply as \"DeLonge yanks heartstrings with so-so results\"[31] and saw the atmospheric elements as excessive.[31] Spin had a similar sentiment: \"Here, his three sidemen elevate [DeLonge's] emo tendencies to something grander and more timelessly romantic—though somewhat less exciting.[32] Blender scrutinized the composition of the album as it contains the \"duller\" aspects of Blink-182 accompanied with U2-influenced guitar chimes.[34] Many critics arraigned the album to be pretentious and contrasted Angels & Airwaves with Blink-182. The A.V. Club journalist Kyle Ryan described his experience with We Don't Need to Whisper as 50 minutes of DeLonge demonstrating his musical skills.[28] English magazine Uncut discerned his departure from Blink-182 and the album's serious tone.[33] AllMusic writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine praised the differences in musical style between both bands, but remained polarized about the album and commented that \"It may not make for a successful record, but it does make for an interesting one, particularly in how DeLonge's desire to be taken seriously has led him to use the serious music of his adolescence as a signifier that he's serious now, but We Don't Need to Whisper is too doggedly dour and amorphous to be more than a curiosity.\"[26]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award"},{"link_name":"Best New Artist in a Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_New_Artist"},{"link_name":"Best Special Effects in a Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Special_Effects"},{"link_name":"Best Editing in a Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Editing"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vmanom-35"}],"sub_title":"Commercial performance","text":"The album sold 127,000 copies in its first week, and was certified Gold by the RIAA. It was nominated for an MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist in a Video, Best Special Effects in a Video and Best Editing in a Video for \"The Adventure\" as well as Best Band of 2006 for We Don't Need to Whisper.[35]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Ilan Rubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilan_Rubin"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"On August 25, 2017, the band released an EP of acoustic renditions of We Don't Need to Whisper's first four songs. At the time of its release, DeLonge had been planning to direct a feature film titled Strange Times, which was set to feature new music from the band. The EP was recorded and released as a means to \"give the fans something while the band works on the soundtrack\". The EP was also released in memory of the band's former producer, Jeff “Critter” Newell, who died in 2012.[36]“Being in the studio brought back memories of AVA’s first album and I thought it’d be fun to reimagine those tracks and play around with the arrangements a bit. It’s the first time we’ve ever put out an all-acoustic release and it’s great to be able to do it with these songs, which are all pretty special to me. Critter was everything to us. We considered him a member of the band. He had the most artistic and beautiful soul and was such a big part of our lives. He always spoke with such poetry. He was my companion during the making of the first years of AVA. He would drink and dance in the studio parking lot to these songs till 4am. When we started recording these new versions, I couldn’t stop thinking about how much I miss him. His spirit was definitely with us in the studio.”By the time of the EP's recording, the band had now consisted of DeLonge and Ilan Rubin. Sinn left the band in 2007, while Willard left in 2011. From 2014 to 2018, Kennedy had taken a hiatus from the band and would return in the months following the EP's release. Additionally, the band released a lyric video for the acoustic version of \"The Adventure\", which contained footage of the album's original studio sessions.[37]Track listing[38]No.TitleLength1.\"Valkyrie Missile\" (acoustic)4:092.\"Distraction\" (acoustic)5:063.\"Do It for Me Now\" (acoustic)4:244.\"The Adventure\" (acoustic)4:50Total length:18:29","title":"Acoustic EP"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom DeLonge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_DeLonge"},{"link_name":"Angels & Airwaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_%26_Airwaves"},{"link_name":"The Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventure"},{"link_name":"The War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_(Angels_%26_Airwaves_song)"},{"link_name":"It Hurts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Hurts_(Angels_%26_Airwaves_song)"}],"text":"All lyrics are written by Tom DeLonge; all music is composed by Angels & AirwavesNo.TitleLength1.\"Valkyrie Missile\"6:392.\"Distraction\"5:363.\"Do It for Me Now\"4:334.\"The Adventure\"5:125.\"A Little's Enough\"4:456.\"The War\"5:077.\"The Gift\"5:028.\"It Hurts\"4:149.\"Good Day\"4:3010.\"Start the Machine\"4:11Total length:49:48International bonus trackNo.TitleLength11.\"Do It for Me Now\" (Live from FUSE 7th Ave. Drop)4:39UK bonus tracksNo.TitleLength11.\"The Machine\"3:4212.\"Do It for Me Now\" (Live from FUSE 7th Ave. Drop)4:39iTunes bonus trackNo.TitleLength11.\"The Adventure\" (Live from Whispers Studio)6:04Wal-Mart bonus trackNo.TitleLength11.\"It Hurts\" (Live from FUSE 7th Ave. Drop)4:21","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linernotes-39"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Don%27t_Need_to_Whisper&action=edit§ion=11"},{"link_name":"Tom DeLonge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_DeLonge"},{"link_name":"Ryan Sinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Sinn"},{"link_name":"Atom Willard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_Willard"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Don%27t_Need_to_Whisper&action=edit§ion=12"},{"link_name":"Roger Joseph Manning, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Joseph_Manning,_Jr."},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Don%27t_Need_to_Whisper&action=edit§ion=13"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"executive producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer"},{"link_name":"Tom Lord-Alge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Lord-Alge"},{"link_name":"Brian Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Gardner"},{"link_name":"mastering engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastering_engineer"}],"text":"[39]Angels & Airwaves[edit]\nTom DeLonge – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards\nDavid Kennedy – lead guitar, keyboards, synthesizers\nRyan Sinn – bass guitar, backing vocals\nAtom Willard – drums, percussion\nAdditional musicians[edit]\nRoger Joseph Manning, Jr. – keyboards\n\n\nProduction[edit]\nTom DeLonge – producer\nJordan Schur – executive producer\nTom Lord-Alge – mixing engineer\nJeff 'Critter' Newell – assistant producer, programmer, photographer, mixing engineer on \"The War\"\nDanny Lohner – assistant producer, programmer on \"Distraction\"\nDoug Reesh – guitar/bass technician\nShilo – artwork\nBrian Gardner – mastering engineer","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Don%27t_Need_to_Whisper&action=edit§ion=15"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Australia_Angels_&_Airwaves-40"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Austria_Angels_&_Airwaves-41"},{"link_name":"Canadian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardCanada_Angels_Airwaves-42"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_Angels_&_Airwaves-43"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_France_Angels_&_Airwaves-44"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Germany4_Angels_&_Airwaves-45"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Ireland2_Angels_&_Airwaves-46"},{"link_name":"Scottish Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Scotland_Angels_&_Airwaves-47"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_New_Zealand_Angels_&_Airwaves-48"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK2_-49"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Angels_Airwaves-50"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Don%27t_Need_to_Whisper&action=edit§ion=16"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"The Adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventure"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Modern Rock Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Songs"},{"link_name":"Pop 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_100"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"Irish Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"German Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Control_Charts"},{"link_name":"It Hurts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Hurts_(Angels_%26_Airwaves_song)"},{"link_name":"The War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_(Angels_%26_Airwaves_song)"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2006)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[40]\n\n8\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[41]\n\n30\n\n\nCanadian Albums (Billboard)[42]\n\n3\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[43]\n\n62\n\n\nFrench Albums (SNEP)[44]\n\n82\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[45]\n\n18\n\n\nIrish Albums (IRMA)[46]\n\n23\n\n\nScottish Albums (OCC)[47]\n\n5\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[48]\n\n29\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[49]\n\n6\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[50]\n\n4\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2006)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[51]\n\n150\n\n\n\n\nSingles\n\n\nYear\n\nTitle\n\nChart\n\nPosition\n\n\n2006\n\n\"The Adventure\"\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100\n\n55\n\n\nUS Modern Rock Tracks\n\n5\n\n\nUS Pop 100\n\n51\n\n\nUK Singles Chart\n\n20\n\n\nIrish Singles Chart\n\n47\n\n\nGerman Singles Chart\n\n82\n\n\n\"It Hurts\"\n\nUK Singles Chart\n\n59\n\n\n\"Do It for Me Now\"\n\nModern Rock Tracks\n\n21\n\n\n\"The War\"\n\nModern Rock Tracks\n\n19","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}] | [{"image_text":"DeLonge's time spent on the campaign trail with US presidential candidate John Kerry in 2004 created an \"epiphany\" within the musician to change the world.[5]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kerry02.jpg/220px-Kerry02.jpg"},{"image_text":"The record was inspired by the arena rock genre and bands such as The Police, pictured above.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Roxanne_Police.jpg/220px-Roxanne_Police.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Murphy, John (May 22, 2006). \"Angels & Airwaves – We Don't Need To Whisper\". musicOMH. Retrieved April 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicomh.com/reviews/albums/angels-airwaves-we-dont-need-to-whisper","url_text":"\"Angels & Airwaves – We Don't Need To Whisper\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MusicOMH","url_text":"musicOMH"}]},{"reference":"\"We Don't Need to Whisper – Review\". IGN. May 31, 2006. Retrieved June 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2006/05/31/angels-airwaves-we-dont-need-to-whisper","url_text":"\"We Don't Need to Whisper – Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"\"Angels & Airwaves - We Don't Need To Whisper\". IGN. 31 May 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2006/05/31/angels-airwaves-we-dont-need-to-whisper","url_text":"\"Angels & Airwaves - We Don't Need To Whisper\""}]},{"reference":"Tom Bryant (May 2006). \"Jesus Christ Pose\". Kerrang!. London: 20–24. ISSN 0262-6624.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang!","url_text":"Kerrang!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0262-6624","url_text":"0262-6624"}]},{"reference":"Scott Heisel (May 2006). \"Here We Go, Life's Waiting to Begin\". Alternative Press. Cleveland, Ohio: 136–140. ISSN 1065-1667.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Press_(music_magazine)","url_text":"Alternative Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio","url_text":"Cleveland, Ohio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1065-1667","url_text":"1065-1667"}]},{"reference":"Browne, Nichola (November 20, 2005). \"Punk Rock! Nudity! Filthy Sex! Tom DeLonge Looks Back On Blink-182's Greatest Moments\". Kerrang! (1083). London. ISSN 0262-6624.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang!","url_text":"Kerrang!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0262-6624","url_text":"0262-6624"}]},{"reference":"Moss, Corey (2002-04-09). \"Box Car Racer about end of the world, not end of Blink-182\". MTV News. Retrieved 2010-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1453328/20020408/box_car_racer.jhtml","url_text":"\"Box Car Racer about end of the world, not end of Blink-182\""}]},{"reference":"James Montgomery (October 28, 2005). \"Tom DeLonge: No More Compromises\". MTV News. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120815071849/http://www.mtv.com/bands/b/blink_182/qa_feature_103105/","url_text":"\"Tom DeLonge: No More Compromises\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_News","url_text":"MTV News"},{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/bands/b/blink_182/qa_feature_103105/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom DeLonge talks guitar tones, growing up and Blink\". Total Guitar. Bath, United Kingdom. October 12, 2012. ISSN 1355-5049. Retrieved June 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/tom-delonge-talks-guitar-tones-growing-up-and-blink-565422","url_text":"\"Tom DeLonge talks guitar tones, growing up and Blink\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Guitar","url_text":"Total Guitar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset","url_text":"Bath"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom","url_text":"United Kingdom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1355-5049","url_text":"1355-5049"}]},{"reference":"Sean Richardson (May 23, 2002). \"Blink 183: Box Car Racer go for a spin\". The Phoenix. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved September 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141028062332/http://www.bostonphoenix.com/boston/music/other_stories/documents/02276402.htm","url_text":"\"Blink 183: Box Car Racer go for a spin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phoenix_(newspaper)","url_text":"The Phoenix"},{"url":"http://www.bostonphoenix.com/boston/music/other_stories/documents/02276402.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jon Wiederhorn (August 11, 2003). \"Blink-182 Tone Down Pranks, Get Down to Real 'Action' on Next LP\". MTV News. Retrieved September 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1476576/20030811/blink_182.jhtml","url_text":"\"Blink-182 Tone Down Pranks, Get Down to Real 'Action' on Next LP\""}]},{"reference":"Alex Mar (February 9, 2006). \"Q&A: Blink-182 Man Launches Angels\". Rolling Stone. 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ISSN 0262-6624.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang!","url_text":"Kerrang!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0262-6624","url_text":"0262-6624"}]},{"reference":"James Montgomery (July 19, 2011). \"Blink-182's 'Indefinite Hiatus' Was 'Really Stupid,' Tom DeLonge Says\". MTV News. Retrieved May 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1667481/blink-182-tom-delonge-split-really-stupid.jhtml","url_text":"\"Blink-182's 'Indefinite Hiatus' Was 'Really Stupid,' Tom DeLonge Says\""}]},{"reference":"James Montgomery (February 22, 2005). \"Blink-182 Announce 'Indefinite Hiatus' As Breakup Rumors Swirl\". MTV News. Retrieved July 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1497320/blink182-announce-indefinite-hiatus.jhtml","url_text":"\"Blink-182 Announce 'Indefinite Hiatus' As Breakup Rumors Swirl\""}]},{"reference":"Nichola Browne (January 2006). \"I'm Going to Change the World\". Kerrang!. London: 20–23. ISSN 0262-6624.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang!","url_text":"Kerrang!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0262-6624","url_text":"0262-6624"}]},{"reference":"\"DeLonge Gets Serious with Angels & Airwaves\". Billboard. April 12, 2006. Retrieved June 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/58780/delonge-gets-serious-with-angels-airwaves","url_text":"\"DeLonge Gets Serious with Angels & Airwaves\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Angels & Airwaves on Cloud Nine\". Rock Sound: 7. January 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Sound","url_text":"Rock Sound"}]},{"reference":"Tom Bryant (February 2006). \"Icons: The Rock Stars That Changed Your World: Tom DeLonge\". Kerrang!. London: 40. ISSN 0262-6624.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang!","url_text":"Kerrang!"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0262-6624","url_text":"0262-6624"}]},{"reference":"James Montgomery (September 16, 2005). \"Blink's Tom DeLonge Promises 'The Greatest Rock And Roll Revolution'\". MTV News. Retrieved July 15, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1509766/blinks-tom-delonge-reemerges-sorta.jhtml","url_text":"\"Blink's Tom DeLonge Promises 'The Greatest Rock And Roll Revolution'\""}]},{"reference":"James Montgomery (September 19, 2007). \"Angels & Airwaves' Revolution Has Begun — Just Wait 29 Years, Tom DeLonge Insists\". MTV News. Retrieved February 12, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1569960/angels-amp-airwaves-revolution-has-begun-tom-delonge-insists.jhtml","url_text":"\"Angels & Airwaves' Revolution Has Begun — Just Wait 29 Years, Tom DeLonge Insists\""}]},{"reference":"Arroyave, Luis (April 26, 2010). \"Tom DeLonge glad he's back with Blink\". Chicago Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-live-0426-luis-20100426,0,1265805.story?page=1","url_text":"\"Tom DeLonge glad he's back with Blink\""}]},{"reference":"Greene, Andy (September 30, 2011). \"Inside the Ups and Downs of Blink-182\". Rolling Stone. 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Retrieved June 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine","url_text":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine"},{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/we-dont-need-to-whisper-mw0000408915","url_text":"\"We Don't Need to Whisper – Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"We Don't Need to Whisper – Review\". Alternative Press. Cleveland, Ohio: 202. July 2006. ISSN 1065-1667. Archived from the original on 2010-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100703101009/https://www.altpress.com/reviews/entry/wedontneedtowhisper/","url_text":"\"We Don't Need to Whisper – Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Press_(magazine)","url_text":"Alternative Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio","url_text":"Cleveland, Ohio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1065-1667","url_text":"1065-1667"},{"url":"https://www.altpress.com/reviews/entry/wedontneedtowhisper/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kyle Ryan (June 7, 2006). \"We Don't Need to Whisper – Review\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved June 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/angels-airwaves-we-dont-need-to-whisper,8914/","url_text":"\"We Don't Need to Whisper – Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"Leah Greenblatt (May 26, 2006). \"We Don't Need to Whisper – Review\". Entertainment Weekly. No. 878. New York City. p. 107. ISSN 1049-0434. Retrieved June 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1195644,00.html","url_text":"\"We Don't Need to Whisper – Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1049-0434","url_text":"1049-0434"}]},{"reference":"Paul, Aubin (May 23, 2006). \"Angels and Airwaves - We Don't Need to Whisper\". Punknews.org. Retrieved December 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.punknews.org/review/5309/angels-and-airwaves-we-dont-need-to-whisper","url_text":"\"Angels and Airwaves - We Don't Need to Whisper\""}]},{"reference":"Christian Hoard (June 15, 2006). \"We Don't Need to Whisper – Review\". Rolling Stone. No. 1002. New York City. p. 98. ISSN 0035-791X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0035-791X","url_text":"0035-791X"}]},{"reference":"Walters, Barry (July 2006). \"We Don't Need to Whisper – Review\". Spin. New York City: 82. ISSN 0886-3032.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0886-3032","url_text":"0886-3032"}]},{"reference":"\"We Don't Need to Whisper – Review\". Uncut. London: 84. July 2006. ISSN 1368-0722.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncut_(magazine)","url_text":"Uncut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1368-0722","url_text":"1368-0722"}]},{"reference":"\"We Don't Need to Whisper – Review\". Blender: 136. June 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender_(magazine)","url_text":"Blender"}]},{"reference":"\"Shakira, Red Hot Chili Peppers Dominate 2006 VMA Nominee List\". Rolling Stone. July 31, 2006. Retrieved March 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/shakira-red-hot-chili-peppers-dominate-2006-vma-nominee-list-20060731","url_text":"\"Shakira, Red Hot Chili Peppers Dominate 2006 VMA Nominee List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Kreps, Daniel (2017-08-22). \"Tom DeLonge's Angels & Airwaves Rework Songs for Acoustic EP\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2021-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/tom-delonges-angels-airwaves-rework-songs-for-acoustic-ep-114277/","url_text":"\"Tom DeLonge's Angels & Airwaves Rework Songs for Acoustic EP\""}]},{"reference":"AltPress (2017-08-22). \"Angels & Airwaves release EP of acoustic 'We Don't Need To Whisper' songs—watch new lyric video\". Alternative Press. Retrieved 2021-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.altpress.com/news/tom_delonge_angels_airwaves_new_ep/","url_text":"\"Angels & Airwaves release EP of acoustic 'We Don't Need To Whisper' songs—watch new lyric video\""}]},{"reference":"We Don't Need to Whisper Acoustic - EP by Angels & Airwaves, retrieved 2021-08-14","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/we-dont-need-to-whisper-acoustic-ep/1272287286","url_text":"We Don't Need to Whisper Acoustic - EP by Angels & Airwaves"}]},{"reference":"We Don't Need to Whisper (liner notes). Angels & Airwaves. United States: Geffen. 2006. B0006696-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_%26_Airwaves","url_text":"Angels & Airwaves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geffen_Records","url_text":"Geffen"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2006\". Billboard. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anbei | Protectorate General to Pacify the North | ["1 History","2 List of protector generals","3 Jiedushi","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Sources","6 Further reading"] | Chinese military government
Map of the Tang Empire and its protectorates circa 660 CE, including the "Anbei Protectorate" or "Protectorate General to Pacify the North".
Protectorate General to Pacify the NorthCommon name (669–757)Traditional Chinese安北都護府Simplified Chinese安北都护府TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinAnbei Duhu FuWade–GilesAnpei Tuhu FuAlternate Name (647–663)Traditional Chinese燕然都护府Simplified Chinese燕然都护府TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinYanran Duhu FuWade–GilesYenjan Tuhu FuAlternate Name (663–669)Traditional Chinese瀚海都護府Simplified Chinese瀚海都护府TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinHanhai Duhu FuWade–GilesHanhai Tuhu FuAlternate Name (757–784)Traditional Chinese鎮北都護府Simplified Chinese镇北都护府TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhenbei Duhu FuWade–GilesChenpei Tuhu Fu
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Prehistoric period Afanasievo culture 3300–2500 BC Chemurchek culture 2750–1900 BC Munkhkhairkhan culture 1800–1600 BC Sagsai culture 1500–1000 BC Ulaanzuukh culture 1450–1150 BC Deer stones culture 1400–700 BC Slab-grave culture 1100–300 BC Chandman culture 700–300 BC Pazyryk culture 600–300 BC
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and Second Turkic Khaganates) 555–630682–744 Xueyantuo 628–646 Tang protectorate 647–682 Uyghur Khaganate 744–840 Liao dynasty 907–1125
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vte
The Protectorate General to Pacify the North or Grand Protectorate General to Pacify the North (647–784) was a Chinese military government established by the Tang dynasty in 647 to pacify the former territory of Xueyantuo, which extended from Lake Baikal to the north, the Gobi Desert to the south, the Khingan Mountains to the east, and the Altay Mountains to the west. It controlled the Mongolian Plateau from 647 to 682.
It was first established as Yanran at Shanyu Tai, southwest of present-day Urat Middle Banner, the northern slope of Lang Shan. This was later shifted to Hanhai a short period before it was changed to Anbei. The seat of governance remained there until the year 687.
History
In 646 the Tang dynasty conquered the Xueyantuo and on 9 January 647, thirteen Tiele and Uyghur tribes surrendered to the Tang. Tang Taizong organized them into six commanderies and seven tributary prefectures under the Jimi system. The six commanderies were Hanhai (翰海府), Jinwei (金微府), Yanran (燕然府), Youling (幽陵府), Guilin (龜林府), and Lushan (盧山府). The seven prefectures were Gaolan (皐蘭州), Gaoque (高闕州), Jilu (雞鹿州), Jitian (雞田州), Yuxi (榆溪州), Dailin (蹛林州), and Douyan (竇顏州). Collectively these were known as the "Cantian Khan Circuit." On 10 April the Yanran Protectorate was created at the foothills of the Shanyu Plateau, southwest of present-day Urad Middle Banner, and governorship of the 13 tribes was handed over to the protector general, Li Suli (李素立), who served from 647 to 649.
In 650, the Tang set up Wolf Mountain Prefecture where the Karluks lived under the jurisdiction of Hanhai.
On 5 February 663 the Yanran Protectorate (on the northern bank of the Wujia River) was renamed Hanhai Protectorate.
In 663, the Yunzhong Protectorate was created from Hanhai. The Yunzhong Protectorate was renamed to Chanyu Protectorate in 664 and located northwest of Horinger and south of Hohhot.
In August 669 the Hanhai Protectorate was renamed the Protectorate General to Pacify the North, otherwise known as the Anbei Duhufu.
In 679, Ashide Wenfu and Ashide Fengzhi rebelled against the Chanyu Protectorate and backed Ashina Nishufu as their khagan.
In 683, Ilterish Qaghan besieged the Chanyu Protectorate and killed the adjutant Zhang Xingshi.
In 686, the status of the Chanyu Protectorate was downgraded to zhenshou shi (defense commissioner).
In 687 the seat of Anbei was moved to the east of Tsetserleg, then Tongcheng southeast of Ejin Banner (one source gives this a date of 685), then Xi'an northwest of Minle and southeast of Zhangye.
In 698 the seat was moved to the old town of Yunzhong to the northwest of Horinger.
In 708 the seat of Anbei was moved to the Western Shouxiang city near modern Wuyuan County, Inner Mongolia.
In 714 the Chanyu Protectorate was revived in Yunzhong while Anbei was re-located to the Middle Shouxiang city, near modern Baotou.
In 749 the seat was moved to the military settlement of Hengsai, near modern-day Urad Middle Banner.
Due to unfavorable farming conditions near the Hengsai settlement, Guo Ziyi resettled the army near modern Urad Front Banner in 755 and renamed it Da'an and then Tiande Army.
Following the An Lushan Rebellion from 755-763, the Chanyu and Anbei protectorates lost any real authority and survived in name only. Due to the taboo of An Lushan's name, the Anbei Protectorate was renamed the Zhenbei Protectorate in 757, which meant "Protectorate General to Suppress the North." In 758, it was relocated to Western Shouxiang city. The Chanyu Protectorate came under control of the Zhenwu Jiedushi (758-764).
In 840 a group of Uyghurs attacked the Tiande Army.
In 843 the Chanyu Protectorate was renamed back to Anbei Protectorate.
200km125miles
7
6
5
4
3
2
1 Seats of the Anbei protectorate1 647-669: Yanran; 749-755: Hengsai (Urad Middle Banner)2 669-687: Datong (Ejin Banner)3 687-698: Xi'an (Minle County)4 698-708: Yunzhong (Horinger County)5 708-714: western Shouxiang (Wuyuan County)6 714-749: Shouxiang (near Baotou)7 755: near Urad Front Banner
List of protector generals
Li Suli (李素立) 647-649
Jiang Jian (姜簡)
Ren Yaxiang (任雅相)
Liu Shenli (劉審禮) 661
Jiang Xie (姜協)
Zang Shan'an (臧善安)
Pang Tongfu (龐同福)
Li Dazhi (李大志) after 672
Sun Jun (孫俊) 694
Li Dan (李旦), otherwise known as Emperor Ruizong of Tang, 699-702
Zang Huailiang (臧懷亮)
Wang Jun (王晙) before 714
Li Sizhi (李嗣直)
Zhang Zhiyun (張知運) around 716
Zang Huaike (臧懷恪)
Zang Xizhuang (臧希莊) 729
Tian Wan (田琬)
Li Guangbi (李光弼) 745-746
Li Wan (李琬) 749
Guo Ziyi (郭子儀) 749-754
Li Linfu (李林甫)
Zang Fangzhi (臧方直)
Pugu Huai'en (僕固懷恩) 762
Jiedushi
Li Zhongshun (李忠順) 843-845
Qi Bitong (契苾通) 852-854
Gao Chenggong (高承恭) 861-863
Shi Shanyou (石善友) 893-903
Li Cunjin (李存進) 923
See also
Protectorate General to Pacify the East
Protectorate General to Pacify the West
Protectorate General to Pacify the South
History of Mongolia
Chinese military history
Horses in East Asian warfare
Tang dynasty in Inner Asia
Epitaph of Pugu Yitu
Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty
References
Citations
^ Hao 2021, p. 17.
^ Wang 2013, p. 46.
^ Xiong 2008, p. 203.
^ Xiong 2008, p. 652.
^ a b c d e f g Xiong 2008, p. 41.
^ Hao 2021, p. 16.
^ Hao 2021, p. 29.
^ a b Xiong 2008, p. 82.
^ Hao 2021, p. 35.
^ Hao 2021, p. 33.
^ Xiong 2008, p. 41, 82.
^ Xiong 2008, p. 504.
^ Xiong 2008, p. 679.
^ Drompp 2005, p. 39.
Sources
Andrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7.
Asimov, M.S. (1998), History of civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Part One The historical, social and economic setting, UNESCO Publishing
Barfield, Thomas (1989), The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China, Basil Blackwell
Barrett, Timothy Hugh (2008), The Woman Who Discovered Printing, Great Britain: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-12728-7 (alk. paper)
Beckwith, Christopher I (1987), The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages, Princeton University Press
Bregel, Yuri (2003), An Historical Atlas of Central Asia, Brill
Drompp, Michael Robert (2005), Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History, Brill
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999), The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-66991-X (paperback).
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006), East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-618-13384-4
Golden, Peter B. (1992), An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East, OTTO HARRASSOWITZ · WIESBADEN
Graff, David A. (2002), Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900, Warfare and History, London: Routledge, ISBN 0415239559
Graff, David Andrew (2016), The Eurasian Way of War Military Practice in Seventh-Century China and Byzantium, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-46034-7.
Hao, Chen (2021), A History of the Second Türk Empire (ca. 682–745 AD), Brill
Haywood, John (1998), Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492, Barnes & Noble
Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1964), The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2, Macmillan
Lorge, Peter A. (2008), The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-60954-8
Millward, James (2009), Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, Columbia University Press
Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3
Rong, Xinjiang (2013), Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang, Brill
Shaban, M. A. (1979), The ʿAbbāsid Revolution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-29534-3
Sima, Guang (2015), Bóyángbǎn Zīzhìtōngjiàn 54 huánghòu shīzōng 柏楊版資治通鑑54皇后失蹤, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī, ISBN 978-957-32-0876-1
Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012), Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800 (Oxford Studies in Early Empires), Oxford University Press
Wang, Zhenping (2013), Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War, University of Hawaii Press
Wilkinson, Endymion (2015). Chinese History: A New Manual, 4th edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center distributed by Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674088467.
Yuan, Shu (2001), Bóyángbǎn Tōngjiàn jìshìběnmò 28 dìèrcìhuànguánshídài 柏楊版通鑑記事本末28第二次宦官時代, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī, ISBN 957-32-4273-7
Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000), Sui-Tang Chang'an: A Study in the Urban History of Late Medieval China (Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies), U OF M CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES, ISBN 0892641371
Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2008), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 978-0810860537
Xue, Zongzheng (1992), Turkic peoples, 中国社会科学出版社
Further reading
Ai, Chong. Tangdai Anbei Duhufu Qianxi Kaolun (A Study on the Change of Seats of the Anbei Protectorate During the Tang Dynasty). Journal of Shaanxi Normal University. 2001.4. ISSN 1000-5293.
Li, Dalong. Youguan Tang Anbei Duhufu De Jige Wenti (On the Several Questions of the Tang Dynasty's Anbei Protectorate). Northern Cultural Relics. 2004.2. ISSN 1001-0483
Wang, Jilin, "Anbei Duhufu" ("Protectorate General to Pacify the North"). Chinese Encyclopedia (Historiography Edition), 1st ed.
Zhou, Weiyan, "Duhufu" ("Protectorate"). Encyclopedia of China (Chinese History Edition), 1st ed
Xue, Zongzheng (1992). A History of Turks. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press. ISBN 7-5004-0432-8. p. 404-429.
Pulleyblank, Edwin G (2002). Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-86078-859-8. II, p. 35-42.
vteProtectorates and Protectorates-General of the Tang dynasty
Anxi ("Pacify the West")
Four Garrisons
Beiting ("Northern Court")
Yanran→Hanhai→Anbei→Zhenbei ("Pacify the North")
Annan ("Pacify the South")
Andong ("Pacify the East")
Dongyi ("Eastern Barbarians")
Chanyu→Yunzhong
Baoning ("Peacekeeping")
vteTang dynasty topicsHistory (Timeline)
Transition from Sui to Tang
Xuanwu Gate Incident
Tang–Eastern Turks War
Tang–Xueyantuo War
Goguryeo–Tang War
Baekje–Tang War
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Three Departments
Department of State Affairs
Secretariat
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(Secretariat-Chancellery)
Six Ministries
Ministry of Personnel
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Protectorates
Tang dynasty in Inner Asia
Protectorate General to Pacify the West
Four Garrisons of Anxi
Beiting Protectorate
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Protectorate General to Pacify the South
Protectorate General to Pacify the East
Ungjin Commandery
Gyerim Territory Area Command
Culture
Art
Sancai
Poetry
Three Hundred Tang Poems
Playing card
A Palace Concert
Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy
Huaisu's Autobiography
Night-Shining White
Kashyapa & Ananda
Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum
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Writers
Daoxuan (596–667)
Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction
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Greater China | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_its_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png"},{"link_name":"military government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratocracy"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Xueyantuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xueyantuo"},{"link_name":"Lake Baikal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Baikal"},{"link_name":"Gobi Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobi_Desert"},{"link_name":"Khingan Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khingan_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Altay Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altay_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Mongolian Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Yanran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khangai_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Shanyu Tai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanyu_Tai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Urat Middle Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urad_Middle_Banner"},{"link_name":"Lang Shan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_Shan"}],"text":"Map of the Tang Empire and its protectorates circa 660 CE, including the \"Anbei Protectorate\" or \"Protectorate General to Pacify the North\".The Protectorate General to Pacify the North or Grand Protectorate General to Pacify the North (647–784) was a Chinese military government established by the Tang dynasty in 647 to pacify the former territory of Xueyantuo, which extended from Lake Baikal to the north, the Gobi Desert to the south, the Khingan Mountains to the east, and the Altay Mountains to the west. It controlled the Mongolian Plateau from 647 to 682.It was first established as Yanran at Shanyu Tai, southwest of present-day Urat Middle Banner, the northern slope of Lang Shan. This was later shifted to Hanhai a short period before it was changed to Anbei. The seat of governance remained there until the year 687.","title":"Protectorate General to Pacify the North"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xueyantuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xueyantuo"},{"link_name":"Jimi system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_system"},{"link_name":"Urad Middle Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urad_Middle_Banner"},{"link_name":"Karluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karluks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHao202117-1"},{"link_name":"Wujia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wujia_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201346-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2008203-3"},{"link_name":"Horinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horinger"},{"link_name":"Hohhot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohhot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2008652-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong200841-5"},{"link_name":"Ashide Wenfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashide_Wenfu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ashide Fengzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashide_Fengzhi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ashina Nishufu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashina_Nishufu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHao202116-6"},{"link_name":"Ilterish Qaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilterish_Qaghan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHao202129-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong200882-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHao202135-9"},{"link_name":"Tsetserleg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetserleg_(city)"},{"link_name":"Ejin Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejin_Banner"},{"link_name":"Minle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minle"},{"link_name":"Zhangye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhangye"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong200841-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHao202133-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong200841-5"},{"link_name":"Wuyuan County, Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuyuan_County,_Inner_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong200841-5"},{"link_name":"Baotou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baotou"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong200841,_82-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong200841-5"},{"link_name":"Guo Ziyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_Ziyi"},{"link_name":"Urad Front Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urad_Front_Banner"},{"link_name":"Tiande Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiande_Army&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong200841-5"},{"link_name":"An Lushan Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"taboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taboo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong200841-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2008504-12"},{"link_name":"Zhenwu Jiedushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhenwu_Jiedushi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2008679-13"},{"link_name":"Uyghurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrompp200539-14"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong200882-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/5/41.567/107.833/en"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.openstreetmap.org/copyright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urad_Front_Banner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baotou"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuyuan_County,_Inner_Mongolia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horinger_County"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minle_County"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejin_Banner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urad_Middle_Banner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/6/41.567/107.833/en"},{"link_name":"Urad Middle Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urad_Middle_Banner"},{"link_name":"Ejin Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejin_Banner"},{"link_name":"Minle County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minle_County"},{"link_name":"Horinger County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horinger_County"},{"link_name":"Wuyuan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuyuan_County,_Inner_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Baotou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baotou"},{"link_name":"Urad Front Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urad_Front_Banner"}],"text":"In 646 the Tang dynasty conquered the Xueyantuo and on 9 January 647, thirteen Tiele and Uyghur tribes surrendered to the Tang. Tang Taizong organized them into six commanderies and seven tributary prefectures under the Jimi system. The six commanderies were Hanhai (翰海府), Jinwei (金微府), Yanran (燕然府), Youling (幽陵府), Guilin (龜林府), and Lushan (盧山府). The seven prefectures were Gaolan (皐蘭州), Gaoque (高闕州), Jilu (雞鹿州), Jitian (雞田州), Yuxi (榆溪州), Dailin (蹛林州), and Douyan (竇顏州). Collectively these were known as the \"Cantian Khan Circuit.\" On 10 April the Yanran Protectorate was created at the foothills of the Shanyu Plateau, southwest of present-day Urad Middle Banner, and governorship of the 13 tribes was handed over to the protector general, Li Suli (李素立), who served from 647 to 649.In 650, the Tang set up Wolf Mountain Prefecture where the Karluks lived under the jurisdiction of Hanhai.[1]On 5 February 663 the Yanran Protectorate (on the northern bank of the Wujia River[2]) was renamed Hanhai Protectorate.[3]In 663, the Yunzhong Protectorate was created from Hanhai. The Yunzhong Protectorate was renamed to Chanyu Protectorate in 664 and located northwest of Horinger and south of Hohhot.[4]In August 669 the Hanhai Protectorate was renamed the Protectorate General to Pacify the North, otherwise known as the Anbei Duhufu.[5]In 679, Ashide Wenfu and Ashide Fengzhi rebelled against the Chanyu Protectorate and backed Ashina Nishufu as their khagan.[6]In 683, Ilterish Qaghan besieged the Chanyu Protectorate and killed the adjutant Zhang Xingshi.[7]In 686, the status of the Chanyu Protectorate was downgraded to zhenshou shi (defense commissioner).[8][9]In 687 the seat of Anbei was moved to the east of Tsetserleg, then Tongcheng southeast of Ejin Banner (one source gives this a date of 685), then Xi'an northwest of Minle and southeast of Zhangye.[5][10]In 698 the seat was moved to the old town of Yunzhong to the northwest of Horinger.[5]In 708 the seat of Anbei was moved to the Western Shouxiang city near modern Wuyuan County, Inner Mongolia.[5]In 714 the Chanyu Protectorate was revived in Yunzhong while Anbei was re-located to the Middle Shouxiang city, near modern Baotou.[11]In 749 the seat was moved to the military settlement of Hengsai, near modern-day Urad Middle Banner.[5]Due to unfavorable farming conditions near the Hengsai settlement, Guo Ziyi resettled the army near modern Urad Front Banner in 755 and renamed it Da'an and then Tiande Army.[5]Following the An Lushan Rebellion from 755-763, the Chanyu and Anbei protectorates lost any real authority and survived in name only. Due to the taboo of An Lushan's name, the Anbei Protectorate was renamed the Zhenbei Protectorate in 757, which meant \"Protectorate General to Suppress the North.\"[5] In 758, it was relocated to Western Shouxiang city.[12] The Chanyu Protectorate came under control of the Zhenwu Jiedushi (758-764).[13]In 840 a group of Uyghurs attacked the Tiande Army.[14]In 843 the Chanyu Protectorate was renamed back to Anbei Protectorate.[8]200km125miles\n7\n6\n5\n4\n3\n\n2\n\n1 Seats of the Anbei protectorate1 647-669: Yanran; 749-755: Hengsai (Urad Middle Banner)2 669-687: Datong (Ejin Banner)3 687-698: Xi'an (Minle County)4 698-708: Yunzhong (Horinger County)5 708-714: western Shouxiang (Wuyuan County)6 714-749: Shouxiang (near Baotou)7 755: near Urad Front Banner","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emperor Ruizong of Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Ruizong_of_Tang"}],"text":"Li Suli (李素立) 647-649\nJiang Jian (姜簡)\nRen Yaxiang (任雅相)\nLiu Shenli (劉審禮) 661\nJiang Xie (姜協)\nZang Shan'an (臧善安)\nPang Tongfu (龐同福)\nLi Dazhi (李大志) after 672\nSun Jun (孫俊) 694\nLi Dan (李旦), otherwise known as Emperor Ruizong of Tang, 699-702\nZang Huailiang (臧懷亮)\nWang Jun (王晙) before 714\nLi Sizhi (李嗣直)\nZhang Zhiyun (張知運) around 716\nZang Huaike (臧懷恪)\nZang Xizhuang (臧希莊) 729\nTian Wan (田琬)\nLi Guangbi (李光弼) 745-746\nLi Wan (李琬) 749\nGuo Ziyi (郭子儀) 749-754\nLi Linfu (李林甫)\nZang Fangzhi (臧方直)\nPugu Huai'en (僕固懷恩) 762","title":"List of protector generals"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Li Zhongshun (李忠順) 843-845\nQi Bitong (契苾通) 852-854\nGao Chenggong (高承恭) 861-863\nShi Shanyou (石善友) 893-903\nLi Cunjin (李存進) 923","title":"Jiedushi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tangdai Anbei Duhufu Qianxi Kaolun (A Study on the Change of Seats of the Anbei Protectorate During the Tang Dynasty)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cqvip.com/QK/83395X/200104/5618106.html?SUID=EGBNBFDHDNCBCOPIBOLGEMCBCDOIPNFP"},{"link_name":"Youguan Tang Anbei Duhufu De Jige Wenti (On the Several Questions of the Tang Dynasty's Anbei Protectorate)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cqvip.com/QK/98263X/200402/9713473.html?SUID=EGBNBFDHDNCBCOPIBOLGEMCBCDOIPNFP"},{"link_name":"\"Anbei Duhufu\" (\"Protectorate General to Pacify the North\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ap6.pccu.edu.tw/Encyclopedia/data.asp?id=917&htm=03-014-1250.htm"},{"link_name":"Chinese Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"\"Duhufu\" (\"Protectorate\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070929100237/http://203.72.198.245/web/Content.asp?ID=51136&Query=1"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_China"},{"link_name":"Xue, Zongzheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xue_Zongzheng"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7-5004-0432-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5004-0432-8"},{"link_name":"Pulleyblank, Edwin G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-86078-859-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86078-859-8"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Duhu"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Duhu"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Duhu"},{"link_name":"Protectorates and Protectorates-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_(imperial_China)"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Anxi (\"Pacify the West\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West"},{"link_name":"Four Garrisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi"},{"link_name":"Beiting (\"Northern Court\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate"},{"link_name":"Yanran→Hanhai→Anbei→Zhenbei (\"Pacify the North\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Annan (\"Pacify the South\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annam_(province)"},{"link_name":"Andong (\"Pacify the East\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East"},{"link_name":"Dongyi (\"Eastern Barbarians\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongyi_Protectorate"},{"link_name":"Chanyu→Yunzhong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chanyu_Protectorate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baoning (\"Peacekeeping\")","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baoning_Protectorate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tang_dynasty_topics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tang_dynasty_topics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tang_dynasty_topics"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Transition from Sui to Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang"},{"link_name":"Xuanwu Gate Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuanwu_Gate_Incident"},{"link_name":"Tang–Eastern Turks War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks"},{"link_name":"Tang–Xueyantuo War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Xueyantuo"},{"link_name":"Goguryeo–Tang War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Tang_War"},{"link_name":"Baekje–Tang War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekje%E2%80%93Tang_War"},{"link_name":"Silla–Tang War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silla%E2%80%93Tang_War"},{"link_name":"Tang–Tibet relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations"},{"link_name":"Tang–Western Turks War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks"},{"link_name":"Oasis states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_oasis_states"},{"link_name":"Karakhoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_Karakhoja"},{"link_name":"Karasahr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_Karasahr"},{"link_name":"Kucha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_Kucha"},{"link_name":"Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Western_Turks"},{"link_name":"Battle of Talas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Talas"},{"link_name":"An Lushan rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Qingshui Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_treaty_between_China_and_Tibet_(783)"},{"link_name":"Niu–Li factional strife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niu%E2%80%93Li_factional_strife"},{"link_name":"Changqing Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changqing_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Sweet Dew 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Tartary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Tartary"},{"link_name":"Western Regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Regions"},{"link_name":"Chinese Turkestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan"},{"link_name":"China proper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_proper"},{"link_name":"Sinosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinosphere"},{"link_name":"Greater China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_China"}],"text":"Ai, Chong. Tangdai Anbei Duhufu Qianxi Kaolun (A Study on the Change of Seats of the Anbei Protectorate During the Tang Dynasty). Journal of Shaanxi Normal University. 2001.4. ISSN 1000-5293.\nLi, Dalong. Youguan Tang Anbei Duhufu De Jige Wenti (On the Several Questions of the Tang Dynasty's Anbei Protectorate). Northern Cultural Relics. 2004.2. ISSN 1001-0483\nWang, Jilin, \"Anbei Duhufu\" (\"Protectorate General to Pacify the North\"). Chinese Encyclopedia (Historiography Edition), 1st ed.\nZhou, Weiyan, \"Duhufu\" (\"Protectorate\"). Encyclopedia of China (Chinese History Edition), 1st ed\nXue, Zongzheng (1992). A History of Turks. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press. ISBN 7-5004-0432-8. p. 404-429.\nPulleyblank, Edwin G (2002). Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-86078-859-8. II, p. 35-42.vteProtectorates and Protectorates-General of the Tang dynasty\nAnxi (\"Pacify the West\")\nFour Garrisons\nBeiting (\"Northern Court\")\nYanran→Hanhai→Anbei→Zhenbei (\"Pacify the North\")\nAnnan (\"Pacify the South\")\nAndong (\"Pacify the East\")\nDongyi (\"Eastern Barbarians\")\nChanyu→Yunzhong\nBaoning (\"Peacekeeping\")vteTang dynasty topicsHistory (Timeline)\nTransition from Sui to Tang\nXuanwu Gate Incident\nTang–Eastern Turks War\nTang–Xueyantuo War\nGoguryeo–Tang War\nBaekje–Tang War\nSilla–Tang War\nTang–Tibet relations\nTang–Western Turks War\nOasis states\nKarakhoja\nKarasahr\nKucha\nConquest\nBattle of Talas\nAn Lushan rebellion\nQingshui Treaty\nNiu–Li factional strife\nChangqing Treaty\nSweet Dew incident\nTang-Nanzhao conflicts\nAnnan\nSongping\nHuang Chao Rebellion\nGovernment\nEmperor\nList\nHouse\nFamily tree\nChancellor\nAdministrative divisions\nJimi system\nFanzhen\nHebei\nImperial examinations\nOfficial headwear\nMilitary\nJiedushi\nImperial guards\nShence Army\nShumiyuan\nTurkic generals\nThree Departments\nDepartment of State Affairs\nSecretariat\nChancellery\n(Secretariat-Chancellery)\nSix Ministries\nMinistry of Personnel\nMinistry of Revenue\nMinistry of Rites\nMinistry of War\nMinistry of Justice\nMinistry of Works\nProtectorates\nTang dynasty in Inner Asia\nProtectorate General to Pacify the West\nFour Garrisons of Anxi\nBeiting Protectorate\nProtectorate General to Pacify the North\nProtectorate General to Pacify the South\nProtectorate General to Pacify the East\nUngjin Commandery\nGyerim Territory Area Command\n\nCulture\nArt\nSancai\nPoetry\nThree Hundred Tang Poems\nPlaying card\nA Palace Concert\nEmperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy\nHuaisu's Autobiography\nNight-Shining White\nKashyapa & Ananda\nSix Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum\nAutumn Dew\nDazu Rock Carvings\nLeshan Giant Buddha\nRongxian Giant Buddha\nThousand-Buddha Cliff\nWriters\nDaoxuan (596–667)\nStandard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction\nEmpress Zhangsun (601–636)\nBianji (7th c.)\nGreat Tang Records on the Western Regions\nDu Huan (751–762)\nBai Xingjian (776–826)\nThe Tale of Li Wa\nLu Yu (733–804)\nThe Classic of Tea\nDu Guangting (850–933)\nYang Yunsong (9th c.)\nGreen Satchel Classic\nPoets\nLuo Binwang (619–684)\nDu Shenyan (645–708)\nWang Bo (650–676)\nChen Zi'ang (656–702)\nHe Zhizhang (659–744)\nZhang Jiuling (673–740)\nMeng Haoran (689–740)\nLi Qi (690–751)\nWang Changling (698–756)\nWang Wei (699–759)\nLi Bai (701–762)\nGao Shi (704–765)\nLiu Changqing (709–785)\nDu Fu (712–770)\nZhang Ji (712–779)\nCen Shen (715–770)\nLi Bi (722–789)\nWei Yingwu (737–792)\nLu Lun (739–799)\nHan Yu (768–824)\nLiu Yuxi (772–842)\nBai Juyi (772–846)\nLiu Zongyuan (773–819)\nYuan Zhen (779–831)\nLi Ye (d. 784)\nLi He (790–817)\nNiu Yingzhen (8th c.)\nZhang Xu (8th c.)\nDu Mu (803–852)\nWen Tingyun (812–866)\nLi Shangyin (813–858)\nMo Xuanqing (834-?)\nYu Xuanji (840–868)\nDu Qiuniang (9th c.)\nLiêu Hữu Phương (9th c.)\nPainters\nYan Liben (600–673)\nWu Daozi (680–760)\nWang Wei (699–759)\nViśa Īrasangä (7th c.)\nHan Gan (706–783)\nZhang Xuan (713–755)\nHan Huang (723–787)\nZhou Fang (730–780)\nGuanxiu (832–912)\nJing Hao (855–915)\nSun Wei (9th c.)\n\nReligionBuddhism\nJizang (549–623)\nDaochuo (562–645)\nShandao (613–681)\nXuanzang (fl 602–664)\nKuiji (632–682)\nYijing (635–713)\nFaru (638–689)\nVajrabodhi (671–741)\nJianzhen (688–763)\nAmoghavajra (705–774)\nMazu Daoyi (709–788)\nBaizhang Huaihai (720–814)\nWukong (730–790)\nYaoshan Weiyan (745–827)\nHuiguo (746–805)\nPuhua (770–860)\nZhaozhou Congshen (778–897)\nZhisheng (8th c.)\nDongshan Liangjie (807–869)\nYunmen Wenyan (862–949)\nGikū (9th c.)\nTaoism\nCheng Xuanying (fl 631–655)\nLü Dongbin (796-?)\nConfucianism\nNeo-Confucianism\nHan Yu (768–824)\nLi Ao (772–841)\nKong Yingda (574–648)\nOther\nChurch of the East\nXi'an Stele\nIslam during the Tang dynasty\nChinese Manichaeism\nScience and technology\nWang Xiaotong (580–640)\nJigu Suanjing\nXu Jingzong (592-672)\nLiang Lingzan\nThe Five-Planet and Twenty-eight Constellation Deities\nLi Chunfeng (602–670)\nTen Computational Canons\nSu Jing\nXinxiu bencao\nSun Simiao (d. 682)\nYi Xing (683–727)\nGautama Siddha (fl 714–724)\nTreatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era\nJia Dan (730–805)\nToothbrush\nWoodblock printing\nEconomy\nDiwu Qi\nLiu Yan\nKaiyuan Tongbao\nSalt Commission\nFlying cashvteInner Asia history seriesNomadic empires\nXiongnu\nXianbei\nRouran\nGöktürks\nFirst Turkic Khaganate\nEastern Turkic Khaganate\nWestern Turkic Khaganate\nSecond Turkic Khaganate\nTibetan\nZubu\nUyghur\nKyrgyz\nMongol\nTatar\nKhamag Mongol\nMongol Empire\nChagatai\nTimurid\nDzungar\nChinese empiresHan\nagainst Xiongnu\nProtectorate of the Western Regions\nChief Official\nTang\nagainst Western Turks / Eastern Turks\nagainst Tibet\nMongolian Plateau\nBeiting\nTarim Basin\nLiao\nWestern Liao\nNorthern Liao\nEastern Liao\nLater Liao\nYuan\nagainst Northwest khanates\nManchuria\nMongolia\nTibet\nNorthern Yuan\nMing\nagainst Mongols\nagainst Turpan\nManchuria\nTibet\nQing\nagainst Dzungar\ngenocide\nLifan Yuan\nAmban\nManchuria\nMongolia\nTibet\nXinjiang\nRelated topics\nThe Cambridge History of Inner Asia\nGreater Central Asia\nCentral Asia\nEurasian nomads\nTartary\nChinese Tartary\nWestern Regions (Chinese Turkestan)\nChina proper\nSinosphere\nGreater China","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of the Tang Empire and its protectorates circa 660 CE, including the \"Anbei Protectorate\" or \"Protectorate General to Pacify the North\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_its_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png/330px-Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_its_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png"}] | [{"title":"Protectorate General to Pacify the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East"},{"title":"Protectorate General to Pacify the 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(1998), History of civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Part One The historical, social and economic setting, UNESCO Publishing","urls":[]},{"reference":"Barfield, Thomas (1989), The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China, Basil Blackwell","urls":[]},{"reference":"Barrett, Timothy Hugh (2008), The Woman Who Discovered Printing, Great Britain: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-12728-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12728-7","url_text":"978-0-300-12728-7"}]},{"reference":"Beckwith, Christopher I (1987), The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages, Princeton University Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bregel, Yuri (2003), An Historical Atlas of Central Asia, Brill","urls":[]},{"reference":"Drompp, Michael Robert (2005), Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History, Brill","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999), The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-66991-X","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Buckley_Ebrey","url_text":"Ebrey, Patricia Buckley"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre","url_text":"The Cambridge Illustrated History of China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-66991-X","url_text":"0-521-66991-X"}]},{"reference":"Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006), East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-618-13384-4","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/eastasiacultural00ebre_0","url_text":"East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-13384-4","url_text":"0-618-13384-4"}]},{"reference":"Golden, Peter B. (1992), An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East, OTTO HARRASSOWITZ · WIESBADEN","urls":[]},{"reference":"Graff, David A. (2002), Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900, Warfare and History, London: Routledge, ISBN 0415239559","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.ca/Medieval-Chinese-Warfare-300-900-Paperback/dp/B011DB8HXQ/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1474670841&sr=8-4&keywords=medieval+chinese+warfare","url_text":"Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415239559","url_text":"0415239559"}]},{"reference":"Graff, David Andrew (2016), The Eurasian Way of War Military Practice in Seventh-Century China and Byzantium, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-46034-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46034-7","url_text":"978-0-415-46034-7"}]},{"reference":"Hao, Chen (2021), A History of the Second Türk Empire (ca. 682–745 AD), Brill","urls":[]},{"reference":"Haywood, John (1998), Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492, Barnes & Noble","urls":[]},{"reference":"Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1964), The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2, Macmillan","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lorge, Peter A. (2008), The Asian Military Revolution: from Gunpowder to the Bomb, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-60954-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60954-8","url_text":"978-0-521-60954-8"}]},{"reference":"Millward, James (2009), Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, Columbia University Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"Needham, Joseph (1986), Science & Civilisation in China, vol. V:7: The Gunpowder Epic, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30358-3","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Needham","url_text":"Needham, Joseph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-30358-3","url_text":"0-521-30358-3"}]},{"reference":"Rong, Xinjiang (2013), Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang, Brill","urls":[]},{"reference":"Shaban, M. A. (1979), The ʿAbbāsid Revolution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-29534-3","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1_03AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The ʿAbbāsid Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29534-3","url_text":"0-521-29534-3"}]},{"reference":"Sima, Guang (2015), Bóyángbǎn Zīzhìtōngjiàn 54 huánghòu shīzōng 柏楊版資治通鑑54皇后失蹤, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī, ISBN 978-957-32-0876-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-957-32-0876-1","url_text":"978-957-32-0876-1"}]},{"reference":"Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012), Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800 (Oxford Studies in Early Empires), Oxford University Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wang, Zhenping (2013), Tang China in Multi-Polar Asia: A History of Diplomacy and War, University of Hawaii Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wilkinson, Endymion (2015). Chinese History: A New Manual, 4th edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center distributed by Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674088467.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674088467","url_text":"9780674088467"}]},{"reference":"Yuan, Shu (2001), Bóyángbǎn Tōngjiàn jìshìběnmò 28 dìèrcìhuànguánshídài 柏楊版通鑑記事本末28第二次宦官時代, Yuǎnliú chūbǎnshìyè gǔfèn yǒuxiàn gōngsī, ISBN 957-32-4273-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-32-4273-7","url_text":"957-32-4273-7"}]},{"reference":"Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000), Sui-Tang Chang'an: A Study in the Urban History of Late Medieval China (Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies), U OF M CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES, ISBN 0892641371","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0892641371","url_text":"0892641371"}]},{"reference":"Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2008), Historical Dictionary of Medieval China, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN 978-0810860537","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810860537","url_text":"978-0810860537"}]},{"reference":"Xue, Zongzheng (1992), Turkic peoples, 中国社会科学出版社","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre","external_links_name":"The Cambridge Illustrated History of China"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/eastasiacultural00ebre_0","external_links_name":"East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.ca/Medieval-Chinese-Warfare-300-900-Paperback/dp/B011DB8HXQ/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1474670841&sr=8-4&keywords=medieval+chinese+warfare","external_links_name":"Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300-900"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1_03AAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The ʿAbbāsid Revolution"},{"Link":"http://www.cqvip.com/QK/83395X/200104/5618106.html?SUID=EGBNBFDHDNCBCOPIBOLGEMCBCDOIPNFP","external_links_name":"Tangdai Anbei Duhufu Qianxi Kaolun (A Study on the Change of Seats of the Anbei Protectorate During the Tang Dynasty)"},{"Link":"http://www.cqvip.com/QK/98263X/200402/9713473.html?SUID=EGBNBFDHDNCBCOPIBOLGEMCBCDOIPNFP","external_links_name":"Youguan Tang Anbei Duhufu De Jige Wenti (On the Several Questions of the Tang Dynasty's Anbei Protectorate)"},{"Link":"http://ap6.pccu.edu.tw/Encyclopedia/data.asp?id=917&htm=03-014-1250.htm","external_links_name":"\"Anbei Duhufu\" (\"Protectorate General to Pacify the North\")"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929100237/http://203.72.198.245/web/Content.asp?ID=51136&Query=1","external_links_name":"\"Duhufu\" (\"Protectorate\")"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_(programming) | Value (computer science) | ["1 Value category","1.1 Assignment: l-values and r-values","1.2 R-values and addresses","2 In assembly language","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"] | Expression in computer science which cannot be evaluated further
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In computer science and software programming, a value is the representation of some entity that can be manipulated by a program. The members of a type are the values of that type.
The "value of a variable" is given by the corresponding mapping in the environment. In languages with assignable variables, it becomes necessary to distinguish between the r-value (or contents) and the l-value (or location) of a variable.
In declarative (high-level) languages, values have to be referentially transparent. This means that the resulting value is independent of the location of the expression needed to compute the value. Only the contents of the location (the bits, whether they are 1 or 0) and their interpretation are significant.
Value category
Despite its name, in the C++ language standards this terminology is used to categorize expressions, not values.: 8.2.1
Assignment: l-values and r-values
Some languages use the idea of l-values and r-values, deriving from the typical mode of evaluation on the left and right-hand side of an assignment statement. An l-value refers to an object that persists beyond a single expression. An r-value is a temporary value that does not persist beyond the expression that uses it.
The notion of l-values and r-values was introduced by Combined Programming Language (CPL). The notions in an expression of r-value, l-value, and r-value/l-value are analogous to the parameter modes of input parameter (has a value), output parameter (can be assigned), and input/output parameter (has a value and can be assigned), though the technical details differ between contexts and languages.
R-values and addresses
In many languages, notably the C family, l-values have storage addresses that are programmatically accessible to the running program (e.g., via some address-of operator like "&" in C/C++), meaning that they are variables or de-referenced references to a certain memory location. R-values can be l-values (see below) or non-l-values—a term only used to distinguish from l-values. Consider the C expression 4 + 9. When executed, the computer generates an integer value of 13, but because the program has not explicitly designated where in the computer this 13 is stored, the expression is a non l-value. On the other hand, if a C program declares a variable x and assigns the value of 13 to x, then the expression x has a value of 13 and is an l-value.
In C, the term l-value originally meant something that could be assigned to (hence the name, indicating it is on the left side of the assignment operator), but since the reserved word const (constant) was added to the language, the term is now 'modifiable l-value'. In C++11 a special semantic-glyph && exists ( not to be confused with the && operator used for logical operations ), to denote the use/access of the expression's address for the compiler only; i.e., the address cannot be retrieved using the address-of & operator during the run-time of the program (see the use of move semantics). The addition of move semantics complicated the value classification taxonomy by adding to it the concept of an xvalue(expiring value) which refers to an object near the end of its lifetime whose resources can be reused (typically by moving them). This also lead to the creation of the categories glvalue (generalized lvalue) which are lvalues and xvalues and prvalues (pure rvalues) which are rvalues that are not xvalues.
This type of reference can be applied to all r-values including non-l-values as well as l-values. Some processors provide one or more instructions which take an immediate value, sometimes referred to as "immediate" for short. An immediate value is stored as part of the instruction which employs it, usually to load into, add to, or subtract from, a register. The other parts of the instruction are the opcode, and destination. The latter may be implicit. (A non-immediate value may reside in a register, or be stored elsewhere in memory, requiring the instruction to contain a direct or indirect address to the value.)
The l-value expression designates (refers to) an object. A non-modifiable l-value is addressable, but not assignable. A modifiable l-value allows the designated object to be changed as well as examined. An r-value is any expression, a non-l-value is any expression that is not an l-value. One example is an "immediate value" (see above) and consequently not addressable.
In assembly language
A value can be virtually any kind of data by a given data type, for instance a string, a digit, a single letter.
Processors often support more than one size of immediate data, e.g. 8 or 16 bit, employing a unique opcode and mnemonic for each instruction variant. If a programmer supplies a data value that will not fit, the assembler issues an "Out of range" error message. Most assemblers allow an immediate value to be expressed as ASCII, decimal, hexadecimal, octal, or binary data. Thus, the ASCII character 'A' is the same as 65 or 0x41. The byte order of strings may differ between processors, depending on the assembler and computer architecture.
Notes
^ Mitchell 1996, p. 9.
^ Aho, Alfred V.; Lam, Monica S.; Sethi, Ravi; Ullman, Jeffrey D. (1986). Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 0-201-10088-6.
^ Mitchell 1996, pp. 389–390.
^ "ISO/IEC 14882:2017 Programming languages — C++". 2017.
^ "Lvalues and Rvalues (Visual C++)". Microsoft Developer Network. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
^ William M. Miller. "A Taxonomy of Expression Value Categories" (PDF).
References
Mitchell, John C. (1996). Foundations for Programming Languages. The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-13321-0.
Strachey, Christopher (2000). "Fundamental Concepts in Programming Languages". Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation. 13: 11–49. doi:10.1023/A:1010000313106. S2CID 14124601.
External links
Value Object
Transfer Object Pattern | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"},{"link_name":"software programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_programming"},{"link_name":"type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell19969-1"},{"link_name":"mapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_(type_theory)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"assignable variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assignable_variable"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell1996389%E2%80%93390-3"},{"link_name":"declarative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarative_programming"},{"link_name":"referentially transparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referential_transparency"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In computer science and software programming, a value is the representation of some entity that can be manipulated by a program. The members of a type are the values of that type.[1]The \"value of a variable\" is given by the corresponding mapping in the environment.[2] In languages with assignable variables, it becomes necessary to distinguish between the r-value (or contents) and the l-value (or location) of a variable.[3]In declarative (high-level) languages, values have to be referentially transparent. This means that the resulting value is independent of the location of the expression needed to compute the value. Only the contents of the location (the bits, whether they are 1 or 0) and their interpretation are significant.[citation needed]","title":"Value (computer science)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Despite its name, in the C++ language standards this terminology is used to categorize expressions, not values.[4]: 8.2.1","title":"Value category"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Combined Programming Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Programming_Language"},{"link_name":"parameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming)"},{"link_name":"output parameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Output_parameter"}],"sub_title":"Assignment: l-values and r-values","text":"Some languages use the idea of l-values and r-values, deriving from the typical mode of evaluation on the left and right-hand side of an assignment statement. An l-value refers to an object that persists beyond a single expression. An r-value is a temporary value that does not persist beyond the expression that uses it.[5]The notion of l-values and r-values was introduced by Combined Programming Language (CPL). The notions in an expression of r-value, l-value, and r-value/l-value are analogous to the parameter modes of input parameter (has a value), output parameter (can be assigned), and input/output parameter (has a value and can be assigned), though the technical details differ between contexts and languages.","title":"Value category"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_programming_language"},{"link_name":"storage addresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_address"},{"link_name":"de-referenced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereference_operator"},{"link_name":"C++11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B11"},{"link_name":"&&","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_evaluation#Support_in_common_programming_languages"},{"link_name":"the use of move semantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B11#Rvalue_references_and_move_constructors"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"opcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opcode"}],"sub_title":"R-values and addresses","text":"In many languages, notably the C family, l-values have storage addresses that are programmatically accessible to the running program (e.g., via some address-of operator like \"&\" in C/C++), meaning that they are variables or de-referenced references to a certain memory location. R-values can be l-values (see below) or non-l-values—a term only used to distinguish from l-values. Consider the C expression 4 + 9. When executed, the computer generates an integer value of 13, but because the program has not explicitly designated where in the computer this 13 is stored, the expression is a non l-value. On the other hand, if a C program declares a variable x and assigns the value of 13 to x, then the expression x has a value of 13 and is an l-value.In C, the term l-value originally meant something that could be assigned to (hence the name, indicating it is on the left side of the assignment operator), but since the reserved word const (constant) was added to the language, the term is now 'modifiable l-value'. In C++11 a special semantic-glyph && exists ( not to be confused with the && operator used for logical operations ), to denote the use/access of the expression's address for the compiler only; i.e., the address cannot be retrieved using the address-of & operator during the run-time of the program (see the use of move semantics). The addition of move semantics complicated the value classification taxonomy by adding to it the concept of an xvalue(expiring value) which refers to an object near the end of its lifetime whose resources can be reused (typically by moving them). This also lead to the creation of the categories glvalue (generalized lvalue) which are lvalues and xvalues and prvalues (pure rvalues) which are rvalues that are not xvalues.[6]This type of reference can be applied to all r-values including non-l-values as well as l-values. Some processors provide one or more instructions which take an immediate value, sometimes referred to as \"immediate\" for short. An immediate value is stored as part of the instruction which employs it, usually to load into, add to, or subtract from, a register. The other parts of the instruction are the opcode, and destination. The latter may be implicit. (A non-immediate value may reside in a register, or be stored elsewhere in memory, requiring the instruction to contain a direct or indirect address [e.g., index register address] to the value.)The l-value expression designates (refers to) an object. A non-modifiable l-value is addressable, but not assignable. A modifiable l-value allows the designated object to be changed as well as examined. An r-value is any expression, a non-l-value is any expression that is not an l-value. One example is an \"immediate value\" (see above) and consequently not addressable.","title":"Value category"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"data type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_type"},{"link_name":"ASCII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII"},{"link_name":"decimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal"},{"link_name":"hexadecimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal"},{"link_name":"octal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octal"},{"link_name":"binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_code"},{"link_name":"byte order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte_order"}],"text":"A value can be virtually any kind of data by a given data type, for instance a string, a digit, a single letter.Processors often support more than one size of immediate data, e.g. 8 or 16 bit, employing a unique opcode and mnemonic for each instruction variant. If a programmer supplies a data value that will not fit, the assembler issues an \"Out of range\" error message. Most assemblers allow an immediate value to be expressed as ASCII, decimal, hexadecimal, octal, or binary data. Thus, the ASCII character 'A' is the same as 65 or 0x41. The byte order of strings may differ between processors, depending on the assembler and computer architecture.","title":"In assembly language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell19969_1-0"},{"link_name":"Mitchell 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMitchell1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-201-10088-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-10088-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell1996389%E2%80%93390_3-0"},{"link_name":"Mitchell 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMitchell1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"ISO/IEC 14882:2017 Programming languages — C++\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iso.org/standard/68564.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Lvalues and Rvalues (Visual C++)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/f90831hc.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"A Taxonomy of Expression Value Categories\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2010/n3055.pdf"}],"text":"^ Mitchell 1996, p. 9.\n\n^ Aho, Alfred V.; Lam, Monica S.; Sethi, Ravi; Ullman, Jeffrey D. (1986). Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 0-201-10088-6.\n\n^ Mitchell 1996, pp. 389–390.\n\n^ \"ISO/IEC 14882:2017 Programming languages — C++\". 2017.\n\n^ \"Lvalues and Rvalues (Visual C++)\". Microsoft Developer Network. Retrieved 3 September 2016.\n\n^ William M. Miller. \"A Taxonomy of Expression Value Categories\" (PDF).","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Aho, Alfred V.; Lam, Monica S.; Sethi, Ravi; Ullman, Jeffrey D. (1986). Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 0-201-10088-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-10088-6","url_text":"0-201-10088-6"}]},{"reference":"\"ISO/IEC 14882:2017 Programming languages — C++\". 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iso.org/standard/68564.html","url_text":"\"ISO/IEC 14882:2017 Programming languages — C++\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lvalues and Rvalues (Visual C++)\". Microsoft Developer Network. Retrieved 3 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/f90831hc.aspx","url_text":"\"Lvalues and Rvalues (Visual C++)\""}]},{"reference":"William M. Miller. \"A Taxonomy of Expression Value Categories\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2010/n3055.pdf","url_text":"\"A Taxonomy of Expression Value Categories\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, John C. (1996). Foundations for Programming Languages. The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-13321-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Mitchell","url_text":"Mitchell, John C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-13321-0","url_text":"0-262-13321-0"}]},{"reference":"Strachey, Christopher (2000). \"Fundamental Concepts in Programming Languages\". Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation. 13: 11–49. doi:10.1023/A:1010000313106. S2CID 14124601.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Strachey","url_text":"Strachey, Christopher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher-Order_and_Symbolic_Computation","url_text":"Higher-Order and Symbolic Computation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1010000313106","url_text":"10.1023/A:1010000313106"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14124601","url_text":"14124601"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Value%22+computer+science","external_links_name":"\"Value\" computer science"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Value%22+computer+science+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Value%22+computer+science&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Value%22+computer+science+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Value%22+computer+science","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Value%22+computer+science&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.iso.org/standard/68564.html","external_links_name":"\"ISO/IEC 14882:2017 Programming languages — C++\""},{"Link":"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/f90831hc.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Lvalues and Rvalues (Visual C++)\""},{"Link":"https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2010/n3055.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Taxonomy of Expression Value Categories\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1010000313106","external_links_name":"10.1023/A:1010000313106"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14124601","external_links_name":"14124601"},{"Link":"http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?ValueObject","external_links_name":"Value Object"},{"Link":"http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/transferobject-139757.html","external_links_name":"Transfer Object Pattern"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37Games | 37Games | ["1 History","2 References","3 External links"] | Browser and mobile game developer and publisher
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37GamesType of businessPublicFounded2011Area servedWorldwideIndustryBrowser gameMobile gameInteractive entertainmentRevenue CN¥6.19 billion (2017)URLwww.37.com
37Games (Chinese: 37游戏 officially Sanqi Interactive Entertainment Chinese: 三七互娱) is an international browser and mobile game developer and publisher. Its gaming platform covers North America, Europe, mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, and several Southeast Asia countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines and Singapore. 37Games is registered in Shanghai and has branch offices in Beijing, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. In 2014, 37Games went public on China's A-Share stock market (Stock code: 002555).
37Games ranks no. 23rd amongst top 100 internet companies in China in 2015. 37Games is also the second biggest browser game platform behind Tencent, taking 13.3% in the Chinese browser game market share. By February 28, 2015, the registrations in Mainland China alone had exceeded 400 million. 37Games' mainland China website operates over 300 games with monthly revenues exceeding 220 million CNY. 37Games is also the founder and host of the Chinese International Game Conference, which aims at providing a communication platform for gaming companies from around the globe.
37Games English platform currently has 9 browser-based games and 1 mobile game available. The growing portfolio includes browser games Guardians of Divinity, Felspire, Nightfalls, Siegelord and the mobile game Fusion War. 37Games also publishes games in the French market with Dawn Of Kings (Siegelord), Le Crépuscule des dieux (Guardians Of Divinity) and Felspire, and in the German market and Turkish language speaking market. In the first half of 2016, 37Games's Portuguese platform was slated to go live.
History
In September 2011, 37Games was founded by Li Yi Fei and Zeng Kaitian.
In August 2014, authorized by Webzen and developed by 37Games, MU: The Archangel broke the record of Chinese browser game for 320 million RMB in revenue in just 60 days. In July 2014, MU: The Archangel was published in traditional Chinese for the Taiwan, Macau, and Hong Kong markets.
On August 1, 2015, 37Games announced they acquired the rights to adapt Korean publisher NCsoft's LineageII into a browser game for the Chinese market.
On August 6, 2015, 37Games Acquired SNK Playmore Corporation.
On December 18, 2015, 37Games published its first mobile game, Fusion War, in the global market on both the Google Play Store and Apple App Store. Fusion War is a 3D FPS developed by Tencent, featuring an engaging storyline that combines movie-like cut scenes, multi-mode gameplays, an advanced PvP system, and challenging Special Ops.
References
^ BIA Staff (7 February 2015). "China's 37Games going 'old school' to build the brand - Branding in Asia Magazine". Branding in Asia Magazine.
^ "2015年"中国互联网企业100强"排行榜发布". www.miit.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
^ "2014Q4йҳгģ60.11 ͬ25.7%". qq.com. Archived from the original on 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2015-07-02.
^ "顺荣三七全控三七互娱 拟28亿增持40%股权--财经--人民网".
^ "CIGC Topic: Mobile Games Growing Trend Exploring". newswire.com (Press release).
^ "Gamasutra - Press Releases - 37Games Takes Over MMOSite Awards". gamasutra.com. Archived from the original on 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
^ "FR37Games - 37Games - 37Games - Plate-forme de jeux en ligne". 37.com. Archived from the original on 2015-07-02. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
^ "37Games - Bedava online oyun oyna". 37.com. Archived from the original on 2015-07-02. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
^ "37E3չ ޱ ƻ". qq.com. Archived from the original on 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2015-07-01.
^ "37Games President Li Yi Fei Talks About the Future of Browser Games". The Business Journals.
^ "37games-zeng-kaitian-offers-insights-into-browser-game-industry". prnewswire.com. 6 February 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
^ "再创奇迹！《大天使之剑》60天总流水达3.2亿". people.com.cn.
^ "Lineage 2 Web – Chinese developer obtains IP rights to develop web game". MMO Culture - Bonding online gaming cultures. August 2015.
^ "Announcement: Future of Evo and SRK". Archived from the original on 2021-04-18. Retrieved 2016-05-04. Hey FGC. We're excited to announce the Shoryuken.com and Evo have become part of a new joint partnership of Sony Interactive Entertainment and RTS. You can find out more about this announcement at evo.gg. For now, we're suspending the site while we work through what this new partnership means for the future of SRK. Thanks for your understanding and patience.
^ "37Games's First 3D Mobile FPS Fusion War out Now on Android and iOS". Archived from the original on 2016-01-30. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
External links
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"37Games (Chinese: 37游戏 officially Sanqi Interactive Entertainment Chinese: 三七互娱) is an international browser and mobile game developer and publisher. Its gaming platform covers North America, Europe, mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, and several Southeast Asia countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines and Singapore. 37Games is registered in Shanghai and has branch offices in Beijing, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.[1] In 2014, 37Games went public on China's A-Share stock market (Stock code: 002555).37Games ranks no. 23rd amongst top 100 internet companies in China in 2015.[2] 37Games is also the second biggest browser game platform behind Tencent, taking 13.3% in the Chinese browser game market share.[3] By February 28, 2015, the registrations in Mainland China alone had exceeded 400 million. 37Games' mainland China website operates over 300 games with monthly revenues exceeding 220 million CNY.[4] 37Games is also the founder and host of the Chinese International Game Conference, which aims at providing a communication platform for gaming companies from around the globe.[5]37Games English platform currently has 9 browser-based games and 1 mobile game available. The growing portfolio includes browser games Guardians of Divinity, Felspire, Nightfalls, Siegelord and the mobile game Fusion War.[6] 37Games also publishes games in the French market with Dawn Of Kings (Siegelord), Le Crépuscule des dieux (Guardians Of Divinity) and Felspire,[7] and in the German market and Turkish language speaking market.[8] In the first half of 2016, 37Games's Portuguese platform was slated to go live.[9]","title":"37Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Webzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webzen"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"NCsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCsoft"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"SNK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNK"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In September 2011, 37Games was founded by Li Yi Fei[10] and Zeng Kaitian.[11]In August 2014, authorized by Webzen and developed by 37Games, MU: The Archangel broke the record of Chinese browser game for 320 million RMB in revenue in just 60 days. In July 2014, MU: The Archangel was published in traditional Chinese for the Taiwan, Macau, and Hong Kong markets.[12]On August 1, 2015, 37Games announced they acquired the rights to adapt Korean publisher NCsoft's LineageII into a browser game for the Chinese market.[13]On August 6, 2015, 37Games Acquired SNK Playmore Corporation.[14]On December 18, 2015, 37Games published its first mobile game, Fusion War, in the global market on both the Google Play Store and Apple App Store. Fusion War is a 3D FPS developed by Tencent, featuring an engaging storyline that combines movie-like cut scenes, multi-mode gameplays, an advanced PvP system, and challenging Special Ops.[15]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"BIA Staff (7 February 2015). \"China's 37Games going 'old school' to build the brand - Branding in Asia Magazine\". Branding in Asia Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"http://brandinginasia.com/chinas-37games-going-old-school-build-brand/","url_text":"\"China's 37Games going 'old school' to build the brand - Branding in Asia Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015年\"中国互联网企业100强\"排行榜发布\". www.miit.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150725063822/http://www.miit.gov.cn/n11293472/n11293832/n11293907/n11368261/16733883.html","url_text":"\"2015年\"中国互联网企业100强\"排行榜发布\""},{"url":"http://www.miit.gov.cn/n11293472/n11293832/n11293907/n11368261/16733883.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2014Q4йҳгģ60.11 ͬ25.7%\". qq.com. Archived from the original on 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2015-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210420155943/https://games.qq.com/a/20150226/027289.htm","url_text":"\"2014Q4йҳгģ60.11 ͬ25.7%\""},{"url":"http://games.qq.com/a/20150226/027289.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"顺荣三七全控三七互娱 拟28亿增持40%股权--财经--人民网\".","urls":[{"url":"http://finance.people.com.cn/stock/n/2015/0505/c67815-26949015.html","url_text":"\"顺荣三七全控三七互娱 拟28亿增持40%股权--财经--人民网\""}]},{"reference":"\"CIGC Topic: Mobile Games Growing Trend Exploring\". newswire.com (Press release).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newswire.com/press-release/cigc-topic-mobile-games-growing-trend-exploring","url_text":"\"CIGC Topic: Mobile Games Growing Trend Exploring\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gamasutra - Press Releases - 37Games Takes Over MMOSite Awards\". gamasutra.com. Archived from the original on 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2015-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210419160716/https://gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/239439/37Games_Takes_Over_MMOSite_Awards.php","url_text":"\"Gamasutra - Press Releases - 37Games Takes Over MMOSite Awards\""},{"url":"http://gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/239439/37Games_Takes_Over_MMOSite_Awards.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FR37Games - 37Games - 37Games - Plate-forme de jeux en ligne\". 37.com. Archived from the original on 2015-07-02. Retrieved 2015-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150702155459/http://fr.37.com/","url_text":"\"FR37Games - 37Games - 37Games - Plate-forme de jeux en ligne\""},{"url":"http://fr.37.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"37Games - Bedava online oyun oyna\". 37.com. Archived from the original on 2015-07-02. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Parliamentary_Union | African Parliamentary Union | ["1 Members","2 See also","3 References"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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African Parliamentary UnionUnion des Parlements Africains
اتحاد البرلمانات الإفريقية
União dos Parlamentos AfricanosParliamentary Union overviewFormedFebruary 13, 1976 (1976-02-13)Headquarters30 Boulevard Roume, Plateau district, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.MottoFor the promotion of democracy and stable developmentParliamentary Union executivesNzi Koffi, Secretary GeneralRachid Talbi el-Alami (Morocco), Chairperson of the Executive CommitteeWebsitewww.apunion.org/english/
The African Parliamentary Union, formerly the Union of African Parliaments, is a continental interparliamentary organization first established in Abidjan on 13 February 1976. The Union aims to bring together the parliamentary institutions of all the nations of Africa, to encourage contacts among African and world parliamentarians, and to strengthen and promote democracy and peace. Forty parliaments are members of the APU.
The APU holds annual conferences in order to further its goals and also organizes parliamentary meetings in cooperation with International Organizations or Institutions.
The working languages of the Union are English, Arabic, French and Portuguese.
Members
Non-members are Eritrea, Seychelles, Comoros, Mauritius, Madagascar, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Botswana, South Africa, Eswatini, Lesotho, and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
See also
Pan-African Parliament
References
^ "African Parliamentary Union (APU)". africanpu.org. Archived from the original on 2017-11-13. Retrieved 2017-11-12.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
This article about a political organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about an organization in Africa is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interparliamentary organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-parliamentary_institution"},{"link_name":"Abidjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjan"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"parliamentarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"}],"text":"The African Parliamentary Union, formerly the Union of African Parliaments, is a continental interparliamentary organization first established in Abidjan on 13 February 1976. The Union aims to bring together the parliamentary institutions of all the nations of Africa, to encourage contacts among African and world parliamentarians, and to strengthen and promote democracy and peace. Forty parliaments are members of the APU.[1]The APU holds annual conferences in order to further its goals and also organizes parliamentary meetings in cooperation with International Organizations or Institutions.The working languages of the Union are English, Arabic, French and Portuguese.","title":"African Parliamentary Union"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African_Parliamentary_Union.svg"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea"},{"link_name":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Eswatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho"},{"link_name":"Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic"}],"text":"Non-members are Eritrea, Seychelles, Comoros, Mauritius, Madagascar, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Botswana, South Africa, Eswatini, Lesotho, and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.","title":"Members"}] | [] | [{"title":"Pan-African Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament"}] | [{"reference":"\"African Parliamentary Union (APU)\". africanpu.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PW_Vidanagamage | P. W. Vidanagamage | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Sri Lankan cricket umpire
P. W. VidanagamagePersonal informationFull namePiyadasa Wewa VidanagamageBorn(1934-02-22)22 February 1934Colombo, Sri LankaDied24 August 2013(2013-08-24) (aged 79)EnglandUmpiring information Tests umpired4 (1984–1987)ODIs umpired23 (1982–1991)
Source: Cricinfo, 15 July 2013
P. W. Vidanagamage (22 February 1934 – 24 August 2013) was a Sri Lankan cricket umpire. He stood in four Test matches between 1984 and 1987 and 23 ODI games between 1982 and 1991.
See also
List of Test cricket umpires
List of One Day International cricket umpires
References
^ "P. W. Vidanagamage". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
This biographical article related to a Sri Lankan cricket person born in the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricket umpire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpire_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"Test matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"ODI games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cricinfo-1"}],"text":"P. W. Vidanagamage (22 February 1934 – 24 August 2013) was a Sri Lankan cricket umpire. He stood in four Test matches between 1984 and 1987 and 23 ODI games between 1982 and 1991.[1]","title":"P. W. Vidanagamage"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Test cricket umpires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Test_cricket_umpires"},{"title":"List of One Day International cricket umpires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Day_International_cricket_umpires"}] | [{"reference":"\"P. W. Vidanagamage\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 15 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/50825.html","url_text":"\"P. W. Vidanagamage\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/50825.html","external_links_name":"Cricinfo"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/content/player/50825.html","external_links_name":"\"P. W. Vidanagamage\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._W._Vidanagamage&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membracinae | Membracinae | ["1 Genera","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"] | Subfamily of treehoppers
Membracinae
Aconophora
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Hemiptera
Suborder:
Auchenorrhyncha
Family:
Membracidae
Subfamily:
Membracinae
Membracinae is a subfamily of treehoppers in the family Membracidae. There are more than 40 genera in Membracinae.
Tylopelta gibbera
Cladonota
Enchenopa nymph on Juglans, undescribed species.
Genera
These 44 genera belong to the subfamily Membracinae:
Acanthicoides Metcalf, 1952 c g
Aconophora Fairmaire, 1846 c g b
Alchisme Kirkaldy, 1904 c g
Bolbonota Amyot & Serville, 1843 c g
Bolbonotodes Fowler, 1894 c g
Calloconophora Dietrich, 1991 c g
Campylenchia Stål, 1869 c g b
Cladonota Stål, 1869 c g
Enchenopa Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843 c g b
Enchophyllum Amyot & Serville, 1843 c g
Erechtia Walker, 1858 c g
Eunusa Pinto da Fonseca, 1974 c g
Folicarina Sakakibara, 1992 c g
Guayaquila Goding, 1920 c g
Havilandia Dietrich & McKamey, 1995 c g
Hypsoprora Stål, 1869 c g b
Hypsoprorachis Fonseca & Diringshofen, 1969 c g
Jibarita Ramos, 1957 c g
Kronides Kirkaldy, 1904 c g
Leioscyta Fowler, 1894 c g b
Lewdeitzia Dietrich & McKamey, 1995 c g
Membracis Fabricius, 1775 c g
Metcalfiella Linnavuori, 1955 c g
Microschema Stål, 1869 c g
Notocera Amyot & Serville, 1843 c g
Ochropepla Stål, 1869 c g
Paragara Goding, 1926 c g
Philya Walker, 1858 c g b
Phyllotropis Stål, 1869 c g
Platycotis Stål, 1869 c g b
Potnia Stål, 1866 c g
Potnioides Creao-Duarte, 1997 c g
Pseuderechtia Sakakibara, 2012
Ramosella McKamey & Deitz, 1996 c g
Sakakibarella Creao-Duarte, 1997 c g
Scalmophorus Fowler, 1894 c g
Stalotypa Metcalf, 1927 c g
Stirpis McKamey & Deitz, 1996 c g
Talipes Deitz, 1975
Tritropidia Stãl, 1869 c g
Tropidoscyta Stål, 1869 g
Turrialbia McKamey & Deitz, 1996 c g
Tylopelta Fowler, 1894 c g b
Umbonia Burmeister, 1835 c g b
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
References
^ a b
"Membracinae Subfamily Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-05-17.
^
"Treehoppers, Membracinae Rafinesque, 1815". Retrieved 2018-05-17.
^
"ITIS, Integrated Taxonomic Information System". Retrieved 2018-05-17.
^
"Catalogue of Life". Retrieved 2018-05-17.
^
"GBIF". Retrieved 2018-05-17.
Further reading
Arnett, Ross H. Jr. (2000). American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0212-9.
Rothschild, M.J. (2012). "A checklist of the Membracidae of Florida". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
External links
Media related to Membracinae at Wikimedia Commons
Taxon identifiersMembracinae
Wikidata: Q16625467
Wikispecies: Membracinae
AFD: Membracinae
BugGuide: 725359
iNaturalist: 362474 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"treehoppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treehopper"},{"link_name":"Membracidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membracidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugref-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deitz-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tylopelta_gibbera,_male_face_2016-11-11-14_(25347001999).jpg"},{"link_name":"Tylopelta gibbera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylopelta_gibbera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bcagdds2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cladonota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladonota"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enchenopa_on_juglans.jpg"},{"link_name":"Enchenopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchenopa"},{"link_name":"Juglans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans"}],"text":"Membracinae is a subfamily of treehoppers in the family Membracidae. There are more than 40 genera in Membracinae.[1][2]Tylopelta gibberaCladonotaEnchenopa nymph on Juglans, undescribed species.","title":"Membracinae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acanthicoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acanthicoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aconophora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aconophora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alchisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchisme"},{"link_name":"Bolbonota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolbonota&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bolbonotodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolbonotodes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Calloconophora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calloconophora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Campylenchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campylenchia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cladonota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladonota"},{"link_name":"Enchenopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchenopa"},{"link_name":"Enchophyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enchophyllum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erechtia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erechtia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eunusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eunusa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Folicarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folicarina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guayaquila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guayaquila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Havilandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Havilandia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypsoprora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypsoprora&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hypsoprorachis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypsoprorachis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jibarita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibarita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kronides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kronides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leioscyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leioscyta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lewdeitzia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewdeitzia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Membracis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membracis"},{"link_name":"Metcalfiella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metcalfiella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Microschema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microschema"},{"link_name":"Notocera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Notocera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ochropepla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ochropepla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paragara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paragara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Phyllotropis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phyllotropis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Platycotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platycotis"},{"link_name":"Potnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potnia_(treehopper)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Potnioides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potnioides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pseuderechtia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseuderechtia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ramosella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramosella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sakakibarella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sakakibarella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scalmophorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scalmophorus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stalotypa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stalotypa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stirpis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stirpis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Talipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talipes_(treehopper)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tritropidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tritropidia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tropidoscyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropidoscyta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Turrialbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turrialbia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tylopelta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylopelta"},{"link_name":"Umbonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbonia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itis-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catlife-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gbif-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bugref-1"}],"text":"These 44 genera belong to the subfamily Membracinae:Acanthicoides Metcalf, 1952 c g\nAconophora Fairmaire, 1846 c g b\nAlchisme Kirkaldy, 1904 c g\nBolbonota Amyot & Serville, 1843 c g\nBolbonotodes Fowler, 1894 c g\nCalloconophora Dietrich, 1991 c g\nCampylenchia Stål, 1869 c g b\nCladonota Stål, 1869 c g\nEnchenopa Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843 c g b\nEnchophyllum Amyot & Serville, 1843 c g\nErechtia Walker, 1858 c g\nEunusa Pinto da Fonseca, 1974 c g\nFolicarina Sakakibara, 1992 c g\nGuayaquila Goding, 1920 c g\nHavilandia Dietrich & McKamey, 1995 c g\nHypsoprora Stål, 1869 c g b\nHypsoprorachis Fonseca & Diringshofen, 1969 c g\nJibarita Ramos, 1957 c g\nKronides Kirkaldy, 1904 c g\nLeioscyta Fowler, 1894 c g b\nLewdeitzia Dietrich & McKamey, 1995 c g\nMembracis Fabricius, 1775 c g\nMetcalfiella Linnavuori, 1955 c g\nMicroschema Stål, 1869 c g\nNotocera Amyot & Serville, 1843 c g\nOchropepla Stål, 1869 c g\nParagara Goding, 1926 c g\nPhilya Walker, 1858 c g b\nPhyllotropis Stål, 1869 c g\nPlatycotis Stål, 1869 c g b\nPotnia Stål, 1866 c g\nPotnioides Creao-Duarte, 1997 c g\nPseuderechtia Sakakibara, 2012\nRamosella McKamey & Deitz, 1996 c g\nSakakibarella Creao-Duarte, 1997 c g\nScalmophorus Fowler, 1894 c g\nStalotypa Metcalf, 1927 c g\nStirpis McKamey & Deitz, 1996 c g\nTalipes Deitz, 1975\nTritropidia Stãl, 1869 c g\nTropidoscyta Stål, 1869 g\nTurrialbia McKamey & Deitz, 1996 c g\nTylopelta Fowler, 1894 c g b\nUmbonia Burmeister, 1835 c g bData sources: i = ITIS,[3] c = Catalogue of Life,[4] g = GBIF,[5] b = Bugguide.net[1]","title":"Genera"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DKzAmSDdLtsC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8493-0212-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0212-9"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"}],"text":"Arnett, Ross H. Jr. (2000). American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0212-9.\nRothschild, M.J. (2012). \"A checklist of the Membracidae of Florida\". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Tylopelta gibbera","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tylopelta_gibbera%2C_male_face_2016-11-11-14_%2825347001999%29.jpg/220px-Tylopelta_gibbera%2C_male_face_2016-11-11-14_%2825347001999%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cladonota","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bcagdds2.jpg/220px-Bcagdds2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Enchenopa nymph on Juglans, undescribed species.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Enchenopa_on_juglans.jpg/220px-Enchenopa_on_juglans.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Membracinae Subfamily Information\". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://bugguide.net/node/view/725359","url_text":"\"Membracinae Subfamily Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Treehoppers, Membracinae Rafinesque, 1815\". Retrieved 2018-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://treehoppers.insectmuseum.org/public/site/treehoppers/home","url_text":"\"Treehoppers, Membracinae Rafinesque, 1815\""}]},{"reference":"\"ITIS, Integrated Taxonomic Information System\". Retrieved 2018-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/","url_text":"\"ITIS, Integrated Taxonomic Information System\""}]},{"reference":"\"Catalogue of Life\". Retrieved 2018-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catalogueoflife.org/","url_text":"\"Catalogue of Life\""}]},{"reference":"\"GBIF\". Retrieved 2018-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbif.org/","url_text":"\"GBIF\""}]},{"reference":"Arnett, Ross H. Jr. (2000). American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0212-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DKzAmSDdLtsC","url_text":"American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0212-9","url_text":"0-8493-0212-9"}]},{"reference":"Rothschild, M.J. (2012). \"A checklist of the Membracidae of Florida\".","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://bugguide.net/node/view/725359","external_links_name":"\"Membracinae Subfamily Information\""},{"Link":"http://treehoppers.insectmuseum.org/public/site/treehoppers/home","external_links_name":"\"Treehoppers, Membracinae Rafinesque, 1815\""},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/","external_links_name":"\"ITIS, Integrated Taxonomic Information System\""},{"Link":"http://www.catalogueoflife.org/","external_links_name":"\"Catalogue of Life\""},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/","external_links_name":"\"GBIF\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DKzAmSDdLtsC","external_links_name":"American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Membracinae","external_links_name":"Membracinae"},{"Link":"https://bugguide.net/node/view/725359","external_links_name":"725359"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/362474","external_links_name":"362474"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Reality | Wrestling Reality | ["1 Cast","1.1 Main participants","1.2 Other participants","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Canadian TV series or program
Wrestling RealityGenreRealityCreated byGreg HemmingsDoug RobarStarringBrody SteeleTrash Canyon"Wildman" Gary Williams"Kowboy" Mike HughesCountry of originCanadaProductionProduction locationMaritime provincesOriginal releaseNetworkThe Fight NetworkTWC Fight!ReleaseSeptember 25, 2007 (2007-09-25)
Wrestling Reality was a documentary television series created by independent filmmaker Greg Hemmings, airing on The Fight Network. It followed the lives of a group of independent professional wrestlers in the Maritime provinces of Canada. The series consisted of a half-hour documentary portion, as well as an hour of televised matches and shoot interviews. A sneak peek of the premiere episode aired September 25, 2007, with the full series then airing in early November. The series tackled many behind-the-scenes issues in professional wrestling including drugs, steroids, and sex. The colour commentary and play-by-play was provided by 89.3 K-Rock announcer/Eastlink host Darrin Harvey. The show also airs in the United Kingdom on TWC Fight!.
Cast
Main participants
Cast Member
Age
Hometown
Biography
Brody Steele
At 6'8" and 325 lbs he is the biggest wrestler on the crew. Steele is known as the ring general of the group, with a quick temper but a big heart inside his tough exterior. He is also the most experienced, having traveled all over the world to wrestle. Brody is not afraid to be hard on the younger wrestlers on the crew.
Trash Canyon
The least experienced of the main 4 guys, but what he lacks in experience and in ring ability he well makes up for with his charisma, hard work, and determination. Some wrestlers with more experience are a little jealous of Trash, feeling that he has not paid his dues to be in the position he is within the company. While he might not have a lot of wrestling experience, Trash has an excellent mind for business and without him kicking down doors left and right it is unlikely the project would have ever gotten off the ground.
"Wildman" Gary Williams
While his in ring persona is "The Wildman" outside of the ring he is pretty much the mother hen of the crew, making sure everyone is taking care of and being the nice guy. It has been said on more than one occasion that Gary is probably the nicest guy in professional wrestling. On top of that after training with wrestling Legends Leo Burke and Bret Hart, Gary is known as one of the top wrestlers in Canada. He also runs his own wrestling school, Wildman Academy a couple of Gary's top students are also featured on the show. He also has his own band, Dead Reach formerly known as Tormented.
"Kowboy" Mike Hughes
"Kowboy" brings a lot to the group including in ring talent, charisma, and controversy. The show tackles a situation that came up between Mike and Brody Steele a few years back that caused their close friendship to come to an abrupt end. Mike has gained a reputation as guy that tells some tall tales, and it has somewhat alienated himself from some of his closest friends in the wrestling business over the last few years.
Other participants
Cast Member
Age
Hometown
Biography
Sidewinder
18
An up and comer who seems to have everything it takes, except the right attitude. He claims his role on the series to be "the young guy who does narcotics", but this does not sit well with the higher-ups in the promotion as they feel he is not taking his job seriously.
Lincoln Steen
A guy with a lot of passion and knowledge of the wrestling business who has just never been able to get the physique that would help take him to the next level.
Krysta Lynn Scott
Krysta is about as passionate about the wrestling business as one can get, and finds herself increasingly frustrated at the limitations of her partner due to an old knee injury. Krysta must also deal with her ex-boyfriend on the tour, a fellow Wildman Academy graduate, Tommy Ozbourne. At the time of the tour they had been broken up a few months and hadn't spoken at all, which made for some awkward situations.
Tommy Ozbourne
As if dealing with his ex-girlfriend wasn't hard enough, Ozbourne is struggling with his decision to put wrestling on the backburner in favor of a career in MMA. It becomes obvious that he is not comfortable being put in a high spot on the card when he plans to leave wrestling behind and there are so many guys out there that would kill to have his spot. However because of his natural in-ring ability, no one is quite sure how he'll stand once the tour is over.
Purity Saint
See also
Canada portal
Professional wrestling in Canada
List of professional wrestling television series
References
^ Kamchen, Richard (September 2, 2007). "Wrestling Reality takes viewers behind the curtains". Canadian Online Explorer. SLAM! Wrestling. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017.
^ Kamchen, Richard (October 4, 2007). "Review: Wrestling Reality shows pain and passion". Canadian Online Explorer. SLAM! Wrestling. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016.
^ Baines, Tim (November 10, 2007). "Wrestling Reality tackles real life in the ring". Canadian Online Explorer. SLAM! Wrestling. Archived from the original on July 24, 2017.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Wrestling Reality.
The official website of Wrestling Reality
MaritimeWrestling.com
The Fight Network
Wildman Academy | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greg Hemmings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greg_Hemmings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Fight Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fight_Network"},{"link_name":"professional wrestlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestler"},{"link_name":"steroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"89.3 K-Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIJK-FM"},{"link_name":"Eastlink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastlink_TV"},{"link_name":"TWC Fight!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWC_Fight!"}],"text":"Wrestling Reality was a documentary television series created by independent filmmaker Greg Hemmings, airing on The Fight Network. 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The show also airs in the United Kingdom on TWC Fight!.","title":"Wrestling Reality"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Main participants","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other participants","title":"Cast"}] | [] | [{"title":"Canada portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Canada"},{"title":"Professional wrestling in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Canada"},{"title":"List of professional wrestling television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_television_series"}] | [{"reference":"Kamchen, Richard (September 2, 2007). \"Wrestling Reality takes viewers behind the curtains\". Canadian Online Explorer. SLAM! Wrestling. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karuppannan_Jaishankar | Karuppannan Jaishankar | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Publications","4 Awards and honors","5 References"] | Indian criminologist
K. JaishankarOther namesJaishankar KaruppannanEducationMA PhD (Criminology); PG Diploma in GIS ManagementAlma materUniversity of Madras and PSG College of Arts and Science (Bharathiar University)Occupation(s)Teaching, Research, ConsultancyKnown forCyber Criminology, Space Transition TheoryAwardsNational Academy of Sciences, India -SCOPUS Young Scientist Award -2012Scientific careerFieldsCriminology, Crime Science, Cyber Criminology, Victimology and Police SciencesInstitutionsInternational Institute of Justice & Police Sciences, University of Leeds
Websitewww.jaishankar.org
Karuppannan Jaishankar is an Indian criminologist. He is the Founder and Principal Director and Professor of Criminology and Justice Sciences at the International Institute of Justice & Police Sciences, a non-profit academic institution and independent policy think tank in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India and an Adjunct Faculty Member of the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, Italy & University of Peace, Italy, and he teaches modules of the Master of Laws (LL.M.) in Cybercrime, Cybersecurity and International Law.
He is also a Distinguished Adjunct Professor of Criminology at Saveetha School of Law, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
He is the founding father of cyber criminology, an academic sub-discipline of criminology and the proponent of the "Space Transition Theory of Cyber Crimes" which holds that people behave differently online than they do in real life.
Early life and education
He earned a Ph.D. in criminology, an M.A. in criminology, a PG Diploma in geographic information systems management from the University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India and a B.Sc. in biochemistry from the PSG College of Arts and Science, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
Career
Before founding the International Institute of Justice & Police Sciences in 2022, Jaishankar held several positions like dean, head of department, syndicate member, professor of criminology and senior assistant professor of criminology at two major public universities Manonmaniam Sundaranar University and Raksha Shakti University - Now Rashtriya Raksha University in India.
He was a Commonwealth Academic Fellow during 2009–2010 at the Centre for Criminal Justice Studies, School of Law, University of Leeds.
He is the founder and president of the South Asian Society of Criminology and Victimology (SASCV) (founded 2009) which works "to develop criminology and victimology in the South Asian region" and has organized five international conferences of SASCV as the general chair (Bangalore 2023, Ahmedabad, 2020, Goa, 2016, Kanyakumari, 2013, and Jaipur, 2011).
He is the founder and executive director of the Centre for Cyber Victim Counselling (CCVC) (founded 2009) which works to prevent cyber victimization and protect cyber victims.
Publications
Jaishankar, K. (2011). Cyber Criminology: Exploring Internet Crimes and Criminal Behavior. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. ISBN 9781439829493.
Jaishankar, K.; Ronel, N. (2013). Global Criminology: Crime and Victimization in a Globalized Era. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. ISBN 9781439892497.
Halder, D.; Jaishankar, K. (2016). Cyber Crimes Against Women in India. New Delhi: Sage. ISBN 9789385985775.
Jaishankar, K. (2016). Interpersonal Criminology: Revisiting Interpersonal Crimes and Victimization. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. ISBN 9781498748599.
Jaishankar, K. (2019). Routledge Handbook of South Asian Criminology. New York, USA: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group. ISBN 9781482260458.
Awards and honors
He is ranked 16th among the top 25 influential criminologists in the world during 2010-2020.
He is ranked Number 4 among 282 (Top 3%) law and legal studies scholars in India.
He is a United Nations expert on matters related to victims of terrorism (2019).
He is appointed by the British Society of Criminology (BSC) as an international ambassador (2015).
He is an invited Keynote Speaker at the 15th World Society of Victimology (WSV) symposium held during 5 – 9, July 2015, at Perth, Australia.
He is the first winner of the National Academy of Sciences, India (NASI) - SCOPUS Young Scientist Award in the category "Social sciences" (2012).
References
^ "International Institute of Justice & Police Sciences". www.icssinstitute.org. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
^ United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute. "Master of Laws (LL.M.) in Cybercrime, Cybersecurity and International Law". UNICRI. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
^ Saveetha School of Law. "Saveetha School of Law - Faculty". Retrieved 30 December 2023.
^ Meško, Gorazd (1 August 2018). "On Some Aspects of Cybercrime and Cybervictimization". European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice. 26 (3): 189–199. doi:10.1163/15718174-02603006.
^ Ndubueze, P. N (2017). Cyber Criminology and Technology-Assisted Crime Control: A Reader (I ed.). Zaria, Nigeria: Ahmadu Bello University Press. p. xiv. ISBN 978-978-54894-7-7. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
^ Jaishankar, Karuppannan (2007). "Establishing a theory of cyber crimes" (PDF). International Journal of Cyber Criminology. 1 (2): 7–9. doi:10.5281/zenodo.18792.
^ Jaishankar K., (2008). Space Transition Theory of Cyber Crimes. In Schmallager, F., & Pittaro, M. (Eds.), Crimes of the Internet. (pp.283-301) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
^ Holt, T.J.; Bossler, A.; Spellar, K.C.S. (2016). Cybercrime and Digital Forensics. New York: Routledge. p. 308. ISBN 978-1317694786. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ "Experience". Retrieved 15 November 2023.
^ "Experience". Retrieved 15 November 2023.
^ School of Law, University of Leeds. "Annual Report of Centre for Criminal Justice Studies, School of Law" (PDF). University of Leeds. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ The, Week (28 November 2010). "Globalization has opened Floodgates for Criminals". The Week. No. 28 November 2010. SASCV. The Week. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ South Asian Society of Criminology and Victimology (SASCV). "Activities - SASCV". SASCV. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
^ Reshmi, Jaimon. "Online NGO helps Cyber victims". Techgoss. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ Austin, Sara L.; EdD (8 June 2020). "Top Influential Criminologists Today | Academic Influence". academicinfluence.com. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
^ "K Jaishankar - AD Scientific Index 2023". www.adscientificindex.com. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
^ Shastri, Parth (18 March 2019). "Better definition of terrorism needed". Times of India. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
^ British Society of Criminology. "International Ambassadors". British Society of Criminology. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ WSV Keynote speaker - K Jaishankar, retrieved 6 May 2023
^ "NASI Young Scientist Award". Elsevier. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
Authority control databases International
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Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"criminologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminologist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"think tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank"},{"link_name":"Bengaluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluru"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Interregional_Crime_and_Justice_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"University of Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_for_Peace"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Saveetha University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saveetha_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"criminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminology"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Karuppannan Jaishankar is an Indian criminologist. He is the Founder and Principal Director and Professor of Criminology and Justice Sciences at the International Institute of Justice & Police Sciences,[1] a non-profit academic institution and independent policy think tank in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India and an Adjunct Faculty Member of the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, Italy & University of Peace, Italy, and he teaches modules of the Master of Laws (LL.M.) in Cybercrime, Cybersecurity and International Law.[2]He is also a Distinguished Adjunct Professor of Criminology at Saveetha School of Law, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.[3]He is the founding father of cyber criminology,[4][5] an academic sub-discipline of criminology and the proponent of the \"Space Transition Theory of Cyber Crimes\"[6] which holds that people behave differently online than they do in real life.[7][8]","title":"Karuppannan Jaishankar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geographic information systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_systems"},{"link_name":"University of Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Madras"},{"link_name":"PSG College of Arts and Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSG_College_of_Arts_and_Science"},{"link_name":"Bharathiar University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharathiar_University"},{"link_name":"Coimbatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbatore"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"He earned a Ph.D. in criminology, an M.A. in criminology, a PG Diploma in geographic information systems management from the University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India and a B.Sc. in biochemistry from the PSG College of Arts and Science, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.[9]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manonmaniam Sundaranar University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manonmaniam_Sundaranar_University"},{"link_name":"Rashtriya Raksha University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Raksha_University"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"University of Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leeds"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"South Asian Society of Criminology and Victimology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Asian_Society_of_Criminology_and_Victimology&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Centre for Cyber Victim Counselling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Cyber_Victim_Counselling&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Before founding the International Institute of Justice & Police Sciences in 2022, Jaishankar held several positions like dean, head of department, syndicate member, professor of criminology and senior assistant professor of criminology at two major public universities Manonmaniam Sundaranar University and Raksha Shakti University - Now Rashtriya Raksha University in India.[10]He was a Commonwealth Academic Fellow during 2009–2010 at the Centre for Criminal Justice Studies, School of Law, University of Leeds.[11]He is the founder and president of the South Asian Society of Criminology and Victimology (SASCV) (founded 2009) which works \"to develop criminology and victimology in the South Asian region\"[12] and has organized five international conferences of SASCV as the general chair (Bangalore 2023, Ahmedabad, 2020, Goa, 2016, Kanyakumari, 2013, and Jaipur, 2011).[13]He is the founder and executive director of the Centre for Cyber Victim Counselling (CCVC) (founded 2009) which works to prevent cyber victimization and protect cyber victims.[14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781439829493","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439829493"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781439892497","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439892497"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789385985775","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789385985775"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781498748599","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498748599"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781482260458","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781482260458"}],"text":"Jaishankar, K. (2011). Cyber Criminology: Exploring Internet Crimes and Criminal Behavior. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. ISBN 9781439829493.\nJaishankar, K.; Ronel, N. (2013). Global Criminology: Crime and Victimization in a Globalized Era. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. ISBN 9781439892497.\nHalder, D.; Jaishankar, K. (2016). Cyber Crimes Against Women in India. New Delhi: Sage. ISBN 9789385985775.\nJaishankar, K. (2016). Interpersonal Criminology: Revisiting Interpersonal Crimes and Victimization. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. ISBN 9781498748599.\nJaishankar, K. (2019). Routledge Handbook of South Asian Criminology. New York, USA: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group. ISBN 9781482260458.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"British Society of Criminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Society_of_Criminology"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"World Society of Victimology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Society_of_Victimology"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences, India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences,_India"},{"link_name":"SCOPUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCOPUS"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"He is ranked 16th among the top 25 influential criminologists in the world during 2010-2020.[15]\nHe is ranked Number 4 among 282 (Top 3%) law and legal studies scholars in India.[16]\nHe is a United Nations expert on matters related to victims of terrorism (2019).[17]\nHe is appointed by the British Society of Criminology (BSC) as an international ambassador (2015).[18]\nHe is an invited Keynote Speaker at the 15th World Society of Victimology (WSV) symposium held during 5 – 9, July 2015, at Perth, Australia.[19]\nHe is the first winner of the National Academy of Sciences, India (NASI) - SCOPUS Young Scientist Award in the category \"Social sciences\" (2012).[20]","title":"Awards and honors"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Jaishankar, K. 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Retrieved 5 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.law.leeds.ac.uk/assets/files/research/ccjs/21rep.pdf","url_text":"\"Annual Report of Centre for Criminal Justice Studies, School of Law\""}]},{"reference":"The, Week (28 November 2010). \"Globalization has opened Floodgates for Criminals\". The Week. No. 28 November 2010. SASCV. The Week. Retrieved 5 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sascv.org/drjaiweekinterview.jpg","url_text":"\"Globalization has opened Floodgates for Criminals\""}]},{"reference":"South Asian Society of Criminology and Victimology (SASCV). \"Activities - SASCV\". SASCV. Retrieved 7 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sascv.org/activities.html","url_text":"\"Activities - SASCV\""}]},{"reference":"Reshmi, Jaimon. \"Online NGO helps Cyber victims\". Techgoss. Retrieved 5 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.techgoss.com/Story/365S11-Online-NGO-helps-Cyber-victims.aspx","url_text":"\"Online NGO helps Cyber victims\""}]},{"reference":"Austin, Sara L.; EdD (8 June 2020). \"Top Influential Criminologists Today | Academic Influence\". academicinfluence.com. Retrieved 4 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://academicinfluence.com/rankings/people/most-influential-criminologists-today","url_text":"\"Top Influential Criminologists Today | Academic Influence\""}]},{"reference":"\"K Jaishankar - AD Scientific Index 2023\". www.adscientificindex.com. Retrieved 6 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adscientificindex.com/scientist/k-jaishankar/355913","url_text":"\"K Jaishankar - AD Scientific Index 2023\""}]},{"reference":"Shastri, Parth (18 March 2019). \"Better definition of terrorism needed\". Times of India. Retrieved 2 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/better-definition-of-terrorism-needed/articleshow/68455867.cms","url_text":"\"Better definition of terrorism needed\""}]},{"reference":"British Society of Criminology. \"International Ambassadors\". British Society of Criminology. Retrieved 5 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britsoccrim.org/whos-who/international-ambassadors/","url_text":"\"International Ambassadors\""}]},{"reference":"WSV Keynote speaker - K Jaishankar, retrieved 6 May 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wL2yiPom9F8&list=PLWFrQ_uUvpi0ifm0U33cu1Duc2Gb3-4lB","url_text":"WSV Keynote speaker - K Jaishankar"}]},{"reference":"\"NASI Young Scientist Award\". Elsevier. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_Choun | Ka Choun | ["1 Villages","2 References"] | Coordinates: 13°58′00″N 106°53′00″E / 13.9666°N 106.8833°E / 13.9666; 106.8833Commune in Veun Sai District, Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia
Commune in Ratanakiri Province, CambodiaKa Choun
កាចូនCommuneKa ChounLocation within CambodiaCoordinates: 13°58′00″N 106°53′00″E / 13.9666°N 106.8833°E / 13.9666; 106.8833Country CambodiaProvinceRatanakiri ProvinceDistrictVeun SaiVillages6Population (1998) • Total1,397Time zoneUTC+07Geocode160904
This article contains Khmer text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Khmer script.
Ka Choun (Khmer: កាចូន) is a commune in Veun Sai District in northeast Cambodia. It contains six villages and has a population of 1,397. In the 2007 commune council elections, all five seats went to members of the Cambodian People's Party. Land alienation is a problem of moderate severity in Ka Choun. (See Ratanakiri Province for background information on land alienation.)
Villages
Village
Population(1998)
Sex ratio(male/female)(1998)
Number ofhouseholds(1998)
Ka Choun Leu
341
1.02
61
Ka Choun Kraom
319
1.04
54
Vang
143
0.93
29
Vay
103
0.84
20
Tiem Leu
239
1.03
44
Ka Lim
252
1.15
56
References
^ a b c d e "Final Population Totals, Rotanak Kiri Province, 1998" (PDF). Cambodia National Institute of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
^ "Official Results of the 2007 Commune Councils Election in Ratank Kiri" (PDF). (sic) National Election Committee, No 4.58/07 NEC.SG.PIB. April 18, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 2, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
^ "Land Alienation in Indigenous Minority Communities - Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia" (PDF). NGO Forum on Cambodia. August 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
^ "Commune name: Ratanak Kiri (រតនគីរី)". Cambodia National Institute of Statistics. Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
vte Ratanakiri provinceCapital city: BanlungLandmarks
Lake Yeak Laom
Ka Choung Falls
AdministrativedivisionsAndoung Meas District
Malik
Mai Hie
Nhang
Ta Lav
Banlung Municipality (city)
Kachanh
Labansiek
Yeak Laom
Bar Kaev District
Kak
Ke Chong
Laming
Lung Khung
Seung
Ting Chak
Koun Mom District Lumphat District Ou Chum District
Cha Ung
Chan/Puoy
Aekakpheap
Kalai
Ou Chum
Sameakki
L'ak
Ou Ya Dav District
Bar Kham
Lum Choar
Pak Nhai
Pate
Sesant
Saom Thum
Ya Tung
Ta Veaeng District
Ta Veaeng Leu
Ta Veaeng Kraom
Veun Sai District
Ban Pong
Hat Pak
Ka Choun
Kaoh Pang
Kaoh Peak
Kok Lak
Pa Kalan
Phnum Kok
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_lines_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War | Red lines in the Russo-Ukrainian War | ["1 Russia's red lines","2 Usage of red line warnings","2.1 Tacit rules","3 Identified red lines","3.1 Russian red lines","3.2 Western red lines","4 Tactics used to contravene red lines","5 Effect of red lines","6 Red lines of non-belligerent states","7 See also","8 References"] | Veiled threats of engagement
This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The term red lines has seen use in the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, and is a veiled threat of engagement that is intended to warn an opponent or observer not to interfere or undertake in an action or behaviour that would "cross the red line."
On 21 April 2021, Russian President Vladimir Putin made a speech in which he repeatedly warned the West of red lines that Russia would not accept. The warnings were repeated on many occasions up to the date of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022.
To some experts, the number of red lines that have been crossed reveal the inability for belligerents involved in the war to project power internationally.
Russia's red lines
The mention of red lines have been in common use since the very start of the renewed conflict in Ukraine to justify the war. In February of 2022, President Vladimir Putin of the Russian Federation stated that the United States and its Western partners had crossed a red line with regard to Ukraine, which resulted in the consequence of Russia having to undertake its "Special Military Operation" against Ukraine due to the threat imposed from Ukraine to the very existence of the Russian Federation.
Crossing a red line to the Russian Federation is often identified as being an action that damages Russian national interests. Such actions may include the imposition of sanctions, the freezing of Russian or affiliated nation funds, and the donation of military goods to its perceived adversaries or other.
While commonly used by the Russian Federation in international politics, Russia has simultaneously used the red line phrase in shaping narratives aimed at domestic audiences.
In June 2023 President Putin said that Russia would keep responding to breaches of its red lines. President Putin has been consistent with regard to the threat of nuclear action being used solely in the event of crossing the red line of an existential threat to the state.
In 2023 Russia made 15 official "red line" statements, compared to 24 in 2022.
Usage of red line warnings
Russia has used the phrase "red line" often, and because some of these lines have been crossed without major repercussions, some believe that Russia has devalued the impact of their threats, with the threats appearing more as bluffs.
There may be an actual red line that Russian and the Kremlin really have, but it is largely unclear what exactly it consists of.
Some of the red line threats from Russia may in fact be bluffs solely to slow the supply of resources to Ukraine, making the West consider their options and delaying action.
Others may be used just to show an element of escalation has taken place once a line is crossed. Red lines are nearly always soft, variable and adjustable rather than hard-line positions that are immutable.
In diplomacy, both Russia and Ukraine have mentioned red lines when referring to acceptable peace terms. One such example of a diplomatic Russian red line leaves Russia keeping Crimea, and another Ukrainian red line sees all Russian forces leave territory that belonged to Ukraine on 31 December 1991. These red lines appear incompatible.
Tacit rules
As time has progressed in the war, a set of tacit rules has emerged which fit between current operations and red lines and affect the rule creator.
Examples of such tacit rules include:
NATO will defend its territory.
No NATO forces will operate inside Ukraine against Russian forces.
NATO will not operate in the airspace over Ukraine, in order to avoid a direct confrontation.
Under these stated rules, Russia would cross a red line if they attacked a NATO country, and NATO would cross a self-imposed red line if they sent troops into Ukraine.
The above aim to limit an expansion of the war; however, it is not all one-sided, as other tacit rules are:
US and NATO will share intelligence and satellite imagery with Ukraine.
NATO countries will provide weapons and ammunition to Ukraine.
Ukraine will not use NATO weapons to strike inside Russia's pre 2014 borders.
Identified red lines
Russian red lines
Date notified
Red line
Date broken
Consequences
Ref.
2014
Crimea
23 Aug 2023
September 2021
Ukraine not joining NATO
not broken
September 2021
NATO military infrastructure not to be deployed in Ukraine
not broken
September 2021
No deployment of soldiers to Ukraine
12 April 2023
December 2021
No weapons to Ukraine
February 2022
Threats over non disguised intervention by NATO
24 February 2022
“Interference” in Ukraine by outside powers
24 February 2022
Reduction in gas supply to the west
February 2022
NATO troops and missiles to be withdrawn from Russia's western border
February 2022
February 2022
NATO to stop eastward expansion and reverses back to position in 1997
February 2022
March 2022
No introducing a “no-fly” zone
not broken
March 2022
No more western arms to Ukraine
March 2022
Convoys will be considered legitimate targets
March 2022
No MiG-29 fighter jets
March 2023
Supplied MiG's will be destroyed
April 2022
No foreign intervention in war
not broken
June 2022
No long-range missiles
June 2022
New targets hit by Russian missiles
June 2022
No Western made missiles to be fired into Russia
Dec 2023
August 2022
No supplying old Soviet tanks to Ukraine
August 2022
September 2022
Germany's supply of lethal weapons to Ukraine crosses a red line
September 2022
September 2022
Russian setbacks on battlefield will result in nuclear holocaust
September 2022
September 2022
Not to threaten the territorial integrity of Russia (as its borders were prior to 2014)
22 May 2023
September 2022
Not to supply longer range battlefield missiles (greater than HIMARS's current 80 kilometres (50 mi))
May 2023
Red line pulled back
November 2022
Not to supply Patriot Missile system
April 2023
January 2023
No modern western tanks to be supplied to Ukraine
January 2023
Comments about it being an "extremely dangerous" action
May 2023
No F-16 fighter jets
pending
Comments about it being a "colossal risk"
June 2023
No HIMARS or Storm Shadow missiles to attack Russian territory
(as its borders were prior to 2014)
not broken
September 2023
No US ATACM longer range missiles to attack Russian territory
October 2023
Putin said in October, US deliveries of the long-range Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) to Ukraine was "another mistake"
Current red lines
Western red lines
Date notified
Red line
Date broken
Consequences
Ref.
Through 2021
Russia not to invade Ukraine
February 2022
Immediate sanctions
February 2022
Threats against a NATO country
several times against Poland and Baltic countries
February 2022
Not to surrender the independent right of any country to apply to join NATO
not broken
March 2022
No chemical weapons
broken
International law
Murder and abduction of children
2022-2023
International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova
NATO rules
Interfering with civilian ships belonging to NATO countries in the Black Sea Russian warships stop and board NATO member civilian ship (Turkish) in international waters
August 2023
NATO warships from Romania and Bulgaria patrol and sweep Ukrainian grain corridor for mines
Tactics used to contravene red lines
The handover of the first Leopard 2 tanks provided by Poland to Ukraine in February 2023
Red lines come in differing levels of severity. Some of these are bluffs, with parties to the conflict having given many red lines that were transcended without issue during the last decade. To counter red line policies, a number of tactics have been employed by the belligerents and non-belligerents alike. Such counter-measures aim to allow the crossing of red lines with significantly fewer or no consequences.
Noise - The West has often employed a tactic of “noise” before a decision is seen to take place to cross a Russian red line. This noise is often employed in the form of having a public debate, frequently over a month or even longer involving numerous countries. Often times these debates involve the possibility of the first weapon being sent from, or via, a third country. Once this has occurred and a small number of arms have arrived already, the red line has effectively been diluted without a significant reaction. Because of the noise surrounding the discussions, no one event can be seen to be a significant or important enough event to be defined as the red line crossing moment.
Undermining the red line - Another tactic used is the supplying of something similar to a red line weapon, such as the supply of modern tanks. For example, when France agreed to supply a number of AMX-10 RC wheeled modern “tanks”. These wheeled tanks were not exactly what Ukraine wanted or needed, and as a result it caused very little reaction from the Russian Federation while also enabling the ability to further dilute the debate of whether it was wheeled vehicles or tracked vehicles which the Russian Federation objected to, rather than the fact it was a "modern western" tank. Following this, Challenger 2 tanks were then promised in addition to modern Leopard 2 and M1 Abrams tanks.
Similar, but not as good - With long range missiles, the Russian Federation objected to the United States of America supplying ATACMS with a range of 300 km, as the missiles could be used to attack targets in Russia. In response to this, the United Kingdom supplied its “Storm Shadow’’ cruise missiles with a range of 250 km. These weapons allowed Ukraine to strike into Russian-held territory in Eastern Ukraine, while also having enough range to hit valuable targets within the legal borders of the Russian Federation. This enables Ukraine to destroy command and logistics centres located in occupied Ukraine that had previously been moved back out of HIMARS range. The Russian Federation having a hard-line on the 300 km range found its red line diluted, and there was no tangible reaction.
Drip feed - A decision to supply a large quantity of modern tanks would likely provoke an immediate reaction from the Russian Federation, however when a decision is made for a country to supply a number as small as four tanks, another country may supply seven, and a third country another four. If aid is given in this manner, Russia seems unable to show that a red line has been crossed. By drip feeding from multiple countries, no one country attracts a significant adverse reaction from what is effectively directly crossing a red line.
Calling the Bluff - Belligerents have few options to retaliate in a meaningful way against other parties for a breach of a red-lines, without significantly widening the scope of the war, or resorting to a nuclear option.
Effect of red lines
Red lines set by Russia have had an effect. The United Kingdom, apart from refusing to have British soldiers participate, have supplied most pieces of equipment and undertaken training missions that they are in a position to do, however many other countries have shown timidity and concern over the red lines, resulting in a lack of, or delay in, providing assistance to Ukraine.
Russia appears to generally abide by the Western red lines, although certain chemical weapons deployed are pushing the boundaries, as is the treatment of civilians, especially Ukrainian children.
Red lines of non-belligerent states
Many countries outside of the direct belligerents active in the Russo-Ukrainian war have interests within it. As a result, this has caused foreign parties such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and the People's Republic of China to establish their own so-called red lines.
When the international community refers to the crossing of "red lines" it tends to be limited to the use of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons and the supply of other lethal weapons. Below, a small list of such red lines has been provided.
The People's Republic of China was warned by the United States not to supply lethal weapons to Russia, or else it would face secondary sanctions.
South Korea was warned by Russia that supplying weapons would cross a red-line, whereby Russia would respond by supplying weapons to North Korea.
The European Council of the European Union implicitly drew a red line when the authorities of Georgia rejected a judicial reform and European Union loan package to reduce the influence of pro-Russia billionaires in the country, by offering EU membership candidate status to Ukraine and Moldova (but not Georgia) in June 2022.
Iran was warned that supplying missiles to Russia would cross a red-line resulting in secondary sanctions.
China has told Russia it would cross a red-line by using nuclear weapons in Ukraine, whereby China would stop implicitly supporting Russia in the war.
See also
Modern history portalRussia portalUkraine portal
List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War
Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
China's final warning, a mocking term for "red lines" that hold no real consequences
References
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^ "The path to peace in Ukraine runs directly through Putin's red lines". 14 February 2023.
^ "Russian Attack on Ukraine: Turning-point in the history of Euro-Atlantic Security breaches of its red lines". 3 March 2022.
^ "Putin ponders: Should Russia try to take Kyiv again?". 14 June 2023.
^ "The Russo-Ukrainian War and the Durability of Deterrence". 4 December 2023.
^ a b "ANALYSIS: The Evolution of Russia's 'Red Lines' and Nuclear Threats". 26 October 2023.
^ a b "Biden shows growing appetite to cross Putin's red lines". 1 June 2023.
^ a b c d "Arming Ukraine without crossing Russia's red lines". 6 April 2023.
^ "Putin Has No Red Lines". 1 January 2023.
^ "Blinken: Crimea a 'red line' for Putin as Ukraine weighs plans to retake it". 15 February 2023.
^ ""UNTIL WE LIBERATE CRIMEA, WE CANNOT TALK ABOUT LONG-TERM PEACE AND SECURITY FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS." – DENYS SHMYHAL, PRIME MINISTER OF UKRAINE". Retrieved 25 August 2023.
^ "Tacit rules to avoid a NATO-Russia war". 14 March 2022.
^ "Deterrence and defence". 19 July 2023.
^ "NATO has no plans to send troops into Ukraine, Stoltenberg says". 24 February 2022.
^ "NATO won't establish no-fly zone over Ukraine, Stoltenberg says". 4 March 2022.
^ "The United States and Allies Sharing Intelligence with Ukraine". 9 May 2022.
^ "U.S., NATO countries announce massive weapons package for Ukraine". 20 January 2023.
^ "NATO Weapons Must Not Be Used to Attack Russian Territory, Says Scholz". 5 February 2023.
^ "Ukrainian Intelligence Announces Landing Operation in Crimea". Live UA Map.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Russia's "ultimate" red line is as hollow as the first ten". 3 October 2023.
^ a b "Ukraine: Russia's "red line"". 18 February 2022.
^ a b c "NATO expansion in Ukraine a 'red line' for Putin, Kremlin says". 27 September 2021.
^ a b "Putin's 'red line' over Ukraine: a new test of European and transatlantic resolve". December 2021.
^ Adams, Paul (12 April 2023). "Ukraine war: Leak shows Western special forces on the ground". BBC. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
^ Sabbagh, Dan; Connolly, Kate (4 Mar 2024). "British soldiers 'on the ground' in Ukraine, says German military leak". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
^ "Who supplies weapons to Ukraine?". 14 February 2022.
^ "NATO Countries Pour Weapons Into Ukraine, Risking Conflict With Russia". 2 March 2022.
^ a b "Will markets take the strain from the Russia-Ukraine crisis?". 24 February 2022.
^ "Putin says sanctions over Ukraine are like a declaration of war". 5 March 2022.
^ "Western arms convoys to Ukraine are 'legitimate targets,' Russia warns". 11 March 2022.
^ "Ukraine war: Putin warns against foreign intervention". 27 April 2022.
^ "Putin warns United States against supplying Ukraine longer range missiles". 5 June 2022.
^ "Russia warns West of weapons repercussions, pounds Ukraine". 2 June 2022.
^ "Shelling kills 21 in Russian city of Belgorod following Moscow's aerial attacks across Ukraine". Associated Press. Dec 31, 2023. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
^ Krasteva, Gergana (Feb 15, 2024). "Ukraine's 'Vampire' projectiles strike Russian shopping centre, killing six". METRO. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
^ "Ukrainians Thank North Macedonia For Supply Of Soviet-Era Tanks". 6 August 2022.
^ "Russian Envoy Warns Germany about Passed 'Red Line'". 12 September 2022.
^ a b "Biden shows growing appetite to cross Putin's red lines". 1 June 2023.
^ "Belgorod: Russian paramilitary group vows more incursions". BBC. 25 May 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
^ Smith, Patrick (May 25, 2023). "Pro-Ukraine border raid exposes Russian defenses and divisions". NBC News. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
^ "Russia says longer-range U.S. missiles for Kyiv would cross red line". 15 September 2022.
^ a b "Russian hawks push Putin to escalate as US crosses more 'red lines'". 12 September 2023.
^ "Don't arm Ukraine with Patriot missiles, Ex-Russian president Medvedev warns 'criminal entity' NATO". 29 November 2022.
^ "Russia fumes at West's decision to send tanks to Ukraine, says red lines have been crossed". 25 January 2023.
^ "Russia warns West of 'enormous risks' if Ukraine is supplied with F-16 jets". 20 May 2023.
^ "Russia warns US not to provide longer-range missiles to Ukraine". 15 September 2023.
^ "Ukraine Fires ATACMS Missile at Russian Forces for the First Time". 17 October 2023.
^ "Putin calls US supply of ATACMS weapons to Ukraine 'another mistake'". 18 October 2023.
^ "Where does Russia sanctions policy go from here?". 17 March 2022.
^ "Russia-Ukraine crisis: How likely is it to escalate into broader war?". 23 February 2022.
^ "Russia's Aggression Towards Ukraine – the German View: A Conversation with Minister of State Tobias Lindner". 10 February 2022.
^ "U.S. Accuses Russia of Using Chemical Weapons in Ukraine".
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^ "China drew nuclear red line for Russia in Ukraine". 6 July 2023.
vteRussian invasion of UkrainePart of the Russo-Ukrainian WarOverviewGeneral
Outline
Timeline
Prelude
Feb – Apr 2022
Apr – Aug 2022
Aug – Nov 2022
Nov 2022 – Jun 2023
Jun – Aug 2023
Sep – Nov 2023
Dec 2023 – Mar 2024
Apr 2024 – present
Aerial warfare
Defense lines
Foreign fighters
Information war
Naval warfare
Legality
Map
Order of battle
Peace negotiations
Ukraine's Peace Formula
China peace proposal
June 2024 peace summit
Proposed no-fly zone
Red lines
Reparations
Territorial control
Women
Prelude
Reactions
Disinformation
Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory
Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction
2021 Russia–United States summit
2021 Black Sea incident
Belarus–European Union border crisis
"On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians"
Crimea Platform
Zapad 2021
December 2021 ultimatum
2022 Ukraine cyberattacks
Zametil 2022
Union Resolve 2022
Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing
British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact
Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
"Address concerning the events in Ukraine"
"On conducting a special military operation"
Background
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
historical background
Annexation of Crimea
reactions
War in Donbas
2022 timeline
Minsk agreements
humanitarian situation
international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
Putinism
Foundations of Geopolitics
Novorossiya
Ruscism
Russian irredentism
Russian imperialism
Foreignrelations
Russia–Ukraine
Belarus–Ukraine
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Russia–United States
Ukraine–United States
Russia–NATO
Ukraine–NATO
enlargement of NATO
eastward expansion controversy in Russia
open door policy
Military engagementsSouthernUkraine
Snake Island campaign
Siege of Mariupol
Battle of Kherson
Battle of Melitopol
Battle of Mykolaiv
Battle of Enerhodar
Battle of Voznesensk
Battle of Huliaipole
Battle of Orikhiv
Battle of Davydiv Brid
Kherson counteroffensive
Liberation of Kherson
Dnieper campaign
Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam
EasternUkraine
Battle of Marinka
Battle of Volnovakha
Battle of Kharkiv
Battle of Izium
Battle of Rubizhne
Battle of Popasna
Battle of Donbas
Battle of the Siverskyi Donets
Battle of Sievierodonetsk
First battle of Lyman
Battle of Sviatohirsk
Battle of Lysychansk
Battle of Pisky
Battle of Bakhmut
Battle of Soledar
Battle of Vuhledar
Kharkiv counteroffensive
Battle of Kupiansk
Second battle of Lyman
Luhansk Oblast campaign
Battle of Avdiivka
NorthernUkraine
Battle of Antonov Airport
Capture of Chernobyl
Battle of Kyiv
Battle of Hostomel
Battle of Vasylkiv
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Battle of Irpin
Battle of Makariv
Russian Kyiv convoy
Battle of Moshchun
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ResistanceRussian-occupied Ukraine
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"And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from"
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Popular cultureSongs
12
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Related
2023 North Korea–Russia summit
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"red lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_line_(phrase)"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The term red lines has seen use in the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, and is a veiled threat of engagement that is intended to warn an opponent or observer not to interfere or undertake in an action or behaviour that would \"cross the red line.\"On 21 April 2021, Russian President Vladimir Putin made a speech in which he repeatedly warned the West of red lines that Russia would not accept. The warnings were repeated on many occasions up to the date of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022.[1]To some experts, the number of red lines that have been crossed reveal the inability for belligerents involved in the war to project power internationally.[2]","title":"Red lines in the Russo-Ukrainian War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kyi2610-6"}],"text":"The mention of red lines have been in common use since the very start of the renewed conflict in Ukraine to justify the war. In February of 2022, President Vladimir Putin of the Russian Federation stated that the United States and its Western partners had crossed a red line with regard to Ukraine, which resulted in the consequence of Russia having to undertake its \"Special Military Operation\" against Ukraine due to the threat imposed from Ukraine to the very existence of the Russian Federation.[3]Crossing a red line to the Russian Federation is often identified as being an action that damages Russian national interests. Such actions may include the imposition of sanctions, the freezing of Russian or affiliated nation funds, and the donation of military goods to its perceived adversaries or other.While commonly used by the Russian Federation in international politics, Russia has simultaneously used the red line phrase in shaping narratives aimed at domestic audiences.In June 2023 President Putin said that Russia would keep responding to breaches of its red lines.[4] President Putin has been consistent with regard to the threat of nuclear action being used solely in the event of crossing the red line of an existential threat to the state.[5]In 2023 Russia made 15 official \"red line\" statements, compared to 24 in 2022.[6]","title":"Russia's red lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wash16-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wash16-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brook64-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Russia has used the phrase \"red line\" often, and because some of these lines have been crossed without major repercussions, some believe that Russia has devalued the impact of their threats, with the threats appearing more as bluffs.[7]There may be an actual red line that Russian and the Kremlin really have, but it is largely unclear what exactly it consists of.[7]Some of the red line threats from Russia may in fact be bluffs solely to slow the supply of resources to Ukraine, making the West consider their options and delaying action.[8]Others may be used just to show an element of escalation has taken place once a line is crossed. Red lines are nearly always soft, variable and adjustable rather than hard-line positions that are immutable.[9]In diplomacy, both Russia and Ukraine have mentioned red lines when referring to acceptable peace terms. One such example of a diplomatic Russian red line leaves Russia keeping Crimea, and another Ukrainian red line sees all Russian forces leave territory that belonged to Ukraine on 31 December 1991.[10][11] These red lines appear incompatible.","title":"Usage of red line warnings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brook64-8"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Tacit rules","text":"As time has progressed in the war, a set of tacit rules has emerged which fit between current operations and red lines and affect the rule creator.[12][8]Examples of such tacit rules include:NATO will defend its territory.[13]\nNo NATO forces will operate inside Ukraine against Russian forces.[14]\nNATO will not operate in the airspace over Ukraine, in order to avoid a direct confrontation.[15]Under these stated rules, Russia would cross a red line if they attacked a NATO country, and NATO would cross a self-imposed red line if they sent troops into Ukraine.\nThe above aim to limit an expansion of the war; however, it is not all one-sided, as other tacit rules are:US and NATO will share intelligence and satellite imagery with Ukraine.[16]\nNATO countries will provide weapons and ammunition to Ukraine.[17]\nUkraine will not use NATO weapons to strike inside Russia's pre 2014 borders.[18]","title":"Usage of red line warnings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Identified red lines"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Russian red lines","text":"Current red lines","title":"Identified red lines"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Western red lines","title":"Identified red lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8_Leopard_2,_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%8E_06.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leopard 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard_2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brook64-8"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eur310-20"},{"link_name":"AMX-10 RC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMX-10_RC"},{"link_name":"Challenger 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenger_2"},{"link_name":"Leopard 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard_2"},{"link_name":"M1 Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Abrams"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"ATACMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-140_ATACMS"},{"link_name":"Storm Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Shadow"},{"link_name":"HIMARS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M142_HIMARS"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eur310-20"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"text":"The handover of the first Leopard 2 tanks provided by Poland to Ukraine in February 2023Red lines come in differing levels of severity. Some of these are bluffs, with parties to the conflict having given many red lines that were transcended without issue during the last decade. To counter red line policies, a number of tactics have been employed by the belligerents and non-belligerents alike. Such counter-measures aim to allow the crossing of red lines with significantly fewer or no consequences.[8][56][57][original research?]Noise - The West has often employed a tactic of “noise” before a decision is seen to take place to cross a Russian red line. This noise is often employed in the form of having a public debate, frequently over a month or even longer involving numerous countries. Often times these debates involve the possibility of the first weapon being sent from, or via, a third country. Once this has occurred and a small number of arms have arrived already, the red line has effectively been diluted without a significant reaction. Because of the noise surrounding the discussions, no one event can be seen to be a significant or important enough event to be defined as the red line crossing moment.[58][20]Undermining the red line - Another tactic used is the supplying of something similar to a red line weapon, such as the supply of modern tanks. For example, when France agreed to supply a number of AMX-10 RC wheeled modern “tanks”. These wheeled tanks were not exactly what Ukraine wanted or needed, and as a result it caused very little reaction from the Russian Federation while also enabling the ability to further dilute the debate of whether it was wheeled vehicles or tracked vehicles which the Russian Federation objected to, rather than the fact it was a \"modern western\" tank. Following this, Challenger 2 tanks were then promised in addition to modern Leopard 2 and M1 Abrams tanks.[59][60]Similar, but not as good - With long range missiles, the Russian Federation objected to the United States of America supplying ATACMS with a range of 300 km, as the missiles could be used to attack targets in Russia. In response to this, the United Kingdom supplied its “Storm Shadow’’ cruise missiles with a range of 250 km. These weapons allowed Ukraine to strike into Russian-held territory in Eastern Ukraine, while also having enough range to hit valuable targets within the legal borders of the Russian Federation. This enables Ukraine to destroy command and logistics centres located in occupied Ukraine that had previously been moved back out of HIMARS range. The Russian Federation having a hard-line on the 300 km range found its red line diluted, and there was no tangible reaction.[61]Drip feed - A decision to supply a large quantity of modern tanks would likely provoke an immediate reaction from the Russian Federation, however when a decision is made for a country to supply a number as small as four tanks, another country may supply seven, and a third country another four. If aid is given in this manner, Russia seems unable to show that a red line has been crossed. By drip feeding from multiple countries, no one country attracts a significant adverse reaction from what is effectively directly crossing a red line.[62][63][64][20]Calling the Bluff - Belligerents have few options to retaliate in a meaningful way against other parties for a breach of a red-lines, without significantly widening the scope of the war, or resorting to a nuclear option.[65]","title":"Tactics used to contravene red lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"text":"Red lines set by Russia have had an effect. The United Kingdom, apart from refusing to have British soldiers participate, have supplied most pieces of equipment and undertaken training missions that they are in a position to do, however many other countries have shown timidity and concern over the red lines, resulting in a lack of, or delay in, providing assistance to Ukraine.[66]Russia appears to generally abide by the Western red lines, although certain chemical weapons deployed are pushing the boundaries,[67] as is the treatment of civilians, especially Ukrainian children.","title":"Effect of red lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nuclear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon"},{"link_name":"chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapon"},{"link_name":"biological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_agent"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"text":"Many countries outside of the direct belligerents active in the Russo-Ukrainian war have interests within it. As a result, this has caused foreign parties such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and the People's Republic of China to establish their own so-called red lines.When the international community refers to the crossing of \"red lines\" it tends to be limited to the use of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons and the supply of other lethal weapons. Below, a small list of such red lines has been provided.The People's Republic of China was warned by the United States not to supply lethal weapons to Russia,[68] or else it would face secondary sanctions.\nSouth Korea was warned by Russia that supplying weapons would cross a red-line,[69] whereby Russia would respond by supplying weapons to North Korea.\nThe European Council of the European Union implicitly drew a red line when the authorities of Georgia rejected a judicial reform and European Union loan package to reduce the influence of pro-Russia billionaires in the country, by offering EU membership candidate status to Ukraine and Moldova (but not Georgia) in June 2022.[70]\nIran was warned that supplying missiles to Russia would cross a red-line[71] resulting in secondary sanctions.\nChina has told Russia it would cross a red-line by using nuclear weapons in Ukraine,[72] whereby China would stop implicitly supporting Russia in the war.","title":"Red lines of non-belligerent states"}] | [{"image_text":"The handover of the first Leopard 2 tanks provided by Poland to Ukraine in February 2023","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8_Leopard_2%2C_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%8E_06.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Modern history portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Modern_history"},{"title":"Russia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Russia"},{"title":"Ukraine portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ukraine"},{"title":"List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War"},{"title":"Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"title":"China's final warning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%27s_final_warning"}] | [{"reference":"\"Any \"red lines\" left for Putin?\". 31 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2023/01/31/any-red-lines-left-for-putin/","url_text":"\"Any \"red lines\" left for Putin?\""}]},{"reference":"\"The path to peace in Ukraine runs directly through Putin's red lines\". 14 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/the-path-to-peace-in-ukraine-runs-directly-through-putins-red-lines/","url_text":"\"The path to peace in Ukraine runs directly through Putin's red lines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russian Attack on Ukraine: Turning-point in the history of Euro-Atlantic Security breaches of 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Evolution of Russia's 'Red Lines' and Nuclear Threats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biden shows growing appetite to cross Putin's red lines\". 1 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/06/01/ukraine-f-16s-biden-russia-escalation/","url_text":"\"Biden shows growing appetite to cross Putin's red lines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arming Ukraine without crossing Russia's red lines\". 6 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brookings.edu/articles/arming-ukraine-without-crossing-russias-red-lines/","url_text":"\"Arming Ukraine without crossing Russia's red lines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Putin Has No Red Lines\". 1 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/01/opinion/putin-russia-ukraine-war-strategy.html","url_text":"\"Putin Has No Red Lines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blinken: Crimea a 'red line' for Putin as Ukraine weighs plans to retake it\". 15 February 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2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalpost.com/news/world/dont-arm-ukraine-with-patriot-missiles-ex-russian-president-medvedev-warns-criminal-entity-nato","url_text":"\"Don't arm Ukraine with Patriot missiles, Ex-Russian president Medvedev warns 'criminal entity' NATO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russia fumes at West's decision to send tanks to Ukraine, says red lines have been crossed\". 25 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2023/01/25/russia-fumes-at-wests-decision-to-send-tanks-to-ukraine.html","url_text":"\"Russia fumes at West's decision to send tanks to Ukraine, says red lines have been crossed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russia warns West of 'enormous risks' if Ukraine is supplied with F-16 jets\". 20 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/20/europe/russia-warning-f-16-jets-ukraine-intl/index.html","url_text":"\"Russia warns West of 'enormous risks' if Ukraine is supplied with F-16 jets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russia warns US not to provide longer-range missiles to Ukraine\". 15 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/15/russia-longer-range-us-missiles-for-kyiv-would-cross-red-line","url_text":"\"Russia warns US not to provide longer-range missiles to Ukraine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ukraine Fires ATACMS Missile at Russian Forces for the First Time\". 17 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/world/europe/ukraine-fires-atacms-missile-at-russian-forces-for-the-first-time-3bebcdb1","url_text":"\"Ukraine Fires ATACMS Missile at Russian Forces for the First Time\""}]},{"reference":"\"Putin calls US supply of ATACMS weapons to Ukraine 'another mistake'\". 18 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/18/putin-calls-us-supply-of-atacms-weapons-to-ukraine-another-mistake#:~:text=Vladimir%20Putin%20has%20called%20the,Russian%2Doccupied%20territory%20this%20week.","url_text":"\"Putin calls US supply of ATACMS weapons to Ukraine 'another mistake'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Where does Russia sanctions policy go from here?\". 17 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/3/17/russia-in-default-where-does-sanctions-policy-go-from-here","url_text":"\"Where does Russia sanctions policy go from here?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russia-Ukraine crisis: How likely is it to escalate into broader war?\". 23 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-60485766","url_text":"\"Russia-Ukraine crisis: How likely is it to escalate into broader war?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russia's Aggression Towards Ukraine – the German View: A Conversation with Minister of State Tobias Lindner\". 10 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/russias-aggression-towards-ukraine-german-view-conversation-minister-state-tobias-lindner","url_text":"\"Russia's Aggression Towards Ukraine – the German View: A Conversation with Minister of State Tobias Lindner\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Accuses Russia of Using Chemical Weapons in Ukraine\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/02/world/europe/us-russia-chemical-weapons-ukraine.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Accuses Russia of Using Chemical Weapons in Ukraine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ukraine: Nato will respond if Russia uses chemical weapons, warns Biden\". 25 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-60870771","url_text":"\"Ukraine: Nato will respond if Russia uses chemical weapons, warns Biden\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arrest warrant may signal the beginning of the end for Putin\". 19 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/arrest-warrant-may-signal-the-beginning-of-the-end-for-putin-20230319-p5ctbw.html","url_text":"\"Arrest warrant may signal the beginning of the end for Putin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russia risks war with NATO in Black Sea, former top commander in Europe warns\". 16 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.eu/article/russia-ukraine-nato-war-risk-black-sea/","url_text":"\"Russia risks war with NATO in Black Sea, former top commander in Europe warns\""}]},{"reference":"\"The West must cross more red lines in the Ukraine war, says Lithuanian president\". 12 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-05-12/the-west-must-cross-more-red-lines-in-the-ukraine-war-says-lithuanian-president.html","url_text":"\"The West must cross more red lines in the Ukraine war, says Lithuanian president\""}]},{"reference":"\"The path to peace in Ukraine runs directly through Putin's red lines\". 14 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/the-path-to-peace-in-ukraine-runs-directly-through-putins-red-lines/","url_text":"\"The path to peace in Ukraine runs directly through Putin's red lines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Any \"red lines\" left for Putin?\". 31 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2023/01/31/any-red-lines-left-for-putin/","url_text":"\"Any \"red lines\" left for Putin?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Macron promises 'first Western tanks' for Ukraine\". 4 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230104-macron-promises-first-western-tanks-for-ukraine","url_text":"\"Macron promises 'first Western tanks' for Ukraine\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK considering supplying Ukraine with Challenger 2 tanks to fight Russian forces\". 9 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.sky.com/story/uk-considering-supplying-ukraine-with-challenger-2-tanks-to-fight-russian-forces-12783107","url_text":"\"UK considering supplying Ukraine with Challenger 2 tanks to fight Russian forces\""}]},{"reference":"\"Britain has delivered long-range 'Storm Shadow' cruise missiles to Ukraine ahead of expected counteroffensive, sources say\". 12 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/11/politics/uk-storm-shadow-cruise-missiles-ukraine/index.html","url_text":"\"Britain has delivered long-range 'Storm Shadow' cruise missiles to Ukraine ahead of expected counteroffensive, sources say\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poland delivers first Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine\". 24 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/02/24/poland-delivers-first-leopard-2-tanks-to-ukraine_6017131_4.html","url_text":"\"Poland delivers first Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Media: Spain to deliver first Leopard tanks to Ukraine after Easter\". 29 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://kyivindependent.com/media-spain-to-deliver-first-leopard-tanks-to-ukraine-after-easter/","url_text":"\"Media: Spain to deliver first Leopard tanks to Ukraine after Easter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ambassador: UK to provide twice the promised Challenger 2 tanks to Ukraine\". 27 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://kyivindependent.com/ambassador-uk-to-provide-twice-the-promised-challenger-2-tanks-to-ukraine/","url_text":"\"Ambassador: UK to provide twice the promised Challenger 2 tanks to Ukraine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Putin Is Running out of Red Lines\". 24 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsweek.com/putin-red-lines-f16s-ukraine-russia-war-escalation-1802264","url_text":"\"Putin Is Running out of Red Lines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Do We Want to Win in Ukraine?\". 20 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cepa.org/article/do-we-want-to-win-in-ukraine/","url_text":"\"Do We Want to Win in Ukraine?\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Russian brigade admits dropping tear gas on Ukrainian troops, which would violate the UN Chemical Weapons Convention\". 24 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-admits-to-using-tear-gas-chemical-weapons-on-ukrainian-troops-2023-12","url_text":"\"A Russian brigade admits dropping tear gas on Ukrainian troops, which would violate the UN Chemical Weapons Convention\""}]},{"reference":"\"US ambassador to the UN says China would cross 'red line' by providing lethal aid to Russia\". 19 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/19/politics/us-china-relations-lethal-aid-russia/index.html","url_text":"\"US ambassador to the UN says China would cross 'red line' by providing lethal aid to Russia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ukraine war: Pressure builds on South Korea to send arms to Kyiv\". 8 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-66043946","url_text":"\"Ukraine war: Pressure builds on South Korea to send arms to Kyiv\""}]},{"reference":"\"Georgia's future may hinge on Russia's war in Ukraine\". 20 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/georgia-ukraine-russia/","url_text":"\"Georgia's future may hinge on Russia's war in Ukraine\""}]},{"reference":"\"ran will cross 'red line' with supplies of missiles to Russia - Kuleba\". 5 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3647257-iran-will-cross-red-line-with-supplies-of-missiles-to-russia-kuleba.html","url_text":"\"ran will cross 'red line' with supplies of missiles to Russia - Kuleba\""}]},{"reference":"\"China drew nuclear red line for Russia in Ukraine\". 6 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.intellinews.com/china-drew-nuclear-red-line-for-russia-in-ukraine-283727/","url_text":"\"China drew nuclear red line for Russia in Ukraine\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_lines_in_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2023/01/31/any-red-lines-left-for-putin/","external_links_name":"\"Any \"red lines\" left for Putin?\""},{"Link":"https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/the-path-to-peace-in-ukraine-runs-directly-through-putins-red-lines/","external_links_name":"\"The path to peace in Ukraine runs directly through Putin's red lines\""},{"Link":"https://www.swp-berlin.org/publikation/russian-attack-on-ukraine-a-turning-point-for-euro-atlantic-security","external_links_name":"\"Russian Attack on Ukraine: Turning-point in the history of Euro-Atlantic Security breaches of its red lines\""},{"Link":"https://www.tbsnews.net/world/putin-ponders-should-russia-try-take-kyiv-again-649442","external_links_name":"\"Putin ponders: Should Russia try to take Kyiv again?\""},{"Link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00396338.2023.2285598","external_links_name":"\"The Russo-Ukrainian War and the Durability of Deterrence\""},{"Link":"https://www.kyivpost.com/analysis/23308","external_links_name":"\"ANALYSIS: The Evolution of Russia's 'Red Lines' and Nuclear Threats\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/06/01/ukraine-f-16s-biden-russia-escalation/","external_links_name":"\"Biden shows growing appetite to cross Putin's red lines\""},{"Link":"https://www.brookings.edu/articles/arming-ukraine-without-crossing-russias-red-lines/","external_links_name":"\"Arming Ukraine without crossing Russia's red 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of European and transatlantic resolve\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65245065","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine war: Leak shows Western special forces on the ground\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/mar/04/british-soldiers-on-ground-ukraine-german-military-leak","external_links_name":"\"British soldiers 'on the ground' in Ukraine, says German military leak\""},{"Link":"https://www.dw.com/en/russia-ukraine-crisis-who-supplies-weapons-to-kyiv/a-60772390","external_links_name":"\"Who supplies weapons to Ukraine?\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/02/world/europe/nato-weapons-ukraine-russia.html","external_links_name":"\"NATO Countries Pour Weapons Into Ukraine, Risking Conflict With Russia\""},{"Link":"https://www.evelyn.com/insights-and-events/insights/will-markets-take-the-strain-from-the-russia-ukraine-crisis/","external_links_name":"\"Will markets take the strain from the Russia-Ukraine crisis?\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-60633482","external_links_name":"\"Putin says sanctions over Ukraine are like a declaration of war\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/11/ukraine-needs-more-weapons-the-west-fears-provoking-war-with-russia.html","external_links_name":"\"Western arms convoys to Ukraine are 'legitimate targets,' Russia warns\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-61252320","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine war: Putin warns against foreign intervention\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putin-warns-west-russia-will-strike-harder-if-longer-range-missiles-supplied-2022-06-05/","external_links_name":"\"Putin warns United States against supplying Ukraine longer range missiles\""},{"Link":"https://www.courthousenews.com/russia-warns-west-of-weapons-repercussions-pounds-ukraine/","external_links_name":"\"Russia warns West of weapons repercussions, pounds Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-drone-attack-kyiv-d5a82f45875a81ce77a19de084bc736a","external_links_name":"\"Shelling kills 21 in Russian city of Belgorod following Moscow's aerial attacks across Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://metro.co.uk/2024/02/15/ukraines-vampire-projectiles-strike-russian-shopping-centre-killing-five-20285636/","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine's 'Vampire' projectiles strike Russian shopping centre, killing six\""},{"Link":"https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-tanks-macedonia-thanks/31976738.html","external_links_name":"\"Ukrainians Thank North Macedonia For Supply Of Soviet-Era Tanks\""},{"Link":"https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2022/09/12/2773242/russian-envoy-warns-germany-about-passed-red-line","external_links_name":"\"Russian Envoy Warns Germany about Passed 'Red Line'\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/06/01/ukraine-f-16s-biden-russia-escalation/","external_links_name":"\"Biden shows growing appetite to cross Putin's red lines\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65703548","external_links_name":"\"Belgorod: Russian paramilitary group vows more incursions\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/belgorod-raid-exposes-russia-defenses-ukraine-prigozhin-putin-military-rcna85945","external_links_name":"\"Pro-Ukraine border raid exposes Russian defenses and divisions\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-says-longer-range-us-missiles-kyiv-would-cross-red-line-2022-09-15/","external_links_name":"\"Russia says longer-range U.S. missiles for Kyiv would cross red line\""},{"Link":"https://responsiblestatecraft.org/atacms-ukraine-russia-putin/","external_links_name":"\"Russian hawks push Putin to escalate as US crosses more 'red lines'\""},{"Link":"https://nationalpost.com/news/world/dont-arm-ukraine-with-patriot-missiles-ex-russian-president-medvedev-warns-criminal-entity-nato","external_links_name":"\"Don't arm Ukraine with Patriot missiles, Ex-Russian president Medvedev warns 'criminal entity' NATO\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2023/01/25/russia-fumes-at-wests-decision-to-send-tanks-to-ukraine.html","external_links_name":"\"Russia fumes at West's decision to send tanks to Ukraine, says red lines have been crossed\""},{"Link":"https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/20/europe/russia-warning-f-16-jets-ukraine-intl/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Russia warns West of 'enormous risks' if Ukraine is supplied with F-16 jets\""},{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/15/russia-longer-range-us-missiles-for-kyiv-would-cross-red-line","external_links_name":"\"Russia warns US not to provide longer-range missiles to Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/world/europe/ukraine-fires-atacms-missile-at-russian-forces-for-the-first-time-3bebcdb1","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine Fires ATACMS Missile at Russian Forces for the First 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Lindner\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/02/world/europe/us-russia-chemical-weapons-ukraine.html","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Accuses Russia of Using Chemical Weapons in Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-60870771","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine: Nato will respond if Russia uses chemical weapons, warns Biden\""},{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/arrest-warrant-may-signal-the-beginning-of-the-end-for-putin-20230319-p5ctbw.html","external_links_name":"\"Arrest warrant may signal the beginning of the end for Putin\""},{"Link":"https://www.politico.eu/article/russia-ukraine-nato-war-risk-black-sea/","external_links_name":"\"Russia risks war with NATO in Black Sea, former top commander in Europe warns\""},{"Link":"https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-05-12/the-west-must-cross-more-red-lines-in-the-ukraine-war-says-lithuanian-president.html","external_links_name":"\"The West must cross more red lines in the Ukraine war, says 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Ukraine?\""},{"Link":"https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-admits-to-using-tear-gas-chemical-weapons-on-ukrainian-troops-2023-12","external_links_name":"\"A Russian brigade admits dropping tear gas on Ukrainian troops, which would violate the UN Chemical Weapons Convention\""},{"Link":"https://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/19/politics/us-china-relations-lethal-aid-russia/index.html","external_links_name":"\"US ambassador to the UN says China would cross 'red line' by providing lethal aid to Russia\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-66043946","external_links_name":"\"Ukraine war: Pressure builds on South Korea to send arms to Kyiv\""},{"Link":"https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/georgia-ukraine-russia/","external_links_name":"\"Georgia's future may hinge on Russia's war in Ukraine\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3647257-iran-will-cross-red-line-with-supplies-of-missiles-to-russia-kuleba.html","external_links_name":"\"ran will cross 'red line' with supplies of missiles to Russia - Kuleba\""},{"Link":"https://www.intellinews.com/china-drew-nuclear-red-line-for-russia-in-ukraine-283727/","external_links_name":"\"China drew nuclear red line for Russia in Ukraine\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandhmal | Kandhamal district | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Agriculture","5 Culture","5.1 Festivals","5.2 Places of interest","6 Transport","7 Health facilities","8 Politics","8.1 Lok Sabha constituencies","8.2 Vidhan sabha constituencies","9 Communal unrest and insurgency","10 References","11 External links"] | Coordinates: 20°28′N 84°14′E / 20.47°N 84.23°E / 20.47; 84.23District of Odisha in IndiaKandhamal districtDistrict of OdishaTop: Misty view of PhulbaniBottom: DaringbadiLocation in OdishaKandhamal districtCoordinates: 20°28′N 84°14′E / 20.47°N 84.23°E / 20.47; 84.23Country IndiaState OdishaNamed forKandha tribeHeadquartersPhulbaniGovernment • Member of ParliamentAchyuta Samanta (BJD) • Collector and District MagistrateAshish Ishwar Patil, IAS • Superintendent of PoliceSuvendu Kumar Patra, IPS • Divisional Forest Officer Cum Wildlife WardenVishwanath Neelannavar, IFSArea • Total8,021 km2 (3,097 sq mi) • Rank6th • Forest5,709 km2 (2,204 sq mi)Elevation700 m (2,300 ft)Population (2011) • Total733,110 • Density91/km2 (240/sq mi) • Urban72,279 (9.86%) • Rural660,831 (90.14%)Demographic • Sex ratio1,037 ♀/1000 ♂ • Literacy rate64.13% • Scheduled Castes15.76% (115,544) • Scheduled Tribes53.58% (392,820)Languages • OfficialOdia, English • LocalKuiTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN762 022Vehicle registrationOD-12-xxxxClimateAw (Köppen)Precipitation1,587 mm (62.5 in)Avg. summer temperature40 °C (104 °F)Avg. winter temperature5 °C (41 °F)Lok Sabha constituencyKandhamalVidhan Sabha constituency3
082-Baliguda(ST) 083-G.Udayagiri(ST) 084-Phulbani(ST)
Websitekandhamal.nic.in
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Kandhamal district also known as Phulbani district is a district in the state of Odisha, India. The District headquarters of the district is Phulbani. It is a district full with natural beauties includes wild animals and birds.
Kandhamal is famous for its local turmeric renowned as 'Kandhamal Haldi' which has earned the Geographical indication (GI) tag from Intellectual Property India, an organisation functioning under the auspices of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India).
History
The Kandhamal district was established on January 1, 1994, following the division of Phulbani District into Kandhamal and Boudh Districts in Odisha, India. The district derived its name from the prominent Kandha tribe, which inhabits the region.
Geography
The district lies between 83.30° E to 84-48° E longitude and 19-34° N to 20-54° latitude. The district headquarters is Phulbani, located in the central part of the district. The other popular locations are Baliguda, G. Udayagiri, Tikabali and Raikia.Daringabadi(kashmir of odisha)
The territory is rural, with a number of waterfalls, springs, hill stations, and historical and archaeological places.
Area: 8,021 km²
Altitude: 300 to 1100 meter
Rainfall: 1,597 millimetres (62.9 in)
Climate: Minimum temperature (December) 1 °C (34 °F); maximum temperature (May) 35 °C (95 °F)
A majority of the land area of the district (71%) is forests, and 12% of the land is cultivable. The road connectivity with other districts is poor. Kandhamal is one of the poorest districts in Orissa, ranking 29th out of 30 districts by the Human Development Index.
Demographics
Historical populationYearPop.±%1901211,421— 1911239,272+13.2%1921238,206−0.4%1931260,557+9.4%1941284,855+9.3%1951289,182+1.5%1961323,991+12.0%1971393,773+21.5%1981448,914+14.0%1991546,281+21.7%2001648,201+18.7%2011733,110+13.1%Source: Census of India
Religions in Kandhamal district (2011)
Religion
Percent
Hinduism
79.16%
Christianity
20.31%
Other or not stated
0.53%
According to the 2011 census Kandhamal district has a population of 733,110, roughly equal to the nation of Guyana or the US state of Alaska. This gives it a ranking of 497th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 91 inhabitants per square kilometre (240/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.92%. Kandhamal has a sex ratio of 1037 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 65.12%. 9.86% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes collectively account for 69.34% (SC: 15.76% and ST: 53.58%) of the district's total population. Kandha and Pan are the two dominant communities of the district, comprising over half the population with 50% and 12% respectively. While other Scheduled communities like Gond, Kandha Gauda, Haddi, Ghasi, Savar (Soura), Tanla, Keuta, Dom, and Dhoba also have a considerable presence. The district's general population makes up the remaining 30.66%.
Languages of Kandhamal district (2011)
Odia (53.15%) Kui (45.65%) Other (1.2%)
At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 53.15% of the population in the district spoke Odia and 45.65% Kui as their first language.
A majority of the inhabitants belong to the Kondh tribe, following various religious faiths, who are said to be "proud and aggressive", in the words of a district official. The Kondhs hold 77% of the cultivable land. Khond Scheduled Tribes (including 21% Protestant Christian Khond tribals) make up the total of 53.6% of the population of the District.
Panos (the main Dalit community) hold less than 9% of the cultivable land. Officially Hindu, the Scheduled Castes, most of whom belong to Pano (Scheduled Caste) community, make up 15.8% of the population. However it is estimated that more than 10. 3% of the aforementioned 15.8% Panos in Kandhamal, while claiming to be Hindu in documents, covertly practise Catholicism in reality, and hence they are not even legally eligible for Scheduled Caste Status.
The majority of Panos are "covert" Catholics and there have been intercinine conflicts between the Catholic Panos and Protestant/ Hindu Khonds in Kandhamal over land resources.
Agriculture
Rice is the primary staple food and crop of Kandhamal district. In recent years residents have focused on horticulture, sericulture, floriculture and other agricultural activities apart from rice. The district is full of flora and fauna. A wide variety of wildflowers like orchids are found in the dense forests of the district. Mango, mahula (mahua), Indian gooseberry (amla), kendu, meswak and jackfruit are also found in abundance in the wilderness. Bamboo and Thysanolaena (broom grass) are collected from the forests of Kandhamal and used or sold. A special pulse known as kandula is native to this district; the Kondh people mostly cultivate it in the hilly forests. The organic turmeric cultivated in this district is popularly known as 'Kandhamal Haladi' and is renowned for its purity. An organization called Kasam promotes turmeric cultivation in the district. In some areas ginger is also cultivated along with turmeric.
Culture
Festivals
The people of Kandhamal celebrate many religious festivals from their tribal culture as well as many Odiya festivals.
The Danda Nach is celebrated in the district mainly by the Kondh tribals, following their traditional religion. They observe this for thirteen days in the Hindu month of Chaitra. People go fasting for all the thirteen days who viewed for the particular boon or for grace from the goddess Kaali. The festival starts on the first of April and closes on the thirteenth day. The closing ceremony is called Meru. Kondhas consume the first mango of the season, only after it has been offered to the goddess Kaali on the evening of Meru.
In the month of January, Kondhs perform worship rituals after harvesting in the villages as per their own convenience. This puja is called Sisaa Laka. In the month of March they perform puja to get blessings from Darni Penu (the village deity) and Saru Penu (a mountain deity) to collect the mahula flower and green mangoes as well as the forest products. After offering to the deity, they collect the product to use as food, etc.
In the month of April/May they offer the mohula flower in the form of cakes to the village deity; this is called Maranga Laka. On special occasions Kedu Laka is done depending on the requirement of the mother earth, which is decided by the village priest, locally called Kuta Gatanju. Kedu Laka is one of the main occasions among the Kandha tribes in Raikia block; they do Kedu Laka to eat mangoes of the village.
After the sowing of the crops, to appease the mother earth, puja is performed for good crops at the village deity by the priest called Jakera. This Puja is called Bora Laka. This puja is done in the month of September/October. In the month of November/December new crops are collected; chuda and rice are prepared and made into khiri (rice pudding), which is offered to the village deity, and the villagers eat the new harvest.
The major Hindu festivals like Holi, Diwali, Rakshabandhan, Shivratri, Ram Navami and Janmashtami are celebrated by Kondhs and other Hindus in the district with equal fervor. The Hindu month of Kartik is considered sacred by tribal and other Hindu residents of the district; people observe fasting and stay away from non-vegetarian food and alcohol. Nowadays people celebrate the Savan (Shravan) month by offering their prayers to Shiva and carrying water to Shiv temples walking barefoot. During Rakshabandhan, village children organize a game called Gamhadiyan, where a small earthen pedestal is created and a string containing toffes is hung over it. Children jump over the pedestal to pluck and win the goodies from the string.
Many of the Khond tribal people converted to Protestant Christianity in the late 19th century, and they celebrate Christmas and Easter as well. Some of the Kondhs follow Islam and Eid; Ramzan and Muharram are also celebrated.
The Catholic Panos celebrate Christmas and Easter while the Hindu Panos celebrate all Hindu festivals. There are several Panos who have converted from Catholicism and Hinduism to Buddhism, especially in Raikia and Balliguda, and they celebrate Buddha Jayanti religious festivals.
There are other small communities of Sikhs and Jains who also celebrate their religious festivals.
Places of interest
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Balaskumpa is a village in this south-east of Kandhmal (Phulbani) Sub-Division situated 20-25’N and 84-21’ at the confluence of two hilly streams, which combine to form the Pilla Salki river. It is 15 km (9.3 mi) from the Phulbani district headquarters, connected by a good road.
Belghar is situated at a height of more than 2,000 feet (609.6 metres) above the sea level in Balliguda sub-division. It is 70 km (43 mi) from Balliguda and 155 km from Phulbani.
The area has a number of mountains, forest and wild animals, especially elephants. It has an Inspection Bungalow of Forest Department, which is built with wooden planks. It is lighted by solar power. Ushabali valley is near the village. Sometimes flocks of peacocks or wild elephants are seen by the roadside.
Chakapad is situated about 800 ft (243.84 m) from sea level in G. Udayagiri Tahasil. The historical Bhrutanga River originates here.
Another temple dedicated to Lord Anandeswar and Jogeswar (Siva) is located nearby; one big fair is held here on the Sivaratri day. The place is situated in the midst of thick forest.
Daringbadi is situated at a height of about 3,000 ft (914.4 m) above sea level in Balliguda sub-division. It is 105 km (65 mi) from Phulbani. It can be approached directly from Berhampur. The place is attractive in the summer season due to its low temperatures. Hill View point has been developed at Daringbadi, where visitors can view the valley. A tourist complex has been built at Daringibadi for accommodation of tourists. Coffee plantations attract visitors to Daringibadi all through the year.
Dungi is about 45 km from Phulbani, situated on Phulbani-Berhampur road in G. Udayagiri Tehsil. This is the only archaeological site in Kandhamal district. There was one Buddha Vihar of the 11th century; since it was ruined, Siva temples have come up on the site, excavated during construction of new temples, and are kept in the temple premises. One Buddha statue has been shifted from the nearby area to the Odisha State Museum, Bhubaneswar.
Jalespeta is a valley about 127 km from Phulbani, situated near Tumudibandh. It is the site of a Shiva temple located right between the hilly river rock bed. The banks of the tiny river surprisingly have white sand, which is very rare for this place. This part of the state usually doesn't have such clear white sand, which is common in coastal region river banks and sea shores.
Kalinga Valley (Kalinga Ghaats) is located 48 km away from Phulbani, the district headquarters on the Phulbani – Berhampur National Highway. The valley is famous for silviculture garden and medicinal plant cultivation. The silviculture garden has rubber trees and human-thick bamboo plants.
Ludu is located about 100 km (62 mi) from Balliguda in Kotagarh Block and 185 km from Phulbani. It is situated in dense forest inhabited by wild elephants. One fair-weather road leads to the side via Subarngiri. There is a 100-foot (30.5 m) high waterfall.
Mandasaru Kuti is located about 100 km from Phulbani in the Raikia Block. There is an old church on the outskirts of the village, surrounded by mountains. There is a mountain gorge nearby. Lodging options available.
Pakadajhar is about 30 km from Phulbani town near the village Sudrukumpa, situated on Phulbani-Boudh road in Phulbani Tahasil. The Pakdajhar waterfall is 60 feet high, and is nestled in the natural forest. There is a single road leading to the site from Sudrukumpa. With recent development of the destinations, a lot of tourists visit the place for picnics from early November to the end of February.
Putudi is 18 km from Phulbani town with a waterfall of 100 feet (30 m) height, situated in the dense forest. One good road leads to the site. The waterfall is on the river Salunki.
Rushimal is situated about 50 km from Daringibadi, near the village Tamangi in Hattimunda G. P. A group of hills known as Rushimal hills are the origin of the river Rushikulya. At the source there is a small reservoir known as “Rushikunda”, and above the hilltop a cave known as Rushigumpha.
Urmagada is 17 km from Phulbani town on Phulbani-Gochhapada road in Phulbani Tahasil. The waterfall is 50 feet high, situated in a dense forest. One fair-weather road leads to the site.
Kotagarh is located in Kandhamal district about 120 km from Phulabani and 54 km from Baliguda. In the Kotagarh block there is a 375 m waterfall. Maa Bhabani Temple is in Keshragu, 2 km from Kotagarh (Bighna). Kotagarh also has a wildlife sanctuary with elephants, tigers, nilgai, wild boar, chital and antelopes. Along with a variety of reptiles and mammals, the sanctuary has an aviary as well. The aviary has red jungle fowl, peafowl, peacocks and a wide variety of wild birds.
Kuruduawaterfall is situated at the village of Ladimaha in Kotagada block about 160 km from the district headquarter Phulbani. It is surrounded with dense bamboo forest.
Transport
The nearest airport is at Bhubaneswar 211 km (131 mi). There is an airstrip at Gudari 5 km from Phulbani town for landing small planes and helicopters.
The nearest railway station is Rairakhol, on the Sambalpur – Bhubaneshwar line, which is 99 km from Phulbani. However, Berhampur (165 km (103 mi) from Phulbani) is another convenient rail link.
By road, Kandhamal can be approached from Sambalpur via Boudh (170 km, 106 miles) and Berhampur (165 km) as well as from Bhubaneshwar via Nayagarh (210 km, 130 miles). It is 170 km (110 mi) away from Bolangir.
While there are no dedicated tourist buses to the places of interest in the district, taxis may be hired at Phulbani or Balliguda. There is no railway route in the district.
Health facilities
There are fourteen hospitals:
District Headquarters Hospital, Phulbani
Sub Divisional Hospital, Balliguda
Community Health Centre, Subarnagiri
Community Health Centre, Tumudibandha
Community Health Centre, Barakhama
Community Health Centre, Daringbadi
Community Health Centre, K.Nuagaon
Community Health Centre, Raikia
Community Health Centre, G.Udayagiri
Community Health Centre, Brahamanpad
Community Health Centre, Tikabali
Community Health Centre, Gumagarh
Community Health Centre, Phiringia
Community Health Centre, Khajuripada
Politics
Lok Sabha constituencies
No.
Constituency
Reservation
Current MP
Party
13
Kandhamal
Unserved
Achyuta Samanta
BJD
Vidhan sabha constituencies
Main article: List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha
The following are the 3 Vidhan sabha constituencies of Kandhamal district and the elected members of that area.
No.
Constituency
Reservation
Extent of the Assembly Constituency (Blocks)
Member of 14th Assembly
Party
82
Baliguda
ST
Baliguda, K. Nuagam, Kotagarh, Tumudibandh
Chakramani kanhar
BJD
83
G. Udayagiri
ST
Raikia, Daringbadi, G. Udayagiri, Tikabali, G. Udayagiri (NAC)
Saluga Pradhan
BJD
84
Phulbani
ST
Chakapada, Phulbani, Khajuripada, Phiringia, Phulbani (NAC)
Dugni Kanhar
BJD
Communal unrest and insurgency
Main article: Religious violence in Odisha
On 25 December 2007, ethnic conflict broke out between Khond tribals and Pano Scheduled Caste people in Kandhamals.
Main article: 2008 Kandhamal violence
This section is an excerpt from 2008 Kandhamal violence.
The 2008 Kandhamal violence refers to widespread violence against Christians purportedly incited by Hindutva organisations in the Kandhamal district of Orissa, India, in August 2008 after the murder of the Hindu monk Lakshmanananda Saraswati. According to government reports the violence resulted in at least 39 Christians killed and 3906 Christian houses completely destroyed. Reports state, more than 395 churches were razed or burnt down, over 5,600 – 6,500 houses plundered or burnt down, over 600 villages ransacked and more than 60,000 – 75,000 people left homeless. Other reports put the death toll at nearly 100 and suggested more than 40 women were sexually assaulted. Unofficial reports placed the number of those killed to more than 500. Many Christian families were burnt alive. Thousands of Christians were forced to convert to Hinduism under threat of violence. Many Hindu families were also assaulted in some places because they supported the Indian National Congress (INC) party. This violence was led by the Bajrang Dal, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the VHP.
Tensions reportedly started with violent incidents over Christmas 2007 which resulted in the burning of over 100 churches and church institutions, including hostels, convents, and over 700 houses. Three persons were also killed during the three days after Christmas. The Hindutva groups and activists of the Kui Samaj were mostly involved in the 2007 attacks.
After the riots 20,000 people were sheltered in 14 government established relief camps and 50,000 people fled to the surrounding districts and states. The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom reported that by March 2009, and at least 3,000 individuals were still in government relief camps.
Manoj Pradhan, a MLA of the Bharatiya Janata Party was convicted in the violence in 2010. 18 people were also convicted in the same year. Seven Christians and a Maoist leader were convicted for the murder of Lakshmanananda Saraswati on 2013.
In April 2010, a special "fast track" court in Phulbani convicted 105 people. Ten people were acquitted due to lack of evidence.
It is currently a part of the Red Corridor of India, an area with significant Maoist insurgency activity. Suspected Maoist rebels detonated a roadside land mine on 27 November 2010, blowing up an ambulance. A patient, a paramedic, and the vehicle's driver were killed.
References
^ "Odisha government effected a major reshuffle in IAS cadre".
^ a b c d "District Census Handbook 2011 - Kandhamal" (PDF). Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
^ "Census of India 2011 - Odisha - Series 22 - Part XII B - District Census Handbook, Kandhamal" (PDF).
^ Behera, Nirmalya (2019). "On Foundation Day, Odisha receives GI tag for 'Kandhamal Haldi'". Business Standard.
^ Uma & Grover 2010, p. 14.
^ "Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Odisha". Census of India, 2011. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
^
US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved 2011-10-01. Guyana 744,768
^
"2010 Resident Population Data". U. S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2011-08-17. Retrieved 2011-09-30. Alaska 710,231
^ a b "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Odisha". Census of India 2011. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
^ "India's remote faith battleground". BBC News. 26 September 2008.
^ Uma & Grover 2010, p. 14-15.
^ Orissa (India). Silviculture Division (1970). Annual Research Report. Chief Conservator of Forests. Retrieved 2019-07-13.
^ Assembly Constituencies and their EXtent
^ Seats of Odisha
^ "List of Member in Fourteenth Assembly". ws.ori.nic.in. Archived from the original on 2 May 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2013. MEMBER NAME
^ a b "In photos: Damaged churches, broken homes are the lingering scars of the 2008 Kandhamal riots". Scroll.in. 5 September 2018. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
^ "India: EFICOR responds to Communal Violence in Kandhamal, Orissa – Update 4 – India". ReliefWeb. 12 February 2009. Retrieved 2021-02-01.
^ a b "Christians seek justice seven years after Kandhamal riots". Reuters. 2015-09-08. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
^ "On the Anniversary of Kandhamal Violence, the Least We Can Do Is Remember". The Wire. Retrieved 2021-02-01.
^ "10 years after Kandhamal riots, both sides say they await justice". The Indian Express. 2018-08-24. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
^ "Kandhamal without closure". The Indian Express. 2018-08-26. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
^ "Kandhamal beats Gujarat in violence statistics". India Today. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
^ a b Das, Prafulla (25 September 2008). "Project Orissa". Frontline. Retrieved 2021-01-31.
^ "India: New and protracted displacement ongoing in absence of formalised response – India". ReliefWeb. 22 December 2008. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
^ Chatterji, Angana (February 2009). "A state of emergency". Communalism Combat. 15 (137).
^ "3,706 acquitted in Kandhamal riots". OrissaPOST. 2020-01-24. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
^ "India: Stop Hindu-Christian Violence in Orissa". Human Rights Watch. 2007-12-29.
^ "Twelve more churches razed in Orissa". Rediff. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
^ "Kandhamal: 7 years' RI for BJP's Manoj Pradhan". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 2021-11-19. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
^ "Orissa: 18 convicted, 64 acquitted in Kandhamal riot cases". The Times of India. December 28, 2010. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
^ Ramani, Priya (26 August 2018). "'They don't feel sorry': Revisiting Kandhamal 10 years after the violence against Christians". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
^ Das, Sib Kumar (2013-10-03). "Life term for 8 in Lakshmanananda murder case". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
^
Sib Kumar Das (1 April 2010). "7 sentenced in Kandhamal riots cases". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
^
"83 districts under the Security Related Expenditure Scheme". IntelliBriefs. 2009-12-11. Retrieved 2011-09-17.
^
"Report: Suspected rebels kill 3 in eastern India". The Guardian. London. 28 November 2010.
Sources
Osuri, Goldie (2013), Religious Freedom in India: Sovereignty and (anti) Conversion, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415665575
Uma, Saumya; Grover, Vrinda (2010), Kandhamal: The Law must Change its Course, New Delhi: MARG: Multiple Action Research Group, ISBN 978-81-87377-19-1
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kandhamal district.
Official website
Preliminary Findings & Recommendations - The National People’s Tribunal on Kandhamal, available at South Asia Citizens Web, 29 August 2010.
From Kandhamal to Karavali: The Ugly Face of the Sangh Parivar, available at South Asia Citizen's Web, March 2009.
Places adjacent to Kandhamal district
Balangir district
Baudh district
Kalahandi district
Kandhamal district
Nayagarh district
Rayagada district
Gajapati district
Ganjam district
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ground_View_of_Lovers_Point_North,Near_Daringbadi.jpg"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Phulbani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phulbani"},{"link_name":"Geographical indication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_indication"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"District of Odisha in IndiaKandhamal district also known as Phulbani district is a district in the state of Odisha, India. The District headquarters of the district is Phulbani. It is a district full with natural beauties includes wild animals and birds.Kandhamal is famous for its local turmeric renowned as 'Kandhamal Haldi' which has earned the Geographical indication (GI) tag from Intellectual Property India, an organisation functioning under the auspices of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India).[4]","title":"Kandhamal district"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boudh Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudh_District"},{"link_name":"Kandha tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khonds"}],"text":"The Kandhamal district was established on January 1, 1994, following the division of Phulbani District into Kandhamal and Boudh Districts in Odisha, India. The district derived its name from the prominent Kandha tribe, which inhabits the region.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Baliguda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baliguda"},{"link_name":"G. Udayagiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Udayagiri"},{"link_name":"Tikabali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikabali"},{"link_name":"Raikia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raikia"},{"link_name":"Human Development Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmaGrover201014-5"}],"text":"The district lies between 83.30° E to 84-48° E longitude and 19-34° N to 20-54° latitude. The district headquarters is Phulbani, located in the central part of the district. The other popular[clarification needed] locations are Baliguda, G. Udayagiri, Tikabali and Raikia.Daringabadi(kashmir of odisha)The territory is rural, with a number of waterfalls, springs, hill stations, and historical and archaeological places.Area: 8,021 km²\nAltitude: 300 to 1100 meter\nRainfall: 1,597 millimetres (62.9 in)\nClimate: Minimum temperature (December) 1 °C (34 °F); maximum temperature (May) 35 °C (95 °F)A majority of the land area of the district (71%) is forests, and 12% of the land is cultivable. The road connectivity with other districts is poor. Kandhamal is one of the poorest districts in Orissa, ranking 29th out of 30 districts by the Human Development Index.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-religion-6"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Odisha"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Odisha"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_census_of_India"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-2"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-7"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_India"},{"link_name":"population growth rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning_in_India"},{"link_name":"sex ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sex_ratio"},{"link_name":"females","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_India"},{"link_name":"literacy rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_in_India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtcensus-2"},{"link_name":"Kandha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khonds"},{"link_name":"Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pano_(caste)"},{"link_name":"Gond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondi_people"},{"link_name":"Kandha Gauda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandha_Gauda"},{"link_name":"Ghasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghasi"},{"link_name":"Soura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora_people"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-langreport-9"},{"link_name":"Odia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_language"},{"link_name":"Kui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kui_language_(India)"},{"link_name":"2011 Census of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Census_of_India"},{"link_name":"Odia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_language"},{"link_name":"Kui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kui_language_(India)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-langreport-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-10"},{"link_name":"Panos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pano_(caste)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUmaGrover201014-15-11"}],"text":"Religions in Kandhamal district (2011)[6]\n\nReligion\n\nPercent\n\n\nHinduism\n \n79.16%\n\n\nChristianity\n \n20.31%\n\n\nOther or not stated\n \n0.53%According to the 2011 census Kandhamal district has a population of 733,110,[2] roughly equal to the nation of Guyana[7] or the US state of Alaska.[8] This gives it a ranking of 497th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 91 inhabitants per square kilometre (240/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.92%. Kandhamal has a sex ratio of 1037 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 65.12%. 9.86% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes collectively account for 69.34% (SC: 15.76% and ST: 53.58%)[2] of the district's total population. Kandha and Pan are the two dominant communities of the district, comprising over half the population with 50% and 12% respectively. While other Scheduled communities like Gond, Kandha Gauda, Haddi, Ghasi, Savar (Soura), Tanla, Keuta, Dom, and Dhoba also have a considerable presence. The district's general population makes up the remaining 30.66%.Languages of Kandhamal district (2011)[9]\n\n Odia (53.15%) Kui (45.65%) Other (1.2%)At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 53.15% of the population in the district spoke Odia and 45.65% Kui as their first language.[9]A majority of the inhabitants belong to the Kondh tribe, following various religious faiths, who are said to be \"proud and aggressive\", in the words of a district official.[10] The Kondhs hold 77% of the cultivable land. Khond Scheduled Tribes (including 21% Protestant Christian Khond tribals) make up the total of 53.6% of the population of the District.Panos (the main Dalit community) hold less than 9% of the cultivable land. Officially Hindu, the Scheduled Castes, most of whom belong to Pano (Scheduled Caste) community, make up 15.8% of the population. However it is estimated that more than 10. 3% of the aforementioned 15.8% Panos in Kandhamal, while claiming to be Hindu in documents, covertly practise Catholicism in reality, and hence they are not even legally eligible for Scheduled Caste Status. [11]The majority of Panos are \"covert\" Catholics and there have been intercinine conflicts between the Catholic Panos and Protestant/ Hindu Khonds in Kandhamal over land resources.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horticulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture"},{"link_name":"sericulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sericulture"},{"link_name":"floriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floriculture"},{"link_name":"orchids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchids"},{"link_name":"Mango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango"},{"link_name":"Indian gooseberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_gooseberry"},{"link_name":"kendu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendu"},{"link_name":"meswak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meswak"},{"link_name":"jackfruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfruit"},{"link_name":"Thysanolaena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thysanolaena"},{"link_name":"turmeric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric"}],"text":"Rice is the primary staple food and crop of Kandhamal district. In recent years residents have focused on horticulture, sericulture, floriculture and other agricultural activities apart from rice. The district is full of flora and fauna. A wide variety of wildflowers like orchids are found in the dense forests of the district. Mango, mahula (mahua), Indian gooseberry (amla), kendu, meswak and jackfruit are also found in abundance in the wilderness. Bamboo and Thysanolaena (broom grass) are collected from the forests of Kandhamal and used or sold. A special pulse known as kandula is native to this district; the Kondh people mostly cultivate it in the hilly forests. The organic turmeric cultivated in this district is popularly known as 'Kandhamal Haladi' and is renowned for its purity. An organization called Kasam promotes turmeric cultivation in the district. In some areas ginger is also cultivated along with turmeric.","title":"Agriculture"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Odiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_people"},{"link_name":"Chaitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitra"},{"link_name":"Holi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holi"},{"link_name":"Diwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali"},{"link_name":"Rakshabandhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakshabandhan"},{"link_name":"Shivratri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivratri"},{"link_name":"Ram Navami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Navami"},{"link_name":"Janmashtami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janmashtami"},{"link_name":"Kartik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartik_(month)"},{"link_name":"Shravan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shravana_(month)"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Protestant Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter"},{"link_name":"Ramzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan"},{"link_name":"Muharram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muharram"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Buddha Jayanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha_Jayanti"},{"link_name":"Sikhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhs"},{"link_name":"Jains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jains"}],"sub_title":"Festivals","text":"The people of Kandhamal celebrate many religious festivals from their tribal culture as well as many Odiya festivals.\nThe Danda Nach is celebrated in the district mainly by the Kondh tribals, following their traditional religion. They observe this for thirteen days in the Hindu month of Chaitra. People go fasting for all the thirteen days who viewed for the particular boon or for grace from the goddess Kaali. The festival starts on the first of April and closes on the thirteenth day. The closing ceremony is called Meru. Kondhas consume the first mango of the season, only after it has been offered to the goddess Kaali on the evening of Meru.In the month of January, Kondhs perform worship rituals after harvesting in the villages as per their own convenience. This puja is called Sisaa Laka. In the month of March they perform puja to get blessings from Darni Penu (the village deity) and Saru Penu (a mountain deity) to collect the mahula flower and green mangoes as well as the forest products. After offering to the deity, they collect the product to use as food, etc.In the month of April/May they offer the mohula flower in the form of cakes to the village deity; this is called Maranga Laka. On special occasions Kedu Laka is done depending on the requirement of the mother earth, which is decided by the village priest, locally called Kuta Gatanju. Kedu Laka is one of the main occasions among the Kandha tribes in Raikia block; they do Kedu Laka to eat mangoes of the village.After the sowing of the crops, to appease the mother earth, puja is performed for good crops at the village deity by the priest called Jakera. This Puja is called Bora Laka. This puja is done in the month of September/October. In the month of November/December new crops are collected; chuda and rice are prepared and made into khiri (rice pudding), which is offered to the village deity, and the villagers eat the new harvest.The major Hindu festivals like Holi, Diwali, Rakshabandhan, Shivratri, Ram Navami and Janmashtami are celebrated by Kondhs and other Hindus in the district with equal fervor. The Hindu month of Kartik is considered sacred by tribal and other Hindu residents of the district; people observe fasting and stay away from non-vegetarian food and alcohol. Nowadays people celebrate the Savan (Shravan) month by offering their prayers to Shiva and carrying water to Shiv temples walking barefoot. During Rakshabandhan, village children organize a game called Gamhadiyan, where a small earthen pedestal is created and a string containing toffes is hung over it. Children jump over the pedestal to pluck and win the goodies from the string.Many of the Khond tribal people converted to Protestant Christianity in the late 19th century, and they celebrate Christmas and Easter as well. Some of the Kondhs follow Islam and Eid; Ramzan and Muharram are also celebrated.The Catholic Panos celebrate Christmas and Easter while the Hindu Panos celebrate all Hindu festivals. There are several Panos who have converted from Catholicism and Hinduism to Buddhism, especially in Raikia and Balliguda, and they celebrate Buddha Jayanti religious festivals.There are other small communities of Sikhs and Jains who also celebrate their religious festivals.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Daringbadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daringbadi"},{"link_name":"Berhampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berhampur"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Daringbadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daringbadi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungi"},{"link_name":"Odisha State Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha_State_Museum"},{"link_name":"Bhubaneswar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhubaneswar"},{"link_name":"Phulbani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phulbani"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"silviculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silviculture"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"rubber trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_tree"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orissa_(India)._Silviculture_Division_1970_p.-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Phulbani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phulbani"},{"link_name":"nilgai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgai"},{"link_name":"chital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chital"}],"sub_title":"Places of interest","text":"Balaskumpa is a village in this south-east of Kandhmal (Phulbani) Sub-Division situated 20-25’N and 84-21’ at the confluence of two hilly streams, which combine to form the Pilla Salki river. It is 15 km (9.3 mi) from the Phulbani district headquarters, connected by a good road.Belghar is situated at a height of more than 2,000 feet (609.6 metres) above the sea level in Balliguda sub-division. It is 70 km (43 mi) from Balliguda and 155 km from Phulbani.\nThe area has a number of mountains, forest and wild animals, especially elephants. It has an Inspection Bungalow of Forest Department, which is built with wooden planks. It is lighted by solar power. Ushabali valley is near the village. Sometimes flocks of peacocks or wild elephants are seen by the roadside.[citation needed]Chakapad is situated about 800 ft (243.84 m) from sea level in G. Udayagiri Tahasil. The historical Bhrutanga River originates here.Another temple dedicated to Lord Anandeswar and Jogeswar (Siva) is located nearby; one big fair is held here on the Sivaratri day. The place is situated in the midst of thick forest.Daringbadi is situated at a height of about 3,000 ft (914.4 m) above sea level in Balliguda sub-division. It is 105 km (65 mi) from Phulbani. It can be approached directly from Berhampur. The place is attractive in the summer season due to its low temperatures.[citation needed] Hill View point has been developed at Daringbadi, where visitors can view the valley.[citation needed] A tourist complex has been built at Daringibadi for accommodation of tourists. Coffee plantations attract visitors to Daringibadi all through the year.[citation needed]Dungi is about 45 km from Phulbani, situated on Phulbani-Berhampur road in G. Udayagiri Tehsil. This is the only archaeological site in Kandhamal district. There was one Buddha Vihar of the 11th century; since it was ruined, Siva temples have come up on the site, excavated during construction of new temples, and are kept in the temple premises. One Buddha statue has been shifted from the nearby area to the Odisha State Museum, Bhubaneswar.Jalespeta is a valley about 127 km from Phulbani, situated near Tumudibandh. It is the site of a Shiva temple located right between the hilly river rock bed. The banks of the tiny river surprisingly have white sand, which is very rare for this place.[citation needed] This part of the state usually doesn't have such clear white sand, which is common in coastal region river banks and sea shores.Kalinga Valley (Kalinga Ghaats) is located 48 km away from Phulbani, the district headquarters on the Phulbani – Berhampur National Highway. The valley is famous for silviculture garden and medicinal plant cultivation.[citation needed] The silviculture garden has rubber trees and human-thick bamboo plants.[12][citation needed]Ludu is located about 100 km (62 mi) from Balliguda in Kotagarh Block and 185 km from Phulbani. It is situated in dense forest inhabited by wild elephants. One fair-weather road leads to the side via Subarngiri. There is a 100-foot (30.5 m) high waterfall.Mandasaru Kuti is located about 100 km from Phulbani in the Raikia Block. There is an old church on the outskirts of the village, surrounded by mountains. There is a mountain gorge nearby. Lodging options available.Pakadajhar is about 30 km from Phulbani town near the village Sudrukumpa, situated on Phulbani-Boudh road in Phulbani Tahasil. The Pakdajhar waterfall is 60 feet high, and is nestled in the natural forest. There is a single road leading to the site from Sudrukumpa. With recent development of the destinations, a lot of tourists visit the place for picnics from early November to the end of February.Putudi is 18 km from Phulbani town with a waterfall of 100 feet (30 m) height, situated in the dense forest. One good road leads to the site. The waterfall is on the river Salunki.Rushimal is situated about 50 km from Daringibadi, near the village Tamangi in Hattimunda G. P. A group of hills known as Rushimal hills are the origin of the river Rushikulya. At the source there is a small reservoir known as “Rushikunda”, and above the hilltop a cave known as Rushigumpha.Urmagada is 17 km from Phulbani town on Phulbani-Gochhapada road in Phulbani Tahasil. The waterfall is 50 feet high, situated in a dense forest. One fair-weather road leads to the site.Kotagarh is located in Kandhamal district about 120 km from Phulabani and 54 km from Baliguda. In the Kotagarh block there is a 375 m waterfall. Maa Bhabani Temple is in Keshragu, 2 km from Kotagarh (Bighna). Kotagarh also has a wildlife sanctuary with elephants, tigers, nilgai, wild boar, chital and antelopes. Along with a variety of reptiles and mammals, the sanctuary has an aviary as well. The aviary has red jungle fowl, peafowl, peacocks and a wide variety of wild birds.Kuruduawaterfall is situated at the village of Ladimaha in Kotagada block about 160 km from the district headquarter Phulbani. It is surrounded with dense bamboo forest.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bhubaneswar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhubaneswar"},{"link_name":"Gudari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudari,_Rayagada"},{"link_name":"Phulbani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phulbani"},{"link_name":"Rairakhol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rairakhol"},{"link_name":"Sambalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambalpur"},{"link_name":"Berhampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berhampur"},{"link_name":"Sambalpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambalpur"},{"link_name":"Boudh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudh"},{"link_name":"Berhampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berhampur"},{"link_name":"Bhubaneshwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhubaneshwar"},{"link_name":"Nayagarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayagarh"},{"link_name":"Bolangir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolangir"}],"text":"The nearest airport is at Bhubaneswar 211 km (131 mi). There is an airstrip at Gudari 5 km from Phulbani town for landing small planes and helicopters.The nearest railway station is Rairakhol, on the Sambalpur – Bhubaneshwar line, which is 99 km from Phulbani. However, Berhampur (165 km (103 mi) from Phulbani) is another convenient rail link.By road, Kandhamal can be approached from Sambalpur via Boudh (170 km, 106 miles) and Berhampur (165 km) as well as from Bhubaneshwar via Nayagarh (210 km, 130 miles). It is 170 km (110 mi) away from Bolangir.While there are no dedicated tourist buses to the places of interest in the district, taxis may be hired at Phulbani or Balliguda. There is no railway route in the district.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are fourteen hospitals:District Headquarters Hospital, Phulbani\nSub Divisional Hospital, Balliguda\nCommunity Health Centre, Subarnagiri\nCommunity Health Centre, Tumudibandha\nCommunity Health Centre, Barakhama\nCommunity Health Centre, Daringbadi\nCommunity Health Centre, K.Nuagaon\nCommunity Health Centre, Raikia\nCommunity Health Centre, G.Udayagiri\nCommunity Health Centre, Brahamanpad\nCommunity Health Centre, Tikabali\nCommunity Health Centre, Gumagarh\nCommunity Health Centre, Phiringia\nCommunity Health Centre, Khajuripada","title":"Health facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lok Sabha constituencies","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vidhan sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Vidhan sabha constituencies","text":"The following are the 3 Vidhan sabha constituencies[13][14] of Kandhamal district and the elected members[15] of that area.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khond tribals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khonds"},{"link_name":"2008 Kandhamal violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kandhamal_violence"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2008_Kandhamal_violence&action=edit"},{"link_name":"2008 Kandhamal violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kandhamal_violence"},{"link_name":"violence against Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_against_Christians_in_India"},{"link_name":"Hindutva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva"},{"link_name":"Lakshmanananda Saraswati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmanananda_Saraswati"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Kandhamal_violence_:12-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Kandhamal_violence_:16-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Kandhamal_violence_:8-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Kandhamal_violence_:13-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Kandhamal_violence_:15-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Kandhamal_violence_:17-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Kandhamal_violence_:11-24"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Kandhamal_violence_:8-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Kandhamal_violence_:12-16"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindus"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Kandhamal_violence_:17-23"},{"link_name":"Bajrang Dal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajrang_Dal"},{"link_name":"Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Kandhamal_violence_Chatterji2009-25"},{"link_name":"violent incidents over Christmas 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Christmas_violence_in_Kandhamal"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Kandhamal_violence_:7-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Kandhamal_violence_:0-27"},{"link_name":"Hindutva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva"},{"link_name":"Kui Samaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kui_Samaj&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Kandhamal_violence_Rediff2020-28"},{"link_name":"United States Commission on International Religious Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_International_Religious_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Manoj Pradhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoj_Pradhan"},{"link_name":"Bharatiya Janata Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008_Kandhamal_violence_18convicted-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hindu2010convictions-33"},{"link_name":"Red Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Corridor"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Maoist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxalite-Maoist_insurgency"},{"link_name":"land mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_mine"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"On 25 December 2007, ethnic conflict broke out between Khond tribals and Pano Scheduled Caste people in Kandhamals.This section is an excerpt from 2008 Kandhamal violence.[edit]\nThe 2008 Kandhamal violence refers to widespread violence against Christians purportedly incited by Hindutva organisations in the Kandhamal district of Orissa, India, in August 2008 after the murder of the Hindu monk Lakshmanananda Saraswati.[16] According to government reports the violence resulted in at least 39 Christians killed and 3906 Christian houses completely destroyed.[17] Reports state, more than 395 churches were razed or burnt down,[18] over 5,600 – 6,500 houses plundered or burnt down, over 600 villages ransacked and more than 60,000 – 75,000 people left homeless.[19][20][21] Other reports put the death toll at nearly 100 and suggested more than 40 women were sexually assaulted. Unofficial reports placed the number of those killed to more than 500.[22] Many Christian families were burnt alive.[23] Thousands of Christians were forced to convert to Hinduism under threat of violence.[24][18][16] Many Hindu families were also assaulted in some places because they supported the Indian National Congress (INC) party.[23] This violence was led by the Bajrang Dal, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the VHP.[25]\nTensions reportedly started with violent incidents over Christmas 2007 which resulted in the burning of over 100 churches and church institutions, including hostels, convents, and over 700 houses. Three persons were also killed during the three days after Christmas.[26][27] The Hindutva groups and activists of the Kui Samaj were mostly involved in the 2007 attacks.[28]\nAfter the riots 20,000 people were sheltered in 14 government established relief camps and 50,000 people fled to the surrounding districts and states. The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom reported that by March 2009, and at least 3,000 individuals were still in government relief camps.\n\nManoj Pradhan, a MLA of the Bharatiya Janata Party was convicted in the violence in 2010.[29] 18 people were also convicted in the same year.[30] Seven Christians and a Maoist leader were convicted for the murder of Lakshmanananda Saraswati on 2013.[31][32]In April 2010, a special \"fast track\" court in Phulbani convicted 105 people.[33] Ten people were acquitted due to lack of evidence.It is currently a part of the Red Corridor of India, an area with significant Maoist insurgency activity.[34] Suspected Maoist rebels detonated a roadside land mine on 27 November 2010, blowing up an ambulance. A patient, a paramedic, and the vehicle's driver were killed.[35]","title":"Communal unrest and insurgency"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ground_View_of_Lovers_Point_North%2CNear_Daringbadi.jpg/220px-Ground_View_of_Lovers_Point_North%2CNear_Daringbadi.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Odisha government effected a major reshuffle in IAS cadre\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uniindia.com/odisha-government-effected-a-major-reshuffle-in-ias-cadre/east/news/2759289.html","url_text":"\"Odisha government effected a major reshuffle in IAS cadre\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook 2011 - Kandhamal\" (PDF). Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/944/download/36644/DH_2011_2121_PART_A_DCHB_KANDHAMAL.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook 2011 - Kandhamal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_India","url_text":"Census of India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India","url_text":"Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of India 2011 - Odisha - Series 22 - Part XII B - District Census Handbook, Kandhamal\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/945/download/36648/DH_2011_2121_PART_B_DCHB_KANDHAMAL.pdf","url_text":"\"Census of India 2011 - Odisha - Series 22 - Part XII B - District Census Handbook, Kandhamal\""}]},{"reference":"Behera, Nirmalya (2019). \"On Foundation Day, Odisha receives GI tag for 'Kandhamal Haldi'\". Business Standard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/on-foundation-day-odisha-receives-gi-tag-for-kandhamal-haldi-119040101058_1.html","url_text":"\"On Foundation Day, Odisha receives GI tag for 'Kandhamal Haldi'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Odisha\". Census of India, 2011. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11387/download/14500/DDW21C-01%20MDDS.XLS","url_text":"\"Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Odisha\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India","url_text":"Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India"}]},{"reference":"US Directorate of Intelligence. \"Country Comparison:Population\". Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved 2011-10-01. Guyana 744,768","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html","url_text":"\"Country Comparison:Population\""},{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Resident Population Data\". U. S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2011-08-17. Retrieved 2011-09-30. Alaska 710,231","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110817034911/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php","url_text":"\"2010 Resident Population Data\""},{"url":"https://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Odisha\". Census of India 2011. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10217/download/13329/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2100.XLSX","url_text":"\"Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Odisha\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India","url_text":"Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India"}]},{"reference":"\"India's remote faith battleground\". BBC News. 26 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7637087.stm","url_text":"\"India's remote faith battleground\""}]},{"reference":"Orissa (India). Silviculture Division (1970). Annual Research Report. Chief Conservator of Forests. Retrieved 2019-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Be0oAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Annual Research Report"}]},{"reference":"\"List of Member in Fourteenth Assembly\". ws.ori.nic.in. Archived from the original on 2 May 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2013. MEMBER NAME","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070502003512/http://ws.ori.nic.in/ola/mlaprofile/listofmem1.asp","url_text":"\"List of Member in Fourteenth Assembly\""},{"url":"http://ws.ori.nic.in/ola/mlaprofile/listofmem1.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"In photos: Damaged churches, broken homes are the lingering scars of the 2008 Kandhamal riots\". Scroll.in. 5 September 2018. Retrieved 2020-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://scroll.in/article/892641/in-photos-damaged-churches-broken-homes-are-the-lingering-scars-of-the-2008-kandhamal-riots","url_text":"\"In photos: Damaged churches, broken homes are the lingering scars of the 2008 Kandhamal riots\""}]},{"reference":"\"India: EFICOR responds to Communal Violence in Kandhamal, Orissa – Update 4 – India\". ReliefWeb. 12 February 2009. Retrieved 2021-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-eficor-responds-communal-violence-kandhamal-orissa-update-4","url_text":"\"India: EFICOR responds to Communal Violence in Kandhamal, Orissa – Update 4 – India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christians seek justice seven years after Kandhamal riots\". Reuters. 2015-09-08. Retrieved 2020-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN0R821V/","url_text":"\"Christians seek justice seven years after Kandhamal riots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"On the Anniversary of Kandhamal Violence, the Least We Can Do Is Remember\". The Wire. Retrieved 2021-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://thewire.in/communalism/kandhamal-violence-anniversary-remembrance","url_text":"\"On the Anniversary of Kandhamal Violence, the Least We Can Do Is Remember\""}]},{"reference":"\"10 years after Kandhamal riots, both sides say they await justice\". The Indian Express. 2018-08-24. Retrieved 2020-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/india/10-years-after-kandhamal-riots-both-sides-say-they-await-justice-5322057/","url_text":"\"10 years after Kandhamal riots, both sides say they await justice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kandhamal without closure\". The Indian Express. 2018-08-26. Retrieved 2020-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/kandhamal-without-closure-5323775/","url_text":"\"Kandhamal without closure\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kandhamal beats Gujarat in violence statistics\". India Today. Retrieved 2020-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/web-exclusive/story/kandhamal-beats-gujarat-in-violence-statistics-32868-2008-11-05","url_text":"\"Kandhamal beats Gujarat in violence statistics\""}]},{"reference":"Das, Prafulla (25 September 2008). \"Project Orissa\". Frontline. Retrieved 2021-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30197634.ece","url_text":"\"Project Orissa\""}]},{"reference":"\"India: New and protracted displacement ongoing in absence of formalised response – India\". ReliefWeb. 22 December 2008. Retrieved 2020-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-new-and-protracted-displacement-ongoing-absence-formalised-response","url_text":"\"India: New and protracted displacement ongoing in absence of formalised response – India\""}]},{"reference":"Chatterji, Angana (February 2009). \"A state of emergency\". Communalism Combat. 15 (137).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sabrang.com/cc/archive/2009/feb09/orissa.html","url_text":"\"A state of emergency\""}]},{"reference":"\"3,706 acquitted in Kandhamal riots\". OrissaPOST. 2020-01-24. Retrieved 2020-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.orissapost.com/3706-acquitted-in-kandhamal-riots/","url_text":"\"3,706 acquitted in Kandhamal riots\""}]},{"reference":"\"India: Stop Hindu-Christian Violence in Orissa\". Human Rights Watch. 2007-12-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/news/2007/12/29/india-stop-hindu-christian-violence-orissa","url_text":"\"India: Stop Hindu-Christian Violence in Orissa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Twelve more churches razed in Orissa\". Rediff. Retrieved 2020-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/dec/27church.htm","url_text":"\"Twelve more churches razed in Orissa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kandhamal: 7 years' RI for BJP's Manoj Pradhan\". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 2021-11-19. Retrieved 2021-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211119161416/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2010/jun/29/kandhamal-7-years-ri-for-bjps-manoj-pradhan-127478.html","url_text":"\"Kandhamal: 7 years' RI for BJP's Manoj Pradhan\""},{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2010/jun/29/kandhamal-7-years-ri-for-bjps-manoj-pradhan-127478.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Orissa: 18 convicted, 64 acquitted in Kandhamal riot cases\". The Times of India. December 28, 2010. Retrieved 2020-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/18-convicted-64-acquitted-in-Kandhamal-riot-cases/articleshow/7179869.cms","url_text":"\"Orissa: 18 convicted, 64 acquitted in Kandhamal riot cases\""}]},{"reference":"Ramani, Priya (26 August 2018). \"'They don't feel sorry': Revisiting Kandhamal 10 years after the violence against Christians\". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2021-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://scroll.in/article/891587/they-dont-feel-sorry-revisiting-kandhamal-10-years-after-the-violence-against-christians","url_text":"\"'They don't feel sorry': Revisiting Kandhamal 10 years after the violence against Christians\""}]},{"reference":"Das, Sib Kumar (2013-10-03). \"Life term for 8 in Lakshmanananda murder case\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2021-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Life-term-for-8-in-Lakshmanananda-murder-case/article11789067.ece","url_text":"\"Life term for 8 in Lakshmanananda murder case\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"Sib Kumar Das (1 April 2010). \"7 sentenced in Kandhamal riots cases\". The Hindu. Chennai, India.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article347214.ece","url_text":"\"7 sentenced in Kandhamal riots cases\""}]},{"reference":"\"83 districts under the Security Related Expenditure Scheme\". IntelliBriefs. 2009-12-11. Retrieved 2011-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/12/naxal-menace-83-districts-under.html","url_text":"\"83 districts under the Security Related Expenditure Scheme\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report: Suspected rebels kill 3 in eastern India\". The Guardian. London. 28 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/9381552","url_text":"\"Report: Suspected rebels kill 3 in eastern India\""}]},{"reference":"Osuri, Goldie (2013), Religious Freedom in India: Sovereignty and (anti) Conversion, Routledge, ISBN 978-0415665575","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415665575","url_text":"978-0415665575"}]},{"reference":"Uma, Saumya; Grover, Vrinda (2010), Kandhamal: The Law must Change its Course, New Delhi: MARG: Multiple Action Research Group, ISBN 978-81-87377-19-1","urls":[{"url":"http://works.bepress.com/saumyauma/31/","url_text":"Kandhamal: The Law must Change its Course"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87377-19-1","url_text":"978-81-87377-19-1"}]}] | 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riots\""},{"Link":"https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-eficor-responds-communal-violence-kandhamal-orissa-update-4","external_links_name":"\"India: EFICOR responds to Communal Violence in Kandhamal, Orissa – Update 4 – India\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN0R821V/","external_links_name":"\"Christians seek justice seven years after Kandhamal riots\""},{"Link":"https://thewire.in/communalism/kandhamal-violence-anniversary-remembrance","external_links_name":"\"On the Anniversary of Kandhamal Violence, the Least We Can Do Is Remember\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/india/10-years-after-kandhamal-riots-both-sides-say-they-await-justice-5322057/","external_links_name":"\"10 years after Kandhamal riots, both sides say they await justice\""},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/kandhamal-without-closure-5323775/","external_links_name":"\"Kandhamal without closure\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/web-exclusive/story/kandhamal-beats-gujarat-in-violence-statistics-32868-2008-11-05","external_links_name":"\"Kandhamal beats Gujarat in violence statistics\""},{"Link":"https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30197634.ece","external_links_name":"\"Project Orissa\""},{"Link":"https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-new-and-protracted-displacement-ongoing-absence-formalised-response","external_links_name":"\"India: New and protracted displacement ongoing in absence of formalised response – India\""},{"Link":"https://www.sabrang.com/cc/archive/2009/feb09/orissa.html","external_links_name":"\"A state of emergency\""},{"Link":"https://www.orissapost.com/3706-acquitted-in-kandhamal-riots/","external_links_name":"\"3,706 acquitted in Kandhamal riots\""},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/news/2007/12/29/india-stop-hindu-christian-violence-orissa","external_links_name":"\"India: Stop Hindu-Christian Violence in Orissa\""},{"Link":"https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/dec/27church.htm","external_links_name":"\"Twelve more churches razed in Orissa\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211119161416/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2010/jun/29/kandhamal-7-years-ri-for-bjps-manoj-pradhan-127478.html","external_links_name":"\"Kandhamal: 7 years' RI for BJP's Manoj Pradhan\""},{"Link":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2010/jun/29/kandhamal-7-years-ri-for-bjps-manoj-pradhan-127478.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/18-convicted-64-acquitted-in-Kandhamal-riot-cases/articleshow/7179869.cms","external_links_name":"\"Orissa: 18 convicted, 64 acquitted in Kandhamal riot cases\""},{"Link":"https://scroll.in/article/891587/they-dont-feel-sorry-revisiting-kandhamal-10-years-after-the-violence-against-christians","external_links_name":"\"'They don't feel sorry': Revisiting Kandhamal 10 years after the violence against Christians\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Life-term-for-8-in-Lakshmanananda-murder-case/article11789067.ece","external_links_name":"\"Life term for 8 in Lakshmanananda murder case\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article347214.ece","external_links_name":"\"7 sentenced in Kandhamal riots cases\""},{"Link":"http://intellibriefs.blogspot.com/2009/12/naxal-menace-83-districts-under.html","external_links_name":"\"83 districts under the Security Related Expenditure Scheme\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/9381552","external_links_name":"\"Report: Suspected rebels kill 3 in eastern India\""},{"Link":"http://works.bepress.com/saumyauma/31/","external_links_name":"Kandhamal: The Law must Change its Course"},{"Link":"http://kandhamal.nic.in/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.sacw.net/article1575","external_links_name":"Preliminary Findings & Recommendations - The National People’s Tribunal on Kandhamal"},{"Link":"http://www.sacw.net/IMG/pdf/Kandhamal-Karavali2008.pdf","external_links_name":"From Kandhamal to Karavali: The Ugly Face of the Sangh Parivar"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/137531284","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7754134-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007465638905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no99069748","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadenatres | Cadenatres | ["1 History","2 Programming","2.1 Newscasts","2.2 Sports","2.3 Telenovelas","2.4 Comedy and political satire","2.5 International programming","2.6 Daytime and entertainment","2.7 Children's programming","2.8 Teen programming","3 Slogans","4 Cadenatres affiliates","5 References","6 External links"] | Former Mexican television network
For the current national network operated by Grupo Imagen and owned by Cadena Tres I, S.A. de C.V., see Imagen Televisión.
cadenatresTypeTerrestrial television networkCountryMexicoAvailabilityDefunctOwnerGrupo Empresarial ÁngelesKey peopleOlegario Vázquez RañaLaunch date28 May 2007Dissolved26 October 2015Official websitewww.cadenatres.com.mxReplaced byImagen Televisión
Cadenatres was a Mexican free-to-air network owned by Grupo Empresarial Ángeles (GEA), a company headed by Olegario Vázquez Raña and directed by Olegario Vázquez Aldir. Originally started by its flagship XHTRES in Mexico City as an independent terrestrial television station serving the Federal District and the Valley of Mexico, it later expanded coverage throughout the entire country through various subscription television systems and a handful of free-to-air affiliates.
Cadenatres was shut down on 26 October 2015, to allow Grupo Imagen, the communications subsidiary of GEA, to focus on building the Imagen Televisión national network, which launched on 17 October 2016.
History
After acquiring the television station XHRAE from Raúl Aréchiga Espinoza on July 18, 2006, GEA relaunched XHRAE-TV under the name CadenaTres (lit. Network Three) on May 28, 2007. Its goal was to become the third major national private-owned network in Mexico (hence the name). In order to achieve said goal, Grupo Imagen (GEA's multimedia branch) created a full commercial schedule for the general audience which included newscasts, films, sports, comedy shows, dramas, telenovelas, political satire, daytime programming and children and teens programming. Throughout its run, several associations with international networks and production companies enriched CadenaTres programming.
The network's coverage expanded from Mexico City to the entire Mexican republic through various cable television systems and its three broadcast affiliates in Baja California, Chihuahua and Sonora. It struggled to become a major network against fierce completion from the "duopoly" of TV Azteca and Televisa and laws that prevented to easily acquire stations throughout the country (namely, the Federal Telecommunications Act better known as the Televisa Law).
By September 30, 2009, its flagship station had changed its call sign to XHTRES-TV from XHRAE, reflecting its network identity.
The goal of becoming "The Third Network" finally materialized for Grupo Imagen, thanks to the 2013 Federal Telecommunications Act that ordered the creation of two nationwide over-the-air digital networks. On March 11, 2015, Grupo Imagen was granted the operation of one of the networks that would carry the CadenaTres signal nationwide over-the-air. However, in a sudden and unexpected decision, Grupo Imagen shut down CadenaTres on October 26, 2015, and replaced its feed in its flagship channel (XHTRES Channel 28) with the Excélsior TV news network. Except for their news anchors and paid programming (infomercials, TV ministries), all of CadenaTres programming suddenly ended its run. Allegedly, about 300 employees lost their jobs with the shutdown.
Programming
Newscasts
CadenaTres had three daily newscasts, early morning, afternoon and nightly, as well as hourly recaps. The main newscasts were the afternoon (led by Yuriria Sierra) and nightly programs. The nightly newscast had various anchors throughout its run, being the most important Pedro Ferriz de Con, Pablo Hiriart, and toward the end of the channel's life, Francisco Zea. They were famous for their rather aggressive and opinionated editorials by the anchors for nearly every report.
Sports
Boxing and wrestling were the first major sports programming on CadenaTres (aired on Saturday evenings). After Grupo Imagen acquired Querétaro FC, Liga MX soccer also became part of its sports programming, although it never managed to carry as many games as Televisa or TV Azteca.
Telenovelas
Thanks to several associations with Latin American networks such as Venevision, Televen, Telemundo and RCN (Colombia), CadenaTres aired several telenovelas and drama series. The last of these series was RCN's El Estilista, which was cut short on October 23, 2015.
On January 20, 2010, Argos and CadenaTres signed and agreement to create new and exclusive content for the network. Shows such as Las Aparicio (2010), El Sexo Débil (2011) and El octavo mandamiento (2011) enjoyed both critical and audience acclaim.
Comedy and political satire
Arguably, CadenaTres's major success was the political satire show Mikorte Informativo, a newscast parody inspired by The Planet of the Apes that featured three news anchors with a simian appearance that came from the planet Mikón and criticized the news every week, mostly national news (similar to SNL's Weekend Update). It first aired on November 29, 2009.
The success of Mikorte Informativo spun-off the creation of a weekend programming block known as Barra Desinformativa (Misinformation Block) in 2014. It featured two new shows that were very similar to the format of Mikorte: El Incorrecto (hosted by Eduardo Videgaray and José Ramón San Cristóbal, originally aired on E! Latino) and Ya ni llorar es bueno (hosted by stand-up comedian Gon Curiel).
A short-lived venture with production company Adicta Films in 2012 led to the creation of two original sitcoms: El Albergue and La Clínica. These were generally panned by both critics and the audience.
International programming
An association with Sony Entertainment Television Latin America allowed CadenaTres to acquire shows such as The Shield and CSI: New York and the reality show Latin American Idol around 2010/2011.
Up to its final date, CadenaTres acquired several old American sitcoms to create a Retro programming block. The block featured the shows The Nanny, I Dream of Jeannie, Bewitched, The Munsters, The Addams Family, The Lucy Show and The Beverly Hillbillies.
Daytime and entertainment
Daytime television was also produced. It featured morning variety-talk shows such as Bien familiar (hosted by Fernanda Familiar in 2008) and Nuestro Día (hosted by Martha Figueroa up to the shutdown of the network in 2015). It also featured the successful cooking show Cocinemos Juntos hosted by Many Muñoz that aired from 2011 to October 23, 2015.
Show business-related shows were led by Gustavo Adolfo Infante. Infante hosted the daily gossip show No lo cuentes and the weekly interview talk show En compañia de....
Children's programming
CadenaTres originally aired cartoons weekdays around 2:00 to 4:00 p.m. Thanks to their alliance with Sony, vintage shows such as The Real Ghostbusters and Dinosaucers as well as modern shows like Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot and Extreme Ghostbusters were part of this block.
Later, as they lost the Sony agreement, the network adopted the old Saturday Morning Cartoons format for its weekend programming. Initially it featured minor modern shows such as Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes and Cosmic Quantum Ray. Later and up to its final date, retro children programming took over with success. Initially it featured anime shows such as Speed Racer, Mazinger Z, Gekko Kamen/Capitán Centella, and Heidi and the Japanese drama series Comet-san (known as Señorita Cometa in Mexico). The latter was dearly remembered by the Mexican audience and it was the first time in over 20 years that this series was broadcast after the loss of the original dubbing in the earthquake of 1985. In its final year and following their retro programming trend, American cartoons He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, She-Ra: Princess of Power, and several Marvel Comics cartoons from the late 70s, 80s and 90s replaced most anime shows, although Señorita Cometa remained until September, 2015.
Teen programming
CadenaTres aired shows produced by Epic Network aimed at a younger audience. The featured shows were: Gamer#Tag and CTRLGAMER (videogames), Japantastic (Asian pop culture), TechCity (gadgets), LOL TV (social networks) and top diez (music). This programming block was enjoying a growing success up to the network's final date. After the network shutdown, these shows are still being produced and are available on-demand and were picked by former CadenaTres affiliate, Canal 44 of Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico.
Slogans
2007-2008: Cadena Tres, La Televisión Abierta. (Cadena Tres, Open Television)
2008-2009: Encadenate a Cadena Tres. (Connect to Cadena Tres)
2009-2010: Somos Cadena Tres y estamos en el 28 (We are Cadena Tres and we are on 28)
2010–2015: La Televisión más abierta que nunca (Television more open than ever)
Cadenatres affiliates
Cadenatres had three informal affiliates in 2014, which broadcast some of its programs:: 20
XHIJ-TV, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua
XHILA-TV, Mexicali, Baja California
XHNSS-TV, Nogales, Sonora
References
^ "Intraestructura de Estaciones de Televisión". Comisión Federal de Telecomunicaciones. 2009-09-30. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
^ "Liquidación casi total y sorpresiva en Cadena Tres | Aristegui Noticias".
^ IFT: Economic Competition Opinion for Cadena Tres I, S.A. de C.V. (IFT-1), November 2014
External links
Web site (Español)
vte Broadcast television networks in MexicoTelevisaUnivision
Las Estrellas
Canal 5
Foro
Nu9ve
TV Azteca
Azteca Uno
Azteca 7
ADN 40
a más
Grupo Imagen
Imagen Televisión
Excélsior TV/Imagen Multicast
Grupo Multimedios
Canal 6
Milenio Televisión
CGTN Español
Teleritmo
MVS Comunicaciones
MVStv
Public andeducationalNational
Canal Once (Once Niñas y Niños)
SPR (Canal Catorce)
Canal 22
tv•unam
Ingenio TV
Canal del Congreso
State
Canal 26 (Ags.)
Canal 8 (BCS)
TRC (Campeche)
Canal 10 Chiapas (Chiapas)
Capital 21 (Ciudad de México)
Coahuila Televisión (Coahuila)
Canal 12 (Colima)
TV4 (Guanajuato)
RTG (Guerrero)
RTVH (Hidalgo)
Jalisco TV (Jalisco)
Mexiquense Televisión (México)
SMRTV (Michoacán)
IMRyT (Morelos)
10 TV Nayarit (Nayarit)
RTVNL (Nuevo León)
CORTV (Oaxaca)
SICOM Televisión (Puebla)
RTQ (Querétaro)
SQCS (Quintana Roo)
Nueve TV (SLP)
Telemax (Sonora)
TVT (Tabasco)
Tlaxcala Televisión (Tlaxcala)
TVMÁS (Veracruz)
Tele Yucatán (Yucatán)
Canal 24/SIZART (Zacatecas)
State Universities
TV UJED (Durango)
Canal 44 (UdeG, Jalisco)
Canal 53 (UANL, Nuevo Leon)
TV BUAP (Puebla)
TV UAQ (Querétaro)
Unison TV (Sonora)
TV UJAT (Tabasco)
See also list of television stations in Mexico and list of Mexican television networks. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imagen Televisión","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagen_Televisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"free-to-air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-to-air"},{"link_name":"network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_network"},{"link_name":"Grupo Empresarial Ángeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Empresarial_%C3%81ngeles"},{"link_name":"Olegario Vázquez Raña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olegario_V%C3%A1zquez_Ra%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Olegario Vázquez Aldir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olegario_V%C3%A1zquez_Aldir"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(television)"},{"link_name":"XHTRES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTRES-TV"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Valley of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"subscription television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscription_television"},{"link_name":"Grupo Imagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Imagen"},{"link_name":"Imagen Televisión","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagen_Televisi%C3%B3n"}],"text":"For the current national network operated by Grupo Imagen and owned by Cadena Tres I, S.A. de C.V., see Imagen Televisión.Cadenatres was a Mexican free-to-air network owned by Grupo Empresarial Ángeles (GEA), a company headed by Olegario Vázquez Raña and directed by Olegario Vázquez Aldir. 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Initially it featured minor modern shows such as Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes and Cosmic Quantum Ray. Later and up to its final date, retro children programming took over with success. Initially it featured anime shows such as Speed Racer, Mazinger Z, Gekko Kamen/Capitán Centella, and Heidi and the Japanese drama series Comet-san (known as Señorita Cometa in Mexico). The latter was dearly remembered by the Mexican audience and it was the first time in over 20 years that this series was broadcast after the loss of the original dubbing in the earthquake of 1985. In its final year and following their retro programming trend, American cartoons He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, She-Ra: Princess of Power, and several Marvel Comics cartoons from the late 70s, 80s and 90s replaced most anime shows, although Señorita Cometa remained until September, 2015.","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Teen programming","text":"CadenaTres aired shows produced by Epic Network aimed at a younger audience. The featured shows were: Gamer#Tag and CTRLGAMER (videogames), Japantastic (Asian pop culture), TechCity (gadgets), LOL TV (social networks) and top diez (music). This programming block was enjoying a growing success up to the network's final date. After the network shutdown, these shows are still being produced and are available on-demand and were picked by former CadenaTres affiliate, Canal 44 of Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico.","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"2007-2008: Cadena Tres, La Televisión Abierta. (Cadena Tres, Open Television)\n2008-2009: Encadenate a Cadena Tres. 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Retrieved 2009-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717085919/http://www.cofetel.gob.mx/wb/Cofetel_2008/Cofe_canales_de_television_digital_in#","url_text":"\"Intraestructura de Estaciones de Televisión\""},{"url":"http://www.cofetel.gob.mx/wb/Cofetel_2008/Cofe_canales_de_television_digital_in","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Liquidación casi total y sorpresiva en Cadena Tres | Aristegui Noticias\".","urls":[{"url":"http://aristeguinoticias.com/2310/mexico/liquidacion-casi-total-y-sorpresiva-en-cadena-tres/","url_text":"\"Liquidación casi total y sorpresiva en Cadena Tres | Aristegui Noticias\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.cadenatres.com.mx/","external_links_name":"www.cadenatres.com.mx"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717085919/http://www.cofetel.gob.mx/wb/Cofetel_2008/Cofe_canales_de_television_digital_in#","external_links_name":"\"Intraestructura de Estaciones de Televisión\""},{"Link":"http://www.cofetel.gob.mx/wb/Cofetel_2008/Cofe_canales_de_television_digital_in","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://aristeguinoticias.com/2310/mexico/liquidacion-casi-total-y-sorpresiva-en-cadena-tres/","external_links_name":"\"Liquidación casi total y sorpresiva en Cadena Tres | Aristegui Noticias\""},{"Link":"http://www.ift.org.mx/sites/default/files/7a.-p_ift_ext_131114_217_version_publica1.pdf","external_links_name":"IFT: Economic Competition Opinion for Cadena Tres I, S.A. de C.V. (IFT-1), November 2014"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070531055635/http://www.cadenatres.com.mx/","external_links_name":"Web site (Español)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Day_(Croatia) | Victory Day (Croatia) | ["1 Celebrations","1.1 2015 parade","1.2 Silver jubilee","2 See also","3 References"] | Public holiday in Croatia
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Victory DaySoldiers raising the Flag of Croatia on Knin Fortress, 5 August 2011Official nameDan pobjede i domovinske zahvalnosti i Dan hrvatskih braniteljaObserved byCroatiaSignificanceOperation StormDate5 AugustNext time5 August 2024 (2024-08-05)FrequencyAnnual
A banner marking Victory Day on a construction site in Zagreb, 5 August 2010
Victory Day in Knin, 5 August 2015
Victory and Homeland Thanksgiving Day and the Day of Croatian Defenders (Croatian: Dan pobjede i domovinske zahvalnosti i Dan hrvatskih branitelja) is a public holiday in Croatia that is celebrated annually on 5 August, commemorating the Croatian War of Independence. On that date in 1995 the Croatian Army took the city of Knin during Operation Storm, which effectively brought an end to Republic of Serbian Krajina proto-state. In 2008, the Croatian Parliament also assigned the name Day of Croatian Defenders (Croatian: Dan hrvatskih branitelja) to the holiday, which honors the current service members and veterans of the Armed Forces of Croatia.
Celebrations
The main celebration is centered in Knin where there are festivities commemorating the event, beginning with a mass and laying of wreaths in honour of those who died in the war, and continuing with parades and concerts. The event is attended by thousands, including the country's leading politicians. The Flag of Croatia on Knin Fortress is ceremonially raised as part of the celebrations.
2015 parade
A special military parade of the Armed Forces in honor of Victory Day was held on 4 August 2015 in Zagreb, celebrating the twentieth anniversary of Operation Storm. The parade was opened by the Honor Guard Battalion on the lawns of the National and University Library, with three MiG-21's flying over the city. "Lijepa naša domovino" was performed by the 12-year-old Mia Negovetić, accompanied by the Croatian Armed Forces Band and the Croatian Navy's vocal ensemble. It aroused great public interest considering that the last military parade in Croatia was organized in 1997. About 100,000 spectators attended the parade, additional sound systems were installed at the last minute until the intersection of City of Vukovar and Savska Streets. The editorial board of the Zagreb-based Jutarnji list, gave a positive review of the parade, demanding the introduction of regular parades for Victory Day. Military analyst Igor Tabak praised the event, while criticizing the inauthenticity of certain "historical units".
Silver jubilee
On the silver jubilee in 2020, the celebrations were attended for the first time ever by an ethnic Serb political representative, Deputy Prime Minister Boris Milošević, a move which was applauded across the political spectrum, with Prime Minister Andrej Plenković among others stating that it will "send a new message for Croatian society". On top of this, Plenković, as well as President Zoran Milanović sent messages of peace to the people of Serbia. Opposition to the move from the Deputy Prime Minister came from members of the political far-right such as the Homeland Movement and the Croatian Defence Forces, as well as from politicians from Serbia and entity Republika Srpska from Bosnia and Herzegovina.
See also
Public holidays in Croatia
Operation Storm
Victory Day in other countries
References
^ Croatian Parliament (21 November 2002). "Zakon o blagdanima, spomendanima i neradnim danima u Republici Hrvatskoj" (in Croatian). Narodne novine. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
^ "5. kolovoza – Dan pobjede i domovinske zahvalnosti i Dan hrvatskih branitelja". Hrvatski sabor (in Croatian). Retrieved 31 March 2020.
^ "Sabor: 5. kolovoza ubuduće će se slaviti i kao Dan branitelja". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 13 May 2008. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
^ "Hrvatska slavi Dan pobjede i domovinske zahvalnosti" (in Croatian). Hrvatska radiotelevizija. 5 August 2002. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
^ Katarina Zorić (5 August 2008). "Dan pobjede i domovinske zahvalnosti" . Nacional. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
^ "Spektakularna vojna parada: Zadnji u koloni prošli tenkovi" (in Croatian). 24sata. 4 August 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
^ tportal.hr: MIG-ovi za kraj proparali nebo, predsjednica i premijer neobično ljubazni jedno prema drugome, tportal.hr, pristupljeno 4. kolovoza 2015.
^ Dnevnik – Mia Negovetić pjeva himnu, archived from the original on 14 December 2021, retrieved 10 August 2020
^ Krešimir Žabec, Rozita Vuković: "Foto: Hrvatska vojska i narod su jedno! Metropolom stupali vojnici, prolazili tenkovi, nebo parali MiG-ovi, građani im klicali", Jutarnji list, 4. kolovoza 2015.
^ Gordanka Jureško: Komentar Jutarnjeg. Mimohod treba postati obveza za sve buduće generacije. Možda bi zakonom trebalo obvezati vlast da postane tradicija, Jutarnji list, objavljeno: 5. kolovoza 2015.
^ Igor Tabak: "Što zapamtiti od mimohoda u Zagrebu?", obris.org, 18. kolovoza 2015.
^ a b "Croatia marks 25 years since war with tolerance message". Al Jazeera. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
^ Vladisavljević, Anja; Stojanović, Milica (5 August 2020). "Croatia Hails 25th Anniversary of Operation Storm Victory; Serbs Mourn". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 7 August 2020. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oluja_banner.jpg"},{"link_name":"construction site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dan_pobjede_i_domovinske_zahvalnosti_i_Dan_hrvatskih_branitelja.JPG"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"public holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holiday"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Croatian War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hr-law-holidays-1"},{"link_name":"Croatian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Army"},{"link_name":"Knin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knin"},{"link_name":"Operation Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Storm"},{"link_name":"Republic of Serbian Krajina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina"},{"link_name":"proto-state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-state"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hrvatski_sabor-2"},{"link_name":"Croatian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"A banner marking Victory Day on a construction site in Zagreb, 5 August 2010Victory Day in Knin, 5 August 2015Victory and Homeland Thanksgiving Day and the Day of Croatian Defenders (Croatian: Dan pobjede i domovinske zahvalnosti i Dan hrvatskih branitelja) is a public holiday in Croatia that is celebrated annually on 5 August, commemorating the Croatian War of Independence.[1] On that date in 1995 the Croatian Army took the city of Knin during Operation Storm, which effectively brought an end to Republic of Serbian Krajina proto-state.[2] In 2008, the Croatian Parliament also assigned the name Day of Croatian Defenders (Croatian: Dan hrvatskih branitelja) to the holiday, which honors the current service members and veterans of the Armed Forces of Croatia.[3]","title":"Victory Day (Croatia)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Flag of Croatia on Knin Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knin_Fortress#Flag"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The main celebration is centered in Knin where there are festivities commemorating the event, beginning with a mass and laying of wreaths in honour of those who died in the war, and continuing with parades and concerts. 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About 100,000 spectators attended the parade, additional sound systems were installed at the last minute until the intersection of City of Vukovar and Savska Streets.[9] The editorial board of the Zagreb-based Jutarnji list, gave a positive review of the parade, demanding the introduction of regular parades for Victory Day.[10] Military analyst Igor Tabak praised the event, while criticizing the inauthenticity of certain \"historical units\".[11]","title":"Celebrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silver jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_jubilee"},{"link_name":"Serb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Deputy Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Boris Milošević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Andrej Plenković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrej_Plenkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Zoran Milanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoran_Milanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-balkaninsight-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"far-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Homeland Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_Movement_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"Croatian Defence Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces"},{"link_name":"Republika Srpska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Srpska"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"}],"sub_title":"Silver jubilee","text":"On the silver jubilee in 2020, the celebrations were attended for the first time ever by an ethnic Serb political representative, Deputy Prime Minister Boris Milošević, a move which was applauded across the political spectrum, with Prime Minister Andrej Plenković among others stating that it will \"send a new message for Croatian society\".[12] On top of this, Plenković, as well as President Zoran Milanović sent messages of peace to the people of Serbia.[13][12] Opposition to the move from the Deputy Prime Minister came from members of the political far-right such as the Homeland Movement and the Croatian Defence Forces, as well as from politicians from Serbia and entity Republika Srpska from Bosnia and Herzegovina.","title":"Celebrations"}] | [{"image_text":"A banner marking Victory Day on a construction site in Zagreb, 5 August 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Oluja_banner.jpg/220px-Oluja_banner.jpg"},{"image_text":"Victory Day in Knin, 5 August 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Dan_pobjede_i_domovinske_zahvalnosti_i_Dan_hrvatskih_branitelja.JPG/220px-Dan_pobjede_i_domovinske_zahvalnosti_i_Dan_hrvatskih_branitelja.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Public holidays in Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Croatia"},{"title":"Operation Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Storm"},{"title":"Victory Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Day"}] | [{"reference":"Croatian Parliament (21 November 2002). \"Zakon o blagdanima, spomendanima i neradnim danima u Republici Hrvatskoj\" (in Croatian). 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Retrieved 5 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.24sata.hr/politika/neka-vojna-parada-pocne-sve-je-spremno-za-vojni-mimohod-431400","url_text":"\"Spektakularna vojna parada: Zadnji u koloni prošli tenkovi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24sata_(Croatia)","url_text":"24sata"}]},{"reference":"Dnevnik – Mia Negovetić pjeva himnu, archived from the original on 14 December 2021, retrieved 10 August 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=le86aPDtxcM","url_text":"Dnevnik – Mia Negovetić pjeva himnu"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/le86aPDtxcM","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Croatia marks 25 years since war with tolerance message\". Al Jazeera. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/croatia-marks-25-years-war-tolerance-message-200805085400673.html","url_text":"\"Croatia marks 25 years since war with tolerance message\""}]},{"reference":"Vladisavljević, Anja; Stojanović, Milica (5 August 2020). \"Croatia Hails 25th Anniversary of Operation Storm Victory; Serbs Mourn\". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 7 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://balkaninsight.com/2020/08/05/croatia-hails-25th-anniversary-of-operation-storm-victory-serbs-mourn/","url_text":"\"Croatia Hails 25th Anniversary of Operation Storm Victory; Serbs Mourn\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDan_pobjede_i_domovinske_zahvalnosti,_Dan_hrvatskih_branitelja&sl=hr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2002_11_136_2194.html","external_links_name":"\"Zakon o blagdanima, spomendanima i neradnim danima u Republici Hrvatskoj\""},{"Link":"http://www.sabor.hr/hr/o-saboru/povijest-saborovanja/vazni-datumi/5-kolovoza-dan-pobjede-i-domovinske-zahvalnosti-i-dan","external_links_name":"\"5. kolovoza – Dan pobjede i domovinske zahvalnosti i Dan hrvatskih branitelja\""},{"Link":"http://www.jutarnji.hr/sabor--5--kolovoza-ubuduce-ce-se-slaviti-i-kao-dan-branitelja/250054/","external_links_name":"\"Sabor: 5. kolovoza ubuduće će se slaviti i kao Dan branitelja\""},{"Link":"http://www.hrt.hr/arhiv/2002/08/05/HRT0011.html","external_links_name":"\"Hrvatska slavi Dan pobjede i domovinske zahvalnosti\""},{"Link":"http://www.nacional.hr/articles/view/47825/","external_links_name":"\"Dan pobjede i domovinske zahvalnosti\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120728161234/http://www.nacional.hr/clanak/47825/dan-pobjede-i-domovinske-zahvalnosti","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.24sata.hr/politika/neka-vojna-parada-pocne-sve-je-spremno-za-vojni-mimohod-431400","external_links_name":"\"Spektakularna vojna parada: Zadnji u koloni prošli tenkovi\""},{"Link":"http://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/391645/Pratite-vojni-mimohod-uzivo-na-tportalu.html","external_links_name":"tportal.hr: MIG-ovi za kraj proparali nebo, predsjednica i premijer neobično ljubazni jedno prema drugome"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=le86aPDtxcM","external_links_name":"Dnevnik – Mia Negovetić pjeva himnu"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/le86aPDtxcM","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.jutarnji.hr/proslava-oluje-svecanim-mimohodom-hrvatska-obiljezava-20--obljetnicu--quot-oluje-quot-/1394147/","external_links_name":"\"Foto: Hrvatska vojska i narod su jedno! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landover_Hills,_Maryland | Landover Hills, Maryland | ["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Adjacent areas","3 Demographics","3.1 2020 census","3.2 2010 census","3.3 2000 Census","4 Government","5 Transportation","6 Education","7 Infrastructure","7.1 Law enforcement","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 38°56′36″N 76°53′27″W / 38.94333°N 76.89083°W / 38.94333; -76.89083
Town in MarylandLandover Hills, MarylandTownTown of Landover Hills
FlagSealMotto: "Maryland with Pride!"Location of Landover Hills, MarylandCoordinates: 38°56′36″N 76°53′27″W / 38.94333°N 76.89083°W / 38.94333; -76.89083Country United States of AmericaState MarylandCounty Prince George'sIncorporated1945Area • Total0.37 sq mi (0.95 km2) • Land0.37 sq mi (0.95 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation164 ft (50 m)Population (2020) • Total1,815 • Density4,945.50/sq mi (1,908.74/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code20784Area code(s)301, 240FIPS code24-45400GNIS feature ID0597656WebsiteTown of Landover Hills
Landover Hills is a town in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. Per the 2020 census, the population was 1,815. The town has a neighborhood named Defense Heights.
History
Landover Hills was incorporated in 1945.
Geography
Landover Hills is located at 38°56'36" North, s76°53'27" West (38.943244, -76.890811).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.30 square miles (0.78 km2), all land.
Adjacent areas
Woodlawn (northwest)
Landover (south)
East Riverdale (northeast)
New Carrollton (northeast)
Bladensburg (west)
District of Columbia (west)
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
19501,661—19601,85011.4%19702,40930.2%19801,428−40.7%19902,07445.2%20001,534−26.0%20101,68710.0%20201,8157.6%U.S. Decennial Census 2010 2020
2020 census
Landover Hills town, Maryland – Racial and Ethnic Composition (NH = Non-Hispanic)Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity
Pop 2010
Pop 2020
% 2010
% 2020
White alone (NH)
211
140
12.51%
7.71%
Black or African American alone (NH)
707
533
41.91%
29.37%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)
10
1
0.59%
0.06%
Asian alone (NH)
24
18
1.42%
0.99%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)
0
1
0.00%
0.06%
Some Other Race alone (NH)
8
15
0.47%
0.83%
Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH)
38
53
2.25%
2.92%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)
689
1,054
40.84%
58.07%
Total
1,687
1,054
100.00%
100.00%
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,687 people, 496 households, and 381 families residing in the town. The population density was 5,623.3 inhabitants per square mile (2,171.2/km2). There were 549 housing units at an average density of 1,830.0 per square mile (706.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 22.1% White, 43.3% African American, 1.4% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 27.4% from other races, and 4.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 40.8% of the population.
There were 496 households, of which 48.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 21.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 23.2% were non-families. 19.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.40 and the average family size was 3.78.
The median age in the town was 31.3 years. 29.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 10% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 31.9% were from 25 to 44; 23.4% were from 45 to 64; and 5.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 50.1% male and 49.9% female.
2000 Census
At the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the town was $55,313, and the median income for a family was $55,938. Males had a median income of $31,842 versus $32,464 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,779. About 10.1% of families and 11.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.7% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over.
The Crestview Square shopping center
The town's fire department is a combination career/volunteer fire department and operates an engine company, a BLS ambulance, an ALS medic unit, and a medical ambulance bus.
Government
Mayor: Jeffrey Schomisch
City Council:
Jeannette M. Ripley - Ward 1 (also serves as Vice Mayor)
Joseph Williams - Ward 1
Kathleen Walker - Ward 2
Vacant - Ward 2
Todd Over - Ward 3
Vacant - Ward 3
Immediate Past Mayor: Lee P. Walker
Town Manager: Rommel Pazmino
Public Works Director: James Schad
Chief of Police: Robert V. Liberati Jr.
Website: https://www.landoverhillsmd.gov/
The U.S. Postal Service operates the Landover Hills Post Office adjacent to the town, in an unincorporated area with a Hyattsville postal address.
Transportation
US 50 eastbound in Landover Hills
The largest highway serving Landover Hills is U.S. Route 50, which skims the southeast edge of town. There is no direct access between US 50 and the surface streets of Landover Hills, with the nearest interchange being just outside the town limits at Maryland Route 410. MD 410 connects to Maryland Route 450, which serves as the main surface highway providing direct access to Landover Hills.
Education
Landover Hills falls under the jurisdiction of Prince George's County Public Schools. Its territory is zoned to multiple schools:
Elementary schools:
Cooper Lane Elementary School (Pre K-6)
Judge Sylvania S. Woods Elementary School (Pre K-6)
The zoned middle school is Charles Carroll Middle School (7-8). Parkdale High School (9-12) serves Landover Hills.
Private schools in the Landover Hills area are:
New Hope Academy (3yrs-12th grade) - in the town limits
Saint Mary's School (Catholic; preschool-8th grade) - in the town limits
Ascension Lutheran School (K-8th grade) - Adjacent to the town.
Infrastructure
Law enforcement
The Landover Hills Police Department (LHPD) is the primary law enforcement agency servicing the municipality. The LHPD is assisted by the Prince George's County Police and Sheriff's Office as directed by authority. The current chief of police is Chief Robert V. Liberati, Jr. The agency also doubles as the town code enforcement when needed.
References
^ "Town of Landover Hills". Town of Landover Hills. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
^ a b "Landover Hills, Maryland". City-Data.com. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Landover Hills, Maryland
^ "Landover Hills town, Maryland". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
^ "Decennial Census by Decade". US Census Bureau.
^ a b "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Landover Hills town, Maryland". United States Census Bureau.
^ a b "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Landover Hills town, Maryland". United States Census Bureau.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
^ a b Landover Hills, Maryland Archived 2008-02-06 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b c "2010 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Landover Hills town, MD." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on August 26, 2018.
^ "LANDOVER HILLS." U.S. Postal Service. Retrieved on September 11, 2018. "7400 BUCHANAN ST HYATTSVILLE, MD 20784-2324"
^ "NEIGHBORHOOD ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS AND BOUNDARIES SCHOOL YEAR 2018-2019." Prince George's County Public Schools. Retrieved on August 26, 2018.
^ "NEIGHBORHOOD MIDDLE SCHOOLS AND BOUNDARIES SCHOOL YEAR 2018-2019." Prince George's County Public Schools. Retrieved on August 26, 2018.
^ "NEIGHBORHOOD HIGH SCHOOLS AND BOUNDARIES SCHOOL YEAR 2018-2019." Prince George's County Public Schools. Retrieved on August 26, 2018.
^ Home. New Hope Academy. Retrieved on August 26, 2018. "New Hope Academy 7009 Varnum Street Hyattsville MD"
^ Home. Saint Mary's School. Retrieved on August 26, 2018. "St. Mary's Catholic School 7207 Annapolis Rd. Landover Hills, MD. 20784"
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Landover Hills, Maryland.
https://www.landoverhillsmd.gov/
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Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince George's County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Town in MarylandLandover Hills is a town in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States.[4] Per the 2020 census, the population was 1,815.[5] The town has a neighborhood named Defense Heights.","title":"Landover Hills, Maryland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City-Data-2"}],"text":"Landover Hills was incorporated in 1945.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-6"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-7"}],"text":"Landover Hills is located at 38°56'36\" North, s76°53'27\" West (38.943244, -76.890811).[6]According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.30 square miles (0.78 km2), all land.[7]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woodlawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlawn,_Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Landover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landover,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"East Riverdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Riverdale,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"New Carrollton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Carrollton,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Bladensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladensburg,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."}],"sub_title":"Adjacent areas","text":"Woodlawn (northwest)\nLandover (south)\nEast Riverdale (northeast)\nNew Carrollton (northeast)\nBladensburg (west)\nDistrict of Columbia (west)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020 census","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-11"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[11] of 2010, there were 1,687 people, 496 households, and 381 families residing in the town. The population density was 5,623.3 inhabitants per square mile (2,171.2/km2). There were 549 housing units at an average density of 1,830.0 per square mile (706.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 22.1% White, 43.3% African American, 1.4% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 27.4% from other races, and 4.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 40.8% of the population.There were 496 households, of which 48.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 21.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 23.2% were non-families. 19.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.40 and the average family size was 3.78.The median age in the town was 31.3 years. 29.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 10% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 31.9% were from 25 to 44; 23.4% were from 45 to 64; and 5.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 50.1% male and 49.9% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cherryhillshoppingcntr.jpg"},{"link_name":"fire department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_department"}],"sub_title":"2000 Census","text":"At the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the town was $55,313, and the median income for a family was $55,938. Males had a median income of $31,842 versus $32,464 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,779. About 10.1% of families and 11.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.7% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over.The Crestview Square shopping centerThe town's fire department is a combination career/volunteer fire department and operates an engine company, a BLS ambulance, an ALS medic unit, and a medical ambulance bus.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"https://www.landoverhillsmd.gov/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.landoverhillsmd.gov/"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Landover_Hills,_Maryland-12"},{"link_name":"U.S. Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"unincorporated area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Landhillsmap-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Mayor: Jeffrey Schomisch\nCity Council:\nJeannette M. Ripley - Ward 1 (also serves as Vice Mayor)\nJoseph Williams - Ward 1\nKathleen Walker - Ward 2\nVacant - Ward 2\nTodd Over - Ward 3\nVacant - Ward 3Immediate Past Mayor: Lee P. WalkerTown Manager: Rommel PazminoPublic Works Director: James SchadChief of Police: Robert V. Liberati Jr.Website: https://www.landoverhillsmd.gov/[12]The U.S. Postal Service operates the Landover Hills Post Office adjacent to the town, in an unincorporated area with a Hyattsville postal address.[13][14]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019-06-11_10_00_03_View_east_along_U.S._Route_50_(John_Hanson_Highway)_between_Exit_3_and_Exit_5_in_Landover_Hills,_Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland.jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_50_in_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Maryland Route 410","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Route_410"},{"link_name":"Maryland Route 450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Route_450"}],"text":"US 50 eastbound in Landover HillsThe largest highway serving Landover Hills is U.S. Route 50, which skims the southeast edge of town. There is no direct access between US 50 and the surface streets of Landover Hills, with the nearest interchange being just outside the town limits at Maryland Route 410. MD 410 connects to Maryland Route 450, which serves as the main surface highway providing direct access to Landover Hills.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince George's County Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Landhillsmap-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Parkdale High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkdale_High_School"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"New Hope Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hope_Academy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Landhillsmap-13"}],"text":"Landover Hills falls under the jurisdiction of Prince George's County Public Schools. Its territory is zoned to multiple schools:[13]Elementary schools:[15]Cooper Lane Elementary School (Pre K-6)\nJudge Sylvania S. Woods Elementary School (Pre K-6)The zoned middle school is Charles Carroll Middle School (7-8).[16] Parkdale High School (9-12) serves Landover Hills.[17]Private schools in the Landover Hills area are:New Hope Academy (3yrs-12th grade) - in the town limits[18]\nSaint Mary's School (Catholic; preschool-8th grade) - in the town limits[19]\nAscension Lutheran School (K-8th grade) - Adjacent to the town.[13]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince George's County Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County_Police"},{"link_name":"Sheriff's Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County_Sheriff%27s_Office_(Maryland)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Landover_Hills,_Maryland-12"}],"sub_title":"Law enforcement","text":"The Landover Hills Police Department (LHPD) is the primary law enforcement agency servicing the municipality. The LHPD is assisted by the Prince George's County Police and Sheriff's Office as directed by authority. The current chief of police is Chief Robert V. Liberati, Jr. The agency also doubles as the town code enforcement when needed.[12]","title":"Infrastructure"}] | [{"image_text":"The Crestview Square shopping center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cherryhillshoppingcntr.jpg/250px-Cherryhillshoppingcntr.jpg"},{"image_text":"US 50 eastbound in Landover Hills","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/2019-06-11_10_00_03_View_east_along_U.S._Route_50_%28John_Hanson_Highway%29_between_Exit_3_and_Exit_5_in_Landover_Hills%2C_Prince_George%27s_County%2C_Maryland.jpg/220px-2019-06-11_10_00_03_View_east_along_U.S._Route_50_%28John_Hanson_Highway%29_between_Exit_3_and_Exit_5_in_Landover_Hills%2C_Prince_George%27s_County%2C_Maryland.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Map_of_Maryland_highlighting_Prince_George%27s_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Maryland_highlighting_Prince_George%27s_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Town of Landover Hills\". Town of Landover Hills. Retrieved August 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lhills.sailorsite.net/","url_text":"\"Town of Landover Hills\""}]},{"reference":"\"Landover Hills, Maryland\". City-Data.com. Retrieved August 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.city-data.com/city/Landover-Hills-Maryland.html","url_text":"\"Landover Hills, Maryland\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_24.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Landover Hills town, Maryland\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US2445400","url_text":"\"Landover Hills town, Maryland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castello_Caldora,_Civitaluparella | Castello Caldora, Civitaluparella | ["1 History","2 Architecture","3 References"] | Coordinates: 41°56′41″N 14°18′04″E / 41.9448°N 14.3010°E / 41.9448; 14.3010Castle in Civitaluparella, Italy
Caldora CastleCastello CaldoraCivitaluparella Castle in CivitaluparellaCaldora CastleTypeCastleSite historyBuilt12th century
Castello Caldora (Italian for Caldora Castle) is a Middle Ages castle in Civitaluparella, Province of Chieti (Abruzzo).
History
There is no reliable information about the foundation of the castle. The first historical source is a papal bull of Pope Alexander III in 1173 including the castle within the boundaries of the diocese of Chieti.
The strategic location of the original fort, located on the highest part of the town in a controlling the entire valley of Sangro river, pushed Jacopo Caldora to build a new castle, selected in the 15th century by his son Antonio as base during his battles against Ferdinand of Aragon, who conquered the castle at the end of the military campaign.
Architecture
The castle is in ruins now: there are just few walls less than a meter high in the highest part of the town that don’t allow to reconstruct its architecture.
In addition to the building, the cliff leading to the castle was also demolished in several points to hinder the passage of any assailant.
References
^ "Castello Caldora" (PDF) (in Italian). Sangroaventino. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
41°56′41″N 14°18′04″E / 41.9448°N 14.3010°E / 41.9448; 14.3010 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Civitaluparella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitaluparella"},{"link_name":"Province of Chieti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Chieti"},{"link_name":"Abruzzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abruzzo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Castle in Civitaluparella, ItalyCastello Caldora (Italian for Caldora Castle) is a Middle Ages castle in Civitaluparella, Province of Chieti (Abruzzo).\n[1]","title":"Castello Caldora, Civitaluparella"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"papal bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"Pope Alexander III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III"},{"link_name":"diocese of Chieti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Chieti-Vasto"},{"link_name":"Sangro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangro"},{"link_name":"Jacopo Caldora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_Caldora"}],"text":"There is no reliable information about the foundation of the castle. The first historical source is a papal bull of Pope Alexander III in 1173 including the castle within the boundaries of the diocese of Chieti.The strategic location of the original fort, located on the highest part of the town in a controlling the entire valley of Sangro river, pushed Jacopo Caldora to build a new castle, selected in the 15th century by his son Antonio as base during his battles against Ferdinand of Aragon, who conquered the castle at the end of the military campaign.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The castle is in ruins now: there are just few walls less than a meter high in the highest part of the town that don’t allow to reconstruct its architecture.In addition to the building, the cliff leading to the castle was also demolished in several points to hinder the passage of any assailant.","title":"Architecture"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Castello Caldora\" (PDF) (in Italian). Sangroaventino. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094028/http://www.sangroaventino.it/immagini/news/Castello%20Caldora%20.pdf","url_text":"\"Castello Caldora\""},{"url":"http://www.sangroaventino.it/immagini/news/Castello%20Caldora%20.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Castello_Caldora,_Civitaluparella¶ms=41.9448_N_14.3010_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"41°56′41″N 14°18′04″E / 41.9448°N 14.3010°E / 41.9448; 14.3010"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094028/http://www.sangroaventino.it/immagini/news/Castello%20Caldora%20.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Castello Caldora\""},{"Link":"http://www.sangroaventino.it/immagini/news/Castello%20Caldora%20.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Castello_Caldora,_Civitaluparella¶ms=41.9448_N_14.3010_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"41°56′41″N 14°18′04″E / 41.9448°N 14.3010°E / 41.9448; 14.3010"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene | Pyrogallol | ["1 Production and reactions","2 Uses","2.1 Use in photography","3 Safety","4 See also","5 References"] | Benzene-1,2,3-triol
Pyrogallol
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Benzene-1,2,3-triol
Other names
1,2,3-TrihydroxybenzenePyrogallic acid1,2,3-Benzenetriol
Identifiers
CAS Number
87-66-1 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:16164 Y
ChEMBL
ChEMBL307145 Y
ChemSpider
13835557 Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.001.603
EC Number
201-762-9
KEGG
C01108
PubChem CID
1057
RTECS number
UX2800000
UNII
01Y4A2QXY0 Y
UN number
2811
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID6025983
InChI
InChI=1S/C6H6O3/c7-4-2-1-3-5(8)6(4)9/h1-3,7-9H YKey: WQGWDDDVZFFDIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N YInChI=1/C6H6O3/c7-4-2-1-3-5(8)6(4)9/h1-3,7-9HKey: WQGWDDDVZFFDIG-UHFFFAOYAT
SMILES
Oc1cccc(O)c1O
Properties
Chemical formula
C6H6O3
Molar mass
126.11 g/mol
Density
1.453 g/cm3 (4 °C)
Melting point
125.5 °C (257.9 °F; 398.6 K)
Boiling point
307 °C (585 °F; 580 K)
Refractive index (nD)
1.561 (134 °C)
Structure
Crystal structure
Monoclinic
Space group
P21/n
Lattice constant
a = 12.1144(11) Å, b = 3.7765(3) Å, c = 13.1365(12) Åα = 90°, β = 115.484(1)°, γ = 90°
Formula units (Z)
4
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word
Warning
Hazard statements
H302, H312, H332, H341, H412
Precautionary statements
P201, P202, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P281, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P308+P313, P312, P322, P330, P363, P405, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
Y verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Pyrogallol is an organic compound with the formula C6H3(OH)3. It is a water-soluble, white solid although samples are typically brownish because of its sensitivity toward oxygen. It is one of three isomers of benzenetriols.
Production and reactions
It is produced in the manner first reported by Scheele in 1786: heating gallic acid to induce decarboxylation.
Gallic acid is also obtained from tannin. Many alternative routes have been devised. One preparation involves treating para-chlorophenoldisulfonic acid with potassium hydroxide, a variant on the time-honored route to phenols from sulfonic acids.
Polyhydroxybenzenes are relatively electron-rich. One manifestation is the easy C-acetylation of pyrogallol.
Uses
It was once used in hair dyeing, dyeing of suturing materials. It also has antiseptic properties.
In alkaline solution, pyrogallol undergoes deprotonation. Such solutions absorb oxygen from the air, turning brown. This conversion can be used to determine the amount of oxygen in a gas sample, notably by the use of the Orsat apparatus. Alkaline solutions of pyrogallol have been used for oxygen absorption in gas analysis.
Use in photography
Pyrogallol was also used as a developing agent in the 19th and early 20th centuries in black-and-white developers. Hydroquinone is more commonly used today. Its use is largely historical except for special purpose applications. It was still used by a few notable photographers including Edward Weston. In those days it had a reputation for erratic and unreliable behavior, due possibly to its propensity for oxidation. It experienced a revival starting in the 1980s due largely to the efforts of experimenters Gordon Hutchings and John Wimberley. Hutchings spent over a decade working on pyrogallol formulas, eventually producing one he named PMK for its main ingredients: pyrogallol, Metol, and Kodalk (the trade name of Kodak for sodium metaborate). This formulation resolved the consistency issues, and Hutchings found that an interaction between the greenish stain given to film by pyro developers and the color sensitivity of modern variable-contrast photographic papers gave the effect of an extreme compensating developer. From 1969 to 1977, Wimberley experimented with the Pyrogallol developing agent. He published his formula for WD2D in 1977 in Petersen's Photographic. PMK and other modern pyro formulations are now used by many black-and-white photographers. The Film Developing Cookbook has examples.
Another developer mainly based on pyrogallol was formulated by Jay DeFehr. The 510-pyro, is a concentrate that uses triethanolamine as alkali, and pyrogallol, ascorbic acid, and phenidone as combined developers in a single concentrated stock solution with long shelf life . This developer has both staining and tanning properties and negatives developed with it are immune to the callier effect. It can be used for small and large negative formats.
The Darkroom Cookbook (Alternative Process Photography) has examples.
Safety
Pyrogallol use, e.g. in hair dye formulations, is declining because of concerns about its toxicity.
Its LD50 (oral, rat) is 300 mg/kg.
Isolated, pyrogallol was found to be extremely genotoxic in vitro, but certain compounds in the body may protect against its toxicity.
See also
Catechol
Gallacetophenone (2,3,4-trihydroxyacetophenone)
Gallic acid
Syringol
References
^ a b c d e Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. p. 3.38. ISBN 9781498754293.
^ Thakuria, Ranjit; Cherukuvada, Suryanarayan; Nangia, Ashwini (2012). "Crystal Structures of Pyrogallol, Its Hydrate, and Stable Multiple Z ′ Cocrystals with N-Heterocycles Containing Metastable Conformers of Pyrogallol". Crystal Growth & Design. 12 (8): 3944–3953. doi:10.1021/cg3003367.
^ a b c Fiege, Helmut; Heinz-Werner, Voges; Hamamoto, Toshikazu; Umemura, Sumio; Iwata, Tadao; Miki, Hisaya; Fujita, Yasuhiro; Buysch, Hans-Josef; Garbe. "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p. 1072. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_313. ISBN 978-3527306732.
^ Buzbee, Lloyd R. (1966-10-01). "Rearranged Products from the Reaction of Benzenesulfonic Acids with Caustic". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 31 (10): 3289–3292. doi:10.1021/jo01348a042. ISSN 0022-3263.
^ Magro, Angel A. Núñez; Eastham, Graham R.; Cole-Hamilton, David J. (2009-06-10). "Preparation of Phenolic Compounds by Decarboxylation of Hydroxybenzoic Acids or Desulfonation of Hydroxybenzenesulfonic Acid, Catalysed by Electron Rich Palladium Complexes". Dalton Transactions (24): 4683–8. doi:10.1039/B900398C. ISSN 1477-9234. PMID 19513476.
^ Badhwar, I. C.; Venkataraman, K. (1934). "Gallacetophenone". Organic Syntheses. 14: 40. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.014.0040.
^ Anchell, Stephen G.; Troop, Bill (1998). The Film Developing Cookbook. ISBN 978-0240802770.
^ "510-PYRO". 510-PYRO.
^ Anchell, Stephen, G. (2016). The darkroom cookbook (Fourth ed.). New York. ISBN 9781138959187. OCLC 938707611.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Safety data for 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene
^ "Cancer Biologists Find DNA-Damaging Toxins in Common Plant-Based Foods". Johns Hopkins Medicine. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
^ "Compounds in Saliva and Common Body Proteins May Fend Off DNA-Damaging Chemicals in Tea, Coffee and Liquid Smoke". Johns Hopkins Medicine. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
Authority control databases: National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ullmann-3"},{"link_name":"isomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomer"},{"link_name":"benzenetriols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenetriol"}],"text":"Chemical compoundPyrogallol is an organic compound with the formula C6H3(OH)3. It is a water-soluble, white solid although samples are typically brownish because of its sensitivity toward oxygen.[3] It is one of three isomers of benzenetriols.","title":"Pyrogallol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scheele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele"},{"link_name":"gallic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_acid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ullmann-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decarboxylation_Gallic_acid.svg"},{"link_name":"tannin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannin"},{"link_name":"potassium hydroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"sulfonic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfonic_acid"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"It is produced in the manner first reported by Scheele in 1786: heating gallic acid to induce decarboxylation.[3]Gallic acid is also obtained from tannin. Many alternative routes have been devised. One preparation involves treating para-chlorophenoldisulfonic acid with potassium hydroxide,[4] a variant on the time-honored route to phenols from sulfonic acids.[5]Polyhydroxybenzenes are relatively electron-rich. One manifestation is the easy C-acetylation of pyrogallol.[6]","title":"Production and reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hair dyeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_dyeing"},{"link_name":"antiseptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"Orsat apparatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsat_apparatus"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"}],"text":"It was once used in hair dyeing, dyeing of suturing materials. It also has antiseptic properties.In alkaline solution, pyrogallol undergoes deprotonation. Such solutions absorb oxygen from the air, turning brown. This conversion can be used to determine the amount of oxygen in a gas sample, notably by the use of the Orsat apparatus. Alkaline solutions of pyrogallol have been used for oxygen absorption in gas analysis.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"developing agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_developer"},{"link_name":"Hydroquinone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroquinone"},{"link_name":"Edward Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Weston"},{"link_name":"Gordon Hutchings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Hutchings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Wimberley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wimberley"},{"link_name":"Metol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metol"},{"link_name":"Kodalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_metaborate"},{"link_name":"Kodak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman_Kodak"},{"link_name":"variable-contrast photographic papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_paper"},{"link_name":"compensating developer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_developer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jay DeFehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jay_DeFehr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"triethanolamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triethanolamine"},{"link_name":"alkali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali"},{"link_name":"ascorbic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascorbic_acid"},{"link_name":"phenidone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenidone"},{"link_name":"callier effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callier_effect"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Use in photography","text":"Pyrogallol was also used as a developing agent in the 19th and early 20th centuries in black-and-white developers. Hydroquinone is more commonly used today. Its use is largely historical except for special purpose applications. It was still used by a few notable photographers including Edward Weston. In those days it had a reputation for erratic and unreliable behavior, due possibly to its propensity for oxidation. It experienced a revival starting in the 1980s due largely to the efforts of experimenters Gordon Hutchings and John Wimberley. Hutchings spent over a decade working on pyrogallol formulas, eventually producing one he named PMK for its main ingredients: pyrogallol, Metol, and Kodalk (the trade name of Kodak for sodium metaborate). This formulation resolved the consistency issues, and Hutchings found that an interaction between the greenish stain given to film by pyro developers and the color sensitivity of modern variable-contrast photographic papers gave the effect of an extreme compensating developer. From 1969 to 1977, Wimberley experimented with the Pyrogallol developing agent. He published his formula for WD2D in 1977 in Petersen's Photographic. PMK and other modern pyro formulations are now used by many black-and-white photographers. The Film Developing Cookbook has examples.[7]Another developer mainly based on pyrogallol was formulated by Jay DeFehr. The 510-pyro,[8] is a concentrate that uses triethanolamine as alkali, and pyrogallol, ascorbic acid, and phenidone as combined developers in a single concentrated stock solution with long shelf life . This developer has both staining and tanning properties and negatives developed with it are immune to the callier effect. It can be used for small and large negative formats.The Darkroom Cookbook (Alternative Process Photography) has examples.[9]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"LD50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ullmann-3"},{"link_name":"genotoxic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotoxic"},{"link_name":"in vitro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Pyrogallol use, e.g. in hair dye formulations, is declining because of concerns about its toxicity.[10]\nIts LD50 (oral, rat) is 300 mg/kg.[3]Isolated, pyrogallol was found to be extremely genotoxic in vitro, but certain compounds in the body may protect against its toxicity.[11][12]","title":"Safety"}] | [] | [{"title":"Catechol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechol"},{"title":"Gallacetophenone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallacetophenone"},{"title":"Gallic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_acid"},{"title":"Syringol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringol"}] | [{"reference":"Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. p. 3.38. ISBN 9781498754293.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics","url_text":"CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press","url_text":"CRC Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498754293","url_text":"9781498754293"}]},{"reference":"Thakuria, Ranjit; Cherukuvada, Suryanarayan; Nangia, Ashwini (2012). \"Crystal Structures of Pyrogallol, Its Hydrate, and Stable Multiple Z ′ Cocrystals with N-Heterocycles Containing Metastable Conformers of Pyrogallol\". Crystal Growth & Design. 12 (8): 3944–3953. doi:10.1021/cg3003367.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcg3003367","url_text":"10.1021/cg3003367"}]},{"reference":"Fiege, Helmut; Heinz-Werner, Voges; Hamamoto, Toshikazu; Umemura, Sumio; Iwata, Tadao; Miki, Hisaya; Fujita, Yasuhiro; Buysch, Hans-Josef; Garbe. \"Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry\". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p. 1072. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_313. ISBN 978-3527306732.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry","url_text":"Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a19_313","url_text":"10.1002/14356007.a19_313"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732","url_text":"978-3527306732"}]},{"reference":"Buzbee, Lloyd R. (1966-10-01). \"Rearranged Products from the Reaction of Benzenesulfonic Acids with Caustic\". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 31 (10): 3289–3292. doi:10.1021/jo01348a042. ISSN 0022-3263.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjo01348a042","url_text":"10.1021/jo01348a042"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3263","url_text":"0022-3263"}]},{"reference":"Magro, Angel A. Núñez; Eastham, Graham R.; Cole-Hamilton, David J. (2009-06-10). \"Preparation of Phenolic Compounds by Decarboxylation of Hydroxybenzoic Acids or Desulfonation of Hydroxybenzenesulfonic Acid, Catalysed by Electron Rich Palladium Complexes\". Dalton Transactions (24): 4683–8. doi:10.1039/B900398C. ISSN 1477-9234. PMID 19513476.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FB900398C","url_text":"10.1039/B900398C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1477-9234","url_text":"1477-9234"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19513476","url_text":"19513476"}]},{"reference":"Badhwar, I. C.; Venkataraman, K. (1934). \"Gallacetophenone\". Organic Syntheses. 14: 40. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.014.0040.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.014.0040","url_text":"10.15227/orgsyn.014.0040"}]},{"reference":"Anchell, Stephen G.; Troop, Bill (1998). The Film Developing Cookbook. ISBN 978-0240802770.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0240802770","url_text":"978-0240802770"}]},{"reference":"\"510-PYRO\". 510-PYRO.","urls":[{"url":"http://pyrostains.blogspot.com/","url_text":"\"510-PYRO\""}]},{"reference":"Anchell, Stephen, G. (2016). The darkroom cookbook (Fourth ed.). New York. ISBN 9781138959187. OCLC 938707611.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138959187","url_text":"9781138959187"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/938707611","url_text":"938707611"}]},{"reference":"\"Cancer Biologists Find DNA-Damaging Toxins in Common Plant-Based Foods\". Johns Hopkins Medicine. Retrieved 11 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/cancer_biologists_find_dna_damaging_toxins_in_common_plant_based_foods","url_text":"\"Cancer Biologists Find DNA-Damaging Toxins in Common Plant-Based Foods\""}]},{"reference":"\"Compounds in Saliva and Common Body Proteins May Fend Off DNA-Damaging Chemicals in Tea, Coffee and Liquid Smoke\". Johns Hopkins Medicine. Retrieved 11 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/compounds_in_saliva_and_common_body_proteins_may_fend_off_dna_damaging_chemicals_in_tea_coffee_and_liquid_smoke","url_text":"\"Compounds in Saliva and Common Body Proteins May Fend Off DNA-Damaging Chemicals in Tea, Coffee and Liquid Smoke\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=87-66-1","external_links_name":"87-66-1"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=Oc1cccc%28O%29c1O","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=16164","external_links_name":"CHEBI:16164"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL307145","external_links_name":"ChEMBL307145"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.13835557.html","external_links_name":"13835557"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.001.603","external_links_name":"100.001.603"},{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C01108","external_links_name":"C01108"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1057","external_links_name":"1057"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/01Y4A2QXY0","external_links_name":"01Y4A2QXY0"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID6025983","external_links_name":"DTXSID6025983"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=464377558&page2=Pyrogallol","external_links_name":"verify"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcg3003367","external_links_name":"10.1021/cg3003367"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a19_313","external_links_name":"10.1002/14356007.a19_313"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjo01348a042","external_links_name":"10.1021/jo01348a042"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3263","external_links_name":"0022-3263"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1039%2FB900398C","external_links_name":"10.1039/B900398C"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1477-9234","external_links_name":"1477-9234"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19513476","external_links_name":"19513476"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.15227%2Forgsyn.014.0040","external_links_name":"10.15227/orgsyn.014.0040"},{"Link":"http://pyrostains.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"\"510-PYRO\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/938707611","external_links_name":"938707611"},{"Link":"http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/TR/1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene.html","external_links_name":"Safety data for 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene"},{"Link":"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/cancer_biologists_find_dna_damaging_toxins_in_common_plant_based_foods","external_links_name":"\"Cancer Biologists Find DNA-Damaging Toxins in Common Plant-Based Foods\""},{"Link":"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/compounds_in_saliva_and_common_body_proteins_may_fend_off_dna_damaging_chemicals_in_tea_coffee_and_liquid_smoke","external_links_name":"\"Compounds in Saliva and Common Body Proteins May Fend Off DNA-Damaging Chemicals in Tea, Coffee and Liquid Smoke\""},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4508755-6","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovettsville,_Virginia | Lovettsville, Virginia | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Government","4 Demographics","5 Transportation","6 Events","7 Notable people","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 39°16.4′N 77°38.4′W / 39.2733°N 77.6400°W / 39.2733; -77.6400Town in VirginiaLovettsville, VirginiaTownTown of LovettsvilleLovettsville in September 2008
SealLovettsvilleShow map of Northern VirginiaLovettsvilleShow map of VirginiaLovettsvilleShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 39°16.4′N 77°38.4′W / 39.2733°N 77.6400°W / 39.2733; -77.6400Country United StatesState VirginiaCountyLoudounGovernment • MayorChristopher M. Hornbaker • Vice MayorJoy PritzArea • Total0.85 sq mi (2.20 km2) • Land0.84 sq mi (2.19 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.01 km2)Elevation505 ft (154 m)Population (2010) • Total1,613 • Estimate (2019)2,198 • Density2,604.27/sq mi (1,005.09/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code20180Area code540FIPS code51-47208GNIS feature ID1495879Websitewww.lovettsvilleva.gov
Lovettsville is a town in Loudoun County, located near the very northern tip of the Commonwealth of Virginia, United States. Settled primarily by German immigrants, the town was originally established in 1836.
The population was 1,613 at the 2010 census and an estimated 2,198 in 2019.
History
Following the 1722 Treaty of St. Albans which established the Blue Ridge Mountains as the buffer between Native Americans and white settlers, German immigrants began arriving in the northern Loudoun Valley to farm the rich topsoil. They established several villages, many constructed of log and wooden buildings, and began to expand their land holdings. Lovettsville was then called "The German Settlement".
In 1820 David Lovett subdivided his property into quarter-acre "city lots". As a result of the ensuing construction boom, the town was called "Newtown". In 1828, the town was again renamed, to "Lovettsville". In 1836 the Virginia General Assembly established Lovettsville as a town, but the town was not fully incorporated until 1876.
During the Civil War, Lovettsville was an important transportation stop for Union troops crossing the Potomac River. Lovettsville was among the few communities in Loudoun County to vote against secession.
In 1940, Lovettsville was the site of a crash of a DC-3 airliner. It was the worst in US history at that time, killing 25 people, including U.S. Senator Ernest Lundeen, and became known as the Lovettsville air disaster.
The Lovettsville Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.
In 2018, after the NHL's Washington Capitals advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals for the second time in franchise history, the town's council voted to temporarily rename Lovettsville "Capitals-ville" for the duration of the finals.
Geography
Lovettsville is located in northern Loudoun County at 39°16.4′N 77°38.4′W / 39.2733°N 77.6400°W / 39.2733; -77.6400 (39.2728, -77.6399). Virginia State Route 287 passes through the center of town, leading north 3 miles (5 km) to Brunswick, Maryland, and south 11 miles (18 km) to Purcellville. Leesburg, the Loudoun county seat, is 14 miles (23 km) southeast of Lovettsville.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.85 square miles (2.2 km2), of which 2.1 acres (8,354 m2), or 0.38%, are water. The town sits on a low ridge within the Loudoun Valley, with the west side of town draining to Dutchman Creek and the east side draining to Quarter Branch, both streams flowing north to the Potomac River.
Government
Lovettsville has a council–manager form of government:
Town Council:
Christopher M. Hornbaker, Mayor
Joy Pritz, Vice Mayor
Brandon Davis
David Earl
Robert “Bobby” Merhaut
Jennifer Reed
Tom Budnar
Administration:
Jason Cournoyer, Town Manager
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1870155—188092−40.6%190097—191019297.9%1920167−13.0%193023943.1%19402483.8%195034137.5%1960217−36.4%1970185−14.7%1980613231.4%199074922.2%200085313.9%20101,61389.1%2019 (est.)2,19836.3%U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,613 people, 566 households, and 424 families residing in the town. The population density was 1832.9 people per square mile (701.3/km2). There were 599 housing units at an average density of 680.7 per square mile (260.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 87.0% White, 6.0% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.7% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islands American, 1.9% from other races, and 3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.3% of the population.
There were 566 households, out of which 46.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.4% were married couples living together, 4.4% had a male householder with no wife present, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.1% were non-families. 18.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.3.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 32.4% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 33.4% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 7.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.5 years. For every 100 females there were 92.4 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $100,288, and the median income for a family was $109,808. Males had a median income of $72,661 versus $51,438 for females. The per capita income for the town was $33,212. None of the families and .6% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 9.1% of those over 64.
SR 287, the primary highway serving Lovettsville
Transportation
The only primary highway directly serving Lovettsville is Virginia State Route 287. SR 287 extends southward to Virginia State Route 7 at Purcellville. It also continues north to the Potomac River, where a bridge connects the north end of SR 287 to Brunswick, Maryland.
Events
Lovettsville Oktoberfest typically takes place on the last full weekend of September.
Over Memorial Day Weekend, Lovettsville hosts Mayfest, billed as Lovettsville's All-American town picnic.
Over the first weekend of December, the Loudoun Valley German Society hosts the acclaimed annual Christkindlmarkt (traditional German Christmas market).
On New Year's Day, Lovettsville hosts Bezerkle on the Squirkle, a 5K fun run around oddly-arranged traffic square at the center of town.
The town also hosts Movies and Concerts on the Green at the Walker Pavilion monthly during the warm weather months.
Notable people
Warren T. Brookes, newspaper columnist
Hal Douglas, voiceover recording artist
Rob Jones, United States Marine
Chip Roy, U.S. Representative from Texas's 21st congressional district, raised in Lovettsville.
References
^ a b "Mayor and Town Council". The Town of Lovettsville. Lovettsville, Virginia. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
^ a b "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files –Virginia". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
^ a b "Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Lovettsville town, Virginia". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2011-05-14.
^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ Bureau, US Census. "Search Results". The United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2021-02-14.
^ "Second Civil War Trail Dedicated in Lovettsville". Leesburg Today. 7 May 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
^ Meserve, Steve F. "The Civil War in Loudoun County". visitloudoun.org. Loudoun Convention & Visitors Association. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
^ "National Register of Historic Places Listings". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 8/06/12 through 8/10/12. National Park Service. 2012-08-17. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
^ Leshan, Bruce. "SPORTS Lovettsville, Va. changes name to Capitalsville". WUSA-9. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "Lovettsville Oktoberfest: Visit". Lovettsville Oktoberfest. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-08-04. Retrieved 2022-07-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "11 Of The Most Magical German Christmas Markets Across The U.S". BuzzFeed.
^ "Annual Beserkle on the Squirkle". Town of Lovettsville. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
^ "MayFest - Lovettsville's All-American Town Picnic". Town of Lovettsville.
^ Scherer, Jasper (May 14, 2018). "Chip Roy's plan to get Washington out of the way includes going there himself". San Antonio Express-News. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lovettsville, Virginia.
Official website
Community History
Lovettsville Business Association
Purcellville Gazette - weekly newspaper whose delivery area includes Lovettsville
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loudoun County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Town in VirginiaLovettsville is a town in Loudoun County, located near the very northern tip of the Commonwealth of Virginia, United States. Settled primarily by German immigrants, the town was originally established in 1836.The population was 1,613 at the 2010 census[3] and an estimated 2,198 in 2019.[7]","title":"Lovettsville, Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blue Ridge Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"German immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Americans"},{"link_name":"Loudoun Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_Valley"},{"link_name":"Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"Potomac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_River"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"DC-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC-3"},{"link_name":"Ernest Lundeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Lundeen"},{"link_name":"Lovettsville air disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovettsville_air_disaster"},{"link_name":"Lovettsville Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovettsville_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps-10"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL"},{"link_name":"Washington Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Capitals"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Following the 1722 Treaty of St. Albans which established the Blue Ridge Mountains as the buffer between Native Americans and white settlers, German immigrants began arriving in the northern Loudoun Valley to farm the rich topsoil. They established several villages, many constructed of log and wooden buildings, and began to expand their land holdings. Lovettsville was then called \"The German Settlement\".In 1820 David Lovett subdivided his property into quarter-acre \"city lots\". As a result of the ensuing construction boom, the town was called \"Newtown\". In 1828, the town was again renamed, to \"Lovettsville\". In 1836 the Virginia General Assembly established Lovettsville as a town, but the town was not fully incorporated until 1876.During the Civil War, Lovettsville was an important transportation stop for Union troops crossing the Potomac River.[8] Lovettsville was among the few communities in Loudoun County to vote against secession.[9]In 1940, Lovettsville was the site of a crash of a DC-3 airliner. It was the worst in US history at that time, killing 25 people, including U.S. Senator Ernest Lundeen, and became known as the Lovettsville air disaster.The Lovettsville Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.[10]In 2018, after the NHL's Washington Capitals advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals for the second time in franchise history, the town's council voted to temporarily rename Lovettsville \"Capitals-ville\" for the duration of the finals.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"39°16.4′N 77°38.4′W / 39.2733°N 77.6400°W / 39.2733; -77.6400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lovettsville,_Virginia¶ms=39_16.4_N_77_38.4_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-12"},{"link_name":"Virginia State Route 287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_287"},{"link_name":"Brunswick, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Purcellville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purcellville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Leesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leesburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2020-2"},{"link_name":"Loudoun Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun_Valley"},{"link_name":"Potomac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_River"}],"text":"Lovettsville is located in northern Loudoun County at 39°16.4′N 77°38.4′W / 39.2733°N 77.6400°W / 39.2733; -77.6400 (39.2728, -77.6399).[12] Virginia State Route 287 passes through the center of town, leading north 3 miles (5 km) to Brunswick, Maryland, and south 11 miles (18 km) to Purcellville. Leesburg, the Loudoun county seat, is 14 miles (23 km) southeast of Lovettsville.According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.85 square miles (2.2 km2), of which 2.1 acres (8,354 m2), or 0.38%, are water.[2] The town sits on a low ridge within the Loudoun Valley, with the west side of town draining to Dutchman Creek and the east side draining to Quarter Branch, both streams flowing north to the Potomac River.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"council–manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager"}],"text":"Lovettsville has a council–manager form of government:Town Council:Christopher M. Hornbaker, Mayor\nJoy Pritz, Vice Mayor\nBrandon Davis\nDavid Earl\nRobert “Bobby” Merhaut\nJennifer Reed\nTom BudnarAdministration:Jason Cournoyer, Town Manager","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR8-5"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islands American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islands_American"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016-10-29_13_10_49_View_north_along_Virginia_State_Route_287_(Berlin_Turnpike)_at_Broad_Way_in_Lovettsville,_Loudoun_County,_Virginia.jpg"}],"text":"As of the census[5] of 2010, there were 1,613 people, 566 households, and 424 families residing in the town. The population density was 1832.9 people per square mile (701.3/km2). There were 599 housing units at an average density of 680.7 per square mile (260.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 87.0% White, 6.0% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.7% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islands American, 1.9% from other races, and 3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.3% of the population.There were 566 households, out of which 46.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.4% were married couples living together, 4.4% had a male householder with no wife present, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.1% were non-families. 18.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.3.In the town, the population was spread out, with 32.4% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 33.4% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 7.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.5 years. For every 100 females there were 92.4 males.The median income for a household in the town was $100,288, and the median income for a family was $109,808. Males had a median income of $72,661 versus $51,438 for females. The per capita income for the town was $33,212. None of the families and .6% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 9.1% of those over 64.SR 287, the primary highway serving Lovettsville","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia State Route 287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_287"},{"link_name":"Virginia State Route 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_7"},{"link_name":"Purcellville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purcellville,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Potomac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_River"},{"link_name":"Brunswick, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick,_Maryland"}],"text":"The only primary highway directly serving Lovettsville is Virginia State Route 287. SR 287 extends southward to Virginia State Route 7 at Purcellville. It also continues north to the Potomac River, where a bridge connects the north end of SR 287 to Brunswick, Maryland.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lovettsvilleva.gov-18"}],"text":"Lovettsville Oktoberfest typically takes place on the last full weekend of September.[14]\nOver Memorial Day Weekend, Lovettsville hosts Mayfest, billed as Lovettsville's All-American town picnic.[15]\nOver the first weekend of December, the Loudoun Valley German Society hosts the acclaimed annual Christkindlmarkt (traditional German Christmas market).[16]\nOn New Year's Day, Lovettsville hosts Bezerkle on the Squirkle, a 5K fun run around oddly-arranged traffic square at the center of town.[17]\nThe town also hosts Movies and Concerts on the Green at the Walker Pavilion monthly during the warm weather months.[18]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warren T. Brookes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_T._Brookes"},{"link_name":"Hal Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Rob Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Jones_(Marine)"},{"link_name":"Chip Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Roy"},{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Representative"},{"link_name":"Texas's 21st congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_21st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Warren T. Brookes, newspaper columnist\nHal Douglas, voiceover recording artist\nRob Jones, United States Marine\nChip Roy, U.S. Representative from Texas's 21st congressional district, raised in Lovettsville.[19]","title":"Notable people"}] | [{"image_text":"SR 287, the primary highway serving Lovettsville","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/2016-10-29_13_10_49_View_north_along_Virginia_State_Route_287_%28Berlin_Turnpike%29_at_Broad_Way_in_Lovettsville%2C_Loudoun_County%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-2016-10-29_13_10_49_View_north_along_Virginia_State_Route_287_%28Berlin_Turnpike%29_at_Broad_Way_in_Lovettsville%2C_Loudoun_County%2C_Virginia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Virginia highlighting Loudoun County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Loudoun_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Loudoun_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Mayor and Town Council\". The Town of Lovettsville. Lovettsville, Virginia. Retrieved April 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lovettsvilleva.gov/government/mayor-and-town-council/","url_text":"\"Mayor and Town Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files –Virginia\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_51.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files –Virginia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Lovettsville town, Virginia\". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved February 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US5147208&tid=DECENNIALSF12010.P1","url_text":"\"Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Lovettsville town, Virginia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2011-05-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"Bureau, US Census. \"Search Results\". The United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2021-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/search-results.html","url_text":"\"Search Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Second Civil War Trail Dedicated in Lovettsville\". Leesburg Today. 7 May 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leesburgtoday.com/news/second-civil-war-trail-dedicated-in-lovettsville/article_b000c5bc-b72c-11e2-aedf-001a4bcf887a.html","url_text":"\"Second Civil War Trail Dedicated in Lovettsville\""}]},{"reference":"Meserve, Steve F. \"The Civil War in Loudoun County\". visitloudoun.org. Loudoun Convention & Visitors Association. Retrieved 10 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visitloudoun.org/trip-ideas/civil-war/the-story/civil-war-in-Loudoun","url_text":"\"The Civil War in Loudoun County\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register of Historic Places Listings\". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 8/06/12 through 8/10/12. National Park Service. 2012-08-17. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222145425/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/listings/20120817.htm","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Listings\""},{"url":"http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/listings/20120817.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Leshan, Bruce. \"SPORTS Lovettsville, Va. changes name to Capitalsville\". WUSA-9. Retrieved 26 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wusa9.com/article/sports/lovettsville-va-changes-name-to-capitalsville/65-557965443","url_text":"\"SPORTS Lovettsville, Va. changes name to Capitalsville\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lovettsville Oktoberfest: Visit\". Lovettsville Oktoberfest. Retrieved 16 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lovettsvilleoktoberfest.com/find-us/","url_text":"\"Lovettsville Oktoberfest: Visit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2018-08-04. Retrieved 2022-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180804164448/http://lovettsvillevamayfest.com/","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://lovettsvillevamayfest.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"11 Of The Most Magical German Christmas Markets Across The U.S\". BuzzFeed.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buzzfeed.com/germanyinusa/11-stops-on-your-german-christmas-market-road-trip-fr91","url_text":"\"11 Of The Most Magical German Christmas Markets Across The U.S\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Beserkle on the Squirkle\". Town of Lovettsville. Retrieved 16 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lovettsvilleva.gov/default.asp?ContentID=117","url_text":"\"Annual Beserkle on the Squirkle\""}]},{"reference":"\"MayFest - Lovettsville's All-American Town Picnic\". Town of Lovettsville.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lovettsvilleva.gov/default.asp?ContentID=97","url_text":"\"MayFest - Lovettsville's All-American Town Picnic\""}]},{"reference":"Scherer, Jasper (May 14, 2018). \"Chip Roy's plan to get Washington out of the way includes going there himself\". San Antonio Express-News. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aybak,_Samangan | Aybak, Samangan | ["1 History","2 Historical heritage","3 Legend","4 Geography","4.1 Climate","5 Culture","6 In popular culture","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 36°15′55″N 68°1′0″E / 36.26528°N 68.01667°E / 36.26528; 68.01667
Town in Samangan, AfghanistanAybak
سمنگانTownOverview of Aybak valleyLocation of Aybak. Click to see.AybakLocation in AfghanistanCoordinates: 36°15′55″N 68°1′0″E / 36.26528°N 68.01667°E / 36.26528; 68.01667Country AfghanistanProvinceSamanganDistrictAybakElevation959 m (3,146 ft)Population (2012) • Total9,958Time zone+ 4.30
Haibak in 1939
Aybak (Aibak or Haibak; previously Eukratidia (Ancient Greek: Εὐκρατιδία); historically known as Samangan) is a provincial town, medieval caravan stop, and the headquarters of the Samangan Province in the district of the same name in the northern part of Afghanistan. As an ancient town and major Buddhist centre during the 4th and 5th centuries under the then Kushan rulers, it has the ruins of that period at a place known now as Takht-i-rustam, which is located on a hill above the town.
Due to its location, Haibak has been influenced by Buddhist, Islamic and Turkic and Persian peoples. In the past, it was significant because of its position on the main line of communication between Kabul and Afghan Turkestan.
In 2021, the Taliban gained control of the city during the 2021 Taliban offensive.
History
The earliest known history is linked to the identification of the place by Ptolemy as the place of the Varni or Uarni and the fortified city of Samangan on the banks of the Khulm River, identical to the city on the Dargydus River, south east of Zariaspa/Balkh. The ruins found here establish the city's founding by Eucratides I, the King of Bactria. It was then known as Eukratidia, the size of the present Khulm city.
Historicity of the town is dated to the Kushan Dynasty reign during the 4th and 5th centuries when it was a famous Buddhist centre. Witness to this period is seen now in the form of ruins at a place called the Takht-e-Rostam, which is located 3 km from the town on a hilltop. Arabs and Mongols came to this place when it was already famous as a Buddhist religious centre.
Takht-i-rustam is a historical place where ruins of Buddhist religious culture could be seen. The Buddhist stupa here in the form of a mound, located on the hilltop, represents the earliest link to the evolution of Buddhist architecture.
Aibak was the name given to this place when during the medieval period, caravans used to stop here.
On October 23, 2003, during the war, rebels fired rockets at a pickup truck ferrying passengers to Haibak, which killed ten people.
In 2021, the Taliban launched a nationwide military offensive coinciding with the withdrawal of United States troops. Aybak was captured on 9 August 2021, becoming the sixth provincial capital to fall to the Taliban after a weekend offensive.
The bombing of a school in December 2022 killed 17 people.
Historical heritage
Samangan has one of the well-known archaeological sites in Afghanistan, in the Takth i Rostam and the adjacent Buddhist caves and stupas on top of a hill, north of Hindu Kush passes. At this location, caves were hewn out of rocks and inhabited by Buddhists. The Buddhist stupa here is in the form of a mound. It represents the earliest link to the evolution of Buddhist architecture in Afghanistan. Another heritage site is the Hazar Sumuch District which is about 10 km away from the town.
view from the top of Takht-i Rustam stupa and monastery a few kilometers outside Haibak
Takht-i Rustam
Main article: Takht-i-rustam
Takht-i Rustam (Haibak), literal meaning "the throne of Rustam", named after Rustam, a mythological warrior in Persian mythology, is a hilltop settlement. It is dated to the 4th and 5th centuries of the Kushano-Sassanian period, which is corroborated by archaeological, architectural and numismatic evidence. It is located 3 km to the southwest of Samangan town. It is the location of a stupa-monastery complex which is fully carved into the mountain rock. The monastery of the major Buddhist tradition of Theravada Buddhism, has five chambers, two are sanctuaries and one is a domed ceiling with an intricate lotus leaf beautification. In the adjacent hill is the stupa, which has a harmika, with several caves at its base. Above one of the caves, there is square building with two conference halls, one is 22 metres square and the other is circular. In one of these caves, Archaeological excavations have revealed a cache of Ghaznavid coins. The Buddhist temples near the Takht are 10 numbers known locally as Kie Tehe.
Hazar Sumuch District
Hazar Sumuch District is another ancient Buddhist centre in north central Afghanistan where several caves have been found and in one of these caves a Buddhist stupa has been carved.
Legend
Further information: Rostam and Sohrab
Rostam mourns for his son Sohrab whom he has killed in the battlefield
A hoary legend links Samangan to the famous epic story of Rostam and Sohrab. Rostam (meaning hero of the World), a valiant hero of Iran, was on a hunting visit to the Samangan area. He took rest at a place near the Samangan area, in the village of Shaihabad. During this time, his horse was stolen under a plan engineered by the local King, who was impressed by the valour of Rustam. The local king wanted to have Rostam as his ally. When Rostam finds out that his horse, named Rakhsh, had been stolen, he became furious and went in search of the horse and the search led him to the Samangan town. When he reached the outskirts of the town, the King of Samangan and his entourage came to greet him. Rostam then threatened the Samangan King with dire consequences if his horse was not found, as the horse's hoofprints had been tracked up to the village. The local king, however, assuaged Rostam and invited him to his palace as his honoured guest and entertains him lavishly. He also promised Rostam that he would arrange to send search parties to find his horse. While in the palace, the King's daughter Tamina met him and falls in love with Rustam. Rustam also fell in love with her. With the approval of the king and the people of Samangan, the local ruler's beautiful daughter Tamina married Rustam. The king was pleased with this development and he then arranged to find the horse of Rostam. Rostam then returned to Iran, his home country. Before taking leave of his wife he gave her an onyx t that was tied to his arm. He gave it to her, and said:
Cherish this jewel, and if Heaven cause thee to give birth unto a daughter, fasten it within her locks, and it will shield her from evil; but if it be granted unto thee to bring forth a son, fasten it upon his arm, that he may wear it like his father. And he shall be strong as Keriman, of stature like unto Sam the son of Neriman, and of grace of speech like unto Zal, my father. Both were sorrowful at the separation from each other. Their son was later born to Tamina in Samangan, who was named as Sohrab.
Tahmineh brought up her son with great dedication and taught him all the skills of warfare and he became very strong. She also told him about his father Rostam and his forefathers and their valiant achievements as warriors in Iran. She also gave him the gifts that his father had sent him. She advised him to be wary of Afrasiyab of Turan who was father's foe. After knowing his ancestry and about his brave father, Sohrab decided to invade Iran. He also promised his mother that she would be the queen of Iran. As he rode on a horse which was the foal of Rakshak, his father's horse, he thought the tidings were good. However, as he moved to wage war against Iran he encountered his father on the battlefield. His father had been kept totally unaware of his son's identity by Afrasiyab who wanted father and son to fight each other. Before Sohrab led his army against Iran, Afrasiyab had beguiled him to join him in the war, with gifts with messages praising Sohrab for his intent to invade Iran and told him how that "if Iran be subdued the world would henceforth know peace, for upon his own head would he place the crown of the Kaianides; and Turan, Iran, and Samengan should be as one land." There was deceit and false information given about Rostam. Both were unaware of each other's identity and relationship when they faced each other on the battlefield. In the fierce battle that took place between father and son Sohrab was mortally wounded. When Sohrab was wounded he announced his identity to Rostam and on hearing this Rostam was overtaken by intense grief and threw away his sword. Sohrab also was grief-stricken upon knowing that it was his father whom he had faced in the war and who had wounded him mortally. He then showed his onyx symbol that was tied to his armour. Rostam realized that it was the onyx which he had given to his wife and that he had really slain his own son. Kaykavous, the king of Iran, delayed giving Rostam the healing potion (Noush Daru) to save Sohrab as he feared losing his power to the alliance of the father and the son.
Geography
The town is located on the banks of the Khulm River valley formed below the junction of Hindu Kush Mountains and the Central Asian Steppe. The valley has very fertile agricultural land and is characterised by rolling green fields and hills at the sides.
The A76 highway from Kabul -Mazar-e-Sharif to Badakhshan passes through Samangan town and goes through the bazaar and the main town square. The nearest major cities are Mazar-e-Sharif and Baghlan. The town is known for its large Uzbek population and the well-known Uzbek leader of the province, General Dostum's pictures, are on display in the town.
Climate
Aybak features a four-season mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa/Dsa). The annual mean temperature is 13.4 °C (56.1 °F).
Climate data for Aybak
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
4.4(39.9)
6.4(43.5)
12.3(54.1)
19.3(66.7)
25.1(77.2)
31.3(88.3)
33.6(92.5)
32.3(90.1)
27.9(82.2)
21.4(70.5)
13.6(56.5)
7.6(45.7)
19.6(67.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−0.4(31.3)
1.6(34.9)
7.2(45.0)
13.7(56.7)
18.6(65.5)
24.1(75.4)
26.5(79.7)
25.1(77.2)
20.3(68.5)
14.3(57.7)
7.5(45.5)
2.6(36.7)
13.4(56.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
−5.2(22.6)
−3.2(26.2)
2.2(36.0)
8.1(46.6)
12.1(53.8)
17.0(62.6)
19.5(67.1)
17.9(64.2)
12.8(55.0)
7.2(45.0)
1.4(34.5)
−2.4(27.7)
7.3(45.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
47(1.9)
58(2.3)
79(3.1)
67(2.6)
35(1.4)
1(0.0)
0(0)
0(0)
1(0.0)
9(0.4)
22(0.9)
33(1.3)
352(13.9)
Source: Climate-Data.org
Culture
Marketplace
The weekly market, an ancient traditional activity of the town is popular and held every Thursday when craftsmen specializing in musical instruments, such as the dutar (two-stringed lute) and the Zirbhagali (a drum made of pottery), exhibit their products for sale. A special marketplace here is known as the Bazar-e-Danbora Faroshi (Lute-Sellers' Bazar or market).
Cuisine
The town is also famous for its Uzbek bread loaves, which are a popular street side sale.
Health
The town's hospital serves the entire province.
Refugees
A refugee camp, Hazrati-Sultan, is located 70 km (43 mi) to the north.
In popular culture
The Northumbrian modernist poet Basil Bunting wrote a poem about the town. "Let them remember Samangan..." stands 32nd in the first book of Odes in his Collected Poems. The poem is dated 1937, hence Bunting cannot have actually visited the town; although he did later travel in the Middle East, whether he ever went to Afghanistan is unknown but unlikely. However, in the same year his first son was born (in Wisconsin) and named Rustam; evidently the legend of Rustam and Sohrab inspired the poem as well as the child's name. The poem itself is an unrhymed sonnet, less experimental than many of Bunting's short poems from the period, but successful in its own elegiac manner.
References
^ Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, E285.16
^ a b "Introducing Samangan (Aibak)". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 8 July 2010. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
^ a b c d e f Clammer, Paul (2007). Afghanistan. Lonely Planet. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-74059-642-8. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
^ Royal Numismatic Society (Great Britain) (1846). The Numismatic chronicle, Volume 8. Royal Numismatic Society. pp. 107–108.
^ "Taliban capture sixth provincial capital in northern Afghanistan". The Guardian. 9 August 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
^ "Students killed as bomb blast hits Afghan school". BBC News. 30 November 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
^ "Takht-i Rustam monastery, (near) Samangan, Velayat-e Samangan, AF". Mapping of Buddhist Monasteries. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
^ "Takht e Rustam". Afghanistan Cultural Profile. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
^ "Samangan Provincial Government" (PDF). Visiting Arts: Samangan Provincial Department of Information and Culture. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
^ "Hazar Sum" (PDF). Visiting Arts: Samangan Provincial Department of Information and Culture. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2005. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
^ a b Firdawsi, Firdawsi (1906). The Sháhnáma of Firdausí, Volume 2. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. Ltd. pp. 118, 122–135. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
^ a b Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (1993). Persian myths. University of Texas Press. p. 41. ISBN 0-292-71158-1. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
^ a b The Geographical journal, Volume 37. Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain). 1911. p. 9. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
^ "Climate: Samangan - Climate-Data.org". Retrieved 3 September 2022.
^ Wang Chichhung, ed. (2006). Dust in the wind: retracing Dharma Master Xuanzang's Western pilgrimage. Rhythms Monthly. p. 162. ISBN 986-81419-8-2.
^ Wang, p. 149
External links
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Haibak" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 819.
Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1977): An Historical Guide to Afghanistan. 1st Edition: 1970. 2nd Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Afghan Tourist Organization.
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Pictures from Haibak in 1974
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
vteSamangan ProvinceCapital: AybakDistricts
Aybak
Dara-i Sufi Bala
Dara-i Sufi Payin
Feroz Nakhchir
Hazrati Sultan
Khuram Wa Sarbagh
Ruyi Du Ab
Populated places
Ab Khvorak-e Bala
Ab Khvorak-e Pa'in
Abdan-e Shebaqli
Aq Gonbaz
Asiabad
Baba Qanbar
Balahesar
Band-e Sareq
Besh Qol
Dalkhaki
Sandal
Other
Governors
Darah Sof District
Khulm River
Koh e Haj e Kushtah
Samangan University | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CH-NB_-_Afghanistan,_Haibak_(Samangan,_Aybak_or_Aibak)-_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-21-054.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aibak-2"},{"link_name":"Samangan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samangan_Province"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"Takht-i-rustam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takht-i-rustam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clammer-3"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic"},{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_people"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"Afghan Turkestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Turkestan"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"2021 Taliban offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive"}],"text":"Town in Samangan, AfghanistanHaibak in 1939Aybak (Aibak or Haibak; previously Eukratidia (Ancient Greek: Εὐκρατιδία);[1] historically known as Samangan)[2] is a provincial town, medieval caravan stop, and the headquarters of the Samangan Province in the district of the same name in the northern part of Afghanistan. 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In the past, it was significant because of its position on the main line of communication between Kabul and Afghan Turkestan.In 2021, the Taliban gained control of the city during the 2021 Taliban offensive.","title":"Aybak, Samangan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"Varni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varni"},{"link_name":"Uarni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uarni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khulm River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulm_River"},{"link_name":"Dargydus River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dargydus_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zariaspa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zariaspa"},{"link_name":"Balkh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkh"},{"link_name":"Eucratides I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucratides_I"},{"link_name":"King of Bactria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Bactria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Royal-4"},{"link_name":"Kushan Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Takht-e-Rostam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takht-i-rustam"},{"link_name":"Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"link_name":"Mongols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clammer-3"},{"link_name":"Takht-i-rustam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takht-i-rustam"},{"link_name":"stupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa"},{"link_name":"Buddhist architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_architecture"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clammer-3"},{"link_name":"caravans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clammer-3"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"pickup truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickup_truck"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"nationwide military offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive"},{"link_name":"withdrawal of United States troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2020%E2%80%932021)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"bombing of a school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Aybak_bombing"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The earliest known history is linked to the identification of the place by Ptolemy as the place of the Varni or Uarni and the fortified city of Samangan on the banks of the Khulm River, identical to the city on the Dargydus River, south east of Zariaspa/Balkh. The ruins found here establish the city's founding by Eucratides I, the King of Bactria. It was then known as Eukratidia, the size of the present Khulm city.[4]Historicity of the town is dated to the Kushan Dynasty reign during the 4th and 5th centuries when it was a famous Buddhist centre. Witness to this period is seen now in the form of ruins at a place called the Takht-e-Rostam, which is located 3 km from the town on a hilltop. Arabs and Mongols came to this place when it was already famous as a Buddhist religious centre.[3]Takht-i-rustam is a historical place where ruins of Buddhist religious culture could be seen. The Buddhist stupa here in the form of a mound, located on the hilltop, represents the earliest link to the evolution of Buddhist architecture.[3]Aibak was the name given to this place when during the medieval period, caravans used to stop here.[3]On October 23, 2003, during the war, rebels fired rockets at a pickup truck ferrying passengers to Haibak, which killed ten people.[citation needed]In 2021, the Taliban launched a nationwide military offensive coinciding with the withdrawal of United States troops. Aybak was captured on 9 August 2021, becoming the sixth provincial capital to fall to the Taliban after a weekend offensive.[5]The bombing of a school in December 2022 killed 17 people.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"archaeological sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"Hindu Kush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kush"},{"link_name":"Buddhists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"Hazar Sumuch District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazar_Sumuch_District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stupa,_view_from_the_top,_stupa_and_monastery_at_Samangan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rustam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustam"},{"link_name":"Persian mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_mythology"},{"link_name":"Theravada Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"harmika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harmika&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ghaznavid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavid"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Velayat-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Takht-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ten-9"},{"link_name":"Hazar Sumuch District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazar_Sumuch_District"},{"link_name":"Buddhist stupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_stupa"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hazar-10"}],"text":"Samangan has one of the well-known archaeological sites in Afghanistan, in the Takth i Rostam and the adjacent Buddhist caves and stupas on top of a hill, north of Hindu Kush passes. At this location, caves were hewn out of rocks and inhabited by Buddhists. The Buddhist stupa here is in the form of a mound. It represents the earliest link to the evolution of Buddhist architecture in Afghanistan. Another heritage site is the Hazar Sumuch District which is about 10 km away from the town.view from the top of Takht-i Rustam stupa and monastery a few kilometers outside HaibakTakht-i RustamTakht-i Rustam (Haibak), literal meaning \"the throne of Rustam\", named after Rustam, a mythological warrior in Persian mythology, is a hilltop settlement. It is dated to the 4th and 5th centuries of the Kushano-Sassanian period, which is corroborated by archaeological, architectural and numismatic evidence. It is located 3 km to the southwest of Samangan town. It is the location of a stupa-monastery complex which is fully carved into the mountain rock. The monastery of the major Buddhist tradition of Theravada Buddhism, has five chambers, two are sanctuaries and one is a domed ceiling with an intricate lotus leaf beautification. In the adjacent hill is the stupa, which has a harmika, with several caves at its base. Above one of the caves, there is square building with two conference halls, one is 22 metres square and the other is circular. In one of these caves, Archaeological excavations have revealed a cache of Ghaznavid coins.[7][8] The Buddhist temples near the Takht are 10 numbers known locally as Kie Tehe.[9]Hazar Sumuch DistrictHazar Sumuch District is another ancient Buddhist centre in north central Afghanistan where several caves have been found and in one of these caves a Buddhist stupa has been carved.[10]","title":"Historical heritage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rostam and Sohrab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostam_and_Sohrab"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RostamMournsSohrab.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rostam and Sohrab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostam_and_Sohrab"},{"link_name":"Rakhsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhsh"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firdawsi-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Curtis-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Society-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Firdawsi-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Curtis-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Society-13"}],"text":"Further information: Rostam and SohrabRostam mourns for his son Sohrab whom he has killed in the battlefieldA hoary legend links Samangan to the famous epic story of Rostam and Sohrab. Rostam (meaning hero of the World), a valiant hero of Iran, was on a hunting visit to the Samangan area. He took rest at a place near the Samangan area, in the village of Shaihabad. During this time, his horse was stolen under a plan engineered by the local King, who was impressed by the valour of Rustam. The local king wanted to have Rostam as his ally. When Rostam finds out that his horse, named Rakhsh, had been stolen, he became furious and went in search of the horse and the search led him to the Samangan town. When he reached the outskirts of the town, the King of Samangan and his entourage came to greet him. Rostam then threatened the Samangan King with dire consequences if his horse was not found, as the horse's hoofprints had been tracked up to the village. The local king, however, assuaged Rostam and invited him to his palace as his honoured guest and entertains him lavishly. He also promised Rostam that he would arrange to send search parties to find his horse. While in the palace, the King's daughter Tamina met him and falls in love with Rustam. Rustam also fell in love with her. With the approval of the king and the people of Samangan, the local ruler's beautiful daughter Tamina married Rustam. The king was pleased with this development and he then arranged to find the horse of Rostam. Rostam then returned to Iran, his home country. Before taking leave of his wife he gave her an onyx t[clarification needed] that was tied to his arm. He gave it to her, and said:Cherish this jewel, and if Heaven cause thee to give birth unto a daughter, fasten it within her locks, and it will shield her from evil; but if it be granted unto thee to bring forth a son, fasten it upon his arm, that he may wear it like his father. And he shall be strong as Keriman, of stature like unto Sam the son of Neriman, and of grace of speech like unto Zal, my father.Both were sorrowful at the separation from each other. Their son was later born to Tamina in Samangan, who was named as Sohrab.[11][12][13]Tahmineh brought up her son with great dedication and taught him all the skills of warfare and he became very strong. She also told him about his father Rostam and his forefathers and their valiant achievements as warriors in Iran. She also gave him the gifts that his father had sent him. She advised him to be wary of Afrasiyab of Turan who was father's foe. After knowing his ancestry and about his brave father, Sohrab decided to invade Iran. He also promised his mother that she would be the queen of Iran. As he rode on a horse which was the foal of Rakshak, his father's horse, he thought the tidings were good. However, as he moved to wage war against Iran he encountered his father on the battlefield. His father had been kept totally unaware of his son's identity by Afrasiyab who wanted father and son to fight each other. Before Sohrab led his army against Iran, Afrasiyab had beguiled him to join him in the war, with gifts with messages praising Sohrab for his intent to invade Iran and told him how that \"if Iran be subdued the world would henceforth know peace, for upon his own head would he place the crown of the Kaianides; and Turan, Iran, and Samengan should be as one land.\" There was deceit and false information given about Rostam. Both were unaware of each other's identity and relationship when they faced each other on the battlefield. In the fierce battle that took place between father and son Sohrab was mortally wounded. When Sohrab was wounded he announced his identity to Rostam and on hearing this Rostam was overtaken by intense grief and threw away his sword. Sohrab also was grief-stricken upon knowing that it was his father whom he had faced in the war and who had wounded him mortally. He then showed his onyx symbol that was tied to his armour. Rostam realized that it was the onyx which he had given to his wife and that he had really slain his own son. Kaykavous, the king of Iran, delayed giving Rostam the healing potion (Noush Daru) to save Sohrab as he feared losing his power to the alliance of the father and the son.[11][12][13]","title":"Legend"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindu Kush Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kush"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clammer-3"},{"link_name":"A76 highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A76_highway"},{"link_name":"Mazar-e-Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazar-e-Sharif"},{"link_name":"Baghlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghlan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clammer-3"}],"text":"The town is located on the banks of the Khulm River valley formed below the junction of Hindu Kush Mountains and the Central Asian Steppe. The valley has very fertile agricultural land and is characterised by rolling green fields and hills at the sides.[3]\nThe A76 highway from Kabul -Mazar-e-Sharif to Badakhshan passes through Samangan town and goes through the bazaar and the main town square. The nearest major cities are Mazar-e-Sharif and Baghlan. The town is known for its large Uzbek population and the well-known Uzbek leader of the province, General Dostum's pictures, are on display in the town.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Aybak features a four-season mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa/Dsa). The annual mean temperature is 13.4 °C (56.1 °F).Climate data for Aybak\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n4.4(39.9)\n\n6.4(43.5)\n\n12.3(54.1)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n25.1(77.2)\n\n31.3(88.3)\n\n33.6(92.5)\n\n32.3(90.1)\n\n27.9(82.2)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n13.6(56.5)\n\n7.6(45.7)\n\n19.6(67.3)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−0.4(31.3)\n\n1.6(34.9)\n\n7.2(45.0)\n\n13.7(56.7)\n\n18.6(65.5)\n\n24.1(75.4)\n\n26.5(79.7)\n\n25.1(77.2)\n\n20.3(68.5)\n\n14.3(57.7)\n\n7.5(45.5)\n\n2.6(36.7)\n\n13.4(56.2)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−5.2(22.6)\n\n−3.2(26.2)\n\n2.2(36.0)\n\n8.1(46.6)\n\n12.1(53.8)\n\n17.0(62.6)\n\n19.5(67.1)\n\n17.9(64.2)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n7.2(45.0)\n\n1.4(34.5)\n\n−2.4(27.7)\n\n7.3(45.1)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n47(1.9)\n\n58(2.3)\n\n79(3.1)\n\n67(2.6)\n\n35(1.4)\n\n1(0.0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n1(0.0)\n\n9(0.4)\n\n22(0.9)\n\n33(1.3)\n\n352(13.9)\n\n\nSource: Climate-Data.org[14]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument"},{"link_name":"dutar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutar"},{"link_name":"drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum"},{"link_name":"marketplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketplace"},{"link_name":"Bazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar"},{"link_name":"Uzbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeks"},{"link_name":"bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aibak-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"MarketplaceThe weekly market, an ancient traditional activity of the town is popular and held every Thursday when craftsmen specializing in musical instruments, such as the dutar (two-stringed lute) and the Zirbhagali (a drum made of pottery), exhibit their products for sale. A special marketplace here is known as the Bazar-e-Danbora Faroshi (Lute-Sellers' Bazar or market).CuisineThe town is also famous for its Uzbek bread loaves, which are a popular street side sale.[2]HealthThe town's hospital serves the entire province.[15]RefugeesA refugee camp, Hazrati-Sultan, is located 70 km (43 mi) to the north.[16]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northumbrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumbria"},{"link_name":"modernist poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_poet"},{"link_name":"Basil Bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Bunting"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"}],"text":"The Northumbrian modernist poet Basil Bunting wrote a poem about the town. \"Let them remember Samangan...\" stands 32nd in the first book of Odes in his Collected Poems. The poem is dated 1937, hence Bunting cannot have actually visited the town; although he did later travel in the Middle East, whether he ever went to Afghanistan is unknown but unlikely. However, in the same year his first son was born (in Wisconsin) and named Rustam; evidently the legend of Rustam and Sohrab inspired the poem as well as the child's name. The poem itself is an unrhymed sonnet, less experimental than many of Bunting's short poems from the period, but successful in its own elegiac manner.[citation needed][original research?]","title":"In popular culture"}] | [{"image_text":"Haibak in 1939","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/CH-NB_-_Afghanistan%2C_Haibak_%28Samangan%2C_Aybak_or_Aibak%29-_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-21-054.jpg/220px-CH-NB_-_Afghanistan%2C_Haibak_%28Samangan%2C_Aybak_or_Aibak%29-_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-21-054.jpg"},{"image_text":"view from the top of Takht-i Rustam stupa and monastery a few kilometers outside Haibak","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Stupa%2C_view_from_the_top%2C_stupa_and_monastery_at_Samangan.jpg/220px-Stupa%2C_view_from_the_top%2C_stupa_and_monastery_at_Samangan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rostam mourns for his son Sohrab whom he has killed in the battlefield","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/RostamMournsSohrab.jpg/220px-RostamMournsSohrab.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Introducing Samangan (Aibak)\". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 8 July 2010. Retrieved 28 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100708205747/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/afghanistan/mazar-e-sharif-and-northeastern-afghanistan/samangan-aibak","url_text":"\"Introducing Samangan (Aibak)\""},{"url":"http://www.lonelyplanet.com/afghanistan/mazar-e-sharif-and-northeastern-afghanistan/samangan-aibak","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Clammer, Paul (2007). Afghanistan. Lonely Planet. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-74059-642-8. Retrieved 15 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PjhP76JaVgkC&dq=Samangan&pg=PA158","url_text":"Afghanistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-642-8","url_text":"978-1-74059-642-8"}]},{"reference":"Royal Numismatic Society (Great Britain) (1846). The Numismatic chronicle, Volume 8. Royal Numismatic Society. pp. 107–108.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CsqUGHWk9KAC&dq=Samangan&pg=PA108","url_text":"The Numismatic chronicle, Volume 8"}]},{"reference":"\"Taliban capture sixth provincial capital in northern Afghanistan\". The Guardian. 9 August 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/09/taliban-capture-aibak-sixth-provincial-capital-northern-afghanistan","url_text":"\"Taliban capture sixth provincial capital in northern Afghanistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Students killed as bomb blast hits Afghan school\". BBC News. 30 November 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-63806005","url_text":"\"Students killed as bomb blast hits Afghan school\""}]},{"reference":"\"Takht-i Rustam monastery, (near) Samangan, Velayat-e Samangan, AF\". Mapping of Buddhist Monasteries. Retrieved 28 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://monastic-asia.wikidot.com/takht-i-rustam","url_text":"\"Takht-i Rustam monastery, (near) Samangan, Velayat-e Samangan, AF\""}]},{"reference":"\"Takht e Rustam\". Afghanistan Cultural Profile. Retrieved 28 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.culturalprofiles.net/afghanistan/Units/303.html","url_text":"\"Takht e Rustam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samangan Provincial Government\" (PDF). Visiting Arts: Samangan Provincial Department of Information and Culture. Retrieved 28 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/Afghanistan/Units/pdf/122.pdf","url_text":"\"Samangan Provincial Government\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hazar Sum\" (PDF). Visiting Arts: Samangan Provincial Department of Information and Culture. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2005. Retrieved 28 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050510030925/http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/Afghanistan/Units/pdf/299.pdf","url_text":"\"Hazar Sum\""},{"url":"http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/Afghanistan/Units/pdf/299.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Firdawsi, Firdawsi (1906). The Sháhnáma of Firdausí, Volume 2. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. Ltd. pp. 118, 122–135. Retrieved 28 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OlIMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA122","url_text":"The Sháhnáma of Firdausí, Volume 2"}]},{"reference":"Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (1993). Persian myths. University of Texas Press. p. 41. ISBN 0-292-71158-1. Retrieved 15 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/persianmyths00curt","url_text":"Persian myths"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/persianmyths00curt/page/41","url_text":"41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-71158-1","url_text":"0-292-71158-1"}]},{"reference":"The Geographical journal, Volume 37. Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain). 1911. p. 9. Retrieved 28 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6xsDAAAAMAAJ&q=Horses+of+Samangan","url_text":"The Geographical journal, Volume 37"}]},{"reference":"\"Climate: Samangan - Climate-Data.org\". Retrieved 3 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.climate-data.org/asia/afghanistan/samangan/samangan-31391/","url_text":"\"Climate: Samangan - Climate-Data.org\""}]},{"reference":"Wang Chichhung, ed. (2006). Dust in the wind: retracing Dharma Master Xuanzang's Western pilgrimage. Rhythms Monthly. p. 162. ISBN 986-81419-8-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8rLUbuZLiaIC&pg=PA162","url_text":"Dust in the wind: retracing Dharma Master Xuanzang's Western pilgrimage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/986-81419-8-2","url_text":"986-81419-8-2"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Haibak\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Chapel,_Alabama | Union Chapel, Alabama | ["1 Notes"] | Coordinates: 33°49′00″N 87°10′40″W / 33.81667°N 87.17778°W / 33.81667; -87.17778
Unincorporated community in Alabama, United StatesUnion Chapel, AlabamaUnincorporated communityUnion ChapelShow map of AlabamaUnion ChapelShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 33°49′00″N 87°10′40″W / 33.81667°N 87.17778°W / 33.81667; -87.17778CountryUnited StatesStateAlabamaCountyWalkerElevation436 ft (133 m)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)Area code(s)205, 659GNIS feature ID128274
Union Chapel is an unincorporated community located in Walker County, Alabama, United States.
Notes
^ a b "Union Chapel, Alabama". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Walker County, Alabama, United StatesCounty seat: JasperCities
Carbon Hill
Cordova
Dora
Jasper
Sumiton‡
Map of Alabama highlighting Walker CountyTowns
Eldridge
Kansas
Nauvoo‡
Oakman
Parrish
Sipsey
Unincorporatedcommunities
Aldridge
Argo
Benoit
Boldo
Burnwell
Coal Valley
Corinth
Corona
Curry
Dogtown
Empire
Goodsprings
Gorgas‡
Hilliard
Lupton
Manchester
McCollum
Mount Hope
Patton
Quinton
Saragossa
Slicklizzard
Spring Hill
Townley
Union Chapel
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Alabama portal
United States portal
This Walker County, Alabama state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Walker County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Alabama, United StatesUnion Chapel is an unincorporated community located in Walker County, Alabama, United States.[1]","title":"Union Chapel, Alabama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gnis_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gnis_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Union Chapel, Alabama\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/128274"},{"link_name":"Geographic Names Information 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Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hope,_Walker_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patton,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Quinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinton,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Saragossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saragossa,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Slicklizzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slicklizzard,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Spring Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Hill,_Walker_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Townley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townley,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Union Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Alabama portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Alabama_(state)"},{"link_name":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Alabama.svg"},{"link_name":"Walker County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_Chapel,_Alabama&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:WalkerCountyAL-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:WalkerCountyAL-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WalkerCountyAL-geo-stub"}],"text":"^ a b \"Union Chapel, Alabama\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.vteMunicipalities and communities of Walker County, Alabama, United StatesCounty seat: JasperCities\nCarbon Hill\nCordova\nDora\nJasper\nSumiton‡\nMap of Alabama highlighting Walker CountyTowns\nEldridge\nKansas\nNauvoo‡\nOakman\nParrish\nSipsey\nUnincorporatedcommunities\nAldridge\nArgo\nBenoit\nBoldo\nBurnwell\nCoal Valley\nCorinth\nCorona\nCurry\nDogtown\nEmpire\nGoodsprings\nGorgas‡\nHilliard\nLupton\nManchester\nMcCollum\nMount Hope\nPatton\nQuinton\nSaragossa\nSlicklizzard\nSpring Hill\nTownley\nUnion Chapel\nFootnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties\nAlabama portal\nUnited States portalThis Walker County, Alabama state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Alabama highlighting Walker County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Walker_County.svg/63px-Map_of_Alabama_highlighting_Walker_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Union Chapel, Alabama\". Geographic Names Information System. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qamishlu,_West_Azerbaijan | Qamishlu, West Azerbaijan | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 36°57′18″N 46°39′28″E / 36.95500°N 46.65778°E / 36.95500; 46.65778For the village in Urmia County, see Qameshlu, West Azerbaijan.
Village in West Azerbaijan, IranQamishlu
قميش لوvillageQamishluCoordinates: 36°57′18″N 46°39′28″E / 36.95500°N 46.65778°E / 36.95500; 46.65778Country IranProvinceWest AzerbaijanCountyMiandoabBakhshBaruqRural DistrictAjorluy-ye SharqiPopulation (2006) • Total82Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Qamishlu (Persian: قميش لو, also Romanized as Qamīshlū; also known as Qameshlū) is a village in Ajorluy-ye Sharqi Rural District, Baruq District, Miandoab County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 82, in 18 families.
References
^ Qamishlu can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3795831" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
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Miandoab
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Miandoab
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Agricultural Station
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Gug Tappeh-ye Laleh
Hasan Kandi
Hasel Qubi-ye Afshar
Hasel Qubi-ye Amirabad
Kaniyeh Sar
Shahrak-e Uch Tappeh-ye Kord
Tazeh Kand-e Hasel-e Qubi
Uch Tappeh-ye Kord
Uch Tappeh-ye Qaleh
Yaqin Ali Tappeh
Zanjirabad
Marhemetabad-e Jonubi(South Marhemetabad)
Chelik
Chughanlu
Dash Tappeh
Gerdeh Rash
Heyran
Ilanlu Tappeh
Jafarabad-e Chelik
Kurabad
Lalaklu
Malekabad
Marvan Kandi
Nabikandi
Nezamabad
Qaleh Bozorg
Qareh Papaq
Shakur Kandi
Tappeh Rash
Tappeh Saremi
Tazeh Kand-e Lalaklu
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Armanak-e Sofla
Bafarvan
Dalek Dash
Deh Mansur
Deh-e Veys Aqa
Dowlatabad
Esmail Kandi
Ganjabad
Gerdeh Qol
Gezelan
Hajji Hasan
Howbeh-ye Kukhan
Jafarabad
Kheyrabad
Kukhan
Mahabad Agricultural Training Camp
Mansur Kandi
Marjanabad
Molla Kandi
Qeshlaq-e Hajji Hasan
Qeshlaq-e Talkhab
Qeshlaq-e Zeynal Kandi
Qez Qaleh
Qol Hasan
Rasulabad
Shirin Ab
Sistak-e Olya
Talkhab
Tazeh Kand
Zangiabad
Zeynal Kandi
Zarrineh Rud
Ali Beyglu
Bagtash
Davahchi
Eslam Tappeh
Hajji Hasan-e Khaleseh
Hajji Hasan-e Olya
Jarchelu
Javad Hesari
Kusehlar-e Olya
Kusehlar-e Sofla
Qermez Khalifeh-ye Olya
Qermez Khalifeh-ye Sofla
Qodrat Kandi
Satelmish-e Mohammadabad
Satelmish-e Mohammadlu
Satelmish-e Tupkhaneh
Tazeh Kand-e Hajj Hasan
Yarijan-e Khaleseh
Yarijan-e Olya
Yarijan-e Sofla
Zarrineh Rud-e Jonubi (South Zarrineh Rud)
Asgarabad
Ebrahimabad
Gavmish Goli
Gug Jalu
Hoseynabad-e Qaleh
Khan Kandi
Mahargan Brick Company
Moshirabad
Qabagh Kandi
Sabzi
Sarchenar
Shahrak-e Sadd-e Nowruzlu
Shinabad
Sowgoli Tappeh
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Hajji Behzad
Hasanabad
Heydarabad
Jafarabad
Mamahdel
Miandoab Industrial Estate
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Mozaffarabad
Nasir Kandi
Qareh Tappeh
Qaryaghdi
Shabiluy-e Olya
Shabiluy-e Sofla
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Baruq
Rural Districts and villagesAjorluy-ye Gharbi(West Ajorluy)
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Ahmadabad-e Qashqaguz
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Chakher Ahmad
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Eyshgeh
Gowzluy-e Olya
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Jabiglu
Jan Aqa
Malhamlu
Masjed
Qareh Bughaz
Qatar Dash
Qavaqlu
Qoroqchi
Sowghanchi
Tak Aghaj
Yalaklu
Yeli Bolagh
Yengejeh
Zaranji
Ajorluy-ye Sharqi(East Ajorluy)
Aman Kandi
Aqkand
Arbat-e Olya
Arbat-e Sofla
Atdarrahsi
Badamlu
Boyuk Bolagh
Gowzalli
Guy Kharabeh
Hajji Kandi
Hesarlu
Heydar Baghi
Mameh Kandi
Mohammadqoli Qeshlaq
Nokhtalu
Owlamchi
Petaklu
Qamishlu
Quri Daraq
Tazeh Kand
Urta Daraq
Yasti Kand
Yengi Kand
Zagheh
Baruq
Ali Bolaghi
Ali Yar Kandi
Amirabad
Aq Kand-e Baruq
Aydisheh
Chali Khamaz
Dash Alti
Gol Soleymanabad
Hamid
Mirza Nezam
Nader Goli
Nowruzlu
Qareh Saqqal
Qatar
Qermezi Bolagh
Qeshlaq-e Nowruzlu
Sayenjeq
Shurjeh Baruq
Shurjeh Kord
MarhemetabadCities
Chahar Borj
Rural Districts and villagesMarhemetabad-e Miyani(Central Marhemetabad)
Eslamabad
Fesenduz
Firuzabad
Kord Kandi
Moradkhanlu
Qareh Qowzlu
Marhemetabad-e Shomali(North Marhemetabad)
Aghdash
Ebrahim Hesari
Khazineh Anbar-e Jadid
Khazineh Anbar-e Qadim
Mansurabad
Qepchaq
Shabanlu
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This Miandoab County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qameshlu, West Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qameshlu,_West_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ajorluy-ye Sharqi Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajorluy-ye_Sharqi_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Baruq District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruq_District"},{"link_name":"Miandoab County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miandoab_County"},{"link_name":"West Azerbaijan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the village in Urmia County, see Qameshlu, West Azerbaijan.Village in West Azerbaijan, IranQamishlu (Persian: قميش لو, also Romanized as Qamīshlū; also known as Qameshlū)[1] is a village in Ajorluy-ye Sharqi Rural District, Baruq District, Miandoab County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 82, in 18 families.[2]","title":"Qamishlu, West Azerbaijan"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/04.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qamishlu,_West_Azerbaijan¶ms=36_57_18_N_46_39_28_E_region:IR_type:city(82)","external_links_name":"36°57′18″N 46°39′28″E / 36.95500°N 46.65778°E / 36.95500; 46.65778"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qamishlu,_West_Azerbaijan¶ms=36_57_18_N_46_39_28_E_region:IR_type:city(82)","external_links_name":"36°57′18″N 46°39′28″E / 36.95500°N 46.65778°E / 36.95500; 46.65778"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/04.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qamishlu,_West_Azerbaijan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huidong_County,_Sichuan | Huidong County, Sichuan | ["1 Administrative divisions","2 Climate","3 References"] | Coordinates: 26°38′04″N 102°34′41″E / 26.6345012°N 102.5779582°E / 26.6345012; 102.5779582County in Sichuan, ChinaHuidong County
会东县 · ꉼꄏꑤCountyLocation of Huidong County (pink) and Liangshan Prefecture (yellow) within SichuanHuidongLocation of the seat in SichuanShow map of SichuanHuidongHuidong (China)Show map of ChinaCoordinates: 26°38′04″N 102°34′41″E / 26.6345012°N 102.5779582°E / 26.6345012; 102.5779582CountryChinaProvinceSichuanAutonomous prefectureLiangshanCounty seatShenyuheArea • Total3,227 km2 (1,246 sq mi)Population (2020) • Total346,082 • Density110/km2 (280/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)Websitewww.schd.gov.cn
Huidong County, SichuanChinese nameSimplified Chinese会东县Traditional Chinese會東縣TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinHuìdōng XiànYi nameYiꉼꄏꑤRomanisation: hop do xiep
Huidong County (Chinese: 会东县; Yi: ꉼꄏꑤ) is a county in the far south of Sichuan Province, China. It is under the administration of the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture.
Administrative divisions
Huidong County comprises 2 subdistricts, 13 towns, and 4 townships.
Name
Simplified Chinese
Hanyu Pinyin
Yi
Romanized Yi
Administrative division code
Subdistricts
Yucheng Subdistrict
鱼城街道
Yúchéng Jiēdào
ꒄꍰꏦꈜ
yup chep jie gga
513426001
Jinjiang Subdistrict
金江街道
Jīnjiāng Jiēdào
ꏢꏦꏦꈜ
ji jie jie gga
513426002
Towns
Shenyuhe Town
鲹鱼河镇
Shēnyúhé Zhèn
ꌜꒄꉼꍔ
se yup hop zhep
513426100
Qianxin Town
铅锌镇
Qiānxīn Zhèn
ꐂꑟꍔ
qie xi zhep
513426101
Duge Town
堵格镇
Dǔgé Zhèn
ꄖꇱꍔ
du gep zhep
513426102
Jiangzhou Town
姜州镇
Jiāngzhōu Zhèn
ꏦꍏꍔ
jie zho zhep
513426103
Wudongde Town
乌东德镇
Wūdōngdé Zhèn
ꃶꄏꄓꍔ
vu do dep zhep
513426104
Tangtang Town
淌塘镇
Tǎngtáng Zhèn
ꄣꄤꍔ
ta tap zhep
513426105
Tieliu Town
铁柳镇
Tiěliǔ Zhèn
ꄠꑖꍔ
tiep nyox zhep
513426106
Gaji Town
嘎吉镇
Gājí Zhèn
ꇤꏹꍔ
ga jyp zhep
513426107
Manyingou Town
满银沟镇
Mǎnyíngōu Zhèn
ꂶꑴꇬꍔ
max yip go zhep
513426108
Xinjie Town
新街镇
Xīnjiē Zhèn
ꏦꎫꍔ
jie shat zhep
513426109
Luji Town
鲁吉镇
Lǔjí Zhèn
ꇇꏹꍔ
lot jyp zhep
513426110
Dachong Town
大崇镇
Dàchóng Zhèn
ꄊꍬꍔ
dap chop zhep
513426111
Songping Town
松坪镇
Sōngpíng Zhèn
ꌙꀻꍔ
so pip zhep
513426112
Townships
Laojuntan Township
老君滩乡
Lǎojūntān Xiāng
ꇄꏮꄣꑣ
luox jo ta xie
513426202
Jiangxijie Township
江西街乡
Jiāngxījiē Xiāng
ꏦꑭꏦꑣ
jie xy jie xie
513426203
Liugu Township
溜姑乡
Liūgū Xiāng
ꑗꈬꑣ
nyo ggu xie
513426235
Yezu Township
野租乡
Yězū Xiāng
ꑸꊤꑣ
yiep zu xie
513426251
Climate
Climate data for Huidong (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
25.0(77.0)
26.8(80.2)
31.5(88.7)
32.9(91.2)
36.2(97.2)
35.2(95.4)
34.3(93.7)
32.6(90.7)
32.9(91.2)
29.2(84.6)
26.2(79.2)
23.1(73.6)
36.2(97.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
17.6(63.7)
20.0(68.0)
23.7(74.7)
26.6(79.9)
28.1(82.6)
28.1(82.6)
27.4(81.3)
27.6(81.7)
25.3(77.5)
22.8(73.0)
20.2(68.4)
17.4(63.3)
23.7(74.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)
8.4(47.1)
11.5(52.7)
15.6(60.1)
18.8(65.8)
21.0(69.8)
22.0(71.6)
21.7(71.1)
21.2(70.2)
19.2(66.6)
16.2(61.2)
11.6(52.9)
8.2(46.8)
16.3(61.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1.9(35.4)
4.4(39.9)
8.4(47.1)
11.8(53.2)
15.2(59.4)
17.8(64.0)
18.1(64.6)
17.4(63.3)
15.8(60.4)
12.7(54.9)
6.6(43.9)
2.5(36.5)
11.0(51.9)
Record low °C (°F)
−3.5(25.7)
−2.7(27.1)
−2.2(28.0)
1.8(35.2)
5.8(42.4)
10.8(51.4)
11.0(51.8)
10.2(50.4)
6.5(43.7)
3.3(37.9)
−1.6(29.1)
−5.9(21.4)
−5.9(21.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
14.8(0.58)
9.5(0.37)
15.8(0.62)
24.9(0.98)
77.7(3.06)
232.9(9.17)
251.3(9.89)
184.5(7.26)
156.1(6.15)
90.5(3.56)
23.7(0.93)
5.1(0.20)
1,086.8(42.77)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)
3.4
3.0
5.1
7.4
10.8
17.2
20.0
17.0
15.9
12.6
4.7
2.5
119.6
Average snowy days
1.2
0.9
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
0.5
2.9
Average relative humidity (%)
60
50
45
48
55
71
78
78
80
79
74
70
66
Mean monthly sunshine hours
228.4
224.7
255.3
261.5
227.7
146.4
135.4
159.9
120.3
142.3
197.8
208.7
2,308.4
Percent possible sunshine
69
70
68
68
55
36
32
40
33
40
61
64
53
Source: China Meteorological Administration
References
^ "凉山州第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）——县（市）人口情况" (in Chinese). Government of Liangshan Prefecture. 2021-06-02.
^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
^
中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
vteCounty-level divisions of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu (capital)Sub-provincial cityChengdu
Qingyang District
Jinjiang District
Jinniu District
Wuhou District
Chenghua District
Longquanyi District
Qingbaijiang District
Xindu District
Wenjiang District
Shuangliu District
Pidu District
Xinjin District
Dujiangyan city
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Prefecture-level citiesZigong
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Xi District
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Leshan
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Guang'an
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Linshui County
Dazhou
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Xuanhan County
Kaijiang County
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Qu County
Ya'an
Yucheng District
Mingshan District
Yingjing County
Hanyuan County
Shimian County
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Lushan County
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Bazhong
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Huidong County
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This Sichuan location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Yi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_language"},{"link_name":"Sichuan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan"},{"link_name":"Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liangshan_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture"}],"text":"County in Sichuan, ChinaHuidong County (Chinese: 会东县; Yi: ꉼꄏꑤ) is a county in the far south of Sichuan Province, China. It is under the administration of the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture.","title":"Huidong County, Sichuan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subdistricts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdistricts_of_China"},{"link_name":"towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towns_of_China"},{"link_name":"townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townships_of_China"}],"text":"Huidong County comprises 2 subdistricts, 13 towns, and 4 townships.","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cma_graphical-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Climate data for Huidong (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n25.0(77.0)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n31.5(88.7)\n\n32.9(91.2)\n\n36.2(97.2)\n\n35.2(95.4)\n\n34.3(93.7)\n\n32.6(90.7)\n\n32.9(91.2)\n\n29.2(84.6)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n23.1(73.6)\n\n36.2(97.2)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n17.6(63.7)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n23.7(74.7)\n\n26.6(79.9)\n\n28.1(82.6)\n\n28.1(82.6)\n\n27.4(81.3)\n\n27.6(81.7)\n\n25.3(77.5)\n\n22.8(73.0)\n\n20.2(68.4)\n\n17.4(63.3)\n\n23.7(74.7)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n8.4(47.1)\n\n11.5(52.7)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n18.8(65.8)\n\n21.0(69.8)\n\n22.0(71.6)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n19.2(66.6)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n8.2(46.8)\n\n16.3(61.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n1.9(35.4)\n\n4.4(39.9)\n\n8.4(47.1)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n18.1(64.6)\n\n17.4(63.3)\n\n15.8(60.4)\n\n12.7(54.9)\n\n6.6(43.9)\n\n2.5(36.5)\n\n11.0(51.9)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−3.5(25.7)\n\n−2.7(27.1)\n\n−2.2(28.0)\n\n1.8(35.2)\n\n5.8(42.4)\n\n10.8(51.4)\n\n11.0(51.8)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n6.5(43.7)\n\n3.3(37.9)\n\n−1.6(29.1)\n\n−5.9(21.4)\n\n−5.9(21.4)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n14.8(0.58)\n\n9.5(0.37)\n\n15.8(0.62)\n\n24.9(0.98)\n\n77.7(3.06)\n\n232.9(9.17)\n\n251.3(9.89)\n\n184.5(7.26)\n\n156.1(6.15)\n\n90.5(3.56)\n\n23.7(0.93)\n\n5.1(0.20)\n\n1,086.8(42.77)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n3.4\n\n3.0\n\n5.1\n\n7.4\n\n10.8\n\n17.2\n\n20.0\n\n17.0\n\n15.9\n\n12.6\n\n4.7\n\n2.5\n\n119.6\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n1.2\n\n0.9\n\n0.2\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0.1\n\n0.5\n\n2.9\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n60\n\n50\n\n45\n\n48\n\n55\n\n71\n\n78\n\n78\n\n80\n\n79\n\n74\n\n70\n\n66\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n228.4\n\n224.7\n\n255.3\n\n261.5\n\n227.7\n\n146.4\n\n135.4\n\n159.9\n\n120.3\n\n142.3\n\n197.8\n\n208.7\n\n2,308.4\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n69\n\n70\n\n68\n\n68\n\n55\n\n36\n\n32\n\n40\n\n33\n\n40\n\n61\n\n64\n\n53\n\n\nSource: China Meteorological Administration[2][3]","title":"Climate"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"凉山州第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）——县（市）人口情况\" (in Chinese). Government of Liangshan Prefecture. 2021-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://tjj.lsz.gov.cn/sjfb/lstjgb/202106/t20210602_1924541.html","url_text":"\"凉山州第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）——县（市）人口情况\""}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 14 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","url_text":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 14 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","url_text":"中国气象数据网"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Huidong_County,_Sichuan¶ms=26.6345012_N_102.5779582_E_source:dewiki_region:CN-51_type:adm3rd","external_links_name":"26°38′04″N 102°34′41″E / 26.6345012°N 102.5779582°E / 26.6345012; 102.5779582"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Huidong_County,_Sichuan¶ms=26.6345012_N_102.5779582_E_source:dewiki_region:CN-51_type:adm3rd","external_links_name":"26°38′04″N 102°34′41″E / 26.6345012°N 102.5779582°E / 26.6345012; 102.5779582"},{"Link":"http://www.schd.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"www.schd.gov.cn"},{"Link":"http://tjj.lsz.gov.cn/sjfb/lstjgb/202106/t20210602_1924541.html","external_links_name":"\"凉山州第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）——县（市）人口情况\""},{"Link":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","external_links_name":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"Link":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","external_links_name":"中国气象数据网"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/262322331","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538039505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr98036528","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huidong_County,_Sichuan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Miller_(basketball,_born_2002) | Brandon Miller (basketball, born 2002) | ["1 Early life and high school career","1.1 Recruiting","2 College career","3 Professional career","3.1 Charlotte Hornets (2023–present)","4 Career statistics","4.1 College","5 Personal life","5.1 Firearm incident","6 References","7 External links"] | American basketball player (born 2002)
Brandon MillerMiller with Alabama in 2023No. 24 – Charlotte HornetsPositionShooting guard/ small forwardLeagueNBAPersonal informationBorn (2002-11-22) November 22, 2002 (age 21)Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.Listed height6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)Listed weight200 lb (91 kg)Career informationHigh schoolCane Ridge(Antioch, Tennessee)CollegeAlabama (2022–2023)NBA draft2023: 1st round, 2nd overall pickSelected by the Charlotte HornetsPlaying career2023–presentCareer history2023–presentCharlotte Hornets
Career highlights and awards
Consensus second-team All-American (2023)
Wayman Tisdale Award (2023)
NABC Freshman of the Year (2023)
SEC Player of the Year (2023)
SEC Rookie of the Year (2023)
First-team All-SEC (2023)
SEC tournament MVP (2023)
McDonald's All-American (2022)
Jordan Brand Classic (2022)
Tennessee Mr. Basketball (2022)
Stats at NBA.comStats at Basketball-Reference.com
Brandon Jordan Miller (born November 22, 2002) is an American professional basketball player for the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Alabama Crimson Tide. He was a consensus five-star recruit out of high school. He was the second overall pick in the 2023 NBA draft by the Hornets.
Early life and high school career
Miller grew up in Antioch, Tennessee, and attended Cane Ridge High School. He was named the Tennessee Gatorade Player of the Year after averaging 23.3 points, eight rebounds, 4.3 assists, 2.6 blocks, and 2.3 steals per game during his junior season. Miller repeated as the Gatorade Player of the Year and was named Tennessee Mr. Basketball as a senior after averaging 24.1 points, 8.5 rebounds, 4.3 assists, and 2.3 steals per game. He also played in the Jordan Brand Classic and the McDonald's All-American Game.
Recruiting
Miller was a consensus five-star recruit and one of the top players in the 2022 class, according to major recruiting services. His first scholarship offer was from Tennessee State who are coached by his cousin, Brian Collins. On November 1, 2021, Miller committed to playing college basketball for Alabama after considering offers from Kansas and Tennessee State. He also considered playing professionally in Australia's NBL or the G League Ignite.
US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes
Name
Hometown
High school / college
Height
Weight
Commit date
Brandon Miller SF
Antioch, TN
Cane Ridge (TN)
6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
200 lb (91 kg)
Nov 1, 2021
Recruiting star ratings: Scout: N/A Rivals: 247Sports: ESPN: ESPN grade: 92
Overall recruiting rankings: Rivals: 17 247Sports: 14 ESPN: 9
Note: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight.
In these cases, the average was taken. ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale.
Sources:
"Alabama 2022 Basketball Commitments". Rivals.com. Retrieved November 14, 2022.
"2022 Alabama Crimson Tide Recruiting Class". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 14, 2022.
"2022 Team Ranking". Rivals.com. Retrieved November 14, 2022.
College career
Miller was named to the Naismith College Player of the Year and Julius Erving Award watch lists entering his freshman season at Alabama. On November 21, 2022, Miller earned his first Southeastern Conference (SEC) Freshman of the Week honor. On December 17, 2022, Miller scored 36 points and six rebounds against Gonzaga. He posted an Alabama freshman-record 41 points on February 22, 2023, in a 78–76 overtime win against South Carolina. Miller was named the Most Valuable Player of the 2023 SEC men's basketball tournament after averaging 20.3 points and 11 rebounds over three games. He finished the season averaging an SEC-high 18.8 points per game and also averaged 8.2 rebounds and 2.1 assists.
At the end of the regular season, Miller was named the SEC Player of the Year, the SEC Rookie of the Year, and first-team All-Conference. He was a consensus second-team All-American selection after being selected to the first teams of the Associated Press and Sporting News and the second teams of NABC and USBWA selections. Miller was also named the USBWA National Freshman of the Year and the NABC Freshman of the Year.
Miller struggled in the NCAA tournament, shooting just 19% from the field in Alabama's three games, the worst percentage by any player with 35 shot attempts in the tournament since 1985. Alabama fell in the third round of the tournament to San Diego State, with Miller going 3-of-19 from the floor. After the season Miller announced that he would forgo the remainder of his collegiate eligibility and enter the 2023 NBA draft.
Professional career
Charlotte Hornets (2023–present)
The Charlotte Hornets selected Miller with the second overall pick in the 2023 NBA draft.
On October 25, 2023, Miller made his NBA regular-season debut, scoring 13 points in a 116–110 win over the Atlanta Hawks. On November 18, Miller scored a then career-high 29 points in a 122–108 loss to the New York Knicks.
On January 29, 2024, Miller scored 29 points, tying his career-high at the time, in a 113–92 loss to the New York Knicks. On February 4, Miller scored a career-high 35 points in a 115–99 loss to the Indiana Pacers.
Career statistics
Legend
GP
Games played
GS
Games started
MPG
Minutes per game
FG%
Field goal percentage
3P%
3-point field goal percentage
FT%
Free throw percentage
RPG
Rebounds per game
APG
Assists per game
SPG
Steals per game
BPG
Blocks per game
PPG
Points per game
Bold
Career high
College
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG
2022–23
Alabama
37
37
32.6
.430
.384
.859
8.2
2.1
.9
.9
18.8
Personal life
Miller's father, Darrell Miller, played college football as a tight end at Alabama under head coach Gene Stallings in the early 1990s. His older brother, Darrell Jr., played college basketball at Fisk University and professionally overseas. Miller's older sister, Britany, plays at Cumberland University.
He stated that his GOAT is Paul George and that he modelled his game after him on an episode of George's podcast.
Firearm incident
On February 21, 2023, a Tuscaloosa police officer testified that Miller brought a firearm to teammate Darius Miles that was used in the fatal shooting of 23-year-old Jamea Jonae Harris in Tuscaloosa earlier that year. According to Miller's attorney, Miles had left the gun in Miller's vehicle after Miller dropped Miles off at a club. As Miller was on his way back to pick up Miles, Miles texted Miller, requesting that Miller bring Miles's gun. When Miller arrived, Miles told his friend Michael Davis that the gun was in the vehicle. Davis retrieved the gun and shot into a vehicle in which Harris was a passenger, while Harris's boyfriend returned fire, resulting in two bullets striking Miller's car. Miller's attorney stated that Miller had no knowledge of any intent to use the weapon. According to the Tuscaloosa police officer's testimony, while Miles and Davis initially lied to officers about the incident, Miller’s account of the shooting almost exactly matched what investigators gathered from video evidence and other witness testimony. Tuscaloosa County chief deputy district attorney Paula Whitley stated Miller faces no charges as a result of the incident.
References
^ "Brandon Miller, Cane Ridge headed to first basketball state tournament". The Tennessean. March 9, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ Bedore, Gary (October 27, 2021). "KU Jayhawks basketball recruit Brandon Miller will pick college or pros next week". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ Robinson, George (June 4, 2021). "Brandon Miller, Lashae Dwyer named Tennessee Gatorade basketball players of the year". The Tennessean. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ Windham, Kate (January 25, 2022). "Alabama Signees Jaden Bradley, Brandon Miller Named McDonald's All-Americans". SI.com. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ Kreager, Tom (March 16, 2022). "Brandon Miller named Tennessee Gatorade boys basketball player of year". The Tennessean. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
^ "Brandon Miller on G-League, TSU, not picking Tennessee Vols basketball". The Tennessean. September 8, 2021. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
^ Borzello, Jeff (November 1, 2021). "Top-15 forward Brandon Miller gives Alabama Crimson Tide second five-star commitment for 2022". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ Kreager, Tom (November 1, 2021). "Brandon Miller commits to Alabama basketball: 5-star from Cane Ridge". The Tennessean. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ Spears, Joseph (September 4, 2021). "Cane Ridge's Brandon Miller narrows top-four". The Tennessean. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ Potter, Charlie (November 7, 2022). "UA's Brandon Miller named to Naismith Trophy preseason watch list". 247Sports.com. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ "Alabama Guard Brandon Miller Named to Julius Erving Award Watch List". SI.com. October 26, 2022. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
^ Smith, Mason (November 21, 2022). "Brandon Miller Named SEC Freshman of The Week". No. November 21, 2022. Bama Central. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
^ "Gonzaga vs. Alabama - Men's Basketball 2022". ESPN.com. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
^ Rothstein, Michael (February 24, 2023). "Nate Oats defends Alabama response: 'Taking it very seriously'". ESPN. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
^ Alvarez, Nick (March 14, 2023). "Alabama star Brandon Miller named most valuable player in SEC tournament". AL.com. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
^ a b Carter, Mo (March 28, 2023). "Brandon Miller named NABC Freshman of the Year". RocketCityNow.com. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
^ "Alabama's Brandon Miller named top SEC player by coaches, AP". ESPN.com. March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
^ Rodak, Mike (March 15, 2023). "Brandon Miller is Alabama's second-ever consensus second-team All-American". AL.com. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
^ Rodak, Mike (March 21, 2023). "Alabama's Brandon Miller named national freshman of the year by USBWA". AL.com. Retrieved March 21, 2023.
^ a b Nasser, Reese (March 24, 2023). "Alabama's Brandon Miller hits rock bottom never seen in NCAA tournament history". MSN. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
^ Wojnarowski, Adrian (March 30, 2023). "Alabama freshman Brandon Miller entering 2023 NBA draft". ESPN.com. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
^ Bontemps, Tim (June 22, 2023). "Hornets take Brandon Miller with 2nd pick of NBA draft". ESPN.com. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
^ Donatien, Jerry (October 26, 2023). "Brandon Miller eager for more after encouraging Hornets NBA debut". ClutchPoints. Retrieved October 26, 2023.
^ Donatien, Jerry (November 18, 2023). "Brandon Miller's big game for Hornets vs. Knicks draws awesome Steve Clifford review". ClutchPoints. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
^ Donatien, Jerry (January 29, 2024). "Hornets: Brandon Miller's big game in LaMelo Ball's absence draws rave review". ClutchPoints. Retrieved January 29, 2024.
^ "Pacers overcome career-high 35 points from Brandon Miller to beat Hornets 115-99". ESPN.com. February 4, 2024. Retrieved February 6, 2024.
^ Kelly, Nick (January 13, 2023). "Brandon Miller: Alabama basketball star grew up Tide fan in Tennessee". Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
^ "Brandon Miller".
^ O'Neil, Dana (January 25, 2023). "How Brandon Miller, Alabama basketball's star freshman, is mixing promise, production". The Athletic. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
^ "Brandon Miller Reveals Why Paul George is His GOAT". Sports Illustrated LA Clippers News, Analysis and More. Retrieved 2024-01-29.
^ "Police: Tide's Miller delivered gun used in shooting". ESPN.com. February 21, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
^ "Alabama hoops star delivered gun in shooting, police say". AP NEWS. February 22, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
^ a b Rodak, Mike (February 22, 2023). "Brandon Miller 'never touched the gun' used in Darius Miles capital murder case, attorney says". al.com. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
^ Rodak, Mike (February 22, 2023). "Alabama Basketball Alabama AD: Nate Oats did not have complete information about Brandon Miller". al.com. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
External links
Alabama Crimson Tide bio
vteCharlotte Hornets roster
0 Bridges
1 Ball
2 G. Williams
4 Richards
5 M. Williams
7 McGowens
8 Smith
9 Bertāns
10 Bailey (TW)
11 Martin
12 Black (TW)
21 Thor
22 Micić
23 Mann
24 Miller
30 Curry
31 Mensah (TW)
Head coach: Clifford
Assistant coaches: Beyer
Corbin
Friedman
Gaitley
Garnett
Hernandez
Kreutzer
Richardson
Walters
Links to related articles
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Victor Wembanyama
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Amen Thompson
Ausar Thompson
Anthony Black
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vte2023 NCAA Men's Basketball Consensus All-AmericansFirst Team
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Second Team
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Ąžuolas Tubelis
vteUSBWA National Freshman of the Year Award winnersMale
1989: Jackson
1990: Anderson
1991: Rogers
1992: Webber
1993: Kidd
1994: Jo. Smith
1995–1997: None selected
1998: Hughes
1999: Richardson
2000: Gardner
2001: Griffin
2002: Ford
2003: Anthony
2004: Deng
2005: Williams
2006: Hansbrough
2007: Durant
2008: Beasley
2009: Evans
2010: Wall
2011: Sullinger
2012: Davis
2013: Smart
2014: Parker
2015: Okafor
2016: Simmons
2017: Ball
2018: Young
2019: Williamson
2020: Carey
2021: Cunningham
2022: Ja. Smith
2023: Miller
Female
2003: Augustus
2004: Jackson
2005: Humphrey & Wiggins
2006: Paris
2007: Charles
2008: Moore
2009: Stricklen
2010: Griner
2011: Sims
2012: Williams
2013: Loyd
2014: DeShields
2015: Mitchell
2016: Anigwe
2017: Ionescu
2018: Carter
2019: Howard
2020: Boston
2021: Bueckers & Clark
2022: Morrow
2023: Latson
vteNABC Freshman of the Year
2017: Ball
2018: Bagley
2019: Williamson
2020: Carey
2021: Cunningham
2022: Smith
2023: Miller
vteSoutheastern Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year
1965: Lee
1966: Lee & Riley
1967: Widby
1968: Maravich
1969: Maravich
1970: Maravich
1971: Neumann
1972: Edwards & Parker
1973: Grevey & Hudson
1974: van Breda Kolff
1975: Grevey & B. King
1976: B. King
1977: Grunfeld & B. King
1978: R. King
1979: R. King
1980: Macy
1981: Wilkins
1982: Ellis
1983: Ellis & Malone
1984: Barkley
1985: Walker
1986: Walker
1987: McKey & White
1988: Perdue
1989: Jackson
1990: Jackson
1991: O'Neal
1992: O'Neal
1993: Mashburn & McCaffrey
1994: Williamson
1995: Williamson
1996: Delk
1997: Mercer
1998: Sesay
1999: Porter
2000: Langhi & Swift
2001: Prince
2002: Dudley
2003: Bogans & Slay
2004: Roberts
2005: Bass
2006: G. Davis
2007: Byars & Lofton
2008: Foster
2009: Thornton
2010: Wall
2011: Parsons
2012: A. Davis
2013: Caldwell-Pope
2014: Wilbekin
2015: Portis
2016: Ulis
2017: Monk & Thornwell
2018: Maten & Williams
2019: Williams
2020: M. Jones, Perry & Quickley
2021: H. Jones
2022: Tshiebwe
2023: Miller | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Hornets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Hornets"},{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"college basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"Alabama Crimson Tide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"recruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_recruiting"},{"link_name":"2023 NBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_NBA_draft"}],"text":"Brandon Jordan Miller (born November 22, 2002) is an American professional basketball player for the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Alabama Crimson Tide. He was a consensus five-star recruit out of high school. He was the second overall pick in the 2023 NBA draft by the Hornets.","title":"Brandon Miller (basketball, born 2002)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antioch, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Mr. Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Mr._Basketball"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jordan Brand Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Brand_Classic"},{"link_name":"McDonald's All-American Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s_All-American_Game"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Miller grew up in Antioch, Tennessee, and attended Cane Ridge High School.[1] He was named the Tennessee Gatorade Player of the Year after averaging 23.3 points, eight rebounds, 4.3 assists, 2.6 blocks, and 2.3 steals per game during his junior season.[2][3] Miller repeated as the Gatorade Player of the Year and was named Tennessee Mr. Basketball as a senior after averaging 24.1 points, 8.5 rebounds, 4.3 assists, and 2.3 steals per game.[4] He also played in the Jordan Brand Classic and the McDonald's All-American Game.[5]","title":"Early life and high school career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"recruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_recruiting"},{"link_name":"Tennessee State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_State_Tigers_basketball"},{"link_name":"Brian Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Collins_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawks_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Australia's NBL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"G League Ignite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_G_League_Ignite"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Recruiting","text":"Miller was a consensus five-star recruit and one of the top players in the 2022 class, according to major recruiting services. His first scholarship offer was from Tennessee State who are coached by his cousin, Brian Collins.[6] On November 1, 2021, Miller committed to playing college basketball for Alabama after considering offers from Kansas and Tennessee State.[7][8] He also considered playing professionally in Australia's NBL or the G League Ignite.[9]","title":"Early life and high school career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naismith College Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naismith_College_Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Julius Erving Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Erving_Award"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Conference (SEC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%22Brandon_Miller_Named_SEC_Freshman_of_The_Week%22-12"},{"link_name":"Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzaga_Bulldogs_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonzaga_vs._Alabama_-_Men's_Basketball_2022-13"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2023 SEC men's basketball tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_SEC_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nabc-16"},{"link_name":"SEC Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference_Men%27s_Basketball_Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"SEC Rookie of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference_Men%27s_Basketball_Rookie_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"Sporting News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_News"},{"link_name":"NABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Basketball_Coaches"},{"link_name":"USBWA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USBWA"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"USBWA National Freshman of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USBWA_National_Freshman_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"NABC Freshman of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NABC_Freshman_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nabc-16"},{"link_name":"NCAA tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"San Diego State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_San_Diego_State_Aztecs_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"2023 NBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_NBA_draft"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Miller was named to the Naismith College Player of the Year and Julius Erving Award watch lists entering his freshman season at Alabama.[10][11] On November 21, 2022, Miller earned his first Southeastern Conference (SEC) Freshman of the Week honor.[12] On December 17, 2022, Miller scored 36 points and six rebounds against Gonzaga.[13] He posted an Alabama freshman-record 41 points on February 22, 2023, in a 78–76 overtime win against South Carolina.[14] Miller was named the Most Valuable Player of the 2023 SEC men's basketball tournament after averaging 20.3 points and 11 rebounds over three games.[15] He finished the season averaging an SEC-high 18.8 points per game and also averaged 8.2 rebounds and 2.1 assists.[16]At the end of the regular season, Miller was named the SEC Player of the Year, the SEC Rookie of the Year, and first-team All-Conference.[17] He was a consensus second-team All-American selection after being selected to the first teams of the Associated Press and Sporting News and the second teams of NABC and USBWA selections.[18] Miller was also named the USBWA National Freshman of the Year and the NABC Freshman of the Year.[19][16]Miller struggled in the NCAA tournament, shooting just 19% from the field in Alabama's three games, the worst percentage by any player with 35 shot attempts in the tournament since 1985.[20] Alabama fell in the third round of the tournament to San Diego State, with Miller going 3-of-19 from the floor.[20] After the season Miller announced that he would forgo the remainder of his collegiate eligibility and enter the 2023 NBA draft.[21]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlotte Hornets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Hornets"},{"link_name":"2023 NBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_NBA_draft"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"New York Knicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Knicks"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Indiana Pacers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Pacers"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Charlotte Hornets (2023–present)","text":"The Charlotte Hornets selected Miller with the second overall pick in the 2023 NBA draft.[22]On October 25, 2023, Miller made his NBA regular-season debut, scoring 13 points in a 116–110 win over the Atlanta Hawks.[23] On November 18, Miller scored a then career-high 29 points in a 122–108 loss to the New York Knicks.[24]On January 29, 2024, Miller scored 29 points, tying his career-high at the time, in a 113–92 loss to the New York Knicks.[25] On February 4, Miller scored a career-high 35 points in a 115–99 loss to the Indiana Pacers.[26]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"College","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football"},{"link_name":"Gene Stallings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Stallings"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Fisk University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisk_University"},{"link_name":"Cumberland University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_University"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"GOAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_of_All_Time"},{"link_name":"Paul George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_George"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Miller's father, Darrell Miller, played college football as a tight end at Alabama under head coach Gene Stallings in the early 1990s.[27][28] His older brother, Darrell Jr., played college basketball at Fisk University and professionally overseas. Miller's older sister, Britany, plays at Cumberland University.[29]He stated that his GOAT is Paul George and that he modelled his game after him on an episode of George's podcast.[30]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Attorney-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Attorney-33"}],"sub_title":"Firearm incident","text":"On February 21, 2023, a Tuscaloosa police officer testified that Miller brought a firearm to teammate Darius Miles that was used in the fatal shooting of 23-year-old Jamea Jonae Harris in Tuscaloosa earlier that year.[31][32] According to Miller's attorney, Miles had left the gun in Miller's vehicle after Miller dropped Miles off at a club. As Miller was on his way back to pick up Miles, Miles texted Miller, requesting that Miller bring Miles's gun. When Miller arrived, Miles told his friend Michael Davis that the gun was in the vehicle. Davis retrieved the gun and shot into a vehicle in which Harris was a passenger, while Harris's boyfriend returned fire, resulting in two bullets striking Miller's car. Miller's attorney stated that Miller had no knowledge of any intent to use the weapon.[33] According to the Tuscaloosa police officer's testimony, while Miles and Davis initially lied to officers about the incident, Miller’s account of the shooting almost exactly matched what investigators gathered from video evidence and other witness testimony.[34] Tuscaloosa County chief deputy district attorney Paula Whitley stated Miller faces no charges as a result of the incident.[33]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Alabama 2022 Basketball Commitments\". Rivals.com. Retrieved November 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://alabama.rivals.com/commitments/basketball/2022","url_text":"\"Alabama 2022 Basketball Commitments\""}]},{"reference":"\"2022 Alabama Crimson Tide Recruiting Class\". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/mens-college-basketball/recruiting/school/_/id/333/class/2022","url_text":"\"2022 Alabama Crimson Tide Recruiting Class\""}]},{"reference":"\"2022 Team Ranking\". Rivals.com. Retrieved November 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://basketballrecruiting.rivals.com/","url_text":"\"2022 Team Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brandon Miller, Cane Ridge headed to first basketball state tournament\". The Tennessean. March 9, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tennessean.com/story/sports/high-school/2021/03/09/brandon-miller-leads-cane-ridge-basketball-first-tssaa-state-tournament/4621166001/","url_text":"\"Brandon Miller, Cane Ridge headed to first basketball state tournament\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tennessean","url_text":"The Tennessean"}]},{"reference":"Bedore, Gary (October 27, 2021). \"KU Jayhawks basketball recruit Brandon Miller will pick college or pros next week\". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved November 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kansascity.com/sports/college/big-12/university-of-kansas/article255317056.html","url_text":"\"KU Jayhawks basketball recruit Brandon Miller will pick college or pros next week\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Star","url_text":"The Kansas City Star"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, George (June 4, 2021). \"Brandon Miller, Lashae Dwyer named Tennessee Gatorade basketball players of the year\". The Tennessean. Retrieved November 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tennessean.com/story/sports/high-school/2021/06/04/brandon-miller-lashae-dwyer-named-gatorade-tennessee-basketball-players-year/7546904002/","url_text":"\"Brandon Miller, Lashae Dwyer named Tennessee Gatorade basketball players of the year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tennessean","url_text":"The Tennessean"}]},{"reference":"Windham, Kate (January 25, 2022). \"Alabama Signees Jaden Bradley, Brandon Miller Named McDonald's All-Americans\". SI.com. Retrieved November 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/college/alabama/bamacentral/alabama-signees-jaden-bradley-brandon-miller-named-mcdonalds-all-americans","url_text":"\"Alabama Signees Jaden Bradley, Brandon Miller Named McDonald's All-Americans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI.com","url_text":"SI.com"}]},{"reference":"Kreager, Tom (March 16, 2022). \"Brandon Miller named Tennessee Gatorade boys basketball player of year\". The Tennessean. Retrieved March 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tennessean.com/story/sports/high-school/2022/03/16/brandon-miller-tennessee-gatorade-boys-basketball-player-year-alabama-signee/7063849001/","url_text":"\"Brandon Miller named Tennessee Gatorade boys basketball player of year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tennessean","url_text":"The Tennessean"}]},{"reference":"\"Brandon Miller on G-League, TSU, not picking Tennessee Vols basketball\". The Tennessean. September 8, 2021. Retrieved March 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tennessean.com/story/sports/high-school/2021/09/08/tennessee-high-school-basketball-cane-ridge-brandon-miller-explains-his-final-four/5738899001/","url_text":"\"Brandon Miller on G-League, TSU, not picking Tennessee Vols basketball\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tennessean","url_text":"The Tennessean"}]},{"reference":"Borzello, Jeff (November 1, 2021). \"Top-15 forward Brandon Miller gives Alabama Crimson Tide second five-star commitment for 2022\". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/32527284","url_text":"\"Top-15 forward Brandon Miller gives Alabama Crimson Tide second five-star commitment for 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN.com","url_text":"ESPN.com"}]},{"reference":"Kreager, Tom (November 1, 2021). \"Brandon Miller commits to Alabama basketball: 5-star from Cane Ridge\". The Tennessean. Retrieved November 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tennessean.com/story/sports/high-school/2021/11/01/brandon-miller-five-star-forward-commits-alabama-basketball/6215359001/","url_text":"\"Brandon Miller commits to Alabama basketball: 5-star from Cane Ridge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tennessean","url_text":"The Tennessean"}]},{"reference":"Spears, Joseph (September 4, 2021). \"Cane Ridge's Brandon Miller narrows top-four\". The Tennessean. Retrieved November 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tennessean.com/story/sports/high-school/2021/09/03/cane-ridge-forward-brandon-miller-names-top-four/5712509001/","url_text":"\"Cane Ridge's Brandon Miller narrows top-four\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tennessean","url_text":"The Tennessean"}]},{"reference":"Potter, Charlie (November 7, 2022). \"UA's Brandon Miller named to Naismith Trophy preseason watch list\". 247Sports.com. Retrieved November 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://247sports.com/college/alabama/Article/Alabama-Basketball-Brandon-Miller-named-to-Naismith-Trophy-preseason-watch-list-197090157/","url_text":"\"UA's Brandon Miller named to Naismith Trophy preseason watch list\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/247Sports.com","url_text":"247Sports.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama Guard Brandon Miller Named to Julius Erving Award Watch List\". SI.com. October 26, 2022. Retrieved November 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/college/alabama/bamacentral/alabama-guard-brandon-miller-named-julius-erving-award-watch-list","url_text":"\"Alabama Guard Brandon Miller Named to Julius Erving Award Watch List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI.com","url_text":"SI.com"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Mason (November 21, 2022). \"Brandon Miller Named SEC Freshman of The Week\". No. November 21, 2022. Bama Central. Retrieved January 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/college/alabama/bamacentral/brandon-miller-named-sec-freshman-of-the-week","url_text":"\"Brandon Miller Named SEC Freshman of The Week\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gonzaga vs. Alabama - Men's Basketball 2022\". ESPN.com. Retrieved January 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/boxscore/_/gameId/401488386","url_text":"\"Gonzaga vs. Alabama - Men's Basketball 2022\""}]},{"reference":"Rothstein, Michael (February 24, 2023). \"Nate Oats defends Alabama response: 'Taking it very seriously'\". ESPN. Retrieved February 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/35727687","url_text":"\"Nate Oats defends Alabama response: 'Taking it very seriously'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"Alvarez, Nick (March 14, 2023). \"Alabama star Brandon Miller named most valuable player in SEC tournament\". AL.com. Retrieved March 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al.com/alabamabasketball/2023/03/alabama-star-brandon-miller-named-most-valuable-player-in-sec-tournament.html","url_text":"\"Alabama star Brandon Miller named most valuable player in SEC tournament\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AL.com","url_text":"AL.com"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Mo (March 28, 2023). \"Brandon Miller named NABC Freshman of the Year\". RocketCityNow.com. Retrieved March 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rocketcitynow.com/article/sports/brandon-miller-named-nabc-freshman-of-the-year/525-174b142d-dd22-4545-a03b-0c85abe103ca","url_text":"\"Brandon Miller named NABC Freshman of the Year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZDX","url_text":"RocketCityNow.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama's Brandon Miller named top SEC player by coaches, AP\". ESPN.com. March 7, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/35804505","url_text":"\"Alabama's Brandon Miller named top SEC player by coaches, AP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN.com","url_text":"ESPN.com"}]},{"reference":"Rodak, Mike (March 15, 2023). \"Brandon Miller is Alabama's second-ever consensus second-team All-American\". AL.com. Retrieved March 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al.com/alabamabasketball/2023/03/brandon-miller-is-alabamas-second-ever-consensus-second-team-all-american.html","url_text":"\"Brandon Miller is Alabama's second-ever consensus second-team All-American\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AL.com","url_text":"AL.com"}]},{"reference":"Rodak, Mike (March 21, 2023). \"Alabama's Brandon Miller named national freshman of the year by USBWA\". AL.com. Retrieved March 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al.com/alabamabasketball/2023/03/alabamas-brandon-miller-named-national-freshman-of-the-year-by-usbwa.html","url_text":"\"Alabama's Brandon Miller named national freshman of the year by USBWA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AL.com","url_text":"AL.com"}]},{"reference":"Nasser, Reese (March 24, 2023). \"Alabama's Brandon Miller hits rock bottom never seen in NCAA tournament history\". MSN. Retrieved March 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/sports/ncaabk/alabamas-brandon-miller-hits-rock-bottom-never-seen-in-ncaa-tournament-history/ar-AA1935KU","url_text":"\"Alabama's Brandon Miller hits rock bottom never seen in NCAA tournament history\""}]},{"reference":"Wojnarowski, Adrian (March 30, 2023). \"Alabama freshman Brandon Miller entering 2023 NBA draft\". ESPN.com. Retrieved March 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Wojnarowski","url_text":"Wojnarowski, Adrian"},{"url":"https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/36006157","url_text":"\"Alabama freshman Brandon Miller entering 2023 NBA draft\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN.com","url_text":"ESPN.com"}]},{"reference":"Bontemps, Tim (June 22, 2023). \"Hornets take Brandon Miller with 2nd pick of NBA draft\". ESPN.com. Retrieved June 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/37901730","url_text":"\"Hornets take Brandon Miller with 2nd pick of NBA draft\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN.com","url_text":"ESPN.com"}]},{"reference":"Donatien, Jerry (October 26, 2023). \"Brandon Miller eager for more after encouraging Hornets NBA debut\". ClutchPoints. Retrieved October 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://clutchpoints.com/hornets-news-brandon-miller-already-wants-more-after-nba-debut","url_text":"\"Brandon Miller eager for more after encouraging Hornets NBA debut\""}]},{"reference":"Donatien, Jerry (November 18, 2023). \"Brandon Miller's big game for Hornets vs. Knicks draws awesome Steve Clifford review\". ClutchPoints. Retrieved November 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://clutchpoints.com/hornets-news-brandon-miller-breakout-game-vs-knicks-draws-awesome-steve-clifford-review","url_text":"\"Brandon Miller's big game for Hornets vs. Knicks draws awesome Steve Clifford review\""}]},{"reference":"Donatien, Jerry (January 29, 2024). \"Hornets: Brandon Miller's big game in LaMelo Ball's absence draws rave review\". ClutchPoints. Retrieved January 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://clutchpoints.com/hornets-brandon-millers-big-game-in-lamelo-balls-absence-draws-rave-review","url_text":"\"Hornets: Brandon Miller's big game in LaMelo Ball's absence draws rave review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pacers overcome career-high 35 points from Brandon Miller to beat Hornets 115-99\". ESPN.com. February 4, 2024. Retrieved February 6, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/nba/recap/_/gameId/401585335","url_text":"\"Pacers overcome career-high 35 points from Brandon Miller to beat Hornets 115-99\""}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Nick (January 13, 2023). \"Brandon Miller: Alabama basketball star grew up Tide fan in Tennessee\". Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved March 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/sports/college/basketball/2023/01/13/alabama-basketball-brandon-miller-stats-nick-saban-nate-oats/69786568007/","url_text":"\"Brandon Miller: Alabama basketball star grew up Tide fan in Tennessee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscaloosa_News","url_text":"Tuscaloosa News"}]},{"reference":"\"Brandon Miller\".","urls":[{"url":"https://rolltide.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/brandon--miller/8260","url_text":"\"Brandon Miller\""}]},{"reference":"O'Neil, Dana (January 25, 2023). \"How Brandon Miller, Alabama basketball's star freshman, is mixing promise, production\". The Athletic. Retrieved March 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://theathletic.com/4097532/2023/01/25/brandon-miller-alabama-nba-draft/","url_text":"\"How Brandon Miller, Alabama basketball's star freshman, is mixing promise, production\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Athletic","url_text":"The Athletic"}]},{"reference":"\"Brandon Miller Reveals Why Paul George is His GOAT\". Sports Illustrated LA Clippers News, Analysis and More. Retrieved 2024-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/nba/clippers/news/brandon-miller-reveals-why-paul-george-is-his-goat","url_text":"\"Brandon Miller Reveals Why Paul George is His GOAT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Police: Tide's Miller delivered gun used in shooting\". ESPN.com. February 21, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/35707831","url_text":"\"Police: Tide's Miller delivered gun used in shooting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama hoops star delivered gun in shooting, police say\". AP NEWS. February 22, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/Nate-Oats-Brandon-Miller-Alabama-Basketball-4efc92362b106b01ab0d0a2ee9a4ea6c","url_text":"\"Alabama hoops star delivered gun in shooting, police say\""}]},{"reference":"Rodak, Mike (February 22, 2023). \"Brandon Miller 'never touched the gun' used in Darius Miles capital murder case, attorney says\". al.com. Retrieved June 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al.com/alabamabasketball/2023/02/attorney-says-brandon-miller-never-knew-illegal-activity-would-occur.html","url_text":"\"Brandon Miller 'never touched the gun' used in Darius Miles capital murder case, attorney says\""}]},{"reference":"Rodak, Mike (February 22, 2023). \"Alabama Basketball Alabama AD: Nate Oats did not have complete information about Brandon Miller\". al.com. Retrieved June 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al.com/alabamabasketball/2023/02/alabama-ad-nate-oats-did-not-have-complete-information-about-brandon-miller.html","url_text":"\"Alabama Basketball Alabama AD: Nate Oats did not have complete information about Brandon Miller\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nba.com/player/1641706","external_links_name":"Stats"},{"Link":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/players/m/millebr02.html","external_links_name":"Stats"},{"Link":"http://alabama.rivals.com/commitments/basketball/2022","external_links_name":"\"Alabama 2022 Basketball Commitments\""},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/mens-college-basketball/recruiting/school/_/id/333/class/2022","external_links_name":"\"2022 Alabama Crimson Tide Recruiting Class\""},{"Link":"http://basketballrecruiting.rivals.com/","external_links_name":"\"2022 Team Ranking\""},{"Link":"https://www.tennessean.com/story/sports/high-school/2021/03/09/brandon-miller-leads-cane-ridge-basketball-first-tssaa-state-tournament/4621166001/","external_links_name":"\"Brandon Miller, Cane Ridge headed to first basketball state tournament\""},{"Link":"https://www.kansascity.com/sports/college/big-12/university-of-kansas/article255317056.html","external_links_name":"\"KU Jayhawks basketball recruit Brandon Miller will pick college or pros next week\""},{"Link":"https://www.tennessean.com/story/sports/high-school/2021/06/04/brandon-miller-lashae-dwyer-named-gatorade-tennessee-basketball-players-year/7546904002/","external_links_name":"\"Brandon Miller, Lashae Dwyer named Tennessee Gatorade basketball players of the year\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/college/alabama/bamacentral/alabama-signees-jaden-bradley-brandon-miller-named-mcdonalds-all-americans","external_links_name":"\"Alabama Signees Jaden Bradley, Brandon Miller Named McDonald's All-Americans\""},{"Link":"https://www.tennessean.com/story/sports/high-school/2022/03/16/brandon-miller-tennessee-gatorade-boys-basketball-player-year-alabama-signee/7063849001/","external_links_name":"\"Brandon Miller named Tennessee Gatorade boys basketball player of year\""},{"Link":"https://www.tennessean.com/story/sports/high-school/2021/09/08/tennessee-high-school-basketball-cane-ridge-brandon-miller-explains-his-final-four/5738899001/","external_links_name":"\"Brandon Miller on G-League, TSU, not picking Tennessee Vols basketball\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/32527284","external_links_name":"\"Top-15 forward Brandon Miller gives Alabama Crimson Tide second five-star commitment for 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.tennessean.com/story/sports/high-school/2021/11/01/brandon-miller-five-star-forward-commits-alabama-basketball/6215359001/","external_links_name":"\"Brandon Miller commits to Alabama basketball: 5-star from Cane Ridge\""},{"Link":"https://www.tennessean.com/story/sports/high-school/2021/09/03/cane-ridge-forward-brandon-miller-names-top-four/5712509001/","external_links_name":"\"Cane Ridge's Brandon Miller narrows top-four\""},{"Link":"https://247sports.com/college/alabama/Article/Alabama-Basketball-Brandon-Miller-named-to-Naismith-Trophy-preseason-watch-list-197090157/","external_links_name":"\"UA's Brandon Miller named to Naismith Trophy preseason watch list\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/college/alabama/bamacentral/alabama-guard-brandon-miller-named-julius-erving-award-watch-list","external_links_name":"\"Alabama Guard Brandon Miller Named to Julius Erving Award Watch List\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/college/alabama/bamacentral/brandon-miller-named-sec-freshman-of-the-week","external_links_name":"\"Brandon Miller Named SEC Freshman of The Week\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/boxscore/_/gameId/401488386","external_links_name":"\"Gonzaga vs. Alabama - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleary,_Mississippi | Cleary, Mississippi | ["1 Geography","2 Demographics","2.1 2020 census","3 References"] | Coordinates: 32°09′56″N 90°10′50″W / 32.16556°N 90.18056°W / 32.16556; -90.18056
Census-designated place in Mississippi, United StatesCleary, MississippiCensus-designated placeCleary, MississippiShow map of MississippiCleary, MississippiShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 32°09′56″N 90°10′50″W / 32.16556°N 90.18056°W / 32.16556; -90.18056CountryUnited StatesStateMississippiCountyRankinArea • Total5.11 sq mi (13.24 km2) • Land4.91 sq mi (12.73 km2) • Water0.20 sq mi (0.52 km2)Elevation384 ft (117 m)Population (2020) • Total1,688 • Density343.51/sq mi (132.63/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)Area code(s)601 & 769GNIS feature ID668593
Cleary is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Rankin County, Mississippi, United States. Per the 2020 census, the population was 1,688.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the community has an area of 5.113 square miles (13.24 km2); 4.915 square miles (12.73 km2) of its area is land, and 0.198 square miles (0.51 km2) is water.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
20101,544—20201,6889.3%U.S. Decennial Census 2010 2020
2020 census
Cleary CDP, Mississippi – Demographic Profile (NH = Non-Hispanic)
Race / Ethnicity
Pop 2010
Pop 2020
% 2010
% 2020
White alone (NH)
1,439
1,502
93.20%
88.98%
Black or African American alone (NH)
84
104
5.44%
6.16%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)
1
1
0.06%
0.06%
Asian alone (NH)
2
4
0.13%
0.24%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)
0
0
0.00%
0.00%
Some Other Race alone (NH)
0
6
0.00%
0.36%
Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH)
6
51
0.39%
3.02%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)
12
20
0.78%
1.18%
Total
1,544
1,688
100.00%
100.00%
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.
References
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2022.
^ "Cleary". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
^ "Cleary CDP, Mississippi". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files - Places: Mississippi". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
^ "Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades". US Census Bureau.
^ a b "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Cleary CDP, Mississippi". United States Census Bureau.
^ a b "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Cleary CDP, Mississippi". United States Census Bureau.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Rankin County, Mississippi, United StatesCounty seat: BrandonCities
Brandon
Florence
Flowood
Jackson‡
Pearl
Richland
Map of Mississippi highlighting Rankin CountyTowns
Pelahatchie
Village
Puckett
CDPs
Cleary
Robinhood
Unincorporatedcommunities
Cross Roads
Fannin
Goshen Springs
Greenfield
Gulde
Johns
Koch
Langford
Leesburg
Monterey
Piney Woods
Pisgah
Sand Hill
Star
Whitfield
Ghost towns
Comeby
Dobson
Lynwood
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Mississippi portal
United States portal
This Rankin County, Mississippi state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Rankin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankin_County,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Census-designated place in Mississippi, United StatesCleary is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Rankin County, Mississippi, United States. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight,_No_Chaser_(Reks_album) | Straight, No Chaser (Reks album) | ["1 Track listing","2 External links"] | 2012 studio album by ReksStraight, No ChaserStudio album by ReksReleasedApril 24, 2012Recorded2011-2012GenreHip HopLabelShowoffBrickProducerStatik SelektahReks chronology
Rhythmatic Eternal King Supreme(2011)
Straight, No Chaser(2012)
REBELutionary(2012)
Straight, No Chaser is the sixth studio album by American rapper Reks. The album is produced in its entirety by Statik Selektah. The album was released on April 24, 2012, under ShowOff and Brick. It features other Boston rappers such as Termanology, Kali, Slaine and more.
Track listing
All songs produced by Statik Selektah
No.TitleLength1."Autographs"4:292."Sit/Think/Drink"4:163."Power Lines" (featuring Ea$y Money)3:474."Riggs & Murtaugh" (featuring Action Bronson)2:555."Such a Showoff" (featuring Kali, JFK and Termanology)2:366."Cancel That" (featuring Wais P)3:597."Parenthood"3:038."Break Ups" (featuring C-Sharp)3:599."Chasin’"3:3610."Sins" (featuring Alias)2:2011."Straight, No Chaser" (featuring Slaine)3:1512."Lost In Translation"3:1813."Regrets"3:3714."730"2:33
External links
, “UGHH, 2012.
. iTunes, 2012
^ http://articles.boston.com/2012-04-13/music/31323744_1_chaser-reks-dead-prez/2
vteReksStudio albums
Along Came the Chosen
Rekless
Grey Hairs
Rhythmatic Eternal King Supreme
Straight, No Chaser
REBELutionary
Revolution Cocktail
Eyes Watching God
The Greatest X
Compilations
More Grey Hairs
Related articles
Statik Selektah
Termanology | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reks"},{"link_name":"Statik Selektah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statik_Selektah"},{"link_name":"Termanology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termanology"},{"link_name":"Slaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaine_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Straight, No Chaser is the sixth studio album by American rapper Reks. The album is produced in its entirety by Statik Selektah. The album was released on April 24, 2012, under ShowOff and Brick. It features other Boston rappers such as Termanology, Kali, Slaine and more.[1]","title":"Straight, No Chaser (Reks album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Statik Selektah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statik_Selektah"},{"link_name":"Action Bronson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Bronson"},{"link_name":"Termanology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termanology"},{"link_name":"Slaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaine_(rapper)"}],"text":"All songs produced by Statik SelektahNo.TitleLength1.\"Autographs\"4:292.\"Sit/Think/Drink\"4:163.\"Power Lines\" (featuring Ea$y Money)3:474.\"Riggs & Murtaugh\" (featuring Action Bronson)2:555.\"Such a Showoff\" (featuring Kali, JFK and Termanology)2:366.\"Cancel That\" (featuring Wais P)3:597.\"Parenthood\"3:038.\"Break Ups\" (featuring C-Sharp)3:599.\"Chasin’\"3:3610.\"Sins\" (featuring Alias)2:2011.\"Straight, No Chaser\" (featuring Slaine)3:1512.\"Lost In Translation\"3:1813.\"Regrets\"3:3714.\"730\"2:33","title":"Track listing"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.undergroundhiphop.com/reks-w-statik-selektah-straight-no-chaser/BRK118LP/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/preorder/straight-no-chaser/id515358323","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://articles.boston.com/2012-04-13/music/31323744_1_chaser-reks-dead-prez/2","external_links_name":"http://articles.boston.com/2012-04-13/music/31323744_1_chaser-reks-dead-prez/2"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botnen,_Ullensvang | Botnen, Ullensvang | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 59°45′11″N 06°47′43″E / 59.75306°N 6.79528°E / 59.75306; 6.79528Village in Western Norway, NorwayBotnenVillageBotnenLocation of the villageShow map of VestlandBotnenBotnen (Norway)Show map of NorwayCoordinates: 59°45′11″N 06°47′43″E / 59.75306°N 6.79528°E / 59.75306; 6.79528CountryNorwayRegionWestern NorwayCountyVestlandDistrictHardangerMunicipalityUllensvangElevation401 m (1,316 ft)Population • Total0Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Post Code5760 Røldal
Botnen is a village in Ullensvang municipality in Vestland county, Norway. There is no people currently living in the village. The village is located at the southern end of the lake Røldalsvatnet. It is connected by Norwegian National Road 13 to the village of Nesflaten in Suldal municipality to the south. Historically, the village was part of the old municipality of Røldal.
References
^ "Botnen, Odda (Hordaland)" (in Norwegian). yr.no. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
This Vestland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ullensvang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullensvang"},{"link_name":"Vestland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestland"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Røldalsvatnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8ldalsvatnet"},{"link_name":"Norwegian National Road 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_National_Road_13"},{"link_name":"Nesflaten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesflaten"},{"link_name":"Suldal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suldal"},{"link_name":"Røldal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8ldal_(municipality)"}],"text":"Village in Western Norway, NorwayBotnen is a village in Ullensvang municipality in Vestland county, Norway. There is no people currently living in the village. The village is located at the southern end of the lake Røldalsvatnet. It is connected by Norwegian National Road 13 to the village of Nesflaten in Suldal municipality to the south. Historically, the village was part of the old municipality of Røldal.","title":"Botnen, Ullensvang"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Botnen, Odda (Hordaland)\" (in Norwegian). yr.no. Retrieved 7 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yr.no/place/Norway/Hordaland/Odda/Botnen/","url_text":"\"Botnen, Odda (Hordaland)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr.no","url_text":"yr.no"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Botnen,_Ullensvang¶ms=59_45_11_N_06_47_43_E_type:city_region:NO-46","external_links_name":"59°45′11″N 06°47′43″E / 59.75306°N 6.79528°E / 59.75306; 6.79528"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Botnen,_Ullensvang¶ms=59_45_11_N_06_47_43_E_type:city_region:NO-46","external_links_name":"59°45′11″N 06°47′43″E / 59.75306°N 6.79528°E / 59.75306; 6.79528"},{"Link":"http://www.yr.no/place/Norway/Hordaland/Odda/Botnen/","external_links_name":"\"Botnen, Odda (Hordaland)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Botnen,_Ullensvang&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_listed_buildings_in_Selkirk,_Scottish_Borders | List of listed buildings in Selkirk, Scottish Borders | ["1 List","2 Key","3 Notes","4 References"] | This is a list of listed buildings in the parish of Selkirk in the Scottish Borders, Scotland.
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap
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GPX (all coordinates)
GPX (primary coordinates)
GPX (secondary coordinates)
List
Name
Location
Date Listed
Grid Ref.
Geo-coordinates
Notes
LB Number
Image
Ettrick Terrace, Ettrick Lodge, Ettrick Dene And Coach House With Boundary Wall, Railings And Gateways
55°32′57″N 2°50′32″W / 55.54903°N 2.842283°W / 55.54903; -2.842283 (Ettrick Terrace, Ettrick Lodge, Ettrick Dene And Coach House With Boundary Wall, Railings And Gateways)
Category B
43748
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2 And 4 Kirk Wynd
55°32′48″N 2°50′29″W / 55.546691°N 2.841456°W / 55.546691; -2.841456 (2 And 4 Kirk Wynd)
Category C(S)
43790
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7 Market Place, Fleece Hotel
55°32′50″N 2°50′32″W / 55.547216°N 2.842102°W / 55.547216; -2.842102 (7 Market Place, Fleece Hotel)
Category B
43794
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Scotts Place, Victoria Halls With Boundary Wall, Gatepiers, Railings And Fountain
55°32′59″N 2°50′19″W / 55.549621°N 2.838666°W / 55.549621; -2.838666 (Scotts Place, Victoria Halls With Boundary Wall, Gatepiers, Railings And Fountain)
Category B
43811
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9 Scotts Place
55°33′00″N 2°50′16″W / 55.549888°N 2.837721°W / 55.549888; -2.837721 (9 Scotts Place)
Category C(S)
43812
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Station Road, Waterworks And Mill Lade Bridge
55°32′58″N 2°50′46″W / 55.549452°N 2.846223°W / 55.549452; -2.846223 (Station Road, Waterworks And Mill Lade Bridge)
Category C(S)
43819
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1 Thornfield Avenue, Former Lodge With Former Stable And Coach House, Outbuildings And Gatepiers
55°33′06″N 2°50′06″W / 55.551604°N 2.835126°W / 55.551604; -2.835126 (1 Thornfield Avenue, Former Lodge With Former Stable And Coach House, Outbuildings And Gatepiers)
Category C(S)
43821
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23-29 (Odd Nos) West Port
55°32′48″N 2°50′35″W / 55.546528°N 2.842927°W / 55.546528; -2.842927 (23-29 (Odd Nos) West Port)
Category C(S)
43832
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2 And 4 West Port
55°32′49″N 2°50′33″W / 55.546961°N 2.842587°W / 55.546961; -2.842587 (2 And 4 West Port)
Category C(S)
43838
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3-11 (Odd Nos) High Street, The County Hotel
55°32′52″N 2°50′29″W / 55.547644°N 2.841287°W / 55.547644; -2.841287 (3-11 (Odd Nos) High Street, The County Hotel)
Category C(S)
40572
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36 And 37 Market Place
55°32′48″N 2°50′30″W / 55.54677°N 2.841648°W / 55.54677; -2.841648 (36 And 37 Market Place)
Category C(S)
40582
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Ruined Cottage, Foulshiels
55°33′23″N 2°54′59″W / 55.556307°N 2.916409°W / 55.556307; -2.916409 (Ruined Cottage, Foulshiels)
Category B
19725
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Broomhill House With Walled Garden And Horsemill
55°33′28″N 2°49′16″W / 55.557693°N 2.821082°W / 55.557693; -2.821082 (Broomhill House With Walled Garden And Horsemill)
Category B
19726
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Aikwood Tower
55°31′29″N 2°55′13″W / 55.524658°N 2.920171°W / 55.524658; -2.920171 (Aikwood Tower)
Category A
15195
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High Sunderland, Galashiels, Including Boundary Walls And Gate Piers
55°34′28″N 2°50′12″W / 55.574327°N 2.836718°W / 55.574327; -2.836718 (High Sunderland, Galashiels, Including Boundary Walls And Gate Piers)
Category A
50862
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Viewfield (Andrew Lang Unit), With Gatepiers And Boundary Walls
55°33′00″N 2°50′23″W / 55.55008°N 2.839833°W / 55.55008; -2.839833 (Viewfield (Andrew Lang Unit), With Gatepiers And Boundary Walls)
Category C(S)
44179
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Ettrick Terrace, Wellwood With Boundary Walls And Gatepiers
55°33′05″N 2°50′32″W / 55.551394°N 2.842191°W / 55.551394; -2.842191 (Ettrick Terrace, Wellwood With Boundary Walls And Gatepiers)
Category B
43750
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29 And 31 High Street
55°32′52″N 2°50′27″W / 55.54789°N 2.84088°W / 55.54789; -2.84088 (29 And 31 High Street)
Category C(S)
43764
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35-39 (Odd Nos) High Street
55°32′53″N 2°50′27″W / 55.54798°N 2.840818°W / 55.54798; -2.840818 (35-39 (Odd Nos) High Street)
Category C(S)
43765
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103 High Street, Presbytery
55°32′55″N 2°50′23″W / 55.548653°N 2.839596°W / 55.548653; -2.839596 (103 High Street, Presbytery)
Category C(S)
43774
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109 High Street
55°32′55″N 2°50′21″W / 55.54871°N 2.839122°W / 55.54871; -2.839122 (109 High Street)
Category C(S)
43776
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6 High Street
55°32′51″N 2°50′27″W / 55.547449°N 2.84087°W / 55.547449; -2.84087 (6 High Street)
Category C(S)
43778
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38 High Street
55°32′53″N 2°50′24″W / 55.548003°N 2.840042°W / 55.548003; -2.840042 (38 High Street)
Category C(S)
43782
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50 And 52 High Street
55°32′53″N 2°50′23″W / 55.548095°N 2.839727°W / 55.548095; -2.839727 (50 And 52 High Street)
Category B
43783
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High Street, Council Buildings
55°32′55″N 2°50′19″W / 55.548625°N 2.838534°W / 55.548625; -2.838534 (High Street, Council Buildings)
Category B
43786
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14 Market Place
55°32′51″N 2°50′29″W / 55.547445°N 2.841457°W / 55.547445; -2.841457 (14 Market Place)
Category C(S)
43798
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34 And 35 Market Place And Buildings In Close To Rear
55°32′48″N 2°50′30″W / 55.54659°N 2.841771°W / 55.54659; -2.841771 (34 And 35 Market Place And Buildings In Close To Rear)
Category C(S)
43801
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40, 41 And 42 Market Place
55°32′48″N 2°50′31″W / 55.546805°N 2.841887°W / 55.546805; -2.841887 (40, 41 And 42 Market Place)
Category C(S)
43803
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49 And 50 Market Place
55°32′49″N 2°50′32″W / 55.546819°N 2.842347°W / 55.546819; -2.842347 (49 And 50 Market Place)
Category C(S)
43805
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Scotts Place, Plaque To J B Selkirk (James Brown)
55°32′57″N 2°50′18″W / 55.549255°N 2.838341°W / 55.549255; -2.838341 (Scotts Place, Plaque To J B Selkirk (James Brown))
Category C(S)
43810
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Shawpark Road, Brierylaw And Shawfield Cemeteries With Boundary Walls, Quadrants, Railings, Gates And Gatepiers
55°33′10″N 2°49′47″W / 55.552666°N 2.829632°W / 55.552666; -2.829632 (Shawpark Road, Brierylaw And Shawfield Cemeteries With Boundary Walls, Quadrants, Railings, Gates And Gatepiers)
Category C(S)
43818
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31 And 33 West Port
55°32′47″N 2°50′35″W / 55.546518°N 2.843038°W / 55.546518; -2.843038 (31 And 33 West Port)
Category B
43833
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37 West Port
55°32′47″N 2°50′36″W / 55.546418°N 2.843257°W / 55.546418; -2.843257 (37 West Port)
Category C(S)
43835
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41 West Port With Boundary Walls
55°32′47″N 2°50′36″W / 55.546345°N 2.843398°W / 55.546345; -2.843398 (41 West Port With Boundary Walls)
Category C(S)
43837
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Dunsdale Road, Forest Mill
55°33′00″N 2°50′46″W / 55.549903°N 2.846042°W / 55.549903; -2.846042 (Dunsdale Road, Forest Mill)
Category B
40580
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Ettrick Terrace, War Memorial
55°32′52″N 2°50′34″W / 55.547642°N 2.842871°W / 55.547642; -2.842871 (Ettrick Terrace, War Memorial)
Category A
40581
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40-44 (Even Nos) High Street
55°32′53″N 2°50′24″W / 55.548031°N 2.839868°W / 55.548031; -2.839868 (40-44 (Even Nos) High Street)
Category B
40584
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Ettrick Terrace, Sheriff Court With Boundary Walls, Railings And Gatepiers
55°32′54″N 2°50′35″W / 55.548415°N 2.84292°W / 55.548415; -2.84292 (Ettrick Terrace, Sheriff Court With Boundary Walls, Railings And Gatepiers)
Category B
43747
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3 And 5 Heatherlie Park, Woodburn House Hotel And Gatepiers
55°32′43″N 2°50′56″W / 55.545364°N 2.848861°W / 55.545364; -2.848861 (3 And 5 Heatherlie Park, Woodburn House Hotel And Gatepiers)
Category C(S)
43756
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4 High Street
55°32′51″N 2°50′27″W / 55.547395°N 2.840933°W / 55.547395; -2.840933 (4 High Street)
Category C(S)
43777
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54 And 56 High Street
55°32′53″N 2°50′23″W / 55.548114°N 2.839616°W / 55.548114; -2.839616 (54 And 56 High Street)
Category C(S)
43784
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8-10 (Inclusive Nos) Market Place And 4 Ettrick Terrace
55°32′50″N 2°50′31″W / 55.547326°N 2.841834°W / 55.547326; -2.841834 (8-10 (Inclusive Nos) Market Place And 4 Ettrick Terrace)
Category C(S)
43795
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13 Market Place
55°32′51″N 2°50′29″W / 55.547418°N 2.841519°W / 55.547418; -2.841519 (13 Market Place)
Category C(S)
43797
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21-24 (Inclusive Nos) Market Place
55°32′50″N 2°50′28″W / 55.547251°N 2.841056°W / 55.547251; -2.841056 (21-24 (Inclusive Nos) Market Place)
Category C(S)
43800
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Mavis Bank, Beech Villa And Belmont
55°33′11″N 2°50′17″W / 55.552995°N 2.838024°W / 55.552995; -2.838024 (Mavis Bank, Beech Villa And Belmont)
Category C(S)
43806
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15 Scotts Place, With Outbuilding And Timber Shed
55°33′00″N 2°50′15″W / 55.550087°N 2.837487°W / 55.550087; -2.837487 (15 Scotts Place, With Outbuilding And Timber Shed)
Category C(S)
43813
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35 West Port
55°32′47″N 2°50′36″W / 55.546454°N 2.843195°W / 55.546454; -2.843195 (35 West Port)
Category C(S)
43834
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6-10 (Even Nos) West Port
55°32′49″N 2°50′33″W / 55.546889°N 2.842602°W / 55.546889; -2.842602 (6-10 (Even Nos) West Port)
Category C(S)
43839
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Bleachfield Road, St John's Episcopal Church With Church Hall And Boundary Walls
55°33′06″N 2°50′04″W / 55.551734°N 2.834495°W / 55.551734; -2.834495 (Bleachfield Road, St John's Episcopal Church With Church Hall And Boundary Walls)
Category B
43743
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Market Place, Pant Well
55°32′49″N 2°50′31″W / 55.547011°N 2.841891°W / 55.547011; -2.841891 (Market Place, Pant Well)
Category B
40568
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Yarrowford, Broadmeadows East Lodge
55°33′37″N 2°55′54″W / 55.560398°N 2.931598°W / 55.560398; -2.931598 (Yarrowford, Broadmeadows East Lodge)
Category B
19477
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Bridgelands Including Quadrant Walls, Gatepiers And Gates
55°33′52″N 2°49′30″W / 55.56437°N 2.824916°W / 55.56437; -2.824916 (Bridgelands Including Quadrant Walls, Gatepiers And Gates)
Category B
15202
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Old Broadmeadows Dovecot
55°33′47″N 2°55′41″W / 55.562931°N 2.928138°W / 55.562931; -2.928138 (Old Broadmeadows Dovecot)
Category C(S)
13855
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Scott's Place, North Side, Wall Letter Box, Opposite Bowling Club
55°33′04″N 2°50′08″W / 55.551171°N 2.835465°W / 55.551171; -2.835465 (Scott's Place, North Side, Wall Letter Box, Opposite Bowling Club)
Category C(S)
49849
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12 Ettrick Terrace
55°32′53″N 2°50′33″W / 55.548183°N 2.842598°W / 55.548183; -2.842598 (12 Ettrick Terrace)
Category C(S)
43751
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40 Ettrick Terrace With Boundary Walls And Railings
55°32′59″N 2°50′29″W / 55.549647°N 2.841504°W / 55.549647; -2.841504 (40 Ettrick Terrace With Boundary Walls And Railings)
Category C(S)
43753
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15 And 17 High Street
55°32′52″N 2°50′28″W / 55.547745°N 2.841051°W / 55.547745; -2.841051 (15 And 17 High Street)
Category C(S)
43762
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55-59 (Odd Nos) High Street
55°32′53″N 2°50′25″W / 55.548154°N 2.840283°W / 55.548154; -2.840283 (55-59 (Odd Nos) High Street)
Category C(S)
43771
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73-99 (Odd Nos) High Street
55°32′54″N 2°50′24″W / 55.548273°N 2.84°W / 55.548273; -2.84 (73-99 (Odd Nos) High Street)
Category C(S)
43773
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Shawpark Road, Hillcrest, Former Rectory And Boundary Walls
55°33′08″N 2°50′01″W / 55.552108°N 2.833742°W / 55.552108; -2.833742 (Shawpark Road, Hillcrest, Former Rectory And Boundary Walls)
Category C(S)
43815
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8, 10 And 12 Shawpark Road, Dandswall With Lamp Standard, Boundary Wall And Gatepiers
55°33′09″N 2°49′57″W / 55.55253°N 2.832419°W / 55.55253; -2.832419 (8, 10 And 12 Shawpark Road, Dandswall With Lamp Standard, Boundary Wall And Gatepiers)
Category C(S)
43816
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69 Tower Street With Boundary Wall, Gatepiers And Railings
55°32′51″N 2°50′17″W / 55.547505°N 2.838019°W / 55.547505; -2.838019 (69 Tower Street With Boundary Wall, Gatepiers And Railings)
Category C(S)
43824
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9 And 11 West Port
55°32′48″N 2°50′33″W / 55.546701°N 2.842598°W / 55.546701; -2.842598 (9 And 11 West Port)
Category C(S)
43830
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Craig Brown Avenue, Reservoir
55°32′47″N 2°50′09″W / 55.546522°N 2.835969°W / 55.546522; -2.835969 (Craig Brown Avenue, Reservoir)
Category C(S)
43744
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The Green, The Haining North Gate And Policy Walls
55°32′45″N 2°50′41″W / 55.545823°N 2.844861°W / 55.545823; -2.844861 (The Green, The Haining North Gate And Policy Walls)
Category B
40576
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101 High Street, Hermitage House
55°32′55″N 2°50′24″W / 55.548606°N 2.839896°W / 55.548606; -2.839896 (101 High Street, Hermitage House)
Category B
40583
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Newark Castle
55°33′17″N 2°55′11″W / 55.55479°N 2.919718°W / 55.55479; -2.919718 (Newark Castle)
Category A
15197
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Caterhaugh (Carterhaugh) Bridge
55°31′49″N 2°54′17″W / 55.530363°N 2.90462°W / 55.530363; -2.90462 (Caterhaugh (Carterhaugh) Bridge)
Category B
13866
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Broadmeadows Bridge, Near Bowhill North Lodge
55°33′36″N 2°55′53″W / 55.560022°N 2.931335°W / 55.560022; -2.931335 (Broadmeadows Bridge, Near Bowhill North Lodge)
Category C(S)
13868
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100, 102 And 104 Ettrick Terrace Including Railings And Boundary Walls
55°33′17″N 2°50′12″W / 55.554856°N 2.836558°W / 55.554856; -2.836558 (100, 102 And 104 Ettrick Terrace Including Railings And Boundary Walls)
Category C(S)
49846
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94 (Part) - 110 (Even Nos) Forest Road, And 52 And 54 (Part) Mill Street
55°32′55″N 2°50′46″W / 55.548717°N 2.846001°W / 55.548717; -2.846001 (94 (Part) - 110 (Even Nos) Forest Road, And 52 And 54 (Part) Mill Street)
Category C(S)
43754
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13 High Street
55°32′52″N 2°50′28″W / 55.547717°N 2.841209°W / 55.547717; -2.841209 (13 High Street)
Category C(S)
43761
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23, 25 And 27 High Street
55°32′52″N 2°50′27″W / 55.547809°N 2.84083°W / 55.547809; -2.84083 (23, 25 And 27 High Street)
Category C(S)
43763
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69 And 71 High Street
55°32′54″N 2°49′55″W / 55.548292°N 2.832028°W / 55.548292; -2.832028 (69 And 71 High Street)
Category C(S)
43772
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16 And 18 High Street
55°32′52″N 2°50′26″W / 55.547658°N 2.840589°W / 55.547658; -2.840589 (16 And 18 High Street)
Category C(S)
43779
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32 High Street
55°32′53″N 2°50′24″W / 55.547958°N 2.840104°W / 55.547958; -2.840104 (32 High Street)
Category C(S)
43781
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62-70 (Even Nos) High Street
55°32′54″N 2°50′22″W / 55.548242°N 2.839318°W / 55.548242; -2.839318 (62-70 (Even Nos) High Street)
Category C(S)
43785
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High Street, Selkirk Parish Church (Church Of Scotland), Former Lawson Memorial Church With Boundary Walls, Gatepiers And Railings
55°32′56″N 2°50′16″W / 55.548828°N 2.837714°W / 55.548828; -2.837714 (High Street, Selkirk Parish Church (Church Of Scotland), Former Lawson Memorial Church With Boundary Walls, Gatepiers And Railings)
Category B
43787
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3 And Market Place
55°32′50″N 2°50′33″W / 55.547125°N 2.842369°W / 55.547125; -2.842369 (3 And Market Place)
Category C(S)
43792
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20 Market Place
55°32′50″N 2°50′28″W / 55.547358°N 2.84109°W / 55.547358; -2.84109 (20 Market Place)
Category C(S)
43799
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66-74 (Even Nos) Mill Street
55°32′57″N 2°50′45″W / 55.549095°N 2.845898°W / 55.549095; -2.845898 (66-74 (Even Nos) Mill Street)
Category C(S)
43807
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Old Bridge Road, Bridge Park
55°33′02″N 2°50′33″W / 55.550467°N 2.842409°W / 55.550467; -2.842409 (Old Bridge Road, Bridge Park)
Category C(S)
43808
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Scotts Place, Selkirk Congregational Church With Boundary Walls, Railings And Gatepiers
55°33′00″N 2°50′14″W / 55.549946°N 2.837151°W / 55.549946; -2.837151 (Scotts Place, Selkirk Congregational Church With Boundary Walls, Railings And Gatepiers)
Category C(S)
43814
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14 Shawpark Road, Dandswall Lodge, Stable And Coach Block With Court, Gatepiers And Railings
55°33′08″N 2°49′54″W / 55.552221°N 2.831636°W / 55.552221; -2.831636 (14 Shawpark Road, Dandswall Lodge, Stable And Coach Block With Court, Gatepiers And Railings)
Category B
43817
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6, 8 And 10 Viewfield Lane, Elm Park
55°33′04″N 2°50′23″W / 55.551008°N 2.839599°W / 55.551008; -2.839599 (6, 8 And 10 Viewfield Lane, Elm Park)
Category B
43828
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19 And 21 West Port
55°32′48″N 2°50′34″W / 55.546637°N 2.842755°W / 55.546637; -2.842755 (19 And 21 West Port)
Category B
43831
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12-18 (Even Nos) West Port
55°32′49″N 2°50′34″W / 55.546835°N 2.842743°W / 55.546835; -2.842743 (12-18 (Even Nos) West Port)
Category C(S)
43840
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Yarrow Terrace, Heatherlie Manse With Boundary Wall And Gatepiers
55°32′51″N 2°51′05″W / 55.547368°N 2.851345°W / 55.547368; -2.851345 (Yarrow Terrace, Heatherlie Manse With Boundary Wall And Gatepiers)
Category B
43842
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Kirk Wynd, Auld Kirkyard, Old Parish Kirk, Boundary Wall, Railings, Gates And Gateway
55°32′47″N 2°50′29″W / 55.546314°N 2.841306°W / 55.546314; -2.841306 (Kirk Wynd, Auld Kirkyard, Old Parish Kirk, Boundary Wall, Railings, Gates And Gateway)
Category B
40567
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Scotts Place, Flodden Monument, "Fletcher"
55°32′58″N 2°50′17″W / 55.549436°N 2.838139°W / 55.549436; -2.838139 (Scotts Place, Flodden Monument, "Fletcher")
Category B
40574
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Dunsdale Road, Ettrick Mill
55°33′16″N 2°50′21″W / 55.554408°N 2.839037°W / 55.554408; -2.839037 (Dunsdale Road, Ettrick Mill)
Category A
40578
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High Sunderland, The Studio (Former Bernat Klein Studio)
55°34′24″N 2°50′10″W / 55.573199°N 2.836139°W / 55.573199; -2.836139 (High Sunderland, The Studio (Former Bernat Klein Studio))
Category A
19484
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The Haining, Including Railed Screen Wall And Terrace Statues
55°32′35″N 2°50′35″W / 55.543058°N 2.84309°W / 55.543058; -2.84309 (The Haining, Including Railed Screen Wall And Terrace Statues)
Category A
15190
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Sunderland Hall Including Terraced Gardens
55°34′39″N 2°49′29″W / 55.5774°N 2.824808°W / 55.5774; -2.824808 (Sunderland Hall Including Terraced Gardens)
Category B
15201
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Philiphaugh Estate Sawmill
55°32′24″N 2°52′19″W / 55.540016°N 2.87204°W / 55.540016; -2.87204 (Philiphaugh Estate Sawmill)
Category B
15203
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Philiphaugh Policies, West Lodge Including Boundary Walls And Gatepiers
55°32′37″N 2°53′58″W / 55.54361°N 2.899457°W / 55.54361; -2.899457 (Philiphaugh Policies, West Lodge Including Boundary Walls And Gatepiers)
Category C(S)
49227
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Ettrick Terrace, Greenbank With Boundary Walls, Gig House And Wall-Mounted Letter-Box
55°33′02″N 2°50′31″W / 55.55056°N 2.841983°W / 55.55056; -2.841983 (Ettrick Terrace, Greenbank With Boundary Walls, Gig House And Wall-Mounted Letter-Box)
Category B
43749
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19 Heatherlie Park With Gate, Gatepiers, Boundary Walls And Outbuildings
55°32′49″N 2°50′59″W / 55.546886°N 2.849607°W / 55.546886; -2.849607 (19 Heatherlie Park With Gate, Gatepiers, Boundary Walls And Outbuildings)
Category C(S)
43757
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High School Lane, Old High School With Boundary Walls, Gatepiers And Outbuildings
55°32′55″N 2°49′55″W / 55.548534°N 2.832049°W / 55.548534; -2.832049 (High School Lane, Old High School With Boundary Walls, Gatepiers And Outbuildings)
Category C(S)
43759
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51 And 53 High Street
55°32′53″N 2°50′26″W / 55.548064°N 2.840424°W / 55.548064; -2.840424 (51 And 53 High Street)
Category C(S)
43770
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105 High Street, Church Of Our Lady And St Joseph (Roman Catholic) And Boundary Walls
55°32′56″N 2°50′24″W / 55.548912°N 2.839887°W / 55.548912; -2.839887 (105 High Street, Church Of Our Lady And St Joseph (Roman Catholic) And Boundary Walls)
Category C(S)
43775
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28 And 30 High Street
55°32′52″N 2°50′25″W / 55.547912°N 2.840246°W / 55.547912; -2.840246 (28 And 30 High Street)
Category C(S)
43780
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28 Hillside Terrace, Rosemount And Boundary Walls
55°32′53″N 2°50′03″W / 55.548007°N 2.834257°W / 55.548007; -2.834257 (28 Hillside Terrace, Rosemount And Boundary Walls)
Category C(S)
43788
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2 And 4 Market Place
55°32′49″N 2°50′33″W / 55.547061°N 2.842447°W / 55.547061; -2.842447 (2 And 4 Market Place)
Category C(S)
43791
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6 Market Place, Bank Of Scotland, With Railings
55°32′50″N 2°50′32″W / 55.54718°N 2.842148°W / 55.54718; -2.842148 (6 Market Place, Bank Of Scotland, With Railings)
Category B
43793
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21 Tower Street
55°32′52″N 2°50′23″W / 55.547834°N 2.839817°W / 55.547834; -2.839817 (21 Tower Street)
Category C(S)
43823
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4 Viewfield Lane, Elm Park Lodge With Boundary Walls, Gatepiers And Court
55°33′01″N 2°50′22″W / 55.55038°N 2.839395°W / 55.55038; -2.839395 (4 Viewfield Lane, Elm Park Lodge With Boundary Walls, Gatepiers And Court)
Category B
43827
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1-7 (Odd Nos) West Port
55°32′48″N 2°50′33″W / 55.546693°N 2.842455°W / 55.546693; -2.842455 (1-7 (Odd Nos) West Port)
Category C(S)
43829
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Back Row, Former Masonic Hall
55°32′52″N 2°50′19″W / 55.547815°N 2.838612°W / 55.547815; -2.838612 (Back Row, Former Masonic Hall)
Category C(S)
43742
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Ettrick Road, Forest Lodge With Boundary Wall
55°32′45″N 2°51′03″W / 55.545791°N 2.850772°W / 55.545791; -2.850772 (Ettrick Road, Forest Lodge With Boundary Wall)
Category C(S)
43745
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Market Place, Town House, Old Sheriff Court And Boundary Walls
55°32′50″N 2°50′28″W / 55.547106°N 2.841132°W / 55.547106; -2.841132 (Market Place, Town House, Old Sheriff Court And Boundary Walls)
Category A
40569
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Market Place, Sir Walter Scott Memorial
55°32′50″N 2°50′30″W / 55.547112°N 2.841545°W / 55.547112; -2.841545 (Market Place, Sir Walter Scott Memorial)
Category B
40571
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High Street And Back Row, Mungo Park (Monument)
55°32′55″N 2°50′21″W / 55.548477°N 2.839054°W / 55.548477; -2.839054 (High Street And Back Row, Mungo Park (Monument))
Category B
40573
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Fauldshope Bridge
55°31′05″N 2°55′30″W / 55.518125°N 2.92496°W / 55.518125; -2.92496 (Fauldshope Bridge)
Category C(S)
15194
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Bowhill
55°32′26″N 2°54′41″W / 55.54061°N 2.911416°W / 55.54061; -2.911416 (Bowhill)
Category A
15196
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General's Bridge
55°32′36″N 2°54′02″W / 55.543466°N 2.900674°W / 55.543466; -2.900674 (General's Bridge)
Category C(S)
13854
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Bowhill Policies, Icehouse
55°32′28″N 2°54′14″W / 55.541124°N 2.903869°W / 55.541124; -2.903869 (Bowhill Policies, Icehouse)
Category C(S)
13867
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Ettrick Terrace, Former Jail, Now Incorporating Public Library, Boundary Walls And Entrance Arch With 1 Chapel Street And Screen Wall
55°32′54″N 2°50′32″W / 55.548221°N 2.842361°W / 55.548221; -2.842361 (Ettrick Terrace, Former Jail, Now Incorporating Public Library, Boundary Walls And Entrance Arch With 1 Chapel Street And Screen Wall)
Category B
43752
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Hallidays Park, Old Manse With Boundary Walls
55°32′56″N 2°50′28″W / 55.548922°N 2.841013°W / 55.548922; -2.841013 (Hallidays Park, Old Manse With Boundary Walls)
Category C(S)
43755
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41-49 (Odd Nos) High Street
55°32′53″N 2°50′26″W / 55.548017°N 2.840597°W / 55.548017; -2.840597 (41-49 (Odd Nos) High Street)
Category C(S)
43769
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38 And 39 Market Place And Halliwell's Close
55°32′48″N 2°50′30″W / 55.546769°N 2.841759°W / 55.546769; -2.841759 (38 And 39 Market Place And Halliwell's Close)
Category B
43802
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Station Road, Station Hotel And Gatepiers
55°32′59″N 2°50′49″W / 55.54969°N 2.846941°W / 55.54969; -2.846941 (Station Road, Station Hotel And Gatepiers)
Category C(S)
43820
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Viewfield Lodge With Gatepiers And Railings
55°32′59″N 2°50′18″W / 55.549741°N 2.838288°W / 55.549741; -2.838288 (Viewfield Lodge With Gatepiers And Railings)
Category C(S)
43826
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22-26 (Even Nos) West Port
55°32′48″N 2°50′35″W / 55.546752°N 2.843011°W / 55.546752; -2.843011 (22-26 (Even Nos) West Port)
Category C(S)
43841
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Yarrow Terrace, Glen Hotel, With Boundary Walls And Gatepiers
55°32′48″N 2°51′09″W / 55.546732°N 2.852393°W / 55.546732; -2.852393 (Yarrow Terrace, Glen Hotel, With Boundary Walls And Gatepiers)
Category B
43844
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1 Market Place, Town Arms Inn
55°32′49″N 2°50′33″W / 55.547034°N 2.842478°W / 55.547034; -2.842478 (1 Market Place, Town Arms Inn)
Category B
43277
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Dunsdale Road, Riverside Or Dunsdale Mill
55°33′25″N 2°50′10″W / 55.556927°N 2.836031°W / 55.556927; -2.836031 (Dunsdale Road, Riverside Or Dunsdale Mill)
Category B
40577
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The Stables, Haining
55°32′35″N 2°50′40″W / 55.542986°N 2.844467°W / 55.542986; -2.844467 (The Stables, Haining)
Category A
15191
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The Haining, Deer Larder
55°32′35″N 2°50′38″W / 55.543152°N 2.84379°W / 55.543152; -2.84379 (The Haining, Deer Larder)
Category C(S)
15192
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1 - 14 (Even Nos) Heatherlie Terrace
55°32′51″N 2°50′52″W / 55.547635°N 2.84788°W / 55.547635; -2.84788 (1 - 14 (Even Nos) Heatherlie Terrace)
Category C(S)
43758
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1 High Street
55°32′51″N 2°50′29″W / 55.547482°N 2.841378°W / 55.547482; -2.841378 (1 High Street)
Category C(S)
43760
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32 Hillside Terrace With Boundary Wall And Gatepiers
55°32′52″N 2°50′02″W / 55.547766°N 2.834014°W / 55.547766; -2.834014 (32 Hillside Terrace With Boundary Wall And Gatepiers)
Category C(S)
43789
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11 And 12 Market Place
55°32′51″N 2°50′30″W / 55.547381°N 2.841645°W / 55.547381; -2.841645 (11 And 12 Market Place)
Category C(S)
43796
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47 And 48 Market Place
55°32′48″N 2°50′32″W / 55.546802°N 2.842235°W / 55.546802; -2.842235 (47 And 48 Market Place)
Category C(S)
43804
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6 Russell Place, The Floors With Boundary Wall, Railings And Gatepiers
55°32′50″N 2°50′03″W / 55.547288°N 2.834305°W / 55.547288; -2.834305 (6 Russell Place, The Floors With Boundary Wall, Railings And Gatepiers)
Category C(S)
43809
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9, 10 And 11 Thornfield Avenue, Thornfield House
55°33′07″N 2°50′17″W / 55.551971°N 2.837939°W / 55.551971; -2.837939 (9, 10 And 11 Thornfield Avenue, Thornfield House)
Category B
43822
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39 West Port
55°32′47″N 2°50′36″W / 55.546372°N 2.84332°W / 55.546372; -2.84332 (39 West Port)
Category C(S)
43836
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Back Row, Drill Hall And Boundary Wall
55°32′52″N 2°50′18″W / 55.5477°N 2.838435°W / 55.5477; -2.838435 (Back Row, Drill Hall And Boundary Wall)
Category C(S)
43741
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33 Market Place
55°32′49″N 2°50′29″W / 55.546826°N 2.841412°W / 55.546826; -2.841412 (33 Market Place)
Category B
40570
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Sunderland Hall
55°34′39″N 2°49′32″W / 55.577449°N 2.825571°W / 55.577449; -2.825571 (Sunderland Hall)
Category B
15200
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106 Ettrick Terrace Including Outbuildings And Wall Letter Box
55°33′18″N 2°50′11″W / 55.55492°N 2.83648°W / 55.55492; -2.83648 (106 Ettrick Terrace Including Outbuildings And Wall Letter Box)
Category C(S)
49847
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108 And 110 Ettrick Terrace
55°33′18″N 2°50′11″W / 55.555028°N 2.836372°W / 55.555028; -2.836372 (108 And 110 Ettrick Terrace)
Category C(S)
49848
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Key
The scheme for classifying buildings in Scotland is:
Category A: "buildings of national or international importance, either architectural or historic; or fine, little-altered examples of some particular period, style or building type."
Category B: "buildings of regional or more than local importance; or major examples of some particular period, style or building type, which may have been altered."
Category C: "buildings of local importance; lesser examples of any period, style, or building type, as originally constructed or moderately altered; and simple traditional buildings which group well with other listed buildings."
In March 2016 there were 47,288 listed buildings in Scotland. Of these, 8% were Category A, and 50% were Category B, with the remaining 42% being Category C.
Notes
^ Sometimes known as OSGB36, the grid reference (where provided) is based on the British national grid reference system used by the Ordnance Survey. • "Guide to National Grid". Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 12 December 2007. • "Get-a-map". Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
^ Historic Environment Scotland assign a unique alphanumeric identifier to each designated site in Scotland, for listed buildings this always begins with "LB", for example "LB12345".
References
All entries, addresses and coordinates are based on data from Historic Scotland. This data falls under the Open Government Licence
^ a b c "What is Listing?". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
^ Scotland's Historic Environment Audit 2016 (PDF). Historic Environment Scotland and the Built Environment Forum Scotland. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
vteListed buildings in the Scottish Borders
Abbey St Bathans
Ancrum
Ashkirk
Ayton
Bedrule
Bowden
Broughton, Glenholm and Kilbucho
Bunkle and Preston
Caddonfoot
Castleton
Cavers
Channelkirk
Chirnside
Cockburnspath
Coldingham
Coldstream
Crailing
Cranshaws
Drumelzier
Duns
Earlston
Eccles
Eckford
Eddleston
Ednam
Edrom
Ettrick
Eyemouth
Fala and Soutra
Fogo
Foulden
Galashiels
Gordon
Greenlaw
Hawick
Heriot
Hobkirk
Hownam
Hume
Hutton
Innerleithen
Jedburgh
Kelso
Kirkhope
Kirkurd
Ladykirk
Langton
Lauder
Legerwood
Lilliesleaf
Linton
Longformacus
Lyne
Makerstoun
Manor
Maxton
Melrose
Mertoun
Minto
Mordington
Morebattle
Nenthorn
Newlands
Oxnam
Peebles
Penicuik
Polwarth
Roberton
Roxburgh
Selkirk
Skirling
Smailholm
Southdean
Sprouston
St Boswells
Stichill
Stobo
Stow
Swinton
Teviothead
Traquair
Tweedsmuir
Westruther
Whitsome
Yarrow
Yetholm | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"listed buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building#Scotland"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Selkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirk,_Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"Scottish Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"}],"text":"This is a list of listed buildings in the parish of Selkirk in the Scottish Borders, Scotland.","title":"List of listed buildings in Selkirk, Scottish Borders"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HSlisting-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HSlisting-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HSlisting-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The scheme for classifying buildings in Scotland is:Category A: \"buildings of national or international importance, either architectural or historic; or fine, little-altered examples of some particular period, style or building type.\"[1]\nCategory B: \"buildings of regional or more than local importance; or major examples of some particular period, style or building type, which may have been altered.\"[1]\nCategory C: \"buildings of local importance; lesser examples of any period, style, or building type, as originally constructed or moderately altered; and simple traditional buildings which group well with other listed buildings.\"[1]In March 2016 there were 47,288 listed buildings in Scotland. Of these, 8% were Category A, and 50% were Category B, with the remaining 42% being Category C.[2]","title":"Key"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"British national grid reference system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_national_grid_reference_system"},{"link_name":"Ordnance Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey"},{"link_name":"\"Guide to National Grid\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/getamap/help.html#gridref"},{"link_name":"\"Get-a-map\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//getamap.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/getamap/frames.htm?mapAction=gaz&gazName=g&gazString=SJ8374998150"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Historic Environment Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland"}],"text":"^ Sometimes known as OSGB36, the grid reference (where provided) is based on the British national grid reference system used by the Ordnance Survey. • \"Guide to National Grid\". Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 12 December 2007. • \"Get-a-map\". Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 17 December 2007.\n\n^ Historic Environment Scotland assign a unique alphanumeric identifier to each designated site in Scotland, for listed buildings this always begins with \"LB\", for example \"LB12345\".","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Guide to National Grid\". Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 12 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/getamap/help.html#gridref","url_text":"\"Guide to National Grid\""}]},{"reference":"\"Get-a-map\". Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 17 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://getamap.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/getamap/frames.htm?mapAction=gaz&gazName=g&gazString=SJ8374998150","url_text":"\"Get-a-map\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is Listing?\". Historic Environment Scotland. 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-2.841412 (33 Market Place)"},{"Link":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB40570","external_links_name":"40570"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlm-gb-sct&id=40570&id2=&descriptionlang=en&description=33+Market+Place&lat=55.546826&lon=-2.841412&categories=","external_links_name":"Upload Photo"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_listed_buildings_in_Selkirk,_Scottish_Borders¶ms=55.577449_N_2.825571_W_&title=Sunderland+Hall","external_links_name":"55°34′39″N 2°49′32″W / 55.577449°N 2.825571°W / 55.577449; -2.825571 (Sunderland Hall)"},{"Link":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB15200","external_links_name":"15200"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlm-gb-sct&id=15200&id2=&descriptionlang=en&description=Sunderland+Hall&lat=55.577449&lon=-2.825571&categories=","external_links_name":"Upload Photo"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_listed_buildings_in_Selkirk,_Scottish_Borders¶ms=55.55492_N_2.83648_W_&title=106+Ettrick+Terrace+Including+Outbuildings+And+Wall+Letter+Box","external_links_name":"55°33′18″N 2°50′11″W / 55.55492°N 2.83648°W / 55.55492; -2.83648 (106 Ettrick Terrace Including Outbuildings And Wall Letter Box)"},{"Link":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB49847","external_links_name":"49847"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlm-gb-sct&id=49847&id2=&descriptionlang=en&description=106+Ettrick+Terrace+Including+Outbuildings+And+Wall+Letter+Box&lat=55.55492&lon=-2.83648&categories=","external_links_name":"Upload Photo"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_listed_buildings_in_Selkirk,_Scottish_Borders¶ms=55.555028_N_2.836372_W_&title=108+And+110+Ettrick+Terrace","external_links_name":"55°33′18″N 2°50′11″W / 55.555028°N 2.836372°W / 55.555028; -2.836372 (108 And 110 Ettrick Terrace)"},{"Link":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB49848","external_links_name":"49848"},{"Link":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlm-gb-sct&id=49848&id2=&descriptionlang=en&description=108+And+110+Ettrick+Terrace&lat=55.555028&lon=-2.836372&categories=","external_links_name":"Upload Photo"},{"Link":"http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/getamap/help.html#gridref","external_links_name":"\"Guide to National Grid\""},{"Link":"http://getamap.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/getamap/frames.htm?mapAction=gaz&gazName=g&gazString=SJ8374998150","external_links_name":"\"Get-a-map\""},{"Link":"http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"Historic Scotland"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/","external_links_name":"Open Government Licence"},{"Link":"https://www.historicenvironment.scot/advice-and-support/listing-scheduling-and-designations/listed-buildings/what-is-listing/#categories-of-listed-building_tab","external_links_name":"\"What is Listing?\""},{"Link":"http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/scotlands-listed-buildings.pdf","external_links_name":"Scotland's Historic Environment Audit 2016"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepanivka,_Sumy_Oblast | Stepanivka, Sumy Oblast | ["1 Economy","1.1 Transportation","2 References"] | Coordinates: 50°56′24″N 34°38′23″E / 50.94000°N 34.63972°E / 50.94000; 34.63972For other uses, see Stepanivka.
Urban locality in Sumy Oblast, Ukraine
Urban-type settlement in Sumy Oblast, UkraineStepanivka
СтепанівкаUrban-type settlementStepanivkaLocation in Sumy OblastShow map of Sumy OblastStepanivkaLocation in UkraineShow map of UkraineCoordinates: 50°56′24″N 34°38′23″E / 50.94000°N 34.63972°E / 50.94000; 34.63972Country UkraineOblastSumy OblastRaionSumy RaionPopulation (2022) • Total5,301Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Stepanivka (Ukrainian: Степанівка, Russian: Степановка) is an urban-type settlement in Sumy Raion, Sumy Oblast, Ukraine. It is located on the left bank of the Sumka, a right tributary of the Psel, in the drainage basin of the Dnieper. Stepanivka hosts the administration of Stepanivka settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 5,301 (2022 estimate).
Economy
Transportation
Toropylivka railway station is located in the settlement, on the railway connecting Vorozhba with Kharkiv via Sumy. There is infrequent passenger traffic.
Stepanivka has road access to Sumy and to Konotop via Terny.
References
^ "Степановская громада" (in Russian). Портал об'єднаних громад України.
^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.
vteAdministrative divisions of Sumy OblastAdministrative center: SumyRaions
Konotop
Okhtyrka
Romny
Shostka
Sumy
Hromadas
Andriiashivka
Bereza
Bezdryk
Bilopillia
Bochechky
Boromlia
Buryn
Chernechchyna
Chupakhivka
Druzhba
Duboviazivka
Esman
Hlukhiv
Hrun
Khmeliv
Khotin
Komyshi
Konotop
Krasnopillia
Krolevets
Korovyntsi
Kyrykivka
Lebedyn
Lypova Dolyna
Mykolaivka rural
Mykolaivka settlement
Myrolaiivka
Myropillia
Nedryhailiv
Nova Sloboda
Nyzhnia Syrovatka
Okhtyrka
Popivka
Putyvl
Richky
Romny
Sad
Seredyna-Buda
Shalyhyne
Shostka
Stepanivka
Sumy
Svesa
Synivka
Trostianets
Velyka Pysarivka
Verkhnia Syrovatka
Vilshana
Vorozhba
Yampil
Yunakivka
Znob-Novhorodske
Cities
Bilopillia
Buryn
Druzhba
Hlukhiv
Konotop
Krolevets
Lebedyn
Okhtyrka
Putyvl
Romny
Seredyna-Buda
Shostka
Sumy
Trostianets
Vorozhba
Rural settlements | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stepanivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepanivka"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"urban-type settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban-type_settlement"},{"link_name":"Sumy Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumy_Raion"},{"link_name":"Sumy Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumy_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Sumka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sumka_(river,_Ukraine)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Psel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psel_(river)"},{"link_name":"Stepanivka settlement hromada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stepanivka_settlement_hromada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"hromadas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hromada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-admreform_2020_stepanivka-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ua2022estimate-2"}],"text":"For other uses, see Stepanivka.Urban locality in Sumy Oblast, UkraineUrban-type settlement in Sumy Oblast, UkraineStepanivka (Ukrainian: Степанівка, Russian: Степановка) is an urban-type settlement in Sumy Raion, Sumy Oblast, Ukraine. It is located on the left bank of the Sumka, a right tributary of the Psel, in the drainage basin of the Dnieper. Stepanivka hosts the administration of Stepanivka settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.[1] Population: 5,301 (2022 estimate).[2]","title":"Stepanivka, Sumy Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toropylivka railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toropylivka_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Vorozhba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorozhba"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv"},{"link_name":"Sumy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumy"},{"link_name":"Konotop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konotop"},{"link_name":"Terny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terny,_Sumy_Oblast"}],"sub_title":"Transportation","text":"Toropylivka railway station is located in the settlement, on the railway connecting Vorozhba with Kharkiv via Sumy. There is infrequent passenger traffic.Stepanivka has road access to Sumy and to Konotop via Terny.","title":"Economy"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Степановская громада\" (in Russian). Портал об'єднаних громад України.","urls":[{"url":"https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/stepanivska/","url_text":"\"Степановская громада\""}]},{"reference":"Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://db.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/ukr/publ_new1/2022/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf","url_text":"Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Statistics_Service_of_Ukraine","url_text":"State Statistics Service of Ukraine"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220704164521/https://ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/2022/zb/05/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stepanivka,_Sumy_Oblast¶ms=50_56_24_N_34_38_23_E_region:UA_type:city","external_links_name":"50°56′24″N 34°38′23″E / 50.94000°N 34.63972°E / 50.94000; 34.63972"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stepanivka,_Sumy_Oblast¶ms=50_56_24_N_34_38_23_E_region:UA_type:city","external_links_name":"50°56′24″N 34°38′23″E / 50.94000°N 34.63972°E / 50.94000; 34.63972"},{"Link":"https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/stepanivska/","external_links_name":"\"Степановская громада\""},{"Link":"http://db.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/ukr/publ_new1/2022/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf","external_links_name":"Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220704164521/https://ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/2022/zb/05/zb_%D0%A1huselnist.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_Mixtepec,_Miahuatl%C3%A1n | San Pedro Mixtepec, Miahuatlán | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 16°16′N 96°17′W / 16.267°N 96.283°W / 16.267; -96.283Municipality and town in Oaxaca, MexicoSan Pedro MixtepecMunicipality and townSan Pedro MixtepecLocation in MexicoCoordinates: 16°16′N 96°17′W / 16.267°N 96.283°W / 16.267; -96.283Country MexicoStateOaxacaTime zoneUTC-6 (Central Standard Time) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (Central Daylight Time)
San Pedro Mixtepec is a town and municipality in the Miahuatlán District of Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of km².
It is part of the Miahuatlán District in the south of the Sierra Sur Region.
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of .
References
^ "-". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México. Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
vteMunicipalities of Miahuatlán District, Oaxaca
Miahuatlán de Porfirio Díaz
Monjas
San Andrés Paxtlán
San Cristóbal Amatlán
San Francisco Logueche
San Francisco Ozolotepec
San Ildefonso Amatlán
San Jerónimo Coatlán
San José del Peñasco
San José Lachiguirí
San Juan Mixtepec, Miahuatlán
San Juan Ozolotepec
San Luis Amatlán
San Marcial Ozolotepec
San Mateo Río Hondo
San Miguel Coatlán
San Miguel Suchixtepec
San Nicolás
San Pablo Coatlán
San Pedro Mixtepec, Miahuatlán
San Sebastián Coatlán
San Sebastián Río Hondo
San Simón Almolongas
Santa Ana
Santa Catarina Cuixtla
Santa Cruz Xitla
Santa Lucía Miahuatlán
Santa María Ozolotepec
Santiago Xanica
Santo Domingo Ozolotepec
Santo Tomás Tamazulapan
Sitio de Xitlapehua
See also Municipalities of Oaxaca
This article about a location in the Mexican state of Oaxaca is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"Miahuatlán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Luc%C3%ADa_Miahuatl%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Miahuatlán District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miahuatl%C3%A1n_District"},{"link_name":"Sierra Sur Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Sur_de_Oaxaca"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Municipality and town in Oaxaca, MexicoSan Pedro Mixtepec is a town and municipality in the Miahuatlán District of Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of km². \nIt is part of the Miahuatlán District in the south of the Sierra Sur Region.As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of .[1]","title":"San Pedro Mixtepec, Miahuatlán"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"-\". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México. Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. Retrieved June 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/oaxaca/municipios/20319a.htm","url_text":"\"-\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_para_el_Federalismo_y_el_Desarrollo_Municipal","url_text":"Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Pedro_Mixtepec,_Miahuatl%C3%A1n¶ms=16_16_N_96_17_W_source:kolossus-eowiki_type:city_region:MX-OAX","external_links_name":"16°16′N 96°17′W / 16.267°N 96.283°W / 16.267; -96.283"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Pedro_Mixtepec,_Miahuatl%C3%A1n¶ms=16_16_N_96_17_W_source:kolossus-eowiki_type:city_region:MX-OAX","external_links_name":"16°16′N 96°17′W / 16.267°N 96.283°W / 16.267; -96.283"},{"Link":"http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/oaxaca/municipios/20319a.htm","external_links_name":"\"-\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Pedro_Mixtepec,_Miahuatl%C3%A1n&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamecy,_Nievre | Clamecy, Nièvre | ["1 History","2 Sights","3 Culture","4 Economy","5 Demographics","6 People","7 Twin towns","8 Institutions","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"] | Coordinates: 47°27′39″N 3°31′13″E / 47.4608°N 3.5203°E / 47.4608; 3.5203
Subprefecture and commune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, FranceClamecySubprefecture and communeBridge over the Beuvron
Coat of armsLocation of Clamecy
ClamecyShow map of FranceClamecyShow map of Bourgogne-Franche-ComtéCoordinates: 47°27′39″N 3°31′13″E / 47.4608°N 3.5203°E / 47.4608; 3.5203CountryFranceRegionBourgogne-Franche-ComtéDepartmentNièvreArrondissementClamecyCantonClamecyIntercommunalityHaut Nivernais-Val d'YonneGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Nicolas BourdouneArea130.26 km2 (11.68 sq mi)Population (2021)3,593 • Density120/km2 (310/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code58079 /58500Elevation142–281 m (466–922 ft) (avg. 160 m or 520 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Clamecy (French pronunciation: ⓘ) is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France.
Clamecy is the capital of an arrondissement in the department of Nièvre, at the confluence of the Yonne and Beuvron and on the Canal du Nivernais, 74 kilometres (46 mi) N.N.E. of Nevers.
Clamecy is locally described as the capital of the valleys of the Yonne and classified under the French tourist criteria "Station Verte de Vacances" (centre for outdoor activity–based vacations) and among the "Plus Beau Détour de France" (most beautiful routes in France).
History
The earliest literary mention under the name of Clamiciacus, a possession of the bishops of Auxerre, is in the bequest by Pallade, Bishop of Auxerre, in 634, founding an abbey in the suburbs of Auxerre, dedicated to the Virgin, Saint Andrew and Saint Julien, martyr, and supported by lands in Clamiciacus and other places.
Clamecy continued to belong to the abbey of St Julian at Auxerre until the eleventh century, when it passed to the counts of Nevers and of Auxerre, one of whom, Hervé, enfranchised the inhabitants in 1213.
The crusading Count William IV of Nevers promised the bishop of Bethlehem that if Bethlehem should ever fall, he would welcome him in Clamecy. After the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin in 1188, the bequest of the now deceased count was honoured and the Bishop of Bethlehem duly took up residence in the hospital of Panthenor, Clamecy, which remained the continuous (if somewhat idiosyncratic) seat of the Bishopric of Bethlehem until the French Revolution.
The town was sacked and substantially rebuilt in the 14th century during the Hundred Years' War.
Clamecy enjoyed great prosperity thanks to the development, by Jean Rouvet, of the 'Flottage du bois', by which timber from the immense forests of the Morvan national park were processed and floated down river to Paris. The 'Flottage' which started in the 16th century continued until the beginning of the 20th century (the last floating 'log train' left Clamecy in 1923).
There is also an interesting hereditary link between Jean de Clamecy (later to become John II, Count of Nevers) and Henry VIII of England, via Jean de Clamecy's daughter, Elizabeth of Nevers, who married John I, Duke of Cleves and was consequently Anne of Cleves great grandmother.
Sights
Medieval timber-framed house
The medieval centre of Clamecy has been classed by the French government as a "Secteur Sauvegardé" (protected sector) in entirety; the only such protected area in the whole of the department of the Nievre.
The town has evolved in the typical concentric French manner, with a town centre consisting of 13th- to sixteenth-century houses (still remarkably intact), surrounded by nineteenth-century houses and buildings with 20th-century developments forming an outer ring.
Its principal building is the church of St Martin which dates chiefly from the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries. The tower and façade are of the 16th century. The chevet, which is surrounded by an aisle, is rectangular—a feature found in few French churches. After a period of neglect following the French revolution, the church underwent significant restoration under the auspices of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc and was classified as a historic monument in 1840. Of the old castle of the counts of Nevers (site now occupied by the 19th century Mairie), only the vaulted cellars remain. A church in the suburb of Bethléem (Bethlehem), dating from the 12th and 13th centuries, now serves as part of a hotel.
Culture
In recent years, Clamecy has attracted numerous artists from around Europe, who have set up their homes and studios in the historic town centre. In recognition of this, in the summer of 2008, the tourism committee opened a new, contemporary gallery space, in which international and established local artists showcase their work. Resident international Artists include Candl (Czech republic), Horatio Holzbein (UK), Moree (Netherlands), Jane Witheridge (UK) and Lee Woods (UK). Local artists of renown include Remi Cholet, who is best known for his work with the Moulin Rouge in Paris.
Clamecy is also home to a well-respected music college.
In the summer months, Clamecy is home to the Festival des Perthuis - a one-month-long music festival, in which a variety of venues scattered across the town play host to visiting musicians (two or three times a week) catering for all musical tastes.
The afternoon of Bastille Day (July 14) is also the date on which the Tournament du Roi Sec takes place on the Yonne River at Clamecy. The tournament is a light-hearted, waterborne jousting competition, in which the last person left standing on their specially adapted rowing boat at the end of the afternoon is crowned 'the dry King', and carried through the streets by his opponents. This activity is only practiced in two other towns throughout France.
Economy
Clamecy was once the site of saw-mills, fulling-mills and flour-mills, tanneries, and manufactories of boots and shoes and chemicals. It was known for trade in wine and cattle and in wood and charcoal, which was conveyed principally to Paris, by way of the Yonne.
Most of this industry mentioned came to an end in the first two decades of the 20th century. Apart from a few modern industrial units on the edge of town and the remnants of a small acetone production facility, little remains.
Considerable investment by successive local administrations has seen the transformation of the town from a logging centre into a pretty, medieval tourist attraction and favourite tie-up for leisure users of the Canal du Nivernais, which runs from Auxerre to Decize.
The modern economy of Clamecy (and the surrounding countryside), is derived from tourism and agriculture, with a high proportion of inhabitants commuting to larger towns such as Auxerre and Paris.
Demographics
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 5,741— 1975 5,922+0.44%1982 5,590−0.82%1990 5,284−0.70%1999 4,806−1.05%2007 4,424−1.03%2012 4,097−1.52%2017 3,759−1.71%Source: INSEE
People
Jean Rouvet (16th century), responsible for dramatic increase in the prosperity of Clamecy when he launched the first 'rafts' of Morvan timber to be floated down the Yonne river to Paris
Éléonore de Grandmaison (1620–1692), pioneer in Nouvelle France
Roger de Piles (1635–1709), painter, writer, influential art critic, diplomat, spy (allegedly) and painting buyer to Louis XIV
Jean Née de la Rochelle (1692–1772), historian
André Giroud de Villette (1752–1787), One of a duo, who were the first men to 'fly' - in a montgolfier (hot air balloon), paris, 1783.
Louis Antoine François de Marchangy (1782–1826), writer
Claude Tillier (1801–1844), political pamphleteer and novelist
Édouard Séguin (1812–1880), chemist
Hippolyte Marié-Davy (1820–1893), scientist and inventor
Théodore Tenaille-Saligny (1830–1889), lawyer, civil servant and politician
Gabriel Alapetite (1854–1932), prefect, ambassador and minister
Romain Rolland (1866–1944), writer and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1915
Alain Colas (1943–1978), yachtsman
Arnaud Montebourg (b. 1962), politician
Twin towns
Gelnhausen, Germany
Grandes-Piles, Quebec, Canada
Institutions
The public institutions include the sub-prefecture, tribunals of first instance and of commerce and a communal college.
See also
Communes of the Nièvre department
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Clamecy". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 419.
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
^ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ a b c INSEE commune file
^ a b c d e f Chisholm 1911.
^ Maximilien Quentin, ed. Cartulaire général de l'Yonne: recueil de documents authentiques (1860: vol. II p. xxx). (An 634).
^ de Sivry, L: Dictionnaire de Géographie Ecclésiastique, page 375.
^ Festival des Perthuis, 2008 edition at Le guide des festival Archived 2008-09-12 at the Wayback Machine
^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clamecy (Nièvre).
Official website (in French)
Tourist information (in English)
Picture of the castle
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[klamsi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Fr-Paris--Clamecy.ogg/Fr-Paris--Clamecy.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fr-Paris--Clamecy.ogg"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Nièvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cog-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cog-3"},{"link_name":"Yonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonne_(river)"},{"link_name":"Beuvron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beuvron_(Yonne)"},{"link_name":"Canal du Nivernais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_du_Nivernais"},{"link_name":"Nevers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"},{"link_name":"Yonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonne"}],"text":"Subprefecture and commune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, FranceClamecy (French pronunciation: [klamsi] ⓘ) is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France.[3]Clamecy is the capital of an arrondissement in the department of Nièvre,[3] at the confluence of the Yonne and Beuvron and on the Canal du Nivernais, 74 kilometres (46 mi) N.N.E. of Nevers.[4]Clamecy is locally described as the capital of the valleys of the Yonne and classified under the French tourist criteria \"Station Verte de Vacances\" (centre for outdoor activity–based vacations) and among the \"Plus Beau Détour de France\" (most beautiful routes in France).","title":"Clamecy, Nièvre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pallade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palladius_of_Auxerre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Auxerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Auxerre"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"St Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Auxerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxerre"},{"link_name":"of Auxerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Auxerre"},{"link_name":"Hervé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herve_IV_of_Donzy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"},{"link_name":"William IV of Nevers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_IV,_Count_of_Nevers"},{"link_name":"bishop of Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Bethlehem"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Saladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"},{"link_name":"Bishopric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hundred Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Jean Rouvet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Rouvet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Morvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morvan"},{"link_name":"Jean de Clamecy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II,_Count_of_Nevers"},{"link_name":"John II, Count of Nevers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II,_Count_of_Nevers"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth of Nevers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Nevers"},{"link_name":"John I, Duke of Cleves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I,_Duke_of_Cleves"},{"link_name":"Anne of Cleves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves"}],"text":"The earliest literary mention under the name of Clamiciacus, a possession of the bishops of Auxerre, is in the bequest by Pallade, Bishop of Auxerre, in 634, founding an abbey in the suburbs of Auxerre, dedicated to the Virgin, Saint Andrew and Saint Julien, martyr, and supported by lands in Clamiciacus and other places.[5]\nClamecy continued to belong to the abbey of St Julian at Auxerre until the eleventh century, when it passed to the counts of Nevers and of Auxerre, one of whom, Hervé, enfranchised the inhabitants in 1213.[4]The crusading Count William IV of Nevers promised the bishop of Bethlehem that if Bethlehem should ever fall, he would welcome him in Clamecy. After the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin in 1188, the bequest of the now deceased count was honoured and the Bishop of Bethlehem duly took up residence in the hospital of Panthenor, Clamecy, which remained the continuous (if somewhat idiosyncratic) seat of the Bishopric of Bethlehem until the French Revolution.[6]The town was sacked and substantially rebuilt in the 14th century during the Hundred Years' War.Clamecy enjoyed great prosperity thanks to the development, by Jean Rouvet, of the 'Flottage du bois', by which timber from the immense forests of the Morvan national park were processed and floated down river to Paris. The 'Flottage' which started in the 16th century continued until the beginning of the 20th century (the last floating 'log train' left Clamecy in 1923).\nThere is also an interesting hereditary link between Jean de Clamecy (later to become John II, Count of Nevers) and Henry VIII of England, via Jean de Clamecy's daughter, Elizabeth of Nevers, who married John I, Duke of Cleves and was consequently Anne of Cleves great grandmother.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1_Rue_du_Pont_Chatelain_in_Clamecy.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_of_Tours"},{"link_name":"chevet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevet"},{"link_name":"aisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"},{"link_name":"Eugène Viollet-le-Duc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"counts of Nevers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Nevers"},{"link_name":"Bethléem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bethl%C3%A9em&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"}],"text":"Medieval timber-framed houseThe medieval centre of Clamecy has been classed by the French government as a \"Secteur Sauvegardé\" (protected sector) in entirety; the only such protected area in the whole of the department of the Nievre.The town has evolved in the typical concentric French manner, with a town centre consisting of 13th- to sixteenth-century houses (still remarkably intact), surrounded by nineteenth-century houses and buildings with 20th-century developments forming an outer ring.Its principal building is the church of St Martin which dates chiefly from the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries. The tower and façade are of the 16th century. The chevet, which is surrounded by an aisle, is rectangular—a feature found in few French churches.[4] After a period of neglect following the French revolution, the church underwent significant restoration under the auspices of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc and was classified as a historic monument in 1840.[citation needed] Of the old castle of the counts of Nevers (site now occupied by the 19th century Mairie), only the vaulted cellars remain. A church in the suburb of Bethléem (Bethlehem), dating from the 12th and 13th centuries, now serves as part of a hotel.[4]","title":"Sights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Candl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Candl&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moree_(Netherlands)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jane Witheridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jane_Witheridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lee Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_Woods_(artist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Remi Cholet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remi_Cholet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moulin Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulin_Rouge"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bastille Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastille_Day"},{"link_name":"Tournament du Roi Sec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tournament_du_Roi_Sec&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yonne River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonne_River"},{"link_name":"jousting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jousting"}],"text":"In recent years, Clamecy has attracted numerous artists from around Europe, who have set up their homes and studios in the historic town centre. In recognition of this, in the summer of 2008, the tourism committee opened a new, contemporary gallery space, in which international and established local artists showcase their work. Resident international Artists include Candl (Czech republic), Horatio Holzbein (UK), Moree (Netherlands), Jane Witheridge (UK) and Lee Woods (UK). Local artists of renown include Remi Cholet, who is best known for his work with the Moulin Rouge in Paris.Clamecy is also home to a well-respected music college.In the summer months, Clamecy is home to the Festival des Perthuis[7] - a one-month-long music festival, in which a variety of venues scattered across the town play host to visiting musicians (two or three times a week) catering for all musical tastes.The afternoon of Bastille Day (July 14) is also the date on which the Tournament du Roi Sec takes place on the Yonne River at Clamecy. The tournament is a light-hearted, waterborne jousting competition, in which the last person left standing on their specially adapted rowing boat at the end of the afternoon is crowned 'the dry King', and carried through the streets by his opponents. This activity is only practiced in two other towns throughout France.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"},{"link_name":"acetone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone"},{"link_name":"Canal du Nivernais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_du_Nivernais"},{"link_name":"Auxerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxerre"},{"link_name":"Decize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decize"},{"link_name":"Auxerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxerre"}],"text":"Clamecy was once the site of saw-mills, fulling-mills and flour-mills, tanneries, and manufactories of boots and shoes and chemicals. It was known for trade in wine and cattle and in wood and charcoal, which was conveyed principally to Paris, by way of the Yonne.[4]Most of this industry mentioned came to an end in the first two decades of the 20th century. Apart from a few modern industrial units on the edge of town and the remnants of a small acetone production facility, little remains.Considerable investment by successive local administrations has seen the transformation of the town from a logging centre into a pretty, medieval tourist attraction and favourite tie-up for leisure users of the Canal du Nivernais, which runs from Auxerre to Decize.The modern economy of Clamecy (and the surrounding countryside), is derived from tourism and agriculture, with a high proportion of inhabitants commuting to larger towns such as Auxerre and Paris.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Rouvet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_Rouvet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Éléonore de Grandmaison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89l%C3%A9onore_de_Grandmaison&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nouvelle France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouvelle_France"},{"link_name":"Roger de Piles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_de_Piles"},{"link_name":"Jean Née de la Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_N%C3%A9e_de_la_Rochelle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"André Giroud de Villette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giroud_de_Villette&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Louis Antoine François de Marchangy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Marchangy"},{"link_name":"Claude Tillier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Tillier"},{"link_name":"Édouard Séguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_S%C3%A9guin"},{"link_name":"Hippolyte Marié-Davy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Mari%C3%A9-Davy"},{"link_name":"Théodore Tenaille-Saligny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Tenaille-Saligny"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Alapetite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Alapetite"},{"link_name":"Romain Rolland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Rolland"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"},{"link_name":"Alain Colas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Colas"},{"link_name":"Arnaud Montebourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaud_Montebourg"}],"text":"Jean Rouvet (16th century), responsible for dramatic increase in the prosperity of Clamecy when he launched the first 'rafts' of Morvan timber to be floated down the Yonne river to Paris\nÉléonore de Grandmaison (1620–1692), pioneer in Nouvelle France\nRoger de Piles (1635–1709), painter, writer, influential art critic, diplomat, spy (allegedly) and painting buyer to Louis XIV\nJean Née de la Rochelle (1692–1772), historian\nAndré Giroud de Villette (1752–1787), One of a duo, who were the first men to 'fly' - in a montgolfier (hot air balloon), paris, 1783.\nLouis Antoine François de Marchangy (1782–1826), writer\nClaude Tillier (1801–1844), political pamphleteer and novelist\nÉdouard Séguin (1812–1880), chemist\nHippolyte Marié-Davy (1820–1893), scientist and inventor\nThéodore Tenaille-Saligny (1830–1889), lawyer, civil servant and politician\nGabriel Alapetite (1854–1932), prefect, ambassador and minister\nRomain Rolland (1866–1944), writer and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1915\nAlain Colas (1943–1978), yachtsman\nArnaud Montebourg (b. 1962), politician","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gelnhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelnhausen"},{"link_name":"Grandes-Piles, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandes-Piles,_Quebec"}],"text":"Gelnhausen, Germany\nGrandes-Piles, Quebec, Canada","title":"Twin towns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cog-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4"},{"link_name":"needs update?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"The public institutions include the sub-prefecture,[3] tribunals of first instance and of commerce and a communal college.[4][needs update?]","title":"Institutions"}] | [{"image_text":"Medieval timber-framed house","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/1_Rue_du_Pont_Chatelain_in_Clamecy.jpg/170px-1_Rue_du_Pont_Chatelain_in_Clamecy.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Communes of the Nièvre department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Ni%C3%A8vre_department"}] | [{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Clamecy\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 419.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Clamecy","url_text":"Clamecy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-58079","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Clamecy,_Ni%C3%A8vre¶ms=47.4608_N_3.5203_E_type:city(3593)_region:FR-BFC","external_links_name":"47°27′39″N 3°31′13″E / 47.4608°N 3.5203°E / 47.4608; 3.5203"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Clamecy,_Ni%C3%A8vre¶ms=47.4608_N_3.5203_E_type:city(3593)_region:FR-BFC","external_links_name":"47°27′39″N 3°31′13″E / 47.4608°N 3.5203°E / 47.4608; 3.5203"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-58079","external_links_name":"58079"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-58079","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/cog/commune/COM58079-clamecy","external_links_name":"INSEE commune file"},{"Link":"http://leguidedesfestivals.com/index.php?page=festival&festi=2530","external_links_name":"Le guide des festival"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080912002908/http://leguidedesfestivals.com/index.php?page=festival&festi=2530","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-58079#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"https://www.clamecy.fr/","external_links_name":"Official website (in French)"},{"Link":"https://www.clamecyhautnivernais-tourisme.fr/en/","external_links_name":"Tourist information (in English)"},{"Link":"http://www.gobarging.com/images/Hm8o1639-600_jpg.jpg","external_links_name":"Picture of the castle"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/145430094","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15266344b","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15266344b","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4291628-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559597705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81124917","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/b2731601-67a1-4c40-a9e0-83c494dba60f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045026","external_links_name":"NARA"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/146785142","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Green,_Buckinghamshire | George Green, Buckinghamshire | [] | Coordinates: 51°31′16″N 0°33′32″W / 51.521°N 0.559°W / 51.521; -0.559
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Gateway in George Green, 2005
George Green is a hamlet in the parish of Wexham, in the Buckinghamshire district of the ceremonial county of Buckinghamshire, England. It is situated between Slough and Iver Heath, close to the boundary of the borough of Slough.
The hamlet is named after King George I. Close by are Langley and Black Park. The George, a historic pub, used to be located here but closed during the pandemic and never opened again.
51°31′16″N 0°33′32″W / 51.521°N 0.559°W / 51.521; -0.559
vteSouth Bucks District
Buckinghamshire
Unitary Council elections
County Council elections
District Council elections
Beaconsfield Constituency
Towns (component areas and hamlets)
Beaconsfield
Holtspur
Ledborough
Gerrards Cross
Other civil parishes (component villages and hamlets)
Burnham
Boveney
Burnham
East Burnham
Egypt
Hitcham
Lent Rise
Littleworth
Littleworth Common
Rose Hill
Denham
Baker's Wood
Denham
Denham Garden Village
Denham Green
Higher Denham
New Denham
Tatling End
Dorney
Dorney
Dorney Reach
Lake End
Farnham Royal
Farnham Common
Farnham Park
Farnham Royal
Fulmer
Hedgerley
Hedgerley
Hedgerley Dean
Hedgerley Green
Hedgerley Hill
Iver
Iver
Iver Heath
Love Green
Richings Park
Shreding Green
Thorney
Stoke Poges
Hollybush Hill
Stoke Green
Stoke Poges
Taplow
Wexham
George Green
Middlegreen
Wexham
Former districts and boroughs
Beaconsfield Urban District
Eton Rural District
Former constituencies
Buckinghamshire County Constituency
Eton and Slough Constituency
South Buckinghamshire Constituency
List of parliamentary constituencies in Buckinghamshire
List of places in Buckinghamshire
List of civil parishes in Buckinghamshire | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gateway_in_George_Green_-_geograph.org.uk_-_25652.jpg"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"Wexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexham"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire_(district)"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Slough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slough"},{"link_name":"Iver Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iver_Heath"},{"link_name":"Slough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Slough"},{"link_name":"George I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Langley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langley,_Slough"},{"link_name":"Black Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Park"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"51°31′16″N 0°33′32″W / 51.521°N 0.559°W / 51.521; -0.559","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=George_Green,_Buckinghamshire¶ms=51.521_N_0.559_W_type:city_region:GB-BKM_source:www.npemap.org.uk"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:South_Bucks"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:South_Bucks"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Bucks"},{"link_name":"South Bucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bucks"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Unitary Council elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire_Council_elections"},{"link_name":"County Council elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire_County_Council_elections"},{"link_name":"District Council elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bucks_District_Council_elections"},{"link_name":"Beaconsfield Constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaconsfield_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Beaconsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaconsfield"},{"link_name":"Holtspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holtspur"},{"link_name":"Ledborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledborough"},{"link_name":"Gerrards Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrards_Cross"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BuckinghamshireSouth.png"},{"link_name":"Burnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnham,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Boveney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boveney"},{"link_name":"Burnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnham,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"East Burnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Burnham"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Hitcham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitcham,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Lent Rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent_Rise"},{"link_name":"Littleworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littleworth,_South_Bucks"},{"link_name":"Littleworth Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littleworth_Common"},{"link_name":"Rose Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Hill,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Denham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denham,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Baker's Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker%27s_Wood"},{"link_name":"Denham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denham,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Denham Garden Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denham_Garden_Village"},{"link_name":"Denham Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denham_Green"},{"link_name":"Higher Denham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Denham"},{"link_name":"New Denham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Denham"},{"link_name":"Tatling End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatling_End"},{"link_name":"Dorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorney"},{"link_name":"Dorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorney"},{"link_name":"Dorney Reach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorney_Reach"},{"link_name":"Lake End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_End,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Farnham Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnham_Royal"},{"link_name":"Farnham Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnham_Common"},{"link_name":"Farnham Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnham_Royal"},{"link_name":"Farnham Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnham_Royal"},{"link_name":"Fulmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulmer"},{"link_name":"Hedgerley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgerley"},{"link_name":"Hedgerley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgerley"},{"link_name":"Hedgerley Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgerley_Dean"},{"link_name":"Hedgerley Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgerley_Green"},{"link_name":"Hedgerley Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgerley_Hill"},{"link_name":"Iver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iver"},{"link_name":"Iver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iver"},{"link_name":"Iver Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iver"},{"link_name":"Love Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iver"},{"link_name":"Richings Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iver"},{"link_name":"Shreding Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreding_Green"},{"link_name":"Thorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorney,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Stoke Poges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Poges"},{"link_name":"Hollybush Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollybush_Hill,_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Stoke Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Green"},{"link_name":"Stoke Poges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Poges"},{"link_name":"Taplow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taplow"},{"link_name":"Wexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexham"},{"link_name":"George Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Middlegreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlegreen"},{"link_name":"Wexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexham"},{"link_name":"Beaconsfield Urban District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaconsfield_Urban_District"},{"link_name":"Eton Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire County Constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Eton and Slough Constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_and_Slough_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"South Buckinghamshire Constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Buckinghamshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"List of parliamentary constituencies in Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"List of places in Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_in_Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"List of civil parishes in Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Buckinghamshire"}],"text":"Gateway in George Green, 2005George Green is a hamlet in the parish of Wexham, in the Buckinghamshire district of the ceremonial county of Buckinghamshire, England. It is situated between Slough and Iver Heath, close to the boundary of the borough of Slough.The hamlet is named after King George I. Close by are Langley and Black Park. The George, a historic pub, used to be located here but closed during the pandemic and never opened again.[citation needed]51°31′16″N 0°33′32″W / 51.521°N 0.559°W / 51.521; -0.559vteSouth Bucks District\nBuckinghamshire\nUnitary Council elections\nCounty Council elections\nDistrict Council elections\nBeaconsfield Constituency\nTowns (component areas and hamlets)\nBeaconsfield\nHoltspur\nLedborough\nGerrards Cross\nOther civil parishes (component villages and hamlets)\nBurnham\nBoveney\nBurnham\nEast Burnham\nEgypt\nHitcham\nLent Rise\nLittleworth\nLittleworth Common\nRose Hill\nDenham\nBaker's Wood\nDenham\nDenham Garden Village\nDenham Green\nHigher Denham\nNew Denham\nTatling End\nDorney\nDorney\nDorney Reach\nLake End\nFarnham Royal\nFarnham Common\nFarnham Park\nFarnham Royal\nFulmer\nHedgerley\nHedgerley\nHedgerley Dean\nHedgerley Green\nHedgerley Hill\nIver\nIver\nIver Heath\nLove Green\nRichings Park\nShreding Green\nThorney\nStoke Poges\nHollybush Hill\nStoke Green\nStoke Poges\nTaplow\nWexham\nGeorge Green\nMiddlegreen\nWexham\nFormer districts and boroughs\nBeaconsfield Urban District\nEton Rural District\nFormer constituencies\nBuckinghamshire County Constituency\nEton and Slough Constituency\nSouth Buckinghamshire Constituency\n\nList of parliamentary constituencies in Buckinghamshire\nList of places in Buckinghamshire\nList of civil parishes in Buckinghamshire","title":"George Green, Buckinghamshire"}] | [{"image_text":"Gateway in George Green, 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gateway_in_George_Green_-_geograph.org.uk_-_25652.jpg/220px-Gateway_in_George_Green_-_geograph.org.uk_-_25652.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=George_Green,_Buckinghamshire¶ms=51.521_N_0.559_W_type:city_region:GB-BKM_source:www.npemap.org.uk","external_links_name":"51°31′16″N 0°33′32″W / 51.521°N 0.559°W / 51.521; -0.559"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Green,_Buckinghamshire&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22George+Green%2C+Buckinghamshire%22","external_links_name":"\"George Green, Buckinghamshire\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22George+Green%2C+Buckinghamshire%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22George+Green%2C+Buckinghamshire%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22George+Green%2C+Buckinghamshire%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22George+Green%2C+Buckinghamshire%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22George+Green%2C+Buckinghamshire%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=George_Green,_Buckinghamshire¶ms=51.521_N_0.559_W_type:city_region:GB-BKM_source:www.npemap.org.uk","external_links_name":"51°31′16″N 0°33′32″W / 51.521°N 0.559°W / 51.521; -0.559"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckeye,_Iowa | Buckeye, Iowa | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Education","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 42°25′6″N 93°22′33″W / 42.41833°N 93.37583°W / 42.41833; -93.37583
City in Iowa, United StatesBuckeye, IowaCityLocation of Buckeye, IowaCoordinates: 42°25′6″N 93°22′33″W / 42.41833°N 93.37583°W / 42.41833; -93.37583Country United StatesState IowaCountyHardinArea • Total0.99 sq mi (2.56 km2) • Land0.99 sq mi (2.56 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation1,158 ft (353 m)Population (2020) • Total86 • Density87.04/sq mi (33.61/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code50043Area code515FIPS code19-09100GNIS feature ID0454934
Main Street, Buckeye IA
Buckeye is a city in Hardin County, Iowa, United States. The population was 86 at the time of the 2020 census.
History
Buckeye got its start circa 1901, following construction of the railroad through that territory.
Geography
Buckeye's longitude and latitude coordinatesin decimal form are 42.419473 -93.375829.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.00 square mile (2.59 km2), all land.
Demographics
Historical populationsYearPop.±%191087— 192091+4.6%193086−5.5%194080−7.0%195067−16.2%196040−40.3%197041+2.5%198084+104.9%199055−34.5%2000110+100.0%2010108−1.8%202086−20.4%Source:"U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 29, 2020. and Iowa Data CenterSource: U.S. Decennial Census
The population of Buckeye, Iowa from US census data
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 108 people, 44 households, and 29 families living in the city. The population density was 108.0 inhabitants per square mile (41.7/km2). There were 49 housing units at an average density of 49.0 per square mile (18.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 100.0% White.
There were 44 households, of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.5% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 9.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.1% were non-families. 27.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.86.
The median age in the city was 35 years. 24.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 12% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.9% were from 25 to 44; 26.9% were from 45 to 64; and 11.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 57.4% male and 42.6% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 110 people, 45 households, and 27 families living in the city. The population density was 109.6 inhabitants per square mile (42.3/km2). There were 50 housing units at an average density of 49.8 per square mile (19.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% White.
There were 45 households, out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.6% were married couples living together, 2.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 35.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.33.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.5% under the age of 18, 11.8% from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 139.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 141.2 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $24,750, and the median income for a family was $32,500. Males had a median income of $22,375 versus $22,917 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,880. There were 7.7% of families and 5.3% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 23.8% of those over 64.
Education
Alden Community School District operates public schools serving the community.
References
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
^ a b "2020 Census State Redistricting Data". census.gov. United states Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
^ Moir, William J. (1911). Past and Present of Hardin County, Iowa. Unigraphic. pp. 344.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "Alden" (PDF). Iowa Department of Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 27, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buckeye, Iowa.
Iowa portal
vteMunicipalities and communities of Hardin County, Iowa, United StatesCounty seat: EldoraCities
Ackley‡
Alden
Buckeye
Eldora
Hubbard
Iowa Falls
New Providence
Owasa
Radcliffe
Steamboat Rock
Union
Whitten
Map of Iowa highlighting Hardin CountyTownships
Alden
Buckeye
Clay
Concord
Eldora
Ellis
Etna
Grant
Hardin
Jackson
Pleasant
Providence
Sherman
Tipton
Union
CDP
Garden City
Otherunincorporatedcommunities
Cleves
Gifford
Lawn Hill
Ghost towns
Abbott
Cottage
Hughes
Macy
Quebec
Secor/Xenia
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Iowa portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FI0006724.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hardin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardin_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cen2020-2"}],"text":"City in Iowa, United StatesMain Street, Buckeye IABuckeye is a city in Hardin County, Iowa, United States. The population was 86 at the time of the 2020 census.[2]","title":"Buckeye, Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Buckeye got its start circa 1901, following construction of the railroad through that territory.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-4"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-5"}],"text":"Buckeye's longitude and latitude coordinatesin decimal form are 42.419473 -93.375829.[4]According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.00 square mile (2.59 km2), all land.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BuckeyeIowaPopPlot.png"}],"text":"The population of Buckeye, Iowa from US census data","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-7"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[7] of 2010, there were 108 people, 44 households, and 29 families living in the city. The population density was 108.0 inhabitants per square mile (41.7/km2). There were 49 housing units at an average density of 49.0 per square mile (18.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 100.0% White.There were 44 households, of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.5% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 9.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.1% were non-families. 27.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.86.The median age in the city was 35 years. 24.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 12% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.9% were from 25 to 44; 26.9% were from 45 to 64; and 11.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 57.4% male and 42.6% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-8"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[8] of 2000, there were 110 people, 45 households, and 27 families living in the city. The population density was 109.6 inhabitants per square mile (42.3/km2). There were 50 housing units at an average density of 49.8 per square mile (19.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% White.There were 45 households, out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.6% were married couples living together, 2.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 35.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.33.In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.5% under the age of 18, 11.8% from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 139.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 141.2 males.The median income for a household in the city was $24,750, and the median income for a family was $32,500. Males had a median income of $22,375 versus $22,917 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,880. There were 7.7% of families and 5.3% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 23.8% of those over 64.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alden Community School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alden_Community_School_District"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Alden Community School District operates public schools serving the community.[9]","title":"Education"}] | [{"image_text":"Main Street, Buckeye IA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/FI0006724.jpg/220px-FI0006724.jpg"},{"image_text":"The population of Buckeye, Iowa from US census data","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BuckeyeIowaPopPlot.png/220px-BuckeyeIowaPopPlot.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Iowa highlighting Hardin County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Hardin_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Hardin_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Hill,_Texas | Pine Hill, Texas | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Education","4 References"] | Coordinates: 32°06′17″N 94°36′19″W / 32.10472°N 94.60528°W / 32.10472; -94.60528
Unincorporated community in Texas, United StatesPine Hill, TexasUnincorporated communityPine HillShow map of TexasPine HillShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 32°06′17″N 94°36′19″W / 32.10472°N 94.60528°W / 32.10472; -94.60528CountryUnited StatesStateTexasCountyRuskElevation358 ft (109 m)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)Area code(s)430 & 903GNIS feature ID1378869
Pine Hill is an unincorporated community in Rusk County, located in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 49 in 2000. It is located within the Longview, Texas metropolitan area.
History
The area in what is known as Pine Hill today was first settled in 1844 by Uncle Henderson Hillin. It was given the nickname Rake Pocket from two different sources. One source says that a man thought he had been overcharged at the local hotel, while another claims that Hillin had to literally "rake his pockets" to feed his animals while traveling through here in an oxcart. He then encouraged his family members from Alabama and Georgia to relocate to the area when he started farming four years after settling here. He served as the town merchant for nearly half a century. A post office was established in 1847 and remained in operation until sometime after 1930, with James W. Clark as the first postmaster. The community then received its mail from Sharon in 1856, but moved back to Pine Hill that next year. It was the size of a normal town even after the American Civil War. The Timpson and Henderson Railway caused Pine Hill to become a bastion for lumber production from 1909 to 1922. A newspaper called the Pinehill Times was established in 1913. A fire destroyed ten businesses three years later, while another fire struck in 1937. The town had five businesses and 250 residents in 1940. In the next decade, the population plummeted to 100 and then to 49 from 1968 through 2000.
Geography
Pine Hill is located at the intersection of Farm to Market Roads 348 and 1798, approximately three miles south of U.S. Highway 79, 11 mi (18 km) east of Henderson and 15 mi (24 km) west of Carthage in far-eastern Rusk County.
Education
Today, the community is served by the Henderson Independent School District.
References
^ a b "Pine Hill, Texas". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
^ Biesele, Megan. "Pinehill, TX". tshaonline.org. Retrieved September 23, 2021.
^ "Pine Hill, Texas". Texas Escapes Online Magazine. Retrieved December 31, 2022.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Rusk County, Texas, United StatesCounty seat: HendersonCities
Easton‡
Henderson
Kilgore‡
Mount Enterprise
New London
Overton‡
Reklaw‡
Tatum‡
Rusk County mapCDP
Lake Cherokee‡
Othercommunities
Anadarko
Brachfield
Bryce
Caledonia
Chalk Hill
Chapman
Church Hill
Concord
Dirgin
Glenfawn
Good Springs
Joinerville
Laird Hill
Laneville
Leverett's Chapel
Minden
Monroe
New Salem
Oak Hill
Pine Hill
Pitner Junction
Price
Selman City
Stewart
Turnertown
Ghost towns
Craig
Cross Roads
Harmony Hill
Lawsonville
London
Oak Flats
Pirtle
Pleasant Grove
Pone
Sexton City
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Texas portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Rusk County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"},{"link_name":"Handbook of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Longview, Texas metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longview,_Texas_metropolitan_area"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in Texas, United StatesPine Hill is an unincorporated community in Rusk County, located in the U.S. state of Texas.[1] According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 49 in 2000. It is located within the Longview, Texas metropolitan area.","title":"Pine Hill, Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oxcart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullock_cart"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Sharon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharon,_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"lumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook-2"}],"text":"The area in what is known as Pine Hill today was first settled in 1844 by Uncle Henderson Hillin. It was given the nickname Rake Pocket from two different sources. One source says that a man thought he had been overcharged at the local hotel, while another claims that Hillin had to literally \"rake his pockets\" to feed his animals while traveling through here in an oxcart. He then encouraged his family members from Alabama and Georgia to relocate to the area when he started farming four years after settling here. He served as the town merchant for nearly half a century. A post office was established in 1847 and remained in operation until sometime after 1930, with James W. Clark as the first postmaster. The community then received its mail from Sharon in 1856, but moved back to Pine Hill that next year. It was the size of a normal town even after the American Civil War. The Timpson and Henderson Railway caused Pine Hill to become a bastion for lumber production from 1909 to 1922. A newspaper called the Pinehill Times was established in 1913. A fire destroyed ten businesses three years later, while another fire struck in 1937. The town had five businesses and 250 residents in 1940. In the next decade, the population plummeted to 100 and then to 49 from 1968 through 2000.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farm to Market Roads 348","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_348"},{"link_name":"1798","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_to_Market_Road_1798"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_79_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Texas_Escapes-3"}],"text":"Pine Hill is located at the intersection of Farm to Market Roads 348 and 1798, approximately three miles south of U.S. Highway 79, 11 mi (18 km) east of Henderson and 15 mi (24 km) west of Carthage in far-eastern Rusk County.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henderson Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_Independent_School_District"}],"text":"Today, the community is served by the Henderson Independent School District.","title":"Education"}] | [{"image_text":"Rusk County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Rusk_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Rusk_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Pine Hill, Texas\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1378869","url_text":"\"Pine Hill, Texas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"Biesele, Megan. \"Pinehill, TX\". tshaonline.org. Retrieved September 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/pinehill-tx","url_text":"\"Pinehill, TX\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pine Hill, Texas\". Texas Escapes Online Magazine. Retrieved December 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.texasescapes.com/EastTexasTowns/Pinehill-Texas.htm","url_text":"\"Pine Hill, Texas\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pine_Hill,_Texas¶ms=32_06_17_N_94_36_19_W_region:US-TX_type:city","external_links_name":"32°06′17″N 94°36′19″W / 32.10472°N 94.60528°W / 32.10472; -94.60528"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pine_Hill,_Texas¶ms=32_06_17_N_94_36_19_W_region:US-TX_type:city","external_links_name":"32°06′17″N 94°36′19″W / 32.10472°N 94.60528°W / 32.10472; -94.60528"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1378869","external_links_name":"\"Pine Hill, Texas\""},{"Link":"https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/pinehill-tx","external_links_name":"\"Pinehill, TX\""},{"Link":"http://www.texasescapes.com/EastTexasTowns/Pinehill-Texas.htm","external_links_name":"\"Pine Hill, Texas\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walum,_North_Dakota | Walum, North Dakota | ["1 History","2 References"] | Coordinates: 47°16′11″N 98°11′40″W / 47.26972°N 98.19444°W / 47.26972; -98.19444Unincorporated community in North Dakota, U.S.
Walum is an unincorporated community in Griggs County, in the U.S. state of North Dakota.
History
A post office called Walum was established in 1904, and remained in operation until 1973. The community was named for Marinus Wallum, an early settler.
References
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Walum, North Dakota
^ "Griggs County". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved October 23, 2015.
^ Geneva Roth Olstad (2000). Main Street, North Dakota in Vintage Postcards. Arcadia Publishing. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7385-0726-2.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Griggs County, North Dakota, United StatesCounty seat: CooperstownCities
Binford
Cooperstown
Hannaford
Map of North Dakota highlighting Griggs CountyTownships
Addie
Ball Hill
Bartley
Broadview
Bryan
Clearfield
Cooperstown
Dover
Greenfield
Helena
Jessie
Kingsley
Lenora
Mabel
Pilot Mound
Romness
Rosendal
Sverdrup
Tyrol
Walum
Washburn
Willow
CDPs
Jessie
Sutton
Othercommunities
Mose
Walum
North Dakota portal
United States portal
47°16′11″N 98°11′40″W / 47.26972°N 98.19444°W / 47.26972; -98.19444
This North Dakota location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_community"},{"link_name":"Griggs County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griggs_County,_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Unincorporated community in North Dakota, U.S.Walum is an unincorporated community in Griggs County, in the U.S. state of North Dakota.[1]","title":"Walum, North Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"A post office called Walum was established in 1904, and remained in operation until 1973.[2] The community was named for Marinus Wallum, an early settler.[3]","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of North Dakota highlighting Griggs County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Map_of_North_Dakota_highlighting_Griggs_County.svg/100px-Map_of_North_Dakota_highlighting_Griggs_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Griggs County\". Jim Forte Postal History. Retrieved October 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=ND&county=Griggs","url_text":"\"Griggs County\""}]},{"reference":"Geneva Roth Olstad (2000). Main Street, North Dakota in Vintage Postcards. Arcadia Publishing. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7385-0726-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qWDsf7O8EvMC&pg=PA114","url_text":"Main Street, North Dakota in Vintage Postcards"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-0726-2","url_text":"978-0-7385-0726-2"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Walum,_North_Dakota¶ms=47_16_11_N_98_11_40_W_type:city_region:US-ND_source:GNIS-enwiki","external_links_name":"47°16′11″N 98°11′40″W / 47.26972°N 98.19444°W / 47.26972; -98.19444"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1032680","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Walum, North Dakota"},{"Link":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=ND&county=Griggs","external_links_name":"\"Griggs County\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qWDsf7O8EvMC&pg=PA114","external_links_name":"Main Street, North Dakota in Vintage Postcards"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Walum,_North_Dakota¶ms=47_16_11_N_98_11_40_W_type:city_region:US-ND_source:GNIS-enwiki","external_links_name":"47°16′11″N 98°11′40″W / 47.26972°N 98.19444°W / 47.26972; -98.19444"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walum,_North_Dakota&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaki,_Armenia | Shaki, Armenia | ["1 Demographics","2 Gallery","3 References"] | Coordinates: 39°33′51″N 45°59′51″E / 39.56417°N 45.99750°E / 39.56417; 45.99750Place in Syunik, ArmeniaShaki
ՇաքիShaki Waterfall
Coat of armsShakiShow map of ArmeniaShakiShow map of Syunik ProvinceCoordinates: 39°33′51″N 45°59′51″E / 39.56417°N 45.99750°E / 39.56417; 45.99750CountryArmeniaProvinceSyunikMunicipalitySisianArea • Total60.67 km2 (23.42 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total1,197 • Density20/km2 (51/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+4 (AMT)Shaki, Armenia at GEOnet Names Server
Shaki (Armenian: Շաքի) is a village in the Sisian Municipality of the Syunik Province in Armenia, located to the north of Sisian. The village's Holy Mother of God Church was opened in 2003. The Shaki Waterfall is located near the village.
Demographics
The 2011 Armenia census reported its population was 1,197, down from 1,390 at the 2001 census.
Gallery
Scenery around Shaki river
Shaki waterfall
Scenery around Shaki river
References
^ "Syunik regional e-Governance System" (in Armenian). Syunik Province provincial government. Click on link entitled "Համայնքներ" (community) and search for the place by Armenian name.
^ Statistical Committee of Armenia. "The results of the 2011 Population Census of Armenia" (PDF).
^ "Marzes of Armenia and Yerevan City in Figures, 2010" (PDF). Statistical Committee of Armenia.
^ Report of the results of the 2001 Armenian Census, Statistical Committee of Armenia
vte Syunik ProvinceCapital: KapanUrban settlements
Agarak
Dastakert
Goris
Kajaran
Kapan
Meghri
Sisian
Gorayk Municipality
Gorayk
Tsghuk
Sarnakunk
Spandaryan
Goris Municipality
Aghbulagh
Akner
Bardzravan
Dzorak
Hartashen
Karahunj
Khndzoresk
Nerkin Khndzoresk
Shurnukh
Vanand
Verishen
Vorotan
Kajaran Municipality
Ajabaj
Andokavan
Babikavan
Dzagikavan
Geghavank
Geghi
Getishen
Kajaran (village)
Kard
Karut
Katnararat
Kavchut
Kitsk
Lernadzor
Nerkin Giratagh
Nor Astghaberd
Pukhrut
Verin Geghavank
Verin Giratagh
Vocheti
Kapan Municipality
Achanan
Agarak
Aghvani
Antarashat
Arajadzor
Artsvanik
Bargushat
Chakaten
Chapni
Davit Bek
Ditsmayri
Dzorastan
Geghanush
Gomaran
Kaghnut
Khdrants
Khordzor
Nerkin Hand
Nerkin Khotanan
Norashenik
Okhtar
Sevakar
Shikahogh
Shishkert
Shrvenants
Srashen
Syunik
Sznak
Tandzaver
Tavrus
Tsav
Uzhanis
Vanek
Vardavank
Verin Khotanan
Yegheg
Yeghvard
Erkenants
Meghri Municipality
Alvank
Aygedzor
Gudemnis
Karchevan
Kuris
Lehvaz
Lichk
Nrnadzor
Shvanidzor
Tashtun
Tkhkut
Vahravar
Vardanidzor
Sisian Municipality
Aghitu
Akhlatyan
Angeghakot
Arevis
Ashotavan
Balak
Bnunis
Brnakot
Darbas
Getatagh
Hatsavan
Ishkhanasar
Lor
Ltsen
Mutsk
Noravan
Nzhdeh
Salvard
Shaghat
Shaki
Shamb
Shenatagh
Tanahat
Tasik
Tolors
Torunik
Tsghuni
Uyts
Vaghatin
Vorotan
Tatev Municipality
Halidzor
Harzhis
Kashuni
Khot
Shinuhayr
Svarants
Tandzatap
Tatev
Tegh Municipality
Aravus
Karashen
Khnatsakh
Khoznavar
Kornidzor
Tegh
Vaghatur
Portal: Geography
This article about a location in Syunik Province, Armenia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Sisian Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisian_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Syunik Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syunik_Province"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Sisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisian"},{"link_name":"Shaki Waterfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaki_Waterfall"}],"text":"Place in Syunik, ArmeniaShaki (Armenian: Շաքի) is a village in the Sisian Municipality of the Syunik Province in Armenia, located to the north of Sisian. The village's Holy Mother of God Church was opened in 2003. The Shaki Waterfall is located near the village.","title":"Shaki, Armenia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The 2011 Armenia census reported its population was 1,197,[3] down from 1,390 at the 2001 census.[4]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armenia._Shaki_river_P8240895_2350.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shaki_Waterfall,_Armenia_-_%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%AB_%D5%BB%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%AA,_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shaki_river,_Syunik,_Armenia_01.jpg"}],"text":"Scenery around Shaki river\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShaki waterfall\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tScenery around Shaki river","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Syunik regional e-Governance System\" (in Armenian). Syunik Province provincial government.","urls":[{"url":"http://syunik.mtad.am/","url_text":"\"Syunik regional e-Governance System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syunik_Province","url_text":"Syunik Province"}]},{"reference":"Statistical Committee of Armenia. \"The results of the 2011 Population Census of Armenia\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Committee_of_Armenia","url_text":"Statistical Committee of Armenia"},{"url":"https://www.armstat.am/file/article/1._bajin_1_182-311.pdf","url_text":"\"The results of the 2011 Population Census of Armenia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marzes of Armenia and Yerevan City in Figures, 2010\" (PDF). Statistical Committee of Armenia.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_10_44.pdf","url_text":"\"Marzes of Armenia and Yerevan City in Figures, 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Committee_of_Armenia","url_text":"Statistical Committee of Armenia"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shaki,_Armenia¶ms=39_33_51_N_45_59_51_E_region:AM_type:city(1197)","external_links_name":"39°33′51″N 45°59′51″E / 39.56417°N 45.99750°E / 39.56417; 45.99750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shaki,_Armenia¶ms=39_33_51_N_45_59_51_E_region:AM_type:city(1197)","external_links_name":"39°33′51″N 45°59′51″E / 39.56417°N 45.99750°E / 39.56417; 45.99750"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/detaillinksearch.asp?G_NAME=32FA881E6A7A3774E0440003BA962ED3&Diacritics=DC","external_links_name":"Shaki, Armenia"},{"Link":"http://syunik.mtad.am/","external_links_name":"\"Syunik regional e-Governance System\""},{"Link":"https://www.armstat.am/file/article/1._bajin_1_182-311.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The results of the 2011 Population Census of Armenia\""},{"Link":"http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_10_44.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Marzes of Armenia and Yerevan City in Figures, 2010\""},{"Link":"https://armstat.am/file/doc/210.pdf","external_links_name":"Report of the results of the 2001 Armenian Census"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaki,_Armenia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar | Johann II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar | ["1 Biography","2 Family","3 Ancestry","4 References"] | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (September 2012) Click for important translation instructions.
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Duke of Saxe-Weimar and Jena
Johann IIDuke of Saxe-Weimar and JenaReign7 July 1602 - 18 July 1605PredecessorFrederick Wilhelm ISuccessorJohn Ernest I in Saxe-WeimarAlbert IV in Saxe-EisenachErnest I in Saxe-GothaRuler of Saxe-AltenburgPredecessorFrederick Wilhelm ISuccessorJohn PhilipFrederickJohn WilliamFrederick William IIjointly from 1603 as Dukes of Saxe-AltenburgBorn22 May 1570Weimar, Electorate of Saxony, Holy Roman EmpireDied18 July 1605(1605-07-18) (aged 35)Weimar, Saxe-Weimar, Holy Roman EmpireSpouseDorothea Maria of AnhaltIssueamong others...John Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-WeimarPrince FrederickWilliam, Duke of Saxe-WeimarAlbert IV, Duke of Saxe-EisenachJohn Frederick, Duke of Saxe-WeimarErnest I, Duke of Saxe-GothaPrince BernardNamesJohann Maria WilhelmHouseHouse of WettinFatherJohann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-WeimarMotherDorothea Susanne of SimmernReligionLutheran
Johann II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (Johann Maria Wilhelm; 22 May 1570 – 18 July 1605) was a Duke of Saxe-Weimar and Jena.
Biography
Johann was the second son of Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar and Dorothea Susanne of Simmern.
Johann Wilhelm died in 1573 when his son was only three years old. Since at the time Johann's older brother Frederick William I was also under age, the duchy of Saxe-Weimar (originally awarded to Johann) was governed by a regency. In 1586 Frederick William reached adulthood and took full control of the duchy, including Weimar. However, he died in 1602 and the full duchy was inherited by Johann, because Frederick William's sons were underage.
Johann was more interested in natural sciences and art than politics, and therefore only against his will took over the regency of the duchy on behalf of his nephews. But when they demanded their own inheritance in 1603, he resisted their demands. Finally, Johann and his nephews made a treaty dividing the duchy: Altenburg was taken by the sons of Frederick William I, and Weimar-Jena was retained by Johann.
This line of Saxe-Altenburg became extinct in 1672, and all the inheritance passed to the line of Saxe-Weimar, Johann's descendants.
Family
In Altenburg on 7 January 1593, Johann married Dorothea Maria of Anhalt (b. 2 July 1574 d. 18 July 1617). They had twelve children:
John Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (b. Altenburg, 21 February 1594 – d. Sankt Martin, Hungary, 6 December 1626).
Christian William (b. and d. Altenburg, 6 April 1595).
Frederick (b. Altenburg, 1 March 1596 – killed in battle, Fleurus, Belgium, 19 August 1622).
John (b. Weimar, 31 March 1597 – d. Weimar, 6 October 1604).
William, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (b. Altenburg, 11 April 1598 – d. Weimar, 17 May 1662).
stillborn son (Altenburg, 11 April 1598), twin of William.
Albert IV, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach (b. Altenburg, 27 July 1599 – d. Eisenach, 20 December 1644).
John Frederick (b. Altenburg, 19 September 1600 – d. Weimar, 17 October 1628).
Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha (b. Altenburg, 25 December 1601 – d. Schloss Friedenstein, Gotha, 26 March 1675).
Frederick William (b. Weimar, 7 February 1603 – d. Georgenthal, 16 August 1619).
Bernhard (b. Weimar, 6 August 1604 – d. Neuenburg, 18 July 1639), Count of Franken (1633).
Johanna (b. posthumously, Weimar, 14 April 1606 – d. Weimar, 3 July 1609).
Ancestry
Ancestors of Johann II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar 8. Johann, Elector of Saxony 4. Johann Frederick I, Elector of Saxony 9. Sophie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 2. Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar 10. John III, Duke of Cleves 5. Sybille of Cleves 11. Maria of Jülich-Berg 1. Johann II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar 12. John II, Count Palatine of Simmern 6. Frederick III, Elector Palatine 13. Beatrice of Baden 3. Dorothea Susanne of Simmern 14. Casimir, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth 7. Marie of Brandenburg-Kulmbach 15. Susanna of Bavaria
References
^ "Information on Saxe-Weimar, John of, Duke of Saxe-Weimar". www.hull.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2008-05-23.
Regnal titles
Preceded byFrederick William I
Duke of Saxe-Weimar 1602–1605
Succeeded byJohn Ernest I of Saxe-WeimarAlbert IV of Saxe-EisenachErnest I of Saxe-Gotha
Succeeded byJohn PhilipFrederickJohn WilliamFrederick William IIjointly from 1603 as Dukes of Saxe-Altenburg
Authority control databases International
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Deutsche Biographie
Other
RISM | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saxe-Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Weimar"},{"link_name":"Jena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena"}],"text":"Duke of Saxe-Weimar and JenaJohann II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (Johann Maria Wilhelm; 22 May 1570 – 18 July 1605) was a Duke of Saxe-Weimar and Jena.","title":"Johann II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm,_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Susanne of Simmern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Susanne_of_Simmern"},{"link_name":"Frederick William I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar"},{"link_name":"Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar"},{"link_name":"Altenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altenburg"},{"link_name":"Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar"},{"link_name":"Jena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Altenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg"}],"text":"Johann was the second son of Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar and Dorothea Susanne of Simmern.Johann Wilhelm died in 1573 when his son was only three years old. Since at the time Johann's older brother Frederick William I was also under age, the duchy of Saxe-Weimar (originally awarded to Johann) was governed by a regency. In 1586 Frederick William reached adulthood and took full control of the duchy, including Weimar. However, he died in 1602 and the full duchy was inherited by Johann, because Frederick William's sons were underage.Johann was more interested in natural sciences and art than politics, and therefore only against his will took over the regency of the duchy on behalf of his nephews. But when they demanded their own inheritance in 1603, he resisted their demands. Finally, Johann and his nephews made a treaty dividing the duchy: Altenburg was taken by the sons of Frederick William I, and Weimar-Jena was retained by Johann.This line of Saxe-Altenburg became extinct in 1672, and all the inheritance passed to the line of Saxe-Weimar, Johann's descendants.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Altenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altenburg"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Maria of Anhalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Maria_of_Anhalt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"John Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ernest_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar"},{"link_name":"Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Frederick_of_Saxe-Weimar_(1596-1622)"},{"link_name":"William, Duke of Saxe-Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar"},{"link_name":"Albert IV, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_IV,_Duke_of_Saxe-Eisenach"},{"link_name":"John Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frederick,_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar"},{"link_name":"Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Gotha"},{"link_name":"Schloss Friedenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedenstein_Castle"},{"link_name":"Bernhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_of_Saxe-Weimar"}],"text":"In Altenburg on 7 January 1593, Johann married Dorothea Maria of Anhalt (b. 2 July 1574 d. 18 July 1617).[1] They had twelve children:John Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (b. Altenburg, 21 February 1594 – d. Sankt Martin, Hungary, 6 December 1626).\nChristian William (b. and d. Altenburg, 6 April 1595).\nFrederick (b. Altenburg, 1 March 1596 – killed in battle, Fleurus, Belgium, 19 August 1622).\nJohn (b. Weimar, 31 March 1597 – d. Weimar, 6 October 1604).\nWilliam, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (b. Altenburg, 11 April 1598 – d. Weimar, 17 May 1662).\nstillborn son (Altenburg, 11 April 1598), twin of William.\nAlbert IV, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach (b. Altenburg, 27 July 1599 – d. Eisenach, 20 December 1644).\nJohn Frederick (b. Altenburg, 19 September 1600 – d. Weimar, 17 October 1628).\nErnest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha (b. Altenburg, 25 December 1601 – d. Schloss Friedenstein, Gotha, 26 March 1675).\nFrederick William (b. Weimar, 7 February 1603 – d. Georgenthal, 16 August 1619).\nBernhard (b. Weimar, 6 August 1604 – d. Neuenburg, 18 July 1639), Count of Franken (1633).\nJohanna (b. posthumously, Weimar, 14 April 1606 – d. Weimar, 3 July 1609).","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johann, Elector of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann,_Elector_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Johann Frederick I, Elector of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Sophie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_of_Mecklenburg_(1481%E2%80%931503)"},{"link_name":"Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm,_Duke_of_Saxe-Weimar"},{"link_name":"John III, Duke of Cleves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Cleves"},{"link_name":"Sybille of Cleves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybille_of_Cleves"},{"link_name":"Maria of Jülich-Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_J%C3%BClich-Berg"},{"link_name":"John II, Count Palatine of Simmern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II,_Count_Palatine_of_Simmern"},{"link_name":"Frederick III, Elector Palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_Palatine"},{"link_name":"Beatrice of Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Susanne of Simmern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Susanne_of_Simmern"},{"link_name":"Casimir, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Bayreuth"},{"link_name":"Marie of Brandenburg-Kulmbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_Brandenburg-Kulmbach"},{"link_name":"Susanna of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_of_Bavaria"}],"text":"Ancestors of Johann II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar 8. Johann, Elector of Saxony 4. Johann Frederick I, Elector of Saxony 9. Sophie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 2. Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar 10. John III, Duke of Cleves 5. Sybille of Cleves 11. Maria of Jülich-Berg 1. Johann II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar 12. John II, Count Palatine of Simmern 6. Frederick III, Elector Palatine 13. Beatrice of Baden 3. Dorothea Susanne of Simmern 14. Casimir, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth 7. Marie of Brandenburg-Kulmbach 15. Susanna of Bavaria","title":"Ancestry"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Information on Saxe-Weimar, John of, Duke of Saxe-Weimar\". www.hull.ac.uk. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Bravu,_Tulcea | Mihai Bravu, Tulcea | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 44°57′N 28°39′E / 44.950°N 28.650°E / 44.950; 28.650For other places with the same name, see Mihai Bravu.
Commune in Tulcea, RomaniaMihai BravuCommuneLocation in Tulcea CountyMihai BravuLocation in RomaniaCoordinates: 44°57′N 28°39′E / 44.950°N 28.650°E / 44.950; 28.650CountryRomaniaCountyTulceaSubdivisionsMihai Bravu, Satu Nou, TurdaGovernment • Mayor (2020–2024) Tănase Răducan (PSD)Area73.47 km2 (28.37 sq mi)Population (2021-12-01)2,245 • Density31/km2 (79/sq mi)Time zoneEET/EEST (UTC+2/+3)Vehicle reg.TLWebsitewww.primaria-mihaibravu.ro
Mihai Bravu is a commune in Tulcea County, Northern Dobruja, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Mihai Bravu (formerly Camber), Satu Nou and Turda (formerly Armutlia).
References
^ "Results of the 2020 local elections". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.
Mihai Bravu, Tulcea at GEOnet Names Server
vteTulcea County, RomaniaCities
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Mihai Bravu
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This Tulcea County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mihai Bravu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Bravu_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Tulcea County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulcea_County"},{"link_name":"Northern Dobruja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Dobruja"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"}],"text":"For other places with the same name, see Mihai Bravu.Commune in Tulcea, RomaniaMihai Bravu is a commune in Tulcea County, Northern Dobruja, Romania. It is composed of three villages: Mihai Bravu (formerly Camber), Satu Nou and Turda (formerly Armutlia).","title":"Mihai Bravu, Tulcea"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Results of the 2020 local elections\". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 14 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final","url_text":"\"Results of the 2020 local elections\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","url_text":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania)","url_text":"National Institute of Statistics"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mihai_Bravu,_Tulcea¶ms=44_57_N_28_39_E_type:city_region:RO_dim:100000","external_links_name":"44°57′N 28°39′E / 44.950°N 28.650°E / 44.950; 28.650"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mihai_Bravu,_Tulcea¶ms=44_57_N_28_39_E_type:city_region:RO_dim:100000","external_links_name":"44°57′N 28°39′E / 44.950°N 28.650°E / 44.950; 28.650"},{"Link":"http://www.primaria-mihaibravu.ro/","external_links_name":"www.primaria-mihaibravu.ro"},{"Link":"https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final","external_links_name":"\"Results of the 2020 local elections\""},{"Link":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","external_links_name":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""},{"Link":"http://gnswww.nga.mil/geonames/Gazetteer/Search/Results.jsp?Feature__Unique_Feature_ID=-1164079&Diacritics=Yes&reload=1","external_links_name":"Mihai Bravu, Tulcea at GEOnet Names Server"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mihai_Bravu,_Tulcea&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grange_Park,_Northamptonshire | Grange Park, Northamptonshire | ["1 History","1.1 2003 planned development of an IKEA store","1.2 2008 development of 450 new homes","1.3 2017 warehouses development","1.4 2019 planned development of 330 new homes","2 Demographics","3 Facilities","3.1 Schools","3.2 Community","3.3 Commercial","3.4 Industrial","4 Politics","4.1 Parish council","4.2 Unitary Authority","5 Transport","6 References","7 External links","8 Sources"] | Coordinates: 52°11′24″N 0°52′58″W / 52.18998°N 0.882900°W / 52.18998; -0.882900
Human settlement in EnglandGrange ParkGrange Park Community CentreThe Green, Grange Park, NorthamptonGrange ParkLocation within NorthamptonshirePopulation4,404 (2011 census)OS grid referenceSP675552• London65 miles (105 km)Civil parishGrange ParkUnitary authorityWest NorthamptonshireCeremonial countyNorthamptonshireRegionEast MidlandsCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townNORTHAMPTONPostcode districtNN4Dialling code01604PoliceNorthamptonshireFireNorthamptonshireAmbulanceEast Midlands
UK ParliamentNorthampton SouthWebsitehttp://www.grangeparkpc.org
List of places
UK
England
Northamptonshire
52°11′24″N 0°52′58″W / 52.18998°N 0.882900°W / 52.18998; -0.882900
Grange Park is a village and a civil parish on the outskirts of Northampton in West Northamptonshire.
History
The Northampton village was created from agricultural land belonging to Courteenhall Grange Farm in the late 1990s. Approval for the initial development of the Northampton estate was granted on 8 May 1998, initially for one thousand houses to be built along with amenities such as a primary school, a community centre, and country parks.
2003 planned development of an IKEA store
In 2003, a sand pit which was a former domestic refuse site was the proposed location for a new IKEA store but after local opposition from members of the public, the store was built in Milton Keynes instead.
2008 development of 450 new homes
In 2008, West Northamptonshire Development Corporation agreed on a new development of 450 new homes and a hotel in the same sand pit location where an IKEA store was planned in 2003 but the government decided that the 450 new homes would be built closer to the existing homes in the village rather than on the wasteland.
2017 warehouses development
In 2017, three new warehouses were built in the sandpit location that was formerly the planned site for an IKEA and 450 new homes. Two of the warehouses are home to Clipper Logistics and the other one is home to an Amazon UK distribution centre.
2019 planned development of 330 new homes
In January 2019, Manor Oak Homes published plans for 330 new homes. Most of the community are not opposed to the new development but many believe that there are not enough local services to cope with the new homes as the primary school, doctor's surgery, dental practice and pre-school are already at almost full capacity and with the 330 new homes, there are no new plans for further community buildings.
Demographics
The population of Grange Park was 4,404 as of the 2011 Census. Prior to this, according to the 2001 Census the population was just 327 people, however the Northampton estate was relatively undeveloped at that time. A census is taken every ten years in the United Kingdom, the next one will be in the year 2021.
In the 2011 Census, 82.8% of the Grange Park population identified themselves as White British.
Facilities
Schools
Woodland View Primary School is the only school in Grange Park, it caters for children in primary education from reception up until Year 6. For Secondary education, most children go to Caroline Chisholm School but there are numerous other secondary schools in the area that children can go to.
Community
The estate has numerous community facilities such as a community centre, a sports pavilion and a religious centre. These are home for numerous clubs and youth groups such as Scouts and sports clubs.
There is also a doctors surgery, a dental practice and a daycare for members of the community to use.
Commercial
Grange Park have a Co-op Food supermarket, a Harvester restaurant, a marstons pub and some take away establishments. There are also two hotels in Grange Park which are in a prime location for business persons due to how close the Northampton estate is to the M1 motorway.
Industrial
There is a small industrial estate in Grange Park which contain numerous warehouses used as distribution centres for logistics companies. There are also three warehouses that are outside of the industrial estate which are operated by Clipper and Amazon. Grange Park is also a prime location as a logistics hub due to how close the M1 motorway and the A45 trunk road are.
Politics
Parish council
Grange Park Parish Council has 12 members who are elected every four years.
Unitary Authority
Following local government restructuring the Northampton estate is governed by West Northamptonshire council.
Prior to this it was in the South Northamptonshire and had two councillors who were responsible for "Grange Ward". Councillor Andrew Grant and Councillor Adil Sadygov both members of the Conservative party. It was also represented on Northamptonshire County Council by one councillor who was responsible for "Hackleton and Grange Park Ward". The last councillor for this ward was Councillor Michael Clarke, a member of the Conservative party.
Transport
Grange Park is close to the Northampton loop of the West Coast Main Line. This carries trains from Northampton to London Euston via Milton Keynes Central.
Peak travel times by rail by West Midlands Trains and Avanti West Coast services in minutes are: from Northampton to Central London 46, to Birmingham 65; from Milton Keynes to Central London 40 and Manchester 120.
The estate borders on the M1 motorway to the south-east and A45 to the west and north.
Typical travel times in minutes by road (peak times in italics) are:
Central London (via M1) 75 (110)
Birmingham (via M1/M6) 45 (60)
Manchester, (via M1/M6/M62) 120 (175)
Leicester (via M1) 50 (65)
Oxford (via A43) 50 (60)
Cambridge (via A45/A14) 85 (130)
Milton Keynes (via A508) 20 (30)
Airports at Heathrow, Gatwick, and London Stansted as well as Birmingham Airport are all within easy reach.
Grange Park is also on the Stagecoach Midlands X6 bus route between Milton Keynes and Northampton via Roade. The main local routes for the area also include the routes 11/11A which also bypass Wootton and Hardingstone.
References
^ "Map 1952". National Library of Scotland Ordnance Survey Map Archive. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
^ "History". Grange Park Parish Council, Northamptonshire. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
^ a b "Grange Park Parish Council - history 2002". Retrieved 25 September 2008.
^ ""Housing gateway bid for Ikea site" - Northampton Chronicle & Echo". Retrieved 25 September 2008.
^ ""Go-ahead for 450 new homes in Grange Park" - Northampton Chronicle & Echo". Retrieved 25 September 2008.
^ Manor Oak Homes - Grange Park Consultation, January 2019
^ "Councillors". grangeparkpc.org. 4 April 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
^ "Your Councillors | South Northamptonshire Council". modgov.southnorthants.gov.uk. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
^ "Councillors". cmis.northamptonshire.gov.uk. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grange Park, Northamptonshire.
South Northants District Council
Grange Park Cricket Club
Sources
(Google Maps)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton"},{"link_name":"West Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Northamptonshire"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandGrange Park is a village and a civil parish on the outskirts of Northampton in West Northamptonshire.","title":"Grange Park, Northamptonshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"agricultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Northampton village was created from agricultural land belonging to Courteenhall Grange Farm[1] in the late 1990s. 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Two of the warehouses are home to Clipper Logistics and the other one is home to an Amazon UK distribution centre.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"2019 planned development of 330 new homes","text":"In January 2019, Manor Oak Homes published plans for 330 new homes.[6] Most of the community are not opposed to the new development but many believe that there are not enough local services to cope with the new homes as the primary school, doctor's surgery, dental practice and pre-school are already at almost full capacity and with the 330 new homes, there are no new plans for further community buildings.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_census,_2011"},{"link_name":"2001 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_census,_2001"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"White British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_British"}],"text":"The population of Grange Park was 4,404 as of the 2011 Census. Prior to this, according to the 2001 Census the population was just 327 people, however the Northampton estate was relatively undeveloped at that time. A census is taken every ten years in the United Kingdom, the next one will be in the year 2021.In the 2011 Census, 82.8% of the Grange Park population identified themselves as White British.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_education"},{"link_name":"reception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reception_(school)"},{"link_name":"Year 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_Six"},{"link_name":"Secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education"},{"link_name":"secondary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"}],"sub_title":"Schools","text":"Woodland View Primary School is the only school in Grange Park, it caters for children in primary education from reception up until Year 6. For Secondary education, most children go to Caroline Chisholm School but there are numerous other secondary schools in the area that children can go to.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"community centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_centre"},{"link_name":"youth groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_center"},{"link_name":"Scouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouting"},{"link_name":"sports clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_club"},{"link_name":"doctors surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor%27s_office"},{"link_name":"dental practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry"},{"link_name":"daycare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_care"}],"sub_title":"Community","text":"The estate has numerous community facilities such as a community centre, a sports pavilion and a religious centre. These are home for numerous clubs and youth groups such as Scouts and sports clubs.There is also a doctors surgery, a dental practice and a daycare for members of the community to use.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Co-op Food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-op_Food"},{"link_name":"Harvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvester_(restaurant)"},{"link_name":"marstons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marstons"},{"link_name":"take away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take-out"},{"link_name":"M1 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_motorway"}],"sub_title":"Commercial","text":"Grange Park have a Co-op Food supermarket, a Harvester restaurant, a marstons pub and some take away establishments. There are also two hotels in Grange Park which are in a prime location for business persons due to how close the Northampton estate is to the M1 motorway.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M1 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_motorway"},{"link_name":"A45 trunk road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A45_road"}],"sub_title":"Industrial","text":"There is a small industrial estate in Grange Park which contain numerous warehouses used as distribution centres for logistics companies. There are also three warehouses that are outside of the industrial estate which are operated by Clipper and Amazon. Grange Park is also a prime location as a logistics hub due to how close the M1 motorway and the A45 trunk road are.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grange Park Parish Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grange_Park_Parish_Council&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Parish council","text":"Grange Park Parish Council has 12 members who are elected every four years.[7]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local government restructuring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932023_structural_changes_to_local_government_in_England#Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"West Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"South Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"councillors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Councillor"},{"link_name":"Conservative party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire_County_Council"},{"link_name":"councillor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Councillor"},{"link_name":"Hackleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackleton"},{"link_name":"Conservative party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Unitary Authority","text":"Following local government restructuring the Northampton estate is governed by West Northamptonshire council.\nPrior to this it was in the South Northamptonshire and had two councillors who were responsible for \"Grange Ward\". Councillor Andrew Grant and Councillor Adil Sadygov both members of the Conservative party.[8] It was also represented on Northamptonshire County Council by one councillor who was responsible for \"Hackleton and Grange Park Ward\". The last councillor for this ward was Councillor Michael Clarke, a member of the Conservative party.[9]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northampton loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_loop"},{"link_name":"West Coast Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"London Euston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euston_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Milton Keynes Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"West Midlands Trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_Trains"},{"link_name":"Avanti West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avanti_West_Coast"},{"link_name":"M1 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_motorway"},{"link_name":"A45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A45_road"},{"link_name":"Heathrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow_Airport"},{"link_name":"Gatwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatwick_Airport"},{"link_name":"London Stansted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stansted_Airport"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Airport"},{"link_name":"Stagecoach Midlands X6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stagecoach_bus_route_X6&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wootton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wootton,_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Hardingstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardingstone"}],"text":"Grange Park is close to the Northampton loop of the West Coast Main Line. This carries trains from Northampton to London Euston via Milton Keynes Central.Peak travel times by rail by West Midlands Trains and Avanti West Coast services in minutes are: from Northampton to Central London 46, to Birmingham 65; from Milton Keynes to Central London 40 and Manchester 120.The estate borders on the M1 motorway to the south-east and A45 to the west and north.Typical travel times in minutes by road (peak times in italics) are:Central London (via M1) 75 (110)\nBirmingham (via M1/M6) 45 (60)\nManchester, (via M1/M6/M62) 120 (175)\nLeicester (via M1) 50 (65)\nOxford (via A43) 50 (60)\nCambridge (via A45/A14) 85 (130)\nMilton Keynes (via A508) 20 (30)Airports at Heathrow, Gatwick, and London Stansted as well as Birmingham Airport are all within easy reach.Grange Park is also on the Stagecoach Midlands X6 bus route between Milton Keynes and Northampton via Roade. The main local routes for the area also include the routes 11/11A which also bypass Wootton and Hardingstone.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"(Google Maps)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.google.com/maphp?hl=en&tab=wl&q=Grange_Park,%20Northamptonshire%20United%20Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5595680#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/155028102"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb155473095"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb155473095"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2007002116"}],"text":"(Google Maps)Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nUnited States","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Map 1952\". National Library of Scotland Ordnance Survey Map Archive. Retrieved 17 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.nls.uk/view/101575882","url_text":"\"Map 1952\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Grange Park Parish Council, Northamptonshire. Retrieved 25 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grangeparkpc.org/history.php","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grange Park Parish Council - history 2002\". Retrieved 25 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grangeparkpc.org/2002.htm","url_text":"\"Grange Park Parish Council - history 2002\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Housing gateway bid for Ikea site\" - Northampton Chronicle & Echo\". Retrieved 25 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northamptonchron.co.uk/news/Housing-gateway-bid-for-39Ikea.3630335.jp","url_text":"\"\"Housing gateway bid for Ikea site\" - Northampton Chronicle & Echo\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Go-ahead for 450 new homes in Grange Park\" - Northampton Chronicle & Echo\". Retrieved 25 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northamptonchron.co.uk/news/Goahead-for-450-new-homes.4103610.jp","url_text":"\"\"Go-ahead for 450 new homes in Grange Park\" - Northampton Chronicle & Echo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Councillors\". grangeparkpc.org. 4 April 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grangeparkpc.org/councillors.html","url_text":"\"Councillors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Your Councillors | South Northamptonshire Council\". modgov.southnorthants.gov.uk. Retrieved 26 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://modgov.southnorthants.gov.uk/mgMemberIndex.aspx?bcr=1","url_text":"\"Your Councillors | South Northamptonshire Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Councillors\". cmis.northamptonshire.gov.uk. Retrieved 26 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cmis.northamptonshire.gov.uk/cmis5live/Councillors/tabid/62/ScreenMode/Ward/Default.aspx#MemberSectionHACKLETONANDGRANGEPARK","url_text":"\"Councillors\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grange_Park,_Northamptonshire¶ms=52.18998_N_0.8829_W_region:GB_type:city(4404)","external_links_name":"52°11′24″N 0°52′58″W / 52.18998°N 0.882900°W / 52.18998; -0.882900"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grange_Park,_Northamptonshire¶ms=52.190919_N_1.013987_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Grange+Park","external_links_name":"SP675552"},{"Link":"http://www.grangeparkpc.org/","external_links_name":"http://www.grangeparkpc.org"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grange_Park,_Northamptonshire¶ms=52.18998_N_0.8829_W_region:GB_type:city(4404)","external_links_name":"52°11′24″N 0°52′58″W / 52.18998°N 0.882900°W / 52.18998; -0.882900"},{"Link":"https://maps.nls.uk/view/101575882","external_links_name":"\"Map 1952\""},{"Link":"http://www.grangeparkpc.org/history.php","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://www.grangeparkpc.org/2002.htm","external_links_name":"\"Grange Park Parish Council - history 2002\""},{"Link":"http://www.northamptonchron.co.uk/news/Housing-gateway-bid-for-39Ikea.3630335.jp","external_links_name":"\"\"Housing gateway bid for Ikea site\" - Northampton Chronicle & Echo\""},{"Link":"http://www.northamptonchron.co.uk/news/Goahead-for-450-new-homes.4103610.jp","external_links_name":"\"\"Go-ahead for 450 new homes in Grange Park\" - Northampton Chronicle & Echo\""},{"Link":"http://www.manoroakhomes.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/GRA-046-41208-Grange-Park-Consultation-boards-V10-final-low-res.pdf","external_links_name":"Manor Oak Homes - Grange Park Consultation, January 2019"},{"Link":"http://www.grangeparkpc.org/councillors.html","external_links_name":"\"Councillors\""},{"Link":"http://modgov.southnorthants.gov.uk/mgMemberIndex.aspx?bcr=1","external_links_name":"\"Your Councillors | South Northamptonshire Council\""},{"Link":"https://cmis.northamptonshire.gov.uk/cmis5live/Councillors/tabid/62/ScreenMode/Ward/Default.aspx#MemberSectionHACKLETONANDGRANGEPARK","external_links_name":"\"Councillors\""},{"Link":"http://www.southnorthants.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"South Northants District Council"},{"Link":"http://www.grangeparkcc.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Grange Park Cricket Club"},{"Link":"http://www.google.com/maphp?hl=en&tab=wl&q=Grange_Park,%20Northamptonshire%20United%20Kingdom","external_links_name":"(Google Maps)"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/155028102","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb155473095","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb155473095","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2007002116","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Intermediate_and_Secondary_Education,_Comilla | Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Cumilla | ["1 District under Cumilla Education Board","2 Prominent educational institutions","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 23°27′25″N 91°10′46″E / 23.456997°N 91.179539°E / 23.456997; 91.179539Education board in Bangladedh
The Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, CumillaLocationLaksham Road, Kandirpar, CumillaBangladeshInformationWebsiteOfficial Website
Front of the board building
Cumilla Board served the proposed Cumilla Division area
The Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Cumilla is an autonomous organization that is responsible for holding public examinations (Junior School Certificate (J.S.C.), Secondary School Certificate (S.S.C.), and Higher Secondary (School) Certificate (H.S.C) in the Cumilla District and five nearby districts of Meghna Division. The board was established in 1962 under the East Pakistan Intermediate and Secondary Education (Amendment) Ordinance, 1962.
The present chairperson of the board is Professor Md Abdus Salam .
District under Cumilla Education Board
Brahmanbaria District
Chandpur District
Comilla District
Feni District
Lakshmipur District
Noakhali District
Prominent educational institutions
Prominent educational institutions under the board are following:
Afzal Khan Jalua Para Girls High School
Cumilla Government City College
Barkota School And College
Cumilla Zilla School
Cumilla Cadet College
Nawab Faizunnesa Government Girls' High School
Ispahani Public School & College, Cumilla
Cumilla Victoria Government College
Nawab Faizunnesa Government College
Cumilla Government College
Cumilla Government Women's College
Ibne Taimiya School and College
Noakhali Zilla School
Cumilla Modern High School
Government Laboratory High School, Comilla
Adhyapak Abdul Majid College
Annada Government High School
Feni Government College
Feni Government Girls' High School
Feni Government Pilot High School
Feni Girls' Cadet College
Gobindapur high school
Gunabati High School
Gunabati Al Farabi High School
Gunabati Girls' High School
Hasan Ali Government High School
Chandkora Sakandar Ali Secondary School
Juranpur Adarsha University college
See also
List of Intermediate and Secondary Education Boards in Bangladesh
List of Educational Institutions in Cumilla
References
^ "Contact". Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Cumilla. Archived from the original on 2015-03-14. Retrieved 2015-07-11.
^ "Overview". Education Board. Archived from the original on 2015-03-22. Retrieved 2015-07-11.
^ "History". Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Cumilla. Archived from the original on 2015-03-14. Retrieved 2015-07-11.
^ "Comilla board chairman Professor Md Abdus Salam". dhakatimes24. 2018-03-15. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
^ "New chairman of Comilla Education Board Professor Md Abdus Salam". ittefaq. 2018-03-15. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cumilla Education Board.
Official Website
Education Boards of Bangladesh
Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education in Bangladesh
vteSchool Education Boards in Bangladesh
Barisal
Chattogram
Cumilla
Dhaka
Dinajpur
Jessore
Mymensingh
Rajshahi
Sylhet
Madrasah
Technical
23°27′25″N 91°10′46″E / 23.456997°N 91.179539°E / 23.456997; 91.179539
This article about education in Bangladesh is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comilla_Education_Board.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comilla_division.png"},{"link_name":"Cumilla Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumilla_Division"},{"link_name":"Junior School Certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_School_Certificate"},{"link_name":"Secondary School Certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_School_Certificate"},{"link_name":"Higher Secondary (School) Certificate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Secondary_(School)_Certificate"},{"link_name":"Cumilla District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumilla_District"},{"link_name":"Meghna Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghna_Division"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-board-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Education board in BangladedhFront of the board buildingCumilla Board served the proposed Cumilla Division areaThe Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Cumilla is an autonomous organization that is responsible for holding public examinations (Junior School Certificate (J.S.C.), Secondary School Certificate (S.S.C.), and Higher Secondary (School) Certificate (H.S.C) in the Cumilla District and five nearby districts of Meghna Division.[2] The board was established in 1962 under the East Pakistan Intermediate and Secondary Education (Amendment) Ordinance, 1962.[3]The present chairperson of the board is Professor Md Abdus Salam .[4][5]","title":"Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Cumilla"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brahmanbaria District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmanbaria_District"},{"link_name":"Chandpur District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandpur_District"},{"link_name":"Comilla District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comilla_District"},{"link_name":"Feni District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feni_District"},{"link_name":"Lakshmipur District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmipur_District"},{"link_name":"Noakhali District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noakhali_District"}],"text":"Brahmanbaria District\nChandpur District\nComilla District\nFeni District\nLakshmipur District\nNoakhali District","title":"District under Cumilla Education Board"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afzal Khan Jalua Para Girls High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afzal_Khan_Jalua_Para_Girls_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cumilla Zilla School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comilla_Zilla_School"},{"link_name":"Cumilla Cadet College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumilla_Cadet_College"},{"link_name":"Nawab Faizunnesa Government Girls' High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab_Faizunnesa_Government_Girls%27_High_School"},{"link_name":"Cumilla Victoria Government College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comilla_Victoria_Government_College"},{"link_name":"Nawab Faizunnesa Government College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab_Faizunnesa_Government_College"},{"link_name":"Cumilla Government College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comilla_Government_College"},{"link_name":"Cumilla Government Women's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comilla_Government_Women%27s_College"},{"link_name":"Ibne Taimiya School and College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibne_Taimiya_School_and_College"},{"link_name":"Noakhali Zilla School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noakhali_Zilla_School"},{"link_name":"Cumilla Modern High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comilla_Modern_High_School"},{"link_name":"Government Laboratory High School, Comilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Laboratory_High_School,_Comilla"},{"link_name":"Adhyapak Abdul Majid College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhyapak_Abdul_Majid_College"},{"link_name":"Annada Government High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annada_Government_High_School"},{"link_name":"Feni Government College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feni_Government_College"},{"link_name":"Feni Government Pilot High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feni_Government_Pilot_High_School"},{"link_name":"Feni Girls' Cadet College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feni_Girls%27_Cadet_College"},{"link_name":"Gunabati High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunabati_High_School"},{"link_name":"Hasan Ali Government High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasan_Ali_Government_High_School"}],"text":"Prominent educational institutions under the board are following:Afzal Khan Jalua Para Girls High School\nCumilla Government City College\nBarkota School And College\nCumilla Zilla School\nCumilla Cadet College\nNawab Faizunnesa Government Girls' High School\nIspahani Public School & College, Cumilla\nCumilla Victoria Government College\nNawab Faizunnesa Government College\nCumilla Government College\nCumilla Government Women's College\nIbne Taimiya School and College\nNoakhali Zilla School\nCumilla Modern High School\nGovernment Laboratory High School, Comilla\nAdhyapak Abdul Majid College\nAnnada Government High School\nFeni Government College\nFeni Government Girls' High School\nFeni Government Pilot High School\nFeni Girls' Cadet College\nGobindapur high school\nGunabati High School\nGunabati Al Farabi High School\nGunabati Girls' High School\nHasan Ali Government High School\nChandkora Sakandar Ali Secondary School\nJuranpur Adarsha University college","title":"Prominent educational institutions"}] | [{"image_text":"Front of the board building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Comilla_Education_Board.jpg/220px-Comilla_Education_Board.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cumilla Board served the proposed Cumilla Division area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Comilla_division.png/220px-Comilla_division.png"}] | [{"title":"List of Intermediate and Secondary Education Boards in Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intermediate_and_Secondary_Education_Boards_in_Bangladesh"},{"title":"List of Educational Institutions in 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey,_Cinderella! | Hey, Cinderella! | ["1 Plot","2 Development","3 Cast","3.1 Muppet performers","4 Songs","5 Home media","6 References","7 External links"] | This article is about the Muppet television special. For the 1993 Suzy Bogguss country hit, see Hey Cinderella.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hey, Cinderella!" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
1969 TV series or program
Hey, Cinderella!Cover of the 1983 VHS release by Muppet Home Video.Genre
Family film
Television special
Created byJim HensonWritten by
Jon Stone
Tom Whedon
Directed byJim HensonStarring
Belinda Montgomery
Robin Ward
Pat Galloway
Joyce Gordon
Muppet performers:
Jim Henson
Frank Oz
Jerry Nelson
Theme music composerJoe RaposoCountry of origin
Canada
United States
ProductionProducerPeter MinerEditorStan ColeRunning time52 minutesProduction companies
Muppets, Inc.
Robert Lawrence Productions
Original releaseNetwork
CBC (Canadian broadcast)
ABC (American broadcast)
Release
March 16, 1969 (1969-03-16)
(Canada)
April 10, 1970 (1970-04-10)
(America)
Hey, Cinderella! is a 1969 television special adaptation of the fairy tale Cinderella, produced by Muppets, Inc. in the United States and Robert Lawrence Productions in Canada, and featuring The Muppets created by Jim Henson, who also directed the special. It was written by Jon Stone and Tom Whedon, and scored by the music composer of Sesame Street, Joe Raposo. It featured Kermit in his first appearance as a frog, as well as Goshposh and Rufus (from the Tales of the Tinkerdee and The Land of Tinkerdee pilots) and Splurge (the first full-bodied Muppet).
The one-hour special was first shown on the CBC on March 16, 1969, and on ABC on April 10, 1970. It was later re-aired in syndication, alongside The Muppet Show.
Plot
The story follows Cinderella (Belinda Montgomery): a beautiful girl who is forced to do all the chores by her wicked stepmother and two stepsisters with only her dog Rufus to help her.
At the palace, King Goshposh (performed by Jim Henson) is bored and wishes to throw a party so that he may be given presents. As an excuse, he decides that his son Prince Arthur Charming (Robin Ward), ought to wed and use the ball as a means to find a suitable princess bride. Arthur does not like this arrangement and while gardening explains to his friend Kermit the Frog (also performed by Jim Henson) that every girl who knows him is a snob. His only hope to find an unsnobbish girl is to find a girl who does not recognize him as the prince.
Shortly after, Cinderella meets Arthur in the gardens as she is fulfilling a task given to her by her stepmother (to muddy her shoes, dirty the kitchen floor, and then scrub the floor). Seeing that Cinderella does not recognize him as the prince, he introduces himself as Arthur the gardener and secures an invitation for her by convincing his father to invite every person in the land to the ball rather than just the princesses (the king agrees, as it will get him more presents). Because the ball is a masquerade, Arthur and Cinderella decide to each wear a geranium as a means of recognizing each other.
The night of the ball, the stepfamily leave with a gift of old socks for the king. Cinderella is only allowed to attend if she finishes her chores, and finds a suitable dress, carriage, and coachman for the ball before the last minute (an impossible task, as she is told this at the last minute). When Cinderella dreams of attending the dance as well, her fairy godmother appears (who had been seen prior, attempting to turn a pumpkin into a coach as a magic trick, but gets pelted every time she fails). In a rare instance of her magic working, the fairy godmother provides Cinderella with a beautiful dress and glass slippers. She convinces Kermit to drive the carriage (though he refuses to turn human for it). It is pulled by his monster friend Splurge after he accidentally scares away all the horses. The fairy godmother warns Cinderella to be home by twelve and attends the ball as well, to make sure the deadline is met. Unfortunately, the King decided to give all guests a geranium to wear so Arthur and Cinderella are unable to recognize each other. When they dance, Cinderella knows Arthur only as "Prince Charming" and he knows her only as a mysterious maiden. At the stroke of midnight, the fairy godmother and Cinderella run from the palace leaving behind only one glass slipper which Arthur accidentally steps on and smashes.
Determined to force Arthur to marry the "mysterious maiden", the king first hires all his horses and men (a reference to Humpty Dumpty) to put the slipper back together and - when that is unsuccessful—look in all the unlikely places for the other one. Cinderella learns of this plan and though she realizes that she is the maiden they are searching for, she wishes to marry Arthur the gardener and not the prince. She convinces Rufus to bury the slipper, only for the prince to arrive and for Cinderella to realize that he and the gardener are the same person. She tries to explain that she's the mysterious princess, yet no one believes her. Finally, the fairy godmother appears, but in an attempt to turn Cinderella's rags back into the ball gown, Cinderella vanishes. In the meantime, Kermit and Splurge return the slipper. After a number of times, Cinderella appears in ball regalia, and she and the prince are finally married (with Kermit commenting that he could have solved the mystery much sooner, had he only been asked).
Afterwards, Kermit receives a personal invitation to Arthur and Cinderella's royal wedding. Sitting by a well and reading it, it includes he must bring a present for King Goshposh. After reading it, he remarks "How's that for a Happily ever after?" before jumping backwards into the well.
Development
Hey, Cinderella! was originally conceived as a Snow White series by new CBS children's programming executive Fred Silverman, as a fallback option during contract negotiations with Captain Kangaroo's Bob Keeshan. Silverman brought in Jon Stone and Tom Whedon, whom he had worked with on the CBS Children's Film Festival, to write the pilot, and Jim Henson, who recommended using his Muppets over the realistic-looking animal puppets Stone and Whedon had envisioned in their original draft, as producer/director. When CBS re-signed Keeshan, development on Snow White halted, and Silverman gave Stone and Whedon permission to shop their pilot around.
After the writers got ABC's approval, the network insisted they change the story's heroine to Cinderella. The series idea got axed when ABC's Roone Arledge landed a Saturday NCAA college football game-of-the-week broadcast deal, requiring a revamp of their late morning/early afternoon Saturday schedule. The pilot was revised to a one-hour special, and Henson filmed it in Canada (At Robert Lawrence Studios in Toronto, Ontario) in the fall of 1968. This project was the first collaboration of future Sesame Street-ers Henson, Joe Raposo, and Stone.
Cast
Belinda Montgomery as Cinderella
Robin Ward as Prince Arthur Charming
Pat Galloway as Wicked Stepmother
Joyce Gordon as Fairy Godmother
Muppet performers
Jim Henson as Kermit the Frog, King Goshposh, Rufus
Jerry Nelson as Featherstone, Stepsister #2
Frank Oz as Stepsister #1, Splurge
Songs
"If I Could Go Dancing"
Home media
Muppet Home Video 1983 VHS, Beta and CED (distributed by Walt Disney Telecommunications and Non-Theatrical Company and RCA SelectaVision)
Buena Vista Home Video 1994 VHS (Jim Henson Video)
References
^ IMDB
^ Fanning, Jim (June 5, 2013). "Kermit's Shocking Transformation!". D23. Disney.
^ Michael Davis, Street Gang, Chapter 6.
External links
Hey, Cinderella! at IMDb
Hey Cinderella! on Muppet Wiki
Hey, Cinderella! is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive
vteThe Muppets
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Hey, Cinderella! (1969)
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FilmsTheatrical
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MediaFilms
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Lua de Cristal (1990)
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Ever After (1998)
Ella Enchanted (2004)
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Literaryadaptations
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I Was a Rat!: or, The Scarlet Slippers (1999)
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Ash (2009)
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"Cinderella" (2002)
"Cinderella" (2003)
"Stealing Cinderella" (2007)
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"C\C (Cinderella\Complex)" (2008)
"Bad Cinderella" (2020)
"Million to One" (2021)
Albums
A Cinderella Story (2004 soundtrack)
Disney's Princess Favorites (2002)
Cinderella (2013 cast album)
Cinderella (2015 soundtrack)
Cinderella (2021 soundtrack)
Sociology
Cinderella complex
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Commercials
A Coach for Cinderella
A Ride for Cinderella
Adult
Cinder Ellen up too Late
Cinderella (1977)
Naughty Cinderella
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hey Cinderella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Cinderella"},{"link_name":"Cinderella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella"},{"link_name":"Muppets, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jim_Henson_Company"},{"link_name":"Robert Lawrence Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lawrence_(producer)"},{"link_name":"The Muppets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muppets"},{"link_name":"Jim Henson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Henson"},{"link_name":"Jon Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Stone"},{"link_name":"Tom Whedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Whedon"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"Joe Raposo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Raposo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kermit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_the_Frog"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"CBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Television"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"The Muppet Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muppet_Show"}],"text":"This article is about the Muppet television special. For the 1993 Suzy Bogguss country hit, see Hey Cinderella.1969 TV series or programHey, Cinderella! is a 1969 television special adaptation of the fairy tale Cinderella, produced by Muppets, Inc. in the United States and Robert Lawrence Productions in Canada, and featuring The Muppets created by Jim Henson, who also directed the special. It was written by Jon Stone and Tom Whedon, and scored by the music composer of Sesame Street, Joe Raposo.[1] It featured Kermit in his first appearance as a frog,[2] as well as Goshposh and Rufus (from the Tales of the Tinkerdee and The Land of Tinkerdee pilots) and Splurge (the first full-bodied Muppet).The one-hour special was first shown on the CBC on March 16, 1969, and on ABC on April 10, 1970. It was later re-aired in syndication, alongside The Muppet Show.","title":"Hey, Cinderella!"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belinda Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belinda_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"stepsisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugly_sisters"},{"link_name":"Jim Henson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Henson"},{"link_name":"Prince Arthur Charming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Charming"},{"link_name":"Robin Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Ward_(television_personality)"},{"link_name":"Kermit the Frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_the_Frog"},{"link_name":"Jim Henson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Henson"},{"link_name":"gardener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardener"},{"link_name":"geranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geranium"},{"link_name":"coachman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachman"},{"link_name":"fairy godmother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_godmother"},{"link_name":"horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse"},{"link_name":"Humpty Dumpty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpty_Dumpty"}],"text":"The story follows Cinderella (Belinda Montgomery): a beautiful girl who is forced to do all the chores by her wicked stepmother and two stepsisters with only her dog Rufus to help her.At the palace, King Goshposh (performed by Jim Henson) is bored and wishes to throw a party so that he may be given presents. As an excuse, he decides that his son Prince Arthur Charming (Robin Ward), ought to wed and use the ball as a means to find a suitable princess bride. Arthur does not like this arrangement and while gardening explains to his friend Kermit the Frog (also performed by Jim Henson) that every girl who knows him is a snob. His only hope to find an unsnobbish girl is to find a girl who does not recognize him as the prince.Shortly after, Cinderella meets Arthur in the gardens as she is fulfilling a task given to her by her stepmother (to muddy her shoes, dirty the kitchen floor, and then scrub the floor). Seeing that Cinderella does not recognize him as the prince, he introduces himself as Arthur the gardener and secures an invitation for her by convincing his father to invite every person in the land to the ball rather than just the princesses (the king agrees, as it will get him more presents). Because the ball is a masquerade, Arthur and Cinderella decide to each wear a geranium as a means of recognizing each other.The night of the ball, the stepfamily leave with a gift of old socks for the king. Cinderella is only allowed to attend if she finishes her chores, and finds a suitable dress, carriage, and coachman for the ball before the last minute (an impossible task, as she is told this at the last minute). When Cinderella dreams of attending the dance as well, her fairy godmother appears (who had been seen prior, attempting to turn a pumpkin into a coach as a magic trick, but gets pelted every time she fails). In a rare instance of her magic working, the fairy godmother provides Cinderella with a beautiful dress and glass slippers. She convinces Kermit to drive the carriage (though he refuses to turn human for it). It is pulled by his monster friend Splurge after he accidentally scares away all the horses. The fairy godmother warns Cinderella to be home by twelve and attends the ball as well, to make sure the deadline is met. Unfortunately, the King decided to give all guests a geranium to wear so Arthur and Cinderella are unable to recognize each other. When they dance, Cinderella knows Arthur only as \"Prince Charming\" and he knows her only as a mysterious maiden. At the stroke of midnight, the fairy godmother and Cinderella run from the palace leaving behind only one glass slipper which Arthur accidentally steps on and smashes.Determined to force Arthur to marry the \"mysterious maiden\", the king first hires all his horses and men (a reference to Humpty Dumpty) to put the slipper back together and - when that is unsuccessful—look in all the unlikely places for the other one. Cinderella learns of this plan and though she realizes that she is the maiden they are searching for, she wishes to marry Arthur the gardener and not the prince. She convinces Rufus to bury the slipper, only for the prince to arrive and for Cinderella to realize that he and the gardener are the same person. She tries to explain that she's the mysterious princess, yet no one believes her. Finally, the fairy godmother appears, but in an attempt to turn Cinderella's rags back into the ball gown, Cinderella vanishes. In the meantime, Kermit and Splurge return the slipper. After a number of times, Cinderella appears in ball regalia, and she and the prince are finally married (with Kermit commenting that he could have solved the mystery much sooner, had he only been asked).Afterwards, Kermit receives a personal invitation to Arthur and Cinderella's royal wedding. Sitting by a well and reading it, it includes he must bring a present for King Goshposh. After reading it, he remarks \"How's that for a Happily ever after?\" before jumping backwards into the well.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Snow White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Fred Silverman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Silverman"},{"link_name":"Captain Kangaroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Kangaroo"},{"link_name":"Bob Keeshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Keeshan"},{"link_name":"Jon Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Stone"},{"link_name":"Tom Whedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Whedon"},{"link_name":"CBS Children's Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Children%27s_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Jim Henson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Henson"},{"link_name":"Muppets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muppet"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Roone Arledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roone_Arledge"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"Joe Raposo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Raposo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Hey, Cinderella! was originally conceived as a Snow White series by new CBS children's programming executive Fred Silverman, as a fallback option during contract negotiations with Captain Kangaroo's Bob Keeshan. Silverman brought in Jon Stone and Tom Whedon, whom he had worked with on the CBS Children's Film Festival, to write the pilot, and Jim Henson, who recommended using his Muppets over the realistic-looking animal puppets Stone and Whedon had envisioned in their original draft, as producer/director. When CBS re-signed Keeshan, development on Snow White halted, and Silverman gave Stone and Whedon permission to shop their pilot around.After the writers got ABC's approval, the network insisted they change the story's heroine to Cinderella. The series idea got axed when ABC's Roone Arledge landed a Saturday NCAA college football game-of-the-week broadcast deal, requiring a revamp of their late morning/early afternoon Saturday schedule. The pilot was revised to a one-hour special, and Henson filmed it in Canada (At Robert Lawrence Studios in Toronto, Ontario) in the fall of 1968. This project was the first collaboration of future Sesame Street-ers Henson, Joe Raposo, and Stone.[3]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belinda Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belinda_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Robin Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Ward_(television_personality)"},{"link_name":"Prince Arthur Charming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Charming"},{"link_name":"Fairy Godmother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_godmother"}],"text":"Belinda Montgomery as Cinderella\nRobin Ward as Prince Arthur Charming\nPat Galloway as Wicked Stepmother\nJoyce Gordon as Fairy Godmother","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Henson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Henson"},{"link_name":"Jerry Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Frank Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Oz"}],"sub_title":"Muppet performers","text":"Jim Henson as Kermit the Frog, King Goshposh, Rufus\nJerry Nelson as Featherstone, Stepsister #2\nFrank Oz as Stepsister #1, Splurge","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"If I Could Go Dancing\"","title":"Songs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walt Disney Telecommunications and Non-Theatrical Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Buena Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buena_Vista_(Walt_Disney_Company)"}],"text":"Muppet Home Video 1983 VHS, Beta and CED (distributed by Walt Disney Telecommunications and Non-Theatrical Company and RCA SelectaVision)\nBuena Vista Home Video 1994 VHS (Jim Henson Video)","title":"Home media"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Fanning, Jim (June 5, 2013). \"Kermit's Shocking Transformation!\". D23. Disney.","urls":[{"url":"https://d23.com/kermits-shocking-transformation/","url_text":"\"Kermit's Shocking Transformation!\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hey%2C+Cinderella%21%22","external_links_name":"\"Hey, Cinderella!\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hey%2C+Cinderella%21%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hey%2C+Cinderella%21%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hey%2C+Cinderella%21%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hey%2C+Cinderella%21%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hey%2C+Cinderella%21%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0290655/soundtrack","external_links_name":"IMDB"},{"Link":"https://d23.com/kermits-shocking-transformation/","external_links_name":"\"Kermit's Shocking Transformation!\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0290655/","external_links_name":"Hey, Cinderella!"},{"Link":"https://community.fandom.com/wiki/w:c:muppet:Hey_Cinderella!","external_links_name":"Hey Cinderella!"},{"Link":"https://community.fandom.com/wiki/w:c:muppet","external_links_name":"Muppet Wiki"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/hey-cinderella-laserdisc","external_links_name":"Hey, Cinderella!"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_Township,_McKean_County,_Pennsylvania | Lafayette Township, McKean County, Pennsylvania | ["1 Geography","1.1 Climate","2 Demographics","3 References"] | Coordinates: 41°52′36″N 78°37′35″W / 41.87667°N 78.62639°W / 41.87667; -78.62639Township in Pennsylvania, United States
Township in Pennsylvania, United StatesLafayette Township, PennsylvaniaTownshipAlong U.S. Route 219 south of Lewis RunMap of McKean County, Pennsylvania highlighting Lafayette TownshipMap of McKean County, PennsylvaniaCountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountyMcKeanSettled1823Incorporated1842Area • Total71.50 sq mi (185.18 km2) • Land71.41 sq mi (184.95 km2) • Water0.09 sq mi (0.23 km2)Population (2020) • Total1,766 • Estimate (2022)2,023 • Density33.50/sq mi (12.93/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)Area code814FIPS code42-083-40808
Lafayette Township is a township in McKean County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,766 at the 2020 census.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 71.2 square miles (184 km2), of which 71.2 square miles (184 km2) is land and 0.01% is water.
Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Lafayette Township has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
20002,337—20102,3500.6%20201,766−24.9%2022 (est.)2,02314.6%U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,337 people, 424 households, and 276 families residing in the township. The population includes inmates at the Federal Correctional Institution, McKean. The population density was 32.8 inhabitants per square mile (12.7/km2). There were 673 housing units at an average density of 9.5/sq mi (3.7/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 58.28% White, 31.88% African American, 1.20% Native American, 0.94% Asian, 4.92% from other races, and 2.78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.53% of the population.
There were 424 households, out of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.8% were married couples living together, 5.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.7% were non-families. 29.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.83.
In the township the population was spread out, with 8.7% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 53.6% from 25 to 44, 23.7% from 45 to 64, and 6.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 393.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 476.8 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $36,736, and the median income for a family was $44,125. Males had a median income of $29,297 versus $23,355 for females. The per capita income for the township was $9,699. About 5.9% of families and 7.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.3% of those under age 18 and 7.0% of those age 65 or over.
References
^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Aug 14, 2017.
^ a b c d Bureau, US Census. "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
^ Climate Summary for Lafayette Township, McKean County, Pennsylvania
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
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41°52′36″N 78°37′35″W / 41.87667°N 78.62639°W / 41.87667; -78.62639 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McKean County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKean_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCensusEst2020-2022-2"}],"text":"Township in Pennsylvania, United StatesTownship in Pennsylvania, United StatesLafayette Township is a township in McKean County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,766 at the 2020 census.[2]","title":"Lafayette Township, McKean County, Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 71.2 square miles (184 km2), of which 71.2 square miles (184 km2) is land and 0.01% is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Lafayette Township has a humid continental climate, abbreviated \"Dfb\" on climate maps.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-5"},{"link_name":"Federal Correctional Institution, McKean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Institution,_McKean"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 2,337 people, 424 households, and 276 families residing in the township. The population includes inmates at the Federal Correctional Institution, McKean. The population density was 32.8 inhabitants per square mile (12.7/km2). There were 673 housing units at an average density of 9.5/sq mi (3.7/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 58.28% White, 31.88% African American, 1.20% Native American, 0.94% Asian, 4.92% from other races, and 2.78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.53% of the population.There were 424 households, out of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.8% were married couples living together, 5.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.7% were non-families. 29.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.83.In the township the population was spread out, with 8.7% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 53.6% from 25 to 44, 23.7% from 45 to 64, and 6.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 393.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 476.8 males.The median income for a household in the township was $36,736, and the median income for a family was $44,125. Males had a median income of $29,297 versus $23,355 for females. The per capita income for the township was $9,699. About 5.9% of families and 7.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.3% of those under age 18 and 7.0% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_McKean_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_McKean_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Aug 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_42.txt","url_text":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"Bureau, US Census. \"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022\". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved October 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","url_text":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lafayette_Township,_McKean_County,_Pennsylvania¶ms=41_52_36_N_78_37_35_W_type:city_region:US-PA_source:GNIS-enwiki","external_links_name":"41°52′36″N 78°37′35″W / 41.87667°N 78.62639°W / 41.87667; -78.62639"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_42.txt","external_links_name":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","external_links_name":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022\""},{"Link":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=489463&cityname=Big+Shanty%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+United+States+of+America&units=","external_links_name":"Climate Summary for Lafayette Township, McKean County, Pennsylvania"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lafayette_Township,_McKean_County,_Pennsylvania¶ms=41_52_36_N_78_37_35_W_type:city_region:US-PA_source:GNIS-enwiki","external_links_name":"41°52′36″N 78°37′35″W / 41.87667°N 78.62639°W / 41.87667; -78.62639"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salima,_Malawi | Salima, Malawi | ["1 Transport","2 Climate","3 Demographics","4 References"] | Coordinates: 13°47′S 34°26′E / 13.783°S 34.433°E / -13.783; 34.433Place in Central Region, MalawiSalimaSalimaLocation in MalawiCoordinates: 13°47′S 34°26′E / 13.783°S 34.433°E / -13.783; 34.433Country MalawiRegionCentral RegionDistrictSalima DistrictElevation538 m (1,765 ft)Population (2018 Census) • Total36,789Time zone+2ClimateAw
Salima is a township in the Central Region of Malawi and the capital of the Salima District.
Transport
The city has a railway station on the Sena railway, under concession of Central East African Railways.
Taxi bicycles are the most common mode of transport in the district which in the local language they are called "Dampa/kabaza".
Climate
Climate data for Salima (1961–1990)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
29.4(84.9)
29.0(84.2)
29.5(85.1)
28.9(84.0)
27.8(82.0)
26.2(79.2)
25.9(78.6)
27.8(82.0)
30.6(87.1)
32.5(90.5)
32.2(90.0)
30.3(86.5)
29.2(84.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)
24.8(76.6)
24.7(76.5)
25.0(77.0)
24.8(76.6)
22.5(72.5)
20.7(69.3)
20.7(69.3)
21.9(71.4)
24.1(75.4)
26.4(79.5)
26.9(80.4)
25.6(78.1)
24.0(75.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
21.4(70.5)
21.3(70.3)
21.4(70.5)
20.7(69.3)
17.9(64.2)
15.9(60.6)
15.8(60.4)
16.9(62.4)
18.7(65.7)
21.3(70.3)
22.3(72.1)
22.2(72.0)
19.6(67.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
339.4(13.36)
266.4(10.49)
254.4(10.02)
92.5(3.64)
10.7(0.42)
2.0(0.08)
0.4(0.02)
0.4(0.02)
0.3(0.01)
6.4(0.25)
43.6(1.72)
250.0(9.84)
1,266.5(49.86)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.3 mm)
18
16
14
7
2
1
1
1
1
2
5
14
82
Average relative humidity (%)
80
82
77
73
68
63
61
57
55
54
61
75
67
Mean monthly sunshine hours
182.9
173.6
229.4
261.0
294.5
279.0
275.9
300.7
300.0
310.0
270.0
207.7
3,084.7
Mean daily sunshine hours
5.9
6.2
7.4
8.7
9.5
9.3
8.9
9.7
10.0
10.0
9.0
6.7
8.4
Source: NOAA
Demographics
Year
Population
1977
4,646
1987
10,606
1998
20,355
2008
27,852
2018
36,789
References
^ a b "2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report" (PDF). Malawi National Statistical Office. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
^ "Salima Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
^ World Gazetteer: Malawi: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
13°47′S 34°26′E / 13.783°S 34.433°E / -13.783; 34.433
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States
This Malawi location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township"},{"link_name":"Central Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Region,_Malawi"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi"},{"link_name":"Salima District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salima_District"}],"text":"Place in Central Region, MalawiSalima is a township in the Central Region of Malawi and the capital of the Salima District.","title":"Salima, Malawi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sena railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sena_railway"},{"link_name":"Central East African Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_East_African_Railways"}],"text":"The city has a railway station on the Sena railway, under concession of Central East African Railways.Taxi bicycles are the most common mode of transport in the district which in the local language they are called \"Dampa/kabaza\".","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-2"}],"text":"Climate data for Salima (1961–1990)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n29.4(84.9)\n\n29.0(84.2)\n\n29.5(85.1)\n\n28.9(84.0)\n\n27.8(82.0)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n25.9(78.6)\n\n27.8(82.0)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n32.5(90.5)\n\n32.2(90.0)\n\n30.3(86.5)\n\n29.2(84.6)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n24.7(76.5)\n\n25.0(77.0)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n20.7(69.3)\n\n20.7(69.3)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n24.1(75.4)\n\n26.4(79.5)\n\n26.9(80.4)\n\n25.6(78.1)\n\n24.0(75.2)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n21.4(70.5)\n\n20.7(69.3)\n\n17.9(64.2)\n\n15.9(60.6)\n\n15.8(60.4)\n\n16.9(62.4)\n\n18.7(65.7)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n19.6(67.3)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n339.4(13.36)\n\n266.4(10.49)\n\n254.4(10.02)\n\n92.5(3.64)\n\n10.7(0.42)\n\n2.0(0.08)\n\n0.4(0.02)\n\n0.4(0.02)\n\n0.3(0.01)\n\n6.4(0.25)\n\n43.6(1.72)\n\n250.0(9.84)\n\n1,266.5(49.86)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.3 mm)\n\n18\n\n16\n\n14\n\n7\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n1\n\n2\n\n5\n\n14\n\n82\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n80\n\n82\n\n77\n\n73\n\n68\n\n63\n\n61\n\n57\n\n55\n\n54\n\n61\n\n75\n\n67\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n182.9\n\n173.6\n\n229.4\n\n261.0\n\n294.5\n\n279.0\n\n275.9\n\n300.7\n\n300.0\n\n310.0\n\n270.0\n\n207.7\n\n3,084.7\n\n\nMean daily sunshine hours\n\n5.9\n\n6.2\n\n7.4\n\n8.7\n\n9.5\n\n9.3\n\n8.9\n\n9.7\n\n10.0\n\n10.0\n\n9.0\n\n6.7\n\n8.4\n\n\nSource: NOAA[2]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report\" (PDF). Malawi National Statistical Office. Retrieved 25 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf","url_text":"\"2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Salima Climate Normals 1961–1990\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 10 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgftp//ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/MW/67597.TXT","url_text":"\"Salima Climate Normals 1961–1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Salima,_Malawi¶ms=13_47_S_34_26_E_region:MW_type:city","external_links_name":"13°47′S 34°26′E / 13.783°S 34.433°E / -13.783; 34.433"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Salima,_Malawi¶ms=13_47_S_34_26_E_region:MW_type:city(36789)","external_links_name":"13°47′S 34°26′E / 13.783°S 34.433°E / -13.783; 34.433"},{"Link":"http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report\""},{"Link":"ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/MW/67597.TXT","external_links_name":"\"Salima Climate Normals 1961–1990\""},{"Link":"http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=dq&geo=-150","external_links_name":"World Gazetteer: Malawi: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223224/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=dq&geo=-150","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Salima,_Malawi¶ms=13_47_S_34_26_E_region:MW_type:city","external_links_name":"13°47′S 34°26′E / 13.783°S 34.433°E / -13.783; 34.433"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/126803808","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4118284-4","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565097905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91057288","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salima,_Malawi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Valley_High_School_(Caledonia,_Ohio) | River Valley High School (Caledonia, Ohio) | ["1 Statistics and schedules","2 Academics","3 Cancer scare","4 Athletics","4.1 Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships","4.2 Ohio High School Athletic Association District Championships","4.3 Extracurriculars","5 Other schools in the district","6 Notable alumni","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 40°35′05″N 83°00′49″W / 40.5847222°N 83.0136111°W / 40.5847222; -83.0136111This article is about a school located in Caledonia, Ohio. For other schools with a similar name, see River Valley High School (disambiguation).
Public high school in Caledonia, Ohio, United StatesRiver Valley High SchoolAddress4280 Marion-Mt. Gilead Rd.Caledonia, Ohio 43314United StatesCoordinates40°35′05″N 83°00′49″W / 40.5847222°N 83.0136111°W / 40.5847222; -83.0136111InformationTypePublic high schoolSchool districtRiver Valley Local School DistrictGrades9 to 12Enrollment547 (Oct 2017)Color(s)Columbia blue and gold Athletics conferenceMid-Ohio Athletic ConferenceMascotVikingWebsiteSchool Website
River Valley High School is a public high school in Caledonia, Ohio. It is the only high school in the River Valley Schools district. In the fall of 2003, a new campus was opened for students due to the possibility of cancer-causing chemicals on the old campus.
Statistics and schedules
The school had 547 students in grades 9 through 12 as of October 2017. River Valley is on "block scheduling" which means that the school day is divided into four blocks (A, B, C, and D). Each full block class meets for 93 minutes per day for 18 weeks, or until the first semester ends. Once the semester is over, students are finished with that semester's classes and have new classes to begin after winter exams. They remain in this second round of classes until the end of the school year. River Valley does not have midterms as a whole student body, like other schools around the state, but individual classes have their own midterms scheduled.
They have two Elementary Schools, Liberty Elementary School and Heritage Elementary School, and a middle school.
Academics
Former high school at Martel, now consolidated into River Valley
In order to graduate, students must obtain 21 credits by the end of their senior year. They are required 4 credits of English, 4 credits of mathematics, 3 credits of science, 3 credits of history (often referred to as social studies), a half-credit of health, a half-credit of physical education (which is two .25 credit hour classes), and a half-credit of Life Planning (all seniors are required to take this class except those who take at least 3 years of Agricultural Science).
Students planning on going to college after graduation are highly encouraged to take 4 credits of English (with emphasis on composition), 3 credits of mathematics (Algebra I, Geometry, Algebra II), 3 credits of science (including Physical Science, Biology and Chemistry), 3 credits of history, 2 credits of foreign language (some schools now recommend 3), and one credit of art.
River Valley does have a long list of academic classes offered regularly, including Advanced Placement courses that allow obtaining of college credit by taking a test at the end of the school year, and are a weighted grade for your high school GPA. They also offer extra core academic classes, such as Physics, Anatomy and Physiology, Pre-Calculus, and D.C. Calculus, for those who wish to have a more rigorous schedule or to explore an area of academics further. Until the 2005 school year, River Valley also offered 3 foreign languages (Spanish, French and German) but had to drop German due to financial difficulties. In 2010 they dropped French, also due to financial difficulties.
Cancer scare
Several families raised concerns about the number of leukemia cases among River Valley High School (RVS) graduates: as of April 11, 1999, there were 94 cases in a population of about 35,000. These families formed a parent group called the Concerned River Valley Families. In August 1997, the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Ohio Department of Health (ODH) conducted an initial environmental site assessment of the RVS campus. Based on these assessments, a determination was made that the campus was located on a formerly used defense site (FUDS) known as Marion Engineering Depot (MED). The site was used for storing, maintaining and renovating heavy construction machinery for the U.S. Army from 1942 until 1962. Congress established the Defense Environmental Restoration Program/Formerly Used Defense Site (DERP/FUDS) program to clean up properties that were under the jurisdiction of the Secretary and owned, leased, or possessed by the United States and transferred from Department of Defense (DoD) control prior to October 17, 1986. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) manages the FUDS program.
In December 2000, a Memorandum of Understanding and a Cooperative Agreement was signed by the Department of Army, River Valley Schools and State of Ohio to share in the costs of relocating the River Valley Middle and High School campus. As a result of this Cooperative Agreement, the schools were relocated in the fall 2003. An ODH study released in 2001 concluded that continued study of leukemia among Marion County residents and RVS graduates would be unlikely to identify additional factors explaining the disease's incidence in these populations.
Athletics
Wrestling
Football
Boys' Basketball
Girls' Basketball
Baseball
Softball
Girls' Tennis
Boys' Tennis
Boys' Soccer
Girls' Soccer
Track & Field
Cross Country
Girls' Volleyball
Golf
Bowling
Swimming
Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships
Further information: Ohio High School Athletic Association
Boys' Cross Country – 1966
Ohio High School Athletic Association District Championships
Boys' Basketball - 2006-07
Extracurriculars
Industrial Tech Club
FFA
Marching Band
Concert Band
Jazz Band
Orchestra
Rock Orchestra
Fab Four String Quartet
River Valley Baroque Chamber Orchestra
Show Choir
Music Company (Mixed SATB)
Academic Challenge Team
Musical
National Honor Society
Other schools in the district
Heritage Elementary School
Liberty Elementary School
River Valley High School
River Valley Middle School
Notable alumni
Michael J. McCord - Comptroller of the Department of Defense in the Biden administration and Obama administration
Julie A. Kientz - computer scientist and full professor at the University of Washington
Shawn Grate - convicted serial killer and rapist
References
^ a b "Fall Enrollment (Headcount) - October 2017 Public Districts and Buildings". Ohio Department of Education. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
^ "High cancer rate is shaking up Ohio industrial town". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 11, 1999. Retrieved July 8, 2010.
^ a b c "Us Army Corps of Engineers". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2010.
^ "ER 200-3-1 (10 May 2004)". Archived from the original on July 3, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2010.
^ "Ohio High School Athletic Association". Retrieved December 31, 2006.
External links
District Website
Authority control databases International
ISNI
Geographic
NCES | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Valley High School (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Valley_High_School_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"},{"link_name":"Caledonia, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonia,_Ohio"}],"text":"This article is about a school located in Caledonia, Ohio. For other schools with a similar name, see River Valley High School (disambiguation).Public high school in Caledonia, Ohio, United StatesRiver Valley High School is a public high school in Caledonia, Ohio. It is the only high school in the River Valley Schools district. In the fall of 2003, a new campus was opened for students due to the possibility of cancer-causing chemicals on the old campus.","title":"River Valley High School (Caledonia, Ohio)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-enrollment-1"},{"link_name":"semester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semester"},{"link_name":"exams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exams"},{"link_name":"midterms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midterm_exam"}],"text":"The school had 547 students in grades 9 through 12 as of October 2017.[1] River Valley is on \"block scheduling\" which means that the school day is divided into four blocks (A, B, C, and D). Each full block class meets for 93 minutes per day for 18 weeks, or until the first semester ends. Once the semester is over, students are finished with that semester's classes and have new classes to begin after winter exams. They remain in this second round of classes until the end of the school year. River Valley does not have midterms as a whole student body, like other schools around the state, but individual classes have their own midterms scheduled.They have two Elementary Schools, Liberty Elementary School and Heritage Elementary School, and a middle school.","title":"Statistics and schedules"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martel_abandoned_school.jpg"},{"link_name":"Martel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martel,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_studies"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"social studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_studies"},{"link_name":"health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health"},{"link_name":"physical education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_education"},{"link_name":"composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_(language)"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Algebra I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algebra_I&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"Algebra II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algebra_II&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science"},{"link_name":"Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"foreign language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language"},{"link_name":"art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art"}],"text":"Former high school at Martel, now consolidated into River ValleyIn order to graduate, students must obtain 21 credits by the end of their senior year. They are required 4 credits of English, 4 credits of mathematics, 3 credits of science, 3 credits of history (often referred to as social studies), a half-credit of health, a half-credit of physical education (which is two .25 credit hour classes), and a half-credit of Life Planning (all seniors are required to take this class except those who take at least 3 years of Agricultural Science).Students planning on going to college after graduation are highly encouraged to take 4 credits of English (with emphasis on composition), 3 credits of mathematics (Algebra I, Geometry, Algebra II), 3 credits of science (including Physical Science, Biology and Chemistry), 3 credits of history, 2 credits of foreign language (some schools now recommend 3), and one credit of art.River Valley does have a long list of academic classes offered regularly, including Advanced Placement courses that allow obtaining of college credit by taking a test at the end of the school year, and are a weighted grade for your high school GPA. They also offer extra core academic classes, such as Physics, Anatomy and Physiology, Pre-Calculus, and D.C. Calculus, for those who wish to have a more rigorous schedule or to explore an area of academics further. Until the 2005 school year, River Valley also offered 3 foreign languages (Spanish, French and German) but had to drop German due to financial difficulties. In 2010 they dropped French, also due to financial difficulties.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ohio Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"Ohio Department of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Department_of_Health"},{"link_name":"Marion Engineering Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Engineering_Depot"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lrl255-3"},{"link_name":"Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lrl255-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lrl255-3"}],"text":"Several families raised concerns about the number of leukemia cases among River Valley High School (RVS) graduates: as of April 11, 1999, there were 94 cases in a population of about 35,000.[2] These families formed a parent group called the Concerned River Valley Families. In August 1997, the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Ohio Department of Health (ODH) conducted an initial environmental site assessment of the RVS campus. Based on these assessments, a determination was made that the campus was located on a formerly used defense site (FUDS) known as Marion Engineering Depot (MED). The site was used for storing, maintaining and renovating heavy construction machinery for the U.S. Army from 1942 until 1962.[3] Congress established the Defense Environmental Restoration Program/Formerly Used Defense Site (DERP/FUDS) program to clean up properties that were under the jurisdiction of the Secretary and owned, leased, or possessed by the United States and transferred from Department of Defense (DoD) control prior to October 17, 1986. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) manages the FUDS program.[4]In December 2000, a Memorandum of Understanding and a Cooperative Agreement was signed by the Department of Army, River Valley Schools and State of Ohio to share in the costs of relocating the River Valley Middle and High School campus. As a result of this Cooperative Agreement, the schools were relocated in the fall 2003.[3] An ODH study released in 2001 concluded that continued study of leukemia among Marion County residents and RVS graduates would be unlikely to identify additional factors explaining the disease's incidence in these populations.[3]","title":"Cancer scare"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Wrestling\nFootball\nBoys' Basketball\nGirls' Basketball\nBaseball\nSoftball\nGirls' Tennis\nBoys' Tennis\nBoys' Soccer\nGirls' Soccer\nTrack & Field\nCross Country\nGirls' Volleyball\nGolf\nBowling\nSwimming","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohio High School Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_High_School_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Cross Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Country_Running"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ohio_High_School_Athletic_Association-5"}],"sub_title":"Ohio High School Athletic Association State Championships","text":"Further information: Ohio High School Athletic AssociationBoys' Cross Country – 1966[5]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"}],"sub_title":"Ohio High School Athletic Association District Championships","text":"Boys' Basketball - 2006-07","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_FFA_Organization"},{"link_name":"National Honor Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Honor_Society"}],"sub_title":"Extracurriculars","text":"Industrial Tech Club\nFFA\nMarching Band\nConcert Band\nJazz Band\nOrchestraRock Orchestra\nFab Four String Quartet\nRiver Valley Baroque Chamber OrchestraShow ChoirMusic Company (Mixed SATB)Academic Challenge Team\nMusical\nNational Honor Society","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Heritage Elementary School\nLiberty Elementary School\nRiver Valley High School\nRiver Valley Middle School","title":"Other schools in the district"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael J. McCord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._McCord"},{"link_name":"Comptroller of the Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense_(Comptroller)"},{"link_name":"Biden administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biden_administration"},{"link_name":"Obama administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_administration"},{"link_name":"Julie A. Kientz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_A._Kientz"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"Shawn Grate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Grate"}],"text":"Michael J. McCord - Comptroller of the Department of Defense in the Biden administration and Obama administration\nJulie A. Kientz - computer scientist and full professor at the University of Washington\nShawn Grate - convicted serial killer and rapist","title":"Notable alumni"}] | [{"image_text":"Former high school at Martel, now consolidated into River Valley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Martel_abandoned_school.jpg/250px-Martel_abandoned_school.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Fall Enrollment (Headcount) - October 2017 Public Districts and Buildings\". Ohio Department of Education. Retrieved February 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://education.ohio.gov/getattachment/Topics/Data/Frequently-Requested-Data/Enrollment-Data/oct_hdcnt_fy18.xls.aspx?lang=en-US","url_text":"\"Fall Enrollment (Headcount) - October 2017 Public Districts and Buildings\""}]},{"reference":"\"High cancer rate is shaking up Ohio industrial town\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 11, 1999. Retrieved July 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nuEdAAAAIBAJ&dq=river-valley-high-school%20cancer&pg=6742,15163","url_text":"\"High cancer rate is shaking up Ohio industrial town\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette","url_text":"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Us Army Corps of Engineers\". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716024156/http://www.lrl.usace.army.mil/poi/default.asp?mycategory=255","url_text":"\"Us Army Corps of Engineers\""},{"url":"http://www.lrl.usace.army.mil/poi/default.asp?mycategory=255","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ER 200-3-1 (10 May 2004)\". Archived from the original on July 3, 2011. Retrieved July 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110703062123/http://140.194.76.129/publications/eng-regs/er200-3-1/toc.htm","url_text":"\"ER 200-3-1 (10 May 2004)\""},{"url":"http://140.194.76.129/publications/eng-regs/er200-3-1/toc.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ohio High School Athletic Association\". Retrieved December 31, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ohsaa.org/","url_text":"\"Ohio High School Athletic Association\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Valley_High_School_(Caledonia,_Ohio)¶ms=40.5847222_N_83.0136111_W_type:edu_region:US-OH","external_links_name":"40°35′05″N 83°00′49″W / 40.5847222°N 83.0136111°W / 40.5847222; -83.0136111"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Valley_High_School_(Caledonia,_Ohio)¶ms=40.5847222_N_83.0136111_W_type:edu_region:US-OH","external_links_name":"40°35′05″N 83°00′49″W / 40.5847222°N 83.0136111°W / 40.5847222; -83.0136111"},{"Link":"http://www.rivervalley.k12.oh.us/rivervalleyhs/site/default.asp","external_links_name":"School Website"},{"Link":"http://education.ohio.gov/getattachment/Topics/Data/Frequently-Requested-Data/Enrollment-Data/oct_hdcnt_fy18.xls.aspx?lang=en-US","external_links_name":"\"Fall Enrollment (Headcount) - October 2017 Public Districts and Buildings\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nuEdAAAAIBAJ&dq=river-valley-high-school%20cancer&pg=6742,15163","external_links_name":"\"High cancer rate is shaking up Ohio industrial town\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716024156/http://www.lrl.usace.army.mil/poi/default.asp?mycategory=255","external_links_name":"\"Us Army Corps of Engineers\""},{"Link":"http://www.lrl.usace.army.mil/poi/default.asp?mycategory=255","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110703062123/http://140.194.76.129/publications/eng-regs/er200-3-1/toc.htm","external_links_name":"\"ER 200-3-1 (10 May 2004)\""},{"Link":"http://140.194.76.129/publications/eng-regs/er200-3-1/toc.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ohsaa.org/","external_links_name":"\"Ohio High School Athletic Association\""},{"Link":"http://www.rvk12.org/","external_links_name":"District Website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000404764307","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?ID=390484403255","external_links_name":"NCES"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Hills,_Missouri | Sunset Hills, Missouri | ["1 Geography","2 Demographics","2.1 2020 census","2.2 2010 census","2.3 2000 census","2.4 1990 census","3 History","4 Economy","5 Education","6 Points of interest","6.1 Community Center","6.2 Watson Trail Park","6.3 Minnie Ha Ha Park","6.4 Kitun Dog Park","6.5 Athletic Complex","7 Political representation","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 38°31′52″N 90°24′31″W / 38.53111°N 90.40861°W / 38.53111; -90.40861"Sunset Hills" redirects here. For other uses, see Sunset Hill (disambiguation).
City in Missouri, United StatesSunset Hills, MissouriCityLocation of Sunset Hills, MissouriCoordinates: 38°31′52″N 90°24′31″W / 38.53111°N 90.40861°W / 38.53111; -90.40861CountryUnited StatesStateMissouriCountySt. LouisIncorporatedJune 1957 (1957-06)Area • Total9.09 sq mi (23.53 km2) • Land8.98 sq mi (23.26 km2) • Water0.11 sq mi (0.27 km2)Elevation541 ft (165 m)Population (2020) • Total9,198 • Density1,024.28/sq mi (395.47/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)FIPS code29-71746GNIS feature ID2396007WebsiteOfficial website
Sunset Hills is a city in south St. Louis County, Missouri, United States. The population was 8,496 at the 2010 census.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.14 square miles (23.67 km2), of which 9.10 square miles (23.57 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) is water.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
19603,525—19704,12617.0%19804,3635.7%19904,91512.7%20008,26768.2%20108,4962.8%20209,1988.3%U.S. Decennial Census
2020 census
The 2020 United States census counted 9,198 people, 3,415 households, and 2,438 families in Sunset Hills. The population density was 1,024.3 per square mile (395.4/km2). There were 3,574 housing units at an average density of 398.0 per square mile (153.7/km2). The racial makeup was 89.92% (8,271) white, 0.85% (78) black or African-American, 0.14% (13) Native American or Alaska Native, 3.02% (278) Asian, 0.0% (0) Pacific Islander, 0.57% (52) from other races, and 5.5% (506) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 2.5% (210) of the population.
Of the 3,415 households, 26.8% had children under the age of 18; 60.4% were married couples living together; 27.3% had a female householder with no husband present. Of all households, 26.5% consisted of individuals and 20.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.4 and the average family size was 2.9.
19.4% of the population was under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 12.6% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 25.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50.4 years. For every 100 females, the population had 91.6 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 86.4 males.
The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that the median household income was $100,972 (with a margin of error of +/- $15,981) and the median family income was $127,061 (+/- $16,410). Males had a median income of $80,417 (+/- $15,262) versus $40,964 (+/- $3,054) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $52,798 (+/- $11,640). Approximately, 1.6% of families and 2.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.1% of those under the age of 18 and 4.2% of those ages 65 or over.
2010 census
As of the 2010 United States census of 2010, there were 8,496 people, 3,424 households, and 2,422 families living in the city. The population density was 933.6 inhabitants per square mile (360.5/km2). There were 3,635 housing units at an average density of 399.5 per square mile (154.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.1% White, 2.3% Asian, 1.5% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.4% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.6% of the population.
There were 3,424 households, of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.6% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29.3% were non-families. 25.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.89.
The median age in the city was 50.3 years. 20.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 15.8% were from 25 to 44; 31.6% were from 45 to 64; and 26.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.5% male and 52.5% female.
2000 census
As of the 2000 United States census, there were 8,267 people, 3,217 households, and 2,351 families living in the city. The population density was 915.3 inhabitants per square mile (353.4/km2). There were 3,337 housing units at an average density of 369.5 per square mile (142.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.27% White, 1.44% Asian, 1.08% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.29% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.88% of the population.
There were 3,217 households, out of which 26.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.7% were married couples living together, 5.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.9% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.94.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.6% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 19.8% from 25 to 44, 28.2% from 45 to 64, and 25.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $67,576, and the median income for a family was $90,417. Males had a median income of $60,869 versus $35,044 for females. The per capita income for the city was $40,151. About 2.0% of families and 3.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.9% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.
1990 census
As of the 1990 United States census, the city had 4,915 residents; due to a series of annexations during the 1990s, the population grew to 7,885 by 1997.
History
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2013)
Sunset Hills was incorporated in June 1957. In April 1973, it established its own Police Department, and in 1981, it purchased a landscaping service in order to establish the city's public works department.
Around noon on December 31, 2010, an EF3 tornado struck Sunset Hills, destroying several businesses and homes, killing one person, and injuring others in a three- to four-block area around Lindbergh Boulevard.
Economy
Panera Bread is headquartered in Sunset Hills.
Education
The Kirkwood School District and Lindbergh Schools school districts serve sections of the city. Their respective high schools are Kirkwood High School and Lindbergh High School.
Private schools include Thomas Jefferson School (St. Louis, Missouri), a boarding school for grades 7–12, and St. Justin the Martyr School, a Catholic school for kindergarten and grades 1–8.
Post-secondary colleges in Sunset Hills include Vatterott College.
Points of interest
Sunset Hills is home to Laumeier Sculpture Park, an outdoor sculpture garden. It has rotating indoor exhibitions and numerous large sculptures on the park grounds.
Community Center
The Sunset Hills Community Center provides fitness and health services. There are 20 pieces of cardio equipment including of treadmills, bikes, ellipticals, and striders. Two sections of free weights are available, from light weights and kettle bells to heavy weight dumbbells. The Community Center has a gym and meeting rooms that can be used and rented by residents and non-residents.
Watson Trail Park
At 12450 West Watson Road, is the city's largest park. Hours of park operation are dawn to dusk. Park amenities at Watson Trial Park includes the following:
1 Acre Lake
2 Picnic Sites
3 Picnic Shelters
3 Playgrounds
4 Tennis Courts
9 Hole Disc Golf Course
Aquatic Facility with 3 Pools
Basketball Court
Sand Volleyball Court
Minnie Ha Ha Park
The City opened Minnie Ha Ha Park in July 2005. It is located south of Highway 30 at the Meramec River and comprised the Minnie Ha Ha Beach that was popular in the 1930s. The picnic shelters are available for reservations. Park amenities include:
Walking Trails
3 playground areas
3 Picnic Shelters
Scenic overlook of the Meramec River
3 soccer fields
Kitun Dog Park
The Cities of Sunset Hills and Crestwood came together to create a community dog park located in Sunset Hills near its border with neighboring Crestwood. The Dog Park opened in July 2014 and is located inside of Kitun Park off of Eddie and Park Road. Residents of both Sunset Hills and Crestwood can apply for a membership for their dogs for $40 per year. Non-residents may also use the park for an annual fee of $55. All questions and membership registrations should be directed to the City of Sunset Hills Parks & Recreation Department.
This new dog park will have a separate area for small dogs and large dogs and is open to residents and non-residents. Tags are available at the Sunset Hills Community Center located at
3915 S. Lindbergh Sunset Hills, MO 63127.
Athletic Complex
The City of Sunset Hills provides six athletic fields for the community. Three lighted fields and one unlighted field are at 13555 West Watson Road. There are two unlighted soccer fields at 801 Old Gravois Road. The fields are used by our softball leagues, athletic associations, and tournaments and are also available for rent.
Political representation
Sunset Hills is represented by the following state and U.S. congressional members:
In the Missouri House of Representatives, Sunset Hills, like Fenton, is part of District 96 and represented by Republican David Gregory;
In the Missouri Senate, it is part of District 15 and represented by Republican Andrew Koenig;
In the U.S. House of Representatives, Sunset Hills is part of Missouri's 2nd congressional district and is represented by Republican Ann Wagner, the former United States Ambassador to Luxembourg
References
^ a b c d "History of Sunset Hills". About Sunset Hills. City of Sunset Hills. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Sunset Hills, Missouri
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "Race, Hispanic or Latino, Age, and Housing Occupancy: 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File (QT-PL), Sunset Hills city, Missouri". United States Census Bureau. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
^ "Severe Weather Causes Major Damage in Sunset Hills, Crestwood and Fenton".
^ "Schools." Sunset Hills, Missouri. Retrieved on August 23, 2017.
^ "Schools". About Sunset Hills. City of Sunset Hills. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
^ Vatterott College - Sunset Hills. "Vatterott College - Home Page". Vatterott College. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
^ a b c d e "Sunset Hills, MO - Official Website | Official Website". www.sunset-hills.com. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
^ "Legislator Lookup". Missouri Senate. 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
External links
City website
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Footnotes
‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunset Hill (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Hill_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"south","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri#South_County"},{"link_name":"St. Louis County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-5"}],"text":"\"Sunset Hills\" redirects here. For other uses, see Sunset Hill (disambiguation).City in Missouri, United StatesSunset Hills is a city in south St. Louis County, Missouri, United States. The population was 8,496 at the 2010 census.[5]","title":"Sunset Hills, Missouri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-6"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.14 square miles (23.67 km2), of which 9.10 square miles (23.57 km2) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) is water.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"black or African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Alaska Native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Native"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"American Community Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Community_Survey"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2020 census","text":"The 2020 United States census[8] counted 9,198 people, 3,415 households, and 2,438 families in Sunset Hills. The population density was 1,024.3 per square mile (395.4/km2). There were 3,574 housing units at an average density of 398.0 per square mile (153.7/km2). The racial makeup was 89.92% (8,271) white, 0.85% (78) black or African-American, 0.14% (13) Native American or Alaska Native, 3.02% (278) Asian, 0.0% (0) Pacific Islander, 0.57% (52) from other races, and 5.5% (506) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 2.5% (210) of the population.Of the 3,415 households, 26.8% had children under the age of 18; 60.4% were married couples living together; 27.3% had a female householder with no husband present. Of all households, 26.5% consisted of individuals and 20.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.4 and the average family size was 2.9.19.4% of the population was under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 12.6% from 25 to 44, 27.5% from 45 to 64, and 25.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50.4 years. For every 100 females, the population had 91.6 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 86.4 males.The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey[9] estimates show that the median household income was $100,972 (with a margin of error of +/- $15,981) and the median family income was $127,061 (+/- $16,410). Males had a median income of $80,417 (+/- $15,262) versus $40,964 (+/- $3,054) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $52,798 (+/- $11,640). Approximately, 1.6% of families and 2.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.1% of those under the age of 18 and 4.2% of those ages 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-10"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the 2010 United States census[10] of 2010, there were 8,496 people, 3,424 households, and 2,422 families living in the city. The population density was 933.6 inhabitants per square mile (360.5/km2). There were 3,635 housing units at an average density of 399.5 per square mile (154.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.1% White, 2.3% Asian, 1.5% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.4% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.6% of the population.There were 3,424 households, of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.6% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29.3% were non-families. 25.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.89.The median age in the city was 50.3 years. 20.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 15.8% were from 25 to 44; 31.6% were from 45 to 64; and 26.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.5% male and 52.5% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-4"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the 2000 United States census,[4] there were 8,267 people, 3,217 households, and 2,351 families living in the city. The population density was 915.3 inhabitants per square mile (353.4/km2). There were 3,337 housing units at an average density of 369.5 per square mile (142.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.27% White, 1.44% Asian, 1.08% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.29% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.88% of the population.There were 3,217 households, out of which 26.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.7% were married couples living together, 5.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.9% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.94.In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.6% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 19.8% from 25 to 44, 28.2% from 45 to 64, and 25.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.0 males.The median income for a household in the city was $67,576, and the median income for a family was $90,417. Males had a median income of $60,869 versus $35,044 for females. The per capita income for the city was $40,151. About 2.0% of families and 3.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.9% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1990 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"annexations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_annexation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ofhist-1"}],"sub_title":"1990 census","text":"As of the 1990 United States census, the city had 4,915 residents; due to a series of annexations during the 1990s, the population grew to 7,885 by 1997.[1]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ofhist-1"},{"link_name":"public works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_works"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ofhist-1"},{"link_name":"an EF3 tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_New_Year%27s_Eve_tornado_outbreak"},{"link_name":"Lindbergh Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindbergh_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Sunset Hills was incorporated in June 1957.[1] In April 1973, it established its own Police Department, and in 1981, it purchased a landscaping service in order to establish the city's public works department.[1]Around noon on December 31, 2010, an EF3 tornado struck Sunset Hills, destroying several businesses and homes, killing one person, and injuring others in a three- to four-block area around Lindbergh Boulevard.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panera Bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panera_Bread"}],"text":"Panera Bread is headquartered in Sunset Hills.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirkwood School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkwood_School_District"},{"link_name":"Lindbergh Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindbergh_Schools"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Kirkwood High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkwood_High_School"},{"link_name":"Lindbergh High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindbergh_High_School_(Missouri)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson School (St. Louis, Missouri)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_School_(St._Louis,_Missouri)"},{"link_name":"boarding school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"},{"link_name":"Catholic school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_school"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Vatterott College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatterott_College"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Kirkwood School District and Lindbergh Schools school districts serve sections of the city.[12] Their respective high schools are Kirkwood High School and Lindbergh High School.Private schools include Thomas Jefferson School (St. Louis, Missouri), a boarding school for grades 7–12, and St. Justin the Martyr School, a Catholic school for kindergarten and grades 1–8.[13]Post-secondary colleges in Sunset Hills include Vatterott College.[14]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laumeier Sculpture Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laumeier_Sculpture_Park"}],"text":"Sunset Hills is home to Laumeier Sculpture Park, an outdoor sculpture garden. It has rotating indoor exhibitions and numerous large sculptures on the park grounds.","title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sunset-hills.com-15"}],"sub_title":"Community Center","text":"The Sunset Hills Community Center provides fitness and health services. There are 20 pieces of cardio equipment including of treadmills, bikes, ellipticals, and striders. Two sections of free weights are available, from light weights and kettle bells to heavy weight dumbbells. The Community Center has a gym and meeting rooms that can be used and rented by residents and non-residents.[15]","title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sunset-hills.com-15"}],"sub_title":"Watson Trail Park","text":"At 12450 West Watson Road, is the city's largest park. Hours of park operation are dawn to dusk. Park amenities at Watson Trial Park includes the following:1 Acre Lake\n2 Picnic Sites\n3 Picnic Shelters\n3 Playgrounds\n4 Tennis Courts\n9 Hole Disc Golf Course\nAquatic Facility with 3 Pools\nBasketball Court\nSand Volleyball Court[15]","title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sunset-hills.com-15"}],"sub_title":"Minnie Ha Ha Park","text":"The City opened Minnie Ha Ha Park in July 2005. It is located south of Highway 30 at the Meramec River and comprised the Minnie Ha Ha Beach that was popular in the 1930s. The picnic shelters are available for reservations. Park amenities include:Walking Trails\n3 playground areas\n3 Picnic Shelters\nScenic overlook of the Meramec River\n3 soccer fields[15]","title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sunset-hills.com-15"}],"sub_title":"Kitun Dog Park","text":"The Cities of Sunset Hills and Crestwood came together to create a community dog park located in Sunset Hills near its border with neighboring Crestwood. The Dog Park opened in July 2014 and is located inside of Kitun Park off of Eddie and Park Road. Residents of both Sunset Hills and Crestwood can apply for a membership for their dogs for $40 per year. Non-residents may also use the park for an annual fee of $55. All questions and membership registrations should be directed to the City of Sunset Hills Parks & Recreation Department.\nThis new dog park will have a separate area for small dogs and large dogs and is open to residents and non-residents. Tags are available at the Sunset Hills Community Center located at\n3915 S. Lindbergh Sunset Hills, MO 63127.[15]","title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sunset-hills.com-15"}],"sub_title":"Athletic Complex","text":"The City of Sunset Hills provides six athletic fields for the community. Three lighted fields and one unlighted field are at 13555 West Watson Road. There are two unlighted soccer fields at 801 Old Gravois Road. The fields are used by our softball leagues, athletic associations, and tournaments and are also available for rent.[15]","title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Missouri House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenton,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"David Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gregory_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Missouri Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Senate"},{"link_name":"Andrew Koenig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Koenig_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Missouri's 2nd congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Ann Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Wagner"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Luxembourg"}],"text":"Sunset Hills is represented by the following state and U.S. congressional members:[16]In the Missouri House of Representatives, Sunset Hills, like Fenton, is part of District 96 and represented by Republican David Gregory;\nIn the Missouri Senate, it is part of District 15 and represented by Republican Andrew Koenig;\nIn the U.S. House of Representatives, Sunset Hills is part of Missouri's 2nd congressional district and is represented by Republican Ann Wagner, the former United States Ambassador to Luxembourg","title":"Political representation"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Missouri highlighting Saint Louis County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Map_of_Missouri_highlighting_Saint_Louis_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Missouri_highlighting_Saint_Louis_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"History of Sunset Hills\". About Sunset Hills. City of Sunset Hills. Retrieved February 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sunset-hills.com/index.aspx?page=40","url_text":"\"History of Sunset Hills\""}]},{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Race, Hispanic or Latino, Age, and Housing Occupancy: 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File (QT-PL), Sunset Hills city, Missouri\". United States Census Bureau. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved October 25, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"Race, Hispanic or Latino, Age, and Housing Occupancy: 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File (QT-PL), Sunset Hills city, Missouri\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Severe Weather Causes Major Damage in Sunset Hills, Crestwood and Fenton\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.southcountytimes.com/Permalinks/ei172804.113118.html","url_text":"\"Severe Weather Causes Major Damage in Sunset Hills, Crestwood and Fenton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schools\". About Sunset Hills. City of Sunset Hills. Retrieved February 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sunset-hills.com/Index.aspx?page=57","url_text":"\"Schools\""}]},{"reference":"Vatterott College - Sunset Hills. \"Vatterott College - Home Page\". Vatterott College. Retrieved April 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vatterott.edu/sunset_hills.asp","url_text":"\"Vatterott College - Home Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sunset Hills, MO - Official Website | Official Website\". www.sunset-hills.com. Retrieved April 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sunset-hills.com/","url_text":"\"Sunset Hills, MO - Official Website | Official Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Legislator Lookup\". Missouri Senate. 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.senate.mo.gov/LegisLookup/Leg_Results.aspx?Zip=63127&Zip4=1351","url_text":"\"Legislator Lookup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Senate","url_text":"Missouri Senate"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunset_Hills,_Missouri¶ms=38_31_52_N_90_24_31_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"38°31′52″N 90°24′31″W / 38.53111°N 90.40861°W / 38.53111; -90.40861"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sunset_Hills,_Missouri¶ms=38_31_52_N_90_24_31_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"38°31′52″N 90°24′31″W / 38.53111°N 90.40861°W / 38.53111; -90.40861"},{"Link":"http://www.sunset-hills.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunset_Hills,_Missouri&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www.sunset-hills.com/index.aspx?page=40","external_links_name":"\"History of Sunset Hills\""},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2396007","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Sunset Hills, Missouri"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"Race, Hispanic or Latino, Age, and Housing Occupancy: 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File (QT-PL), Sunset Hills city, Missouri\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"Explore Census Data\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"Explore Census Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://www.southcountytimes.com/Permalinks/ei172804.113118.html","external_links_name":"\"Severe Weather Causes Major Damage in Sunset Hills, Crestwood and Fenton\""},{"Link":"http://www.sunset-hills.com/307/Schools","external_links_name":"Schools"},{"Link":"http://www.sunset-hills.com/Index.aspx?page=57","external_links_name":"\"Schools\""},{"Link":"http://www.vatterott.edu/sunset_hills.asp","external_links_name":"\"Vatterott College - Home Page\""},{"Link":"https://www.sunset-hills.com/","external_links_name":"\"Sunset Hills, MO - Official Website | Official Website\""},{"Link":"http://www.senate.mo.gov/LegisLookup/Leg_Results.aspx?Zip=63127&Zip4=1351","external_links_name":"\"Legislator Lookup\""},{"Link":"http://www.sunset-hills.com/","external_links_name":"City website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/134922853","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557778605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84195567","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Fleming,_1st_Baronet | Sir John Fleming, 1st Baronet | ["1 References"] | Arms of Fleming: (Baron Fleming (or Baron Slane)): Or, a chevron within a double tressure flory counter-flory gules. These arms were borne as an inescutcheon of pretence by Charles Harrington, 3rd Earl Harrington, husband of the 1st baronet's daughter and co-heiress Jane Harrington
Sir John Fleming, 1st Baronet (born c.1730, died 6 November 1763) was an Irish baronet, created first Baronet Fleming. of Brompton Park in the County of Middlesex in the Baronetage of Great Britain on 22 April 1763.
He married Jane Coleman, daughter of William Coleman and Jane Seymour, in 1753. His elder daughter Jane married Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl of Harrington. His younger daughter Seymour Dorothy Fleming (1758–1818) was involved in a scandalous separation from her husband Sir Richard Worsley. Lady Fleming remarried in 1770 to a rich sexagenarian born in Barbados, Edwin Lascelles, 1st Baron Harewood.
References
^ "No. 10304". The London Gazette. 16 April 1763. p. 6.
John Burke and John Bernard Burke, A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England, 1841, page 201
Thomas Wotton, Edward Kimber, Richard A. Johnson, "The baronetage of England: containing a genealogical and historical account of all the English baronets now existing ... illustrated with their coats of arms ... To which is added an account of such Nova Scotia baronets as are of English families; and a dictionary of heraldry", Printed for G. Woodfall (etc.), 1771, volume 2, page 195
Baronetage of Great Britain
New creation
Baronet(of Brompton Park) 1763
Extinct
This biography of a baronet in the baronetage of Great Britain is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LordFleming_(Scotland)_Arms.png"},{"link_name":"inescutcheon of pretence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people"},{"link_name":"baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronet"},{"link_name":"Baronet Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleming_baronets"},{"link_name":"Brompton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brompton,_London"},{"link_name":"County of Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Middlesex"},{"link_name":"Baronetage of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronetage_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Stanhope,_Countess_of_Harrington"},{"link_name":"Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl of Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stanhope,_3rd_Earl_of_Harrington"},{"link_name":"Seymour Dorothy Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Dorothy_Fleming"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Worsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Worsley,_7th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"Edwin Lascelles, 1st Baron Harewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lascelles,_1st_Baron_Harewood"}],"text":"Arms of Fleming: (Baron Fleming (or Baron Slane)): Or, a chevron within a double tressure flory counter-flory gules. These arms were borne as an inescutcheon of pretence by Charles Harrington, 3rd Earl Harrington, husband of the 1st baronet's daughter and co-heiress Jane HarringtonSir John Fleming, 1st Baronet (born c.1730, died 6 November 1763) was an Irish baronet, created first Baronet Fleming. of Brompton Park in the County of Middlesex in the Baronetage of Great Britain on 22 April 1763.[1]He married Jane Coleman, daughter of William Coleman and Jane Seymour, in 1753. His elder daughter Jane married Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl of Harrington. His younger daughter Seymour Dorothy Fleming (1758–1818) was involved in a scandalous separation from her husband Sir Richard Worsley. Lady Fleming remarried in 1770 to a rich sexagenarian born in Barbados, Edwin Lascelles, 1st Baron Harewood.","title":"Sir John Fleming, 1st Baronet"}] | [{"image_text":"Arms of Fleming: (Baron Fleming (or Baron Slane)): Or, a chevron within a double tressure flory counter-flory gules. These arms were borne as an inescutcheon of pretence by Charles Harrington, 3rd Earl Harrington, husband of the 1st baronet's daughter and co-heiress Jane Harrington","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/LordFleming_%28Scotland%29_Arms.png/200px-LordFleming_%28Scotland%29_Arms.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"No. 10304\". The London Gazette. 16 April 1763. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/10304/page/6","url_text":"\"No. 10304\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/10304/page/6","external_links_name":"\"No. 10304\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_John_Fleming,_1st_Baronet&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson,_Jr. | Howard Ahmanson Jr. | ["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","2 Monetary contributions","2.1 Organizations and projects","2.2 Social advocacy and political involvement","3 Arts and humanities","3.1 Organizations","3.2 Bridge Projects","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"] | American heir and writer (born 1950)
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Howard F. Ahmanson Jr.Ahmanson Jr. in 2016Born (1950-02-03) February 3, 1950 (age 74)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Alma materOccidental College (BA)University of Texas at Arlington (MA)Occupation(s)Heir, financierSpouse
Roberta Green Ahmanson
(m. 1986)ChildrenDavid AhmansonParent(s)Howard F. Ahmanson Sr.Dorothy Johnston GrannisRelativesCaroline Leonetti Ahmanson (stepmother)Robert H. Ahmanson (cousin)William H. Ahmanson (cousin)
Howard Fieldstad Ahmanson Jr. (born February 3, 1950) is an American heir to a banking fortune. He is the son of Howard F. Ahmanson Sr., the founder of Home Savings Bank, whose fortune Ahmanson Jr. is an heir to. He writes on issues including housing affordability, land use, the abuse of eminent domain, and the rule of law.
Biography
Early life
Ahmanson was born on February 3, 1950. He is the son of Dorothy Johnston Grannis and the American financier Howard F. Ahmanson Sr. (1906–1968). His father was a prominent businessman in the savings and loan industry; Howard Sr. founded H.F. Ahmanson & Co., which thrived in the Great Depression and ultimately expanded throughout California and into New York state, Arizona and Florida. His father was well known for his support of the arts, an area in which the father and son share an interest. Howard Sr. found great pride in having a son, since he saw the opportunity to extend his own empire and legacy. Howard Sr. pursued a close relationship with his son, Howard Jr., whom he referred to as "Steady". Howard Jr. was intellectually inclined from a young age, reading by age three. He was quoted in a local newspaper about thermonuclear reactions at age eight.
His parents divorced when he was ten years old. Despite the trappings of wealth, Howard Jr. was a lonely child. He has said, "I resented my family background, could never be a role model, whether by habits or his lifestyle, it was never anything I wanted." His father died when he was eighteen, and Ahmanson Jr. inherited his father's fortune.
He attended Occidental College, where he obtained a degree in economics. He then toured Europe, but returned because of complications with arthritis. He earned a master's degree in linguistics at the University of Texas at Arlington. Ahmanson's language fluency in Spanish, German and Japanese are singular and uncommon triumphs over his Tourette syndrome.
In 1986, Howard married journalist Roberta Green, who supports him in spending his father's money and has a specific focus and concern for visual art. She assumes a more hands-on role within those endeavors, namely Bridge Projects in Los Angeles.
Monetary contributions
Organizations and projects
Fieldstead and Company, Howard and Roberta Ahmanson's personal office, has a steady history of contributing parts of his father's inherited fortune to a plethora of organizations and initiatives. It is stated that the mission of Fieldstead and Company is to "make the world more like ... a place where there is no darkness, no sickness, no hunger or thirst, no slavery, no prisoners, no tears, no death". The following is a list of organizations to which the Ahmansons have contributed significant amounts in the past:
American Anglican Council; Washington, D.C.
→Association of orthodox Episcopal churches, led by Rev. Canon David Anderson.
Biola University; La Mirada, California Biola University, one of many entities to benefit from the chartible contributions of Howard Ahmanson, Jr.
California Policy Center; Tustin, California
→Howard played a significant role in financially and intellectually supporting a publication, “With Friends Like These”, that was organized by the California Policy Center and served California elected officials by displaying a grounded case against crony corporate welfare in the state of California.
Calvin College; Grand Rapids, Michigan
→Roberta Ahmanson graduated from Calvin College in 1972.
Chalcedon Foundation; Vallecito, California
Chapman University; Orange, California
→By way of Fieldstead & Company, Howard has made possible a series of conferences and events predominantly focused on matters such as housing policy and urbanism, all held at Chapman University’s Wilkinson College for Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences. These events have tackled conversations relevant to the Greater Los Angeles area, such as the future of transportation, the LA housing crisis, housing injustices, and the dwindling power of municipal governance/bodies.
Claremont Institute; Claremont, California
→Think tank seeking "to restore the principles of the American Founding to their rightful, preeminent authority in our national life."
Discovery Institute; Seattle, Washington
→Howard Ahmanson Jr. served on the board of directors for the Center for Science and Culture, a proponent for the intelligent design movement.
Drew University; Madison, New Jersey
→Founders of a team that published 28 volumes of the "Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture."
Ethics and Public Policy Center (EPPC); Washington D.C.
→Think tank that view domestic and foreign policy issues from a Judeo-Christian point of view.
Food for the Hungry; Phoenix, Arizona
→Evangelical-based relief organization with annual budget of about $76 million and programs in 37 countries in the developing world.
Fullhart-Carnegie Museum Trust; Perry, Iowa
→The contribution funds a museum in the town of Perry, Iowa, in which Roberta Ahmanson grew up.
Hudson Institute; Washington, D.C.
International Fellowship for Mission as Transformation (INFEMIT USA); Washington, D.C.
InterVarsity Christian Fellowship; Madison, Wisconsin
John & Vera Mae Perkins Foundation
Maranatha Trust; Washington, D.C.
Mariners Christian School; Costa Mesa, California
→Private school in Costa Mesa with about 650 students in preschool to eighth grade.
National Coalition for the Protection of Children and Families (formerly National Coalition Against Pornography); Cincinnati, Ohio.
Orange County Classical Academy; Orange, California
→Orange County's only free tuition-free, K-12 Classical Education public charter school.
Orange County Rescue Mission; Santa Ana, California
→Howard and Roberta are active supporters of the Orange County Rescue Mission, an effort that turns impossibilities into possibilities for the lesser fortunate; predominantly serving those who suffer from abuse, addiction, and abandonment. The Orange County Rescue Mission provides housing, support, treatment, and opportunity for the betterment of those afflicted and forgotten.
Pepperdine University; Malibu, California
→Through his monetary contributions, Howard has utilized support panels and conferences held at Pepperdine University’s School of Public Policy. These events consisted of conversations around housing affordability and included a deep, varied unit of experts on housing policy in the Greater Los Angeles area.
St. James Anglican Church; Newport Beach, California
→Formerly "St. James Episcopal Church", the Ahmansons have attended the "evangelical church with charismatic roots."
CityGate (Formerly "Sen USA"); Hobart, Indiana
→Evangelical Christian missionary group working in Central and Eastern Europe.
Strong Towns; Brainerd, Minnesota
→Howard has made possible events put on by Strong Towns, a think tank and community that encourages Americans and Canadians, alike, to rethink the way municipal infrastructure is developed and sustained in their respective communities. Fieldstead & Company have been generous in making it possible for Strong Towns to bring their community together for an in-person gathering to learn from active policy experts, policymakers, and researchers around sustaining municipal infrastructure.
Voice of OC; Santa Ana, California
→Fieldstead & Company has generously supported Voice of OC, a startup nonprofit newsroom founded by Norberto Santana, Jr. Troubled by the corruption he discovered in modern journalism, Santana started Voice of OC as an initiative to cover matters that empower, not exploit, the citizens within Orange County.
World Vision; Washington, D.C.
Howard has previously served as a board member for both the John & Vera Mae Perkins Foundation and the Claremont Institute. Ahmanson is a major supporter of the Discovery Institute, whose Center for Science and Culture supports ideas centered around intelligent design. Through Fieldstead, Ahmanson's wife Roberta, a former religion reporter and editor for the Orange County Register, has funded and been directly involved with some programs of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities, including the Washington Journalism Center that encompasses both the Summer Institute of Journalism, and the Fieldstead Journalism Lectures. Fieldstead has funded other Christian journalistic projects such as Gegrapha and GetReligion. A common thread in all of these organizations is Terry Mattingly, a personal friend of Roberta Ahmanson, who directs the Washington Journalism Center at the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities, teaches journalism, and writes a weekly column for the Scripps-Howard News Service. Roberta Ahmanson recently co-edited a book called Blind Spot. Howard and Roberta are also supporters of The Media Project, an organization that "educates journalists on the importance of religion" and its digital magazine, Religion Unplugged. The Ahmansons have also supported the creation of the 29-volume Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture, published by InterVarsity Press.
Social advocacy and political involvement
Ahmanson was a major advocate for the property owners and tenants exploited in the abuses by California redevelopment agencies, especially concerned about the widespread abuse of eminent domain and public subsidies to private businesses which he views as perversely incentivising cronyism to the detriment of those with the least money and influence. He financed the publication "Redevelopment: The Unknown Government" and the formation of Municipal Officials for Redevelopment Reform (MORR), alongside Chris Norby, California legislator and former mayor of Fullerton, California, in 1995. Norby later served in the California State Assembly when redevelopment agencies were abolished in 2011 and MORR was disbanded, having succeeded in its sole purpose.
Ahmanson was a registered Republican until 2008; Ahmanson, worried about the narrowing focus of the California Republican Party on lowering taxes, announced that he switched parties and was a registered Democrat from 2008 to 2018. Finding fault with both parties, he is now officially registered as a "No Party Preference" (NPP) voter (formerly referred to as a decline-to-state voter by the state of California). In the 2020 presidential election Ahmanson voted for and endorsed Brian Carroll of the American Solidarity Party.
Until March 2023, Ahmanson was the sole funder of Rod Dreher's employment writing for The American Conservative. He reportedly pulled the funding, which provided Dreher a six-figure salary, after reading an article describing in detail Dreher's experience of having seen a black elementary-school classmate's uncircumcised penis, calling it a "primitive root weiner". Ahmanson was reported saying of the article, "This is too weird", and “I don’t want to read this or pay for this anymore.”
Time magazine included the Ahmansons in their 2005 profiles of the 25 Most Influential Evangelicals in America, classifying them as "the financiers." In the 1970s, Howard became a board member of the Chalcedon Foundation and served until 1996. In 1996, he said he had left the Chalcedon board due to the fact that he "did not embrace" all of the teachings held by its leadership.
In 2004, the Ahmansons let the Orange County Register do a five-part series on them to give the public a more accurate view of their work and beliefs.
Howard has contributed in numerous ways to different groups that exist to serve communities, better local schools, and to solve the housing crisis. The following is a list, not exhaustive, of entities that Ahmanson has made significant contributions to in the past:
Protect Our Homes Coalition
Food for the Hungry (Thailand, Ecuador, Philippines and Zimbabwe)
Harambee Christian Preparatory School (Pasadena, California)
Victims of war in Nagarno-Karabagh
Music education for schools in Orange County
Western Center for Law and Religious Freedom
Holding a strong interest and passion in the activity of standup paddleboarding, Howard has assumed a role of activism alongside FreeSUP SoCal in opposition to a particular determination made by the United States Coast Guard (USCG) that has been used to require operators of standup paddleboards to wear a personal flotation device (PFD). FreeSUP SoCal maintains that a leash is the more common and frequently most effective safety equipment, as evidenced by its widespread usage and the sport's significantly diminished mortality rate compared to other water sports. In 2014, the organization that would come to be known as FreeSup SoCal and which receives funding by Ahmanson, offered a formal, public comment to the USCG that explained how the PFD determination which was intended to promote safety for standup paddleboarders sorely lacked data justifying the determination, and that making determinations without the necessary data could have the opposite effect of putting paddleboarders in peril.
Arts and humanities
Claude Monet "View of Vétheuil", Owned by Ahmanson before he donated to LACMA
Organizations
Howard has made numerous contributions and offered support for art initiatives across Los Angeles and Orange County. The following is a collection of organizations and projects in the arts & humanities that have benefited from the support of Howard Ahmanson, Jr.
Bridge Projects
Stanley Spenser: An English Vision installment at the Hirshhorn Museum, Washington, D.C.
The Sacred Made Real
Visual Commentary on Scripture (VCS)
Caravaggio: The Final Years at the National Gallery, London
Pacific Symphony Youth Orchestra
Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture, published by InterVarsity Press
The Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco
The Museum of Contemporary Art in Mexico City
Howard's charitable contributions have supported the arts community, namely the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, with his donation of View of Vétheuil, a work by the French Claude Monet, Scene of Judgement, by the Italian Marco Zoppo, and works by Auguste Rodin.
Bridge Projects
Bridge Projects is an LA-based art gallery that consists of a community of artists, scholars, and collectors who are inspired by art history, spirituality, living religious traditions, and contemporary art practices. Roberta, wife of Ahmanson and current chair of Bridge Projects, founded the gallery and community with LA-based artist, Linnea Spransy, back in 2017. While Howard played a supportive role in bringing this project to fruition, Roberta spearheaded the vision for Bridge Projects, which has featured a number of progressive art installations, such as:
"10 Columns," an immersive light installation created by prominent Southern California artist, Phillip K. Smith III(active:10/12/19-2/16/20).
“A Composite Leviathan,” a two-part exhibition created by a collection of emerging Chinese artists (active: 9/12/20-2/27/21).
“To Bough and To Bend,” an exhibition of many artists using trees as imagery for discussions around ecological issues (active: 03/11/20-07.25/20).
Personal life
Ahmanson lives with Tourette syndrome. His primary residence is in Newport Beach, CA.
References
^ a b Larsen, Peter. "Burden of Wealth" Orange County Register. August 8, 2004. See also, Eric John Abrahamson, Building Home: Howard F. Ahmanson and the Politics of the American Dream (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013)
^ "Howard F. Ahmanson, 61, Dies; One of Nation's Wealthiest Men: Led Home Savings & Loan in Los Angeles – Fortune Estimated at $300-Million". The New York Times. June 18, 1968. p. 47. Alternate Link(subscription required) via ProQuest.
^ Johnson, Greg (January 23, 1991). "Home Savings to Buy Coast's S.D. Branches". Los Angeles Times.
^ "Home Savings in Acquisition Washington, Aug. 12". The New York Times. August 13, 1984.
^ "H. F. Ahmanson agreed to buy an S&L in Arizona". Los Angeles Times. April 29, 1987.
^ "Banking". Fort Lauderdale Sun Sentinel. February 12, 1997.
^ Friedlander, Whitney (March 15, 2013). "WHO WAS HOWARD AHMANSON SR. AND HOW DID HE CHANGE L.A.? A NEW BOOK TRIES TO ANSWER". LA Weekly. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ Abrahamson, Eric John (February 28, 2013). Building home: Howard F. Ahmanson and the politics of the American dream. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520273757.
^ Haas, Jane Glenn. "The Salvation of H.F. Ahmanson Jr." Orange County Register. 1985.
^ a b Doward, Jamie. Anti-gay millionaire bankrolls Caravaggio spectacular. The Observer. March 6, 2005.
^ a b c d Blumenthal, Max (January 6, 2004). "Avenging angel of the religious right". Salon. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
^ "Howard Ahmanson and Roberta Ahmanson Bio". Fieldstead & Company. Retrieved August 28, 2020.
^ "About Howard". Howard Ahmanson Jr. Howard Ahmanson. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
^ a b c "Bridge Projects". bridgeprojects.com. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
^ "Giving". Fieldstead and Company. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Larsen, Peter (August 9, 2004). "Rich in Faith Part Two". OC Register.
^ Ahmanson, Howard (January 8, 2020). "Insights from Francis Fukuyama on the Problem of Crony Capitalism". Howard Ahmanson, Jr. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
^ "WITH FRIENDS LIKE THESE" (PDF). California Policy Center. CPC. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
^ "The City of Bell Scandal Revisited". Chapman University Wilkinson College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences. Chapman University. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
^ "REIMAGINING LOCAL GOVERNMENT: STRENGTHENING DEMOCRACY IN OUR COMMUNITIES". Chapman University Digital Commons. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
^ "4th Annual Local Government Conference: Will California Ever Figure Out How to House Itself?". Chapman University Wilkinson College. Chapman University. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
^ "The Future of Transportation: 5th Annual Public Policy Conference". Chapman University Wilkinson College. Chapman University. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
^ "Mission". Claremont Institution. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
^ "Board of Directors". Discovery Institute. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
^ "Fullhart Carnegie Charitable Trust". Hometown Heritage. Dallas County Foundation.
^ a b Larsen, Peter. "Giving generously to their causes". Orange County Register. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009.
^ National Sexual Violence Resource Center
^ "Homepage". Orange County Classical Academy. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
^ Ahmanson, Jr., Howard (October 11, 2016). "A Manifesto: Important Events That Shaped My Political Views – Howard Ahmanson". Howard F. Ahmanson, Jr. Howard Ahmanson. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
^ "Night at the Symphony". OC Rescue Mission. August 13, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
^ Scheller, Christine A. (January 19, 2011). "Connoisseur for Christ: Roberta Green Ahmanson". Christianity Today. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
^ "Good News in Tustin". OC Rescue Mission. May 14, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
^ "Help Us Rescue Young Girls". OC Rescue Mission. February 2, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
^ Coghlan, Ed (March 28, 2019). "Clash between housing affordability, preserving neighborhoods in spotlight at Pepperdine". California Economic Summit. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
^ "A Home in California: Are Our Communities Sustainable?". Pepperdine School of Public Policy. Pepperdine University. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
^ "CityGate Homepage". CityGate. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
^ "Speakers for the Regional Gathering". Strong Towns. November 20, 2019. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
^ Santana Jr., Noberto (June 3, 2019). "Santana: Voice of OC is Ten Years Old Today". Voice of OC. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
^ "Discovery Institute-Board Members". Discovery Institute. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
^ Wilgoren, Jodi (August 21, 2005). "Politicized Scholars Put Evolution on the Defensive". The New York Times. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
^ "Howard & Roberta Ahmanson". Fieldstead & Company.
^ Washington Journalism Center Archived June 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ Gegrapha
^ Marshall, Paul A.; Gilbert, Lela; & Green-Ahmanson, Roberta (eds.). (2009). Blind spot: When journalists don’t get religion. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195374371
^ Buddenbaum, Judith M. (2010). "Blind Spot: When Journalists Don't get Religion". Journal of Media and Religion. 9: 47–51. doi:10.1080/15348420903536844. S2CID 143471762.
^ "Staff & Board". The Media Project. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
^ a b Levenick, Christopher (Spring 2012). "Ex Libris Philanthropy". Philanthropy. Retrieved June 6, 2012.
^ Norby, Chris; Curtis, Sherry; Gilson, Ruth; Heinl, Jean; Kaplan, Douglas; Shaffer, Dr. Ralph; Sutton, Christopher. "Sutton". Redevelopment: The Unknown Government. Municipal Officials for Redevelopment Reform. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
^ Sandefur, Timothy (March 7, 2012). "Celebrating a victory for property owners in California". Pacific Legal Foundation. Retrieved February 24, 2020.
^ Greenhut, Steven (March 23, 2009). "Howard Ahmanson Becomes Democrate". Orange County Register. OC Register. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
^ Ahmanson, Jr., Howard (July 4, 2018). "I Became a "Decline to State"". Howard Ahmanson Jr. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
^ Padilla, Alex. "No Party Preference Information". California Secretary of State. State of California. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
^ Ahmanson, Howard (October 27, 2020). "The American Conservative 2020 Presidential Symposium". The American Conservative. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
^ Greenhut, Steven (March 10, 2023). "Howard Ahmanson Becomes Democrate". Vanity Fair. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
^ "25 Most Influential Evangelicals in America". Time. Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on February 9, 2005. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
^ Reason, Nov. 1998 Archived May 31, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ Flank, Lenny (2007). Deception by Design: The Intelligent Design Movement in America. St. Petersburg, FL: Red and Black Publishers. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-9791813-0-6. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
^ a b Fetta, Lisa (October 5, 2006). "The 'Other' Howard". The Center for Public Integrity.
^ a b c "Howard Ahmanson-Board Member". Discovery Institute. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
^ a b "Howard Ahmanson-Board Member". Discovery Institute. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
^ Hoedt, Jeffrey. "Legal Determination on Vessel Status of Paddleboard" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
^ Douglas, S. "PFD Laws – SUP or Paddleboards Now Classified as Vessels". World Padde Association. WPA. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
^ Azadian, James. "Comment in Response to Docket No. USCG-2010-0164, Department of Homeland Security" (PDF). Enterprise Counsel Group. ECG. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
^ "Who We Are - FreeSUP". FreeSUP. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
^ Richard, Paul. "STANLEY SPENCER'S GLOBAL VILLAGE". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
^ "STANLEY SPENCER: AN ENGLISH VISION". Smithsonian. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
^ "The Sacred Made Real". The National Gallery of London. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
^ Smith, Samuel. "New 'Visual Commentary on Scripture' website offers new way to study the Bible". The Christian Examiner. Christian Examiner. Retrieved February 16, 2020.
^ "Caravaggio: The Final Years at The National Gallery". Art Daily. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
^ "View of Vétheuil". LACMA. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
^ "Scene of Judgement, from a cassone panel, Shooting at Father's Corpse". LACMA. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
^ Molina, Alejandra. "In this art gallery, conversations about religion and spirituality are welcome". The Oakland Press. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
^ Elaine, James. "A Composite Leviathan". Bridge Projects.
^ "To Bough and To Bend". Bridge Projects. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
^ Doward, J. Anti-gay millionaire bankrolls Caravaggio spectacular. The Observer. March 6, 2005.
^ "Mega-mansion debuts in Newport Beach". Orange County Register. January 13, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
External links
The Ahmanson Foundation
Howard Ahmanson, Board of Directors (Discovery Institute)
Ahmanson's Blog | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard F. Ahmanson Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_F._Ahmanson_Sr."},{"link_name":"Home Savings Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._F._Ahmanson_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"eminent domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent_domain"}],"text":"Howard Fieldstad Ahmanson Jr. (born February 3, 1950) is an American heir to a banking fortune. He is the son of Howard F. Ahmanson Sr., the founder of Home Savings Bank, whose fortune Ahmanson Jr. is an heir to. He writes on issues including housing affordability, land use, the abuse of eminent domain, and the rule of law.","title":"Howard Ahmanson Jr."},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard F. Ahmanson Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_F._Ahmanson_Sr."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burden_of_Wealth-1"},{"link_name":"H.F. 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He is the son of Dorothy Johnston Grannis and the American financier Howard F. Ahmanson Sr. (1906–1968).[1] His father was a prominent businessman in the savings and loan industry; Howard Sr. founded H.F. Ahmanson & Co., which thrived in the Great Depression[2] and ultimately expanded throughout California[3] and into New York state,[4] Arizona[5] and Florida.[6] His father was well known for his support of the arts, an area in which the father and son share an interest.[7] Howard Sr. found great pride in having a son, since he saw the opportunity to extend his own empire and legacy. Howard Sr. pursued a close relationship with his son, Howard Jr., whom he referred to as \"Steady\". Howard Jr. was intellectually inclined from a young age, reading by age three.[citation needed] He was quoted in a local newspaper about thermonuclear reactions at age eight.[8][page needed]His parents divorced when he was ten years old.[1] Despite the trappings of wealth, Howard Jr. was a lonely child. He has said, \"I resented my family background, [my father] could never be a role model, whether by habits or his lifestyle, it was never anything I wanted.\"[9] His father died when he was eighteen, and Ahmanson Jr. inherited his father's fortune.[10]He attended Occidental College, where he obtained a degree in economics.[11] He then toured Europe, but returned because of complications with arthritis.[11] He earned a master's degree in linguistics at the University of Texas at Arlington. Ahmanson's language fluency in Spanish, German and Japanese are singular and uncommon triumphs over his Tourette syndrome.[11][12]In 1986, Howard married journalist Roberta Green, who supports him in spending his father's money and has a specific focus and concern for visual art.[13] She assumes a more hands-on role within those endeavors, namely Bridge Projects in Los Angeles.[14]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Monetary contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian.com-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giving-Fieldstead_&_Company-15"},{"link_name":"American Anglican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Anglican_Council"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rich_in_Faith_Part_Two-16"},{"link_name":"Biola 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Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Institute"},{"link_name":"Seattle, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Center for Science and Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_and_Culture"},{"link_name":"intelligent design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rich_in_Faith_Part_Two-16"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Drew University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_University"},{"link_name":"Madison, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Christian_Commentary_on_Scripture"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rich_in_Faith_Part_Two-16"},{"link_name":"Ethics and Public Policy Center (EPPC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center"},{"link_name":"Washington D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D.C."},{"link_name":"Judeo-Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Christian"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rich_in_Faith_Part_Two-16"},{"link_name":"Food for the Hungry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_for_the_Hungry"},{"link_name":"Phoenix, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rich_in_Faith_Part_Two-16"},{"link_name":"Perry, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rich_in_Faith_Part_Two-16"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Hudson Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Institute"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"InterVarsity Christian Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterVarsity_Christian_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"Madison, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larsen-26"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Costa Mesa, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Mesa,_California"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rich_in_Faith_Part_Two-16"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Orange, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange,_California"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Pepperdine University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepperdine_University"},{"link_name":"Malibu, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malibu,_California"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"St. James Anglican Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James_Anglican_Church_(Newport_Beach)"},{"link_name":"Newport Beach, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rich_in_Faith_Part_Two-16"},{"link_name":"Hobart, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larsen-26"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Brainerd, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainerd,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Voice of OC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_OC"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"World Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Vision"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"John & Vera Mae Perkins Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Perkins"},{"link_name":"Claremont Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremont_Institute"},{"link_name":"Discovery Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Institute"},{"link_name":"Center for Science and Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Science_and_Culture"},{"link_name":"intelligent design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_design"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wilgoren-40"},{"link_name":"Orange County Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_Register"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Council for Christian Colleges and Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_Christian_Colleges_and_Universities"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Terry Mattingly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Mattingly"},{"link_name":"Scripps-Howard News Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps-Howard"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"InterVarsity Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterVarsity_Press"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levenick-47"}],"sub_title":"Organizations and projects","text":"Fieldstead and Company, Howard and Roberta Ahmanson's personal office, has a steady history of contributing parts of his father's inherited fortune to a plethora of organizations and initiatives.[10] It is stated that the mission of Fieldstead and Company is to \"make the world more like ... a place where there is no darkness, no sickness, no hunger or thirst, no slavery, no prisoners, no tears, no death\".[15] The following is a list of organizations to which the Ahmansons have contributed significant amounts in the past:American Anglican Council; Washington, D.C.→Association of orthodox Episcopal churches, led by Rev. Canon David Anderson.[16]Biola University; La Mirada, California Biola University, one of many entities to benefit from the chartible contributions of Howard Ahmanson, Jr.\nCalifornia Policy Center; Tustin, California→Howard played a significant role in financially and intellectually supporting a publication, “With Friends Like These”, that was organized by the California Policy Center and served California elected officials by displaying a grounded case against crony corporate welfare in the state of California.[17][18]Calvin College; Grand Rapids, Michigan→Roberta Ahmanson graduated from Calvin College in 1972.[16]Chalcedon Foundation; Vallecito, California\nChapman University; Orange, California→By way of Fieldstead & Company, Howard has made possible a series of conferences and events predominantly focused on matters such as housing policy and urbanism, all held at Chapman University’s Wilkinson College for Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences. These events have tackled conversations relevant to the Greater Los Angeles area, such as the future of transportation, the LA housing crisis, housing injustices, and the dwindling power of municipal governance/bodies.[19][20][21][22]Claremont Institute; Claremont, California→Think tank seeking \"to restore the principles of the American Founding to their rightful, preeminent authority in our national life.\"[16][23]Discovery Institute; Seattle, Washington→Howard Ahmanson Jr. served on the board of directors for the Center for Science and Culture, a proponent for the intelligent design movement.[16][24]Drew University; Madison, New Jersey→Founders of a team that published 28 volumes of the \"Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture.\"[16]Ethics and Public Policy Center (EPPC); Washington D.C.→Think tank that view domestic and foreign policy issues from a Judeo-Christian point of view.[16]Food for the Hungry; Phoenix, Arizona→Evangelical-based relief organization with annual budget of about $76 million and programs in 37 countries in the developing world.[16]Fullhart-Carnegie Museum Trust; Perry, Iowa→The contribution funds a museum in the town of Perry, Iowa, in which Roberta Ahmanson grew up.[16][25]Hudson Institute; Washington, D.C.\nInternational Fellowship for Mission as Transformation (INFEMIT USA); Washington, D.C.\nInterVarsity Christian Fellowship; Madison, Wisconsin[26]\nJohn & Vera Mae Perkins Foundation\nMaranatha Trust; Washington, D.C.\nMariners Christian School; Costa Mesa, California→Private school in Costa Mesa with about 650 students in preschool to eighth grade.[16]National Coalition for the Protection of Children and Families (formerly National Coalition Against Pornography);[27] Cincinnati, Ohio.\nOrange County Classical Academy; Orange, California→Orange County's only free tuition-free, K-12 Classical Education public charter school.[28]Orange County Rescue Mission; Santa Ana, California→Howard and Roberta are active supporters of the Orange County Rescue Mission, an effort that turns impossibilities into possibilities for the lesser fortunate; predominantly serving those who suffer from abuse, addiction, and abandonment. The Orange County Rescue Mission provides housing, support, treatment, and opportunity for the betterment of those afflicted and forgotten.[29][30][31][32][33]Pepperdine University; Malibu, California→Through his monetary contributions, Howard has utilized support panels and conferences held at Pepperdine University’s School of Public Policy. These events consisted of conversations around housing affordability and included a deep, varied unit of experts on housing policy in the Greater Los Angeles area.[34][35]St. James Anglican Church; Newport Beach, California→Formerly \"St. James Episcopal Church\", the Ahmansons have attended the \"evangelical church with charismatic roots.\"[16]CityGate (Formerly \"Sen USA\"); Hobart, Indiana→Evangelical Christian missionary group working in Central and Eastern Europe.[26][36]Strong Towns; Brainerd, Minnesota→Howard has made possible events put on by Strong Towns, a think tank and community that encourages Americans and Canadians, alike, to rethink the way municipal infrastructure is developed and sustained in their respective communities. Fieldstead & Company have been generous in making it possible for Strong Towns to bring their community together for an in-person gathering to learn from active policy experts, policymakers, and researchers around sustaining municipal infrastructure.[37]Voice of OC; Santa Ana, California→Fieldstead & Company has generously supported Voice of OC, a startup nonprofit newsroom founded by Norberto Santana, Jr. Troubled by the corruption he discovered in modern journalism, Santana started Voice of OC as an initiative to cover matters that empower, not exploit, the citizens within Orange County.[38]World Vision; Washington, D.C.Howard has previously served as a board member for both the John & Vera Mae Perkins Foundation and the Claremont Institute. Ahmanson is a major supporter of the Discovery Institute, whose Center for Science and Culture supports ideas centered around intelligent design.[39][40] Through Fieldstead, Ahmanson's wife Roberta, a former religion reporter and editor for the Orange County Register,[41] has funded and been directly involved with some programs of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities, including the Washington Journalism Center that encompasses both the Summer Institute of Journalism, and the Fieldstead Journalism Lectures.[42] Fieldstead has funded other Christian journalistic projects such as Gegrapha[43] and GetReligion. A common thread in all of these organizations is Terry Mattingly, a personal friend of Roberta Ahmanson, who directs the Washington Journalism Center at the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities, teaches journalism, and writes a weekly column for the Scripps-Howard News Service. Roberta Ahmanson recently co-edited a book called Blind Spot.[44][45] Howard and Roberta are also supporters of The Media Project, an organization that \"educates journalists on the importance of religion\" and its digital magazine, Religion Unplugged.[46] The Ahmansons have also supported the creation of the 29-volume Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture, published by InterVarsity Press.[47]","title":"Monetary contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eminent domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent_domain"},{"link_name":"Chris Norby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Norby"},{"link_name":"Fullerton, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerton,_California"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Redevelopment-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pacific_Legal-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"decline-to-state voter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_to_State"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Brian Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_T._Carroll"},{"link_name":"American Solidarity Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Rod Dreher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Dreher"},{"link_name":"The American Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Conservative"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Chalcedon Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flank2007-57"},{"link_name":"Orange County Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_Register"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rich_in_Faith_Part_Two-16"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPI-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard_Ahmanson-Board_Member-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPI-58"},{"link_name":"Food for the Hungry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_for_the_Hungry"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Pasadena, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"Nagarno-Karabagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict"},{"link_name":"Music education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_education"},{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-discovery.org-60"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Salon2004-11"},{"link_name":"standup paddleboarding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standup_paddleboarding"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"personal flotation device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_flotation_device"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"Social advocacy and political involvement","text":"Ahmanson was a major advocate for the property owners and tenants exploited in the abuses by California redevelopment agencies, especially concerned about the widespread abuse of eminent domain and public subsidies to private businesses which he views as perversely incentivising cronyism to the detriment of those with the least money and influence. He financed the publication \"Redevelopment: The Unknown Government\" and the formation of Municipal Officials for Redevelopment Reform (MORR), alongside Chris Norby, California legislator and former mayor of Fullerton, California, in 1995.[48] Norby later served in the California State Assembly when redevelopment agencies were abolished in 2011 and MORR was disbanded, having succeeded in its sole purpose.[49]Ahmanson was a registered Republican until 2008; Ahmanson, worried about the narrowing focus of the California Republican Party on lowering taxes, announced that he switched parties and was a registered Democrat from 2008 to 2018.[50] Finding fault with both parties, he is now officially registered as a \"No Party Preference\" (NPP) voter (formerly referred to as a decline-to-state voter by the state of California).[51][52] In the 2020 presidential election Ahmanson voted for and endorsed Brian Carroll of the American Solidarity Party.[53]Until March 2023, Ahmanson was the sole funder of Rod Dreher's employment writing for The American Conservative. He reportedly pulled the funding, which provided Dreher a six-figure salary, after reading an article describing in detail Dreher's experience of having seen a black elementary-school classmate's uncircumcised penis, calling it a \"primitive root weiner\". Ahmanson was reported saying of the article, \"This is too weird\", and “I don’t want to read this or pay for this anymore.”[54]Time magazine included the Ahmansons in their 2005 profiles of the 25 Most Influential Evangelicals in America, classifying them as \"the financiers.\"[55] In the 1970s, Howard became a board member of the Chalcedon Foundation and served until 1996. In 1996, he said he had left the Chalcedon board due to the fact that he \"did not embrace\" all of the teachings held by its leadership.[56][57]In 2004, the Ahmansons let the Orange County Register do a five-part series on them to give the public a more accurate view of their work and beliefs.[16]Howard has contributed in numerous ways to different groups that exist to serve communities, better local schools, and to solve the housing crisis.[58][59] The following is a list, not exhaustive, of entities that Ahmanson has made significant contributions to in the past:Protect Our Homes Coalition[58]\nFood for the Hungry (Thailand, Ecuador, Philippines and Zimbabwe)\nHarambee Christian Preparatory School (Pasadena, California)\nVictims of war in Nagarno-Karabagh\nMusic education for schools in Orange County[60]\nWestern Center for Law and Religious Freedom[11]Holding a strong interest and passion in the activity of standup paddleboarding, Howard has assumed a role of activism alongside FreeSUP SoCal in opposition to a particular determination made by the United States Coast Guard (USCG) that has been used to require operators of standup paddleboards to wear a personal flotation device (PFD). FreeSUP SoCal maintains that a leash is the more common and frequently most effective safety equipment, as evidenced by its widespread usage and the sport's significantly diminished mortality rate compared to other water sports. In 2014, the organization that would come to be known as FreeSup SoCal and which receives funding by Ahmanson, offered a formal, public comment to the USCG that explained how the PFD determination which was intended to promote safety for standup paddleboarders sorely lacked data justifying the determination, and that making determinations without the necessary data could have the opposite effect of putting paddleboarders in peril.[61][62][63][64]","title":"Monetary contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claude_Monet_-_View_of_V%C3%A9theuil_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Claude Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet"},{"link_name":"LACMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art"}],"text":"Claude Monet \"View of Vétheuil\", Owned by Ahmanson before he donated to LACMA","title":"Arts and humanities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bridge_Projects-14"},{"link_name":"Hirshhorn Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirshhorn_Museum_and_Sculpture_Garden"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Caravaggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravaggio"},{"link_name":"National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Pacific Symphony Youth Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Symphony_Youth_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard_Ahmanson-Board_Member-59"},{"link_name":"InterVarsity Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterVarsity_Press"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levenick-47"},{"link_name":"The Palace of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Palace_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-discovery.org-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard_Ahmanson-Board_Member-59"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Claude Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet"},{"link_name":"Marco Zoppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Zoppo"},{"link_name":"Auguste Rodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Rodin"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"sub_title":"Organizations","text":"Howard has made numerous contributions and offered support for art initiatives across Los Angeles and Orange County. The following is a collection of organizations and projects in the arts & humanities that have benefited from the support of Howard Ahmanson, Jr.Bridge Projects[14]\nStanley Spenser: An English Vision installment at the Hirshhorn Museum, Washington, D.C.[65][66]\nThe Sacred Made Real[67]\nVisual Commentary on Scripture (VCS)[68]\nCaravaggio: The Final Years at the National Gallery, London[69]\nPacific Symphony Youth Orchestra[59]\nAncient Christian Commentary on Scripture, published by InterVarsity Press[47]\nThe Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco[60]\nThe Museum of Contemporary Art in Mexico City[59]Howard's charitable contributions have supported the arts community, namely the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, with his donation of View of Vétheuil, a work by the French Claude Monet, Scene of Judgement, by the Italian Marco Zoppo, and works by Auguste Rodin.[70][71]","title":"Arts and humanities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bridge_Projects-14"},{"link_name":"Phillip K. Smith III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_K._Smith_III"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"Bridge Projects","text":"Bridge Projects is an LA-based art gallery that consists of a community of artists, scholars, and collectors who are inspired by art history, spirituality, living religious traditions, and contemporary art practices. Roberta, wife of Ahmanson and current chair of Bridge Projects, founded the gallery and community with LA-based artist, Linnea Spransy, back in 2017.[14] While Howard played a supportive role in bringing this project to fruition, Roberta spearheaded the vision for Bridge Projects, which has featured a number of progressive art installations, such as:\"10 Columns,\" an immersive light installation created by prominent Southern California artist, Phillip K. Smith III(active:10/12/19-2/16/20).[72]\n“A Composite Leviathan,” a two-part exhibition created by a collection of emerging Chinese artists (active: 9/12/20-2/27/21).[73]\n“To Bough and To Bend,” an exhibition of many artists using trees as imagery for discussions around ecological issues (active: 03/11/20-07.25/20).[74]","title":"Arts and humanities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tourette syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourette_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bankroll-75"},{"link_name":"Newport Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"text":"Ahmanson lives with Tourette syndrome.[75] His primary residence is in Newport Beach, CA.[76]","title":"Personal life"}] | [{"image_text":"Biola University, one of many entities to benefit from the chartible contributions of Howard Ahmanson, Jr.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bell_Tower_Biola_University.JPG/180px-Bell_Tower_Biola_University.JPG"},{"image_text":"Claude Monet \"View of Vétheuil\", Owned by Ahmanson before he donated to LACMA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Claude_Monet_-_View_of_V%C3%A9theuil_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/185px-Claude_Monet_-_View_of_V%C3%A9theuil_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Howard F. Ahmanson, 61, Dies; One of Nation's Wealthiest Men: Led Home Savings & Loan in Los Angeles – Fortune Estimated at $300-Million\". The New York Times. June 18, 1968. p. 47.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1968/06/18/archives/howard-f-ahmanson-61-dies-one-of-nations-wealthiest-men-led-home.html","url_text":"\"Howard F. Ahmanson, 61, Dies; One of Nation's Wealthiest Men: Led Home Savings & Loan in Los Angeles – Fortune Estimated at $300-Million\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Greg (January 23, 1991). \"Home Savings to Buy Coast's S.D. Branches\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1991-01-23/business/fi-483_1_home-savings","url_text":"\"Home Savings to Buy Coast's S.D. Branches\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Home Savings in Acquisition Washington, Aug. 12\". The New York Times. August 13, 1984.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/13/business/home-savings-in-acquisition-washington-aug-12.html","url_text":"\"Home Savings in Acquisition Washington, Aug. 12\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"H. F. Ahmanson agreed to buy an S&L in Arizona\". Los Angeles Times. April 29, 1987.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1987-04-29/business/fi-1532_1_h-f-ahmanson","url_text":"\"H. F. Ahmanson agreed to buy an S&L in Arizona\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Banking\". Fort Lauderdale Sun Sentinel. February 12, 1997.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1997-02-12/business/9702110360_1_frontier-airlines-holdings-greenwich-air-services","url_text":"\"Banking\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale_Sun_Sentinel","url_text":"Fort Lauderdale Sun Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"Friedlander, Whitney (March 15, 2013). \"WHO WAS HOWARD AHMANSON SR. AND HOW DID HE CHANGE L.A.? A NEW BOOK TRIES TO ANSWER\". LA Weekly. Retrieved March 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.laweekly.com/who-was-howard-ahmanson-sr-and-how-did-he-change-l-a-a-new-book-tries-to-answer/","url_text":"\"WHO WAS HOWARD AHMANSON SR. AND HOW DID HE CHANGE L.A.? A NEW BOOK TRIES TO ANSWER\""}]},{"reference":"Abrahamson, Eric John (February 28, 2013). Building home: Howard F. Ahmanson and the politics of the American dream. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520273757.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520273757","url_text":"9780520273757"}]},{"reference":"Blumenthal, Max (January 6, 2004). \"Avenging angel of the religious right\". Salon. Retrieved December 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.salon.com/2004/01/06/ahmanson/","url_text":"\"Avenging angel of the religious right\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(website)","url_text":"Salon"}]},{"reference":"\"Howard Ahmanson and Roberta Ahmanson Bio\". Fieldstead & Company. Retrieved August 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fieldstead.com/ahmansons/","url_text":"\"Howard Ahmanson and Roberta Ahmanson Bio\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Howard\". Howard Ahmanson Jr. Howard Ahmanson. Retrieved February 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://howardahmansonjr.com/about-howard-ahmanson/","url_text":"\"About Howard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bridge Projects\". bridgeprojects.com. Retrieved January 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bridgeprojects.com/about","url_text":"\"Bridge Projects\""}]},{"reference":"\"Giving\". Fieldstead and Company. Retrieved February 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fieldstead.com/giving/","url_text":"\"Giving\""}]},{"reference":"Larsen, Peter (August 9, 2004). \"Rich in Faith Part Two\". OC Register.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ahmanson, Howard (January 8, 2020). \"Insights from Francis Fukuyama on the Problem of Crony Capitalism\". Howard Ahmanson, Jr. Retrieved October 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://howardahmansonjr.com/2020/01/insights-from-francis-fukuyama-on-the-problem-of-crony-capitalism/","url_text":"\"Insights from Francis Fukuyama on the Problem of Crony Capitalism\""}]},{"reference":"\"WITH FRIENDS LIKE THESE\" (PDF). California Policy Center. CPC. Retrieved October 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://calocalelectedofficials.org/wp-content/uploads/Corporate-Welfare-pgs-1-36.pdf","url_text":"\"WITH FRIENDS LIKE THESE\""}]},{"reference":"\"The City of Bell Scandal Revisited\". Chapman University Wilkinson College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences. Chapman University. Retrieved October 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chapman.edu/wilkinson/about/events/bell-conference.aspx","url_text":"\"The City of Bell Scandal Revisited\""}]},{"reference":"\"REIMAGINING LOCAL GOVERNMENT: STRENGTHENING DEMOCRACY IN OUR COMMUNITIES\". Chapman University Digital Commons. Retrieved October 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/localgovernmentreconsidered/strengtheningdemocracy/","url_text":"\"REIMAGINING LOCAL GOVERNMENT: STRENGTHENING DEMOCRACY IN OUR COMMUNITIES\""}]},{"reference":"\"4th Annual Local Government Conference: Will California Ever Figure Out How to House Itself?\". Chapman University Wilkinson College. Chapman University. Retrieved October 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chapman.edu/wilkinson/about/events/4th-annual-local-government-conference.aspx","url_text":"\"4th Annual Local Government Conference: Will California Ever Figure Out How to House Itself?\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Future of Transportation: 5th Annual Public Policy Conference\". Chapman University Wilkinson College. Chapman University. Retrieved October 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chapman.edu/wilkinson/about/events/local-government-conference.aspx","url_text":"\"The Future of Transportation: 5th Annual Public Policy Conference\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mission\". Claremont Institution. Retrieved June 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.claremont.org/page/claremonts-mission/","url_text":"\"Mission\""}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Directors\". Discovery Institute. 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Retrieved December 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://orangecountyclassicalacademy.org/","url_text":"\"Homepage\""}]},{"reference":"Ahmanson, Jr., Howard (October 11, 2016). \"A Manifesto: Important Events That Shaped My Political Views – Howard Ahmanson\". Howard F. Ahmanson, Jr. Howard Ahmanson. Retrieved October 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://howardahmansonjr.com/2016/10/a-manifesto-important-events-that-shaped-my-political-views-howard-ahmanson/","url_text":"\"A Manifesto: Important Events That Shaped My Political Views – Howard Ahmanson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Night at the Symphony\". OC Rescue Mission. August 13, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rescuemission.org/night-at-the-symphony/","url_text":"\"Night at the Symphony\""}]},{"reference":"Scheller, Christine A. (January 19, 2011). \"Connoisseur for Christ: Roberta Green Ahmanson\". Christianity Today. 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Retrieved June 24, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/21/national/21evolve.html","url_text":"\"Politicized Scholars Put Evolution on the Defensive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Howard & Roberta Ahmanson\". Fieldstead & Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fieldstead.com/ahmansons","url_text":"\"Howard & Roberta Ahmanson\""}]},{"reference":"Buddenbaum, Judith M. (2010). \"Blind Spot: When Journalists Don't get Religion\". Journal of Media and Religion. 9: 47–51. doi:10.1080/15348420903536844. S2CID 143471762.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15348420903536844","url_text":"10.1080/15348420903536844"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143471762","url_text":"143471762"}]},{"reference":"\"Staff & Board\". The Media Project. Retrieved September 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.themediaproject.org/board","url_text":"\"Staff & Board\""}]},{"reference":"Levenick, Christopher (Spring 2012). \"Ex Libris Philanthropy\". Philanthropy. Retrieved June 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/topic/higher_education/ex_libris_philanthropy","url_text":"\"Ex Libris Philanthropy\""}]},{"reference":"Norby, Chris; Curtis, Sherry; Gilson, Ruth; Heinl, Jean; Kaplan, Douglas; Shaffer, Dr. Ralph; Sutton, Christopher. \"Sutton\". Redevelopment: The Unknown Government. Municipal Officials for Redevelopment Reform. Retrieved February 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://sanlorenzoexpress.com/norby1.htm","url_text":"\"Sutton\""}]},{"reference":"Sandefur, Timothy (March 7, 2012). \"Celebrating a victory for property owners in California\". Pacific Legal Foundation. Retrieved February 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://pacificlegal.org/celebrating-a-victory-for-property-owners-in-california","url_text":"\"Celebrating a victory for property owners in California\""}]},{"reference":"Greenhut, Steven (March 23, 2009). \"Howard Ahmanson Becomes Democrate\". Orange County Register. OC Register. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ocregister.com/2009/03/23/howard-ahmanson-becomes-a-democrat-seriously/","url_text":"\"Howard Ahmanson Becomes Democrate\""}]},{"reference":"Ahmanson, Jr., Howard (July 4, 2018). \"I Became a \"Decline to State\"\". Howard Ahmanson Jr. Retrieved August 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://howardahmansonjr.com/2018/07/i-became-a-decline-to-state/","url_text":"\"I Became a \"Decline to State\"\""}]},{"reference":"Padilla, Alex. \"No Party Preference Information\". California Secretary of State. State of California. 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Retrieved March 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2023/03/rod-dreher-blog-weird-american-conservative","url_text":"\"Howard Ahmanson Becomes Democrate\""}]},{"reference":"\"25 Most Influential Evangelicals in America\". Time. Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on February 9, 2005. Retrieved March 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050209024332/https://time.com/time/covers/1101050207/","url_text":"\"25 Most Influential Evangelicals in America\""},{"url":"https://time.com/time/covers/1101050207/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Flank, Lenny (2007). Deception by Design: The Intelligent Design Movement in America. St. Petersburg, FL: Red and Black Publishers. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-9791813-0-6. 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Bridge Projects.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bridgeprojects.com/exhibitions/a-composite-leviathan","url_text":"\"A Composite Leviathan\""}]},{"reference":"\"To Bough and To Bend\". Bridge Projects. Retrieved January 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bridgeprojects.com/exhibitions/to-bough-and-to-bend","url_text":"\"To Bough and To Bend\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mega-mansion debuts in Newport Beach\". Orange County Register. January 13, 2010. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plamen_Nikolov_(footballer,_born_1985) | Plamen Nikolov (footballer, born 1985) | ["1 Career","1.1 Spartak Pleven","1.2 Litex Lovech","1.3 FC Tom Tomsk","1.4 Return to Litex Lovech","1.5 Botev Plovdiv","1.6 Lokomotiv Plovdiv","2 Career statistics","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"] | Bulgarian footballer
Plamen Nikolov
Personal informationFull name
Plamen Venelinov NikolovDate of birth
(1985-06-12) 12 June 1985 (age 38)Place of birth
Pleven, BulgariaHeight
1.91 m (6 ft 3 in)Position(s)
Centre-backYouth career
Spartak Pleven
Levski SofiaSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2004–2006
Spartak Pleven
51
(1)2006–2012
Litex Lovech
107
(4)2012
→ Tom Tomsk (loan)
10
(0)2012–2013
Tom Tomsk
30
(1)2014
Litex Lovech
5
(0)2014–2015
Botev Plovdiv
42
(0)2016–2017
Cherno More
41
(2)2017
Lokomotiv Plovdiv
15
(0)2018–2022
Litex Lovech
108
(7)Total
409
(15)International career2009–2011
Bulgaria
5
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Plamen Venelinov Nikolov (Bulgarian: Пламен Венелинов Николов; born 12 June 1985) is a Bulgarian former professional footballer who played as a defender.
Career
Spartak Pleven
Nikolov was born in Pleven. After emerging through Levski Sofia's youth system, he made his professional debut in the second level with Spartak Pleven, the club from his home town. He made his team début on 7 August 2004, in an 0–0 draw against Rilski Sportist Samokov. On 6 October 2004 Nikolov scored his first goal in a 6–0 drubbing of amateur side Botev Lukovit of Bulgarian Cup.
Plamen quickly became part of the main team and for two seasons earned 53 appearances, scoring two goals.
Litex Lovech
In June 2006, Nikolov agreed a deal to sign for Litex Lovech for an undisclosed fee. He has made his debut for Litex in Rilski Sportist match on 13 August 2006 as an 85th-minute substitute. During his first season in Litex, Nikolov found regular starting positions in defence hard to find. He played only 5 matches in the domestic league.
In 2007–08 A PFG season coach of Litex Miodrag Ješić decided to put Nikolov into the starting line-up as center back. In this season, he earned 22 appearances playing in the A PFG, scored one goal. In the Bulgarian Cup, he played three matches, and in the UEFA Cup, he played 6 matches. Nikolov also won his first trophy in his career - the Bulgarian Cup. In the final against Cherno More he played 90 minutes.
In the 2008-09 season Nikolov won Bulgarian Cup for the second time.
On 25 October 2010, he was sent off in the 2:1 home win against Levski Sofia after an altercation with Darko Tasevski.
FC Tom Tomsk
In February 2012 Nikolov signed for FC Tom Tomsk on loan until the end of the season, before joining the club permanently in the summer of the same year.
Return to Litex Lovech
In January 2014 Nikolov re-signed for Litex Lovech.
Botev Plovdiv
On 30 July 2014 Plamen Nikolov signed a contract with Botev Plovdiv until the end of the season. Four days later he made a debut for the club during the 2:1 win over Cherno More Varna.
Nikolov quickly became a key player for Botev Plovdiv and took part in a lot of important games, including the 0-2 away win over the local rivals Lokomotiv Plovdiv. On 16 May, Nikolov was sent off with a direct red card after a conflict with Toni Silva from CSKA Sofia, who was also sent off. Despite his absence in the final 35 minutes Botev won the game with 3-2.
On 17 June, Nikolov extended his contract with Botev until the end of 2015–16 season.
Nikolov terminated his contract on mutual agreement and left Botev Plovdiv in January 2016.
Lokomotiv Plovdiv
On 10 July 2017, Nikolov signed with Lokomotiv Plovdiv.
Career statistics
As of 21 May 2017
Club
Season
League
Cups
Europe
Total
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Spartak Pleven
2004–05
27
1
1
1
0
0
28
2
2005–06
24
0
2
0
0
0
26
0
Total
51
1
3
1
0
0
54
2
Litex Lovech
2006–07
5
0
0
0
1
0
6
0
2007–08
22
1
4
0
6
0
32
1
2008–09
20
2
5
0
3
0
28
2
2009–10
27
1
3
0
2
0
32
1
2010–11
21
0
5
0
5
0
31
0
2011–12
12
0
2
0
4
0
18
0
Total
107
4
19
0
21
0
147
4
Tom Tomsk
2011–12
10
0
0
0
-
-
10
0
2012–13
27
1
1
0
-
-
27
1
2013–14
3
0
0
0
-
-
3
0
Total
40
1
1
0
0
0
41
1
Litex Lovech
2013–14
5
0
2
0
0
0
7
0
Total
5
0
2
0
0
0
7
0
Botev Plovdiv
2014–15
23
0
3
0
-
-
26
0
2015–16
19
0
2
0
-
-
21
0
Total
42
0
5
0
0
0
47
0
Cherno More
2015–16
14
0
-
-
-
-
14
0
2016–17
27
2
3
0
-
-
30
2
Total
41
2
3
0
0
0
44
2
Lokomotiv Plovdiv
2017–18
0
0
0
0
-
-
0
0
Total
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Career Total
286
8
33
1
21
0
340
9
Honours
Litex Lovech
Bulgarian A Group (2): 2009–10, 2010–11
Bulgarian Supercup: 2010
Bulgarian Cup (2): 2007–08, 2008–09
References
^ "Състав на "Черно море" за сезон 2016/2017" (in Bulgarian). Cherno More official website. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
^ "Официално: И Пламен Николов подписа с оранжевите" (in Bulgarian). pfclitex. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
^ "Ботев привлече Пламен Николов".
^ "ПФК Ботев Пловдив - Официален сайт".
^ Ботев сгази Локо в калта на Лаута
^ "Ботев с първа победа в плейофите след атрактивно 3:2 над ЦСКА". Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-05-16.
^ Пламен Николов поднови договора си с Ботев
^ Ботев се раздели с още един младок
^ "Локомотив подписа договори с Пламен Николов и Янко Ангелов" (in Bulgarian). lokomotivpd.com. 10 July 2017.
External links
Profile at pfclitex.com (in English)
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He has made his debut for Litex in Rilski Sportist match on 13 August 2006 as an 85th-minute substitute. During his first season in Litex, Nikolov found regular starting positions in defence hard to find. He played only 5 matches in the domestic league.In 2007–08 A PFG season coach of Litex Miodrag Ješić decided to put Nikolov into the starting line-up as center back. In this season, he earned 22 appearances playing in the A PFG, scored one goal. In the Bulgarian Cup, he played three matches, and in the UEFA Cup, he played 6 matches. Nikolov also won his first trophy in his career - the Bulgarian Cup. In the final against Cherno More he played 90 minutes.In the 2008-09 season Nikolov won Bulgarian Cup for the second time.\nOn 25 October 2010, he was sent off in the 2:1 home win against Levski Sofia after an altercation with Darko Tasevski.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FC Tom Tomsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Tom_Tomsk"}],"sub_title":"FC Tom Tomsk","text":"In February 2012 Nikolov signed for FC Tom Tomsk on loan until the end of the season, before joining the club permanently in the summer of the same year.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Litex Lovech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_Litex_Lovech"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Return to Litex Lovech","text":"In January 2014 Nikolov re-signed for Litex Lovech.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Botev Plovdiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botev_Plovdiv"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cherno More Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_Cherno_More_Varna"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Botev Plovdiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botev_Plovdiv"},{"link_name":"Lokomotiv Plovdiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokomotiv_Plovdiv"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Toni Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Silva"},{"link_name":"CSKA Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Sofia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_A_Group"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Botev Plovdiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botev_Plovdiv"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Botev Plovdiv","text":"On 30 July 2014 Plamen Nikolov signed a contract with Botev Plovdiv until the end of the season.[3] Four days later he made a debut for the club during the 2:1 win over Cherno More Varna.[4]Nikolov quickly became a key player for Botev Plovdiv and took part in a lot of important games, including the 0-2 away win over the local rivals Lokomotiv Plovdiv.[5] On 16 May, Nikolov was sent off with a direct red card after a conflict with Toni Silva from CSKA Sofia, who was also sent off. Despite his absence in the final 35 minutes Botev won the game with 3-2.[6]On 17 June, Nikolov extended his contract with Botev until the end of 2015–16 season.[7]Nikolov terminated his contract on mutual agreement and left Botev Plovdiv in January 2016.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lokomotiv Plovdiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_Lokomotiv_Plovdiv"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Lokomotiv Plovdiv","text":"On 10 July 2017, Nikolov signed with Lokomotiv Plovdiv.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of 21 May 2017","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian A Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Professional_Football_League"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_A_Group"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_A_Group"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Supercup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Supercup"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Bulgarian_Supercup"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Cup"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Bulgarian_Cup"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Bulgarian_Cup"}],"text":"Litex LovechBulgarian A Group (2): 2009–10, 2010–11\nBulgarian Supercup: 2010\nBulgarian Cup (2): 2007–08, 2008–09","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Състав на \"Черно море\" за сезон 2016/2017\" (in Bulgarian). Cherno More official website. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170422222124/http://chernomorepfc.bg/bg/%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2-20122013/","url_text":"\"Състав на \"Черно море\" за сезон 2016/2017\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_Cherno_More_Varna","url_text":"Cherno More"},{"url":"http://chernomorepfc.bg/bg/%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2-20122013/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Официално: И Пламен Николов подписа с оранжевите\" (in Bulgarian). pfclitex. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140327062848/http://pfclitex.com/site/bg/news.php?id=2438","url_text":"\"Официално: И Пламен Николов подписа с оранжевите\""},{"url":"http://pfclitex.com/site/bg/news.php?id=2438","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ботев привлече Пламен Николов\".","urls":[{"url":"http://botevplovdiv.bg/Botev-privleche-Plamen-Nikolov-2621.html","url_text":"\"Ботев привлече Пламен Николов\""}]},{"reference":"\"ПФК Ботев Пловдив - Официален сайт\".","urls":[{"url":"http://botevplovdiv.bg/Botev-prechupi-Cherno-more-s-2%3A1-(video)-2628.html","url_text":"\"ПФК Ботев Пловдив - Официален сайт\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ботев с първа победа в плейофите след атрактивно 3:2 над ЦСКА\". Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150518102301/https://botevplovdiv.bg/Botev-s-purva-pobeda-v-pleiofite-sled-atraktivno-3%3A2-nad-CSKA-3038.html","url_text":"\"Ботев с първа победа в плейофите след атрактивно 3:2 над ЦСКА\""},{"url":"https://botevplovdiv.bg/Botev-s-purva-pobeda-v-pleiofite-sled-atraktivno-3%3A2-nad-CSKA-3038.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Локомотив подписа договори с Пламен Николов и Янко Ангелов\" (in Bulgarian). lokomotivpd.com. 10 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://lokomotivpd.com/lokomotiv-podpisa-dogovori-s-plamen-nikolov-i-yanko-angelov/","url_text":"\"Локомотив подписа договори с Пламен Николов и Янко Ангелов\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170422222124/http://chernomorepfc.bg/bg/%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2-20122013/","external_links_name":"\"Състав на \"Черно море\" за сезон 2016/2017\""},{"Link":"http://chernomorepfc.bg/bg/%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2-20122013/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140327062848/http://pfclitex.com/site/bg/news.php?id=2438","external_links_name":"\"Официално: И Пламен Николов подписа с оранжевите\""},{"Link":"http://pfclitex.com/site/bg/news.php?id=2438","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://botevplovdiv.bg/Botev-privleche-Plamen-Nikolov-2621.html","external_links_name":"\"Ботев привлече Пламен Николов\""},{"Link":"http://botevplovdiv.bg/Botev-prechupi-Cherno-more-s-2%3A1-(video)-2628.html","external_links_name":"\"ПФК Ботев Пловдив - Официален сайт\""},{"Link":"https://botevplovdiv.bg/Botev-sgazi-Loko-v-kalta-na-Lauta-2935.html","external_links_name":"Ботев сгази Локо в калта на Лаута"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150518102301/https://botevplovdiv.bg/Botev-s-purva-pobeda-v-pleiofite-sled-atraktivno-3%3A2-nad-CSKA-3038.html","external_links_name":"\"Ботев с първа победа в плейофите след атрактивно 3:2 над ЦСКА\""},{"Link":"https://botevplovdiv.bg/Botev-s-purva-pobeda-v-pleiofite-sled-atraktivno-3%3A2-nad-CSKA-3038.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://botevplovdiv.bg/Plamen-Nikolov-podnovi-dogovora-si-s-Botev-3076.html","external_links_name":"Пламен Николов поднови договора си с Ботев"},{"Link":"https://botevplovdiv.bg/Botev-se-razdeli-s-oshte-edin-mladok-3325.html","external_links_name":"Ботев се раздели с още един младок"},{"Link":"https://lokomotivpd.com/lokomotiv-podpisa-dogovori-s-plamen-nikolov-i-yanko-angelov/","external_links_name":"\"Локомотив подписа договори с Пламен Николов и Янко Ангелов\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090505194518/http://www.pfclitex.com/site/players#24","external_links_name":"Profile at pfclitex.com"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/32792.html","external_links_name":"Plamen Nikolov"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearlake_Oaks,_California | Clearlake Oaks, California | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010","3.2 2000","4 Government","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 39°01′35″N 122°40′19″W / 39.02639°N 122.67194°W / 39.02639; -122.67194
Census-designated place in California, United StatesClearlake Oaks, CaliforniaCensus-designated placeLocation within Lake County and the state of CaliforniaCoordinates: 39°01′35″N 122°40′19″W / 39.02639°N 122.67194°W / 39.02639; -122.67194CountryUnited StatesStateCaliforniaCountyLakeArea • Total2.15 sq mi (5.57 km2) • Land1.98 sq mi (5.12 km2) • Water0.17 sq mi (0.44 km2) 6.55%Elevation1,335 ft (407 m)Population (2020) • Total2,551 • Density1,289.69/sq mi (497.94/km2)Time zoneUTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)ZIP code95423Area code707FIPS code06-13966GNIS feature ID1667849
Clearlake Oaks is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lake County, California, United States. It is located on the northeast of Clear Lake, 8 miles (13.8 km) northwest of the town of Clearlake, at an elevation of 1,335 feet (407 m). The population was 2,359 at the 2010 census, down from 2,402 at the 2000 census.
History
The community was formerly named Stubbs and Clear Lake Oaks.
The site of the original town, inland of State Route 20, was subdivided by the 1920s. Situated in a broad canyon mouth, the original town site is about 4 blocks long and 3 deep, triangular in shape, with a plaza site in its center. Today the plaza is paved and used for parking by the church located along the west side. Most of the homes in the village remain true to their "fishing cottage" roots.
The Stubbs post office opened in 1926, and changed its name to Clearlake Oaks in 1935. The name Stubbs honored Charles Stubbs, a local landowner.
The relocation of the post office, the aging population, and the coming of Wal-Mart have combined to kill the "downtown". In 1990, there were two markets, a chain hardware store, two gas stations, video store, salon, and several restaurants and bars. A privately operated marina had fish and ski boats for rent. But by the late nineties, Clearlake Oaks was down to one market, one convenience store, and a struggling antique store.
The park, beach, and pier were refurbished a few years back. As of 2007, the property next to the grocery store was being cleared and turned into a park, called Nylander Park after the owner of the local grocery store.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.1 square miles (5.4 km2), of which 2.0 square miles (5.2 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) (6.55%) is water.
At the 2000 census, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 3.0 square miles (7.8 km2), of which 3.0 square miles (7.8 km2) was land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) (1.64%) was water.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
20002,402—20102,359−1.8%20202,5518.1%U.S. Decennial Census
2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Clearlake Oaks had a population of 2,359. The population density was 1,115.2 inhabitants per square mile (430.6/km2). The racial makeup of Clearlake Oaks was 2,054 (87.1%) White, 54 (2.3%) African American, 45 (1.9%) Native American, 34 (1.4%) Asian, 1 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 60 (2.5%) from other races, and 111 (4.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 192 persons (8.1%).
The Census reported that 2,359 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.
There were 1,178 households, out of which 183 (15.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 429 (36.4%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 132 (11.2%) had a female householder with no husband present, 67 (5.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 91 (7.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 18 (1.5%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 442 households (37.5%) were made up of individuals, and 249 (21.1%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00. There were 628 families (53.3% of all households); the average family size was 2.57.
The population was spread out, with 323 people (13.7%) under the age of 18, 120 people (5.1%) aged 18 to 24, 350 people (14.8%) aged 25 to 44, 828 people (35.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 738 people (31.3%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males.
There were 1,823 housing units at an average density of 861.8 per square mile (332.7/km2), of which 823 (69.9%) were owner-occupied, and 355 (30.1%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 5.9%; the rental vacancy rate was 9.8%. 1,535 people (65.1% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 824 people (34.9%) lived in rental housing units.
2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,402 people, 1,194 households, and 655 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 800.7 inhabitants per square mile (309.2/km2). There were 1,950 housing units at an average density of 650.0 per square mile (251.0/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 90.01% White, 3.79% Black or African American, 1.71% Native American, 0.58% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.67% from other races, and 3.16% from two or more races. 6.00% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 1,194 households, out of which 15.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.0% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% were non-families. 38.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.01 and the average family size was 2.58.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 17.0% under the age of 18, 3.5% from 18 to 24, 17.6% from 25 to 44, 28.6% from 45 to 64, and 33.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 55 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.1 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $24,449, and the median income for a family was $30,044. Males had a median income of $30,227 versus $17,011 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,297. About 15.0% of families and 21.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.2% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over.
Government
In the California State Legislature, Clearlake Oaks is in the 2nd Senate District, represented by Democrat Mike McGuire, and in the 4th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Cecilia Aguiar-Curry.
Federally, Clearlake Oaks is in California's 3rd congressional district, represented by Republican Kevin Kiley.
References
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Clearlake Oaks, California
^ a b Durham, David L. (1998). California's Geographic Names: A Gazetteer of Historic and Modern Names of the State. Clovis, Calif.: Word Dancer Press. p. 39. ISBN 1-884995-14-4.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
^ "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - Clearlake Oaks CDP". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "Statewide Database". UC Regents. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
^ "California's 3rd Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
External links
vteMunicipalities and communities of Lake County, California, United StatesCounty seat: LakeportCities
Clearlake
Lakeport
Lake County mapCDPs
Clearlake Oaks
Clearlake Riviera
Cobb
Hidden Valley Lake
Kelseyville
Lower Lake
Lucerne
Middletown
Nice
North Lakeport
Soda Bay
Spring Valley
Upper Lake
Unincorporatedcommunities
Adams
Anderson Springs
Buckingham Park
Finley
Glenhaven
Hobergs
Loch Lomond
Pine Grove
Riviera West
Saratoga Springs
Seigler Springs
Whispering Pines
Indianreservations
Big Valley Rancheria
Elem Indian Colony
Middletown Rancheria
Robinson Rancheria
Upper Lake Rancheria
Formersettlements
Dahnohabe
Guenoc
Hopitsewah
Hullville
Kaci-badon
Khawina
Koi
Lolsel
Olposel
California portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Lake County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_County,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-2"},{"link_name":"Clear Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Lake_(California)"},{"link_name":"Clearlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearlake,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-2"}],"text":"Census-designated place in California, United StatesClearlake Oaks is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lake County, California, United States.[2] It is located on the northeast of Clear Lake, 8 miles (13.8 km) northwest of the town of Clearlake, at an elevation of 1,335 feet (407 m).[2] The population was 2,359 at the 2010 census, down from 2,402 at the 2000 census.","title":"Clearlake Oaks, California"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Route 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_20"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGN-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGN-3"},{"link_name":"Wal-Mart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wal-Mart"}],"text":"The community was formerly named Stubbs and Clear Lake Oaks.The site of the original town, inland of State Route 20, was subdivided by the 1920s. Situated in a broad canyon mouth, the original town site is about 4 blocks long and 3 deep, triangular in shape, with a plaza site in its center. Today the plaza is paved and used for parking by the church located along the west side. Most of the homes in the village remain true to their \"fishing cottage\" roots.The Stubbs post office opened in 1926, and changed its name to Clearlake Oaks in 1935.[3] The name Stubbs honored Charles Stubbs, a local landowner.[3]\nThe relocation of the post office, the aging population, and the coming of Wal-Mart have combined to kill the \"downtown\". In 1990, there were two markets, a chain hardware store, two gas stations, video store, salon, and several restaurants and bars. A privately operated marina had fish and ski boats for rent. But by the late nineties, Clearlake Oaks was down to one market, one convenience store, and a struggling antique store.The park, beach, and pier were refurbished a few years back. As of 2007, the property next to the grocery store was being cleared and turned into a park, called Nylander Park after the owner of the local grocery store.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"2000 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.1 square miles (5.4 km2), of which 2.0 square miles (5.2 km2) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) (6.55%) is water.At the 2000 census, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 3.0 square miles (7.8 km2), of which 3.0 square miles (7.8 km2) was land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) (1.64%) was water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 United States Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"opposite-sex married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"unmarried opposite-sex partnerships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSSLQ"},{"link_name":"same-sex married couples or partnerships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships"},{"link_name":"families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(U.S._Census)"}],"sub_title":"2010","text":"The 2010 United States Census[5] reported that Clearlake Oaks had a population of 2,359. The population density was 1,115.2 inhabitants per square mile (430.6/km2). The racial makeup of Clearlake Oaks was 2,054 (87.1%) White, 54 (2.3%) African American, 45 (1.9%) Native American, 34 (1.4%) Asian, 1 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 60 (2.5%) from other races, and 111 (4.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 192 persons (8.1%).The Census reported that 2,359 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.There were 1,178 households, out of which 183 (15.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 429 (36.4%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 132 (11.2%) had a female householder with no husband present, 67 (5.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 91 (7.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 18 (1.5%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 442 households (37.5%) were made up of individuals, and 249 (21.1%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00. There were 628 families (53.3% of all households); the average family size was 2.57.The population was spread out, with 323 people (13.7%) under the age of 18, 120 people (5.1%) aged 18 to 24, 350 people (14.8%) aged 25 to 44, 828 people (35.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 738 people (31.3%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males.There were 1,823 housing units at an average density of 861.8 per square mile (332.7/km2), of which 823 (69.9%) were owner-occupied, and 355 (30.1%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 5.9%; the rental vacancy rate was 9.8%. 1,535 people (65.1% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 824 people (34.9%) lived in rental housing units.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-6"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000","text":"As of the census[6] of 2000, there were 2,402 people, 1,194 households, and 655 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 800.7 inhabitants per square mile (309.2/km2). There were 1,950 housing units at an average density of 650.0 per square mile (251.0/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 90.01% White, 3.79% Black or African American, 1.71% Native American, 0.58% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.67% from other races, and 3.16% from two or more races. 6.00% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.There were 1,194 households, out of which 15.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.0% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% were non-families. 38.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.01 and the average family size was 2.58.In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 17.0% under the age of 18, 3.5% from 18 to 24, 17.6% from 25 to 44, 28.6% from 45 to 64, and 33.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 55 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.1 males.The median income for a household in the CDP was $24,449, and the median income for a family was $30,044. Males had a median income of $30,227 versus $17,011 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,297. About 15.0% of families and 21.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.2% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"the 2nd Senate District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_2nd_State_Senate_district"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Mike McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_McGuire_(politician)"},{"link_name":"the 4th Assembly District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_4th_State_Assembly_district"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Cecilia Aguiar-Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_Aguiar-Curry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"California's 3rd congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%27s_3rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Kiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Kiley_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In the California State Legislature, Clearlake Oaks is in the 2nd Senate District, represented by Democrat Mike McGuire, and in the 4th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Cecilia Aguiar-Curry.[7]Federally, Clearlake Oaks is in California's 3rd congressional district, represented by Republican Kevin Kiley.[8]","title":"Government"}] | [{"image_text":"Lake County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Map_of_California_highlighting_Lake_County.svg/87px-Map_of_California_highlighting_Lake_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_06.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"Durham, David L. (1998). California's Geographic Names: A Gazetteer of Historic and Modern Names of the State. Clovis, Calif.: Word Dancer Press. p. 39. ISBN 1-884995-14-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884995-14-4","url_text":"1-884995-14-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - Clearlake Oaks CDP\". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140715024130/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0613966","url_text":"\"2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - Clearlake Oaks CDP\""},{"url":"http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0613966","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Statewide Database\". UC Regents. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150201113744/http://statewidedatabase.org/gis/gis2011/index_2011.html","url_text":"\"Statewide Database\""},{"url":"http://statewidedatabase.org/gis/gis2011/index_2011.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"California's 3rd Congressional District - Representatives & District Map\". Civic Impulse, LLC. Retrieved March 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/CA/3","url_text":"\"California's 3rd Congressional District - Representatives & District Map\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Clearlake_Oaks,_California¶ms=39_01_35_N_122_40_19_W_type:city(2551)_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"39°01′35″N 122°40′19″W / 39.02639°N 122.67194°W / 39.02639; -122.67194"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Clearlake_Oaks,_California¶ms=39_01_35_N_122_40_19_W_type:city(2551)_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"39°01′35″N 122°40′19″W / 39.02639°N 122.67194°W / 39.02639; -122.67194"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_06.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1667849","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Clearlake Oaks, California"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140715024130/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0613966","external_links_name":"\"2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - Clearlake Oaks CDP\""},{"Link":"http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0613966","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150201113744/http://statewidedatabase.org/gis/gis2011/index_2011.html","external_links_name":"\"Statewide Database\""},{"Link":"http://statewidedatabase.org/gis/gis2011/index_2011.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/CA/3","external_links_name":"\"California's 3rd Congressional District - Representatives & District Map\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange-bellied_flowerpecker | Orange-bellied flowerpecker | ["1 Habitat","2 Description","3 References"] | Species of bird
Orange-bellied flowerpecker
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Family:
Dicaeidae
Genus:
Dicaeum
Species:
D. trigonostigma
Binomial name
Dicaeum trigonostigma(Scopoli, 1786)
The orange-bellied flowerpecker (Dicaeum trigonostigma) is a species of bird in the family Dicaeidae. It is found in Bangladesh, Brunei,Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.
Habitat
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical mangrove forest, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.
Description
Male is distinctive, and shows slaty-blue upperparts (crown/nape/wings/tail) except for a large triangular orange patch on the mantle. It has a fairly thin and short bill that is slightly curved downwards at the tip. Upper-breast and throat are a lighter greyish blue; from the lower breast to the vent is a gradient from fiery orange (on the lower breast) to yellow (on the vent).
Female is much duller, and is mostly drab olive brown overall, except for its pale orange rump and yellow belly.
Dicaeum trigonostigma melanostigma
Delacour (Birds of Malaysia, 1947) cited a name Dicaeum trigonostigma melanostigma, but because no description accompanied this name, and no type was identified, it was published as a nomen nudum.
He later (in litt.) asserted that the name was a lapsus (Salomonsen, American Mus. Novitates No. 1991 (1960)). However, melanostigma continued to be cited in various lists (Howard and Moore, Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World (1980, 1991)), as well as on websites which list birds common to Thailand and the surrounding region, thus possibly allowing for the inadvertent description of this name should any published reference to it accompany a picture of an orange-bellied flowerpecker. Dickinson (Complete Howard and Moore Checklist (2003)) also asserted that the name was a lapsus, but of Howard and Moore's, with no reference to Delacour.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dicaeum trigonostigma.
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Dicaeum trigonostigma". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717519A94537073. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717519A94537073.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
vteDicaeidae (flowerpeckers)Genus
Species
Dicaeum
Golden-rumped flowerpecker (D. annae)
Thick-billed flowerpecker (D. agile)
Striped flowerpecker (D. aeruginosum)
Brown-backed flowerpecker (D. everetti)
Whiskered flowerpecker (D. proprium)
Yellow-vented flowerpecker (D. chrysorrheum)
Yellow-bellied flowerpecker (D. melanoxanthum)
Legge's flowerpecker (D. vincens)
Yellow-sided flowerpecker (D. aureolimbatum)
Olive-capped flowerpecker (D. nigrilore)
Flame-crowned flowerpecker (D. kampalili)
Yellow-crowned flowerpecker (D. anthonyi)
Bicolored flowerpecker (D. bicolor)
Cebu flowerpecker (D. quadricolor)
Red-keeled flowerpecker (D. australe)
Black-belted flowerpecker (D. haematostictum)
Scarlet-collared flowerpecker (D. retrocinctum)
Orange-bellied flowerpecker (D. trigonostigma)
Pale-billed flowerpecker (D. erythrorhynchos)
Nilgiri flowerpecker (D. concolor)
Plain flowerpecker (D. minullum)
Andaman flowerpecker (D. virescens)
Buru flowerpecker (D. erythrothorax)
Halmahera flowerpecker (D. schistaceiceps)
Buzzing flowerpecker (D. hypoleucum)
Pygmy flowerpecker (D. pygmaeum)
Crimson-crowned flowerpecker (D. nehrkorni)
Ashy flowerpecker (D. vulneratum)
Olive-crowned flowerpecker (D. pectorale)
Red-capped flowerpecker (D. geelvinkianum)
Louisiade flowerpecker (D. nitidum)
Red-banded flowerpecker (D. eximium)
Midget flowerpecker (D. aeneum)
Mottled flowerpecker (D. tristrami)
Black-fronted flowerpecker (D. igniferum)
Blue-cheeked flowerpecker (D. maugei)
Fire-breasted flowerpecker (D. ignipectus)
Black-sided flowerpecker (D. monticolum)
Grey-sided flowerpecker (D. celebicum)
Blood-breasted flowerpecker (D. sanguinolentum)
Mistletoebird (D. hirundinaceum)
Scarlet-backed flowerpecker (D. cruentatum)
Scarlet-headed flowerpecker (D. trochileum)
Wakatobi flowerpecker (D. kuehni)
Prionochilus
Yellow-breasted flowerpecker (P. maculatus)
Olive-backed flowerpecker (P. olivaceus)
Crimson-breasted flowerpecker (P. percussus)
Palawan flowerpecker (P. plateni)
Scarlet-breasted flowerpecker (P. thoracicus)
Yellow-rumped flowerpecker (P. xanthopygius)
Commons Wikispecies
Taxon identifiersDicaeum trigonostigma
Wikidata: Q785583
Wikispecies: Dicaeum trigonostigma
ADW: Dicaeum_trigonostigma
Avibase: 3E81AAE06D914E45
BirdLife: 22717519
BOLD: 118949
BOW: orbflo1
CoL: 35HVM
eBird: orbflo1
EoL: 1051722
GBIF: 2484724
iNaturalist: 13413
IRMNG: 11369968
ITIS: 559749
IUCN: 22717519
NCBI: 135427
Observation.org: 77721
Open Tree of Life: 420991
Xeno-canto: Dicaeum-trigonostigma
This Dicaeidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Dicaeidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicaeidae"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"}],"text":"The orange-bellied flowerpecker (Dicaeum trigonostigma) is a species of bird in the family Dicaeidae. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_van_Rensselaer_(military_figure) | Hendrick van Rensselaer | ["1 Early life","2 Estate and career","3 Personal life","3.1 Descendants","4 See also","5 References"] | American landowner (1667–1740)
Hendrick van RensselaerBorn(1667-10-23)October 23, 1667Watervliet, New York, British AmericaDiedJuly 4, 1740(1740-07-04) (aged 72)Albany, New York, British AmericaNationalityDutch-AmericanOccupation(s)Public Officer, Land ownerKnown forDirector of the Eastern ManorSpouseCatharina Van BrughParent(s)Jeremias van RensselaerMaria van Cortlandt van RensselaerRelativesSee Van Rensselaer family
New Netherland series
Exploration
Fortifications:
Fort Amsterdam
Fort Nassau (North)
Fort Orange
Fort Nassau (South)
Fort Goede Hoop
De Wal
Fort Casimir
Fort Altena
Fort Wilhelmus
Fort Beversreede
Fort Nya Korsholm
De Rondout
Settlements:
Noten Eylandt
Nieuw Amsterdam
Rensselaerswijck
Nieuw Haarlem
Beverwijck
Wiltwijk
Bergen
Pavonia
Vriessendael
Achter Col
Vlissingen
Oude Dorpe
Colen Donck
Greenwich
Heemstede
Rustdorp
Gravesende
Breuckelen
Nieuw Amersfoort
Midwout
Nieuw Utrecht
Boswijk
Swaanendael
Nieuw Amstel
Nieuw Dorp
The Patroon System
Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions
Cornelius Jacobsen May (1620–25)
Willem Verhulst (1625–26)
Peter Minuit (1626–32)
Sebastiaen Jansen Krol (1632–33)
Wouter van Twiller (1633–38)
Willem Kieft (1638–47)
Peter Stuyvesant (1647–64)
People of New Netherland
New Netherlander
Twelve Men
Eight Men
Nine Men
Flushing Remonstrance
vte
Rensselaerswyck series
Dutch West India Company
The Patroon System
Map of Rensselaerswyck
Patroons of Rensselaerswyck:
Kiliaen van Rensselaer(1630–1640s)
Various(1640s–1652)
Jan Baptist van Rensselaer(1652–1658)
Jeremias van Rensselaer(1658–1674)
Kiliaen van Rensselaer(1674–1687)
Kiliaen van Rensselaer(1687–1719)
Jeremias van Rensselaer(1719–1745)
Stephen van Rensselaer I(1745–1747)
Stephen van Rensselaer II(1747–1769)
Abraham Ten Broeck(1769–1784, de facto)
Stephen van Rensselaer III(1784–1839)
Hendrick van Rensselaer (October 23, 1667 – July 4, 1740) was director of the Eastern patent of the Rensselaerswyck manor.
The estate was composed of land in Columbia County, New York, and land opposite Albany, New York, on the Hudson River, named Greenbush (later Rensselaer, New York).
Early life
Hendrick van Rensselaer was born in Watervliet, New York, the fourth child of Jeremias van Rensselaer (1632–1674) and Maria van Cortlandt van Rensselaer (1645-1689). His siblings included Kiliaen Van Rensselaer (1663–1719), second lord of Rensselaerswyck Manor, who married Maria Van Cortlandt, Johannes van Rensselaer, Anna van Rensselaer, (b. 1665), who married Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, their first cousin, and Maria van Rensselaer, who married Pieter Schuyler (1657–1724).
His paternal grandparents were Anna van Wely (1601-1670) and Kiliaen van Rensselaer, one of the founders and directors of the Dutch West India Company who was instrumental in the establishment of New Netherland.
His maternal grandparents were Olaff Stevensz van Cortlandt (c. 1615–1684) and Annetje Loockermans (1618-1684). His mother was the sister of Stephanus Van Cortlandt (1643-1700) and Jacobus Van Cortlandt (1658-1739), both of whom served as Mayor of New York City.
Estate and career
Fort Crailo
He received as his portion of his grandfather Kiliaen's estate, variously known as the "Eastern Manor" or "Greenbush." It covered about 62,000 acres of land in Columbia County, and encompassed lands south of Kinderhook, north of Livingston Manor and west to the Hudson River and was the "Lower Manor" to the "Upper Manor" of Rensselaerwyck. It was originally a part of Albany County, now Columbia County, New York. In addition, he received 1,500 acres out of the manor proper, opposite the city of Albany. Hendrick built a substantial brick house on the latter estate named Fort Crailo.
He was a merchant and ship owner who served the public as an alderman in the Albany assembly and on the Commission of Indian Affairs. In 1698 he bought from the Schaghticoke tribe a tract of six square miles on Hoosac River, for which he procured a patent. This purchase interfered greatly with the city of Albany. With van Rensselaer declining to sell his patent to the council, the controversy became a state affair. In 1699 the dispute was amicably settled, and he passed his patent over to the city.
Personal life
On March 19, 1689, Hendrick married Catharina Van Brugh, the daughter of merchant Johannes Pieterse Van Brugh (1624–1697) and his wife, Catharine Roeloffe Jans (1629–1684). Her brother was Pieter Van Brugh (1666–1740), the Mayor of Albany, New York from 1699 to 1700 and from 1721 to 1723. Hendrick and Catharina had the following children:
Maria Van Rensselaer (1689–1756), who married Samuel Ten Broeck (1680–1756), son of Dirck Wesselse Ten Broeck, in 1712.
Catherine Van Rensselaer (1691–1770), who married Johannes Ten Broeck (1683–1765), another son of Dirck Wesselse Ten Broeck, in 1714.
Anna Van Rensselaer (1696–1756), who married Peter Douw (grandparents of Peter Gansevoort and great-great-grandparents of Herman Melville), in 1717.
Elizabeth Van Rensselaer (1700–1779), who married John Richard (d. 1763).
Helena Van Rensselaer (1702–1792), who married Jacob Wendell (1702–1745).
Jeremias Van Rensselaer (1705–1730)
Johannes "John" Van Rensselaer (1707/08–1783), who married Engeltje "Angelica" Livingston (1698–1746/7). After her death, he married Gertrude Van Cortlandt.
Hendrick van Rensselaer (1712–1763), who married Elizabeth van Brugh (1712–1753) in 1735. After her death, he married Alida Livingston (1716–1798), widow of Jacob Rutsen (1716–1753), in 1762.
Kiliaen van Rensselaer (1717–1781), who married Ariantje "Harriet" Schuyler (1720–1763) in 1742. After her death, he married Maria Low in 1769.
Van Rensselaer died on July 4, 1740, in Albany, New York.
Descendants
Further information: Van Rensselaer family
In describing the Van Rensselaer family, historian author William L. Stone stated: "They consisted of eighteen males in 1776. During the war every adult, except two old men, and all minors, except four boys, bore arms in one or more battles during the Revolutionary struggle." George W. Schuyler later wrote in his Colonial New York, "... of the eighteen males, sixteen belonged to Hendrick Van Rensselaer's branch, and of these, five were of Kiliaen Van Rensselaer's family."
His son Johannes was a Colonel during the American Revolution, and was the primary heir to Crailo. Through this son, he was the grandfather of Catherine Van Rensselaer (1734–1803), who married Gen. Philip Schuyler (1733–1804) in 1755, Jeremiah van Rensselaer (1738–1810), Robert Van Rensselaer (1740–1802), Henry van Rensselaer (ca 1742–1813), James van Rensselaer (1747–1827), a captain and aide-de-camp of Maj. Gen. Montgomery who fought in the Canadian campaign of Fort Chambly in Quebec and was Captain in the 2nd New York Regiment under Colonel James Clinton and later aide-de-camp of General Philip Schuyler.
Through his grandson, Robert Van Rensselaer, he was the great-grandfather of Jacob R. Van Rensselaer (1767–1835), a lawyer and federalist politician.
His youngest son, Kiliaen van Rensselaer (1717–1781), was commissioned as a Colonel of the 4th Regiment, Albany County Militia, Rensselaerswyck battalion, on October 20, 1775, and was the representative for Rensselaerswyck on the Albany Committee of Correspondence when hostilities broke out in 1775. Kiliaen was wounded during the Battles of Saratoga and received the highest compliments about his courage from General George Washington. Through this son, he was the grandfather of Henry K. Van Rensselaer (1744–1816), a general in the Revolution, Philip Kiliaen van Rensselaer (1747–1798), a colonel in the Revolution, Nicholas van Rensselaer (1754–1848), a Colonel and aide-de-camp under General Philip Schuyler,(Nicolas van Rensselaer was also related to Edmond-Charles Genêt); Killian K. Van Rensselaer (1763–1845), US Representative from New York.
See also
Van Rensselaer family
References
^ Spooner 1907, p.17
^ Spooner, pp. 189
^ Jacobs, Jaap (2005). New Netherland: A Dutch Colony in Seventeenth-Century America. Leiden | Boston: BRILL. ISBN 9004129065. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
^ a b c d e f g h i Reynolds, Cuyler (1911). Hudson-Mohawk Genealogical and Family Memoirs: A Record of Achievements of the People of the Hudson and Mohawk Valleys in New York State, Included Within the Present Counties of Albany, Rensselaer, Washington, Saratoga, Montgomery, Fulton, Schenectady, Columbia and Greene. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
^ a b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cabell, Isa Carrington (1889). "Van Rensselaer, Killian" . In Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J. (eds.). Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
^ Bielinski, Stefan. "Catharina Van Brugh Van Rensselaer", New York State Museum
^ Bielinski, Stefan (2003). "Catharina Van Brugh Van Rensselaer". New York State Museum.
^ Spooner, pp. 191
^ Bielinski, Stefan. "Johannes Ten Broeck", New York State Museum
^ Runk, Emma Ten Broeck (1897). Ten Broeck Genealogy, Being The Records and Annals of Dirck Wesselse Ten Broeck of Albany and his Descendants. New York, De Vinne press. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
^ Bielinski, Stefan. "John Van Rensselaer", New York State Museum
^ Bielinski, Stefan. "Hendrick Van Rensselaer", New York State Museum
^ a b Bielinski, Stefan. "Kiliaen Van Rensselaer", New York State Museum
^ Schenectady History
^ Bergen, Tunis Garret (1915). Genealogies of the State of New York: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Founding of a Nation. Vol. 3. Lewis Historical Publishing Company. OCLC 39110613.
^ a b "Hudson-Mohawk Genealogical and Family Memoirs: Van Rensselaer". Schenectady Digital History Archive. Schenectady County Public Library. 2009. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
^ Calendar of the Military Papers of Peter Gansevoort, July 4, 1754 through December 31, 1780 New York State Archives AO131 pp. 10
^ New York In The Revolution as Colony and State by James A. Roberts, Comptroller. Compiled by Frederic G. Mather Second Edition 1898
^ schenectadyhistory.org - Hudson-Mohawk Genealogical and Family Memoirs: Van Rensselaer
^ Clarke Publishing Company, S.J; Clarke, S. J. (1912). "Cincinnati, the Queen City, 1788–1912". S. J. Clarke Publishing Company: 567. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "Van Rensselaer/Klinck – New York". Ancestry.co.uk. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
^ Denslow, William R; Truman, Harry S (2004-09-30). 10,000 Famous Freemasons V3, K to P. ISBN 9781417975792. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rensselaerswyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rensselaerswyck"},{"link_name":"Columbia County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"Rensselaer, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rensselaer,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spooner189-2"}],"text":"Hendrick van Rensselaer (October 23, 1667 – July 4, 1740) was director of the Eastern patent of the Rensselaerswyck manor. \nThe estate was composed of land in Columbia County, New York, and land opposite Albany, New York, on the Hudson River, named Greenbush (later Rensselaer, New York).[2]","title":"Hendrick van Rensselaer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Watervliet, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watervliet_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Jeremias van Rensselaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremias_van_Rensselaer"},{"link_name":"Maria van Cortlandt van Rensselaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_van_Cortlandt_van_Rensselaer"},{"link_name":"Kiliaen Van Rensselaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiliaen_Van_Rensselaer_(fifth_patroon)"},{"link_name":"Rensselaerswyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rensselaerswyck"},{"link_name":"Kiliaen Van Rensselaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiliaen_van_Rensselaer_(fourth_patroon)"},{"link_name":"Pieter Schuyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Schuyler"},{"link_name":"Kiliaen van Rensselaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiliaen_van_Rensselaer_(merchant)"},{"link_name":"Dutch West India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company"},{"link_name":"New Netherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Netherland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacobs2005-3"},{"link_name":"Stephanus Van Cortlandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus_Van_Cortlandt"},{"link_name":"Jacobus Van Cortlandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Van_Cortlandt"},{"link_name":"Mayor of New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reynolds1911-4"}],"text":"Hendrick van Rensselaer was born in Watervliet, New York, the fourth child of Jeremias van Rensselaer (1632–1674) and Maria van Cortlandt van Rensselaer (1645-1689). His siblings included Kiliaen Van Rensselaer (1663–1719), second lord of Rensselaerswyck Manor, who married Maria Van Cortlandt, Johannes van Rensselaer, Anna van Rensselaer, (b. 1665), who married Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, their first cousin, and Maria van Rensselaer, who married Pieter Schuyler (1657–1724).His paternal grandparents were Anna van Wely (1601-1670) and Kiliaen van Rensselaer, one of the founders and directors of the Dutch West India Company who was instrumental in the establishment of New Netherland.His maternal grandparents were Olaff Stevensz van Cortlandt (c. 1615–1684) and Annetje Loockermans (1618-1684).[3] His mother was the sister of Stephanus Van Cortlandt (1643-1700) and Jacobus Van Cortlandt (1658-1739), both of whom served as Mayor of New York City.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fort_Crailo_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kiliaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiliaen_van_Rensselaer_(merchant)"},{"link_name":"Kinderhook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinderhook,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Livingston Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_Manor"},{"link_name":"Fort Crailo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Crailo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acab-5"},{"link_name":"Schaghticoke tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaghticoke_tribe"},{"link_name":"Hoosac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoosac_River"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acab-5"}],"text":"Fort CrailoHe received as his portion of his grandfather Kiliaen's estate, variously known as the \"Eastern Manor\" or \"Greenbush.\" It covered about 62,000 acres of land in Columbia County, and encompassed lands south of Kinderhook, north of Livingston Manor and west to the Hudson River and was the \"Lower Manor\" to the \"Upper Manor\" of Rensselaerwyck. It was originally a part of Albany County, now Columbia County, New York. In addition, he received 1,500 acres out of the manor proper, opposite the city of Albany. Hendrick built a substantial brick house on the latter estate named Fort Crailo.[5]He was a merchant and ship owner who served the public as an alderman in the Albany assembly and on the Commission of Indian Affairs. In 1698 he bought from the Schaghticoke tribe a tract of six square miles on Hoosac River, for which he procured a patent. This purchase interfered greatly with the city of Albany. With van Rensselaer declining to sell his patent to the council, the controversy became a state affair. In 1699 the dispute was amicably settled, and he passed his patent over to the city.[5]","title":"Estate and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johannes Pieterse Van Brugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Pieterse_Van_Brugh"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pieter Van Brugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Van_Brugh"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYSM1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spooner191-8"},{"link_name":"Dirck Wesselse Ten Broeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirck_Wesselse_Ten_Broeck"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reynolds1911-4"},{"link_name":"Dirck Wesselse Ten Broeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirck_Wesselse_Ten_Broeck"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Runk1897-10"},{"link_name":"Peter Gansevoort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gansevoort"},{"link_name":"Herman Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Melville"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reynolds1911-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reynolds1911-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reynolds1911-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reynolds1911-4"},{"link_name":"Johannes \"John\" Van Rensselaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Van_Rensselaer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reynolds1911-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Kiliaen van Rensselaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiliaen_van_Rensselaer_(colonel)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nysm.nysed.gov-13"},{"link_name":"Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reynolds1911-4"}],"text":"On March 19, 1689, Hendrick married Catharina Van Brugh, the daughter of merchant Johannes Pieterse Van Brugh (1624–1697) and his wife, Catharine Roeloffe Jans (1629–1684).[6] Her brother was Pieter Van Brugh (1666–1740), the Mayor of Albany, New York from 1699 to 1700 and from 1721 to 1723.[7] Hendrick and Catharina had the following children:[8]Maria Van Rensselaer (1689–1756), who married Samuel Ten Broeck (1680–1756), son of Dirck Wesselse Ten Broeck, in 1712.[4]\nCatherine Van Rensselaer (1691–1770), who married Johannes Ten Broeck (1683–1765), another son of Dirck Wesselse Ten Broeck, in 1714.[9][10]\nAnna Van Rensselaer (1696–1756), who married Peter Douw (grandparents of Peter Gansevoort and great-great-grandparents of Herman Melville), in 1717.[4]\nElizabeth Van Rensselaer (1700–1779), who married John Richard (d. 1763).[4]\nHelena Van Rensselaer (1702–1792), who married Jacob Wendell (1702–1745).[4]\nJeremias Van Rensselaer (1705–1730)[4]\nJohannes \"John\" Van Rensselaer (1707/08–1783),[11] who married Engeltje \"Angelica\" Livingston (1698–1746/7). After her death, he married Gertrude Van Cortlandt.[4]\nHendrick van Rensselaer (1712–1763), who married Elizabeth van Brugh (1712–1753) in 1735. After her death, he married Alida Livingston (1716–1798), widow of Jacob Rutsen (1716–1753), in 1762.[12]\nKiliaen van Rensselaer (1717–1781), who married Ariantje \"Harriet\" Schuyler (1720–1763) in 1742. After her death, he married Maria Low in 1769.[13]Van Rensselaer died on July 4, 1740, in Albany, New York.[4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Van Rensselaer family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Rensselaer_family"},{"link_name":"Van Rensselaer family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Rensselaer_family"},{"link_name":"George W. Schuyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Schuyler"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Crailo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Crailo"},{"link_name":"Catherine Van Rensselaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Van_Rensselaer"},{"link_name":"Philip Schuyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Schuyler"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah van Rensselaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_van_Rensselaer"},{"link_name":"Robert Van Rensselaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Van_Rensselaer"},{"link_name":"Henry van Rensselaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(Hendrick)_I._Van_Rensselaer_House"},{"link_name":"aide-de-camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide-de-camp"},{"link_name":"Maj. Gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Montgomery"},{"link_name":"Fort Chambly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Chambly"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"2nd New York Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_New_York_Regiment"},{"link_name":"James Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Philip Schuyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Schuyler"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schenectadyhistory-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Robert Van Rensselaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Van_Rensselaer"},{"link_name":"Jacob R. Van Rensselaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_R._Van_Rensselaer"},{"link_name":"4th Regiment, Albany County Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Rensselaer%27s_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Rensselaerswyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rensselaerswyck"},{"link_name":"Committee of Correspondence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Correspondence"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nysm.nysed.gov-13"},{"link_name":"Battles of Saratoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Henry K. Van Rensselaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_K._Van_Rensselaer"},{"link_name":"Philip Kiliaen van Rensselaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Kiliaen_van_Rensselaer"},{"link_name":"Philip Schuyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Schuyler"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schenectadyhistory-16"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Edmond-Charles Genêt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond-Charles_Gen%C3%AAt"},{"link_name":"Killian K. Van Rensselaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killian_K._Van_Rensselaer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reynolds1911-4"}],"sub_title":"Descendants","text":"Further information: Van Rensselaer familyIn describing the Van Rensselaer family, historian author William L. Stone stated: \"They consisted of eighteen males in 1776. During the war every adult, except two old men, and all minors, except four boys, bore arms in one or more battles during the Revolutionary struggle.\" George W. Schuyler later wrote in his Colonial New York, \"... of the eighteen males, sixteen belonged to Hendrick Van Rensselaer's branch, and of these, five were of Kiliaen Van Rensselaer's family.\"[14]His son Johannes was a Colonel during the American Revolution, and was the primary heir to Crailo. Through this son, he was the grandfather of Catherine Van Rensselaer (1734–1803), who married Gen. Philip Schuyler (1733–1804) in 1755, Jeremiah van Rensselaer (1738–1810), Robert Van Rensselaer (1740–1802), Henry van Rensselaer (ca 1742–1813), James van Rensselaer (1747–1827), a captain and aide-de-camp of Maj. Gen. Montgomery who fought in the Canadian campaign of Fort Chambly in Quebec and was Captain in the 2nd New York Regiment under Colonel James Clinton and later aide-de-camp of General Philip Schuyler.[15][16][17]Through his grandson, Robert Van Rensselaer, he was the great-grandfather of Jacob R. Van Rensselaer (1767–1835), a lawyer and federalist politician.His youngest son, Kiliaen van Rensselaer (1717–1781), was commissioned as a Colonel of the 4th Regiment, Albany County Militia, Rensselaerswyck battalion, on October 20, 1775, and was the representative for Rensselaerswyck on the Albany Committee of Correspondence when hostilities broke out in 1775.[18][13] Kiliaen was wounded during the Battles of Saratoga and received the highest compliments about his courage from General George Washington.[19] Through this son, he was the grandfather of Henry K. Van Rensselaer (1744–1816), a general in the Revolution, Philip Kiliaen van Rensselaer (1747–1798), a colonel in the Revolution, Nicholas van Rensselaer (1754–1848), a Colonel and aide-de-camp under General Philip Schuyler,[20][21][16][22](Nicolas van Rensselaer was also related to Edmond-Charles Genêt); Killian K. Van Rensselaer (1763–1845), US Representative from New York.[4]","title":"Personal life"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/New_Netherlands_Seal_Vector.svg/75px-New_Netherlands_Seal_Vector.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Mark_of_Rensselaerswyck.svg/50px-Mark_of_Rensselaerswyck.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Fort Crailo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fort_Crailo_2010.jpg/220px-Fort_Crailo_2010.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Van Rensselaer family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Rensselaer_family"}] | [{"reference":"Jacobs, Jaap (2005). New Netherland: A Dutch Colony in Seventeenth-Century America. Leiden | Boston: BRILL. ISBN 9004129065. Retrieved 29 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Uex2budtSOUC","url_text":"New Netherland: A Dutch Colony in Seventeenth-Century America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004129065","url_text":"9004129065"}]},{"reference":"Reynolds, Cuyler (1911). Hudson-Mohawk Genealogical and Family Memoirs: A Record of Achievements of the People of the Hudson and Mohawk Valleys in New York State, Included Within the Present Counties of Albany, Rensselaer, Washington, Saratoga, Montgomery, Fulton, Schenectady, Columbia and Greene. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company. Retrieved 29 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_b4k-AAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Hudson-Mohawk Genealogical and Family Memoirs: A Record of Achievements of the People of the Hudson and Mohawk Valleys in New York State, Included Within the Present Counties of Albany, Rensselaer, Washington, Saratoga, Montgomery, Fulton, Schenectady, Columbia and Greene"}]},{"reference":"Cabell, Isa Carrington (1889). \"Van Rensselaer, Killian\" . In Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J. (eds.). Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Van_Rensselaer,_Killian","url_text":"\"Van Rensselaer, Killian\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, J. 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Genealogies of the State of New York: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Founding of a Nation. Vol. 3. Lewis Historical Publishing Company. OCLC 39110613.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuwpAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1164-IA8","url_text":"Genealogies of the State of New York: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Founding of a Nation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39110613","url_text":"39110613"}]},{"reference":"\"Hudson-Mohawk Genealogical and Family Memoirs: Van Rensselaer\". Schenectady Digital History Archive. Schenectady County Public Library. 2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_A_Shau | Battle of A Sau | ["1 Background","2 Battle","3 Aftermath","4 References","5 Sources"] | Coordinates: 16°07′N 107°20′E / 16.12°N 107.33°E / 16.12; 107.33 (A Shau Valley)1966 battle during the Vietnam War
Battle of A ShauPart of the Vietnam WarDateMarch 9–10, 1966Location16°07′N 107°20′E / 16.12°N 107.33°E / 16.12; 107.33 (A Shau Valley)A Shau Valley, South Vietnam
UTM Grid YC 499-837Result
North Vietnamese victoryBelligerents
United States South Vietnam
North VietnamUnits involved
5th Special Forces Group CIDG
325th DivisionStrength
17 Green Berets 410- 417 CIDG
overall: 385– 434 (camp garrison)
2,000Casualties and losses
5 missing 196–288 killed or missing
U.S. estimate 800vteMilitary engagements during the Vietnam WarGuerrilla phase
Laos
Biên Hòa
Đồng Khởi
Chopper
Palace Bombing
Sunrise
Shufly
Ấp Bắc
Go Cong
Hiep Hoa
34A
Long Dinh
Kien Long
Quyet Thang 202
USNS Card
Nam Dong
An Lao
Binh Gia
Camp Holloway
Dương Liễu – Nhông Pass
Qui Nhơn
Ka Nak
Sông Bé
Ba Gia
Dong Xoai
American intervention
1965
Starlite
Piranha
An Ninh
Plei Me
Hump
Gang Toi
1st Bau Bang
Ia Drang
Bushmaster II
Harvest Moon
1966
Marauder
Crimp
Van Buren
Masher/White Wing
Double Eagle
Mastiff
Suoi Bong Trang
New York
Harrison
Cocoa Beach
Utah
Silver City
A Sau
Oregon
Texas
Lincoln
Fillmore
Jackstay
Buddhist Uprising
Xa Cam My
Georgia
Birmingham
Davy Crockett
Austin IV
Paul Revere
Crazy Horse
El Paso
Hardihood
Wahiawa
Lam Son II
Hawthorne
Hill 488
Nathan Hale
Jay
Macon
Hastings
Minh Thanh Road
John Paul Jones
Prairie
Colorado
Duc Co
Long Tan
SS Baton Rouge Victory
Amarillo
Byrd
Sunset Beach
Seward
Thayer, Irving and Thayer II
Attleboro
Deckhouse IV
Shenandoah
Atlanta
Paul Revere IV
Geronimo
Tan Son Nhut airbase
Fairfax
Firebase Bird
1967
Deckhouse V
Cedar Falls
Desoto
Gadsden
Sam Houston
Pershing
Enterprise
Tra Binh Dong
Bribie
Junction City (1st Prek Klok
2nd Prek Klok
Ap Gu
Suoi Tre
2nd Bàu Bàng)
Francis Marion
Lejeune
Union
Baker
Manhattan
The Hill Fights
Beaver Cage
Con Thien/DMZ
Hickory
Prairie II
Prairie III
Prairie IV
Buffalo
Kentucky
Kingfisher
Crockett
Malheur I and Malheur II
Kole Kole
Barking Sands
Union II
Dragnet
Akron
Billings
Concordia
The Slopes
Hong Kil Dong
Diamond Head
Coronado
Coronado II
Hood River
Suoi Chau Pha
Benton
Coronado IV
Swift
Dragon Fire
Wheeler/Wallowa
Coronado V
Kunia
Bolling
Medina
Shenandoah II
Ong Thanh
1st Loc Ninh
MacArthur
Dak To
Osceola
Lancaster
Coronado IX
Neosho
Santa Fe
Essex
Kien Giang 9-1
Napoleon
Phoenix
Manchester
Saratoga
Yellowstone
Muscatine
Badger Tooth
Auburn
Tet Offensive and aftermath
New Year's Day battle of 1968
McLain
Khe Sanh
Ban Houei Sane
Lang Vei
Coronado X
Tet Offensive
Da Nang
US Embassy
Cholon and Phu Tho Racetrack
Tan Son Nhut Air Base
Joint General Staff Compound
Bien Hoa and Long Binh
Hue
Quảng Trị
Bến Tre
Coburg
Lo Giang
Hop Tac I
Coronado XI
Houston
Patrick
Tam Kỳ
Truong Cong Dinh
Lima Site 85
Quyet Thang
My Lai Massacre
Walker
Carentan
Pegasus
Cochise Green
Toan Thang I
Burlington Trail
Scotland II
Delaware
Allen Brook
May Offensive
Dai Do
West Saigon
Landing Zone Center
An Bao
South Saigon
Concordia Square
Kham Duc
Coral–Balmoral
Jeb Stuart III
Nevada Eagle
Mameluke Thrust
Toan Thang II
Robin
Binh An
Thor
Pocahontas Forest
Quyet Chien
Somerset Plain
Phase III Offensive
Duc Lap
Champaign Grove
Vinh Loc
Thượng Đức
Maui Peak
Henderson Hill
Sheridan Sabre
Meade River
Hat Dich
Speedy Express
Taylor Common
Fayette Canyon
Vietnamization 1969–1971
DMZ Campaign (1969–1971)
Bold Mariner
Dewey Canyon
Toan Thang III
2nd Tet
Iron Mountain
Massachusetts Striker
Wayne Grey
Purple Martin
Ben Het
Maine Crag
Atlas Wedge
Frederick Hill
Geneva Park
Montana Mauler
Oklahoma Hills
Washington Green
Virginia Ridge
Apache Snow
Hamburger Hill
Lamar Plain
Pipestone Canyon
Binh Ba
Montgomery Rendezvous
Utah Mesa
Campbell Streamer
Idaho Canyon
Nantucket Beach
Fulton Square
LZ Kate
Toan Thang IV
Randolph Glen
Green River
Texas Star
FSB Ripcord
Cambodian campaign
Pennsylvania Square
Clinch Valley
Elk Canyon
Pickens Forest
Wolfe Mountain
Chicago Peak
Firebase O'Reilly
Chenla I
Imperial Lake
Jefferson Glenn
Tailwind
Son Tay Raid
Cuu Long 44-02
Toan Thang 1/71
Snuol
Lam Son 719
Finney Hill
Middlesex Peak
FSB Mary Ann
Caroline Hill
Long Khánh
Chenla II
Nui Le
1972
Easter Offensive
Cambodia and Mekong Delta
1st Quang Trị
Loc Ninh
An Lộc
Mỹ Chánh Line
Kontum
Thunderhead
2nd Quang Trị
The Vinh wiretap
Post-Paris Peace Accords (1973–1974)
War of the flags
Cửa Việt
Hồng Ngự
Tong Le Chon
Trung Nghia
Ap Da Bien
Quang Duc
Tri Phap
Svay Rieng
Iron Triangle
Duc Duc
Thượng Đức
Phú Lộc
Phước Long
Spring 1975
Ban Me Thuot
Hue–Da Nang
Phan Rang
Xuân Lộc
Fall of Phnom Penh
Fall of Saigon
Mayaguez incident
Air operations
Farm Gate
Chopper
Ranch Hand
Pierce Arrow
Barrel Roll
Pony Express
Flaming Dart
Iron Hand
Rolling Thunder
Steel Tiger
Arc Light
Combat Skyspot
Tiger Hound
Shed Light
Thanh Hoa
Bolo
Popeye
Yen Vien
Niagara
Igloo White
Commando Hunt
Giant Lance
Menu
Patio
Freedom Deal
Proud Deep Alpha
Linebacker I
Enhance Plus
Linebacker II
Homecoming
Tan Son Nhut Air Base
Babylift
New Life
Eagle Pull
Frequent Wind
Naval operations
Yankee & Dixie stations
Gulf of Tonkin
Market Time
Vung Ro Bay
Game Warden
Double Eagle
Stable Door
PIRAZ
Sea Dragon
Deckhouse Five
Bo De River, Nha Trang, Tha Cau River
Sealords
Đồng Hới
Pocket Money
Custom Tailor
End Sweep
Paracel Islands
East Sea
Lists of allied operations
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973–74
1975
The Battle of A Shau (Vietnamese: trận A Sầu) was waged in early 1966 during the Vietnam War between the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the forces of the United States and South Vietnam. The battle began on March 9 and lasted until March 10 with the fall of the U.S. Army's Special Forces camp of the same name. The battle was a strategic victory for the PAVN in that they were able to take control of the A Shau Valley and use it as a base area for the rest of the war.
Background
The A Shau Special Forces Camp was located in the A Sầu Valley, about 30 miles (50 km) southwest of Huế and 2 km east of the Laos border in Thừa Thiên Province. The valley was strategically important for the PAVN as a major infiltration route because it served as a bridge from the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos into populated coastal areas of Thừa Thiên Province. The camp had been established in 1963. Defending the camp were 10 Green Berets from the 5th Special Forces Group and 210 South Vietnamese Civilian Irregular Defense Group, supported by Air Commando units equipped with vintage A-1 Skyraiders and AC-47 Spooky gunships.
Two South Vietnamese camps at A Lưới and Ta Bat in the A Shau valley had been abandoned on 8 December 1965. The special forces camp was routinely harassed by small Vietcong formations leading up to the battle. Throughout February and March, 1966, platoon-sized troops from the camp were sent out to conduct reconnaissance patrols in the surrounding area. On March 5, two PAVN defectors turned up at the camp. Under interrogation, they indicated that four battalions of the PAVN 325th Division were planning to attack the camp.: 58
Based on that information, night patrols were dispatched to confirm the enemy positions but no sightings were made. However, Air Commandos conducting reconnaissance flights observed large build-ups of PAVN troops along with anti-aircraft emplacements. As a result, airstrikes were ordered against enemy positions.
On March 7, the A Shau camp was reinforced with seven U.S. Special Forces personnel, nine interpreters, and a MIKE Force Company in anticipation of the North Vietnamese attack.: 58
Battle
On March 8, the camp was placed on general alert and the camp's defenders had taken up their positions. A PAVN assault was launched during the night, but it was beaten back. Because of poor weather conditions that would hinder tactical air and resupply efforts, the PAVN decided to continue despite their heavy casualties. The second attack began during the early morning hours of March 9 with mortar bombardment, damaging communications and reducing many defensive positions to rubble. At 1300 hours an AC-47D "Spooky 70" from the 4th Air Commando Squadron, circling the camp, fired on the attacking PAVN formations. However, the slow moving aircraft was shot down and crashed about five kilometers north of the camp. All six crewmen survived, but they were promptly attacked by the PAVN. Three crewmen were killed, though the others were eventually rescued by a USAF HH-43.: 58–9
Between 1630 and 1700 hours, supplies of ammunition were flown in by C-123 and CV-2 aircraft, but the resupply drops often landed outside of the camp perimeter and could not be retrieved. At the same time, helicopters were called to evacuate the wounded. However, reinforcements from Huế and Phu Bai could not be deployed because of the bad weather, leaving the camp's defenders to repair their defensive wall and dig in for the night.: 59
U.S. Air Force Majors Bernard F. Fisher and D.W. Myers, 10 March 1966
On the morning of March 10, the PAVN launched another attack with mortar and recoilless rifle fire. At 0500 hours a PAVN assault team penetrated the eastern perimeter, where hand-to-hand combat took place for three hours. By 08:00 the greatly outnumbered defenders had withdrawn to the camp's north wall. Throughout the day USMC and Republic of Vietnam Air Force bombers hit PAVN positions around the camp.: 59 During the day an A-1 piloted by Major D.W. Myers was hit and forced to crash-land on the A Shau airstrip 200m from PAVN positions, Major Bernard F. Fisher landed his A-1 on the airstrip rescuing Myers, for this action Fisher was later awarded the Medal of Honor.: 61
As fighting continued the situation deteriorated as ammunition began running short and the decision was made to evacuate all personnel. At 1700 hours all communication equipment was destroyed. The survivors carried out their evacuation orders and destroyed all abandoned weapons and withdrew further to the north wall. Leading the evacuation effort were fifteen H-34 helicopters from HMM-163 supported by four UH-1B gunships of VMO-2.: 61–2 Panic-stricken South Vietnamese soldiers and civilians mobbed the evacuation helicopters and overwhelmed U.S. Special Forces troops as they abandoned the camp. This reached a point where the helicopters were so overloaded some Special Forces soldiers were forced to fire upon their allies to allow the helicopters to take off.: 62–3 Only 172 of 368 Nung and Vietnamese irregulars were flown out. The others were listed as MIA, although many would turn up later, having escaped on their own. The evacuation was further complicated by heavy enemy anti-aircraft fire, and two H-34s were lost.: 62
Aftermath
American control ceased at the camp at 17:45 hours when overrun by PAVN troops. During the battle the U.S. special forces team suffered five killed and twelve wounded (100% casualties). The numbers of South Vietnamese soldiers present at the camp or how many casualties they suffered varies. Only 186 of the garrison of 434 were evacuated, with the others listed as missing, although some of them surfaced later.: 63 Another report stated 231 out of 417 irregulars were lost. According to Sgt. Major Bennie G. Adkins only 122 out of about 410 irregulars survived, with many of them wounded. Adkins was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in defense of the camp by President Barack Obama in September 2014.
In May a Special Forces team entered the abandoned camp to recover the bodies of those killed in the battle, finding the bodies undisturbed and large quantities of ammunition remaining in the camp. The Special Forces team retrieved the bodies and reported back on the camp's status. On 1 June III Marine Amphibious Force (III MAF) commander LG Lew Walt ordered the 3rd Marine Division commander MG Wood B. Kyle to develop a plan to return to the camp and destroy the ammunition. On the morning of 23 June the Marines launched Operation Turner with Company I, 3rd Battalion, 4th Marines being landed at the camp by CH-46s of HMM-164 with air support by VMO-2 UH-1E gunships. The Marines completed the destruction of the ammunition and were airborne again after 2 hours on the ground.: 149–50
The PAVN transformed the A Shau Valley into a heavily fortified base area with bunkers, antiaircraft guns, and artillery. US and South Vietnamese forces were never able to re-establish a permanent presence in the valley for the remainder of the war. During the Tet Offensive the A Shau Valley provided Communist troops an important sanctuary from which to launch attacks at South Vietnamese cities and military bases, especially Huế and Phu Bai. Raids were launched into the valley in April 1968 (Operation Delaware), August 1968 (Operation Somerset Plain), March 1969 (Operation Dewey Canyon) and May 1969 (Operation Apache Snow).
References
^ a b Kelley, Michael P. (2002). Where We Were In Vietnam. Hellgate Press. pp. 5–3. ISBN 1555716253.
^ a b c d e f THE FALL OF A SHAU Archived November 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Rescue in Death Valley with HHM-163
^ a b Despite wounds, Medal of Honor recipient killed up to 175 enemies, saved comrades
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Shulimson, Jack (1982). U.S. Marines in Vietnam: 1966, an Expanding War. History and Museums Division, USMC. p. 56.
^ "MAJ. Bernard F. Fisher". National Museum of the U.S. Air Force. 26 April 2010. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
Sources
An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present By David Eggenberger - Page 31
"The Fall of a Fortress". Time. 1966-03-18. Archived from the original on July 4, 2010. Retrieved 2007-04-08.
Perini, Capt. Michael B. (April 1983). "Uncommon Gallantry". Vol. 66, No. 4. Air Force Magazine. Archived from the original on 2007-02-11. Retrieved 2007-04-08.
Sams, Kenneth (1966-04-18). "The Fall Of A Shau" (PDF). Project Checo report. USAF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-28. Retrieved 2007-04-08. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"16°07′N 107°20′E / 16.12°N 107.33°E / 16.12; 107.33 (A Shau Valley)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_A_Sau¶ms=16.12_N_107.33_E_&title=A+Shau+Valley"},{"link_name":"A Shau Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Shau_Valley"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"UTM Grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Transverse_Mercator_coordinate_system"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kelley-1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"North 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Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cochise_Green"},{"link_name":"Toan Thang I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Toan_Thang_I"},{"link_name":"Burlington Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Burlington_Trail"},{"link_name":"Scotland II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Scotland_II"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Allen Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Allen_Brook"},{"link_name":"May Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Dai Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dai_Do"},{"link_name":"West Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_West_Saigon"},{"link_name":"Landing Zone Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Landing_Zone_Center"},{"link_name":"An Bao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_An_Bao"},{"link_name":"South 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Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pocahontas_Forest"},{"link_name":"Quyet Chien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Quyet_Chien"},{"link_name":"Somerset Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Somerset_Plain"},{"link_name":"Phase III Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_III_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Duc Lap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Duc_Lap"},{"link_name":"Champaign Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Champaign_Grove"},{"link_name":"Vinh Loc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Vinh_Loc"},{"link_name":"Thượng Đức","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_(1968)"},{"link_name":"Maui Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Maui_Peak"},{"link_name":"Henderson Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Henderson_Hill"},{"link_name":"Sheridan Sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sheridan_Sabre"},{"link_name":"Meade River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Meade_River"},{"link_name":"Hat Dich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hat_Dich"},{"link_name":"Speedy Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Speedy_Express"},{"link_name":"Taylor Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Taylor_Common"},{"link_name":"Fayette Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Fayette_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Vietnamization 1969–1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamization"},{"link_name":"DMZ Campaign (1969–1971)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMZ_Campaign_(1969%E2%80%931971)"},{"link_name":"Bold Mariner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bold_Mariner"},{"link_name":"Dewey Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dewey_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Toan Thang III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Toan_Thang_III"},{"link_name":"2nd Tet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_1969"},{"link_name":"Iron Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Iron_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Massachusetts_Striker"},{"link_name":"Wayne Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Wayne_Grey"},{"link_name":"Purple Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Purple_Martin"},{"link_name":"Ben Het","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ben_Het"},{"link_name":"Maine Crag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Maine_Crag"},{"link_name":"Atlas Wedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Atlas_Wedge"},{"link_name":"Frederick Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Frederick_Hill"},{"link_name":"Geneva Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Geneva_Park"},{"link_name":"Montana Mauler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Montana_Mauler"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Oklahoma_Hills"},{"link_name":"Washington Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Washington_Green"},{"link_name":"Virginia Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Virginia_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Apache Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Apache_Snow"},{"link_name":"Hamburger Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hamburger_Hill"},{"link_name":"Lamar Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lamar_Plain"},{"link_name":"Pipestone Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pipestone_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Binh Ba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Binh_Ba"},{"link_name":"Montgomery Rendezvous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Montgomery_Rendezvous"},{"link_name":"Utah Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Utah_Mesa"},{"link_name":"Campbell Streamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Campbell_Streamer"},{"link_name":"Idaho Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Idaho_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Nantucket Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Nantucket_Beach"},{"link_name":"Fulton Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Fulton_Square"},{"link_name":"LZ Kate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Zone_Kate#History"},{"link_name":"Toan Thang IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Toan_Thang_IV"},{"link_name":"Randolph Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Randolph_Glen"},{"link_name":"Green River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Green_River"},{"link_name":"Texas Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Texas_Star"},{"link_name":"FSB Ripcord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fire_Support_Base_Ripcord"},{"link_name":"Cambodian campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_campaign"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pennsylvania_Square"},{"link_name":"Clinch Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Clinch_Valley"},{"link_name":"Elk Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Elk_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Pickens Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pickens_Forest"},{"link_name":"Wolfe Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Wolfe_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Chicago Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chicago_Peak"},{"link_name":"Firebase O'Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebase_O%27Reilly"},{"link_name":"Chenla I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chenla_I"},{"link_name":"Imperial Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Imperial_Lake"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jefferson_Glenn"},{"link_name":"Tailwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tailwind"},{"link_name":"Son Tay Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Cuu Long 44-02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cuu_Long_44-02"},{"link_name":"Toan Thang 1/71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Toan_Thang_1/71"},{"link_name":"Snuol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Snuol"},{"link_name":"Lam Son 719","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lam_Son_719"},{"link_name":"Finney Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Finney_Hill"},{"link_name":"Middlesex Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Middlesex_Peak"},{"link_name":"FSB Mary Ann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_FSB_Mary_Ann"},{"link_name":"Caroline Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Caroline_Hill"},{"link_name":"Long Khánh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Kh%C3%A1nh"},{"link_name":"Chenla II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chenla_II"},{"link_name":"Nui Le","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nui_Le"},{"link_name":"Easter Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Cambodia and Mekong Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Offensive_in_southern_Cambodia_and_the_Mekong_Delta"},{"link_name":"1st Quang Trị","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B"},{"link_name":"Loc Ninh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Loc_Ninh"},{"link_name":"An Lộc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_An_L%E1%BB%99c"},{"link_name":"Mỹ Chánh Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_M%E1%BB%B9_Ch%C3%A1nh_Line"},{"link_name":"Kontum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kontum"},{"link_name":"Thunderhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Thunderhead"},{"link_name":"2nd Quang Trị","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B"},{"link_name":"The Vinh wiretap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vinh_wiretap"},{"link_name":"Paris Peace Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords"},{"link_name":"War of the flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_flags"},{"link_name":"Cửa Việt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_C%E1%BB%ADa_Vi%E1%BB%87t"},{"link_name":"Hồng Ngự","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_H%E1%BB%93ng_Ng%E1%BB%B1"},{"link_name":"Tong Le Chon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tong_Le_Chon"},{"link_name":"Trung Nghia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trung_Nghia"},{"link_name":"Ap Da Bien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ap_Da_Bien"},{"link_name":"Quang Duc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Quang_Duc"},{"link_name":"Tri Phap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tri_Phap"},{"link_name":"Svay Rieng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Svay_Rieng"},{"link_name":"Iron Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Iron_Triangle"},{"link_name":"Duc Duc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Duc_Duc"},{"link_name":"Thượng Đức","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_(1974)"},{"link_name":"Phú Lộc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ph%C3%BA_L%E1%BB%99c"},{"link_name":"Phước Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Long"},{"link_name":"Spring 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_spring_offensive"},{"link_name":"Ban Me Thuot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ban_Me_Thuot"},{"link_name":"Hue–Da Nang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hue%E2%80%93Da_Nang_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Phan Rang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phan_Rang_Air_Base#Capture_of_Phan_Rang_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Xuân Lộc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Xu%C3%A2n_L%E1%BB%99c"},{"link_name":"Fall of Phnom Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"Fall of Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon"},{"link_name":"Mayaguez incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayaguez_incident"},{"link_name":"Air operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_warfare#Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Farm Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Farm_Gate"},{"link_name":"Chopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chopper_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"Ranch Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ranch_Hand"},{"link_name":"Pierce Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pierce_Arrow"},{"link_name":"Barrel Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barrel_Roll"},{"link_name":"Pony Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pony_Express"},{"link_name":"Flaming Dart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Flaming_Dart"},{"link_name":"Iron Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Iron_Hand"},{"link_name":"Rolling Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder"},{"link_name":"Steel Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Steel_Tiger"},{"link_name":"Arc Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Arc_Light"},{"link_name":"Combat Skyspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Skyspot"},{"link_name":"Tiger Hound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tiger_Hound"},{"link_name":"Shed Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Shed_Light"},{"link_name":"Thanh Hoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Bolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bolo"},{"link_name":"Popeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Popeye"},{"link_name":"Yen Vien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_23_August_1967"},{"link_name":"Niagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Niagara"},{"link_name":"Igloo White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Igloo_White"},{"link_name":"Commando Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Commando_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Giant Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Giant_Lance"},{"link_name":"Menu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Menu"},{"link_name":"Patio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Patio"},{"link_name":"Freedom Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Freedom_Deal"},{"link_name":"Proud Deep Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Proud_Deep_Alpha"},{"link_name":"Linebacker I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Linebacker"},{"link_name":"Enhance Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Enhance_Plus"},{"link_name":"Linebacker II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Linebacker_II"},{"link_name":"Homecoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Homecoming"},{"link_name":"Tan Son Nhut Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Tan_Son_Nhut_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Babylift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Babylift"},{"link_name":"New Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_New_Life"},{"link_name":"Eagle Pull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Pull"},{"link_name":"Frequent Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Frequent_Wind"},{"link_name":"Naval operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfare"},{"link_name":"Yankee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Station"},{"link_name":"Dixie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Station"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Tonkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident"},{"link_name":"Market Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Market_Time"},{"link_name":"Vung Ro Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A9ng_R%C3%B4_Bay_incident"},{"link_name":"Game Warden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Game_Warden"},{"link_name":"Double Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Double_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Stable Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Stable_Door"},{"link_name":"PIRAZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIRAZ"},{"link_name":"Sea Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sea_Dragon_(Vietnam_War)"},{"link_name":"Deckhouse Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Deckhouse_Five"},{"link_name":"Bo De River, Nha Trang, Tha Cau River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_1_March_1968"},{"link_name":"Sealords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sealords"},{"link_name":"Đồng Hới","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_H%E1%BB%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Pocket Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pocket_Money"},{"link_name":"Custom Tailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Custom_Tailor"},{"link_name":"End Sweep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_End_Sweep"},{"link_name":"Paracel Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Paracel_Islands"},{"link_name":"East Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Sea_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Lists of allied operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1964)"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1965)"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1966)"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1967)"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1968)"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1969)"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1970)"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1971)"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1972)"},{"link_name":"1973–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1973%E2%80%9374)"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1975)"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"People's Army of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"}],"text":"1966 battle during the Vietnam WarBattle of A ShauPart of the Vietnam WarDateMarch 9–10, 1966Location16°07′N 107°20′E / 16.12°N 107.33°E / 16.12; 107.33 (A Shau Valley)A Shau Valley, South Vietnam\nUTM Grid YC 499-837[1]Result\nNorth Vietnamese victoryBelligerents\n United States South Vietnam\n North VietnamUnits involved\n 5th Special Forces Group CIDG\n325th DivisionStrength\n 17 Green Berets 410- 417 CIDG\n\noverall: 385– 434 (camp garrison)\n 2,000Casualties and losses\n 5 missing[2] 196–288 killed or missing[2][3][4]\nU.S. estimate 800[2]vteMilitary engagements during the Vietnam WarGuerrilla phase\nLaos\nBiên Hòa\nĐồng Khởi\nChopper\nPalace Bombing\nSunrise\nShufly\nẤp Bắc\nGo Cong\nHiep Hoa\n34A\nLong Dinh\nKien Long\nQuyet Thang 202\nUSNS Card\nNam Dong\nAn Lao\nBinh Gia\nCamp Holloway\nDương Liễu – Nhông Pass\nQui Nhơn\nKa Nak\nSông Bé\nBa Gia\nDong Xoai\nAmerican intervention\n1965\n\nStarlite\nPiranha\nAn Ninh\nPlei Me\nHump\nGang Toi\n1st Bau Bang\nIa Drang\nBushmaster II\nHarvest Moon\n1966\n\nMarauder\nCrimp\nVan Buren\nMasher/White Wing\nDouble Eagle\nMastiff\nSuoi Bong Trang\nNew York\nHarrison\nCocoa Beach\nUtah\nSilver City\nA Sau\nOregon\nTexas\nLincoln\nFillmore\nJackstay\nBuddhist Uprising\nXa Cam My\nGeorgia\nBirmingham\nDavy Crockett\nAustin IV\nPaul Revere\nCrazy Horse\nEl Paso\nHardihood\nWahiawa\nLam Son II\nHawthorne\nHill 488\nNathan Hale\nJay\nMacon\nHastings\nMinh Thanh Road\nJohn Paul Jones\nPrairie\nColorado\nDuc Co\nLong Tan\nSS Baton Rouge Victory\nAmarillo\nByrd\nSunset Beach\nSeward\nThayer, Irving and Thayer II\nAttleboro\nDeckhouse IV\nShenandoah\nAtlanta\nPaul Revere IV\nGeronimo\nTan Son Nhut airbase\nFairfax\nFirebase Bird\n1967\n\nDeckhouse V\nCedar Falls\nDesoto\nGadsden\nSam Houston\nPershing\nEnterprise\nTra Binh Dong\nBribie\nJunction City (1st Prek Klok\n2nd Prek Klok\nAp Gu\nSuoi Tre\n2nd Bàu Bàng)\nFrancis Marion\nLejeune\nUnion\nBaker\nManhattan\nThe Hill Fights\nBeaver Cage\nCon Thien/DMZ\nHickory\nPrairie II\nPrairie III\nPrairie IV\nBuffalo\nKentucky\nKingfisher\nCrockett\nMalheur I and Malheur II\nKole Kole\nBarking Sands\nUnion II\nDragnet\nAkron\nBillings\nConcordia\nThe Slopes\nHong Kil Dong\nDiamond Head\nCoronado\nCoronado II\nHood River\nSuoi Chau Pha\nBenton\nCoronado IV\nSwift\nDragon Fire\nWheeler/Wallowa\nCoronado V\nKunia\nBolling\nMedina\nShenandoah II\nOng Thanh\n1st Loc Ninh\nMacArthur\nDak To\nOsceola\nLancaster\nCoronado IX\nNeosho\nSanta Fe\nEssex\nKien Giang 9-1\nNapoleon\nPhoenix\nManchester\nSaratoga\nYellowstone\nMuscatine\nBadger Tooth\nAuburn\nTet Offensive and aftermath\n\nNew Year's Day battle of 1968\nMcLain\nKhe Sanh\nBan Houei Sane\nLang Vei\nCoronado X\nTet Offensive\nDa Nang\nUS Embassy\nCholon and Phu Tho Racetrack\nTan Son Nhut Air Base\nJoint General Staff Compound\nBien Hoa and Long Binh\nHue\nQuảng Trị\nBến Tre\nCoburg\nLo Giang\nHop Tac I\nCoronado XI\nHouston\nPatrick\nTam Kỳ\nTruong Cong Dinh\nLima Site 85\nQuyet Thang\nMy Lai Massacre\nWalker\nCarentan\nPegasus\nCochise Green\nToan Thang I\nBurlington Trail\nScotland II\nDelaware\nAllen Brook\nMay Offensive\nDai Do\nWest Saigon\nLanding Zone Center\nAn Bao\nSouth Saigon\nConcordia Square\nKham Duc\nCoral–Balmoral\nJeb Stuart III\nNevada Eagle\nMameluke Thrust\nToan Thang II\nRobin\nBinh An\nThor\nPocahontas Forest\nQuyet Chien\nSomerset Plain\nPhase III Offensive\nDuc Lap\nChampaign Grove\nVinh Loc\nThượng Đức\nMaui Peak\nHenderson Hill\nSheridan Sabre\nMeade River\nHat Dich\nSpeedy Express\nTaylor Common\nFayette Canyon\nVietnamization 1969–1971\n\nDMZ Campaign (1969–1971)\nBold Mariner\nDewey Canyon\nToan Thang III\n2nd Tet\nIron Mountain\nMassachusetts Striker\nWayne Grey\nPurple Martin\nBen Het\nMaine Crag\nAtlas Wedge\nFrederick Hill\nGeneva Park\nMontana Mauler\nOklahoma Hills\nWashington Green\nVirginia Ridge\nApache Snow\nHamburger Hill\nLamar Plain\nPipestone Canyon\nBinh Ba\nMontgomery Rendezvous\nUtah Mesa\nCampbell Streamer\nIdaho Canyon\nNantucket Beach\nFulton Square\nLZ Kate\nToan Thang IV\nRandolph Glen\nGreen River\nTexas Star\nFSB Ripcord\nCambodian campaign\nPennsylvania Square\nClinch Valley\nElk Canyon\nPickens Forest\nWolfe Mountain\nChicago Peak\nFirebase O'Reilly\nChenla I\nImperial Lake\nJefferson Glenn\nTailwind\nSon Tay Raid\nCuu Long 44-02\nToan Thang 1/71\nSnuol\nLam Son 719\nFinney Hill\nMiddlesex Peak\nFSB Mary Ann\nCaroline Hill\nLong Khánh\nChenla II\nNui Le\n1972\n\nEaster Offensive\nCambodia and Mekong Delta\n1st Quang Trị\nLoc Ninh\nAn Lộc\nMỹ Chánh Line\nKontum\nThunderhead\n2nd Quang Trị\nThe Vinh wiretap\nPost-Paris Peace Accords (1973–1974)\n\nWar of the flags\nCửa Việt\nHồng Ngự\nTong Le Chon\nTrung Nghia\nAp Da Bien\nQuang Duc\nTri Phap\nSvay Rieng\nIron Triangle\nDuc Duc\nThượng Đức\nPhú Lộc\nPhước Long\nSpring 1975\n\nBan Me Thuot\nHue–Da Nang\nPhan Rang\nXuân Lộc\nFall of Phnom Penh\nFall of Saigon\nMayaguez incident\nAir operations\n\nFarm Gate\nChopper\nRanch Hand\nPierce Arrow\nBarrel Roll\nPony Express\nFlaming Dart\nIron Hand\nRolling Thunder\nSteel Tiger\nArc Light\nCombat Skyspot\nTiger Hound\nShed Light\nThanh Hoa\nBolo\nPopeye\nYen Vien\nNiagara\nIgloo White\nCommando Hunt\nGiant Lance\nMenu\nPatio\nFreedom Deal\nProud Deep Alpha\nLinebacker I\nEnhance Plus\nLinebacker II\nHomecoming\nTan Son Nhut Air Base\nBabylift\nNew Life\nEagle Pull\nFrequent Wind\nNaval operations\n\nYankee & Dixie stations\nGulf of Tonkin\nMarket Time\nVung Ro Bay\nGame Warden\nDouble Eagle\nStable Door\nPIRAZ\nSea Dragon\nDeckhouse Five\nBo De River, Nha Trang, Tha Cau River\nSealords\nĐồng Hới\nPocket Money\nCustom Tailor\nEnd Sweep\nParacel Islands\nEast Sea\nLists of allied operations\n\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973–74\n1975The Battle of A Shau (Vietnamese: trận A Sầu) was waged in early 1966 during the Vietnam War between the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the forces of the United States and South Vietnam. The battle began on March 9 and lasted until March 10 with the fall of the U.S. Army's Special Forces camp of the same name. The battle was a strategic victory for the PAVN in that they were able to take control of the A Shau Valley and use it as a base area for the rest of the war.","title":"Battle of A Sau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Sầu Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_S%E1%BA%A7u_Valley"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"Thừa Thiên Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%ABa_Thi%C3%AAn-Hu%E1%BA%BF_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kelley-1"},{"link_name":"Ho Chi Minh Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Trail"},{"link_name":"Green Berets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Special_Forces"},{"link_name":"5th Special Forces Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Special_Forces_Group"},{"link_name":"Civilian Irregular Defense Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Irregular_Defense_Group"},{"link_name":"A-1 Skyraiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-1_Skyraider"},{"link_name":"AC-47 Spooky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC-47_Spooky"},{"link_name":"A Lưới","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_L%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bi_Camp"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"Vietcong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietcong"},{"link_name":"325th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/325th_Division_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"MIKE Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIKE_Force"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"}],"text":"The A Shau Special Forces Camp was located in the A Sầu Valley, about 30 miles (50 km) southwest of Huế and 2 km east of the Laos border in Thừa Thiên Province.[1] The valley was strategically important for the PAVN as a major infiltration route because it served as a bridge from the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos into populated coastal areas of Thừa Thiên Province. The camp had been established in 1963. Defending the camp were 10 Green Berets from the 5th Special Forces Group and 210 South Vietnamese Civilian Irregular Defense Group, supported by Air Commando units equipped with vintage A-1 Skyraiders and AC-47 Spooky gunships.Two South Vietnamese camps at A Lưới and Ta Bat in the A Shau valley had been abandoned on 8 December 1965.[5] The special forces camp was routinely harassed by small Vietcong formations leading up to the battle. Throughout February and March, 1966, platoon-sized troops from the camp were sent out to conduct reconnaissance patrols in the surrounding area. On March 5, two PAVN defectors turned up at the camp. Under interrogation, they indicated that four battalions of the PAVN 325th Division were planning to attack the camp.[5]: 58Based on that information, night patrols were dispatched to confirm the enemy positions but no sightings were made. However, Air Commandos conducting reconnaissance flights observed large build-ups of PAVN troops along with anti-aircraft emplacements. As a result, airstrikes were ordered against enemy positions.On March 7, the A Shau camp was reinforced with seven U.S. Special Forces personnel, nine interpreters, and a MIKE Force Company in anticipation of the North Vietnamese attack.[5]: 58","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AC-47D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_AC-47_Spooky"},{"link_name":"4th Air Commando Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Air_Commando_Squadron"},{"link_name":"HH-43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaman_HH-43_Huskie"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"C-123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-123"},{"link_name":"CV-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-4_Caribou"},{"link_name":"Phu Bai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phu_Bai_Combat_Base"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fisher_Myers_Vietnam_1966.jpg"},{"link_name":"mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"recoilless rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoilless_rifle"},{"link_name":"USMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Republic of Vietnam Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"Bernard F. Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_F._Fisher"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"H-34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_H-34"},{"link_name":"HMM-163","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMM-163"},{"link_name":"UH-1B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UH-1_Iroquois"},{"link_name":"VMO-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMO-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"Nung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_people"},{"link_name":"MIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_in_action"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nationalmuseum-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"}],"text":"On March 8, the camp was placed on general alert and the camp's defenders had taken up their positions. A PAVN assault was launched during the night, but it was beaten back. Because of poor weather conditions that would hinder tactical air and resupply efforts, the PAVN decided to continue despite their heavy casualties. The second attack began during the early morning hours of March 9 with mortar bombardment, damaging communications and reducing many defensive positions to rubble. At 1300 hours an AC-47D \"Spooky 70\" from the 4th Air Commando Squadron, circling the camp, fired on the attacking PAVN formations. However, the slow moving aircraft was shot down and crashed about five kilometers north of the camp. All six crewmen survived, but they were promptly attacked by the PAVN. Three crewmen were killed, though the others were eventually rescued by a USAF HH-43.[5]: 58–9Between 1630 and 1700 hours, supplies of ammunition were flown in by C-123 and CV-2 aircraft, but the resupply drops often landed outside of the camp perimeter and could not be retrieved. At the same time, helicopters were called to evacuate the wounded. However, reinforcements from Huế and Phu Bai could not be deployed because of the bad weather, leaving the camp's defenders to repair their defensive wall and dig in for the night.[5]: 59U.S. Air Force Majors Bernard F. Fisher and D.W. Myers, 10 March 1966On the morning of March 10, the PAVN launched another attack with mortar and recoilless rifle fire. At 0500 hours a PAVN assault team penetrated the eastern perimeter, where hand-to-hand combat took place for three hours. By 08:00 the greatly outnumbered defenders had withdrawn to the camp's north wall. Throughout the day USMC and Republic of Vietnam Air Force bombers hit PAVN positions around the camp.[5]: 59 During the day an A-1 piloted by Major D.W. Myers was hit and forced to crash-land on the A Shau airstrip 200m from PAVN positions, Major Bernard F. Fisher landed his A-1 on the airstrip rescuing Myers, for this action Fisher was later awarded the Medal of Honor.[6][5]: 61As fighting continued the situation deteriorated as ammunition began running short and the decision was made to evacuate all personnel. At 1700 hours all communication equipment was destroyed. The survivors carried out their evacuation orders and destroyed all abandoned weapons and withdrew further to the north wall. Leading the evacuation effort were fifteen H-34 helicopters from HMM-163 supported by four UH-1B gunships of VMO-2.[5]: 61–2 Panic-stricken South Vietnamese soldiers and civilians mobbed the evacuation helicopters and overwhelmed U.S. Special Forces troops as they abandoned the camp. This reached a point where the helicopters were so overloaded some Special Forces soldiers were forced to fire upon their allies to allow the helicopters to take off.[5]: 62–3 Only 172 of 368 Nung and Vietnamese irregulars were flown out. The others were listed as MIA, although many would turn up later, having escaped on their own.[2] The evacuation was further complicated by heavy enemy anti-aircraft fire, and two H-34s were lost.[5]: 62","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nationalmuseum-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rescue-3"},{"link_name":"Bennie G. Adkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennie_G._Adkins"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nationalmuseum-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recipient-4"},{"link_name":"III Marine Amphibious Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Marine_Expeditionary_Force#Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Lew Walt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_William_Walt#Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"3rd Marine Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Marine_Division_(United_States)#Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Wood B. Kyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_B._Kyle"},{"link_name":"3rd Battalion, 4th Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Battalion,_4th_Marines#Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"CH-46s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Vertol_CH-46_Sea_Knight"},{"link_name":"HMM-164","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMM-164#Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shulimson-5"},{"link_name":"Tet Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Operation Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Operation Somerset Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Somerset_Plain"},{"link_name":"Operation Dewey Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dewey_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Operation Apache Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Apache_Snow"}],"text":"American control ceased at the camp at 17:45 hours when overrun by PAVN troops. During the battle the U.S. special forces team suffered five killed and twelve wounded (100% casualties). The numbers of South Vietnamese soldiers present at the camp or how many casualties they suffered varies. Only 186 of the garrison of 434 were evacuated, with the others listed as missing, although some of them surfaced later.[5]: 63 [2] Another report stated 231 out of 417 irregulars were lost.[3] According to Sgt. Major Bennie G. Adkins only 122 out of about 410 irregulars survived, with many of them wounded. Adkins was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in defense of the camp by President Barack Obama in September 2014.[2][4]In May a Special Forces team entered the abandoned camp to recover the bodies of those killed in the battle, finding the bodies undisturbed and large quantities of ammunition remaining in the camp. The Special Forces team retrieved the bodies and reported back on the camp's status. On 1 June III Marine Amphibious Force (III MAF) commander LG Lew Walt ordered the 3rd Marine Division commander MG Wood B. Kyle to develop a plan to return to the camp and destroy the ammunition. On the morning of 23 June the Marines launched Operation Turner with Company I, 3rd Battalion, 4th Marines being landed at the camp by CH-46s of HMM-164 with air support by VMO-2 UH-1E gunships. The Marines completed the destruction of the ammunition and were airborne again after 2 hours on the ground.[5]: 149–50The PAVN transformed the A Shau Valley into a heavily fortified base area with bunkers, antiaircraft guns, and artillery. US and South Vietnamese forces were never able to re-establish a permanent presence in the valley for the remainder of the war. During the Tet Offensive the A Shau Valley provided Communist troops an important sanctuary from which to launch attacks at South Vietnamese cities and military bases, especially Huế and Phu Bai. Raids were launched into the valley in April 1968 (Operation Delaware), August 1968 (Operation Somerset Plain), March 1969 (Operation Dewey Canyon) and May 1969 (Operation Apache Snow).","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Fall of a Fortress\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100704071015/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,941936,00.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,941936,00.html"},{"link_name":"\"Uncommon Gallantry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070211122403/http://www.afa.org/magazine/valor/0483valor.asp"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.afa.org/magazine/valor/0483valor.asp"},{"link_name":"\"The Fall Of A Shau\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071128075100/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-060629-001.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-060629-001.pdf"}],"text":"An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present By David Eggenberger - Page 31\n\"The Fall of a Fortress\". Time. 1966-03-18. Archived from the original on July 4, 2010. Retrieved 2007-04-08.\nPerini, Capt. Michael B. (April 1983). \"Uncommon Gallantry\". Vol. 66, No. 4. Air Force Magazine. Archived from the original on 2007-02-11. Retrieved 2007-04-08.\nSams, Kenneth (1966-04-18). \"The Fall Of A Shau\" (PDF). Project Checo report. USAF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-28. Retrieved 2007-04-08.","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"U.S. Air Force Majors Bernard F. Fisher and D.W. Myers, 10 March 1966","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Fisher_Myers_Vietnam_1966.jpg/220px-Fisher_Myers_Vietnam_1966.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Kelley, Michael P. (2002). Where We Were In Vietnam. Hellgate Press. pp. 5–3. ISBN 1555716253.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1555716253","url_text":"1555716253"}]},{"reference":"Shulimson, Jack (1982). U.S. Marines in Vietnam: 1966, an Expanding War. History and Museums Division, USMC. p. 56.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/AnExpandingWar","url_text":"U.S. Marines in Vietnam: 1966, an Expanding War"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/AnExpandingWar/page/n69","url_text":"56"}]},{"reference":"\"MAJ. Bernard F. Fisher\". National Museum of the U.S. Air Force. 26 April 2010. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141220174449/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=16679","url_text":"\"MAJ. Bernard F. Fisher\""},{"url":"http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=16679","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Fall of a Fortress\". Time. 1966-03-18. Archived from the original on July 4, 2010. Retrieved 2007-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100704071015/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,941936,00.html","url_text":"\"The Fall of a Fortress\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,941936,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Perini, Capt. Michael B. (April 1983). \"Uncommon Gallantry\". Vol. 66, No. 4. Air Force Magazine. Archived from the original on 2007-02-11. Retrieved 2007-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070211122403/http://www.afa.org/magazine/valor/0483valor.asp","url_text":"\"Uncommon Gallantry\""},{"url":"http://www.afa.org/magazine/valor/0483valor.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sams, Kenneth (1966-04-18). \"The Fall Of A Shau\" (PDF). Project Checo report. USAF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-11-28. Retrieved 2007-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071128075100/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-060629-001.pdf","url_text":"\"The Fall Of A Shau\""},{"url":"http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-060629-001.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_A_Sau¶ms=16.12_N_107.33_E_&title=A+Shau+Valley","external_links_name":"16°07′N 107°20′E / 16.12°N 107.33°E / 16.12; 107.33 (A Shau Valley)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_A_Sau¶ms=16.12_N_107.33_E_&title=A+Shau+Valley","external_links_name":"16°07′N 107°20′E / 16.12°N 107.33°E / 16.12; 107.33 (A Shau Valley)"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-060629-001.pdf","external_links_name":"THE FALL OF A SHAU"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071128075100/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-060629-001.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.historynet.com/rescue-in-death-valley-with-hhm-163-the-evil-eyes.htm","external_links_name":"Rescue in Death Valley with HHM-163"},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/2014/09/15/us/adkins-medal-of-honor/index.html?iref=obnetwork","external_links_name":"Despite wounds, Medal of Honor recipient killed up to 175 enemies, saved comrades"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/AnExpandingWar","external_links_name":"U.S. Marines in Vietnam: 1966, an Expanding War"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/AnExpandingWar/page/n69","external_links_name":"56"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141220174449/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=16679","external_links_name":"\"MAJ. Bernard F. Fisher\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=16679","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100704071015/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,941936,00.html","external_links_name":"\"The Fall of a Fortress\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,941936,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070211122403/http://www.afa.org/magazine/valor/0483valor.asp","external_links_name":"\"Uncommon Gallantry\""},{"Link":"http://www.afa.org/magazine/valor/0483valor.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071128075100/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-060629-001.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Fall Of A Shau\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-060629-001.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Guignols | Les Guignols | ["1 Impact on popular culture","1.1 Catchphrases","2 Famous characters","3 Visual identity","4 Criticism","5 Cancellation","6 Elsewhere","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Daily satirical latex puppet show on French Canal+
"Nulle part ailleurs" redirects here. For the album of folk rock group, see Kaïn.
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Les GuignolsAlso known asLes Arènes de l'info (1988-90)Les Guignols de l'info (1990-2015)Les Guignols (2015-18)La Semaine des Guignols (1992-2018)GenreAdult puppeteeringPolitical satireAnimationComedyVoices ofYves LecoqDaniel HerzogSandrine AlexiThierry GarciaMarc-Antoine Le BretMathieu SchalkCountry of originFranceOriginal languageFrenchProductionRunning time8 minutesProduction companyCanal+Original releaseNetworkCanal+Nulle part ailleursReleaseAugust 29, 1988 (1988-08-29) –June 22, 2018 (2018-06-22)
Les Guignols (French pronunciation: , The Puppets), formerly Les Guignols de l'info (French pronunciation: , The News Puppets), was a daily satirical latex puppet show broadcast on the French television channel Canal+. It was created in 1988, inspired by Le Bébête Show (1982–1995) and for the puppets form by the British Spitting Image (1984–1996). Using the same structure as a news programme, the show satirized the political world, media, celebrities, French society, and international events.
Throughout the years, it usually aired at 7:50 p.m. as a segment of other Canal+ shows, such as Nulle part ailleurs or Le Grand Journal. A weekly back-to-back replay of the week's five broadcasts was aired on Sunday afternoons, as La Semaine des Guignols.
The series started in 1988 as Les Arènes de l'info (News Arenas). It originally did not follow the news of the day, being written weeks in advance, and was not very popular. With the 1990–91 season, the series took on the name Les Guignols de l'Info and began to follow the daily news. It then enjoyed a tremendous growth in popularity with its different coverage of the first Gulf War, and quickly eclipsed its rival, Le Bébête Show.
The structure of the series stayed constant throughout the years: a headline, a few quick stories, a pre-recorded video skit, an interview with a personality, then one last story. It rarely diverged from this layout, usually only doing so to drive points across further (e.g. replacing all news with a seven-minute interview of one of the Sylvestres during the 2003 Iraq War).
Impact on popular culture
The Guignols have had a tremendous impact on French popular culture, in many cases introducing or popularizing phrases. For example, à l'insu de mon plein gré ("without the knowledge of my own free will"), repeated by Richard Virenque's puppet, is now attributed in jest to people who hypocritically deny having willfully committed attributed acts. The impact of political caricature in the Guignols is unclear, but some polls have shown that they have influenced voters.
The show also went far in how violently it challenged and portrayed public figures. Some sketches displayed for example Raymond Barre, a former Prime Minister in a homosexual gonzo pornographic scene, Philippe Séguin (then candidate for Paris Mayor) in sadomasochist performances, President Jacques Chirac and his team in a Pulp Fiction–like destruction race to eliminate their competitors or the then-Minister of Interior Department Nicolas Sarkozy and foreign affair minister Dominique de Villepin as head of rival criminal gangs in a Sin City and in a Gangs of New York parody. The show also used horror movies to spoof politicians. President Jacques Chirac was represented as Leatherface chasing environmentalist politicians Antoine Waechter and Brice Lalonde in a parody of The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, as Jack Torrance in a Shining parody where he was assaulting Jacques Toubon in a bathroom with a giant fountain pen after he had read the single sentence in the book he was writing, and as Ash Williams in a parody of Evil Dead where a Kandarian Demon spoke with the voice of the late president François Mitterrand. President François Hollande appeared as a Catholic priest in a parody of The Exorcist where (then presidential candidate) Lionel Jospin was possessed by a demon. The dead were raising from their grave on Election Day to cast votes for Jean Tiberi (then Paris mayor) in a parody of Night of the Living Dead. Environment Minister Ségolène Royal was shown as victimized by an electric car named Corinne in a parody of John Carpenter's Christine. The rival program of TF1 Le Bébête Show was spoofed in a parody of Freaks in which Étienne Mougeotte (head of programming at TF1) was captured by Kermitterrand and his friends and turned into another (duck-like) puppet for trying to cancel the show due to its low ratings. Besides horror movies, works by Quentin Tarantino were also parodied. One controversial parody (Inglorious Cathos) showed the Pope Benedict XVI hiring (in a scene more reminiscent of The Dirty Dozen) a commando of 3 bishops (a paedophile, a Holocaust denier, a radical traditional catholic) to fight the infidels. One South Park parody, used instead of puppets cartoon characters drawn in the style of Eric Cartman (with the voice of Philippe Séguin), Kyle Broflovski (with the voice of Nicolas Sarkozy), Stan Marsh (with the voice of François Bayrou) and Kenny McCormick (with the voice of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing). At the end of the skit, Kenny was getting killed and the other congratulated each other for doing a good thing together. The Guignols have generally displayed a left-leaning political outlook (although being tough on whoever is in power). While they generally focused on French politics, they also often riffed off of international events, a key focal point being United States foreign policy in general, including Osama bin Laden, the Iraq conflict and Saddam Hussein. These spoofs on international events were usually presented in an anti-Bush manner, portraying the fictional "World Company" (see below) as being the true leaders, not the president himself. They also regularly called out and mocked their own TV channel, Canal+, and its executive staff, especially during its 2002 crisis.
Catchphrases
Some catchphrases are recurrently used during the show.
Le Monsieur te demande... (The gentleman is asking you...) loudly pronounced by the Chirac puppet when repeating the question of the interviewer to the Giscard puppet, to suggest that he is deaf or senile.
Putain, deux ans ! (Damn, two years!) In 1993, Balladur is prime minister, while Chirac must wait two years to run for president. His puppet keeps repeating that sentence, suggesting his impatience to become president.
à l'insu de mon plein gré See above. Repeated by Virenque's puppet to deny that he knew he was taking performance enhancing drugs.
Oh oui, quelle humiliation ! (Yes, what a great humiliation! ) Repeated by Philippe Séguin's puppet during the run-up to the mayor election in Paris, anticipating on his defeat.
Tout à fait Thierry ! Used by the puppet of Jean-Michel Larqué when commenting soccer matches with Thierry Roland.
Salut, Bonhomme. (Hello boy/lad) is used by Bernard Tapie to salute PPD.
Pt'it fromage qui pue. (Little stinking cheese) used by M. Sylvestre (Sylvester Stallone's puppet) when talking of French people or when saluting PPD.
Excusez la tenue, je sors de la douche. (Sorry for the bathrobe, I was in the shower) Repeated by the Dominique Strauss-Kahn puppet who is always in bathrobe when doing interviews.
Famous characters
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Puppets of Patrick Poivre d'Arvor and Jacques Chirac
The characters appearing in Les Guignols are based on real personalities of the political, economic and artistic worlds; generally, anybody deemed newsworthy. The show also had a few dozen anonymous puppets at its disposal.
PPD is a caricature of Patrick Poivre d'Arvor (who is himself nicknamed PPDA), a news anchor who was on the TF1 network until 2008. He served as the main anchor of the show since its first season. He was depicted as a rather cowardly journalist who tries to get on with the mighty and the powerful, but used irony and sarcasm to get his point across. He also sported a variety of hairstyles, in an attempt to mask his receding hairline. Despite the end of the news anchor career of the real Patrick Poivre d'Arvor, "PPD" wasn't retired until the 2015 season.
Sylvestre, Commandant Sylvestre, Cardinal Sylvestre, and many others, both named and unnamed, all with the same face and voice, were fictional characters based on the likeness of the American actor Sylvester Stallone, although when it was the actor himself who was represented, or Rambo, he had a distinct appearance and a different voice. The Sylvestres were parodies of "an ugly American", of greedy multinational corporations, and the military–industrial complex. They always introduced themselves with "beuuarhh" (IPA: ), a slurred version of "bonsoir" (IPA: , good evening). During the first Gulf War, the Guignols introduced a character called Commandant Sylvestre. He would explain the war in broad oversimplified terms ("Here's the good guys, that's us, and here are the ragheads, so we'll kill everybody there..."). After the gulf war, he was reintroduced as Mr. Sylvestre, an ubiquitous executive from the military-industrial complex, the corporate world, and the CIA, all mixed into the fictional mega-corporation World Company. Sylvestre was dressed in a suit and tie, with a security badge. Other Sylvestres, dressed as Cardinals, Reverends, Imams, Rabbis, and other religious leaders, were also portrayed as the Church Company, the twin sister of the World Company, specializing in "the business of religion". During the 2017 season, he was the show's main anchor. In the very last episode, he was the CEO who fired PPD and Jacques Chirac.
Jacques Chirac, the president of France from 1995 to 2007, was depicted as a beer-guzzling, impulsive, incompetent liar, while coming off, at the same time, as relatable and well-loved. The show eventually introduced Super Menteur (Super-Liar), a super hero into whom Jacques Chirac changes into at times of need (see Clark Kent/Superman). Super Menteur is capable of uttering unbelievable lies without getting caught. Only one person is a better liar, Ultra menteur (Ultra-Liar), portrayed by French retired politician Charles Pasqua, who was convicted in some corruption cases. Chirac served as the show's main anchor in its last season, in 2018.
George W. Bush was depicted as a cretin along with his father. He shows a tendency to war and fights terrorism in his bedroom, defending himself with hand grenades (beer cans). His laptop password is "connard" (one of the French words for "dumbass"). He often appears along with one of the Sylvestres, who gets portrayed as the guy who's really in charge. Remarkably, Bush's character spoke in french with an american (or english, foreign) accent, whereas M. Sylvestre spoke french without any foreign accent, after the french dubbed voice of Sylvester Stallone in his films.
Joey Starr and Doc Gynéco: The rapper Joey Starr, convicted of violence, is portrayed as a brutal individual. He is often coupled with rapper Doc Gynéco to discuss the consumption of cannabis.
Bernard Tapie, a French businessman, is represented as a braggart, speaking in a frank, blunt and vulgar way.
Patrick Le Lay, head of the TF1 TV channel paired with Etienne Mougeotte, head of programming at TF1. Mougeotte is regularly portrayed as a hypocrite who schedules documentaries on prostitution or sex-oriented reality TV programs and pretends doing that to inform the public, while Le Lay always reveals that the actual purpose is only to improve ratings. Le Lay has been also portrayed as the emperor in a spoof of The Empire Strikes Back and as the blind superior in a spoof of The Name of the Rose.
Jean Marie Le Pen, former head of the Front National far-right political party. He was sometimes represented with a pitbull's head. After the handover to one of his daughters, Marine Le Pen, his puppet appeared rarely, sometimes as the éminence grise of Marine Le Pen, his daughter and successor, other times as a bluntly-speaking bigot she had to reel in and control in order to appear acceptable to public discourse.
Philippe Lucas, a former trainer of the French Olympic world and European champion swimmer Laure Manaudou, was portrayed as a heavily muscled, homophobic guy who criticized most French athletes, suspecting them of physical and mental weakness. He always concluded his criticism by the catchphrase "Et pis c'est tout !", an incorrect contraction of Et puis c'est tout (And that's it).
Bernard Laporte, a former authoritarian rugby scrum half, coach (both club teams and national team), former secretary of state, often appeared to praise the violence in rugby, which his puppet described as the valeurs de l'ovalie (the values of rugby), with many hyperboles (open fractures, neck cracking, enucleations, coma, crowbar fighting ambush).
In recent political history, the Guignols have also regularly portrayed:
Lionel Jospin, former prime minister, as competent and honest, but boring. He was later depicted as disappointed by France (he passes, from time to time, to scream "pays de merde !", roughly "this country sucks"), since the first round of the 2002 presidential election, in which he failed to get to the second round.
Édouard Balladur former prime minister who ran for president against Chirac. In the show, Chirac's puppet nicknames him Couille molle (soft testicle). Balladur's puppet appeared in a spoof of Trainspotting where he is suffering from an addiction to political power. As Balladur tried to get rid of his upper class manners during his presidential campaign, his puppet was shown unshaved, with vulgar manners, calling Sarkozy Nico and drinking cheap beer.
Roselyne Bachelot-Narquin, a former minister of health, youth affairs and sports, then former minister of culture, was depicted as an incompetent airhead, clueless about all questions related to her ministry, welcoming questions from PPD with "Ah bon !?" ("Oh, really!?").
Nicolas Sarkozy, former president, was depicted as overly ambitious, populist, and short-tempered. He collected Rolex watches, and kept diverting attention to his wife, Carla Bruni. Like the real politician, he was insecure about his short height, and always wore shoes with heels to compensate. After Sarkozy came back to the French politics scene in 2014, he was portrayed as someone who claimed he had "really changed" regarding his short temper, but the facade often fell off to reveal someone worse than before.
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, former president, was seen as dogmatic and repetitive, usually seen wearing his green habit vert (ceremonial dress), as he is a member of the Académie Française. One running gag is that Giscard d'Estaing was dead, but too stubborn to admit it, or even acknowledge it.
Ségolène Royal, the socialist party candidate for the 2007 presidential election, as constantly following opinion polls, pretending to be a woman of the people.
François Bayrou, the centrist 2012 candidate for the presidency who has delusions of grandeur. His huge-eared puppet was constantly portrayed as childish and whiny.
Dominique Strauss-Kahn after his arrest in 2011 was portrayed as a pervert wearing only a bathrobe with Leopard spots and calling his penis Francis. Interviewed by PPD as a consultant on economics, he was giving answers in economics jargon (such as animal spirits, tension, invisible hand, spheres full of liquidities etc...) that made no sense except as sexual double-entendre that PPD either does not understand or feigns not to understand.
François Hollande, elected president in 2012, was depicted as an overweight and silly politician who lacked charisma.
Nadine Morano was seen as a very scurrilous and rough politician, who unconditionally supported Nicolas Sarkozy, often alongside David Douillet, a former world champion in judo and minister of sports, who was himself depicted a very simple-minded man.
Angela Merkel, the German chancellor, who was portrayed, since the end of 2011, of controlling the entire European Union.
Visual identity
Opening title of the Arènes de l'info from August 29, 1988 to August 26, 1990
Opening title of the Guignols de l'Info from September 14, 1992 to June 27, 2015
Opening title of La Semaine des Guignols from 1995 to 2018
Opening title of the Guignols from December 7, 2015 to June 14, 2017
Opening title of the Guignols from October 13, 2017 to June 22, 2018
Criticism
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The Guignols have been criticised for being leftist and populist, and for presenting a cynical and over-simplified version of reality and politics. The show's authors have admitted leftist leanings. Erik Svane has accused the show of being anti-American.
After the departure of two of the original authors in the late 1990s, the show has been criticized as lacking wit and freshness and having become too overtly populist and partisan. Some critics claim that the show is in decline. The show's treatment of Nicolas Sarkozy has been criticized as biased. Bruno Gaccio, prior to the French presidential election of 2007, was said to have admitted that he meant the Guignols to openly campaign against Sarkozy, but later stated that he had been misquoted.
Cancellation
Following the dismissal of the main four writers in July 2015, the channel's new executives decided to move the show to the encrypted, non-free time slots. This decision was brought into effect the following December (the show returning months late after the executive shakeup), although the show was made available to the general public as a Dailymotion stream after being broadcast on air ("La Semaine des Guignols", the weekly roundup of the show, continued to be broadcast free-to-air on Sundays). This change, as well as many other creative changes, brought about a decline of the programme, until the final episode was broadcast on June 22, 2018.
Elsewhere
The XYZ Show is the Kenyan equivalent of the French original.
Puppets is the Russian political satire equivalent of Les Guignols.
Les Guignols d'Afrique is the Cameroonian equivalent of the French original.
Las noticias del guiñol is a show in Spanish Canal+ inspired by Les Guignols. It focuses on Spanish politics and football.
Contra Informação is a long-running Portuguese equivalent broadcast on RTP1. It was cancelled in 2010.
ContraPoder is an updated version of Contra Informação. It was premiered in March 2013 in the cable channels SIC Notícias and SIC Radical.
Ellougik Essiyasi, the Tunisian counterpart.
Los Toppins, the Chilean equivalent, which featured prominently Augusto Pinochet after his dictatorship.
ZANews is the South African equivalent of the French original.
Programs of the Guignols family exchange latex moulds, and puppets representing foreign celebrities can be used as "normal people" in countries where those personalities are not well-known.
In September 2020, U.S. broadcaster Fox greenlit an adaptation of the series, Let's Be Real, with plans to air a one-off special on 1 October themed around the 2020 United States presidential election. Robert Smigel (the creator and voice of Triumph the Insult Comic Dog) served as executive producer.
See also
Guignol
Le Bébête Show, an earlier show on the TF1 network
Groland
Et Dieu créa... Laflaque, in Quebec
Spitting Image
D.C. Follies
The Wrong Coast
The Daily Show
This Hour Has 22 Minutes
Puppets
Juice Rap News, in Australia
26 minutes, in Switzerland
References
^ Bloomberg, Segolene Is Snow White, Nicolas a Dwarf as French Satire Blooms
^ Nouvelle page 1 Archived 2008-01-06 at the Wayback Machine
^ Les Guignols de l'Info, les bien nommés, actualité Confidentiels : Le Point
^ "Les quatre auteurs des " Guignols " limogés". Le Monde. 25 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
^ "Les Guignols» et Antoine de Caunes passent en crypté sur Canal +". Le Figaro. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
^ "Ecran noir pour " Les Guignols "". Le Monde. 23 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
^ Andreeva, Nellie (2020-09-15). "Fox Sets Election-Themed Puppet Special 'Let's Be Real' From Robert Smigel Based On French Format". Deadline. Retrieved 2020-09-15.
External links
Les Guignols at IMDb
Canal+ website, includes videos of Les Guignols (in French)
Dailymotion Channel, includes videos of The Guignols (subtitled and dubbed in English)
Portals: France Television Comedy
Authority control databases
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For the album of folk rock group, see Kaïn.Les Guignols (French pronunciation: [le ɡiɲɔl], The Puppets), formerly Les Guignols de l'info (French pronunciation: [le ɡiɲɔl də lɛ̃fo], The News Puppets), was a daily satirical latex puppet show broadcast on the French television channel Canal+. It was created in 1988, inspired by Le Bébête Show (1982–1995) and for the puppets form by the British Spitting Image (1984–1996). Using the same structure as a news programme, the show satirized the political world, media, celebrities, French society, and international events.Throughout the years, it usually aired at 7:50 p.m. as a segment of other Canal+ shows, such as Nulle part ailleurs [fr] or Le Grand Journal. A weekly back-to-back replay of the week's five broadcasts was aired on Sunday afternoons, as La Semaine des Guignols.The series started in 1988 as Les Arènes de l'info (News Arenas). It originally did not follow the news of the day, being written weeks in advance, and was not very popular. With the 1990–91 season, the series took on the name Les Guignols de l'Info and began to follow the daily news. It then enjoyed a tremendous growth in popularity with its different coverage of the first Gulf War, and quickly eclipsed its rival, Le Bébête Show.The structure of the series stayed constant throughout the years: a headline, a few quick stories, a pre-recorded video skit, an interview with a personality, then one last story. It rarely diverged from this layout, usually only doing so to drive points across further (e.g. replacing all news with a seven-minute interview of one of the Sylvestres during the 2003 Iraq War).","title":"Les Guignols"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Richard Virenque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Virenque"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"gonzo pornographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzo_pornography"},{"link_name":"Philippe Séguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_S%C3%A9guin"},{"link_name":"sadomasochist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasochist"},{"link_name":"Jacques Chirac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac"},{"link_name":"Pulp Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_Fiction_(film)"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Sarkozy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy"},{"link_name":"Dominique de Villepin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin"},{"link_name":"Sin City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_City_(film)"},{"link_name":"Gangs of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangs_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Jacques Chirac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac"},{"link_name":"Leatherface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherface"},{"link_name":"Antoine Waechter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Waechter"},{"link_name":"Brice Lalonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brice_Lalonde"},{"link_name":"The Texas Chain Saw Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Texas_Chain_Saw_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Jack Torrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Torrance"},{"link_name":"Shining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shining_(film)"},{"link_name":"Jacques Toubon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Toubon"},{"link_name":"Ash Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Evil Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Dead"},{"link_name":"Kandarian Demon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandarian_Demon"},{"link_name":"François Mitterrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand"},{"link_name":"François Hollande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande"},{"link_name":"The Exorcist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exorcist_(film)"},{"link_name":"Lionel Jospin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Jospin"},{"link_name":"Night of the Living Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_the_Living_Dead"},{"link_name":"Ségolène Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9gol%C3%A8ne_Royal"},{"link_name":"John Carpenter's Christine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carpenter%27s_Christine"},{"link_name":"Le Bébête Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_B%C3%A9b%C3%AAte_Show"},{"link_name":"Freaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaks_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"Étienne Mougeotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Mougeotte"},{"link_name":"Kermitterrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermitterrand"},{"link_name":"Quentin Tarantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino"},{"link_name":"Inglorious Cathos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglourious_Basterds"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"The Dirty Dozen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dirty_Dozen"},{"link_name":"Holocaust denier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Williamson_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"radical traditional catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Pius_X"},{"link_name":"South Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park"},{"link_name":"Eric Cartman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Cartman"},{"link_name":"Kyle Broflovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Broflovski"},{"link_name":"Stan Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Marsh"},{"link_name":"François Bayrou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou"},{"link_name":"Kenny McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_McCormick"},{"link_name":"Valéry Giscard d'Estaing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing"},{"link_name":"United States foreign policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy"},{"link_name":"Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_War"},{"link_name":"Saddam Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein"},{"link_name":"Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Canal+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)"}],"text":"The Guignols have had a tremendous impact on French popular culture, in many cases introducing or popularizing phrases. For example, à l'insu de mon plein gré (\"without the knowledge of my own free will\"), repeated by Richard Virenque's puppet, is now attributed in jest to people who hypocritically deny having willfully committed attributed acts. The impact of political caricature in the Guignols is unclear, but some polls have shown that they have influenced voters.[1]The show also went far in how violently it challenged and portrayed public figures. Some sketches displayed for example Raymond Barre, a former Prime Minister in a homosexual gonzo pornographic scene, Philippe Séguin (then candidate for Paris Mayor) in sadomasochist performances, President Jacques Chirac and his team in a Pulp Fiction–like destruction race to eliminate their competitors or the then-Minister of Interior Department Nicolas Sarkozy and foreign affair minister Dominique de Villepin as head of rival criminal gangs in a Sin City and in a Gangs of New York parody. The show also used horror movies to spoof politicians. President Jacques Chirac was represented as Leatherface chasing environmentalist politicians Antoine Waechter and Brice Lalonde in a parody of The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, as Jack Torrance in a Shining parody where he was assaulting Jacques Toubon in a bathroom with a giant fountain pen after he had read the single sentence in the book he was writing, and as Ash Williams in a parody of Evil Dead where a Kandarian Demon spoke with the voice of the late president François Mitterrand. President François Hollande appeared as a Catholic priest in a parody of The Exorcist where (then presidential candidate) Lionel Jospin was possessed by a demon. The dead were raising from their grave on Election Day to cast votes for Jean Tiberi (then Paris mayor) in a parody of Night of the Living Dead. Environment Minister Ségolène Royal was shown as victimized by an electric car named Corinne in a parody of John Carpenter's Christine. The rival program of TF1 Le Bébête Show was spoofed in a parody of Freaks in which Étienne Mougeotte (head of programming at TF1) was captured by Kermitterrand and his friends and turned into another (duck-like) puppet for trying to cancel the show due to its low ratings. Besides horror movies, works by Quentin Tarantino were also parodied. One controversial parody (Inglorious Cathos) showed the Pope Benedict XVI hiring (in a scene more reminiscent of The Dirty Dozen) a commando of 3 bishops (a paedophile, a Holocaust denier, a radical traditional catholic) to fight the infidels. One South Park parody, used instead of puppets cartoon characters drawn in the style of Eric Cartman (with the voice of Philippe Séguin), Kyle Broflovski (with the voice of Nicolas Sarkozy), Stan Marsh (with the voice of François Bayrou) and Kenny McCormick (with the voice of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing). At the end of the skit, Kenny was getting killed and the other congratulated each other for doing a good thing together. The Guignols have generally displayed a left-leaning political outlook (although being tough on whoever is in power). While they generally focused on French politics, they also often riffed off of international events, a key focal point being United States foreign policy in general, including Osama bin Laden, the Iraq conflict and Saddam Hussein. These spoofs on international events were usually presented in an anti-Bush manner, portraying the fictional \"World Company\" (see below) as being the true leaders, not the president himself. They also regularly called out and mocked their own TV channel, Canal+, and its executive staff, especially during its 2002 crisis.","title":"Impact on popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippe Séguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_S%C3%A9guin"},{"link_name":"Jean-Michel Larqué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Michel_Larqu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Thierry Roland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Roland"},{"link_name":"Sylvester Stallone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone"},{"link_name":"Dominique Strauss-Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Strauss-Kahn"}],"sub_title":"Catchphrases","text":"Some catchphrases are recurrently used during the show.Le Monsieur te demande... (The gentleman is asking you...) loudly pronounced by the Chirac puppet when repeating the question of the interviewer to the Giscard puppet, to suggest that he is deaf or senile.\nPutain, deux ans ! (Damn, two years!) In 1993, Balladur is prime minister, while Chirac must wait two years to run for president. His puppet keeps repeating that sentence, suggesting his impatience to become president.\nà l'insu de mon plein gré See above. Repeated by Virenque's puppet to deny that he knew he was taking performance enhancing drugs.\nOh oui, quelle humiliation ! (Yes, what a great humiliation! ) Repeated by Philippe Séguin's puppet during the run-up to the mayor election in Paris, anticipating on his defeat.\nTout à fait Thierry ! Used by the puppet of Jean-Michel Larqué when commenting soccer matches with Thierry Roland.\nSalut, Bonhomme. (Hello boy/lad) is used by Bernard Tapie to salute PPD.\nPt'it fromage qui pue. (Little stinking cheese) used by M. Sylvestre (Sylvester Stallone's puppet) when talking of French people or when saluting PPD.\nExcusez la tenue, je sors de la douche. (Sorry for the bathrobe, I was in the shower) Repeated by the Dominique Strauss-Kahn puppet who is always in bathrobe when doing interviews.","title":"Impact on popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guignols_de_l%27info_0003.jpg"},{"link_name":"Patrick Poivre d'Arvor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Poivre_d%27Arvor"},{"link_name":"Jacques Chirac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac"},{"link_name":"Patrick Poivre d'Arvor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Poivre_d%27Arvor"},{"link_name":"TF1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TF1"},{"link_name":"Patrick Poivre d'Arvor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Poivre_d%27Arvor"},{"link_name":"Sylvester Stallone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Stallone"},{"link_name":"Rambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rambo"},{"link_name":"ugly American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugly_American_(epithet)"},{"link_name":"military–industrial complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex"},{"link_name":"[bœwaʁ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"bonsoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bonsoir"},{"link_name":"[bɔ̃.swaʁ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"corporate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA"},{"link_name":"Jacques Chirac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac"},{"link_name":"super hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_hero"},{"link_name":"Jacques Chirac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac"},{"link_name":"Clark Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Kent"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"Charles Pasqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pasqua"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Joey Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Starr"},{"link_name":"Doc Gynéco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Gyn%C3%A9co"},{"link_name":"rapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapper"},{"link_name":"Joey Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Starr"},{"link_name":"Doc Gynéco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Gyn%C3%A9co"},{"link_name":"cannabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)"},{"link_name":"Bernard Tapie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Tapie"},{"link_name":"braggart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braggart"},{"link_name":"Patrick Le Lay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Le_Lay"},{"link_name":"TF1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TF1"},{"link_name":"The Empire Strikes Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back"},{"link_name":"The Name of the Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Rose_(film)"},{"link_name":"Jean Marie Le Pen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Marie_Le_Pen"},{"link_name":"Front National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_national"},{"link_name":"éminence grise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89minence_grise"},{"link_name":"Marine Le Pen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen"},{"link_name":"Laure Manaudou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laure_Manaudou"},{"link_name":"Bernard Laporte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Laporte"},{"link_name":"scrum half","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum-half_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"political history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_France"},{"link_name":"Lionel Jospin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Jospin"},{"link_name":"Édouard Balladur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Balladur"},{"link_name":"Trainspotting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainspotting_(film)"},{"link_name":"Roselyne Bachelot-Narquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roselyne_Bachelot-Narquin"},{"link_name":"incompetent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competence_(human_resources)"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Sarkozy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy"},{"link_name":"Carla Bruni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Bruni"},{"link_name":"Valéry Giscard d'Estaing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing"},{"link_name":"habit vert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habit_vert"},{"link_name":"Académie Française","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise"},{"link_name":"Ségolène Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9gol%C3%A8ne_Royal"},{"link_name":"socialist party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)"},{"link_name":"opinion polls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polls"},{"link_name":"François Bayrou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou"},{"link_name":"Dominique Strauss-Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Strauss-Kahn"},{"link_name":"Leopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard"},{"link_name":"François Hollande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande"},{"link_name":"Nadine Morano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine_Morano"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Sarkozy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy"},{"link_name":"David Douillet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Douillet"},{"link_name":"Angela Merkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel"}],"text":"Puppets of Patrick Poivre d'Arvor and Jacques ChiracThe characters appearing in Les Guignols are based on real personalities of the political, economic and artistic worlds; generally, anybody deemed newsworthy. The show also had a few dozen anonymous puppets at its disposal.PPD is a caricature of Patrick Poivre d'Arvor (who is himself nicknamed PPDA), a news anchor who was on the TF1 network until 2008. He served as the main anchor of the show since its first season. He was depicted as a rather cowardly journalist who tries to get on with the mighty and the powerful, but used irony and sarcasm to get his point across. He also sported a variety of hairstyles, in an attempt to mask his receding hairline. Despite the end of the news anchor career of the real Patrick Poivre d'Arvor, \"PPD\" wasn't retired until the 2015 season.\nSylvestre, Commandant Sylvestre, Cardinal Sylvestre, and many others, both named and unnamed, all with the same face and voice, were fictional characters based on the likeness of the American actor Sylvester Stallone, although when it was the actor himself who was represented, or Rambo, he had a distinct appearance and a different voice. The Sylvestres were parodies of \"an ugly American\", of greedy multinational corporations, and the military–industrial complex. They always introduced themselves with \"beuuarhh\" (IPA: [bœwaʁ]), a slurred version of \"bonsoir\" (IPA: [bɔ̃.swaʁ], good evening). During the first Gulf War, the Guignols introduced a character called Commandant Sylvestre. He would explain the war in broad oversimplified terms (\"Here's the good guys, that's us, and here are the ragheads, so we'll kill everybody there...\"). After the gulf war, he was reintroduced as Mr. Sylvestre, an ubiquitous executive from the military-industrial complex, the corporate world, and the CIA, all mixed into the fictional mega-corporation World Company. Sylvestre was dressed in a suit and tie, with a security badge. Other Sylvestres, dressed as Cardinals, Reverends, Imams, Rabbis, and other religious leaders, were also portrayed as the Church Company, the twin sister of the World Company, specializing in \"the business of religion\". During the 2017 season, he was the show's main anchor. In the very last episode, he was the CEO who fired PPD and Jacques Chirac.\nJacques Chirac, the president of France from 1995 to 2007, was depicted as a beer-guzzling, impulsive, incompetent liar, while coming off, at the same time, as relatable and well-loved. The show eventually introduced Super Menteur (Super-Liar), a super hero into whom Jacques Chirac changes into at times of need (see Clark Kent/Superman). Super Menteur is capable of uttering unbelievable lies without getting caught. Only one person is a better liar, Ultra menteur (Ultra-Liar), portrayed by French retired politician Charles Pasqua, who was convicted in some corruption cases. Chirac served as the show's main anchor in its last season, in 2018.\nGeorge W. Bush was depicted as a cretin along with his father. He shows a tendency to war and fights terrorism in his bedroom, defending himself with hand grenades (beer cans). His laptop password is \"connard\" (one of the French words for \"dumbass\"). He often appears along with one of the Sylvestres, who gets portrayed as the guy who's really in charge. Remarkably, Bush's character spoke in french with an american (or english, foreign) accent, whereas M. Sylvestre spoke french without any foreign accent, after the french dubbed voice of Sylvester Stallone in his films.\nJoey Starr and Doc Gynéco: The rapper Joey Starr, convicted of violence, is portrayed as a brutal individual. He is often coupled with rapper Doc Gynéco to discuss the consumption of cannabis.\nBernard Tapie, a French businessman, is represented as a braggart, speaking in a frank, blunt and vulgar way.\nPatrick Le Lay, head of the TF1 TV channel paired with Etienne Mougeotte, head of programming at TF1. Mougeotte is regularly portrayed as a hypocrite who schedules documentaries on prostitution or sex-oriented reality TV programs and pretends doing that to inform the public, while Le Lay always reveals that the actual purpose is only to improve ratings. Le Lay has been also portrayed as the emperor in a spoof of The Empire Strikes Back and as the blind superior in a spoof of The Name of the Rose.\nJean Marie Le Pen, former head of the Front National far-right political party. He was sometimes represented with a pitbull's head. After the handover to one of his daughters, Marine Le Pen, his puppet appeared rarely, sometimes as the éminence grise of Marine Le Pen, his daughter and successor, other times as a bluntly-speaking bigot she had to reel in and control in order to appear acceptable to public discourse.\nPhilippe Lucas, a former trainer of the French Olympic world and European champion swimmer Laure Manaudou, was portrayed as a heavily muscled, homophobic guy who criticized most French athletes, suspecting them of physical and mental weakness. He always concluded his criticism by the catchphrase \"Et pis c'est tout !\", an incorrect contraction of Et puis c'est tout (And that's it).\nBernard Laporte, a former authoritarian rugby scrum half, coach (both club teams and national team), former secretary of state, often appeared to praise the violence in rugby, which his puppet described as the valeurs de l'ovalie (the values of rugby), with many hyperboles (open fractures, neck cracking, enucleations, coma, crowbar fighting ambush).In recent political history, the Guignols have also regularly portrayed:Lionel Jospin, former prime minister, as competent and honest, but boring. He was later depicted as disappointed by France (he passes, from time to time, to scream \"pays de merde !\", roughly \"this country sucks\"), since the first round of the 2002 presidential election, in which he failed to get to the second round.\nÉdouard Balladur former prime minister who ran for president against Chirac. In the show, Chirac's puppet nicknames him Couille molle (soft testicle). Balladur's puppet appeared in a spoof of Trainspotting where he is suffering from an addiction to political power. As Balladur tried to get rid of his upper class manners during his presidential campaign, his puppet was shown unshaved, with vulgar manners, calling Sarkozy Nico and drinking cheap beer.\nRoselyne Bachelot-Narquin, a former minister of health, youth affairs and sports, then former minister of culture, was depicted as an incompetent airhead, clueless about all questions related to her ministry, welcoming questions from PPD with \"Ah bon !?\" (\"Oh, really!?\").\nNicolas Sarkozy, former president, was depicted as overly ambitious, populist, and short-tempered. He collected Rolex watches, and kept diverting attention to his wife, Carla Bruni. Like the real politician, he was insecure about his short height, and always wore shoes with heels to compensate. After Sarkozy came back to the French politics scene in 2014, he was portrayed as someone who claimed he had \"really changed\" regarding his short temper, but the facade often fell off to reveal someone worse than before.\nValéry Giscard d'Estaing, former president, was seen as dogmatic and repetitive, usually seen wearing his green habit vert (ceremonial dress), as he is a member of the Académie Française. One running gag is that Giscard d'Estaing was dead, but too stubborn to admit it, or even acknowledge it.\nSégolène Royal, the socialist party candidate for the 2007 presidential election, as constantly following opinion polls, pretending to be a woman of the people.\nFrançois Bayrou, the centrist 2012 candidate for the presidency who has delusions of grandeur. His huge-eared puppet was constantly portrayed as childish and whiny.\nDominique Strauss-Kahn after his arrest in 2011 was portrayed as a pervert wearing only a bathrobe with Leopard spots and calling his penis Francis. Interviewed by PPD as a consultant on economics, he was giving answers in economics jargon (such as animal spirits, tension, invisible hand, spheres full of liquidities etc...) that made no sense except as sexual double-entendre that PPD either does not understand or feigns not to understand.\nFrançois Hollande, elected president in 2012, was depicted as an overweight and silly politician who lacked charisma.\nNadine Morano was seen as a very scurrilous and rough politician, who unconditionally supported Nicolas Sarkozy, often alongside David Douillet, a former world champion in judo and minister of sports, who was himself depicted a very simple-minded man.\nAngela Merkel, the German chancellor, who was portrayed, since the end of 2011, of controlling the entire European Union.","title":"Famous characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_des_Ar%C3%A8nes_de_l%27Info.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guignols_logo1992.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_de_%22La_Semaine_des_Guignols%22.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_Guignols2015.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logo_Guignols_2017.png"}],"text":"Opening title of the Arènes de l'info from August 29, 1988 to August 26, 1990\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOpening title of the Guignols de l'Info from September 14, 1992 to June 27, 2015\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOpening title of La Semaine des Guignols from 1995 to 2018\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOpening title of the Guignols from December 7, 2015 to June 14, 2017\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOpening title of the Guignols from October 13, 2017 to June 22, 2018","title":"Visual identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leftist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leftist"},{"link_name":"populist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism"},{"link_name":"cynical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynical"},{"link_name":"anti-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-American"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Sarkozy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"French presidential election of 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election"}],"text":"The Guignols have been criticised for being leftist and populist, and for presenting a cynical and over-simplified version of reality and politics. The show's authors have admitted leftist leanings. Erik Svane has accused the show of being anti-American.After the departure of two of the original authors in the late 1990s, the show has been criticized as lacking wit and freshness and having become too overtly populist and partisan. Some critics claim that the show is in decline.[2] The show's treatment of Nicolas Sarkozy has been criticized[who?] as biased.[3] Bruno Gaccio, prior to the French presidential election of 2007, was said to have admitted that he meant the Guignols to openly campaign against Sarkozy, but later stated that he had been misquoted.","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Following the dismissal of the main four writers in July 2015,[4] the channel's new executives decided to move the show to the encrypted, non-free time slots. This decision was brought into effect the following December (the show returning months late after the executive shakeup), although the show was made available to the general public as a Dailymotion stream after being broadcast on air (\"La Semaine des Guignols\", the weekly roundup of the show, continued to be broadcast free-to-air on Sundays[5]). This change, as well as many other creative changes, brought about a decline of the programme, until the final episode was broadcast on June 22, 2018.[6]","title":"Cancellation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The XYZ Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_XYZ_Show"},{"link_name":"Puppets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukly"},{"link_name":"Les Guignols d'Afrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Guignols_d%27Afrique&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Las noticias del guiñol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_noticias_del_gui%C3%B1ol"},{"link_name":"Canal+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canal_Plus_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spanish politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Contra Informação","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_Informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"RTP1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTP1"},{"link_name":"ContraPoder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ContraPoder&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SIC Notícias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIC_Not%C3%ADcias"},{"link_name":"SIC Radical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIC_Radical"},{"link_name":"Ellougik Essiyasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellougik_Essiyasi"},{"link_name":"Augusto Pinochet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet"},{"link_name":"ZANews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZANEWS"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Let's Be Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Be_Real"},{"link_name":"2020 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Robert Smigel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Smigel"},{"link_name":"Triumph the Insult Comic Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_the_Insult_Comic_Dog"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The XYZ Show is the Kenyan equivalent of the French original.\nPuppets is the Russian political satire equivalent of Les Guignols.\nLes Guignols d'Afrique is the Cameroonian equivalent of the French original.\nLas noticias del guiñol is a show in Spanish Canal+ inspired by Les Guignols. It focuses on Spanish politics and football.\nContra Informação is a long-running Portuguese equivalent broadcast on RTP1. It was cancelled in 2010.\nContraPoder is an updated version of Contra Informação. It was premiered in March 2013 in the cable channels SIC Notícias and SIC Radical.\nEllougik Essiyasi, the Tunisian counterpart.\nLos Toppins, the Chilean equivalent, which featured prominently Augusto Pinochet after his dictatorship.\nZANews is the South African equivalent of the French original.Programs of the Guignols family exchange latex moulds, and puppets representing foreign celebrities can be used as \"normal people\" in countries where those personalities are not well-known.In September 2020, U.S. broadcaster Fox greenlit an adaptation of the series, Let's Be Real, with plans to air a one-off special on 1 October themed around the 2020 United States presidential election. Robert Smigel (the creator and voice of Triumph the Insult Comic Dog) served as executive producer.[7]","title":"Elsewhere"}] | [{"image_text":"Puppets of Patrick Poivre d'Arvor and Jacques Chirac","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Guignols_de_l%27info_0003.jpg/220px-Guignols_de_l%27info_0003.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Guignol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guignol"},{"title":"Le Bébête Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_B%C3%A9b%C3%AAte_Show"},{"title":"TF1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TF1"},{"title":"Et Dieu créa... Laflaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et_Dieu_cr%C3%A9a..._Laflaque"},{"title":"Spitting Image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitting_Image"},{"title":"D.C. Follies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C._Follies"},{"title":"The Wrong Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wrong_Coast"},{"title":"The Daily Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Show"},{"title":"This Hour Has 22 Minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Hour_Has_22_Minutes"},{"title":"Puppets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppets_(TV_series)"},{"title":"Juice Rap News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juice_Rap_News"},{"title":"26 minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26_minutes"}] | [{"reference":"\"Les quatre auteurs des \" Guignols \" limogés\". Le Monde. 25 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/televisions-radio/article/2015/07/25/les-quatre-auteurs-des-guignols-limoges_4698459_1655027.html","url_text":"\"Les quatre auteurs des \" Guignols \" limogés\""}]},{"reference":"\"Les Guignols» et Antoine de Caunes passent en crypté sur Canal +\". Le Figaro. 22 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/2015/07/22/20004-20150722ARTFIG00271-les-guignols-et-antoine-de-caunes-passent-en-payant-sur-canal.php","url_text":"\"Les Guignols» et Antoine de Caunes passent en crypté sur Canal +\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ecran noir pour \" Les Guignols \"\". Le Monde. 23 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/televisions-radio/article/2018/06/22/ecran-noir-pour-les-guignols_5319702_1655027.html","url_text":"\"Ecran noir pour \" Les Guignols \"\""}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie (2020-09-15). \"Fox Sets Election-Themed Puppet Special 'Let's Be Real' From Robert Smigel Based On French Format\". Deadline. Retrieved 2020-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2020/09/fox-election-themed-puppet-special-lets-be-real-robert-smigel-based-on-french-format-les-guignol-adaptation-promo-video-1234577311/","url_text":"\"Fox Sets Election-Themed Puppet Special 'Let's Be Real' From Robert Smigel Based On French Format\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Les+Guignols%22","external_links_name":"\"Les Guignols\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Les+Guignols%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Les+Guignols%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Les+Guignols%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Les+Guignols%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Les+Guignols%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Les+Guignols%22","external_links_name":"\"Les Guignols\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Les+Guignols%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Les+Guignols%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Les+Guignols%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Les+Guignols%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Les+Guignols%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=aTjN4oOCFIk4&refer=europe","external_links_name":"Segolene Is Snow White, Nicolas a Dwarf as French Satire Blooms"},{"Link":"http://www.ou-pas.net/pas_droles_guignols.htm","external_links_name":"Nouvelle page 1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080106080506/http://www.ou-pas.net/pas_droles_guignols.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.lepoint.fr/content/confidentiels/article?id=208262","external_links_name":"Les Guignols de l'Info, les bien nommés, actualité Confidentiels : Le Point"},{"Link":"https://www.lemonde.fr/televisions-radio/article/2015/07/25/les-quatre-auteurs-des-guignols-limoges_4698459_1655027.html","external_links_name":"\"Les quatre auteurs des \" Guignols \" limogés\""},{"Link":"http://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/2015/07/22/20004-20150722ARTFIG00271-les-guignols-et-antoine-de-caunes-passent-en-payant-sur-canal.php","external_links_name":"\"Les Guignols» et Antoine de Caunes passent en crypté sur Canal +\""},{"Link":"https://www.lemonde.fr/televisions-radio/article/2018/06/22/ecran-noir-pour-les-guignols_5319702_1655027.html","external_links_name":"\"Ecran noir pour \" Les Guignols \"\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2020/09/fox-election-themed-puppet-special-lets-be-real-robert-smigel-based-on-french-format-les-guignol-adaptation-promo-video-1234577311/","external_links_name":"\"Fox Sets Election-Themed Puppet Special 'Let's Be Real' From Robert Smigel Based On French Format\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0173553/","external_links_name":"Les Guignols"},{"Link":"http://www.canalplus.fr/c-humour/pid1784-c-les-guignols.html","external_links_name":"Canal+ website"},{"Link":"https://www.dailymotion.com/theguignols","external_links_name":"Dailymotion Channel"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/183191580","external_links_name":"VIAF"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS_Kingswear_Castle | PS Kingswear Castle | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°23′40″N 0°31′29″E / 51.39444°N 0.52472°E / 51.39444; 0.52472
PS Kingswear Castle in Whitstable Harbour
History
United Kingdom
NamePS Kingswear Castle
NamesakeKingswear Castle in Devon, UK
Owner
River Dart Steamboat Company (1924)
Paddle Steamer Preservation Society (1965)
Operator
River Dart Steamboat Company (1924)
Paddle Steamer Kingswear Castle Trust (1985)
Dartmouth Steam Railway and Riverboat Company (2012)
Route
River Dart (1924)
River Medway and Thames (1985)
River Dart (2013)
Ordered1924
BuilderPhilip and Son, Dartmouth, UK
Launched1924
Identification
MMSI number: 235007618
Callsign: MCGH6
StatusActive
General characteristics
TypePaddle steamer
Length
113.75 ft (34.67 m) LOA
108.14 ft (32.96 m) LBP
Beam17.43 ft (5.31 m)
Draught3.43 ft (1.05 m)
PropulsionCompound Diagonal Steam engine (1904) built by Cox and Co of Falmouth
PS Kingswear Castle is a steamship. She is a coal-fired river paddle steamer, dating from 1924 with engines from 1904. After running summer excursions on the River Medway and the Thames for many years she returned to the River Dart in Devon in December 2012 to run excursions from 2013 onwards on the river she was built on and for. Kingswear Castle is listed as part of the National Historic Fleet of ships of "Pre-eminent National Significance".
History
detail of paddle box, Kingswear Castle 28-4-1973 during restoration on a slipway at Medway Marina, Rochester.
The Kingswear Castle was built by Philip & Sons of Dartmouth in 1924 for service on the River Dart, following sister ships Compton Castle and Totnes Castle, and was operated by the River Dart Steamboat Co. Her predecessor of the same name from 1904 is now a rotted and barely recognisable hulk in the River Dart, but the engines were re-used in the current steamboat.
Kingswear Castle was chartered to the United States Navy during World War II, and was used for carrying stores and personnel at Dartmouth. In 1965 Kingswear Castle was withdrawn from service and became the first purchase of the Paddle Steamer Preservation Society (PSPS) two years later. She was then taken to the Isle of Wight and was moored at Island Harbour Marina from August 1967 to June 1971. However, due to her deteriorating condition, she was then taken to the River Medway.
After various difficulties and a great deal of restoration work she was finally brought into service again in 1985, and was operated by the Paddle Steamer Kingswear Castle Trust based at Chatham Historic Dockyard in Kent, in association with the PSPS.
On 18 December 2012 she returned to the River Dart again, under charter to the Dartmouth Steam Railway and Riverboat Company, to run passenger trips around Dartmouth Harbour and up river to Totnes.
See also
PS Waverley
PS Wingfield Castle
PS Medway Queen
Paddle Steamer Preservation Society
References
^ "Paddle Steamer Kingswear Castle". Dartmouth Steam Railway and Riverboat Company. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
^ "Paddle Steamer - PS Kingswear Castle - 1924". Dartmouth Museum. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2012. The Kingswear Castle was withdrawn from service in 1924 after a distinguished career, and her rusting remains can be seen on the left bank of the Dart on the excursion by river to Totnes.
^ "Paddlesteamer Kingswear Castle returns home to the Dart after 50 years". Western Morning News. 8 December 2012. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012. Andrew Pooley, general manager of Dartmouth Steam Railway and Riverboat Company, said: "It has taken nearly three years' negotiations to persuade the trustees that we have the marine expertise and steam engineering skills to look after this historic vessel in perpetuity
^ "Reasons for the Move". Paddle Steamer Kingswear Castle Trust. Retrieved 18 December 2012. ...after consultation with the Council of Management of the Paddle Steamer Preservation Society and others, it has finally been agreed that from 2013 Kingswear Castle will be taken on long term charter by the Dartmouth Steam Railway and River Boat Co and returned to service on the River Dart. As a result the business here on the Medway will close.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to PS Kingswear Castle.
Paddle Steamer Kingswear Castle Trust
Paddle Steamer Preservation Society (PSPS)
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51°23′40″N 0°31′29″E / 51.39444°N 0.52472°E / 51.39444; 0.52472 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"paddle steamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddle_steamer"},{"link_name":"River Medway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Medway"},{"link_name":"Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames"},{"link_name":"River Dart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Dart"},{"link_name":"National Historic Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Fleet"}],"text":"PS Kingswear Castle is a steamship. She is a coal-fired river paddle steamer, dating from 1924 with engines from 1904. After running summer excursions on the River Medway and the Thames for many years she returned to the River Dart in Devon in December 2012 to run excursions from 2013 onwards on the river she was built on and for. 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Her predecessor of the same name from 1904 is now a rotted and barely recognisable hulk in the River Dart, but the engines were re-used in the current steamboat.[2]Kingswear Castle was chartered to the United States Navy during World War II, and was used for carrying stores and personnel at Dartmouth. In 1965 Kingswear Castle was withdrawn from service and became the first purchase of the Paddle Steamer Preservation Society (PSPS) two years later. She was then taken to the Isle of Wight and was moored at Island Harbour Marina from August 1967 to June 1971. However, due to her deteriorating condition, she was then taken to the River Medway.After various difficulties and a great deal of restoration work she was finally brought into service again in 1985, and was operated by the Paddle Steamer Kingswear Castle Trust based at Chatham Historic Dockyard in Kent, in association with the PSPS.On 18 December 2012 she returned to the River Dart again, under charter to the Dartmouth Steam Railway and Riverboat Company, to run passenger trips around Dartmouth Harbour and up river to Totnes.[3][4]","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"detail of paddle box, Kingswear Castle 28-4-1973 during restoration on a slipway at Medway Marina, Rochester.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Paddle_box%2C_Kingswear_Castle_28-4-1973_during_restoration_at_Rochester.jpg/170px-Paddle_box%2C_Kingswear_Castle_28-4-1973_during_restoration_at_Rochester.jpg"}] | [{"title":"PS Waverley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS_Waverley"},{"title":"PS Wingfield Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS_Wingfield_Castle"},{"title":"PS Medway Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS_Medway_Queen"},{"title":"Paddle Steamer Preservation Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddle_Steamer_Preservation_Society"}] | [{"reference":"\"Paddle Steamer Kingswear Castle\". Dartmouth Steam Railway and Riverboat Company. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130124191141/http://www.dartmouthrailriver.co.uk/days-out/paddle-steamer-kingswear-castle","url_text":"\"Paddle Steamer Kingswear Castle\""},{"url":"http://www.dartmouthrailriver.co.uk/days-out/paddle-steamer-kingswear-castle","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Paddle Steamer - PS Kingswear Castle - 1924\". Dartmouth Museum. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2012. 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Andrew Pooley, general manager of Dartmouth Steam Railway and Riverboat Company, said: \"It has taken nearly three years' negotiations to persuade the trustees that we have the marine expertise and steam engineering skills to look after this historic vessel in perpetuity","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130505075808/http://www.thisissouthdevon.co.uk/Paddlesteamer-Kingswear-Castle-returns-home-Dart/story-17531723-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Paddlesteamer Kingswear Castle returns home to the Dart after 50 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Morning_News","url_text":"Western Morning News"},{"url":"http://www.thisissouthdevon.co.uk/Paddlesteamer-Kingswear-Castle-returns-home-Dart/story-17531723-detail/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Reasons for the Move\". Paddle Steamer Kingswear Castle Trust. Retrieved 18 December 2012. ...after consultation with the Council of Management of the Paddle Steamer Preservation Society and others, it has finally been agreed that from 2013 Kingswear Castle will be taken on long term charter by the Dartmouth Steam Railway and River Boat Co and returned to service on the River Dart. As a result the business here on the Medway will close.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kingswearcastle.co.uk/Future.htm","url_text":"\"Reasons for the Move\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddle_Steamer_Preservation_Society","url_text":"Paddle Steamer Preservation Society"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=PS_Kingswear_Castle¶ms=51_23_40_N_0_31_29_E_","external_links_name":"51°23′40″N 0°31′29″E / 51.39444°N 0.52472°E / 51.39444; 0.52472"},{"Link":"https://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/details/ships/mmsi:235007618","external_links_name":"235007618"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130124191141/http://www.dartmouthrailriver.co.uk/days-out/paddle-steamer-kingswear-castle","external_links_name":"\"Paddle Steamer Kingswear Castle\""},{"Link":"http://www.dartmouthrailriver.co.uk/days-out/paddle-steamer-kingswear-castle","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000358/https://dartmouthmuseum.org/collections/picture-archive/e/e0705.html","external_links_name":"\"Paddle Steamer - PS Kingswear Castle - 1924\""},{"Link":"http://dartmouthmuseum.org/collections/picture-archive/e/e0705.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130505075808/http://www.thisissouthdevon.co.uk/Paddlesteamer-Kingswear-Castle-returns-home-Dart/story-17531723-detail/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Paddlesteamer Kingswear Castle returns home to the Dart after 50 years\""},{"Link":"http://www.thisissouthdevon.co.uk/Paddlesteamer-Kingswear-Castle-returns-home-Dart/story-17531723-detail/story.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kingswearcastle.co.uk/Future.htm","external_links_name":"\"Reasons for the Move\""},{"Link":"http://www.kingswearcastle.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Paddle Steamer Kingswear Castle Trust"},{"Link":"http://www.paddlesteamers.org/","external_links_name":"Paddle Steamer Preservation Society (PSPS)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=PS_Kingswear_Castle¶ms=51_23_40_N_0_31_29_E_","external_links_name":"51°23′40″N 0°31′29″E / 51.39444°N 0.52472°E / 51.39444; 0.52472"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86bbingas | Æbbingas | ["1 References"] | This article may be confusing or unclear to readers. Please help clarify the article. There might be a discussion about this on the talk page. (September 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Abingdon and Abingdon Abbey were founded in Saxon times, possibly the 7th century. The early history of Abingdon (and its abbey) has been distorted by the numerous legends surrounding its history. The legends were invented to raise its status and explain the place-name. The name seems to mean 'Hill of a man named Æbba, or a woman named Æbbe', possibly the saint to whom St Ebbe's Church in Oxford was dedicated (Æbbe of Coldingham or a different Æbbe of Oxford). However Abingdon is actually in a valley and not on a hill. It is thought that the name was first given to a place on Boars Hill above Chilswell, and the name was transferred to its present site when the Abbey was relocated.
References
^ Mills & Room, 2003, s.v. Abingdon
^ Gelling, Margaret (1957). "The Hill of Abingdon" (PDF). Oxoniensia. 22. Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society.
vteAnglo-Saxon heptarchyKingdoms
East Anglia
Essex
Kent
Mercia
Hwicce
Lindsey
Middel Seaxe
Northumbria
Bernicia
Deira
Sussex
Wessex
Monarchs
Bretwalda
Iclingas
Frithuwald
Wiglaf of Mercia
Lists of monarchs
East Anglia
Essex
Kent
Mercia
Northumbria
Sussex
Wessex
Regiones
East Anglia:
Norfolk
Suffolk
Elge
Gywre
Herstingas
Ikelgas
Spalda (Spalding)
Bilmingas (part of south Lincolnshire)
Essex:
Brahhingas
Beda
Daenningas
Caningaege
Gegingas
Surrey
Gillingas
Godhelmingas
Haueringas
Hroðingas
Haka
Middle Saxons
Haering
Nox-gaga and Oht-gaga
Tetingas
Tewingas
Waeclingas
Tota
Woccingas
Pæding-tun
Frithuwald's Sūþrīge
Dæningas
Deningei
Kent:
Andredsley
Andredes Leag
Boroware
Cantware
Ceasterware
Eastorege
Lympne
Limenwara
Modingahema
Mercia:
Ælfingas
Æbbingas
Arosæte
Banesbyrig
Beormingas
Bilsæte
Cilternsæte
Duddensæte
Gaini
Gyrwas
Glestinga
Husmerae
Lindisfaras
Magonsæte
Middle Angles
North Engle
Pecset
Pecsæte
Pencersæte
Reagesate
South Engele
Snotingas
Southumbrians
Spaldingas
Stoppingas
Sweordora
Tomsæte
Undaium
Weorgoran
Westerne
Wreocensæte
Northumbria:
Elmetsæte
Beodarsæte
Loidis
Sussex:
Haestingas
Wessex:
Eorlingas
Basingas
Brycgstowl
Dornsaete
Gewisse
Glastening
Meonwara
Rēadingas
Sumorsaete
Sumortūnsǣte and Glestinga
Sunningas
Wiltsaete
Wihtwara
Ytenes
See also
Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Burghal Hidage
Danelaw
Mercian Supremacy
Tribal Hidage | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Abingdon Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Saxon times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"St Ebbe's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ebbe%27s_Church"},{"link_name":"Æbbe of Coldingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86bbe_of_Coldingham"},{"link_name":"Æbbe of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86bbe_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Boars Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boars_Hill"},{"link_name":"Chilswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilswell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Abingdon and Abingdon Abbey were founded in Saxon times, possibly the 7th century. The early history of Abingdon (and its abbey) has been distorted by the numerous legends surrounding its history. The legends were invented to raise its status and explain the place-name. The name seems to mean 'Hill of a man named Æbba, or a woman named Æbbe',[1] possibly the saint to whom St Ebbe's Church in Oxford was dedicated (Æbbe of Coldingham or a different Æbbe of Oxford). However Abingdon is actually in a valley and not on a hill. It is thought that the name was first given to a place on Boars Hill above Chilswell, and the name was transferred to its present site when the Abbey was relocated.[2]","title":"Æbbingas"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Gelling, Margaret (1957). \"The Hill of Abingdon\" (PDF). Oxoniensia. 22. Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Gelling","url_text":"Gelling, Margaret"},{"url":"http://oxoniensia.org/volumes/1957/gelling.pdf","url_text":"\"The Hill of Abingdon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire_Architectural_and_Historical_Society","url_text":"Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://oxoniensia.org/volumes/1957/gelling.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Hill of Abingdon\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Thursday_(1960_Rome_Olympics) | Black Thursday (1960 Rome Olympics) | ["1 Ray Norton and John Thomas","2 In retrospect","3 References"] | Black Thursday was the phrase coined by Oscar Fraley, to describe the failings of the American athletes in the track and field events on Thursday 1 September 1960, at the Rome Olympics.
Ray Norton and John Thomas
The two most notable failures that day were those of Ray Norton and John Thomas in the 100 metres and high jump, respectively. Ray Norton was considered the world’s best 100 m sprinter in 1959 and had won the United States Olympic Trials. In the end, he trailed in last place in the final and looked a shadow of his former self. John Thomas was the world record holder but settled for a bronze medal. The loss by Thomas to two Soviet athletes at the height of the Cold War was seen as a national triumph by the Soviets. The phrase ‘Black Thursday’ was resonant of other ‘Black Thursdays’ of the then recent past and in the living memory of many people alive at the time, most notably the Thursday that signalled the start of the wall Street Crash of 1929. In addition, 1 September was the 21st anniversary of Hitler’s invasion of Poland.
In retrospect
1 September in the Olympic Stadium was viewed at the time as a disaster for the United States, but in other Olympic events that day the Americans triumphed and, on subsequent days in the Olympic stadium, some limited success was restored to their track and field team.
References
^ a b c d Rome 1960, David Maraniss, Simon &Schuster, 2008, ISBN 1-4165-3407-5.
^ a b Associated Press" (1960-09-03). "American Track Stars Advance in Hurdles, 400". Reading Eagle.
^ a b Leo H. Petersen (1960-09-01). "Yanks Open Drive to Recoup Lost Prestige at Olympics". Times-News.
^ Tex Maule (1960-09-12). "'Faster-Higher-Stronger' reads the urgent Olympic - 09.12.60 - SI Vault". Sportsillustrated.cnn.com. Retrieved 2013-10-02.
^ "LIFE - Google Books". 1960-09-12. Retrieved 2013-10-02.
vteEvents at the 1960 Summer Olympics (Rome)
Athletics
Basketball
Boxing
Canoeing
Cycling
Diving
Equestrian
Fencing
Field hockey
Football
Gymnastics
Modern pentathlon
Rowing
Sailing
Shooting
Swimming
Water polo
Weightlifting
Wrestling | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Black Thursday (1960 Rome Olympics)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ray Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Norton"},{"link_name":"John Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thomas_(athlete)"},{"link_name":"100 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_athletics_(men)#100m"},{"link_name":"high jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_athletics_(men)#High_jump"},{"link_name":"United States Olympic Trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_Olympic_Trials_(track_and_field)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome1960_book-1"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Black Thursdays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Thursday"},{"link_name":"wall Street Crash of 1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome1960_book-1"}],"text":"The two most notable failures that day were those of Ray Norton and John Thomas in the 100 metres and high jump, respectively. Ray Norton was considered the world’s best 100 m sprinter in 1959 and had won the United States Olympic Trials. In the end, he trailed in last place in the final and looked a shadow of his former self.[1] John Thomas was the world record holder but settled for a bronze medal. The loss by Thomas to two Soviet athletes at the height of the Cold War was seen as a national triumph by the Soviets.[4] The phrase ‘Black Thursday’ was resonant of other ‘Black Thursdays’ of the then recent past and in the living memory of many people alive at the time, most notably the Thursday that signalled the start of the wall Street Crash of 1929. In addition, 1 September was the 21st anniversary of Hitler’s invasion of Poland.[1]","title":"Ray Norton and John Thomas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rome1960_book-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracksuccess-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracksuccess2-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"1 September in the Olympic Stadium was viewed at the time as a disaster for the United States, but in other Olympic events that day the Americans triumphed and, on subsequent days in the Olympic stadium, some limited success was restored to their track and field team.[1][2][3][5]","title":"In retrospect"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Associated Press\" (1960-09-03). \"American Track Stars Advance in Hurdles, 400\". Reading Eagle.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19600903&id=mhQrAAAAIBAJ&pg=1819,661038","url_text":"\"American Track Stars Advance in Hurdles, 400\""}]},{"reference":"Leo H. Petersen (1960-09-01). \"Yanks Open Drive to Recoup Lost Prestige at Olympics\". Times-News.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1665&dat=19600901&id=B_QZAAAAIBAJ&pg=6974,149988","url_text":"\"Yanks Open Drive to Recoup Lost Prestige at Olympics\""}]},{"reference":"Tex Maule (1960-09-12). \"'Faster-Higher-Stronger' reads the urgent Olympic - 09.12.60 - SI Vault\". Sportsillustrated.cnn.com. Retrieved 2013-10-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1071755/1/index.htm","url_text":"\"'Faster-Higher-Stronger' reads the urgent Olympic - 09.12.60 - SI Vault\""}]},{"reference":"\"LIFE - Google Books\". 1960-09-12. Retrieved 2013-10-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EE8EAAAAMBAJ&q=%22black+thursday%22+olympics+american+athletes&pg=PA16","url_text":"\"LIFE - Google Books\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1955&dat=19600903&id=mhQrAAAAIBAJ&pg=1819,661038","external_links_name":"\"American Track Stars Advance in Hurdles, 400\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1665&dat=19600901&id=B_QZAAAAIBAJ&pg=6974,149988","external_links_name":"\"Yanks Open Drive to Recoup Lost Prestige at Olympics\""},{"Link":"http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1071755/1/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"'Faster-Higher-Stronger' reads the urgent Olympic - 09.12.60 - SI Vault\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EE8EAAAAMBAJ&q=%22black+thursday%22+olympics+american+athletes&pg=PA16","external_links_name":"\"LIFE - Google Books\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brink_of_Disaster_(Thunderbirds) | Brink of Disaster (Thunderbirds) | ["1 Plot","2 Regular voice cast","3 Production","4 Broadcast and reception","4.1 Critical response","5 References","5.1 Works cited","6 External links"] | 11th episode of the 1st series of Thunderbirds
"Brink of Disaster"Thunderbirds episodeEpisode no.Series 1Episode 11Directed byDavid LaneWritten byAlan FennellCinematography byPaddy SealeEditing byHarry MacDonaldProduction code11Original air date24 February 1966 (1966-02-24)Guest character voices
Ray Barrett as
Selsden
Joe (Helijet Pilot)
Syndicate Member
Villain in Convertible
Peter Dyneley as
Hugo (Syndicate Member)
David Graham as
Warren Grafton
Harry Malloy
Matt Zimmerman as
Stan (Helijet Pilot)
Doolan (Syndicate Member)
Helijet Patrol Base
Episode chronology
← Previous"Martian Invasion"
Next →"The Perils of Penelope"
List of episodes
"Brink of Disaster" is an episode of Thunderbirds, a British Supermarionation television series created by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson and filmed by their production company AP Films (later Century 21 Productions) for ITC Entertainment. Written by Alan Fennell and directed by David Lane, it was first broadcast on 24 February 1966 on ATV Midlands as the 22nd episode of Series One. It is the 11th episode in the official running order.
Set in the 2060s, Thunderbirds follows the missions of International Rescue, a secret organisation which uses technologically‑advanced rescue vehicles to save human life. The lead characters are ex‑astronaut Jeff Tracy, founder of International Rescue, and his five adult sons, who pilot the organisation's primary vehicles: the Thunderbird machines. In "Brink of Disaster", an entrepreneur goes to criminal lengths to fund his latest project: an automated monorail of questionable safety. While his associates break into Creighton-Ward Mansion to steal Lady Penelope's jewellery collection, the entrepreneur takes Jeff, Brains and Tin-Tin on a monotrain ride in a bid to secure funding from Jeff. When a helicopter crash destroys part of a bridge and cripples the monorail's automatic signals, a lack of fail-safes leaves the train speeding towards the breach, out of control.
In 1967, Century 21 released an audio adaptation of "Brink of Disaster" on EP record (catalogue number MA 124) narrated by voice actor David Graham as Parker. In 1992, Young Corgi Books published a novelisation by Dave Morris. The same year, a comic strip adaptation by Fennell was serialised in Fleetway Publications' Thunderbirds: The Comic. The episode had its first UK‑wide network broadcast on 13 March 1992 on BBC2.
Plot
American entrepreneur Warren Grafton arrives at Creighton-Ward Mansion to approach Lady Penelope as a potential investment partner in his new venture: the fully-automated Pacific Atlantic suspended monorail. The meeting is delayed while Penelope, driving home in FAB 1, deals with two criminals who are tailing her – first deploying her car's smoke screen and oil slick, then using its machine guns to blast the villains' convertible off the road.
Grafton exploits Penelope's absence to locate her jewellery safe and conceal a burglar alarm-jamming device in the mansion. Parker recognises Grafton's chauffeur as Harry Malloy, an ex-mobster. On meeting Grafton, Penelope declines to invest in the monorail and refers Grafton to her industrialist friend and secret employer Jeff Tracy . Although Grafton has clashed with the United States government over inadequate safety measures, Jeff agrees to ride the monorail before making up his mind about the project, joined by Brains and Tin-Tin as technical advisors.
Unknown to Penelope and Jeff, Grafton is the head of a crime syndicate. Meeting his associates, Grafton outlines his plan to fill a gap in the monorail's funding: Malloy and fellow syndicate member Selsden will break into Penelope's mansion and steal her multi-million-pound jewellery collection.
The next day, Grafton and his guests set off in the monotrain. Jeff is unimpressed by his host's penny-pinching attitude to safety, especially on hearing that without train staff, the passengers' only non‑automated lifeline is a fleet of patrolling helijets. Jeff's concerns prove well founded when one of the helijets is struck by lightning, forcing its pilot to eject before it crashes into a bridge. The explosion destroys a section of track and knocks out the monorail's automatic signals. No manual override exists to stop the train, so Brains and Tin-Tin devise a brake switch by modifying the power unit. Meanwhile, Jeff radios International Rescue for help, taking care not to address his sons by name in order to maintain secrecy. Scott and Virgil take off in Thunderbirds 1 and 2.
The switch works and the train grinds to a halt on the bridge, just feet from the break in the line. The Thunderbirds arrive. As the bridge buckles under the weight of the train, Scott directs the occupants to the middle carriage, which Virgil airlifts away using Thunderbird 2's grabs. The bridge collapses, taking the train with it. Jeff warns Grafton that he faces a lengthy jail term for his negligence.
In England, Malloy and Selsden wait until the middle of the night and launch their raid on the mansion, gaining entry undetected thanks to Grafton's jammer. However, they are unaware that the jewellery safe has its own alarm and inadvertently wake Penelope and Parker. Armed with a machine gun, Parker moves to a window and shoots out the tyres on the criminals' car to stop them getting away. Malloy and Selsden try to escape in FAB 1 but Penelope activates a remote control which locks the steering wheel, leaving them driving in circles. Malloy and Selsden and are arrested and imprisoned with Grafton and the rest of the syndicate.
Regular voice cast
Sylvia Anderson as Lady Penelope
Peter Dyneley as Jeff Tracy
Christine Finn as Tin-Tin Kyrano
David Graham as Brains and Parker
David Holliday as Virgil Tracy
Shane Rimmer as Scott Tracy
Production
The 11th episode in the production and ITC-recommended viewing orders, "Brink of Disaster" is one of several early episodes that were extended from 25 to 50 minutes after Lew Grade – the owner of APF, who had been impressed by the 25-minute version of the first episode, "Trapped in the Sky" – ordered the runtime doubled so the series would fill an hour-long timeslot. In the case of "Brink of Disaster", the story was expanded by adding a subplot revealing Grafton to be a crime boss, culminating in Malloy and Selsden's burglary of Creighton-Ward Mansion.
"Brink of Disaster" was filmed in January 1965 at APF's studios on the Slough Trading Estate. The monotrain model's suspension rail was adapted from a curtain rail bought from a local retailer. According to effects assistant Mike Trim, the suspension configuration was difficult to film, which is why miniature monorails in later APF productions were designed to run on model railway tracks. Some of the model shots from "Brink of Disaster" were reused in "The Perils of Penelope" to represent the Paris-Anderbad monorail.
Broadcast and reception
When BBC Two began a Thunderbirds re-run in 2000, "Brink of Disaster" was one of two episodes (the other being "The Perils of Penelope") that were postponed from their November broadcast dates due to concerns that their plots involving trains might cause offence in the wake of the Hatfield rail crash. Both episodes were eventually transmitted in April 2001.
Critical response
Rating the episode three out of five, Tom Fox of Starburst magazine calls the Pacific Atlantic monotrain a "great prop" and likens Grafton and his associates to "pantomime bad guys". He considers Penelope's handling of Malloy and Selsden to be the highlight of the episode.
Marcus Hearn suggests that put together, the episode's two distinct storylines (the monorail disaster and the mansion burglary) are too "thinly connected" to remain truly credible. However, he argues that either premise could service an entire episode on its own, adding that parts of the story " us that Thunderbirds can be just as entertaining when it breaks from its rescue format." He compares FAB 1's gadgets to those on the Aston Martin DB5 in the James Bond films Goldfinger and Thunderball.
Richard Farrell praises the editing of the scenes showing the runaway monotrain. He comments that the episode highlights the dangers of increased automation, describing the monotrain as a "literal representation of technology running out of control". According to Farrell, parts of the plot are reminiscent of the German science fiction novel Der Tunnel, in which the building of a transatlantic tunnel is halted when the construction company goes bankrupt. On the characterisation, he argues that Warren Grafton and Jeff Tracy represent two sides of capitalism – the former being portrayed as a greedy, criminal entrepreneur, the latter an honest industrialist.
References
^ a b c d e Bentley, Chris (2005) . The Complete Book of Thunderbirds (2nd ed.). Carlton Books. pp. 74–75. ISBN 978-1-84442-454-2.
^ a b Hearn 2015, p. 127.
^ a b Hearn 2015, p. 105.
^ a b c Farrell, Richard; McGown, Alistair (September 2015). Hearn, Marcus (ed.). Thunderbirds – A Complete Guide to the Classic Series. Panini UK. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-1-84653-212-2.
^ Taylor, Anthony; Trim, Mike (2006). The Future Was FAB: The Art of Mike Trim. Hermes Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-932563-82-5.
^ Meddings, Derek (1993). 21st Century Visions. Paper Tiger Books. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-85028-243-3.
^ Fillis, Mike (May 2001). Atkinson, Richard (ed.). "Thunderbirds: Volumes 11 & 12". Cult Times. No. 68. Visual Imagination. p. 62. ISSN 1360-6530.
^ Dale, Chris (26 April 2019). "It's a Mindbender – why so many Gerry Anderson episode orders?". gerryanderson.co.uk. Anderson Entertainment. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
^ Bentley, Chris (2008) . The Complete Gerry Anderson: The Authorised Episode Guide (4th ed.). Reynolds & Hearn. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-905287-74-1.
^ Fox, Tom (August 2004). Payne, Andrew (ed.). "TV View". Starburst Special. No. 65. Visual Imagination. p. 52. ISSN 0958-7128.
^ Hearn 2015, p. 111.
Works cited
Hearn, Marcus (2015). Thunderbirds: The Vault. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-753-55635-1.
External links
Television portal
"Brink of Disaster" at IMDb
vteThunderbirdsCharacters
Tracy family
Jeff
Scott
Virgil
Alan
Gordon
John
Grandma
Brains
Tin-Tin Kyrano
Kyrano
Lady Penelope
Parker
The Hood
Vehicles and locations
Thunderbirds machines
FAB 1
Zero-X
Tracy Island
EpisodesSeries 1
"Trapped in the Sky"
"Pit of Peril"
"City of Fire"
"Sun Probe"
"The Uninvited"
"The Mighty Atom"
"Vault of Death"
"Operation Crash-Dive"
"Move – and You're Dead"
"Martian Invasion"
"Brink of Disaster"
"The Perils of Penelope"
"Terror in New York City"
"End of the Road"
"Day of Disaster"
"Edge of Impact"
"Desperate Intruder"
"30 Minutes After Noon"
"The Impostors"
"The Man from MI.5"
"Cry Wolf"
"Danger at Ocean Deep"
"The Duchess Assignment"
"Attack of the Alligators!"
"The Cham-Cham"
"Security Hazard"
Series 2
"Atlantic Inferno"
"Path of Destruction"
"Alias Mr. Hackenbacker"
"Lord Parker's 'Oliday"
"Ricochet"
"Give or Take a Million"
Derivative worksFeature films
Thunderbirds Are Go
Thunderbird 6
Thunderbirds
Television series
Thunderbirds 2086
Thunderbirds Are Go
list of episodes
"Comet Chasers"
Video games
Thunderbirds (2000)
Thunderbirds (2004)
Other
Merchandise
Lady Penelope
"Thunderbirds / 3AM"
See also
Fab (brand)
International Rescue Corps
Team America: World Police
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Supermarionation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarionation"},{"link_name":"Gerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Anderson"},{"link_name":"AP Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_Films"},{"link_name":"ITC Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITC_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Alan Fennell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Fennell"},{"link_name":"David Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lane_(director)"},{"link_name":"ATV Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATV_Midlands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bentley2005-1"},{"link_name":"Jeff Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Tracy"},{"link_name":"Thunderbird machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_machines"},{"link_name":"monorail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monorail"},{"link_name":"Lady Penelope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Penelope"},{"link_name":"Brains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brains_(Thunderbirds)"},{"link_name":"Tin-Tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin-Tin_Kyrano"},{"link_name":"signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_signalling"},{"link_name":"audio adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_play"},{"link_name":"EP record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EP_record"},{"link_name":"David Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Graham_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloysius_Parker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bentley2005-1"},{"link_name":"Young Corgi Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transworld_Publishers"},{"link_name":"Dave Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Morris_(game_designer)"},{"link_name":"Fleetway Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetway_Publications"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bentley2005-1"},{"link_name":"BBC2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bentley2005-1"}],"text":"11th episode of the 1st series of Thunderbirds\"Brink of Disaster\" is an episode of Thunderbirds, a British Supermarionation television series created by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson and filmed by their production company AP Films (later Century 21 Productions) for ITC Entertainment. Written by Alan Fennell and directed by David Lane, it was first broadcast on 24 February 1966 on ATV Midlands as the 22nd episode of Series One. It is the 11th episode in the official running order.[1]Set in the 2060s, Thunderbirds follows the missions of International Rescue, a secret organisation which uses technologically‑advanced rescue vehicles to save human life. The lead characters are ex‑astronaut Jeff Tracy, founder of International Rescue, and his five adult sons, who pilot the organisation's primary vehicles: the Thunderbird machines. In \"Brink of Disaster\", an entrepreneur goes to criminal lengths to fund his latest project: an automated monorail of questionable safety. While his associates break into Creighton-Ward Mansion to steal Lady Penelope's jewellery collection, the entrepreneur takes Jeff, Brains and Tin-Tin on a monotrain ride in a bid to secure funding from Jeff. When a helicopter crash destroys part of a bridge and cripples the monorail's automatic signals, a lack of fail-safes leaves the train speeding towards the breach, out of control.In 1967, Century 21 released an audio adaptation of \"Brink of Disaster\" on EP record (catalogue number MA 124) narrated by voice actor David Graham as Parker.[1] In 1992, Young Corgi Books published a novelisation by Dave Morris. The same year, a comic strip adaptation by Fennell was serialised in Fleetway Publications' Thunderbirds: The Comic.[1] The episode had its first UK‑wide network broadcast on 13 March 1992 on BBC2.[1]","title":"Brink of Disaster (Thunderbirds)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lady Penelope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Penelope"},{"link_name":"suspended monorail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended_monorail"},{"link_name":"FAB 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAB_1"},{"link_name":"smoke screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_screen"},{"link_name":"convertible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertible"},{"link_name":"burglar alarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burglar_alarm"},{"link_name":"Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloysius_Parker"},{"link_name":"Jeff Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Tracy"},{"link_name":"United States government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_government"},{"link_name":"safety measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_safety"},{"link_name":"Brains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brains_(Thunderbirds)"},{"link_name":"Tin-Tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin-Tin_Kyrano"},{"link_name":"crime syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_syndicate"},{"link_name":"signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_signalling"},{"link_name":"power unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_unit"},{"link_name":"Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Tracy"},{"link_name":"Virgil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_Tracy"},{"link_name":"Thunderbirds 1 and 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_machines"}],"text":"American entrepreneur Warren Grafton arrives at Creighton-Ward Mansion to approach Lady Penelope as a potential investment partner in his new venture: the fully-automated Pacific Atlantic suspended monorail. The meeting is delayed while Penelope, driving home in FAB 1, deals with two criminals who are tailing her – first deploying her car's smoke screen and oil slick, then using its machine guns to blast the villains' convertible off the road.Grafton exploits Penelope's absence to locate her jewellery safe and conceal a burglar alarm-jamming device in the mansion. Parker recognises Grafton's chauffeur as Harry Malloy, an ex-mobster. On meeting Grafton, Penelope declines to invest in the monorail and refers Grafton to her industrialist friend and secret employer Jeff Tracy . Although Grafton has clashed with the United States government over inadequate safety measures, Jeff agrees to ride the monorail before making up his mind about the project, joined by Brains and Tin-Tin as technical advisors.Unknown to Penelope and Jeff, Grafton is the head of a crime syndicate. Meeting his associates, Grafton outlines his plan to fill a gap in the monorail's funding: Malloy and fellow syndicate member Selsden will break into Penelope's mansion and steal her multi-million-pound jewellery collection.The next day, Grafton and his guests set off in the monotrain. Jeff is unimpressed by his host's penny-pinching attitude to safety, especially on hearing that without train staff, the passengers' only non‑automated lifeline is a fleet of patrolling helijets. Jeff's concerns prove well founded when one of the helijets is struck by lightning, forcing its pilot to eject before it crashes into a bridge. The explosion destroys a section of track and knocks out the monorail's automatic signals. No manual override exists to stop the train, so Brains and Tin-Tin devise a brake switch by modifying the power unit. Meanwhile, Jeff radios International Rescue for help, taking care not to address his sons by name in order to maintain secrecy. Scott and Virgil take off in Thunderbirds 1 and 2.The switch works and the train grinds to a halt on the bridge, just feet from the break in the line. The Thunderbirds arrive. As the bridge buckles under the weight of the train, Scott directs the occupants to the middle carriage, which Virgil airlifts away using Thunderbird 2's grabs. The bridge collapses, taking the train with it. Jeff warns Grafton that he faces a lengthy jail term for his negligence.In England, Malloy and Selsden wait until the middle of the night and launch their raid on the mansion, gaining entry undetected thanks to Grafton's jammer. However, they are unaware that the jewellery safe has its own alarm and inadvertently wake Penelope and Parker. Armed with a machine gun, Parker moves to a window and shoots out the tyres on the criminals' car to stop them getting away. Malloy and Selsden try to escape in FAB 1 but Penelope activates a remote control which locks the steering wheel, leaving them driving in circles. Malloy and Selsden and are arrested and imprisoned with Grafton and the rest of the syndicate.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sylvia Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Lady Penelope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Penelope"},{"link_name":"Peter Dyneley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Dyneley"},{"link_name":"Jeff Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Tracy"},{"link_name":"Christine Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Finn"},{"link_name":"Tin-Tin Kyrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin-Tin_Kyrano"},{"link_name":"David Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Graham_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Brains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brains_(Thunderbirds)"},{"link_name":"Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloysius_Parker"},{"link_name":"David Holliday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Holliday"},{"link_name":"Virgil Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_Tracy"},{"link_name":"Shane Rimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Rimmer"},{"link_name":"Scott Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Tracy"}],"text":"Sylvia Anderson as Lady Penelope\nPeter Dyneley as Jeff Tracy\nChristine Finn as Tin-Tin Kyrano\nDavid Graham as Brains and Parker\nDavid Holliday as Virgil Tracy\nShane Rimmer as Scott Tracy","title":"Regular voice cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lew Grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_Grade"},{"link_name":"Trapped in the Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapped_in_the_Sky"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hearn2015,127-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hearn2015,105-3"},{"link_name":"Slough Trading Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slough_Trading_Estate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hearn2015,127-2"},{"link_name":"suspension rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended_monorail"},{"link_name":"curtain rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtain_rod"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FarrellMcGown-4"},{"link_name":"Mike Trim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Trim"},{"link_name":"model railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_railway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Perils of Penelope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Perils_of_Penelope"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bentley2005-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FarrellMcGown-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The 11th episode in the production and ITC-recommended viewing orders, \"Brink of Disaster\" is one of several early episodes that were extended from 25 to 50 minutes after Lew Grade – the owner of APF, who had been impressed by the 25-minute version of the first episode, \"Trapped in the Sky\" – ordered the runtime doubled so the series would fill an hour-long timeslot.[2] In the case of \"Brink of Disaster\", the story was expanded by adding a subplot revealing Grafton to be a crime boss, culminating in Malloy and Selsden's burglary of Creighton-Ward Mansion.[3]\"Brink of Disaster\" was filmed in January 1965 at APF's studios on the Slough Trading Estate.[2] The monotrain model's suspension rail was adapted from a curtain rail bought from a local retailer.[4] According to effects assistant Mike Trim, the suspension configuration was difficult to film, which is why miniature monorails in later APF productions were designed to run on model railway tracks.[5] Some of the model shots from \"Brink of Disaster\" were reused in \"The Perils of Penelope\" to represent the Paris-Anderbad monorail.[1][4][6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"The Perils of Penelope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Perils_of_Penelope"},{"link_name":"Hatfield rail crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatfield_rail_crash"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"When BBC Two began a Thunderbirds re-run in 2000, \"Brink of Disaster\" was one of two episodes (the other being \"The Perils of Penelope\") that were postponed from their November broadcast dates due to concerns that their plots involving trains might cause offence in the wake of the Hatfield rail crash. Both episodes were eventually transmitted in April 2001.[7][8][9]","title":"Broadcast and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Starburst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starburst_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hearn2015,105-3"},{"link_name":"FAB 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAB_1"},{"link_name":"Aston Martin DB5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Martin_DB5"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond_films"},{"link_name":"Goldfinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfinger_(film)"},{"link_name":"Thunderball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderball_(film)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"automation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation"},{"link_name":"Der Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tunnel_(novel)"},{"link_name":"transatlantic tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantic_tunnel"},{"link_name":"capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FarrellMcGown-4"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Rating the episode three out of five, Tom Fox of Starburst magazine calls the Pacific Atlantic monotrain a \"great prop\" and likens Grafton and his associates to \"pantomime bad guys\". He considers Penelope's handling of Malloy and Selsden to be the highlight of the episode.[10]Marcus Hearn suggests that put together, the episode's two distinct storylines (the monorail disaster and the mansion burglary) are too \"thinly connected\" to remain truly credible. However, he argues that either premise could service an entire episode on its own, adding that parts of the story \"[remind] us that Thunderbirds can be just as entertaining when it breaks from its rescue format.\"[3] He compares FAB 1's gadgets to those on the Aston Martin DB5 in the James Bond films Goldfinger and Thunderball.[11]Richard Farrell praises the editing of the scenes showing the runaway monotrain. He comments that the episode highlights the dangers of increased automation, describing the monotrain as a \"literal representation of technology running out of control\". According to Farrell, parts of the plot are reminiscent of the German science fiction novel Der Tunnel, in which the building of a transatlantic tunnel is halted when the construction company goes bankrupt. On the characterisation, he argues that Warren Grafton and Jeff Tracy represent two sides of capitalism – the former being portrayed as a greedy, criminal entrepreneur, the latter an honest industrialist.[4]","title":"Broadcast and reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Bentley, Chris (2005) [2000]. The Complete Book of Thunderbirds (2nd ed.). Carlton Books. pp. 74–75. ISBN 978-1-84442-454-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Books","url_text":"Carlton Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84442-454-2","url_text":"978-1-84442-454-2"}]},{"reference":"Farrell, Richard; McGown, Alistair (September 2015). Hearn, Marcus (ed.). Thunderbirds – A Complete Guide to the Classic Series. Panini UK. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-1-84653-212-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panini_UK","url_text":"Panini UK"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84653-212-2","url_text":"978-1-84653-212-2"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Anthony; Trim, Mike (2006). The Future Was FAB: The Art of Mike Trim. Hermes Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-932563-82-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Trim","url_text":"Trim, Mike"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes_Press","url_text":"Hermes Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932563-82-5","url_text":"978-1-932563-82-5"}]},{"reference":"Meddings, Derek (1993). 21st Century Visions. Paper Tiger Books. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-85028-243-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Meddings","url_text":"Meddings, Derek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Tiger_Books","url_text":"Paper Tiger Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85028-243-3","url_text":"978-1-85028-243-3"}]},{"reference":"Fillis, Mike (May 2001). Atkinson, Richard (ed.). \"Thunderbirds: Volumes 11 & 12\". Cult Times. No. 68. Visual Imagination. p. 62. ISSN 1360-6530.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_Times","url_text":"Cult Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Imagination","url_text":"Visual Imagination"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1360-6530","url_text":"1360-6530"}]},{"reference":"Dale, Chris (26 April 2019). \"It's a Mindbender – why so many Gerry Anderson episode orders?\". gerryanderson.co.uk. Anderson Entertainment. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gerryanderson.com/gerry-anderson-episode-orders/","url_text":"\"It's a Mindbender – why so many Gerry Anderson episode orders?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Entertainment","url_text":"Anderson Entertainment"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200809174809/https://www.gerryanderson.co.uk/gerry-anderson-episode-orders/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bentley, Chris (2008) [2001]. The Complete Gerry Anderson: The Authorised Episode Guide (4th ed.). Reynolds & Hearn. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-905287-74-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905287-74-1","url_text":"978-1-905287-74-1"}]},{"reference":"Fox, Tom (August 2004). Payne, Andrew (ed.). \"TV View\". Starburst Special. No. 65. Visual Imagination. p. 52. ISSN 0958-7128.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starburst_(magazine)","url_text":"Starburst Special"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Imagination","url_text":"Visual Imagination"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0958-7128","url_text":"0958-7128"}]},{"reference":"Hearn, Marcus (2015). Thunderbirds: The Vault. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-753-55635-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-753-55635-1","url_text":"978-0-753-55635-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1360-6530","external_links_name":"1360-6530"},{"Link":"https://www.gerryanderson.com/gerry-anderson-episode-orders/","external_links_name":"\"It's a Mindbender – why so many Gerry Anderson episode orders?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200809174809/https://www.gerryanderson.co.uk/gerry-anderson-episode-orders/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0958-7128","external_links_name":"0958-7128"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0830465/","external_links_name":"\"Brink of Disaster\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Joseph_Joachim_Violin_Competition | International Joseph Joachim Violin Competition | ["1 History","2 Procedure","3 Prizes","4 Award winners","5 Literature","6 References"] | German violin competition
The International Joseph Joachim Violin Competition, Hanover (also: International Violin Competition Hanover or Joseph Joachim International Violin Competition Hanover) is one of the best-endowed awards worldwide. It is held in Hanover, triennially, for a total of 12 young violinists. The competition is run before an international jury and is dedicated to the violinist Joseph Joachim, who also worked in Hanover. The aim of the competition, organized by the Lower Saxony Foundation, is to support artists on their way to an international career, to promote classical music traditions, education and practice, and to promote the Lower Saxony state capital as a metropolis of music. Partners of the competition are the Hanover University of Music, Drama and Media (HMTMH), the Hanover State Opera, the North German Broadcasting Corporation (NDR) with its NDR Radiophilharmonie, the radio NDR Kultur, the Fritz Behrens Foundation, Warner Classics, G. Henle Verlag and several companies. The competition is a member of the World Federation of International Music Competitions in Geneva.
History
On the initiative of the musician Krzysztof Węgrzyn, and launched in 1991 by the Lower Saxony Foundation, the Hanover International Violin Competition was organized for the first time in the same year. The head of the Foundation's programme department organized the competition, while Węgrzyn, concertmaster of the Lower Saxony State Orchestra, and also a professor at the HMTMH, took on the artistic direction.
Procedure
Each competition programme lasts around two weeks. Competitors and their companions can be accepted and looked after by various host families in and around Hanover free of charge. There is an accompanying programme with extensive outreach under the categories:
Visiting Lower Saxony as a regional concert,
Visiting the classroom for performances in schools,
the Expert Forum Auditorium
the Master Course Musical Collegium,
-with the aim that the performance of the competition participants should be carried as “far into the country as possible and enable access to classical music to a broad audience".
Previously, in five rounds, 35 selected musicians demonstrate their virtuosity and expressiveness to the international jury of at least ten people, chaired by Krzysztof Wegrzyn, aiming to earn the title of „Preisträger des Internationalen Joseph Joachim Violinwettbewerbs, Hannover“ ("Prize Winner of the Joseph Joachim International Violin Competition, Hanover"). In 2021 the competition format changed somewhat, for example, the upper age limit was raised to 32.
Prizes
A total of 140,000 euros will be awarded in the form of prize money to twelve outstanding participants. The competition prizes include grants and debut concerts. Prize money of 50,000, 30,000 and 20,000 euros will be awarded for the first three places in the violin competition, as well as numerous other considerable cash prizes for the semi-finalists. The first prize winner is given the opportunity to produce a CD with the Naxos company, as well as “debut recitals and concerts with orchestras and ensembles of international standing”.
Since 2009, the award winners have been given a golden statuette depicting a figure playing the violin, created by the artist Sebastian Peetz.
The Fritz Behrens Foundation temporarily loans the winners of the competition a violin that was made by Giovanni Battista Guadagnini in Parma around 1765.
In 2012, first prize was awarded twice for the first time and second place was not awarded. That year the 3rd prize winner also received the 5,000 Euro Critics' Prize and the Audience Prize.
Award winners
Previous winners of the Joseph Joachim International Violin Competition, Hanover were:
Year
1st prize
2nd prize
3rd prize
1991
Antje Weithaas
Catherine Cho
Bartlomiej Niziol
1994
Robert Chen
Anton Barachovsky
Latica Honda-Rosenberg
1997
Michiko Kamiya
Francesco Manara
Bin Huang
2000
Frank Huang
Andrey Bielow
Arabella Steinbacher
2003
Nemanja Radulovic
Saeka Matsuyama
Feng Ning
2006
Suyoen Kim
Hyun-Su Shin
Kana Sugimura
2009
Fumiaki Miura
Clara-Jumi Kang
Yura Lee
2012
Dami Kim
Alexandra Conunova-Dumortier
Not awarded
Tobias Feldmann
2015
Sergei Dogadin
Shion Minami
Richard Lin
2018
Timothy Chooi
Dmytro Udovychenko
Cosima Soulez Larivière
Year
Joseph Joachim Award
Laureates
2021
Maria Ioudenitch
Chiara Sannicandro; Javier Comesaña; Minami Yoshida
Literature
Hugo Thielen: Internationaler Violin-Wettbewerb Hannover. (International Violin Competition Hanover) In: Klaus Mlynek, Waldemar R. Röhrbein (Hrsg.) u. a.: Stadtlexikon Hannover. Von den Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart. (City Lexicon Hanover. From the beginning to the present) Schlütersche, Hannover 2009, ISBN 978-3-89993-662-9, S. 318.
Stefan Arndt: Internationaler Violinwettwerb / Violinwettbewerb kürt gleich zwei Sieger (International violin competition / violin competition selects two winners), 12 October 2012, accessed 2 February 2021
References
^ a b c "About". www.jjv-hannover.de. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
^ a b "Hannover's Joseph Joachim Violin Competition Announces New Set of Rules". theviolinchannel.com. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
^ a b "Partner". www.jjv-hannover.de. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
^ "World Federation of International Music Competitions: Hannover – Joseph Joachim International Violin Competition Hannover". wfimc-fmcim.org. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
^ "Gala-Konzert beim Violinwettbewerb" . www.ndr.de. 14 October 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
^ a b c d "Prize Winners 1991–2018". www.jjv-hannover.de. Retrieved 2 February 2021.Archived 2021-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
^ "MARIA IOUDENITCH WAS AWARDED THE MAIN PRIZE OF THE 11TH JOSEPH JOACHIM INTERNATIONAL VIOLIN COMPETITION HANNOVER". JJV Hannover. 10 October 2021. Retrieved 2022-09-01. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JJVAbout-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newrules-2"},{"link_name":"Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover"},{"link_name":"violinists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violinist"},{"link_name":"Joseph Joachim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Joachim"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"North German Broadcasting Corporation (NDR)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JJVPartner-3"},{"link_name":"Warner Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Classics"},{"link_name":"G. Henle Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Henle_Verlag"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JJVPartner-3"},{"link_name":"World Federation of International Music Competitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_International_Music_Competitions"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JJVAbout-1"}],"text":"The International Joseph Joachim Violin Competition, Hanover (also: International Violin Competition Hanover or Joseph Joachim International Violin Competition Hanover) is one of the best-endowed awards worldwide.[1][2] It is held in Hanover, triennially, for a total of 12 young violinists. The competition is run before an international jury and is dedicated to the violinist Joseph Joachim, who also worked in Hanover. The aim of the competition, organized by the Lower Saxony Foundation, is to support artists on their way to an international career, to promote classical music traditions, education and practice, and to promote the Lower Saxony state capital as a metropolis of music. Partners of the competition are the Hanover University of Music, Drama and Media (HMTMH), the Hanover State Opera, the North German Broadcasting Corporation (NDR)[3] with its NDR Radiophilharmonie, the radio NDR Kultur, the Fritz Behrens Foundation, Warner Classics, G. Henle Verlag and several companies.[3] The competition is a member of the World Federation of International Music Competitions in Geneva.[1]","title":"International Joseph Joachim Violin Competition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krzysztof Węgrzyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_W%C4%99grzyn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JJVAbout-1"}],"text":"On the initiative of the musician Krzysztof Węgrzyn, and launched in 1991 by the Lower Saxony Foundation, the Hanover International Violin Competition was organized for the first time in the same year. The head of the Foundation's programme department organized the competition, while Węgrzyn, concertmaster of the Lower Saxony State Orchestra, and also a professor at the HMTMH, took on the artistic direction.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newrules-2"}],"text":"Each competition programme lasts around two weeks. Competitors and their companions can be accepted and looked after by various host families in and around Hanover free of charge. There is an accompanying programme with extensive outreach under the categories:Visiting Lower Saxony as a regional concert,\nVisiting the classroom for performances in schools,\nthe Expert Forum Auditorium\nthe Master Course Musical Collegium,-with the aim that the performance of the competition participants should be carried as “far into the country as possible and enable access to classical music to a broad audience\".[4]Previously, in five rounds, 35 selected musicians demonstrate their virtuosity and expressiveness to the international jury of at least ten people, chaired by Krzysztof Wegrzyn, aiming to earn the title of „Preisträger des Internationalen Joseph Joachim Violinwettbewerbs, Hannover“ (\"Prize Winner of the Joseph Joachim International Violin Competition, Hanover\"). In 2021 the competition format changed somewhat, for example, the upper age limit was raised to 32.[2]","title":"Procedure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naxos company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxos_(company)"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Peetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_Peetz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Guadagnini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Guadagnini"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GalaConcert2012-5"}],"text":"A total of 140,000 euros will be awarded in the form of prize money to twelve outstanding participants. The competition prizes include grants and debut concerts. Prize money of 50,000, 30,000 and 20,000 euros will be awarded for the first three places in the violin competition, as well as numerous other considerable cash prizes for the semi-finalists. The first prize winner is given the opportunity to produce a CD with the Naxos company, as well as “debut recitals and concerts with orchestras and ensembles of international standing”.Since 2009, the award winners have been given a golden statuette depicting a figure playing the violin, created by the artist Sebastian Peetz.The Fritz Behrens Foundation temporarily loans the winners of the competition a violin that was made by Giovanni Battista Guadagnini in Parma around 1765.In 2012, first prize was awarded twice for the first time and second place was not awarded. That year the 3rd prize winner also received the 5,000 Euro Critics' Prize and the Audience Prize.[5]","title":"Prizes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JJPW-6"}],"text":"Previous winners of the Joseph Joachim International Violin Competition, Hanover were:[6]","title":"Award winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-89993-662-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89993-662-9"},{"link_name":"Internationaler Violinwettwerb / Violinwettbewerb kürt gleich zwei Sieger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.haz.de/Nachrichten/Kultur/Uebersicht/Violinwettbewerb-kuert-gleich-zwei-Sieger"}],"text":"Hugo Thielen: Internationaler Violin-Wettbewerb Hannover. (International Violin Competition Hanover) In: Klaus Mlynek, Waldemar R. Röhrbein (Hrsg.) u. a.: Stadtlexikon Hannover. Von den Anfängen bis in die Gegenwart. (City Lexicon Hanover. From the beginning to the present) Schlütersche, Hannover 2009, ISBN 978-3-89993-662-9, S. 318.\nStefan Arndt: Internationaler Violinwettwerb / Violinwettbewerb kürt gleich zwei Sieger (International violin competition / violin competition selects two winners), 12 October 2012, accessed 2 February 2021","title":"Literature"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"About\". www.jjv-hannover.de. Retrieved 2 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jjv-hannover.de/en/organisation","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hannover's Joseph Joachim Violin Competition Announces New Set of Rules\". theviolinchannel.com. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://theviolinchannel.com/joseph-joachim-international-violin-competition-restructured-new-artistic-directors/","url_text":"\"Hannover's Joseph Joachim Violin Competition Announces New Set of Rules\""}]},{"reference":"\"Partner\". www.jjv-hannover.de. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicouterine_fistula | Vesicouterine fistula | ["1 Pathology","2 Causes","3 Diagnosis","4 Treatment","5 Differential diagnosis","6 See also","7 References"] | Abnormal communication between the bladder and uterus
Medical conditionVesicouterine fistulaOther namesYoussef syndromeMenouriaSpecialtyUrogynaecologyCausesLower segment caesarean sectionDifferential diagnosisEndometriosis
Vesicouterine fistula refers to an abnormal communication between the bladder and uterus. The first case of vesicouterine fistula was reported in 1908. It was however first described in 1957 by Abdel Fattah Youssef, an obstetrician and gynaecologist in Kasr el-Aini hospital, Cairo, Egypt. It is characterized by a vesicouterine fistula above the level of the internal os, absence of menstrual bleeding, cyclical presence of blood in urine and absence of urinary incontinence with a patent cervical canal following a lower segment caesarean section. Six of such cases had been reported by other clinicians before the term Menouria was coined by Youssef.
Pathology
Vesicouterine fistula is the least common type of urogenital fistula accounting for 1-4% of urogenital fistulas. It occurs following lower segment caesarean section and the incidence is increasing due to the increasing incidence of caesarean deliveries. The occurrence of menoruria in the absence of vaginal bleeding or passage of urine from the vagina is attributed to a sphincteric mechanism of the uterine isthmus.
Jozwik and Jozwik classified vesicouterine fistula into three types based on the route of menstrual flow;
I - Menstrual flow from the bladder only without urinary incontinence
II - Menstrual flow from both the bladder and vagina with urinary incontinence
III - Normal menstrual flow from the vagina only (no menouria) with urinary incontinence
Youssef syndrome corresponds to a type I vesicouterine fistula.
Causes
Vesicouterine fistulas occur most commonly after lower segment caesarean sections (about 83-93% of cases). The possible mechanisms by which vesicouterine fistulas occur following caesarean sections include undetected bladder injury during caesarean section, inadvertent placement of a suture through the bladder during the repair of the uterus and abnormal blood vessel connections following multiple caesarean sections.
It may also present following use of obstetric forceps, manual placenta removal, external cephalic version, morbidly adherent placenta, surgical removal of fibroids, rupture of the uterus, perforation of the uterus and radiation therapy in the treatment of cervical cancer.
Vesicouterine fistula can also occur as a birth defect in conjunction with vaginal atresia.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of a vesicouterine fistula is made by demonstrating an abnormal connection between the cavities of the bladder and uterus. It can be diagnosed using hysterosalpingography, hysterography, cystography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computerised tomography. MRI has been found to have 100% accuracy in the diagnosis of vesicouterine fistula. It is also less invasive than other modalities and is considered the gold standard for diagnosis.
Treatment
The options of treatment include watchful waiting for spontaneous resolution of the fistula, use of medications that can stop menstrual periods such as oral contraceptive pills, progesterone and gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs. Surgery can be carried out through the vagina, bladder or peritoneum and can be done via laparoscopic or robotic surgery.
Watchful waiting is the treatment of choice in case of small fistulas. The bladder is catheterised for a period of 4 to 8 weeks in order to allow spontaneous closure of the vesicouterine fistula. Fulguration of the fistula can also be done via cystoscopy in cases of small fistulas.
Differential diagnosis
Endometriosis
See also
Obstetric fistula
References
^ a b c d e Shanmugasundaram, R.; Gopalakrishnan, Ganesh; Kekre, Nitin S. (2008). "Youssef's syndrome: Is there a better way to diagnose?". Indian Journal of Urology. 24 (2): 269–270. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.40631. ISSN 0970-1591. PMC 2684272. PMID 19468413.
^ a b c d e Yip, Shing-Kai; Leung, Tak-Yeung (1998-09-01). "Vesicouterine fistula: An updated review". International Urogynecology Journal. 9 (5): 252–256. doi:10.1007/BF01901500. ISSN 1433-3023. PMID 9849756. S2CID 7582860.
^ a b c Youssef, Abdel Fattah (1957-04-01). ""Menouria" following lower segment cesarean section". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 73 (4): 759–767. doi:10.1016/0002-9378(57)90384-8. PMID 13411039.
^ Józwik, Maciej; Józwik, Marcin (2000-09-01). "Clinical classification of vesicouterine fistula". International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 70 (3): 353–357. doi:10.1016/S0020-7292(00)00247-2. ISSN 0020-7292. PMID 10967170. S2CID 37678288.
^ a b Junior, Reynaldo Augusto Machado; Junior, Luís Carlos Machado; Lourenço, Lúcio Lourenço e (2018). "Vesicouterine Fistula (Youssef Syndrome): Case Report and Literature Review". Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 40 (9): 563–569. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1666998. ISSN 0100-7203. PMC 10316893. PMID 30231295. S2CID 52300689.
^ Jóźwik, Maciej; Jóźwik, Marcin; Zaręba, Kamil; Semczuk, Andrzej; Modzelewska, Beata; Jóźwik, Michał (2018). "Congenital vesicouterine fistulas—A PRISMA-compliant systematic review". Neurourology and Urodynamics. 37 (8): 2361–2367. doi:10.1002/nau.23795. ISSN 1520-6777. PMID 30106189. S2CID 51977014.
^ "Vesicouterina fistula: Youssef's syndrome". eurjther.com. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
^ a b Kurt, Sefa; Obuz, Funda (2016-10-10). "A Case of Type 2 Youssef's Syndrome following Caesarean Section for Placenta Previa Totalis". Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2016: 1–4. doi:10.1155/2016/4505467. PMC 5075600. PMID 27803827.
vteFemale diseases of the pelvis and genitalsInternalAdnexaOvary
Endometriosis of ovary
Female infertility
Ovulatory disorder
Anovulation
Oligoovulation
Poor ovarian reserve
Mittelschmerz
Oophoritis
Ovarian apoplexy
Ovarian cyst
Corpus luteum cyst
Follicular cyst of ovary
Theca lutein cyst
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Ovarian torsion
Fallopian tube
Female infertility
Fallopian tube obstruction
Hematosalpinx
Hydrosalpinx
Salpingitis
UterusEndometrium
Asherman's syndrome
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
Endometrial hyperplasia
Endometrial polyp
Endometriosis
Endometritis
Menstruation
Flow
Amenorrhea
Hypomenorrhea
Oligoamenorrhea
Oligomenorrhea
Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea)
Pain
Dysmenorrhea
Premenstrual syndrome
Timing
Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)
Metrorrhagia
Mixed
Menometrorrhagia
Polymenorrhagia
Other
Metropathia haemorrhagica
Female infertility
Recurrent miscarriage
Myometrium
Adenomyosis
Uterine fibroid
Parametrium
Parametritis
Cervix
Cervical dysplasia
Cervical incompetence
Cervical polyp
Cervicitis
Female infertility
Cervical stenosis
Nabothian cyst
General
Hematometra / Pyometra
Retroverted uterus
Vesicouterine fistula
Uterine prolapse
Vagina
Hematocolpos / Hydrocolpos
Leukorrhea / Vaginal discharge
Vaginitis
Atrophic vaginitis
Bacterial vaginosis
Candidal vulvovaginitis
Hydrocolpos
Vaginal atresia
Sexual dysfunction
Dyspareunia
Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
Sexual arousal disorder
Vaginismus
Urogenital fistulas
Ureterovaginal
Vesicovaginal
Obstetric fistula
Rectovaginal fistula
Prolapse
Cystocele
Enterocele
Rectocele
Sigmoidocele
Urethrocele
Vaginal bleeding
Postcoital bleeding
Other
Pelvic congestion syndrome
Pelvic inflammatory disease
ExternalVulva
Bartholin's cyst
Kraurosis vulvae
Vestibular papillomatosis
Vulvitis
Vulvodynia
Clitoral hood or clitoris
Persistent genital arousal disorder | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"absence of menstrual bleeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenorrhea"},{"link_name":"presence of blood in urine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematuria"},{"link_name":"urinary incontinence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_incontinence"},{"link_name":"cervical canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_canal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Medical conditionVesicouterine fistula refers to an abnormal communication between the bladder and uterus. The first case of vesicouterine fistula was reported in 1908.[2] It was however first described in 1957 by Abdel Fattah Youssef, an obstetrician and gynaecologist in Kasr el-Aini hospital, Cairo, Egypt. It is characterized by a vesicouterine fistula above the level of the internal os, absence of menstrual bleeding, cyclical presence of blood in urine and absence of urinary incontinence with a patent cervical canal following a lower segment caesarean section.[1][3] Six of such cases had been reported by other clinicians before the term Menouria was coined by Youssef.[3]","title":"Vesicouterine fistula"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"lower segment caesarean section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_segment_Caesarean_section"},{"link_name":"uterine isthmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_isthmus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"}],"text":"Vesicouterine fistula is the least common type of urogenital fistula accounting for 1-4% of urogenital fistulas.[1] It occurs following lower segment caesarean section and the incidence is increasing due to the increasing incidence of caesarean deliveries. The occurrence of menoruria in the absence of vaginal bleeding or passage of urine from the vagina is attributed to a sphincteric mechanism of the uterine isthmus.[3]Jozwik and Jozwik classified vesicouterine fistula into three types based on the route of menstrual flow;[4]I - Menstrual flow from the bladder only without urinary incontinence\nII - Menstrual flow from both the bladder and vagina with urinary incontinence\nIII - Normal menstrual flow from the vagina only (no menouria) with urinary incontinenceYoussef syndrome corresponds to a type I vesicouterine fistula.[5]","title":"Pathology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"obstetric forceps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetrical_forceps"},{"link_name":"manual placenta removal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_placenta_removal"},{"link_name":"external cephalic version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_cephalic_version"},{"link_name":"morbidly adherent placenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta_accreta_spectrum"},{"link_name":"surgical removal of fibroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_myomectomy"},{"link_name":"rupture of the uterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_rupture"},{"link_name":"perforation of the uterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_perforation"},{"link_name":"radiation therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachytherapy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"birth defect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_defect"},{"link_name":"vaginal atresia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_atresia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Vesicouterine fistulas occur most commonly after lower segment caesarean sections (about 83-93% of cases).[2] The possible mechanisms by which vesicouterine fistulas occur following caesarean sections include undetected bladder injury during caesarean section, inadvertent placement of a suture through the bladder during the repair of the uterus and abnormal blood vessel connections following multiple caesarean sections.[5]It may also present following use of obstetric forceps, manual placenta removal, external cephalic version, morbidly adherent placenta, surgical removal of fibroids, rupture of the uterus, perforation of the uterus and radiation therapy in the treatment of cervical cancer.[1]Vesicouterine fistula can also occur as a birth defect in conjunction with vaginal atresia.[6][7]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"hysterosalpingography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysterosalpingography"},{"link_name":"magnetic resonance imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"computerised tomography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerised_tomography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"gold standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard_(test)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"}],"text":"The diagnosis of a vesicouterine fistula is made by demonstrating an abnormal connection between the cavities of the bladder and uterus.[2] It can be diagnosed using hysterosalpingography, hysterography, cystography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computerised tomography.[1] MRI has been found to have 100% accuracy in the diagnosis of vesicouterine fistula. It is also less invasive than other modalities and is considered the gold standard for diagnosis.[8]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"watchful waiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchful_waiting"},{"link_name":"oral contraceptive pills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_contraceptive_pill"},{"link_name":"progesterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_(medication)"},{"link_name":"laparoscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laparoscopy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"catheterised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catheterize"},{"link_name":"Fulguration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiofrequency_ablation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"}],"text":"The options of treatment include watchful waiting for spontaneous resolution of the fistula, use of medications that can stop menstrual periods such as oral contraceptive pills, progesterone and gonadotropin releasing hormone analogs. Surgery can be carried out through the vagina, bladder or peritoneum and can be done via laparoscopic or robotic surgery.[8]Watchful waiting is the treatment of choice in case of small fistulas. The bladder is catheterised for a period of 4 to 8 weeks in order to allow spontaneous closure of the vesicouterine fistula. Fulguration of the fistula can also be done via cystoscopy in cases of small fistulas.[2]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Endometriosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometriosis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"}],"text":"Endometriosis[2]","title":"Differential diagnosis"}] | [] | [{"title":"Obstetric fistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetric_fistula"}] | [{"reference":"Shanmugasundaram, R.; Gopalakrishnan, Ganesh; Kekre, Nitin S. (2008). \"Youssef's syndrome: Is there a better way to diagnose?\". Indian Journal of Urology. 24 (2): 269–270. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.40631. ISSN 0970-1591. 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PMID 13411039.","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0002937857903848","url_text":"\"\"Menouria\" following lower segment cesarean section\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0002-9378%2857%2990384-8","url_text":"10.1016/0002-9378(57)90384-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13411039","url_text":"13411039"}]},{"reference":"Józwik, Maciej; Józwik, Marcin (2000-09-01). \"Clinical classification of vesicouterine fistula\". International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 70 (3): 353–357. doi:10.1016/S0020-7292(00)00247-2. ISSN 0020-7292. PMID 10967170. S2CID 37678288.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0020729200002472","url_text":"\"Clinical classification of vesicouterine fistula\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0020-7292%2800%2900247-2","url_text":"10.1016/S0020-7292(00)00247-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7292","url_text":"0020-7292"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10967170","url_text":"10967170"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37678288","url_text":"37678288"}]},{"reference":"Junior, Reynaldo Augusto Machado; Junior, Luís Carlos Machado; Lourenço, Lúcio Lourenço e (2018). \"Vesicouterine Fistula (Youssef Syndrome): Case Report and Literature Review\". Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. 40 (9): 563–569. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1666998. ISSN 0100-7203. PMC 10316893. PMID 30231295. S2CID 52300689.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10316893","url_text":"\"Vesicouterine Fistula (Youssef Syndrome): Case Report and Literature Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0038-1666998","url_text":"10.1055/s-0038-1666998"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0100-7203","url_text":"0100-7203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10316893","url_text":"10316893"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30231295","url_text":"30231295"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52300689","url_text":"52300689"}]},{"reference":"Jóźwik, Maciej; Jóźwik, Marcin; Zaręba, Kamil; Semczuk, Andrzej; Modzelewska, Beata; Jóźwik, Michał (2018). \"Congenital vesicouterine fistulas—A PRISMA-compliant systematic review\". Neurourology and Urodynamics. 37 (8): 2361–2367. doi:10.1002/nau.23795. ISSN 1520-6777. PMID 30106189. S2CID 51977014.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/nau.23795","url_text":"\"Congenital vesicouterine fistulas—A PRISMA-compliant systematic review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fnau.23795","url_text":"10.1002/nau.23795"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1520-6777","url_text":"1520-6777"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30106189","url_text":"30106189"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51977014","url_text":"51977014"}]},{"reference":"\"Vesicouterina fistula: Youssef's syndrome\". eurjther.com. Retrieved 2021-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://eurjther.com/en/vesicouterina-fistula-youssef-s-syndrome-161725","url_text":"\"Vesicouterina fistula: Youssef's syndrome\""}]},{"reference":"Kurt, Sefa; Obuz, Funda (2016-10-10). \"A Case of Type 2 Youssef's Syndrome following Caesarean Section for Placenta Previa Totalis\". Case Reports in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2016: 1–4. doi:10.1155/2016/4505467. PMC 5075600. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanmaw_Kyun | Kanmaw Kyun | ["1 Etymology","2 Geography","3 Economy","4 References"] | Coordinates: 11°40′N 98°28′E / 11.667°N 98.467°E / 11.667; 98.467Location in the Mergui Archipelago
Kanmaw Kyun or Kanmaw Island is an island in the Andaman Sea along the coast of southeastern Burma (Myanmar), and is part of the Mergui Archipelago. Administratively, it is located in Kyunsu Township, Myeik District, in the Taninthayi Region. On the northeastern side of the island is the town of Kyunsu, which is the administrative seat for the township. The island covers a total area of 409 km2.
Etymology
Under the British, the island was known as Kisseraing Island, Kithareng or Ketthayin. After the June 1989 "Adaptation of Expressions Law" the island's name was changed to Kanmaw, named after the town of Kanmaw on the northeastern coast, which is now called Kyunsu.
Geography
Relief map of Kanmaw and surrounding islands
Kanmaw is located in the Andaman Sea in the east central Mergui Archipelago. Kanmaw is surrounded by other islands of the archipelago. This includes the elongated Letsok-aw Island to the west, and Money Island and Sabi Island above that, Julian Island and Tucker Island and Sakanthit Island further to the north and larger islands to the east, Medaw and the larger Singu Island. Kanmaw, covering about 409 km2 (158 sq mi), with a coastline of 130.4 km in the Mergui Archipelago is almost densely forested with tropical rain forest and dry deciduous forests and a number of short rivers raising in the forested hills. It has sandy beaches and coral reefs along its coastline.
The larger villages on Kanmaw aside from the main town of Kyunsu are Bemagyauk Ywa, Thechaung and Mawngaungdon Ywa on its east coast and Yedwindaung Ywa on its west coast with Sidongyaung in the mid-west to the northeast of Yedwinfaung Ywa.
Economy
The economy of the Kanmaw is dependent on rubber plantations. To improve the economic conditions, village roads are being built in the island. A shrimp farming project was also launched in May 2001 said to be the largest foreign investment project in the livestock-breeding sector.
References
^ "Kisseraing Island (Approved)" Kanmaw Kyun at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
^ Hydrographic Office (1916) Bay of Bengal Pilot: Bay of Bengal and the Coasts of India and Siam, including the Nicobar and Andaman Islands US Navy, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., page 432, OCLC 62485430
^ a b "Burma 1:250,000 topographic map, Series U542, Bokpyin NC 47-2" U.S. Army Map Service, July 1960
^ Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 1997. p. 568. ISBN 0-87779-546-0. Retrieved 2010-11-14.
^ "Ketthayin Kyun (Variant)" Kanmaw Kyun at GEOnet Names Server, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
^ Union of Myanmar Law 15/89, dated 18 June 1989, partially reprinted Burma Press Summary 3(6): pp. 21–22
^ "An Introduction to the Toponymy of Burma" Archived 2008-10-31 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Google Maps (Map). Google.
^ Bing Maps (Map). Microsoft and Harris Corporation Earthstar Geographics LLC.
^ "Kanmaw Kyun (Kisseraing)". Island Directory. UN System-Wide Earthwatch Web Site. Retrieved 2010-11-22.
^ "Central Tenasserim Coast and northern Mergul Archipelago" (PDF). Ramsarwetland.org. p. 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-25. Retrieved 2010-11-22.
^ a b "Information sheet". Myanmar-information.net. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007. Retrieved 2010-11-14.
^ "Mangroves: Local livelihoods vs. corporate profits". World Rainforest Movement. Archived from the original on 2012-11-28. Retrieved 2010-11-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
11°40′N 98°28′E / 11.667°N 98.467°E / 11.667; 98.467
vteIslands of Myanmar (Burma)
Apaw-ye Kyun
Be-in Kyun
Bilu Island
Calventuras Islands
Cheduba
Coco Islands
Da-that Island
Diamond Island
Double Island
Gaungze Kyun
Gaw Yin Gyi Island
Gwa Kyun
Kaingthaung Island
Kalegauk Island
Kokunye Kyun
Kyungyi Island
Hainggyi Island
Maday Island
Magyi Island
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Myingun Island
Myingyi Kyun
Nantha Kyun
Ongyun
Pazin Kyun
Polaunggyi Kyun
Pontamau
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Ramree Island
Thin-bon Kyun
Unguan
Wa Kyun
Zalat Taung
Mergui Archipelago
Auriol Island
Bentinck Kyun
Christie Island
Daung Kyun
Kabosa Island
Kadan Kyun
Kanmaw Kyun
Lamin Island
Lanbi Kyun
Letsok-aw Kyun
Mali Kyun
Money Island
Sabi Island
Saganthit Kyun
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Thahtay Kyun
Than Kyun
Thayawthadangyi
Zadetkyi
Islands portal
Geography of Myanmar
Andaman Sea | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kanmaw_Island.png"},{"link_name":"Mergui Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergui_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Andaman Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_Sea"},{"link_name":"Burma (Myanmar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"link_name":"Mergui Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergui_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Kyunsu Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyunsu_Township"},{"link_name":"Myeik District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myeik_District"},{"link_name":"Taninthayi Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taninthayi_Region"},{"link_name":"town of Kyunsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyunsu"}],"text":"Location in the Mergui ArchipelagoKanmaw Kyun or Kanmaw Island is an island in the Andaman Sea along the coast of southeastern Burma (Myanmar), and is part of the Mergui Archipelago. Administratively, it is located in Kyunsu Township, Myeik District, in the Taninthayi Region. On the northeastern side of the island is the town of Kyunsu, which is the administrative seat for the township. The island covers a total area of 409 km2.","title":"Kanmaw Kyun"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USN-432-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NC47-2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NC47-2-3"}],"text":"Under the British, the island was known as Kisseraing Island,[1][2][3] Kithareng[4] or Ketthayin.[5] After the June 1989 \"Adaptation of Expressions Law\" the island's name was changed to Kanmaw,[6][7] named after the town of Kanmaw[3] on the northeastern coast, which is now called Kyunsu.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kanmaw_Island_relief.png"},{"link_name":"Andaman Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_Sea"},{"link_name":"Mergui Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergui_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Letsok-aw Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letsok-aw_Island"},{"link_name":"Money Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_Island,_Burma"},{"link_name":"Sabi Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabi_Island"},{"link_name":"Julian Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tucker Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tucker_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sakanthit Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sakanthit_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Medaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medaw&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Singu Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singu_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kyun-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wetland-11"},{"link_name":"Bemagyauk Ywa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bemagyauk_Ywa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thechaung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thechaung&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mawngaungdon Ywa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mawngaungdon_Ywa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yedwindaung Ywa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yedwindaung_Ywa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sidongyaung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sidongyaung&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-8"}],"text":"Relief map of Kanmaw and surrounding islandsKanmaw is located in the Andaman Sea in the east central Mergui Archipelago. Kanmaw is surrounded by other islands of the archipelago. This includes the elongated Letsok-aw Island to the west, and Money Island and Sabi Island above that, Julian Island and Tucker Island and Sakanthit Island further to the north and larger islands to the east, Medaw and the larger Singu Island.[8][9] Kanmaw, covering about 409 km2 (158 sq mi), with a coastline of 130.4 km in the Mergui Archipelago is almost densely forested with tropical rain forest and dry deciduous forests and a number of short rivers raising in the forested hills. It has sandy beaches and coral reefs along its coastline.[10][11]The larger villages on Kanmaw aside from the main town of Kyunsu are Bemagyauk Ywa, Thechaung and Mawngaungdon Ywa on its east coast and Yedwindaung Ywa on its west coast with Sidongyaung in the mid-west to the northeast of Yedwinfaung Ywa.[8]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rubber plantations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_plantation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rubber-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rubber-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The economy of the Kanmaw is dependent on rubber plantations.[12] To improve the economic conditions, village roads are being built in the island.[12] A shrimp farming project was also launched in May 2001 said to be the largest foreign investment project in the livestock-breeding sector.[13]","title":"Economy"}] | [{"image_text":"Location in the Mergui Archipelago","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Kanmaw_Island.png/300px-Kanmaw_Island.png"},{"image_text":"Relief map of Kanmaw and surrounding islands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kanmaw_Island_relief.png/300px-Kanmaw_Island_relief.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 1997. p. 568. ISBN 0-87779-546-0. Retrieved 2010-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GN9UQMuNQNkC&pg=PA598","url_text":"Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-546-0","url_text":"0-87779-546-0"}]},{"reference":"Google Maps (Map). Google.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Bing Maps (Map). Microsoft and Harris Corporation Earthstar Geographics LLC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Maps","url_text":"Bing Maps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft","url_text":"Microsoft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Corporation","url_text":"Harris Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"Kanmaw Kyun (Kisseraing)\". Island Directory. UN System-Wide Earthwatch Web Site. Retrieved 2010-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://islands.unep.ch/IGE.htm#613","url_text":"\"Kanmaw Kyun (Kisseraing)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_System-Wide_Earthwatch_Web_Site","url_text":"UN System-Wide Earthwatch Web Site"}]},{"reference":"\"Central Tenasserim Coast and northern Mergul Archipelago\" (PDF). Ramsarwetland.org. p. 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-25. Retrieved 2010-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110825154200/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/Burma.pdf","url_text":"\"Central Tenasserim Coast and northern Mergul Archipelago\""},{"url":"http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/Burma.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Information sheet\". Myanmar-information.net. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007. Retrieved 2010-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071015000250/http://www.myanmar-information.net/infosheet/2005/051009.htm","url_text":"\"Information sheet\""},{"url":"http://www.myanmar-information.net/infosheet/2005/051009.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mangroves: Local livelihoods vs. corporate profits\". World Rainforest Movement. Archived from the original on 2012-11-28. Retrieved 2010-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121128153732/http://www.wrm.org.uy/deforestation/mangroves/book7.html","url_text":"\"Mangroves: Local livelihoods vs. corporate profits\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kanmaw_Kyun¶ms=11_40_N_98_28_E_region:MM_type:isle_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"11°40′N 98°28′E / 11.667°N 98.467°E / 11.667; 98.467"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/detaillinksearch.asp?G_NAME=32FA88459E613774E0440003BA962ED3&Diacritics=DC","external_links_name":"Kanmaw Kyun"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9G8PAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA432","external_links_name":"page 432"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62485430","external_links_name":"62485430"},{"Link":"http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/burma/txu-oclc-6924198-nc47-2.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Burma 1:250,000 topographic map, Series U542, Bokpyin NC 47-2\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GN9UQMuNQNkC&pg=PA598","external_links_name":"Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/detaillinksearch.asp?G_NAME=32FA88459E623774E0440003BA962ED3&Diacritics=DC","external_links_name":"Kanmaw Kyun"},{"Link":"http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs3/BPS89-06.pdf","external_links_name":"Burma Press Summary 3(6):"},{"Link":"http://www.pcgn.org.uk/Burma%200907.pdf","external_links_name":"\"An Introduction to the Toponymy of Burma\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081031143028/http://www.pcgn.org.uk/Burma%200907.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://islands.unep.ch/IGE.htm#613","external_links_name":"\"Kanmaw Kyun (Kisseraing)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110825154200/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/Burma.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Central Tenasserim Coast and northern Mergul Archipelago\""},{"Link":"http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/Burma.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071015000250/http://www.myanmar-information.net/infosheet/2005/051009.htm","external_links_name":"\"Information sheet\""},{"Link":"http://www.myanmar-information.net/infosheet/2005/051009.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121128153732/http://www.wrm.org.uy/deforestation/mangroves/book7.html","external_links_name":"\"Mangroves: Local livelihoods vs. corporate profits\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kanmaw_Kyun¶ms=11_40_N_98_28_E_region:MM_type:isle_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"11°40′N 98°28′E / 11.667°N 98.467°E / 11.667; 98.467"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen_Center_of_Syracuse | Zen Center of Syracuse | ["1 See also","2 Notes","3 References"] | Coordinates: 43°00′07″N 76°08′58″W / 43.00194°N 76.14944°W / 43.00194; -76.14944Zen Center of SyracuseReligionAffiliationRinzaiLocationLocation266 West Seneca Turnpike, Syracuse, New York 13207CountryUnited StatesArchitectureCompleted1972Websitehttp://www.zencenterofsyracuse.org
The Zen Center of Syracuse (or, Syracuse Zen Center), temple name Hoen-ji, is a Rinzai Zen Buddhist practice center in Syracuse, New York, one of the oldest continuously running Zen centers in the United States. Founded in 1972, the center is currently led by Shinge Roko Sherry Chayat Roshi . Originally at 111 Concord Place, the meditation hall is now located in the former carriage house at 266 West Seneca Turnpike and offers Zen practice for laypeople. Several clergy and practitioners live in a house next door and in the Joshua Forman house, where programs are also conducted. The Zen Center of Syracuse began as a group of graduate students from Syracuse University, with Chayat eventually becoming the center's leader. In addition to Zen practice, the center also provides some instruction in Tibetan Buddhism. According to The Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America, "The Syracuse Zen Center also leads meditation at Syracuse University, Syracuse area schools, recovery and justice system institutions, hospitals and corporations." The center also won two awards for their restoration of The Forman House from the Preservation Association of Central New York . This house was instrumental during the War of 1812 and the American Civil War, for it was a bandage assembly area for wounded troops.
See also
Buddhism in the United States
Timeline of Zen Buddhism in the United States
Notes
^ a b Ford, 118
^ Wilson, 169
^ Keenan, 30
^ Gadoua
^ Skinner Keller, 642-643
^ Forman & Zen
References
Ford, James Ishmael (2006). Zen Master Who?: A Guide to the People and Stories of Zen. Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-509-8.
Gadoua, Renee K. (2002-02-16). "ZEN CENTER LOGS 30 YEARS ON ROAD TO AWAKENING; FORMER HOME OF A SYRACUSE PIONEER OFFERS A PLACE TO PRACTICE ANCIENT RITUALS". The Post-Standard. Archived from the original on 2011-05-17. Retrieved 2008-03-07.
Keenan, Terrance (2003). St. Nadie in Winter: Zen Encounters With Loneliness. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 1-58290-071-X. OCLC 52566683.
Skinner Keller, Rosemary; Rosemary Radford Ruether; Marie Cantlon (2006). The Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34685-1. OCLC 61711172.
Wilson, Jeff (2000). The Buddhist Guide to New York. Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-26715-0. OCLC 44089480.
"Forman and Zen". The Post Standard. February 27, 2008.
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43°00′07″N 76°08′58″W / 43.00194°N 76.14944°W / 43.00194; -76.14944
This Zen-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a religious building or structure in New York is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rinzai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinzai"},{"link_name":"Zen Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen_Buddhist"},{"link_name":"Syracuse, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ford-1"},{"link_name":"Shinge Roko Sherry Chayat Roshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shinge_Roko_Sherry_Chayat_Roshi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wilson-2"},{"link_name":"carriage house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriage_house"},{"link_name":"laypeople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keenan-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"graduate students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_student"},{"link_name":"Syracuse University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ford-1"},{"link_name":"Tibetan Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Central New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_New_York"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Zen Center of Syracuse (or, Syracuse Zen Center), temple name Hoen-ji, is a Rinzai Zen Buddhist practice center in Syracuse, New York, one of the oldest continuously running Zen centers in the United States.[1] Founded in 1972, the center is currently led by Shinge Roko Sherry Chayat Roshi .[2] Originally at 111 Concord Place, the meditation hall is now located in the former carriage house at 266 West Seneca Turnpike and offers Zen practice for laypeople.[3][4] Several clergy and practitioners live in a house next door and in the Joshua Forman house, where programs are also conducted. The Zen Center of Syracuse began as a group of graduate students from Syracuse University, with Chayat eventually becoming the center's leader.[1] In addition to Zen practice, the center also provides some instruction in Tibetan Buddhism. According to The Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America, \"The Syracuse Zen Center also leads meditation at Syracuse University, Syracuse area schools, recovery and justice system institutions, hospitals and corporations.\"[5] The center also won two awards for their restoration of The Forman House from the Preservation Association of Central New York . This house was instrumental during the War of 1812 and the American Civil War, for it was a bandage assembly area for wounded troops.[6]","title":"Zen Center of Syracuse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ford_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ford_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wilson_2-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-keenan_3-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"}],"text":"^ a b Ford, 118\n\n^ Wilson, 169\n\n^ Keenan, 30\n\n^ Gadoua\n\n^ Skinner Keller, 642-643\n\n^ Forman & Zen","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Buddhism in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Timeline of Zen Buddhism in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Zen_Buddhism_in_the_United_States"}] | [{"reference":"Ford, James Ishmael (2006). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic_transport | Supersonic transport | ["1 History","1.1 Planning","1.2 Environmental concerns","1.3 Concorde","1.4 Profitability","1.5 Final flights","2 Design","2.1 Aerodynamics","2.2 Engines","2.3 Structure","2.4 Cost","2.5 Noise pollution","2.6 Variable speeds","2.7 Skin temperature","2.8 Range","2.9 Commercial practicality","2.10 Environmental impact","3 Completed projects","4 Future development","4.1 Previous concepts","4.2 2016–present","4.3 Hypersonic transport","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Airliner faster than the speed of sound
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (December 2023)
The Concorde supersonic transport had an ogival delta wing, a slender fuselage and four underslung Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 engines.
The Tupolev Tu-144 was the first SST to enter service and the first to leave it. Only 55 passenger flights were carried out before service ended due to safety concerns. A small number of cargo and test flights were also carried out after its retirement.
A supersonic transport (SST) or a supersonic airliner is a civilian supersonic aircraft designed to transport passengers at speeds greater than the speed of sound. To date, the only SSTs to see regular service have been Concorde and the Tupolev Tu-144. The last passenger flight of the Tu-144 was in June 1978 and it was last flown in 1999 by NASA. Concorde's last commercial flight was in October 2003, with a November 26, 2003 ferry flight being its last airborne operation. Following the permanent cessation of flying by Concorde, there are no remaining SSTs in commercial service. Several companies have each proposed a supersonic business jet, which may bring supersonic transport back again.
Supersonic airliners have been the objects of numerous recent ongoing design studies. Drawbacks and design challenges are excessive noise generation (at takeoff and due to sonic booms during flight), high development costs, expensive construction materials, high fuel consumption, extremely high emissions, and an increased cost per seat over subsonic airliners. However, despite these challenges, Concorde claimed it operated profitably.
History
Planning
Throughout the 1950s an SST looked possible from a technical standpoint, but it was not clear if it could be made economically viable. Because of differences in lift generation, aircraft operating at supersonic speeds have approximately one-half the lift-to-drag ratio of subsonic aircraft. This implies that for any given required amount of lift, the aircraft will have to supply about twice the thrust, leading to considerably greater fuel use. This effect is pronounced at speeds close to the speed of sound, as the aircraft is using twice the thrust to travel at about the same speed. The relative effect is reduced as the aircraft accelerates to higher speeds. Offsetting this increase in fuel use was the potential to greatly increase sortie rates of the aircraft, at least on medium and long-range flights where the aircraft spends a considerable amount of time in cruise. SST designs flying at least three times as fast as existing subsonic transports were possible, and would thus be able to replace as many as three planes in service, and thereby lower costs in terms of manpower and maintenance.
Concorde landing
Serious work on SST designs started in the mid-1950s, when the first generation of supersonic fighter aircraft were entering service. In Britain and France, government-subsidized SST programs quickly settled on the delta wing in most studies, including the Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle and Bristol Type 223, although Armstrong-Whitworth proposed a more radical design, the Mach 1.2 M-Wing. Avro Canada proposed several designs to TWA that included Mach 1.6 double-ogee wing and Mach 1.2 delta-wing with separate tail and four under-wing engine configurations. Avro's team moved to the UK where its design formed the basis of Hawker Siddeley's designs. By the early 1960s, the designs had progressed to the point where the go-ahead for production was given, but costs were so high that the Bristol Aeroplane Company and Sud Aviation eventually merged their efforts in 1962 to produce Concorde.
In the early 1960s, various executives of US aerospace companies were telling the US public and Congress that there were no technical reasons an SST could not be produced. In April 1960, Burt C Monesmith, a vice president with Lockheed, stated to various magazines that an SST constructed of steel weighing 250,000 pounds (110,000 kg) could be developed for $160 million and in production lots of 200 or more sold for around $9 million. But it was the Anglo-French development of the Concorde that set off panic in the US industry, where it was thought that Concorde would soon replace all other long range designs, especially after Pan Am took out purchase options on the Concorde. Congress was soon funding an SST design effort, selecting the existing Lockheed L-2000 and Boeing 2707 designs, to produce an even more advanced, larger, faster and longer ranged design. The Boeing 2707 design was eventually selected for continued work, with design goals of ferrying around 300 passengers and having a cruising speed near to Mach 3. The Soviet Union set out to produce its own design, the Tu-144, which the western press nicknamed the "Concordski".
Environmental concerns
The SST was seen as particularly offensive due to its sonic boom and the potential for its engine exhaust to damage the ozone layer. Both problems impacted the thinking of lawmakers, and eventually Congress dropped funding for the US SST program in March 1971, and all overland commercial supersonic flight was banned over the US. Presidential advisor Russell Train warned that a fleet of 500 SSTs flying at 65,000 ft (20 km) for a period of years could raise stratospheric water content by as much as 50% to 100%. According to Train, this could lead to greater ground-level heat and hamper the formation of ozone. In relation to stratospheric water and its potential to increase ground temperatures, although not mentioning Concorde as the source of the "recent decline in water vapor is unknown", in 2010 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration noted that Stratospheric Water Vapor levels in the 1980s and 1990s were higher than that in the 2000s, by approximately 10%, with Susan Solomon of NOAA calculating that it is this change which is responsible for the slow down in the rise in surface temperatures from global warming by about 25 percent when compared to the warming rate in the 1990s.
Later, an additional threat to the ozone was hypothesized as a result of the exhaust's nitrogen oxides, a threat that was, in 1974, seemingly validated by an MIT team commissioned by the United States Department of Transportation. However, while many purely theoretical models were indicating the potential for large ozone losses from SST nitrogen oxides (NOx), other scientists in the paper "Nitrogen Oxides, Nuclear Weapon Testing, Concorde and Stratospheric Ozone" turned to historical ozone monitoring and atmospheric nuclear testing to serve as a guide and means of comparison, observing that no detectable ozone loss was evident from approximately 213 megatons of explosive energy being released in 1962, so therefore the equivalent amount of NOx from "1047" Concordes flying "10 hours a day", would likewise, not be unprecedented. In 1981 models and observations were still irreconcilable. More recent computer models in 1995 by David W. Fahey, an atmospheric scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and others, suggest that the drop in ozone would be at most, "no more" than 1 to 2% if a fleet of 500 supersonic aircraft operated. Fahey expressed that this would not be a fatal obstacle for an advanced SST development – while "a big caution flag... should not be a showstopper for advanced SST development" because "removing the sulfur in the fuel of the " would essentially eliminate the hypothesized 1%–2% ozone-destruction-reaction-pathway.
Concorde
Despite the model-observation discrepancy surrounding the ozone concern, in the mid-1970s, six years after its first supersonic test flight, Concorde was now ready for service. The US political outcry was so high that New York banned the plane. This threatened the aircraft's economic prospects — it had been built with the London–New York route in mind. The plane was allowed into Washington, D.C. (at Dulles in Virginia), and the service was so popular that New Yorkers were soon complaining because they did not have it. It was not long before Concorde was flying into JFK.
Along with shifting political considerations, the flying public continued to show interest in high-speed ocean crossings. This started additional design studies in the US, under the name "AST" (Advanced Supersonic Transport). Lockheed's SCV was a new design for this category, while Boeing continued studies with the 2707 as a baseline.
By this time, the economics of past SST concepts were no longer reasonable. When first designed, the SSTs were envisioned to compete with long-range aircraft seating 80 to 100 passengers such as the Boeing 707, but with newer aircraft such as the Boeing 747 carrying four times that, the speed and fuel advantages of the SST concept were taken away by sheer size.
Another problem was that the wide range of speeds over which an SST operates makes it difficult to improve engines. While subsonic engines had made great strides in increased efficiency through the 1960s with the introduction of the turbofan engine with ever-increasing bypass ratios, the fan concept is difficult to use at supersonic speeds where the "proper" bypass is about 0.45, as opposed to 2.0 or higher for subsonic designs. For both of these reasons the SST designs were doomed by higher operational costs, and the AST programs vanished by the early 1980s.
Profitability
Concorde only sold to British Airways and Air France, with subsidized purchases that were to return 80% of the profits to the government. In practice for almost all of the length of the arrangement, there was no profit to be shared. After Concorde was privatized, cost reduction measures (notably the closing of the metallurgical wing testing site which had done enough temperature cycles to validate the aircraft through to 2010) and ticket price raises led to substantial profits.
Since Concorde stopped flying, it has been revealed that over the life of Concorde, the plane did prove profitable, at least to British Airways. Concorde operating costs over nearly 28 years of operation were approximately £1 billion, with revenues of £1.75 billion.
Final flights
On 25 July 2000, Air France Flight 4590 crashed shortly after take-off with all 109 occupants and four on ground killed; the only fatal incident involving Concorde. Commercial service was suspended until November 2001, and Concorde aircraft were retired in 2003 after 27 years of commercial operations.
The last regular passenger flights landed at London Heathrow Airport on Friday, October 24, 2003, just past 4 p.m.: Flight 002 from New York, a second flight from Edinburgh, Scotland, and the third which had taken off from Heathrow on a loop flight over the Bay of Biscay.
By the end of the 20th century, projects like the Tupolev Tu-244, Tupolev Tu-344, SAI Quiet Supersonic Transport, Sukhoi-Gulfstream S-21, High Speed Civil Transport, etc. had not been realized.
Design
Aerodynamics
For all vehicles traveling through air, the force of drag is proportional to the coefficient of drag (Cd), to the square of the airspeed and to the air density. Since drag rises rapidly with speed, a key priority of supersonic aircraft design is to minimize this force by lowering the coefficient of drag. This gives rise to the highly streamlined shapes of SSTs. To some extent, supersonic aircraft also manage drag by flying at higher altitudes than subsonic aircraft, where the air density is lower.
Qualitative variation in Cd factor with Mach number for aircraft
As speeds approach the speed of sound, the additional phenomenon of wave drag appears. This is a powerful form of drag that begins at transonic speeds (around Mach 0.88). Around Mach 1, the peak coefficient of drag is four times that of subsonic drag. Above the transonic range, the coefficient drops drastically again, although remains 20% higher by Mach 2.5 than at subsonic speeds. Supersonic aircraft must have considerably more power than subsonic aircraft require to overcome this wave drag, and although cruising performance above transonic speed is more efficient, it is still less efficient than flying subsonically.
Another issue in supersonic flight is the lift to drag ratio (L/D ratio) of the wings. At supersonic speeds, airfoils generate lift in an entirely different manner than at subsonic speeds, and are invariably less efficient. For this reason, considerable research has been put into designing wing planforms for sustained supersonic cruise. At about Mach 2, a typical wing design will cut its L/D ratio in half (e.g., Concorde managed a ratio of 7.14, whereas the subsonic Boeing 747 has an L/D ratio of 17). Because an aircraft's design must provide enough lift to overcome its own weight, a reduction of its L/D ratio at supersonic speeds requires additional thrust to maintain its airspeed and altitude.
Engines
Jet engine design shifts significantly between supersonic and subsonic aircraft. Jet engines, as a class, can supply increased fuel efficiency at supersonic speeds, even though their specific fuel consumption is greater at higher speeds. Because their speed over the ground is greater, this decrease in efficiency is less than proportional to speed until well above Mach 2, and the consumption per unit distance is lower.
British Airways Concorde at Filton Aerodrome, Bristol, England shows the slender fuselage necessary for supersonic flight.
When Concorde was being designed by Aérospatiale–BAC, high bypass jet engines ("turbofan" engines) had not yet been deployed on subsonic aircraft. Had Concorde entered service against earlier designs like the Boeing 707 or de Havilland Comet, it would have been much more competitive, though the 707 and DC-8 still carried more passengers. When these high bypass jet engines reached commercial service in the 1960s, subsonic jet engines immediately became much more efficient, closer to the efficiency of turbojets at supersonic speeds. One major advantage of the SST disappeared.
Turbofan engines improve efficiency by increasing the amount of cold low-pressure air they accelerate, using some of the energy normally used to accelerate hot air in the classic non-bypass turbojet. The ultimate expression of this design is the turboprop, where almost all of the jet thrust is used to power a very large fan – the propeller. The efficiency curve of the fan design means that the amount of bypass that maximizes overall engine efficiency is a function of forward speed, which decreases from propellers, to fans, to no bypass at all as speed increases. Additionally, the large frontal area taken up by the low-pressure fan at the front of the engine increases drag, especially at supersonic speeds, and means the bypass ratios are much more limited than on subsonic aircraft.
For example, the early Tu-144S was fitted with a low bypass turbofan engine which was much less efficient than Concorde's turbojets in supersonic flight. The later TU-144D featured turbojet engines with comparable efficiency. These limitations meant that SST designs were not able to take advantage of the dramatic improvements in fuel economy that high bypass engines brought to the subsonic market, but they were already more efficient than their subsonic turbofan counterparts.
Structure
Supersonic vehicle speeds demand narrower wing and fuselage designs, and are subject to greater stresses and temperatures. This leads to aeroelasticity problems, which require heavier structures to minimize unwanted flexing. SSTs also require a much stronger (and therefore heavier) structure because their fuselage must be pressurized to a greater differential than subsonic aircraft, which do not operate at the high altitudes necessary for supersonic flight. These factors together meant that the empty weight per seat of Concorde is more than three times that of a Boeing 747.
Concorde and the TU-144 were both constructed of conventional aluminum: Concorde of Hiduminium and TU-144 of duralumin. However, more modern materials such as carbon fibre and Kevlar are much stronger in tension for their weight (important to deal with pressurization stresses) as well as being more rigid. As the per-seat weight of the structure is much higher in an SST design, any improvements will lead to a greater percentage improvement than the same changes in a subsonic aircraft.
Cost
Concorde fuel efficiency comparison
Aircraft
Concorde
Boeing 747-400
Passenger miles/imperial gallon
17
109
Passenger miles/US gallon
14
91
Litres/passenger 100 km
16.6
3.1
Higher fuel costs and lower passenger capacities due to the aerodynamic requirement for a narrow fuselage make SSTs an expensive form of commercial civil transportation compared with subsonic aircraft. For example, the Boeing 747 can carry more than three times as many passengers as Concorde while using approximately the same amount of fuel.
Nevertheless, fuel costs are not the bulk of the price for most subsonic aircraft passenger tickets. For the transatlantic business market that SST aircraft were utilized for, Concorde was actually very successful, and was able to sustain a higher ticket price. Now that commercial SST aircraft have stopped flying, it has become clearer that Concorde made substantial profit for British Airways.
Noise pollution
Extreme jet velocities used during take-off caused Concorde and Tu-144s to produce significant take-off noise. Communities near the airport were affected by high engine noise levels, which prompted some regulators to disfavor the practice. SST engines need a fairly high specific thrust (net thrust/airflow) during supersonic cruise, to minimize engine cross-sectional area and, thereby, nacelle drag. Unfortunately this implies a high jet velocity, which makes the engines noisy, particularly at low speeds/altitudes and at take-off.
Therefore, a future SST might well benefit from a variable cycle engine, where the specific thrust (and therefore jet velocity and noise) is low at take-off, but is forced high during supersonic cruise. Transition between the two modes would occur at some point during the climb and back again during the descent (to minimize jet noise upon approach). The difficulty is devising a variable cycle engine configuration that meets the requirement for a low cross-sectional area during supersonic cruise.
The sonic boom was not thought to be a serious issue due to the high altitudes at which the planes flew, but experiments in the mid-1960s such as the controversial Oklahoma City sonic boom tests and studies of the USAF's North American XB-70 Valkyrie proved otherwise (see Sonic boom § Abatement). By 1964, whether civilian supersonic aircraft would be licensed was unclear, because of the problem.
The annoyance of a sonic boom can be avoided by waiting until the aircraft is at high altitude over water before reaching supersonic speeds; this was the technique used by Concorde. However, it precludes supersonic flight over populated areas. Supersonic aircraft have poor lift/drag ratios at subsonic speeds as compared to subsonic aircraft (unless technologies such as variable-sweep wings are employed), and hence burn more fuel, which results in their use being economically disadvantageous on such flight paths.
Concorde had an overpressure of 1.94 lb/sq ft (93 Pa) (133 dBA SPL). Overpressures over 1.5 lb/sq ft (72 Pa) (131 dBA SPL) often cause complaints.
If the intensity of the boom can be reduced, then this may make even very large designs of supersonic aircraft acceptable for overland flight. Research suggests that changes to the nose cone and tail can reduce the intensity of the sonic boom below that needed to cause complaints. During the original SST efforts in the 1960s, it was suggested that careful shaping of the fuselage of the aircraft could reduce the intensity of the sonic boom's shock waves that reach the ground. One design caused the shock waves to interfere with each other, greatly reducing the sonic boom. This was difficult to test at the time, but the increasing power of computer-aided design has since made this considerably easier. In 2003, a Shaped Sonic Boom Demonstration aircraft was flown which proved the soundness of the design and demonstrated the capability of reducing the boom by about half. Even lengthening the vehicle (without significantly increasing the weight) would seem to reduce the boom intensity (see Sonic boom § Abatement).
When it comes to public policy, for example, the FAA prohibits commercial airplanes from flying at supersonic speeds above sovereign land governed by the United States because of the negative impact the sonic boom brings to humans and animal populations below.
Variable speeds
The aerodynamic design of a supersonic aircraft needs to change with its speed for optimal performance. Thus, an SST would ideally change shape during flight to maintain optimal performance at both subsonic and supersonic speeds. Such a design would introduce complexity which increases maintenance needs, operations costs, and safety concerns.
In practice all supersonic transports have used essentially the same shape for subsonic and supersonic flight, and a compromise in performance is chosen, often to the detriment of low speed flight. For example, Concorde had very high drag (a lift to drag ratio of about 4) at slow speed, but it travelled at high speed for most of the flight. Designers of Concorde spent 5000 hours optimizing the vehicle shape in wind tunnel tests to maximize the overall performance over the entire flightplan.
The Boeing 2707 featured swing wings to give higher efficiency at low speeds, but the increased space required for such a feature produced capacity problems that proved ultimately insurmountable.
North American Aviation had an unusual approach to this problem with the XB-70 Valkyrie. By lowering the outer panels of the wings at high Mach numbers, they were able to take advantage of compression lift on the underside of the aircraft. This improved the L/D ratio by about 30%.
Skin temperature
At supersonic speeds an aircraft adiabatically compresses the air in front of it. The increased temperature of the air heats the aircraft.
Subsonic aircraft are usually made of aluminium. However aluminium, while being light and strong, is not able to withstand temperatures much over 127 °C; above 127 °C the aluminium gradually loses its properties that were brought about by age hardening. For aircraft that fly at Mach 3, materials such as stainless steel (XB-70 Valkyrie, MiG-25) or titanium (SR-71, Sukhoi T-4) have been used, at considerable increase in expense, as the properties of these materials make the aircraft much more difficult to manufacture.
In 2017 a new carbide ceramic coating material was discovered which could resist temperatures occurring at Mach 5 or above, perhaps as high as 3000 °C.
Range
The range of supersonic aircraft can be estimated with the Breguet range equation.
The high per-passenger takeoff weight makes it difficult to obtain a good fuel fraction. This issue, along with the challenge presented by supersonic lift/drag ratios, greatly limits the range of supersonic transports. Because long-distance routes were not a viable option, airlines had little interest in buying the jets.
Commercial practicality
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Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-144 at the Paris Air Show in 1975
Airlines potentially value very fast aircraft, because it enables the aircraft to make more flights per day, providing a higher return on investment. Also, passengers generally prefer faster, shorter-duration trips to slower, longer-duration trips, so operating faster aircraft can give an airline a competitive advantage, even to the extent that many customers will willingly pay higher fares for the benefit of saving time and/or arriving sooner. However, Concorde's high noise levels around airports, time zone issues, and insufficient speed meant that only a single return trip could be made per day, so the extra speed was not an advantage to the airline other than as a selling feature to its customers. The proposed American SSTs were intended to fly at Mach 3, partly for this reason. However, allowing for acceleration and deceleration time, a trans-Atlantic trip on a Mach 3 SST would be less than three times as fast as a Mach 1 trip.
Since SSTs produce sonic booms at supersonic speeds they are rarely permitted to fly supersonic over land, and must fly supersonic over sea instead. Since they are inefficient at subsonic speeds compared to subsonic aircraft, range is deteriorated and the number of routes that the aircraft can fly non-stop is reduced. This also reduces the desirability of such aircraft for most airlines.
Supersonic aircraft have higher per-passenger fuel consumption than subsonic aircraft; this makes the ticket price necessarily higher, all other factors being equal, as well as making that price more sensitive to the price of oil. (It also makes supersonic flights less friendly to the environment and sustainability, two growing concerns of the general public, including air travelers.)
Investing in research and development work to design a new SST can be considered as an effort to push the speed limit of air transport. Generally, other than an urge for new technological achievement, the major driving force for such an effort is competitive pressure from other modes of transport. Competition between different service providers within a mode of transport does not typically lead to such technological investments to increase the speed. Instead, the service providers prefer to compete in service quality and cost. An example of this phenomenon is high-speed rail. The speed limit of rail transport had been pushed so hard to enable it to effectively compete with road and air transport. But this achievement was not done for different rail operating companies to compete among themselves. This phenomenon also reduces the airline desirability of SSTs, because, for very long-distance transportation (a couple of thousand kilometers), competition between different modes of transport is rather like a single-horse race: air transport does not have a significant competitor. The only competition is between the airline companies, and they would rather pay moderately to reduce cost and increase service quality than pay much more for a speed increase. Also, for-profit companies generally prefer low risk business plans with high probabilities of appreciable profit, but an expensive leading-edge technological research and development program is a high-risk enterprise, as it is possible that the program will fail for unforeseeable technical reasons or will meet cost overruns so great as to force the company, due to financial resource limits, to abandon the effort before it yields any marketable SST technology, causing potentially all investment to be lost.
Environmental impact
The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) estimates a SST would burn 5 to 7 times as much fuel per passenger. The ICCT shows that a New York to London supersonic flight would consume more than twice as much fuel per passenger than in subsonic business-class, six times as much as for economy class, and three times as much as subsonic business for Los Angeles to Sydney. Designers can either meet existing environmental standards with advanced technology or lobby policymakers to establish new standards for SSTs.
If there were 2,000 SSTs in 2035, there would be 5,000 flights per day at 160 airports and the SST fleet would emit ~96 million metric tons of CO₂ per year (like American, Delta and Southwest combined in 2017), 1.6 to 2.4 gigatonnes of CO₂ over their 25-year lifetime: one-fifth of the international aviation carbon budget if aviation maintains its emissions share to stay under a 1.5 °C climate trajectory. Noise exposed area around airports could double compared to existing subsonic aircraft of the same size, with more than 300 operations per day at Dubai and London Heathrow, and over 100 in Los Angeles, Singapore, San Francisco, New York-JFK, Frankfurt, and Bangkok. Frequent sonic booms would be heard in Canada, Germany, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Romania, Turkey, and parts of the United States, up to 150–200 per day or one every five minutes.
Completed projects
The Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum in Germany is the only location where both Concorde and the Tu-144 are displayed together
See also: Concorde aircraft histories
On August 21, 1961, a Douglas DC-8-43 (registration N9604Z) exceeded Mach 1 in a controlled dive during a test flight at Edwards Air Force Base. The crew were William Magruder (pilot), Paul Patten (copilot), Joseph Tomich (flight engineer), and Richard H. Edwards (flight test engineer). This is the first supersonic flight by a civilian airliner.
In total, 20 Concordes were built: two prototypes, two development aircraft and 16 production aircraft. Of the sixteen production aircraft, two did not enter commercial service and eight remained in service as of April 2003. All but two of these aircraft are preserved; the two that are not are F-BVFD (cn 211), parked as a spare-parts source in 1982 and scrapped in 1994, and F-BTSC (cn 203), which crashed outside Paris on July 25, 2000, killing 100 passengers, 9 crew members, and 4 people on the ground.
A total of sixteen airworthy Tupolev Tu-144s were built; a seventeenth Tu-144 (reg. 77116) was never completed. There was also at least one ground test airframe for static testing in parallel with the prototype 68001 development.
Future development
This section needs to be updated. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2020)
Lockheed Martin concept presented to NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate in April 2010
Boeing concept presented to NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate in April 2010
The desire for a second-generation supersonic aircraft has remained within some elements of the aviation industry, and several concepts have emerged since the retirement of Concorde.
According to Aviation Week, the market for supersonic airliners costing $200 million could be 1,300 over a 10-year period, worth $260 billion. Development and certification is probably a $4 billion operation.
Previous concepts
1/10-scale model of a McDonnell Douglas Mach 2.2 transport in 1992, part of NASA High-Speed Research Program
In November 2003, EADS—the parent company of Airbus—announced that it was considering working with Japanese companies to develop a larger, faster replacement for Concorde. In October 2005, JAXA, the Japan Aerospace eXploration Agency, undertook aerodynamic testing of a scale model of an airliner designed to carry 300 passengers at Mach 2 (Next Generation Supersonic Transport, NEXST, then Zero Emission Hyper Sonic Transport). If pursued to commercial deployment, it would be expected to be in service around 2020–25.
In May 2008, it was reported that Aerion Corporation had $3 billion of pre-order sales on its Aerion SBJ supersonic business jet. In late 2010, the project continued with a testbed flight of a section of the wing. The Aerion AS2 was proposed as a 12-seat trijet, with a range of 4,750 nmi (8,800 km; 5,470 mi) at Mach 1.4 over water or 5,300 nmi (9,800 km; 6,100 mi) at Mach 0.95 over land, although "boomless" Mach 1.1 flight was claimed to be possible. Backed by Airbus and with 20 launch orders from Flexjet, first deliveries were pushed back from 2023 by two years when GE Aviation was selected in May 2017 for a joint engine study. In May 2021 the company announced that they would be ceasing operations due to inability to raise capital.
The SAI Quiet Supersonic Transport is a 12-passenger design from Lockheed Martin that is to cruise at Mach 1.6, and is to create a sonic boom only 1% as strong as that generated by Concorde.
The supersonic Tupolev Tu-444 or Gulfstream X-54 have also been proposed.
2016–present
In March 2016, Boom Technology revealed that it is in the development phases of building a 40-passenger supersonic jet capable of flying Mach 1.7, claiming that the design simulation shows that it will be quieter and 30% more efficient than the Concorde and will be able to fly Los Angeles to Sydney in 6 hours. It is planned to go into service in 2029.
For its economic viability, NASA research since 2006 has focused on reducing the sonic boom to allow supersonic flight over land. In 2016, NASA announced it had signed a contract for the design of a modern low-noise SST prototype. The designing team is led by Lockheed Martin Aeronautics.
NASA should fly a low-boom demonstrator in 2019, reduced from double bangs to soft thumps by airframe shaping, to inquire community response, in support of a prospective FAA and ICAO ban lift in the early 2020s. The Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST X-plane will mimic the shockwave signature of a Mach 1.6 to 1.8, 80- to 100-seat airliner for 75 PNLdB compared with 105 PNLdB for Concorde.
The TsAGI exhibited at the 2017 MAKS Air Show in Moscow a scale model of its Supersonic Business Jet / Commercial Jet which should produce a low sonic boom permitting supersonic flight over land, optimised for 2,100 km/h (1,300 mph) cruise and 7,400–8,600 km (4,600–5,300 mi) range. The scientific research aims to optimise for both Mach 0.8–0.9 transonic and Mach 1.5–2.0 supersonic speeds, a similar design is tested in a wind tunnel while the engines are conceptualised at the Central Institute for Aviation Motors and designs are studied by Aviadvigatel and NPO Saturn.
At the October 2017 NBAA convention in Las Vegas, with NASA supporting only research, various companies faced engineering challenges to propose aircraft with no engine available, variable top speeds and operating models:
The Boom XB-1 Baby Boom third-scale testbed should fly in 2018 as the powerplant is selected for a 45/55-seat trijet airliner reaching Mach 2.2 over water for 9,000 nmi (17,000 km; 10,000 mi) with one stop for a business-class fare. Aiming for 2023 deliveries, it received 10 commitments from Virgin and 15 from an undisclosed European airline in 2016, totalling 76 from five airlines by June 2017;
The Spike S-512 is a self-funded twinjet design aiming to cruise at Mach 1.6 over water for 6,200 nmi (11,500 km; 7,100 mi) with 22 passengers in a windowless cabin, with unspecified 20,000 lbf (89 kN) engines. A SX-1.2-scale model should have made its maiden flight in September 2017 before a manned testbed in 2019 and the prototype in 2021, with market availability for 2023.
Model
Passengers
Cruise
Range (nmi)
MTOW
Total Thrust
Thrust/weight
Tupolev Tu-144
150
Mach 2.0
3,500 nmi (6,500 km)
207 t (456,000 lb)
960 kN (216,000 lbf)
0.44
Concorde
120
Mach 2.02
3,900 nmi (7,200 km)
185 t (408,000 lb)
676 kN (152,000 lbf)
0.37
Boom Technology Overture
55
Mach 1.7
4,250 nmi (7,870 km)
77.1 t (170,000 lb)
200–270 kN (45,000–60,000 lbf)
0.26–0.35
Spike S-512
18
Mach 1.6
6,200 nmi (11,500 km)
52.2 t (115,000 lb)
177.8 kN (40,000 lbf)
0.35
Of the four billion air passengers in 2017, over 650 million flew long-haul between 2,000 and 7,000 miles (3,200 and 11,300 km), including 72 million in business and first class, reaching 128 million by 2025; Spike projects 13 million would be interested in supersonic transport then.
In October 2018, the reauthorization of the FAA planned noise standards for supersonic transports, giving developers a regulatory certainty for their designs, mostly their engine choice.
Rules for supersonic flight-testing authorization in the U.S. and noise certification will be proposed by the FAA by early 2019. The FAA should make a proposition for landing-and-takeoff noise before March 31, 2020, for a rule after 2022; and for overland sonic boom from the end of 2020, while NASA plans to fly the Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST low-boom flight demonstrator from 2021 for ICAO standards in 2025.
In June 2019, inspired by the NASA quiet supersonic initiative and X-59 QueSST, Lockheed Martin unveiled the Quiet Supersonic Technology Airliner, a Mach 1.8, transpacific airliner concept for 40 passenger. Lower airport noise and sonic boom are allowed by shaped-boom design; integrated low-noise propulsion; swept-wing supersonic natural laminar flow; and the cockpit external vision system (XVS). The 225 ft (69 m) long design is significantly longer than the Concorde, featuring an almost 70 ft (21 m) long nose and a 78 ft (24 m) cabin. The sharply swept delta wing has a 73 ft (22 m) span, slightly narrower than the Concorde.
Design goals are a 4,200–5,300 nmi (7,800–9,800 km) range and a 9,500–10,500 ft (2,900–3,200 m) takeoff field length, a 75-80 PLdB sonic boom and a cruise of Mach 1.6–1.7 over land and Mach 1.7-1.8 over water.
Twin tail-mounted nonafterburning 40,000 lbf (180 kN) engines are located between V-tails. Integrated low-noise propulsion include advanced plug nozzle designs, noise shielding concepts and distortion-tolerant fan blades.
In 2019, Exosonic, Inc was founded with the goal of developing a 70-passenger supersonic jet capable of flying Mach 1.8 and with a range of 5,000 nmi (9,300 km; 5,800 mi). The company aims to introduce the jet commercially in the 2030s. In April 2021, Exosonic was awarded a contract to develop a supersonic jet which could be used as Air Force One.
In August 2020, Virgin Galactic with Rolls-Royce unveiled the concept of a Mach 3 capable twinjet delta wing aircraft that can carry up to 19 passengers.
NASA is working with 2 teams led by Boeing and Northrop Grumman on developing concepts for a Mach 4 airliner.
In April 2024, Boom received FAA licensure for Mach 1 and beyond tests of its XB-1 to be conducted at the Black Mountain Supersonic Corridor, in Mojave, California.
Hypersonic transport
See also: Hypersonic speed and Hypersonic flight
While conventional turbo and ramjet engines are able to remain reasonably efficient up to Mach 5.5, some ideas for very high-speed flight above Mach 6 are also sometimes discussed, with the aim of reducing travel times down to one or two hours anywhere in the world. These vehicle proposals very typically either use rocket or scramjet engines; pulse detonation engines have also been proposed. There are many difficulties with such flight, both technical and economic.
Rocket-engined vehicles, while technically practical (either as ballistic transports or as semiballistic transports using wings), would use a very large amount of propellant and operate best at speeds between about Mach 8 and orbital speeds. Rockets compete best with air-breathing jet engines on cost at very long range; however, even for antipodal travel, costs would be only somewhat lower than orbital launch costs.
At the June 2011 Paris Air Show, EADS unveiled its ZEHST concept, cruising at Mach 4 (4,400 km/h; 2,400 kn) at 105,000 ft (32,000 m) and attracting Japanese interest. The German SpaceLiner is a suborbital hypersonic winged passenger spaceplane project under preliminary development.
Precooled jet engines are jet engines with a heat exchanger at the inlet that cools the air at very high speeds. These engines may be practical and efficient at up to about Mach 5.5, and this is an area of research in Europe and Japan. The British company Reaction Engines Limited, with 50% EU money, has been engaged in a research programme called LAPCAT, which examined a design for a hydrogen-fueled plane carrying 300 passengers called the A2, potentially capable of flying at Mach 5+ nonstop from Brussels to Sydney in 4.6 hours. The follow-on research effort, LAPCAT II began in 2008 and was to last four years.
STRATOFLY MR3 is an EU research program (German Aerospace Center, ONERA and universities) with the goal of developing a cryogenic fuel 300-passenger airliner capable to fly at about 10,000 km/h (Mach 8) above 30 km of altitude.
Destinus, Hermeus, and Venus Aerospace are developing hypersonic passenger aircraft.
Boeing hypersonic transport concept
Boeing unveiled at the AIAA 2018 conference a Mach 6 (6,500 km/h; 3,500 kn) passenger airliner. Crossing the Atlantic in 2 hours or the Pacific in 3 at 100,000 ft (30 km) would enable same-day return flights, increasing airlines' asset utilization. Using a titanium airframe, its capacity would be smaller than a Boeing 737 but larger than a long-range business jet. A reusable demonstrator could be flown as early as 2023 or 2024 for a potential entry into service from the late 2030s. Aerodynamics would benefit from the Boeing X-51 Waverider experience, riding the leading edge shockwave for lower induced drag. Flow control would enhance lift at slower speeds, and avoiding afterburners on takeoff would reduce noise. The Boeing hypersonic airliner would be powered by a turboramjet, a turbofan that transitions to a ramjet at Mach 6 would avoid the need for a scramjet, similar to the SR-71 Blackbird's Pratt & Whitney J58, but shutting off the turbine at higher speeds. It would be integrated in an axisymmetric annular layout with a single intake and nozzle, and a bypass duct around the turbine engine to a combination afterburner/ramjet at the rear. It would need advanced cooling technology like the heat exchanger developed by Reaction Engines, maybe using liquid methane and/or jet fuel. Cruising at 90,000–100,000 feet (27,000–30,000 m) makes depressurization a higher risk. Mach 6 was chosen as the limit achievable with available technology. It would have a high capacity utilization, being able to cross the Atlantic four or five times a day, up from a possible twice a day with the Concorde.
See also
Aviation portal
List of supersonic aircraft
Supercruise
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Clarke, Chris (November 24, 2015). "11 Outlandish Attempts To Build The Next Concorde". Popular Mechanics. The trials and tribulations of trying to resurrect supersonic passenger travel.
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Lampert, Allison; Freed, Jamie (July 12, 2018). "U.S. and Europe clash over global supersonic jet noise standards". Reuters.
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NARA | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Concorde.highup.arp.750pix.jpg"},{"link_name":"Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde"},{"link_name":"ogival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogive"},{"link_name":"delta wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_wing"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce/Snecma_Olympus_593"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tu-144.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tupolev Tu-144","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-144"},{"link_name":"civilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_aviation"},{"link_name":"supersonic aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic_aircraft"},{"link_name":"speed of sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_sound"},{"link_name":"Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde"},{"link_name":"Tupolev Tu-144","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-144"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"ferry flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry_flying"},{"link_name":"supersonic business jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic_business_jet"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"sonic booms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_boom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Concorde supersonic transport had an ogival delta wing, a slender fuselage and four underslung Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 engines.The Tupolev Tu-144 was the first SST to enter service and the first to leave it. Only 55 passenger flights were carried out before service ended due to safety concerns. A small number of cargo and test flights were also carried out after its retirement.A supersonic transport (SST) or a supersonic airliner is a civilian supersonic aircraft designed to transport passengers at speeds greater than the speed of sound. To date, the only SSTs to see regular service have been Concorde and the Tupolev Tu-144. The last passenger flight of the Tu-144 was in June 1978 and it was last flown in 1999 by NASA. Concorde's last commercial flight was in October 2003, with a November 26, 2003 ferry flight being its last airborne operation. Following the permanent cessation of flying by Concorde, there are no remaining SSTs in commercial service. Several companies have each proposed a supersonic business jet, which may bring supersonic transport back again.Supersonic airliners have been the objects of numerous recent[when?] ongoing design studies. Drawbacks and design challenges are excessive noise generation (at takeoff and due to sonic booms during flight), high development costs, expensive construction materials, high fuel consumption, extremely high emissions, and an increased cost per seat over subsonic airliners. However, despite these challenges, Concorde claimed it operated profitably.[1]","title":"Supersonic transport"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_(force)"},{"link_name":"lift-to-drag ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift-to-drag_ratio"},{"link_name":"sortie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supersonic.arp.750pix.jpg"},{"link_name":"fighter aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft"},{"link_name":"delta wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_wing"},{"link_name":"Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Super-Caravelle"},{"link_name":"Bristol Type 223","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Type_223"},{"link_name":"Armstrong-Whitworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong-Whitworth"},{"link_name":"M-Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-Wing"},{"link_name":"Avro Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Canada"},{"link_name":"TWA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA"},{"link_name":"Hawker Siddeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bristol Aeroplane Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Aeroplane_Company"},{"link_name":"Sud Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_Aviation"},{"link_name":"Lockheed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pan Am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways"},{"link_name":"Lockheed L-2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_L-2000"},{"link_name":"Boeing 2707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_2707"},{"link_name":"Mach 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number"},{"link_name":"Tu-144","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu-144"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Planning","text":"Throughout the 1950s an SST looked possible from a technical standpoint, but it was not clear if it could be made economically viable. Because of differences in lift generation, aircraft operating at supersonic speeds have approximately one-half the lift-to-drag ratio of subsonic aircraft. This implies that for any given required amount of lift, the aircraft will have to supply about twice the thrust, leading to considerably greater fuel use. This effect is pronounced at speeds close to the speed of sound, as the aircraft is using twice the thrust to travel at about the same speed. The relative effect is reduced as the aircraft accelerates to higher speeds. Offsetting this increase in fuel use was the potential to greatly increase sortie rates of the aircraft, at least on medium and long-range flights where the aircraft spends a considerable amount of time in cruise. SST designs flying at least three times as fast as existing subsonic transports were possible, and would thus be able to replace as many as three planes in service, and thereby lower costs in terms of manpower and maintenance.Concorde landingSerious work on SST designs started in the mid-1950s, when the first generation of supersonic fighter aircraft were entering service. In Britain and France, government-subsidized SST programs quickly settled on the delta wing in most studies, including the Sud Aviation Super-Caravelle and Bristol Type 223, although Armstrong-Whitworth proposed a more radical design, the Mach 1.2 M-Wing. Avro Canada proposed several designs to TWA that included Mach 1.6 double-ogee wing and Mach 1.2 delta-wing with separate tail and four under-wing engine configurations. Avro's team moved to the UK where its design formed the basis of Hawker Siddeley's designs.[2] By the early 1960s, the designs had progressed to the point where the go-ahead for production was given, but costs were so high that the Bristol Aeroplane Company and Sud Aviation eventually merged their efforts in 1962 to produce Concorde.In the early 1960s, various executives of US aerospace companies were telling the US public and Congress that there were no technical reasons an SST could not be produced. In April 1960, Burt C Monesmith, a vice president with Lockheed, stated to various magazines that an SST constructed of steel weighing 250,000 pounds (110,000 kg) could be developed for $160 million and in production lots of 200 or more sold for around $9 million.[3] But it was the Anglo-French development of the Concorde that set off panic in the US industry, where it was thought that Concorde would soon replace all other long range designs, especially after Pan Am took out purchase options on the Concorde. Congress was soon funding an SST design effort, selecting the existing Lockheed L-2000 and Boeing 2707 designs, to produce an even more advanced, larger, faster and longer ranged design. The Boeing 2707 design was eventually selected for continued work, with design goals of ferrying around 300 passengers and having a cruising speed near to Mach 3. The Soviet Union set out to produce its own design, the Tu-144, which the western press nicknamed the \"Concordski\".[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sonic boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_boom"},{"link_name":"ozone layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layer"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92nd_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbsrej-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ergfden-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srbwlof-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stsuplch-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bwhhit-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Russell Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_E._Train"},{"link_name":"ozone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"Stratospheric Water Vapor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAGE_III_on_ISS"},{"link_name":"approximately","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry_observational_databases"},{"link_name":"slow down in the rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_slowdown"},{"link_name":"global warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_slowdown"},{"link_name":"warming rate in the 1990s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_slowdown"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"nitrogen oxides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"NOx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOx"},{"link_name":"Nitrogen Oxides, Nuclear Weapon Testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_winter#Early_work"},{"link_name":"atmospheric nuclear testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_nuclear_testing"},{"link_name":"megatons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatonne"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"sulfur in the fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodesulfurization"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Environmental concerns","text":"The SST was seen as particularly offensive due to its sonic boom and the potential for its engine exhaust to damage the ozone layer. Both problems impacted the thinking of lawmakers, and eventually Congress dropped funding for the US SST program in March 1971,[4][5][6][7][8] and all overland commercial supersonic flight was banned over the US.[9] Presidential advisor Russell Train warned that a fleet of 500 SSTs flying at 65,000 ft (20 km) for a period of years could raise stratospheric water content by as much as 50% to 100%. According to Train, this could lead to greater ground-level heat and hamper the formation of ozone.[10] In relation to stratospheric water and its potential to increase ground temperatures, although not mentioning Concorde as the source of the \"recent decline in water vapor is unknown\", in 2010 the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration noted that Stratospheric Water Vapor levels in the 1980s and 1990s were higher than that in the 2000s, by approximately 10%, with Susan Solomon of NOAA calculating that it is this change which is responsible for the slow down in the rise in surface temperatures from global warming by about 25 percent when compared to the warming rate in the 1990s.[11]Later, an additional threat to the ozone was hypothesized as a result of the exhaust's nitrogen oxides, a threat that was, in 1974, seemingly validated by an MIT team commissioned by the United States Department of Transportation.[12] However, while many purely theoretical models were indicating the potential for large ozone losses from SST nitrogen oxides (NOx), other scientists in the paper \"Nitrogen Oxides, Nuclear Weapon Testing, Concorde and Stratospheric Ozone\" turned to historical ozone monitoring and atmospheric nuclear testing to serve as a guide and means of comparison, observing that no detectable ozone loss was evident from approximately 213 megatons of explosive energy being released in 1962, so therefore the equivalent amount of NOx from \"1047\" Concordes flying \"10 hours a day\", would likewise, not be unprecedented.[13] In 1981 models and observations were still irreconcilable.[14] More recent computer models in 1995 by David W. Fahey, an atmospheric scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and others, suggest that the drop in ozone would be at most, \"no more\" than 1 to 2% if a fleet of 500 supersonic aircraft [were] operated.[15][16] Fahey expressed that this would not be a fatal obstacle for an advanced SST development – while \"a big caution flag...[it] should not be a showstopper for advanced SST development\" because \"removing the sulfur in the fuel of the [Concorde]\" would essentially eliminate the hypothesized 1%–2% ozone-destruction-reaction-pathway.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Dulles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"JFK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Boeing 707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_707"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747"},{"link_name":"turbofan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofan"},{"link_name":"bypass ratios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bypass_ratio"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Concorde","text":"Despite the model-observation discrepancy surrounding the ozone concern, in the mid-1970s, six years after its first supersonic test flight,[18] Concorde was now ready for service. The US political outcry was so high that New York banned the plane. This threatened the aircraft's economic prospects — it had been built with the London–New York route in mind. The plane was allowed into Washington, D.C. (at Dulles in Virginia), and the service was so popular that New Yorkers were soon complaining because they did not have it. It was not long before Concorde was flying into JFK.Along with shifting political considerations, the flying public continued to show interest in high-speed ocean crossings. This started additional design studies in the US, under the name \"AST\" (Advanced Supersonic Transport). Lockheed's SCV was a new design for this category, while Boeing continued studies with the 2707 as a baseline.By this time, the economics of past SST concepts were no longer reasonable. When first designed, the SSTs were envisioned to compete with long-range aircraft seating 80 to 100 passengers such as the Boeing 707, but with newer aircraft such as the Boeing 747 carrying four times that, the speed and fuel advantages of the SST concept were taken away by sheer size.Another problem was that the wide range of speeds over which an SST operates makes it difficult to improve engines. While subsonic engines had made great strides in increased efficiency through the 1960s with the introduction of the turbofan engine with ever-increasing bypass ratios, the fan concept is difficult to use at supersonic speeds where the \"proper\" bypass is about 0.45,[19] as opposed to 2.0 or higher for subsonic designs. For both of these reasons the SST designs were doomed by higher operational costs, and the AST programs vanished by the early 1980s.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSTFAQ-20"}],"sub_title":"Profitability","text":"Concorde only sold to British Airways and Air France, with subsidized purchases that were to return 80% of the profits to the government. In practice for almost all of the length of the arrangement, there was no profit to be shared. After Concorde was privatized, cost reduction measures (notably the closing of the metallurgical wing testing site which had done enough temperature cycles to validate the aircraft through to 2010) and ticket price raises led to substantial profits.Since Concorde stopped flying, it has been revealed that over the life of Concorde, the plane did prove profitable, at least to British Airways. Concorde operating costs over nearly 28 years of operation were approximately £1 billion, with revenues of £1.75 billion.[20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air France Flight 4590","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France_Flight_4590"},{"link_name":"London Heathrow Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport"},{"link_name":"Tupolev Tu-244","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-244"},{"link_name":"Tupolev Tu-344","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-344"},{"link_name":"SAI Quiet Supersonic Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAI_Quiet_Supersonic_Transport"},{"link_name":"Sukhoi-Gulfstream S-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi-Gulfstream_S-21"},{"link_name":"High Speed Civil Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_Civil_Transport"}],"sub_title":"Final flights","text":"On 25 July 2000, Air France Flight 4590 crashed shortly after take-off with all 109 occupants and four on ground killed; the only fatal incident involving Concorde. Commercial service was suspended until November 2001, and Concorde aircraft were retired in 2003 after 27 years of commercial operations.The last regular passenger flights landed at London Heathrow Airport on Friday, October 24, 2003, just past 4 p.m.: Flight 002 from New York, a second flight from Edinburgh, Scotland, and the third which had taken off from Heathrow on a loop flight over the Bay of Biscay.By the end of the 20th century, projects like the Tupolev Tu-244, Tupolev Tu-344, SAI Quiet Supersonic Transport, Sukhoi-Gulfstream S-21, High Speed Civil Transport, etc. had not been realized.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(physics)"},{"link_name":"coefficient of drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_drag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qualitive_variation_of_cd_with_mach_number.png"},{"link_name":"wave drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_drag"},{"link_name":"transonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transonic"},{"link_name":"Mach 0.88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number"},{"link_name":"transonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transonic"},{"link_name":"lift to drag ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_to_drag_ratio"},{"link_name":"wing planforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planform_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Aerodynamics","text":"For all vehicles traveling through air, the force of drag is proportional to the coefficient of drag (Cd), to the square of the airspeed and to the air density. Since drag rises rapidly with speed, a key priority of supersonic aircraft design is to minimize this force by lowering the coefficient of drag. This gives rise to the highly streamlined shapes of SSTs. To some extent, supersonic aircraft also manage drag by flying at higher altitudes than subsonic aircraft, where the air density is lower.Qualitative variation in Cd factor with Mach number for aircraftAs speeds approach the speed of sound, the additional phenomenon of wave drag appears. This is a powerful form of drag that begins at transonic speeds (around Mach 0.88). Around Mach 1, the peak coefficient of drag is four times that of subsonic drag. Above the transonic range, the coefficient drops drastically again, although remains 20% higher by Mach 2.5 than at subsonic speeds. Supersonic aircraft must have considerably more power than subsonic aircraft require to overcome this wave drag, and although cruising performance above transonic speed is more efficient, it is still less efficient than flying subsonically.Another issue in supersonic flight is the lift to drag ratio (L/D ratio) of the wings. At supersonic speeds, airfoils generate lift in an entirely different manner than at subsonic speeds, and are invariably less efficient. For this reason, considerable research has been put into designing wing planforms for sustained supersonic cruise. At about Mach 2, a typical wing design will cut its L/D ratio in half (e.g., Concorde managed a ratio of 7.14, whereas the subsonic Boeing 747 has an L/D ratio of 17).[21] Because an aircraft's design must provide enough lift to overcome its own weight, a reduction of its L/D ratio at supersonic speeds requires additional thrust to maintain its airspeed and altitude.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jet engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_engine"},{"link_name":"fuel efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_efficiency"},{"link_name":"specific fuel consumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_fuel_consumption_(thrust)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Concorde_at_filton_noseview_arp.jpg"},{"link_name":"British Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Airways"},{"link_name":"Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde"},{"link_name":"Filton Aerodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filton_Aerodrome"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"Aérospatiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale"},{"link_name":"BAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aircraft_Corporation"},{"link_name":"high bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_bypass"},{"link_name":"turbofan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofan"},{"link_name":"Boeing 707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_707"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet"},{"link_name":"turboprop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboprop"},{"link_name":"propeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sp472-22"}],"sub_title":"Engines","text":"Jet engine design shifts significantly between supersonic and subsonic aircraft. Jet engines, as a class, can supply increased fuel efficiency at supersonic speeds, even though their specific fuel consumption is greater at higher speeds. Because their speed over the ground is greater, this decrease in efficiency is less than proportional to speed until well above Mach 2, and the consumption per unit distance is lower.British Airways Concorde at Filton Aerodrome, Bristol, England shows the slender fuselage necessary for supersonic flight.When Concorde was being designed by Aérospatiale–BAC, high bypass jet engines (\"turbofan\" engines) had not yet been deployed on subsonic aircraft. Had Concorde entered service against earlier designs like the Boeing 707 or de Havilland Comet, it would have been much more competitive, though the 707 and DC-8 still carried more passengers. When these high bypass jet engines reached commercial service in the 1960s, subsonic jet engines immediately became much more efficient, closer to the efficiency of turbojets at supersonic speeds. One major advantage of the SST disappeared.Turbofan engines improve efficiency by increasing the amount of cold low-pressure air they accelerate, using some of the energy normally used to accelerate hot air in the classic non-bypass turbojet. The ultimate expression of this design is the turboprop, where almost all of the jet thrust is used to power a very large fan – the propeller. The efficiency curve of the fan design means that the amount of bypass that maximizes overall engine efficiency is a function of forward speed, which decreases from propellers, to fans, to no bypass at all as speed increases. Additionally, the large frontal area taken up by the low-pressure fan at the front of the engine increases drag, especially at supersonic speeds, and means the bypass ratios are much more limited than on subsonic aircraft.[22]For example, the early Tu-144S was fitted with a low bypass turbofan engine which was much less efficient than Concorde's turbojets in supersonic flight. The later TU-144D featured turbojet engines with comparable efficiency. These limitations meant that SST designs were not able to take advantage of the dramatic improvements in fuel economy that high bypass engines brought to the subsonic market, but they were already more efficient than their subsonic turbofan counterparts.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aeroelasticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroelasticity"},{"link_name":"fuselage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuselage"},{"link_name":"pressurized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressurization"},{"link_name":"Hiduminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiduminium"},{"link_name":"duralumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duralumin"},{"link_name":"carbon fibre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fibre"},{"link_name":"Kevlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevlar"}],"sub_title":"Structure","text":"Supersonic vehicle speeds demand narrower wing and fuselage designs, and are subject to greater stresses and temperatures. This leads to aeroelasticity problems, which require heavier structures to minimize unwanted flexing. SSTs also require a much stronger (and therefore heavier) structure because their fuselage must be pressurized to a greater differential than subsonic aircraft, which do not operate at the high altitudes necessary for supersonic flight. These factors together meant that the empty weight per seat of Concorde is more than three times that of a Boeing 747.Concorde and the TU-144 were both constructed of conventional aluminum: Concorde of Hiduminium and TU-144 of duralumin. However, more modern materials such as carbon fibre and Kevlar are much stronger in tension for their weight (important to deal with pressurization stresses) as well as being more rigid. As the per-seat weight of the structure is much higher in an SST design, any improvements will lead to a greater percentage improvement than the same changes in a subsonic aircraft.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SSTFAQ-20"}],"sub_title":"Cost","text":"Higher fuel costs and lower passenger capacities due to the aerodynamic requirement for a narrow fuselage make SSTs an expensive form of commercial civil transportation compared with subsonic aircraft. For example, the Boeing 747 can carry more than three times as many passengers as Concorde while using approximately the same amount of fuel.Nevertheless, fuel costs are not the bulk of the price for most subsonic aircraft passenger tickets.[25] For the transatlantic business market that SST aircraft were utilized for, Concorde was actually very successful, and was able to sustain a higher ticket price. Now that commercial SST aircraft have stopped flying, it has become clearer that Concorde made substantial profit for British Airways.[20]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nacelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacelle"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"variable cycle engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_cycle_engine"},{"link_name":"sonic boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_boom"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City sonic boom tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_sonic_boom_tests"},{"link_name":"USAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAF"},{"link_name":"XB-70 Valkyrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XB-70_Valkyrie"},{"link_name":"Sonic boom § Abatement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_boom#Abatement"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ley196406-27"},{"link_name":"variable-sweep wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing"},{"link_name":"overpressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpressure"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"shock waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_waves"},{"link_name":"computer-aided design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design"},{"link_name":"Shaped Sonic Boom Demonstration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaped_Sonic_Boom_Demonstration"},{"link_name":"Sonic boom § Abatement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_boom#Abatement"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Noise pollution","text":"Extreme jet velocities used during take-off caused Concorde and Tu-144s to produce significant take-off noise. Communities near the airport were affected by high engine noise levels, which prompted some regulators to disfavor the practice. SST engines need a fairly high specific thrust (net thrust/airflow) during supersonic cruise, to minimize engine cross-sectional area and, thereby, nacelle drag. Unfortunately this implies a high jet velocity, which makes the engines noisy, particularly at low speeds/altitudes and at take-off.[26]Therefore, a future SST might well benefit from a variable cycle engine, where the specific thrust (and therefore jet velocity and noise) is low at take-off, but is forced high during supersonic cruise. Transition between the two modes would occur at some point during the climb and back again during the descent (to minimize jet noise upon approach). The difficulty is devising a variable cycle engine configuration that meets the requirement for a low cross-sectional area during supersonic cruise.The sonic boom was not thought to be a serious issue due to the high altitudes at which the planes flew, but experiments in the mid-1960s such as the controversial Oklahoma City sonic boom tests and studies of the USAF's North American XB-70 Valkyrie proved otherwise (see Sonic boom § Abatement). By 1964, whether civilian supersonic aircraft would be licensed was unclear, because of the problem.[27]The annoyance of a sonic boom can be avoided by waiting until the aircraft is at high altitude over water before reaching supersonic speeds; this was the technique used by Concorde. However, it precludes supersonic flight over populated areas. Supersonic aircraft have poor lift/drag ratios at subsonic speeds as compared to subsonic aircraft (unless technologies such as variable-sweep wings are employed), and hence burn more fuel, which results in their use being economically disadvantageous on such flight paths.Concorde had an overpressure of 1.94 lb/sq ft (93 Pa) (133 dBA SPL). Overpressures over 1.5 lb/sq ft (72 Pa) (131 dBA SPL) often cause complaints.[28]If the intensity of the boom can be reduced, then this may make even very large designs of supersonic aircraft acceptable for overland flight. Research suggests that changes to the nose cone and tail can reduce the intensity of the sonic boom below that needed to cause complaints. During the original SST efforts in the 1960s, it was suggested that careful shaping of the fuselage of the aircraft could reduce the intensity of the sonic boom's shock waves that reach the ground. One design caused the shock waves to interfere with each other, greatly reducing the sonic boom. This was difficult to test at the time, but the increasing power of computer-aided design has since made this considerably easier. In 2003, a Shaped Sonic Boom Demonstration aircraft was flown which proved the soundness of the design and demonstrated the capability of reducing the boom by about half. Even lengthening the vehicle (without significantly increasing the weight) would seem to reduce the boom intensity (see Sonic boom § Abatement).When it comes to public policy, for example, the FAA prohibits commercial airplanes from flying at supersonic speeds above sovereign land governed by the United States because of the negative impact the sonic boom brings to humans and animal populations below.[29]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde"},{"link_name":"lift to drag ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_to_drag_ratio"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Boeing 2707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_2707"},{"link_name":"swing wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_wing"},{"link_name":"North American Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Aviation"},{"link_name":"XB-70 Valkyrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XB-70_Valkyrie"},{"link_name":"compression lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_lift"}],"sub_title":"Variable speeds","text":"The aerodynamic design of a supersonic aircraft needs to change with its speed for optimal performance. Thus, an SST would ideally change shape during flight to maintain optimal performance at both subsonic and supersonic speeds. Such a design would introduce complexity which increases maintenance needs, operations costs, and safety concerns.In practice all supersonic transports have used essentially the same shape for subsonic and supersonic flight, and a compromise in performance is chosen, often to the detriment of low speed flight. For example, Concorde had very high drag (a lift to drag ratio of about 4) at slow speed, but it travelled at high speed for most of the flight. Designers of Concorde spent 5000 hours optimizing the vehicle shape in wind tunnel tests to maximize the overall performance over the entire flightplan.[citation needed]The Boeing 2707 featured swing wings to give higher efficiency at low speeds, but the increased space required for such a feature produced capacity problems that proved ultimately insurmountable.North American Aviation had an unusual approach to this problem with the XB-70 Valkyrie. By lowering the outer panels of the wings at high Mach numbers, they were able to take advantage of compression lift on the underside of the aircraft. This improved the L/D ratio by about 30%.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adiabatically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic_compression"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"stainless steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel"},{"link_name":"XB-70 Valkyrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XB-70_Valkyrie"},{"link_name":"MiG-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG-25"},{"link_name":"titanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium"},{"link_name":"SR-71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR-71"},{"link_name":"Sukhoi T-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_T-4"},{"link_name":"carbide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbide"},{"link_name":"ceramic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic"},{"link_name":"Mach 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Skin temperature","text":"At supersonic speeds an aircraft adiabatically compresses the air in front of it. The increased temperature of the air heats the aircraft.Subsonic aircraft are usually made of aluminium. However aluminium, while being light and strong, is not able to withstand temperatures much over 127 °C; above 127 °C the aluminium gradually loses its properties that were brought about by age hardening.[30] For aircraft that fly at Mach 3, materials such as stainless steel (XB-70 Valkyrie, MiG-25) or titanium (SR-71, Sukhoi T-4) have been used, at considerable increase in expense, as the properties of these materials make the aircraft much more difficult to manufacture.In 2017 a new carbide ceramic coating material was discovered which could resist temperatures occurring at Mach 5 or above, perhaps as high as 3000 °C.[31]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Breguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Charles_Breguet"},{"link_name":"range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_(aeronautics)#Cruise/climb_(Breguet_range_equation)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Range","text":"The range of supersonic aircraft can be estimated with the Breguet range equation.The high per-passenger takeoff weight makes it difficult to obtain a good fuel fraction. This issue, along with the challenge presented by supersonic lift/drag ratios, greatly limits the range of supersonic transports. Because long-distance routes were not a viable option, airlines had little interest in buying the jets.[citation needed]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aeroflot_Tupolev_Tu-144_Paris_Air_Show_1975_Gilliand.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aeroflot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot"},{"link_name":"Tupolev Tu-144","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-144"},{"link_name":"Paris Air Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Air_Show"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"high-speed rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Commercial practicality","text":"Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-144 at the Paris Air Show in 1975Airlines potentially value very fast aircraft, because it enables the aircraft to make more flights per day, providing a higher return on investment. Also, passengers generally prefer faster, shorter-duration trips to slower, longer-duration trips, so operating faster aircraft can give an airline a competitive advantage, even to the extent that many customers will willingly pay higher fares for the benefit of saving time and/or arriving sooner.[citation needed] However, Concorde's high noise levels around airports, time zone issues, and insufficient speed meant that only a single return trip could be made per day, so the extra speed was not an advantage to the airline other than as a selling feature to its customers.[32] The proposed American SSTs were intended to fly at Mach 3, partly for this reason. However, allowing for acceleration and deceleration time, a trans-Atlantic trip on a Mach 3 SST would be less than three times as fast as a Mach 1 trip.Since SSTs produce sonic booms at supersonic speeds they are rarely permitted to fly supersonic over land, and must fly supersonic over sea instead. Since they are inefficient at subsonic speeds compared to subsonic aircraft, range is deteriorated and the number of routes that the aircraft can fly non-stop is reduced. This also reduces the desirability of such aircraft for most airlines.Supersonic aircraft have higher per-passenger fuel consumption than subsonic aircraft; this makes the ticket price necessarily higher, all other factors being equal, as well as making that price more sensitive to the price of oil. (It also makes supersonic flights less friendly to the environment and sustainability, two growing concerns of the general public, including air travelers.)Investing in research and development work to design a new SST can be considered as an effort to push the speed limit of air transport. Generally, other than an urge for new technological achievement, the major driving force for such an effort is competitive pressure from other modes of transport. Competition between different service providers within a mode of transport does not typically lead to such technological investments to increase the speed. Instead, the service providers prefer to compete in service quality and cost.[citation needed] An example of this phenomenon is high-speed rail. The speed limit of rail transport had been pushed so hard to enable it to effectively compete with road and air transport. But this achievement was not done for different rail operating companies to compete among themselves. This phenomenon also reduces the airline desirability of SSTs, because, for very long-distance transportation (a couple of thousand kilometers), competition between different modes of transport is rather like a single-horse race: air transport does not have a significant competitor. The only competition is between the airline companies, and they would rather pay moderately to reduce cost and increase service quality than pay much more for a speed increase.[citation needed] Also, for-profit companies generally prefer low risk business plans with high probabilities of appreciable profit, but an expensive leading-edge technological research and development program is a high-risk enterprise, as it is possible that the program will fail for unforeseeable technical reasons or will meet cost overruns so great as to force the company, due to financial resource limits, to abandon the effort before it yields any marketable SST technology, causing potentially all investment to be lost.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Council on Clean Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_on_Clean_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"fuel per passenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_aircraft"},{"link_name":"business-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business-class"},{"link_name":"economy class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_class"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"lobby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines"},{"link_name":"Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Airlines"},{"link_name":"carbon budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_budget"},{"link_name":"emissions share","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading"},{"link_name":"climate trajectory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming"},{"link_name":"Noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_noise"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"London Heathrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Heathrow"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Airport"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Airport"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Airport"},{"link_name":"New York-JFK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York-JFK"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvarnabhumi_Airport"},{"link_name":"sonic booms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_boom"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICCT30jan2019-36"}],"sub_title":"Environmental impact","text":"The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) estimates a SST would burn 5 to 7 times as much fuel per passenger.[33] The ICCT shows that a New York to London supersonic flight would consume more than twice as much fuel per passenger than in subsonic business-class, six times as much as for economy class, and three times as much as subsonic business for Los Angeles to Sydney.[34] Designers can either meet existing environmental standards with advanced technology or lobby policymakers to establish new standards for SSTs.[35]If there were 2,000 SSTs in 2035, there would be 5,000 flights per day at 160 airports and the SST fleet would emit ~96 million metric tons of CO₂ per year (like American, Delta and Southwest combined in 2017), 1.6 to 2.4 gigatonnes of CO₂ over their 25-year lifetime: one-fifth of the international aviation carbon budget if aviation maintains its emissions share to stay under a 1.5 °C climate trajectory. Noise exposed area around airports could double compared to existing subsonic aircraft of the same size, with more than 300 operations per day at Dubai and London Heathrow, and over 100 in Los Angeles, Singapore, San Francisco, New York-JFK, Frankfurt, and Bangkok. Frequent sonic booms would be heard in Canada, Germany, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Romania, Turkey, and parts of the United States, up to 150–200 per day or one every five minutes.[36]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sinsheim_Auto_%26_Technik_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinsheim_Auto_%26_Technik_Museum"},{"link_name":"Concorde aircraft histories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde_aircraft_histories"},{"link_name":"Douglas DC-8-43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_DC-8"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wasserzieher-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wasserzieher-37"},{"link_name":"crashed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France_Flight_4590"}],"text":"The Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum in Germany is the only location where both Concorde and the Tu-144 are displayed togetherSee also: Concorde aircraft historiesOn August 21, 1961, a Douglas DC-8-43 (registration N9604Z) exceeded Mach 1 in a controlled dive during a test flight at Edwards Air Force Base. The crew were William Magruder (pilot), Paul Patten (copilot), Joseph Tomich (flight engineer), and Richard H. Edwards (flight test engineer).[37] This is the first supersonic flight by a civilian airliner.[37]In total, 20 Concordes were built: two prototypes, two development aircraft and 16 production aircraft. Of the sixteen production aircraft, two did not enter commercial service and eight remained in service as of April 2003. All but two of these aircraft are preserved; the two that are not are F-BVFD (cn 211), parked as a spare-parts source in 1982 and scrapped in 1994, and F-BTSC (cn 203), which crashed outside Paris on July 25, 2000, killing 100 passengers, 9 crew members, and 4 people on the ground.A total of sixteen airworthy Tupolev Tu-144s were built; a seventeenth Tu-144 (reg. 77116) was never completed. There was also at least one ground test airframe for static testing in parallel with the prototype 68001 development.","title":"Completed projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lockheed_Martin_Supersonic_Design_Concept.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautics_Research_Mission_Directorate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing_Concept_Supersonic_Aircraft_-_Icon-II.jpg"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Aviation Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Week"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Lockheed Martin concept presented to NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate in April 2010Boeing concept presented to NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate in April 2010The desire for a second-generation supersonic aircraft has remained within some elements of the aviation industry,[38][39] and several concepts have emerged since the retirement of Concorde.According to Aviation Week, the market for supersonic airliners costing $200 million could be 1,300 over a 10-year period, worth $260 billion.[40] Development and certification is probably a $4 billion operation.[41]","title":"Future development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cave_of_the_Winds.pdf"},{"link_name":"High-Speed Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Speed_Research"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"EADS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EADS"},{"link_name":"Airbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"JAXA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency"},{"link_name":"Next Generation Supersonic Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_Supersonic_Transport"},{"link_name":"Zero Emission Hyper Sonic Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Emission_Hyper_Sonic_Transport"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Aerion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerion"},{"link_name":"Aerion SBJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerion_SBJ"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Aerion AS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerion_AS2"},{"link_name":"GE Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Aviation"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNBCSHEETZ-48"},{"link_name":"SAI Quiet Supersonic Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAI_Quiet_Supersonic_Transport"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Tupolev Tu-444","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-444"},{"link_name":"Gulfstream X-54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulfstream_X-54"}],"sub_title":"Previous concepts","text":"1/10-scale model of a McDonnell Douglas Mach 2.2 transport in 1992, part of NASA High-Speed Research Program[42]In November 2003, EADS—the parent company of Airbus—announced that it was considering working with Japanese companies to develop a larger, faster replacement for Concorde.[43][44] In October 2005, JAXA, the Japan Aerospace eXploration Agency, undertook aerodynamic testing of a scale model of an airliner designed to carry 300 passengers at Mach 2 (Next Generation Supersonic Transport, NEXST, then Zero Emission Hyper Sonic Transport). If pursued to commercial deployment, it would be expected to be in service around 2020–25.[45]In May 2008, it was reported that Aerion Corporation had $3 billion of pre-order sales on its Aerion SBJ supersonic business jet.[46] In late 2010, the project continued with a testbed flight of a section of the wing.[47] The Aerion AS2 was proposed as a 12-seat trijet, with a range of 4,750 nmi (8,800 km; 5,470 mi) at Mach 1.4 over water or 5,300 nmi (9,800 km; 6,100 mi) at Mach 0.95 over land, although \"boomless\" Mach 1.1 flight was claimed to be possible. Backed by Airbus and with 20 launch orders from Flexjet, first deliveries were pushed back from 2023 by two years when GE Aviation was selected in May 2017 for a joint engine study. In May 2021 the company announced that they would be ceasing operations due to inability to raise capital.[48]The SAI Quiet Supersonic Transport is a 12-passenger design from Lockheed Martin that is to cruise at Mach 1.6, and is to create a sonic boom only 1% as strong as that generated by Concorde.[49]The supersonic Tupolev Tu-444 or Gulfstream X-54 have also been proposed.","title":"Future development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boom Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_Technology"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"sonic boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_boom"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeek6may2016-51"},{"link_name":"low-noise SST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-59_QueSST"},{"link_name":"prototype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype#Engineering_sciences"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sst-52"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin Aeronautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Aeronautics"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sst-52"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAA"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-59_QueSST"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeek6may2016-51"},{"link_name":"TsAGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TsAGI"},{"link_name":"MAKS Air Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAKS_Air_Show"},{"link_name":"transonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transonic"},{"link_name":"wind tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_tunnel"},{"link_name":"Central Institute for Aviation Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Institute_for_Aviation_Motors"},{"link_name":"Aviadvigatel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviadvigatel"},{"link_name":"NPO Saturn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPO_Saturn"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AIN25jul2017-53"},{"link_name":"NBAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Business_Aviation_Association"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeek8oct2017-54"},{"link_name":"Boom XB-1 Baby Boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_XB-1_Baby_Boom"},{"link_name":"Spike S-512","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_S-512"},{"link_name":"passengers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger"},{"link_name":"long-haul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-haul"},{"link_name":"business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_class"},{"link_name":"first class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_class_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"Spike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_S-512"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"reauthorization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reauthorization"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAA"},{"link_name":"flight-testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight-test"},{"link_name":"noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_noise"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAA"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_X-59_QueSST"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeek4oct2018-58"},{"link_name":"X-59 QueSST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-59_QueSST"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"airport noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_noise_pollution"},{"link_name":"sonic boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_boom"},{"link_name":"shaped-boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaped_Sonic_Boom_Demonstration"},{"link_name":"laminar flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar_flow"},{"link_name":"external vision system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_vision_system"},{"link_name":"Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde"},{"link_name":"delta wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_wing"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeek19jun2019-60"},{"link_name":"plug nozzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_nozzle"},{"link_name":"noise shielding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_barrier"},{"link_name":"fan blades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_blade"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeek19jun2019-60"},{"link_name":"Exosonic, Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosonic"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Virgin Galactic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Galactic"},{"link_name":"delta wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_wing"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"2016–present","text":"In March 2016, Boom Technology revealed that it is in the development phases of building a 40-passenger supersonic jet capable of flying Mach 1.7, claiming that the design simulation shows that it will be quieter and 30% more efficient than the Concorde and will be able to fly Los Angeles to Sydney in 6 hours. It is planned to go into service in 2029.[50]For its economic viability, NASA research since 2006 has focused on reducing the sonic boom to allow supersonic flight over land.[51] In 2016, NASA announced it had signed a contract for the design of a modern low-noise SST prototype.[52] The designing team is led by Lockheed Martin Aeronautics.[52]\nNASA should fly a low-boom demonstrator in 2019, reduced from double bangs to soft thumps by airframe shaping, to inquire community response, in support of a prospective FAA and ICAO ban lift in the early 2020s. The Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST X-plane will mimic the shockwave signature of a Mach 1.6 to 1.8, 80- to 100-seat airliner for 75 PNLdB compared with 105 PNLdB for Concorde.[51]The TsAGI exhibited at the 2017 MAKS Air Show in Moscow a scale model of its Supersonic Business Jet / Commercial Jet which should produce a low sonic boom permitting supersonic flight over land, optimised for 2,100 km/h (1,300 mph) cruise and 7,400–8,600 km (4,600–5,300 mi) range. The scientific research aims to optimise for both Mach 0.8–0.9 transonic and Mach 1.5–2.0 supersonic speeds, a similar design is tested in a wind tunnel while the engines are conceptualised at the Central Institute for Aviation Motors and designs are studied by Aviadvigatel and NPO Saturn.[53]At the October 2017 NBAA convention in Las Vegas, with NASA supporting only research, various companies faced engineering challenges to propose aircraft with no engine available, variable top speeds and operating models:[54]The Boom XB-1 Baby Boom third-scale testbed should fly in 2018 as the powerplant is selected for a 45/55-seat trijet airliner reaching Mach 2.2 over water for 9,000 nmi (17,000 km; 10,000 mi) with one stop for a business-class fare. Aiming for 2023 deliveries, it received 10 commitments from Virgin and 15 from an undisclosed European airline in 2016, totalling 76 from five airlines by June 2017;\nThe Spike S-512 is a self-funded twinjet design aiming to cruise at Mach 1.6 over water for 6,200 nmi (11,500 km; 7,100 mi) with 22 passengers in a windowless cabin, with unspecified 20,000 lbf (89 kN) engines. A SX-1.2-scale model should have made its maiden flight in September 2017 before a manned testbed in 2019 and the prototype in 2021, with market availability for 2023.Of the four billion air passengers in 2017, over 650 million flew long-haul between 2,000 and 7,000 miles (3,200 and 11,300 km), including 72 million in business and first class, reaching 128 million by 2025; Spike projects 13 million would be interested in supersonic transport then.[56]In October 2018, the reauthorization of the FAA planned noise standards for supersonic transports, giving developers a regulatory certainty for their designs, mostly their engine choice.\nRules for supersonic flight-testing authorization in the U.S. and noise certification will be proposed by the FAA by early 2019.[57] The FAA should make a proposition for landing-and-takeoff noise before March 31, 2020, for a rule after 2022; and for overland sonic boom from the end of 2020, while NASA plans to fly the Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST low-boom flight demonstrator from 2021 for ICAO standards in 2025.[58]In June 2019, inspired by the NASA quiet supersonic initiative and X-59 QueSST, Lockheed Martin unveiled the Quiet Supersonic Technology Airliner,[59] a Mach 1.8, transpacific airliner concept for 40 passenger. Lower airport noise and sonic boom are allowed by shaped-boom design; integrated low-noise propulsion; swept-wing supersonic natural laminar flow; and the cockpit external vision system (XVS). The 225 ft (69 m) long design is significantly longer than the Concorde, featuring an almost 70 ft (21 m) long nose and a 78 ft (24 m) cabin. The sharply swept delta wing has a 73 ft (22 m) span, slightly narrower than the Concorde.[60]Design goals are a 4,200–5,300 nmi (7,800–9,800 km) range and a 9,500–10,500 ft (2,900–3,200 m) takeoff field length, a 75-80 PLdB sonic boom and a cruise of Mach 1.6–1.7 over land and Mach 1.7-1.8 over water.\nTwin tail-mounted nonafterburning 40,000 lbf (180 kN) engines are located between V-tails. Integrated low-noise propulsion include advanced plug nozzle designs, noise shielding concepts and distortion-tolerant fan blades.[60]In 2019, Exosonic, Inc was founded with the goal of developing a 70-passenger supersonic jet capable of flying Mach 1.8 and with a range of 5,000 nmi (9,300 km; 5,800 mi). The company aims to introduce the jet commercially in the 2030s.[61][62] In April 2021, Exosonic was awarded a contract to develop a supersonic jet which could be used as Air Force One.[63]In August 2020, Virgin Galactic with Rolls-Royce unveiled the concept of a Mach 3 capable twinjet delta wing aircraft that can carry up to 19 passengers.[64][65]NASA is working with 2 teams led by Boeing and Northrop Grumman on developing concepts for a Mach 4 airliner.[66]In April 2024, Boom received FAA licensure for Mach 1 and beyond tests of its XB-1 to be conducted at the Black Mountain Supersonic Corridor, in Mojave, California.[67]","title":"Future development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hypersonic speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic_speed"},{"link_name":"Hypersonic flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic_flight"},{"link_name":"rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket"},{"link_name":"scramjet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet"},{"link_name":"pulse detonation engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_detonation_engine"},{"link_name":"ballistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_ballistics"},{"link_name":"semiballistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiballistic"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Paris Air Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Air_Show"},{"link_name":"ZEHST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Emission_Hyper_Sonic_Transport"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"SpaceLiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceLiner"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Precooled jet engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precooled_jet_engine"},{"link_name":"Reaction Engines Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_Engines_Limited"},{"link_name":"LAPCAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAPCAT"},{"link_name":"A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_Engines_A2"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"German Aerospace Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center"},{"link_name":"ONERA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ONERA"},{"link_name":"cryogenic fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_fuel"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Destinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destinus"},{"link_name":"Hermeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeus"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boeing_hypersonic_transport_concept.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing"},{"link_name":"AIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics"},{"link_name":"utilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rental_utilization"},{"link_name":"titanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium"},{"link_name":"Boeing 737","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737"},{"link_name":"business jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_jet"},{"link_name":"Boeing X-51 Waverider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_X-51_Waverider"},{"link_name":"shockwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shockwave"},{"link_name":"induced drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_drag"},{"link_name":"Flow control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_control_(fluid)"},{"link_name":"lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic_lift"},{"link_name":"noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_noise"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeek26jun2018-77"},{"link_name":"turboramjet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboramjet"},{"link_name":"turbofan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbofan"},{"link_name":"ramjet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet"},{"link_name":"SR-71 Blackbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR-71_Blackbird"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney J58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_J58"},{"link_name":"turbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine"},{"link_name":"axisymmetric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axisymmetric"},{"link_name":"intake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intake"},{"link_name":"nozzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozzle"},{"link_name":"afterburner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterburner"},{"link_name":"cooling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling"},{"link_name":"heat exchanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchanger"},{"link_name":"Reaction Engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_Engines"},{"link_name":"liquid methane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_methane"},{"link_name":"jet fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_fuel"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AvWeek26jun2018-77"},{"link_name":"depressurization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressurization"},{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"capacity utilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacity_utilization"},{"link_name":"Concorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight10aug2018-78"}],"sub_title":"Hypersonic transport","text":"See also: Hypersonic speed and Hypersonic flightWhile conventional turbo and ramjet engines are able to remain reasonably efficient up to Mach 5.5, some ideas for very high-speed flight above Mach 6 are also sometimes discussed, with the aim of reducing travel times down to one or two hours anywhere in the world. These vehicle proposals very typically either use rocket or scramjet engines; pulse detonation engines have also been proposed. There are many difficulties with such flight, both technical and economic.Rocket-engined vehicles, while technically practical (either as ballistic transports or as semiballistic transports using wings), would use a very large amount of propellant and operate best at speeds between about Mach 8 and orbital speeds. Rockets compete best with air-breathing jet engines on cost at very long range; however, even for antipodal travel, costs would be only somewhat lower than orbital launch costs.[citation needed]At the June 2011 Paris Air Show, EADS unveiled its ZEHST concept, cruising at Mach 4 (4,400 km/h; 2,400 kn) at 105,000 ft (32,000 m) and attracting Japanese interest.[68] The German SpaceLiner is a suborbital hypersonic winged passenger spaceplane project under preliminary development.[when?]Precooled jet engines are jet engines with a heat exchanger at the inlet that cools the air at very high speeds. These engines may be practical and efficient at up to about Mach 5.5, and this is an area of research in Europe and Japan. The British company Reaction Engines Limited, with 50% EU money, has been engaged in a research programme called LAPCAT, which examined a design for a hydrogen-fueled plane carrying 300 passengers called the A2, potentially capable of flying at Mach 5+ nonstop from Brussels to Sydney in 4.6 hours.[69] The follow-on research effort, LAPCAT II began in 2008 and was to last four years.[70]STRATOFLY MR3 is an EU research program (German Aerospace Center, ONERA and universities) with the goal of developing a cryogenic fuel 300-passenger airliner capable to fly at about 10,000 km/h (Mach 8) above 30 km of altitude.[71][72]Destinus, Hermeus, and Venus Aerospace are developing hypersonic passenger aircraft.[73][74][75][76]Boeing hypersonic transport conceptBoeing unveiled at the AIAA 2018 conference a Mach 6 (6,500 km/h; 3,500 kn) passenger airliner. Crossing the Atlantic in 2 hours or the Pacific in 3 at 100,000 ft (30 km) would enable same-day return flights, increasing airlines' asset utilization. Using a titanium airframe, its capacity would be smaller than a Boeing 737 but larger than a long-range business jet. A reusable demonstrator could be flown as early as 2023 or 2024 for a potential entry into service from the late 2030s. Aerodynamics would benefit from the Boeing X-51 Waverider experience, riding the leading edge shockwave for lower induced drag. Flow control would enhance lift at slower speeds, and avoiding afterburners on takeoff would reduce noise.[77] The Boeing hypersonic airliner would be powered by a turboramjet, a turbofan that transitions to a ramjet at Mach 6 would avoid the need for a scramjet, similar to the SR-71 Blackbird's Pratt & Whitney J58, but shutting off the turbine at higher speeds. It would be integrated in an axisymmetric annular layout with a single intake and nozzle, and a bypass duct around the turbine engine to a combination afterburner/ramjet at the rear. It would need advanced cooling technology like the heat exchanger developed by Reaction Engines, maybe using liquid methane and/or jet fuel.[77] Cruising at 90,000–100,000 feet (27,000–30,000 m) makes depressurization a higher risk. Mach 6 was chosen as the limit achievable with available technology. It would have a high capacity utilization, being able to cross the Atlantic four or five times a day, up from a possible twice a day with the Concorde.[78]","title":"Future development"}] | [{"image_text":"The Concorde supersonic transport had an ogival delta wing, a slender fuselage and four underslung Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 engines.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Concorde.highup.arp.750pix.jpg/220px-Concorde.highup.arp.750pix.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Tupolev Tu-144 was the first SST to enter service and the first to leave it. Only 55 passenger flights were carried out before service ended due to safety concerns. A small number of cargo and test flights were also carried out after its retirement.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tu-144.jpg/220px-Tu-144.jpg"},{"image_text":"Concorde landing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Supersonic.arp.750pix.jpg/220px-Supersonic.arp.750pix.jpg"},{"image_text":"Qualitative variation in Cd factor with Mach number for aircraft","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Qualitive_variation_of_cd_with_mach_number.png/220px-Qualitive_variation_of_cd_with_mach_number.png"},{"image_text":"British Airways Concorde at Filton Aerodrome, Bristol, England shows the slender fuselage necessary for supersonic flight.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Concorde_at_filton_noseview_arp.jpg/220px-Concorde_at_filton_noseview_arp.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aeroflot Tupolev Tu-144 at the Paris Air Show in 1975","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Aeroflot_Tupolev_Tu-144_Paris_Air_Show_1975_Gilliand.jpg/220px-Aeroflot_Tupolev_Tu-144_Paris_Air_Show_1975_Gilliand.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum in Germany is the only location where both Concorde and the Tu-144 are displayed together","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sinsheim_Auto_%26_Technik_Museum.jpg/220px-Sinsheim_Auto_%26_Technik_Museum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lockheed Martin concept presented to NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate in April 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lockheed_Martin_Supersonic_Design_Concept.jpg/220px-Lockheed_Martin_Supersonic_Design_Concept.jpg"},{"image_text":"Boeing concept presented to NASA Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate in April 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Boeing_Concept_Supersonic_Aircraft_-_Icon-II.jpg/220px-Boeing_Concept_Supersonic_Aircraft_-_Icon-II.jpg"},{"image_text":"1/10-scale model of a McDonnell Douglas Mach 2.2 transport in 1992, part of NASA High-Speed Research Program[42]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cave_of_the_Winds.pdf/page1-220px-Cave_of_the_Winds.pdf.jpg"},{"image_text":"Boeing hypersonic transport concept","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/43/Boeing_hypersonic_transport_concept.jpg/330px-Boeing_hypersonic_transport_concept.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"title":"List of supersonic aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_supersonic_aircraft"},{"title":"Supercruise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercruise"}] | [{"reference":"\"Retirement FAQ\". Concorde SST. Retrieved November 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.concordesst.com/retire/faq_r.html","url_text":"\"Retirement FAQ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senators reject more funds for transport plane\". The Bulletin. (Bend, Oregon). UPI. March 24, 1971. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6OlPAAAAIBAJ&pg=5992%2C2360277","url_text":"\"Senators reject more funds for transport plane\""}]},{"reference":"\"SST funds denied\". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. March 24, 1971. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LDNWAAAAIBAJ&pg=6299%2C4861409","url_text":"\"SST funds denied\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boeing will lay off 7,000 workers with disbandment of SST program\". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kexin | Kexin | ["1 Nomenclature","2 References","3 External links"] | Prohormone-processing protease
For the Chinese gymnast, see He Kexin.
KexinIdentifiersOrganismSaccharomyces cerevisiaeSymbolKEX2Entrez855483HomoloGene22495RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001183076.1RefSeq (Prot)NP_014161.1UniProtD6W0V5Other dataEC number3.4.21.61ChromosomeXIV: 0.2 - 0.21 MbSearch forStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterPro
Kexin (EC 3.4.21.61) is a prohormone-processing protease, specifically a yeast serine peptidase, found in the budding yeast (S. cerevisiae). It catalyzes the cleavage of -Lys-Arg- and -Arg-Arg- bonds to process yeast alpha-factor pheromone and killer toxin precursors. The human homolog is PCSK4. It is a family of subtilisin-like peptidases. Even though there are a few prokaryote kexin-like peptidases, all kexins are eukaryotes. The enzyme is encoded by the yeast gene KEX2, and usually referred to in the scientific community as Kex2p. It shares structural similarities with the bacterial protease subtilisin. The first mammalian homologue of this protein to be identified was furin. In the mammal, kexin-like peptidases function in creating and regulating many differing proproteins.
Nomenclature
The enzyme is also known as yeast KEX2 protease, proteinase yscF, prohormone-processing endoprotease, paired-basic endopeptidase, yeast cysteine proteinase F, paired-basic endopeptidase, andrenorphin-Gly-generating enzyme, endoproteinase Kex2p, gene KEX2 dibasic proteinase, Kex 2p proteinase, Kex2 endopeptidase, Kex2 endoprotease, Kex2 endoproteinase, Kex2 protease, proteinase Kex2p, Kex2-like precursor protein processing endoprotease, prohormone-processing KEX2 proteinase, prohormone-processing proteinase, proprotein convertase, protease KEX2, Kex2 proteinase, and Kex2-like endoproteinase.
References
^ a b c "Kexin". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 2020-03-24.
^ Seidah NG, Chrétien M (1994). Pro-protein convertases of subtilisin/kexin family. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 244. Elsevier. pp. 175–88. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(94)44015-8. ISBN 978-0-12-182145-6. PMID 7845206.
^ Rockwell NC, Krysan DJ, Komiyama T, Fuller RS (December 2002). "Precursor processing by kex2/furin proteases". Chemical Reviews. 102 (12): 4525–48. doi:10.1021/cr010168i. PMID 12475200.
^ Julius D, Brake A, Blair L, Kunisawa R, Thorner J (July 1984). "Isolation of the putative structural gene for the lysine-arginine-cleaving endopeptidase required for processing of yeast prepro-alpha-factor". Cell. 37 (3): 1075–89. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90442-2. PMID 6430565. S2CID 37772545.
^ Achstetter T, Wolf DH (January 1985). "Hormone processing and membrane-bound proteinases in yeast". The EMBO Journal. 4 (1): 173–7. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb02333.x. PMC 554167. PMID 3894003.
^ Mizuno K, Nakamura T, Ohshima T, Tanaka S, Matsuo H (October 1988). "Yeast KEX2 genes encodes an endopeptidase homologous to subtilisin-like serine proteases". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 156 (1): 246–54. doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80832-5. PMID 2845974.
^ Fuller RS, Brake A, Thorner J (March 1989). "Yeast prohormone processing enzyme (KEX2 gene product) is a Ca2+-dependent serine protease". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 86 (5): 1434–8. Bibcode:1989PNAS...86.1434F. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.5.1434. PMC 286710. PMID 2646633.
^ Mizuno K, Nakamura T, Ohshima T, Tanaka S, Matsuo H (February 1989). "Characterization of KEX2-encoded endopeptidase from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 159 (1): 305–11. doi:10.1016/0006-291x(89)92438-8. PMID 2647083.
External links
Kexin at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
vteEndopeptidases: serine proteases/serine endopeptidases (EC 3.4.21)Digestive enzymes
Enteropeptidase
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Elastase
Neutrophil
Pancreatic
Coagulation
factors: Thrombin
Factor VIIa
Factor IXa
Factor Xa
Factor XIa
Factor XIIa
Kallikrein
PSA
KLK1
KLK2
KLK3
KLK4
KLK5
KLK6
KLK7
KLK8
KLK9
KLK10
KLK11
KLK12
KLK13
KLK14
KLK15
fibrinolysis: Plasmin
Plasminogen activator
Tissue plasminogen activator
Urinary plasminogen activator
Complement system
Factor B
Factor D
Factor I
MASP
MASP1
MASP2
C3-convertase
Other immune system
Chymase
Granzyme
Tryptase
Proteinase 3/Myeloblastin
Venombin
Ancrod
Batroxobin
Other
Acrosin
Prolyl endopeptidase
Pronase
Proprotein convertases
1
2
Prostasin
Reelin
Subtilisin/Furin/S1P4
Sedolisin/TPP1
Streptokinase
Cathepsin
A
G
vteEnzymesActivity
Active site
Binding site
Catalytic triad
Oxyanion hole
Enzyme promiscuity
Diffusion-limited enzyme
Cofactor
Enzyme catalysis
Regulation
Allosteric regulation
Cooperativity
Enzyme inhibitor
Enzyme activator
Classification
EC number
Enzyme superfamily
Enzyme family
List of enzymes
Kinetics
Enzyme kinetics
Eadie–Hofstee diagram
Hanes–Woolf plot
Lineweaver–Burk plot
Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types
EC1 Oxidoreductases (list)
EC2 Transferases (list)
EC3 Hydrolases (list)
EC4 Lyases (list)
EC5 Isomerases (list)
EC6 Ligases (list)
EC7 Translocases (list)
Portal: Biology
This enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"He Kexin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Kexin"},{"link_name":"EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number"},{"link_name":"3.4.21.61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//enzyme.expasy.org/EC/3.4.21.61"},{"link_name":"prohormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohormone"},{"link_name":"protease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OR_Kexin-1"},{"link_name":"yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast"},{"link_name":"S. cerevisiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae"},{"link_name":"catalyzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis"},{"link_name":"yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast"},{"link_name":"pheromone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheromone"},{"link_name":"killer toxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_yeast"},{"link_name":"PCSK4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCSK4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OR_Kexin-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"subtilisin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtilisin"},{"link_name":"furin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OR_Kexin-1"}],"text":"For the Chinese gymnast, see He Kexin.Kexin (EC 3.4.21.61) is a prohormone-processing protease, specifically a yeast serine peptidase,[1] found in the budding yeast (S. cerevisiae). It catalyzes the cleavage of -Lys-Arg- and -Arg-Arg- bonds to process yeast alpha-factor pheromone and killer toxin precursors. The human homolog is PCSK4. It is a family of subtilisin-like peptidases. Even though there are a few prokaryote kexin-like peptidases, all kexins are eukaryotes.[1][2] The enzyme is encoded by the yeast gene KEX2, and usually referred to in the scientific community as Kex2p. It shares structural similarities with the bacterial protease subtilisin. The first mammalian homologue of this protein to be identified was furin. In the mammal, kexin-like peptidases function in creating and regulating many differing proproteins.[1]","title":"Kexin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proprotein convertase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprotein_convertase"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12475200-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The enzyme is also known as yeast KEX2 protease, proteinase yscF, prohormone-processing endoprotease, paired-basic endopeptidase, yeast cysteine proteinase F, paired-basic endopeptidase, andrenorphin-Gly-generating enzyme, endoproteinase Kex2p, gene KEX2 dibasic proteinase, Kex 2p proteinase, Kex2 endopeptidase, Kex2 endoprotease, Kex2 endoproteinase, Kex2 protease, proteinase Kex2p, Kex2-like precursor protein processing endoprotease, prohormone-processing KEX2 proteinase, prohormone-processing proteinase, proprotein convertase, protease KEX2, Kex2 proteinase, and Kex2-like endoproteinase.[3][4][5][6][7][8]","title":"Nomenclature"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Kexin\". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 2020-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100035921","url_text":"\"Kexin\""}]},{"reference":"Seidah NG, Chrétien M (1994). Pro-protein convertases of subtilisin/kexin family. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 244. Elsevier. pp. 175–88. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(94)44015-8. ISBN 978-0-12-182145-6. PMID 7845206.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0076-6879%2894%2944015-8","url_text":"10.1016/0076-6879(94)44015-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-182145-6","url_text":"978-0-12-182145-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7845206","url_text":"7845206"}]},{"reference":"Rockwell NC, Krysan DJ, Komiyama T, Fuller RS (December 2002). \"Precursor processing by kex2/furin proteases\". Chemical Reviews. 102 (12): 4525–48. doi:10.1021/cr010168i. PMID 12475200.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr010168i","url_text":"10.1021/cr010168i"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12475200","url_text":"12475200"}]},{"reference":"Julius D, Brake A, Blair L, Kunisawa R, Thorner J (July 1984). \"Isolation of the putative structural gene for the lysine-arginine-cleaving endopeptidase required for processing of yeast prepro-alpha-factor\". Cell. 37 (3): 1075–89. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90442-2. PMID 6430565. S2CID 37772545.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2884%2990442-2","url_text":"10.1016/0092-8674(84)90442-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6430565","url_text":"6430565"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37772545","url_text":"37772545"}]},{"reference":"Achstetter T, Wolf DH (January 1985). \"Hormone processing and membrane-bound proteinases in yeast\". The EMBO Journal. 4 (1): 173–7. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb02333.x. PMC 554167. PMID 3894003.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC554167","url_text":"\"Hormone processing and membrane-bound proteinases in yeast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1985.tb02333.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb02333.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC554167","url_text":"554167"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3894003","url_text":"3894003"}]},{"reference":"Mizuno K, Nakamura T, Ohshima T, Tanaka S, Matsuo H (October 1988). \"Yeast KEX2 genes encodes an endopeptidase homologous to subtilisin-like serine proteases\". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 156 (1): 246–54. doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80832-5. PMID 2845974.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0006-291x%2888%2980832-5","url_text":"10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80832-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2845974","url_text":"2845974"}]},{"reference":"Fuller RS, Brake A, Thorner J (March 1989). \"Yeast prohormone processing enzyme (KEX2 gene product) is a Ca2+-dependent serine protease\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 86 (5): 1434–8. Bibcode:1989PNAS...86.1434F. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.5.1434. PMC 286710. PMID 2646633.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC286710","url_text":"\"Yeast prohormone processing enzyme (KEX2 gene product) is a Ca2+-dependent serine protease\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989PNAS...86.1434F","url_text":"1989PNAS...86.1434F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.86.5.1434","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.86.5.1434"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC286710","url_text":"286710"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2646633","url_text":"2646633"}]},{"reference":"Mizuno K, Nakamura T, Ohshima T, Tanaka S, Matsuo H (February 1989). \"Characterization of KEX2-encoded endopeptidase from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae\". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 159 (1): 305–11. doi:10.1016/0006-291x(89)92438-8. PMID 2647083.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-291x%2889%2992438-8","url_text":"10.1016/0006-291x(89)92438-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2647083","url_text":"2647083"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=559292&rn=1","external_links_name":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&rn=1&list_uids=855483","external_links_name":"855483"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/homologene?cmd=Retrieve&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=22495","external_links_name":"22495"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001183076.1","external_links_name":"NM_001183076.1"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_014161.1","external_links_name":"NP_014161.1"},{"Link":"https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/D6W0V5","external_links_name":"D6W0V5"},{"Link":"http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?enzyme+3.4.21.61","external_links_name":"3.4.21.61"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_001146.8?report=graph&from=202060&to=205238&strand=true&content=5","external_links_name":"XIV: 0.2 - 0.21 Mb"},{"Link":"https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/D6W0V5","external_links_name":"Swiss-model"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/D6W0V5","external_links_name":"InterPro"},{"Link":"https://enzyme.expasy.org/EC/3.4.21.61","external_links_name":"3.4.21.61"},{"Link":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100035921","external_links_name":"\"Kexin\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0076-6879%2894%2944015-8","external_links_name":"10.1016/0076-6879(94)44015-8"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7845206","external_links_name":"7845206"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr010168i","external_links_name":"10.1021/cr010168i"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12475200","external_links_name":"12475200"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2884%2990442-2","external_links_name":"10.1016/0092-8674(84)90442-2"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6430565","external_links_name":"6430565"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37772545","external_links_name":"37772545"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC554167","external_links_name":"\"Hormone processing and membrane-bound proteinases in yeast\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1985.tb02333.x","external_links_name":"10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb02333.x"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC554167","external_links_name":"554167"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3894003","external_links_name":"3894003"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0006-291x%2888%2980832-5","external_links_name":"10.1016/s0006-291x(88)80832-5"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2845974","external_links_name":"2845974"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC286710","external_links_name":"\"Yeast prohormone processing enzyme (KEX2 gene product) is a Ca2+-dependent serine protease\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989PNAS...86.1434F","external_links_name":"1989PNAS...86.1434F"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.86.5.1434","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.86.5.1434"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC286710","external_links_name":"286710"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2646633","external_links_name":"2646633"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-291x%2889%2992438-8","external_links_name":"10.1016/0006-291x(89)92438-8"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2647083","external_links_name":"2647083"},{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Kexin","external_links_name":"Kexin"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kexin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_anti-Chechen_pogrom_in_Kazakhstan | 1951 anti-Chechen pogrom in Kazakhstan | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Pogrom
1951 anti-Chechen pogrom in KazakhstanPart of the Ethnic conflicts in KazakhstanLocationKazakhstanDate10 April 1951 – 18 June 1951TargetChechen civiliansAttack typePogromDeaths41
vteChechen–Russian conflict
Tsardom of Russia
Murat Kuchukov Movement
Russian Empire
Insurgency in Chechnya (1722)
Insurgency in Chechnya (1732)
Sheikh Mansur Movement
Caucasian War
Murid War
Soviet Union
1940–1944 insurgency
Operation Lentil
Anti-Chechen pogrom in Kazakhstan
Chechen–Slav ethnic clashes
Grozny riots
Russian Federation
First Chechen War
War in Dagestan
Second Chechen War
War in Ingushetia
Insurgency in the North Caucasus
The anti-Chechen pogrom in Kazakhstan took place in spring and summer, 1951, in Kazakhstan (part of the Soviet Union at the time), upon ethnic tensions between mainly ethnic Russians and deported Chechens. A blood libel rumor, according to which the Chechens allegedly use "Christian blood in their rituals" may also have contributed to the escalation of events. The riots occurred in 3 cities - Leninogorsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk and Zyryanovsk.
The main riots took place on April 10, 1951, in the Chechen-city neighbourhood of Leninogorsk. The riots, led by groups of amnestied criminals upon the Chechen civilians led to the deaths of 40-41 people, mainly of North Caucasian origins. Arrests were late made by Soviet authorities on initiators and 50 people from among the criminals were persecuted by courts, though no riot leaders were identified.
See also
Aardakh
Ethnic violence
Racism in Russia
1958 Grozny riots
Blood libel
References
^ "Чеченские погромы в Казахстане 1951 года: что произошло на самом деле" (in Russian). Retrieved 2018-08-26.
^ a b "Чеченский погром весны 1951 года в Восточном Казахстане. (свидетельства очевидцев)". Retrieved 2018-08-26.
^ a b "Их топили в Иртыше... Чеченские погромы на севере Казахстана весной 1951 года (страницы истории)". Retrieved 2018-08-26. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict"},{"link_name":"Chechen–Russian conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict"},{"link_name":"Murat Kuchukov Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Chechnya_(1708)"},{"link_name":"Insurgency in Chechnya (1722)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Chechnya_(1722)"},{"link_name":"Insurgency in Chechnya (1732)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chechen-Aul"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Mansur Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Mansur_Movement"},{"link_name":"Caucasian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_War"},{"link_name":"Murid War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Chechnya_and_Dagestan"},{"link_name":"1940–1944 insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya"},{"link_name":"Operation Lentil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush"},{"link_name":"Anti-Chechen pogrom in Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Chechen–Slav ethnic clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Slav_ethnic_clashes_(1958%E2%80%931965)"},{"link_name":"Grozny riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Grozny_riots"},{"link_name":"First Chechen War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Chechen_War"},{"link_name":"War in Dagestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Dagestan_(1999)"},{"link_name":"Second Chechen War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Chechen_War"},{"link_name":"War in Ingushetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Ingushetia"},{"link_name":"Insurgency in the North Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"deported","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lentil_(Caucasus)"},{"link_name":"Chechens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechens"},{"link_name":"blood libel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Leninogorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridder,_Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Ust-Kamenogorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskemen"},{"link_name":"Zyryanovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zyryanovsk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Leninogorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridder,_Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"North Caucasian origins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"vteChechen–Russian conflict\nTsardom of Russia\nMurat Kuchukov Movement\n\nRussian Empire\nInsurgency in Chechnya (1722)\nInsurgency in Chechnya (1732)\nSheikh Mansur Movement\nCaucasian War\nMurid War\n\nSoviet Union\n1940–1944 insurgency\nOperation Lentil\nAnti-Chechen pogrom in Kazakhstan\nChechen–Slav ethnic clashes\nGrozny riots\n\nRussian Federation\nFirst Chechen War\nWar in Dagestan\nSecond Chechen War\nWar in Ingushetia\nInsurgency in the North CaucasusThe anti-Chechen pogrom in Kazakhstan took place in spring and summer, 1951, in Kazakhstan (part of the Soviet Union at the time), upon ethnic tensions between mainly ethnic Russians and deported Chechens. A blood libel rumor, according to which the Chechens allegedly use \"Christian blood in their rituals\" may also have contributed to the escalation of events.[1] The riots occurred in 3 cities - Leninogorsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk and Zyryanovsk.[2][3]The main riots took place on April 10, 1951, in the Chechen-city neighbourhood of Leninogorsk. The riots, led by groups of amnestied criminals upon the Chechen civilians led to the deaths of 40-41 people, mainly of North Caucasian origins. Arrests were late made by Soviet authorities on initiators and 50 people from among the criminals were persecuted by courts, though no riot leaders were identified.[2][3]","title":"1951 anti-Chechen pogrom in Kazakhstan"}] | [] | [{"title":"Aardakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush"},{"title":"Ethnic violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_violence"},{"title":"Racism in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_Russia"},{"title":"1958 Grozny riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Grozny_riots"},{"title":"Blood libel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel"}] | [{"reference":"\"Чеченские погромы в Казахстане 1951 года: что произошло на самом деле\" (in Russian). 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Чеченские погромы на севере Казахстана весной 1951 года (страницы истории)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://russian7.ru/post/chechenskie-pogromy-v-kazakhstane-1951-goda/","external_links_name":"\"Чеченские погромы в Казахстане 1951 года: что произошло на самом деле\""},{"Link":"https://centrasia.org/newsA.php?st=1051856100","external_links_name":"\"Чеченский погром весны 1951 года в Восточном Казахстане. (свидетельства очевидцев)\""},{"Link":"https://centrasia.org/newsA.php?st=1049445300","external_links_name":"\"Их топили в Иртыше... Чеченские погромы на севере Казахстана весной 1951 года (страницы истории)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Mountain_(Wyoming) | Purple Mountain (Wyoming) | ["1 See also","2 Notes"] | For other mountains of the same name, see Purple Mountain (disambiguation).
Mountain in Montana, United States
Purple MountainPurple Mountain, October 2010Highest pointElevation8,392 ft (2,558 m)Coordinates44°40′02″N 110°51′44″W / 44.66722°N 110.86222°W / 44.66722; -110.86222 (Purple Mountain)GeographyPurple MountainYellowstone National Park, Park County, Montana
Parent rangeGallatin Range
Purple Mountain, elevation 8,392 feet (2,558 m), is a mountain peak in the southern section of the Gallatin Range in Yellowstone National Park, in the U.S. state of Montana. The Purple Mountain Trail ascends to the summit from Madison Junction. It is located near the Lava Creek Tuff.
See also
Mountains and mountain ranges of Yellowstone National Park
Notes
^ "Purple Mountain". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
vteMountains of WyomingAbsaroka Range
Abiathar Peak
Atkins Peak
Barronette Peak
Breccia Peak
Clayton Mountain
Colter Peak
Druid Peak
Eagle Peak
Fortress Mountain
Francs Peak
Index Peak
Mount Chittenden
First Peoples Mountain
Mount Hornaday
Mount Langford
Mount Norris
Mount Schurz
Mount Stevenson
Pilot Peak
Sheep Mesa
The Thunderer
Washakie Needles
Younts Peak
Bighorn Mountains
Bighorn Peak
Black Tooth Mountain
Bomber Mountain
Cloud Peak
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Others
Missouri Buttes
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Rock of Ages
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Shadow Peak
South Teton
Spearhead Peak
Static Peak
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Symmetry Spire
Table Mountain
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Temple Peak
Thor Peak
Traverse Peak
Veiled Peak
The Wall
Window Peak
Uinta Mountains
Humpy Peak
Medicine Butte
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American Legion Peak
Atlantic Peak
Bair Peak
Bastion Peak
Bastion Peak-Northeast Peak
Bears Ears Mountain
Big Sandy Mountain
Block Tower
Bow Mountain
Brown Cliffs North
Cathedral Peak
Desolation Peak
Dog Tooth Peak
Dome Mountain (Hot Springs County)
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Raid Peak
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Roberts Mountain
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The Sphinx
Split Mountain
Sunbeam Peak
Three Waters Mountain
Torrey Peak
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Twin Peaks
Union Peak
Valentine Mountain
Valentine Peak
War Bonnet Peak
Warrior Peaks
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Whiskey Mountain
Wind River Peak
Wolfs Head
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Wyoming Peak
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Amethyst Mountain
Aspen Mountain
Barlow Peak
Bridger Mountains
Cook Peak
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Dirty Mountain
Douglas Knob
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Factory Hill
Ferris Mountains
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Mount Hancock
Mount Leidy
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National Park Mountain
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Rawhide Buttes
Roaring Mountain
Sierra Madre Range
Signal Mountain
Snake River Range
Specimen Ridge
Sublette Mountain
Tongue Butte
Trischman Knob
White Mountain
Wilkins Peak
vteYellowstone National Park - Norris and MadisonGeothermal features, historic structures and other attractions in the Norris and Madison Junction areasNorris Geyser Basin
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Echo Peak
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Mount Haynes
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National Park Mountain Purple Mountain
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List of Yellowstone National Park related articles
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vteState of WyomingCheyenne (capital)Topics
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Wyoming portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Purple Mountain (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Mountain_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Gallatin Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallatin_Range"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"Lava Creek Tuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_Creek_Tuff"}],"text":"For other mountains of the same name, see Purple Mountain (disambiguation).Mountain in Montana, United StatesPurple Mountain, elevation 8,392 feet (2,558 m), is a mountain peak in the southern section of the Gallatin Range in Yellowstone National Park, in the U.S. state of Montana. The Purple Mountain Trail ascends to the summit from Madison Junction. 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Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Colter Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colter_Peak"},{"link_name":"Druid Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druid_Peak"},{"link_name":"Eagle Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Peak_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Fortress Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_Mountain_(Park_County,_Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Francs Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francs_Peak"},{"link_name":"Index Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_Peak_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Mount Chittenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Chittenden"},{"link_name":"First Peoples Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Peoples_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Mount Hornaday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hornaday"},{"link_name":"Mount Langford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Langford"},{"link_name":"Mount Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Norris"},{"link_name":"Mount Schurz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Schurz"},{"link_name":"Mount Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"Pilot Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_Peak_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Sheep Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep_Mesa_(Park_County,_Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"The Thunderer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thunderer_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Washakie Needles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washakie_Needles"},{"link_name":"Younts Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younts_Peak"},{"link_name":"Bighorn Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bighorn_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Bighorn Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bighorn_Peak"},{"link_name":"Black Tooth Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Tooth_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Bomber Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Cloud Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_Peak"},{"link_name":"Darton Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darton_Peak"},{"link_name":"Hallelujah Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallelujah_Peak"},{"link_name":"The Innominate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Innominate"},{"link_name":"Mather Peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mather_Peaks"},{"link_name":"Mount Woolsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Woolsey"},{"link_name":"Penrose Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose_Peak_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Black Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hills"},{"link_name":"Bear Lodge Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Lodge_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Inyan Kara Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyan_Kara_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Missouri Buttes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Buttes"},{"link_name":"Gallatin Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallatin_Range"},{"link_name":"Antler Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antler_Peak_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Bannock Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bannock_Peak"},{"link_name":"Bunsen Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunsen_Peak"},{"link_name":"Clagett Butte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clagett_Butte"},{"link_name":"Dome Mountain (Park County)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_Mountain_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Echo Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_Peak_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Gray Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_Peak_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Peak"},{"link_name":"Mount Everts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everts"},{"link_name":"Mount Haynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Haynes"},{"link_name":"Mount Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Mount Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Jackson_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Purple Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Quadrant Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrant_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Sepulcher Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepulcher_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Terrace Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_Mountain_(Park_County,_Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Three Rivers Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Rivers_Peak"},{"link_name":"Trilobite Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobite_Point"},{"link_name":"White Peaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Peaks"},{"link_name":"Gros Ventre Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gros_Ventre_Range"},{"link_name":"Darwin Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin_Peak"},{"link_name":"Doubletop Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubletop_Peak"},{"link_name":"Sheep Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep_Mountain_(Teton_County,_Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Laramie Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laramie_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Casper Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Laramie Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laramie_Peak"},{"link_name":"Muddy Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muddy_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Medicine Bow Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_Bow_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Elk Mountain (Carbon County)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk_Mountain_(Carbon_County,_Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Medicine Bow Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_Bow_Peak"},{"link_name":"Salt River Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_River_Range"},{"link_name":"Mount Fitzpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Fitzpatrick"},{"link_name":"Teton Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teton_Range"},{"link_name":"Albright Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albright_Peak"},{"link_name":"Battleship Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Bivouac Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivouac_Peak"},{"link_name":"Buck Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_Mountain_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Cathedral Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Group"},{"link_name":"Cleaver Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaver_Peak"},{"link_name":"Cloudveil Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudveil_Dome"},{"link_name":"Disappointment Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappointment_Peak_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Doane Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doane_Peak"},{"link_name":"Dry Ridge Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_Ridge_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Eagles Rest Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_Rest_Peak"},{"link_name":"Elk Mountain (Teton County)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk_Mountain_(Teton_County,_Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Forellen Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forellen_Peak"},{"link_name":"Fossil Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_Mountain_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Grand Teton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Teton"},{"link_name":"Green Lakes Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lakes_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Housetop Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housetop_Mountain"},{"link_name":"The Jaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jaw"},{"link_name":"Littles Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littles_Peak"},{"link_name":"Maidenform Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidenform_Peak"},{"link_name":"Middle Teton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Teton"},{"link_name":"Moose Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose_Mountain_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Mount Bannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Bannon"},{"link_name":"Mount Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Glory"},{"link_name":"Mount Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hunt_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Mount Jedediah Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Jedediah_Smith"},{"link_name":"Mount Meek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Meek"},{"link_name":"Mount Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Moran"},{"link_name":"Mount Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Owen_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Mount Saint John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Saint_John"},{"link_name":"Mount Wister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Wister"},{"link_name":"Mount Woodring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Woodring"},{"link_name":"Mount Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Nez Perce Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perce_Peak"},{"link_name":"Owl Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl_Peak"},{"link_name":"Prospectors Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospectors_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Rammell Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammell_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Ranger Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_Peak_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Raynolds Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raynolds_Peak"},{"link_name":"Red Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Mountain_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Rendezvous Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendezvous_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Rendezvous Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendezvous_Peak"},{"link_name":"Rock of Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_of_Ages_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Rockchuck Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockchuck_Peak"},{"link_name":"Rolling Thunder Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Thunder_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Shadow Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Peak"},{"link_name":"South Teton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Teton"},{"link_name":"Spearhead Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearhead_Peak"},{"link_name":"Static Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_Peak"},{"link_name":"Survey Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_Peak"},{"link_name":"Symmetry Spire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_Spire"},{"link_name":"Table Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_Mountain_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Teepe Pillar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teepe_Pillar"},{"link_name":"Teewinot Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teewinot_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Temple Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Peak"},{"link_name":"Thor Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_Peak_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Traverse Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traverse_Peak"},{"link_name":"Veiled Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veiled_Peak"},{"link_name":"The Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_(mountain)"},{"link_name":"Window Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_Peak"},{"link_name":"Uinta Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uinta_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Humpy Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpy_Peak"},{"link_name":"Medicine Butte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_Butte"},{"link_name":"Wind River Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_River_Range"},{"link_name":"American Legion Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legion_Peak"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Peak"},{"link_name":"Bair Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bair_Peak"},{"link_name":"Bastion Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastion_Peak"},{"link_name":"Bastion Peak-Northeast Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastion_Peak-Northeast_Peak"},{"link_name":"Bears Ears Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bears_Ears_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Big Sandy Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sandy_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Block Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_Tower"},{"link_name":"Bow Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Brown Cliffs North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Cliffs_North"},{"link_name":"Cathedral Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_Peak_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Desolation Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desolation_Peak_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Dog Tooth Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_Tooth_Peak"},{"link_name":"Dome Mountain (Hot Springs County)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_Mountain_(Hot_Springs_County,_Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Doublet Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublet_Peak"},{"link_name":"Downs Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downs_Mountain"},{"link_name":"East Temple Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Temple_Peak"},{"link_name":"Flagstone Peak (Fremont County)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagstone_Peak_(Fremont_County,_Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Fremont Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont_Peak_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Gannett Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannett_Peak"},{"link_name":"Harrower Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrower_Peak"},{"link_name":"Henderson Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_Peak"},{"link_name":"Jackson Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Peak_(Fremont_County,_Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Klondike Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike_Peak"},{"link_name":"Knife Point Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knife_Point_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Lander Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lander_Peak"},{"link_name":"Lizard Head Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard_Head_Peak"},{"link_name":"Mitchell Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_Peak_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Mount Bonneville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Bonneville"},{"link_name":"Mount Chauvenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Chauvenet"},{"link_name":"Mount Febbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Febbas"},{"link_name":"Mount Helen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Helen_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Mount Hooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hooker_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Mount Koven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Koven_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Mount Lander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lander_(Fremont_County,_Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Mount Nystrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nystrom"},{"link_name":"Mount Owen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Owen_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Mount Sacagawea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sacagawea"},{"link_name":"Mount Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Warren"},{"link_name":"Mount Washakie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washakie"},{"link_name":"Mount Whitecap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Whitecap"},{"link_name":"Overhanging Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhanging_Tower"},{"link_name":"Payson Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payson_Peak"},{"link_name":"Pingora Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingora_Peak"},{"link_name":"Pylon Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylon_Peak_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Raid Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_Peak"},{"link_name":"Rampart Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampart_Peak"},{"link_name":"Roaring Fork Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaring_Fork_Mountain_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Roberts Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Shale Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Sharks Nose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharks_Nose"},{"link_name":"South Downs Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Downs_Mountain"},{"link_name":"The Sphinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sphinx_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Split Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_Mountain_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Sunbeam 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Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Douglas Knob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Knob"},{"link_name":"Dunraven Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunraven_Peak"},{"link_name":"Factory Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_Hill"},{"link_name":"Ferris Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferris_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Folsom Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folsom_Peak"},{"link_name":"Garfield Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield_Peak_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Granite Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite_Mountains_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Granite Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite_Peak"},{"link_name":"Heart Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Mountain_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Hedges Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedges_Peak"},{"link_name":"Hoyt Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoyt_Peak"},{"link_name":"Jelm Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelm_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Mansface Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansface_Hill"},{"link_name":"Mount Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hancock_(Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Mount Leidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Leidy"},{"link_name":"Mount Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Mount Washburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washburn"},{"link_name":"National Park Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Owl Creek Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl_Creek_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Prospect Peak (Park County)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_Peak_(Park_County,_Wyoming)"},{"link_name":"Rawhide Buttes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawhide_Buttes"},{"link_name":"Roaring 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symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wyoming_state_symbols"},{"link_name":"Radio stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Demographics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Gun laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"LGBT rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Black 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Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Springs,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheridan,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Torrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrington,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Worland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worland,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Big Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Horn_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Converse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converse_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Crook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crook_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Fremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Goshen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goshen_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Hot Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Laramie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laramie_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Natrona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrona_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Niobrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobrara_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Platte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platte_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheridan_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Sublette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublette_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Sweetwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetwater_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Teton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teton_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Uinta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uinta_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Washakie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washakie_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_County,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Wyoming portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Wyoming"}],"text":"^ \"Purple Mountain\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.vteMountains of WyomingAbsaroka Range\nAbiathar Peak\nAtkins Peak\nBarronette Peak\nBreccia Peak\nClayton Mountain\nColter Peak\nDruid Peak\nEagle Peak\nFortress Mountain\nFrancs Peak\nIndex Peak\nMount Chittenden\nFirst Peoples Mountain\nMount Hornaday\nMount Langford\nMount Norris\nMount Schurz\nMount Stevenson\nPilot Peak\nSheep Mesa\nThe Thunderer\nWashakie Needles\nYounts Peak\nBighorn Mountains\nBighorn Peak\nBlack Tooth Mountain\nBomber Mountain\nCloud Peak\nDarton Peak\nHallelujah Peak\nThe Innominate\nMather Peaks\nMount Woolsey\nPenrose Peak\nBlack HillsBear Lodge Mountains\nInyan Kara Mountain\nOthers\nMissouri Buttes\nGallatin Range\nAntler Peak\nBannock Peak\nBunsen Peak\nClagett Butte\nDome Mountain (Park County)\nEcho Peak\nGray Peak\nJoseph Peak\nMount Everts\nMount Haynes\nMount Holmes\nMount Jackson\nPurple Mountain\nQuadrant Mountain\nSepulcher Mountain\nTerrace Mountain\nThree Rivers Peak\nTrilobite Point\nWhite Peaks\nGros Ventre Range\nDarwin Peak\nDoubletop Peak\nSheep Mountain\nLaramie Mountains\nCasper Mountain\nLaramie Peak\nMuddy Mountain\nMedicine Bow Mountains\nElk Mountain (Carbon County)\nMedicine Bow Peak\nSalt River Range\nMount Fitzpatrick\nTeton Range\nAlbright Peak\nBattleship Mountain\nBivouac Peak\nBuck Mountain\nCathedral Group\nCleaver Peak\nCloudveil Dome\nDisappointment Peak\nDoane Peak\nDry Ridge Mountain\nEagles Rest Peak\nElk Mountain (Teton County)\nForellen Peak\nFossil Mountain\nGrand Teton\nGreen Lakes Mountain\nHousetop Mountain\nThe Jaw\nLittles Peak\nMaidenform Peak\nMiddle Teton\nMoose Mountain\nMount Bannon\nMount Glory\nMount Hunt\nMount Jedediah Smith\nMount Meek\nMount Moran\nMount Owen\nMount Saint John\nMount Wister\nMount Woodring\nMount Woodrow Wilson\nNez Perce Peak\nOwl Peak\nProspectors Mountain\nRammell Mountain\nRanger Peak\nRaynolds Peak\nRed Mountain\nRendezvous Mountain\nRendezvous Peak\nRock of Ages\nRockchuck Peak\nRolling Thunder Mountain\nShadow Peak\nSouth Teton\nSpearhead Peak\nStatic Peak\nSurvey Peak\nSymmetry Spire\nTable Mountain\nTeepe Pillar\nTeewinot Mountain\nTemple Peak\nThor Peak\nTraverse Peak\nVeiled Peak\nThe Wall\nWindow Peak\nUinta Mountains\nHumpy Peak\nMedicine Butte\nWind River Range\nAmerican Legion Peak\nAtlantic Peak\nBair Peak\nBastion Peak\nBastion Peak-Northeast Peak\nBears Ears Mountain\nBig Sandy Mountain\nBlock Tower\nBow Mountain\nBrown Cliffs North\nCathedral Peak\nDesolation Peak\nDog Tooth Peak\nDome Mountain (Hot Springs County)\nDoublet Peak\nDowns Mountain\nEast Temple Peak\nFlagstone Peak (Fremont County)\nFremont Peak\nGannett Peak\nHarrower Peak\nHenderson Peak\nJackson Peak\nKlondike Peak\nKnife Point Mountain\nLander Peak\nLizard Head Peak\nMitchell Peak\nMount Bonneville\nMount Chauvenet\nMount Febbas\nMount Helen\nMount Hooker\nMount Koven\nMount Lander\nMount Nystrom\nMount Owen\nMount Sacagawea\nMount Warren\nMount Washakie\nMount Whitecap\nOverhanging Tower\nPayson Peak\nPingora Peak\nPylon Peak\nRaid Peak\nRampart Peak\nRoaring Fork Mountain\nRoberts Mountain\nShale Mountain\nSharks Nose\nSouth Downs Mountain\nThe Sphinx\nSplit Mountain\nSunbeam Peak\nThree Waters Mountain\nTorrey Peak\nTurret Peak\nTwin Peaks\nUnion Peak\nValentine Mountain\nValentine Peak\nWar Bonnet Peak\nWarrior Peaks\nWatch Tower\nWhiskey Mountain\nWind River Peak\nWolfs Head\nWyoming Range\nWyoming Peak\nOthers\nAmethyst Mountain\nAspen Mountain\nBarlow Peak\nBridger Mountains\nCook Peak\nCopper Mountain\nDirty Mountain\nDouglas Knob\nDunraven Peak\nFactory Hill\nFerris Mountains\nFolsom Peak\nGarfield Peak\nGranite Mountains\nGranite Peak\nHeart Mountain\nHedges Peak\nHoyt Peak\nJelm Mountain\nMansface Hill\nMount Hancock\nMount Leidy\nMount Sheridan\nMount Washburn\nNational Park Mountain\nOwl Creek Mountains\nProspect Peak (Park County)\nRawhide Buttes\nRoaring Mountain\nSierra Madre Range\nSignal Mountain\nSnake River Range\nSpecimen Ridge\nSublette Mountain\nTongue Butte\nTrischman Knob\nWhite Mountain\nWilkins PeakvteYellowstone National Park - Norris and MadisonGeothermal features, historic structures and other attractions in the Norris and Madison Junction areasNorris Geyser Basin\nBig Alcove Spring\nEchinus Geyser\nEmerald Spring\nSteamboat Geyser\nGibbon Geyser Basin\nBeryl Spring\nStructures and history\nGrand Loop Road Historic District\nNorris Geyser Basin Museum\nNorris, Madison, and Fishing Bridge Museums\nPhiletus Norris\nGeography and geology\nEcho Peak\nGibbon Falls\nGibbon River\nGrebe Lake\nFirehole Falls\nFirehole River\nMadison River\nMount Haynes\nMount Holmes\nMount Jackson\nNational Park Mountain Purple Mountain\nObsidian Cliff\nVirginia Cascades\nWest Yellowstone, Montana\n\nList of Yellowstone National Park related articles\n Media related to Norris Geyser Basin at Wikimedia CommonsvteState of WyomingCheyenne (capital)Topics\nBibliography\nGovernors\nDelegations\nHistory\nPeople\nState symbols\nRadio stations\nSociety\nAbortion\nClimate change\nCrime\nDemographics\nEconomy\nEducation\nGun laws\nLGBT rights\nPolitics\nRegions\nBlack Hills\nGrand Teton\nGreat Basin\nPowder River Country\nRed Desert\nYellowstone\nCities\nBuffalo\nCasper\nCheyenne\nCody\nDouglas\nEvanston\nGillette\nGreen River\nJackson\nKemmerer\nLander\nLaramie\nNewcastle\nPowell\nRawlins\nRiverton\nRock Springs\nSheridan\nTorrington\nWorland\nCounties\nAlbany\nBig Horn\nCampbell\nCarbon\nConverse\nCrook\nFremont\nGoshen\nHot Springs\nJohnson\nLaramie\nLincoln\nNatrona\nNiobrara\nPark\nPlatte\nSheridan\nSublette\nSweetwater\nTeton\nUinta\nWashakie\nWeston\n Wyoming portal","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Mountains and mountain ranges of Yellowstone National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_and_mountain_ranges_of_Yellowstone_National_Park"}] | [{"reference":"\"Purple Mountain\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1593070","url_text":"\"Purple Mountain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Purple_Mountain_(Wyoming)¶ms=44_40_02_N_110_51_44_W_&title=Purple+Mountain_type:mountain","external_links_name":"44°40′02″N 110°51′44″W / 44.66722°N 110.86222°W / 44.66722; -110.86222 (Purple Mountain)"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1593070","external_links_name":"\"Purple Mountain\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Diamond_Equipment | Black Diamond Equipment | ["1 History","2 Products","3 Social justice and environmentalism","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Manufacturer of equipment for climbing, skiing, and mountain sports
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Black Diamond EquipmentCompany typePublicTraded asNasdaq: CLARIndustryClimbing and skiing equipmentFoundedDecember 1, 1989; 34 years ago (1989-12-01)HeadquartersHolladay, Utah, USKey peopleNeil Fiske (president)ParentClarus CorporationWebsiteblackdiamondequipment.com
Chouinard Equipment Company, Ventura, California, 1969. Left to right: Tom Frost, Dorene Frost, Tony Jessen, Dennis Henneck, Terry King, Yvon Chouinard, Merle, and Davey Agnew.
Black Diamond Equipment is a manufacturer of equipment for climbing, skiing, and mountain sports, based in Utah, United States. The company also has a global office in Innsbruck, Austria. The company is owned by Clarus Corporation, which also owns Pieps, ClimbOn! Skincare, and Sierra Bullets.
History
Black Diamond Equipment's history dates from the late 1950s, when climber Yvon Chouinard began hand-forging pitons and selling them from the trunk of his car in Yosemite Valley. Chouinard's pitons quickly gained a reputation for quality, and Chouinard Equipment Ltd. was born soon after in Ventura, California.
In early 1989, after several product-liability lawsuits and a continued lack of profitability, Yvon Chouinard placed the company in Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Black Diamond was founded on December 1, 1989, when the assets of Chouinard Equipment Ltd. were purchased by a group of former company employees led by (now former CEO) Peter Metcalf, and a few outside investors. Metcalf moved the company and its 45 employees from Ventura, California to the Salt Lake City, Utah area in September 1991 to be closer to the climbing and skiing opportunities provided by the Wasatch Mountains.
In 1996, Black Diamond Equipment Europe was established in Reinach, Switzerland, making Black Diamond products more widely available throughout Europe. In 2006, Black Diamond Equipment Asia was established in Zhuhai, China to serve as both a secondary manufacturing facility, as well as a global distribution hub. In May 2010, Black Diamond Equipment was acquired for $90 million by Clarus Corporation. The resulting corporation was renamed and is now publicly traded on the NASDAQ under the name CLAR.
In 2015, Black Diamond announced they would be expanding their Utah manufacturing facility. In 2016, they announced they would be moving their European headquarters from Reinach to Innsbruck in Austria.
Products
Black Diamond Equipment design and manufacture products for climbing, skiing, and mountain sports. Climbing products include carabiners, quickdraws, harnesses, active and passive climbing protection, belay devices, helmets, ice tools and piolets, crampons, ice screws, bouldering pads, and big wall equipment. They also produce skiing and avalanche safety equipment. The company's mountain products include tents and shelters, lighting, trekking poles, and backpacks.
Over the years, Black Diamond has acquired and integrated several gear companies into its line, including Bibler tents (1997), Ascension climbing skins (1999), and Franklin climbing products (1998). In 2010, they acquired Gregory Mountain Products, a manufacturer of backpacks, but later sold it to luggage maker Samsonite in 2014.
Notable Black Diamond products include spring-loaded camming devices called Camalot and Magnetron carabiners, auto-locking carabiners that use magnets in the gate, and a steel insert in the carabiner's nose for added security.
Black Diamond Camalot cams from around 2000
Black Diamond Camalot cams from 2010s
Black Diamond Hexes from around 1990s still followed design similar to Yvon Chouinard and Tom Frost patent from 1976
Black Diamond stopper nuts from 1990s
Black Diamond stopper nuts from 2010s
Black Diamond Express Ice Screws
ATC Guide belay device
Black Diamond Tent, Stormtrack
As is common in safety-equipment industries, Black Diamond have issued many product recalls following safety concerns.
Social justice and environmentalism
When the Instagram page of Black Diamond posted a black page in solidarity with anti–police violence protesters on June 5, 2020, in which Black Diamond pledged $250,000 to support access to the outdoors by athletes of color, the company acknowledged it was aware of "widespread concerns" about its "association" with Clarus Corporation chief executive Warren Kanders, who also leads Safariland, the company which manufactured the tear gas widely used against protesters. Activists have
called for a boycott of
Black Diamond over these ties, which has been embraced by various climbing-related organizations. Safariland announced the divestiture of its crowd control products divisions, including tear gas, on June 9, 2020.
The Clarus Corporation also faced criticism for a lack of diversity from pension fund giant CalPERS, who recommended in June 2020 that Clarus shareholders vote against re-electing executive chairman and largest shareholder Warren Kanders and two other board members. CalPERS owns 52,000 shares out of approximately 29,759,000 outstanding shares, or 0.175 percent. On June 9, 2020, Warren Kanders and other board members were re-elected to the board of directors.
Black Diamond's parent the Clarus Corporation also owns ammunition company Sierra Bullets. In 2018, the company monitored discussions regarding the role of guns in the outdoor industry for boycotts.
Former Black Diamond CEO Peter Metcalf had a history of political advocacy for both the outdoor industry and the public lands of Utah, and united with other outdoor companies against policies that threaten public lands and outdoor recreation.
Black Diamond says that they recycle as much waste as possible, make substantial use of wind and solar power, and support environmental non-profit bodies.
See also
List of outdoor industry parent companies
References
^ Mike Gorell (May 10, 2010). "Utah's Black Diamond Equipment sold for $90 million". Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
^ "Black Diamond Completes Sale of POC to Investcorp for $65 Million". August 10, 2015.
^ "Company History: Beginnings and Blacksmithery". Patagonia. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
^ "Suits Force Mountain Gear Firm to File for Bankruptcy". Los Angeles Times. May 11, 1989. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
^ Peter Metcalf (April 1, 1995). "Lessons Learned". Inc Magazine. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
^ Black Diamond (August 10, 2017). "Press Release: Black Diamond, Inc. to Change Name to Clarus Corporation". Clarus Corporation. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
^ "Black Diamond is Here to Stay". Utah Policy. February 16, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
^ Black Diamond (January 14, 2016). "Black Diamond Equipment Relocates European Headquarters and Appoints Tim Bantle to Managing Director". Yahoo Finance. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
^ "Black Diamond sells Gregory to Samsonite". SNews. June 19, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
^ David Crothers (July 13, 2011). "New Magnetron Carabiner Technology from Black Diamond". Climberism Magazine. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
^ "Product recalls". Black Diamond. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
^ "Maker of tear gas used on D.C. protesters gets millions from federal government". CBS News. June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
^ "Boycott Black Diamond". Retrieved June 22, 2020.
^ Pogrebin, Robin (June 9, 2020). "Warren Kanders Says He Is Getting Out of the Tear Gas Business". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
^ "Maker of tear gas used on Washington, D.C., protesters will exit business". CBS News. June 10, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
^ "Key Decisions". CalPERS. Retrieved June 26, 2020.
^ www.sec.gov https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/913277/000110465920059571/tm2014674d1_10q.htm. Retrieved June 26, 2020. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ www.sec.gov https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/913277/000110465920071382/m2022056d1_8k.htm. Retrieved June 26, 2020. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "Guns and the outdoor industry: Where do we go from here?". SNEWS. April 7, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
^ Lauren Steele (August 14, 2014). "Black Diamond President Peter Metcalf Steps Down". Outside magazine. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
^ "2003 Golden Piton Awards - Service". Climbing. March 31, 2004. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
^ Michael Frank (August 7, 2012). "Black Diamond CEO Fights for Utah Environment — Against Utah Politicians". Adventure Journal. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
^ "Sustainability". Black Diamond. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
External links
Black Diamond Equipment Official Website
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WikiProject | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tom_Frost_-_Skunkworks_-_1969.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tom Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Frost"},{"link_name":"Yvon Chouinard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvon_Chouinard"},{"link_name":"mountain sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_sport"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"Innsbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck"},{"link_name":"Sierra Bullets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Bullets"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Chouinard Equipment Company, Ventura, California, 1969. Left to right: Tom Frost, Dorene Frost, Tony Jessen, Dennis Henneck, Terry King, Yvon Chouinard, Merle, and Davey Agnew.Black Diamond Equipment is a manufacturer of equipment for climbing, skiing, and mountain sports, based in Utah, United States. The company also has a global office in Innsbruck, Austria. The company is owned by Clarus Corporation, which also owns Pieps, ClimbOn! Skincare, and Sierra Bullets.[1][2]","title":"Black Diamond Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yvon Chouinard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvon_Chouinard"},{"link_name":"Ventura, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventura,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"Wasatch Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasatch_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Reinach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinach,_Aargau"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clar-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Innsbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Black Diamond Equipment's history dates from the late 1950s, when climber Yvon Chouinard began hand-forging pitons and selling them from the trunk of his car in Yosemite Valley. Chouinard's pitons quickly gained a reputation for quality, and Chouinard Equipment Ltd. was born soon after in Ventura, California.[3]In early 1989, after several product-liability lawsuits and a continued lack of profitability, Yvon Chouinard placed the company in Chapter 11 bankruptcy.[4] Black Diamond was founded on December 1, 1989, when the assets of Chouinard Equipment Ltd. were purchased by a group of former company employees led by (now former CEO) Peter Metcalf, and a few outside investors. Metcalf moved the company and its 45 employees from Ventura, California to the Salt Lake City, Utah area in September 1991 to be closer to the climbing and skiing opportunities provided by the Wasatch Mountains.[5]In 1996, Black Diamond Equipment Europe was established in Reinach, Switzerland, making Black Diamond products more widely available throughout Europe. In 2006, Black Diamond Equipment Asia was established in Zhuhai, China to serve as both a secondary manufacturing facility, as well as a global distribution hub. In May 2010, Black Diamond Equipment was acquired for $90 million by Clarus Corporation. The resulting corporation was renamed and is now publicly traded on the NASDAQ under the name CLAR.[6]In 2015, Black Diamond announced they would be expanding their Utah manufacturing facility.[7] In 2016, they announced they would be moving their European headquarters from Reinach to Innsbruck in Austria.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carabiners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabiner"},{"link_name":"quickdraws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quickdraw"},{"link_name":"harnesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing_harness"},{"link_name":"climbing protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing_protection"},{"link_name":"belay devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belay_device"},{"link_name":"helmets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmet"},{"link_name":"ice tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_tool"},{"link_name":"crampons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crampon"},{"link_name":"ice screws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_screw"},{"link_name":"bouldering pads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouldering_pad"},{"link_name":"big wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_wall"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiing"},{"link_name":"avalanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche"},{"link_name":"tents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tent"},{"link_name":"trekking poles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trekking_pole"},{"link_name":"backpacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backpack"},{"link_name":"Samsonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsonite"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"spring-loaded camming devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring-loaded_camming_device"},{"link_name":"Camalot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camalot"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Diamond,_OutDoor_2018,_Friedrichshafen_(1X7A0398).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Climbing_gear_-_Camalot_cams_-_04.jpg"},{"link_name":"cams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring-loaded_camming_device"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mat%C3%A9riel_d%27escalade_-_studio_WMCH_-_coinceurs_m%C3%A9caniques.jpg"},{"link_name":"cams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring-loaded_camming_device"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Climbing_gear_-_Black_Diamond_Hexes_-_08.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex_(climbing)"},{"link_name":"Yvon Chouinard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvon_Chouinard"},{"link_name":"Tom Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Frost"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Climbing_gear_-_Black_Diamond_Stoppers_-_11.jpg"},{"link_name":"nuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(climbing)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assorted_Nuts_and_Nut_Tool.jpg"},{"link_name":"nuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(climbing)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mat%C3%A9riel_d%27escalade_-_studio_WMCH_-_Broches_%C3%A0_glace_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atcguide_unused.jpg"},{"link_name":"belay device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belay_device"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:981123-Ararat-Camp1-IMG_0886-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tent"},{"link_name":"product recalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_recall"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Black Diamond Equipment design and manufacture products for climbing, skiing, and mountain sports. Climbing products include carabiners, quickdraws, harnesses, active and passive climbing protection, belay devices, helmets, ice tools and piolets, crampons, ice screws, bouldering pads, and big wall equipment. They also produce skiing and avalanche safety equipment. The company's mountain products include tents and shelters, lighting, trekking poles, and backpacks.Over the years, Black Diamond has acquired and integrated several gear companies into its line, including Bibler tents (1997), Ascension climbing skins (1999), and Franklin climbing products (1998). In 2010, they acquired Gregory Mountain Products, a manufacturer of backpacks, but later sold it to luggage maker Samsonite in 2014.[9]Notable Black Diamond products include spring-loaded camming devices called Camalot and Magnetron carabiners, auto-locking carabiners that use magnets in the gate, and a steel insert in the carabiner's nose for added security.[10]Black Diamond Camalot cams from around 2000\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBlack Diamond Camalot cams from 2010s\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBlack Diamond Hexes from around 1990s still followed design similar to Yvon Chouinard and Tom Frost patent from 1976\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBlack Diamond stopper nuts from 1990s\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBlack Diamond stopper nuts from 2010s\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBlack Diamond Express Ice Screws\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tATC Guide belay device\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBlack Diamond Tent, StormtrackAs is common in safety-equipment industries, Black Diamond have issued many product recalls following safety concerns.[11]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warren Kanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Kanders"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Sierra Bullets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Bullets"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"When the Instagram page of Black Diamond posted a black page in solidarity with anti–police violence protesters on June 5, 2020, in which Black Diamond pledged $250,000 to support access to the outdoors by athletes of color, the company acknowledged it was aware of \"widespread concerns\" about its \"association\" with Clarus Corporation chief executive Warren Kanders, who also leads Safariland, the company which manufactured the tear gas widely used against protesters.[12] Activists have \ncalled for a boycott of\nBlack Diamond over these ties, which has been embraced by various climbing-related organizations.[13] Safariland announced the divestiture of its crowd control products divisions, including tear gas, on June 9, 2020.[14] \nThe Clarus Corporation also faced criticism for a lack of diversity from pension fund giant CalPERS, who recommended in June 2020 that Clarus shareholders vote against re-electing executive chairman and largest shareholder Warren Kanders and two other board members.[15] CalPERS owns 52,000 shares[16] out of approximately 29,759,000 outstanding shares,[17] or 0.175 percent. On June 9, 2020, Warren Kanders and other board members were re-elected to the board of directors.[18]Black Diamond's parent the Clarus Corporation also owns ammunition company Sierra Bullets. In 2018, the company monitored discussions regarding the role of guns in the outdoor industry for boycotts.[19]Former[20] Black Diamond CEO Peter Metcalf had a history of political advocacy for both the outdoor industry and the public lands of Utah, and united with other outdoor companies against policies that threaten public lands and outdoor recreation.[21][22]Black Diamond says that they recycle as much waste as possible, make substantial use of wind and solar power, and support environmental non-profit bodies.[23]","title":"Social justice and environmentalism"}] | [{"image_text":"Chouinard Equipment Company, Ventura, California, 1969. Left to right: Tom Frost, Dorene Frost, Tony Jessen, Dennis Henneck, Terry King, Yvon Chouinard, Merle, and Davey Agnew.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Tom_Frost_-_Skunkworks_-_1969.jpg/300px-Tom_Frost_-_Skunkworks_-_1969.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of outdoor industry parent companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_outdoor_industry_parent_companies"}] | [{"reference":"Mike Gorell (May 10, 2010). \"Utah's Black Diamond Equipment sold for $90 million\". Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved March 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.sltrib.com/story.php?ref=/news/ci_15055011","url_text":"\"Utah's Black Diamond Equipment sold for $90 million\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_Tribune","url_text":"Salt Lake Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Black Diamond Completes Sale of POC to Investcorp for $65 Million\". August 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blackdiamond-inc.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=118683&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=2095298","url_text":"\"Black Diamond Completes Sale of POC to Investcorp for $65 Million\""}]},{"reference":"\"Company History: Beginnings and Blacksmithery\". Patagonia. Retrieved March 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.patagonia.com/us/patagonia.go?assetid=3351","url_text":"\"Company History: Beginnings and Blacksmithery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Suits Force Mountain Gear Firm to File for Bankruptcy\". Los Angeles Times. May 11, 1989. Retrieved April 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-05-11-we-3605-story.html","url_text":"\"Suits Force Mountain Gear Firm to File for Bankruptcy\""}]},{"reference":"Peter Metcalf (April 1, 1995). \"Lessons Learned\". Inc Magazine. Retrieved March 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inc.com/magazine/19950401/2219.html","url_text":"\"Lessons Learned\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inc_Magazine","url_text":"Inc Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Black Diamond (August 10, 2017). \"Press Release: Black Diamond, Inc. to Change Name to Clarus Corporation\". Clarus Corporation. Retrieved June 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.claruscorp.com/press-releases/detail/134/black-diamond-inc-to-change-name-to-clarus-corporation","url_text":"\"Press Release: Black Diamond, Inc. to Change Name to Clarus Corporation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Black Diamond is Here to Stay\". Utah Policy. February 16, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://utahpolicy.com/index.php/features/featured-articles/4816-black-diamond-is-here-to-stay","url_text":"\"Black Diamond is Here to Stay\""}]},{"reference":"Black Diamond (January 14, 2016). \"Black Diamond Equipment Relocates European Headquarters and Appoints Tim Bantle to Managing Director\". Yahoo Finance. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307085306/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/black-diamond-equipment-relocates-european-133000999.html","url_text":"\"Black Diamond Equipment Relocates European Headquarters and Appoints Tim Bantle to Managing Director\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo_Finance","url_text":"Yahoo Finance"},{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/black-diamond-equipment-relocates-european-133000999.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Black Diamond sells Gregory to Samsonite\". SNews. June 19, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.snewsnet.com/news/black-diamond-sells-gregory-to-samsonite/","url_text":"\"Black Diamond sells Gregory to Samsonite\""}]},{"reference":"David Crothers (July 13, 2011). \"New Magnetron Carabiner Technology from Black Diamond\". Climberism Magazine. Retrieved March 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.climberism.com/new-magnetron-carabiner-technology-from-black-diamond/","url_text":"\"New Magnetron Carabiner Technology from Black Diamond\""}]},{"reference":"\"Product recalls\". Black Diamond. Retrieved March 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://blackdiamondequipment.com/en/recalls.html","url_text":"\"Product recalls\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maker of tear gas used on D.C. protesters gets millions from federal government\". CBS News. June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tear-gas-maker-washington-d-c-protesters-millions-federal-government/","url_text":"\"Maker of tear gas used on D.C. protesters gets millions from federal government\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boycott Black Diamond\". Retrieved June 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://boycottblackdiamond.net/","url_text":"\"Boycott Black Diamond\""}]},{"reference":"Pogrebin, Robin (June 9, 2020). \"Warren Kanders Says He Is Getting Out of the Tear Gas Business\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/09/arts/design/tear-gas-warren-kanders.html","url_text":"\"Warren Kanders Says He Is Getting Out of the Tear Gas Business\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Maker of tear gas used on Washington, D.C., protesters will exit business\". CBS News. June 10, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/safariland-tear-gas-maker-exit-business-warren-kanders/","url_text":"\"Maker of tear gas used on Washington, D.C., protesters will exit business\""}]},{"reference":"\"Key Decisions\". CalPERS. Retrieved June 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.calpers.ca.gov/page/investments/corporate-governance/proxy-voting/key-decisions","url_text":"\"Key Decisions\""}]},{"reference":"www.sec.gov https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/913277/000110465920059571/tm2014674d1_10q.htm. Retrieved June 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/913277/000110465920059571/tm2014674d1_10q.htm","url_text":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/913277/000110465920059571/tm2014674d1_10q.htm"}]},{"reference":"www.sec.gov https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/913277/000110465920071382/m2022056d1_8k.htm. Retrieved June 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/913277/000110465920071382/m2022056d1_8k.htm","url_text":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/913277/000110465920071382/m2022056d1_8k.htm"}]},{"reference":"\"Guns and the outdoor industry: Where do we go from here?\". SNEWS. April 7, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.snewsnet.com/news/aftermath-vista-boycott-outdoor-industry","url_text":"\"Guns and the outdoor industry: Where do we go from here?\""}]},{"reference":"Lauren Steele (August 14, 2014). \"Black Diamond President Peter Metcalf Steps Down\". Outside magazine. Retrieved March 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.outsideonline.com/news-from-the-field/Black-Diamond-President-Peter-Metcalf-Steps-Down.html","url_text":"\"Black Diamond President Peter Metcalf Steps Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outside_magazine","url_text":"Outside magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"2003 Golden Piton Awards - Service\". Climbing. March 31, 2004. Retrieved March 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.climbing.com/news/2003-golden-piton-awards-service/","url_text":"\"2003 Golden Piton Awards - Service\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing_(magazine)","url_text":"Climbing"}]},{"reference":"Michael Frank (August 7, 2012). \"Black Diamond CEO Fights for Utah Environment — Against Utah Politicians\". Adventure Journal. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160310170735/http://adventure-journal.com/2012/08/black-diamond-ceo-fights-for-utah-environment-against-utah-politicians/","url_text":"\"Black Diamond CEO Fights for Utah Environment — Against Utah Politicians\""},{"url":"http://www.adventure-journal.com/2012/08/black-diamond-ceo-fights-for-utah-environment-against-utah-politicians/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sustainability\". Black Diamond. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160308013319/http://blackdiamondequipment.com/en/sustainability.html","url_text":"\"Sustainability\""},{"url":"http://blackdiamondequipment.com/en/sustainability.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Black+Diamond+Equipment%22","external_links_name":"\"Black Diamond Equipment\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Black+Diamond+Equipment%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Black+Diamond+Equipment%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Black+Diamond+Equipment%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Black+Diamond+Equipment%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Black+Diamond+Equipment%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/clar","external_links_name":"CLAR"},{"Link":"http://blackdiamondequipment.com/","external_links_name":"blackdiamondequipment.com"},{"Link":"http://archive.sltrib.com/story.php?ref=/news/ci_15055011","external_links_name":"\"Utah's Black Diamond Equipment sold for $90 million\""},{"Link":"http://www.blackdiamond-inc.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=118683&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=2095298","external_links_name":"\"Black Diamond Completes Sale of POC to Investcorp for $65 Million\""},{"Link":"http://www.patagonia.com/us/patagonia.go?assetid=3351","external_links_name":"\"Company History: Beginnings and Blacksmithery\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-05-11-we-3605-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Suits Force Mountain Gear Firm to File for Bankruptcy\""},{"Link":"http://www.inc.com/magazine/19950401/2219.html","external_links_name":"\"Lessons Learned\""},{"Link":"https://www.claruscorp.com/press-releases/detail/134/black-diamond-inc-to-change-name-to-clarus-corporation","external_links_name":"\"Press Release: Black Diamond, Inc. to Change Name to Clarus Corporation\""},{"Link":"http://utahpolicy.com/index.php/features/featured-articles/4816-black-diamond-is-here-to-stay","external_links_name":"\"Black Diamond is Here to Stay\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160307085306/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/black-diamond-equipment-relocates-european-133000999.html","external_links_name":"\"Black Diamond Equipment Relocates European Headquarters and Appoints Tim Bantle to Managing Director\""},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/black-diamond-equipment-relocates-european-133000999.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.snewsnet.com/news/black-diamond-sells-gregory-to-samsonite/","external_links_name":"\"Black Diamond sells Gregory to Samsonite\""},{"Link":"http://www.climberism.com/new-magnetron-carabiner-technology-from-black-diamond/","external_links_name":"\"New Magnetron Carabiner Technology from Black Diamond\""},{"Link":"http://blackdiamondequipment.com/en/recalls.html","external_links_name":"\"Product recalls\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tear-gas-maker-washington-d-c-protesters-millions-federal-government/","external_links_name":"\"Maker of tear gas used on D.C. protesters gets millions from federal government\""},{"Link":"http://boycottblackdiamond.net/","external_links_name":"\"Boycott Black Diamond\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/09/arts/design/tear-gas-warren-kanders.html","external_links_name":"\"Warren Kanders Says He Is Getting Out of the Tear Gas Business\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/safariland-tear-gas-maker-exit-business-warren-kanders/","external_links_name":"\"Maker of tear gas used on Washington, D.C., protesters will exit business\""},{"Link":"https://www.calpers.ca.gov/page/investments/corporate-governance/proxy-voting/key-decisions","external_links_name":"\"Key Decisions\""},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/913277/000110465920059571/tm2014674d1_10q.htm","external_links_name":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/913277/000110465920059571/tm2014674d1_10q.htm"},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/913277/000110465920071382/m2022056d1_8k.htm","external_links_name":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/913277/000110465920071382/m2022056d1_8k.htm"},{"Link":"https://www.snewsnet.com/news/aftermath-vista-boycott-outdoor-industry","external_links_name":"\"Guns and the outdoor industry: Where do we go from here?\""},{"Link":"http://www.outsideonline.com/news-from-the-field/Black-Diamond-President-Peter-Metcalf-Steps-Down.html","external_links_name":"\"Black Diamond President Peter Metcalf Steps Down\""},{"Link":"http://www.climbing.com/news/2003-golden-piton-awards-service/","external_links_name":"\"2003 Golden Piton Awards - Service\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160310170735/http://adventure-journal.com/2012/08/black-diamond-ceo-fights-for-utah-environment-against-utah-politicians/","external_links_name":"\"Black Diamond CEO Fights for Utah Environment — Against Utah Politicians\""},{"Link":"http://www.adventure-journal.com/2012/08/black-diamond-ceo-fights-for-utah-environment-against-utah-politicians/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160308013319/http://blackdiamondequipment.com/en/sustainability.html","external_links_name":"\"Sustainability\""},{"Link":"http://blackdiamondequipment.com/en/sustainability.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.blackdiamondequipment.com/","external_links_name":"Black Diamond Equipment Official Website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_W._McLeese_III | Roy W. McLeese III | ["1 See also","2 References"] | American judge
Roy W. McLeese IIIJudge of the District of Columbia Court of AppealsIncumbentAssumed office September 21, 2012Nominated byBarack ObamaPreceded byVanessa Ruiz
Personal detailsBornRoy Wallace McLeese III (1959-12-07) December 7, 1959 (age 64)Evanston, Illinois, U.S.SpouseVirginia A. SeitzAlma materHarvard University (BA)New York University (JD)
Roy Wallace McLeese III (born December 7, 1959) is an associate judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, the highest appellate court for the District of Columbia. He received his Bachelor of Arts cum laude in 1981 from Harvard College, and his Juris Doctor cum laude in 1985 from the New York University School of Law, where he was editor-in-chief of the Law Review. He spent his legal career at the United States Department of Justice and the U.S. Attorney's office in the District of Columbia before his nomination to the bench by President Barack Obama in 2011.
See also
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 9)
References
^ Report of District of Columbia Judicial Nomination Commission
^ a b c "Questionnaire for Nominees to the District of Columbia Courts" (PDF). United States Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs. March 6, 2012. p. 43. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
^ Official bio of Judge McLeese
^ Nomination of Roy Wallace McLeese III to be an Appellate Judge for the District of Columbia Court of Appeals
Legal offices
Preceded byVanessa Ruiz
Judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals 2012–present
Incumbent
vtePolitical officials of the District of ColumbiaShadow U.S. Senators
Paul Strauss
Michael Brown
U.S. House
Eleanor Holmes Norton, Delegate
Oye Owolewa, Shadow Representative
Executive government
Muriel Bowser, Mayor
Brian Schwalb, Attorney General
Kimberly A. Bassett, Secretary (appointed)
Glen Lee, Chief Financial Officer (appointed)
Council
Phil Mendelson, Chair
Court of Appeals
Anna Blackburne-Rigsby, Chief Judge
Corinne A. Beckwith
Catharine F. Easterly
John R. Fisher
Roy W. McLeese III
Joshua Deahl
John P. Howard III
Vijay Shanker
2 vacant seats, Judges | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"associate judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States#Article_I_tribunals"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Court_of_Appeals"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cum_laude"},{"link_name":"Juris Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cum_laude"},{"link_name":"New York University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"U.S. Attorney's office in the District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Roy Wallace McLeese III (born December 7, 1959) is an associate judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, the highest appellate court for the District of Columbia. He received his Bachelor of Arts cum laude in 1981 from Harvard College, and his Juris Doctor cum laude in 1985 from the New York University School of Law, where he was editor-in-chief of the Law Review. He spent his legal career at the United States Department of Justice and the U.S. Attorney's office in the District of Columbia before his nomination to the bench by President Barack Obama in 2011.[4]","title":"Roy W. McLeese III"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 9)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_9)"}] | [{"reference":"\"Questionnaire for Nominees to the District of Columbia Courts\" (PDF). United States Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs. March 6, 2012. p. 43. Retrieved June 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112shrg73675/pdf/CHRG-112shrg73675.pdf","url_text":"\"Questionnaire for Nominees to the District of Columbia Courts\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://jnc.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/jnc/publication/attachments/Record-JNC-Recs-Desigs-Oct13.pdf","external_links_name":"Report of District of Columbia Judicial Nomination Commission"},{"Link":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112shrg73675/pdf/CHRG-112shrg73675.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Questionnaire for Nominees to the District of Columbia Courts\""},{"Link":"http://www.dccourts.gov/internet/documents/DCCA-Bio-McLeese.pdf","external_links_name":"Official bio of Judge McLeese"},{"Link":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/11/17/president-obama-nominates-roy-wallace-mcleese-iii-serve-district-columbi","external_links_name":"Nomination of Roy Wallace McLeese III to be an Appellate Judge for the District of Columbia Court of Appeals"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshtorjan_Rural_District | Ashtarjan Rural District | ["1 Demographics","1.1 Population","2 See also","3 References"] | Coordinates: 32°29′55″N 51°29′20″E / 32.49861°N 51.48889°E / 32.49861; 51.48889Rural district in Isfahan province, Iran
For the city, see Ashtarjan.
Rural District in Isfahan, IranAshtarjan Rural District
Persian: دهستان اشترجانRural DistrictAshtarjan Rural DistrictCoordinates: 32°29′55″N 51°29′20″E / 32.49861°N 51.48889°E / 32.49861; 51.48889CountryIranProvinceIsfahanCountyFalavarjanDistrictCentralCapitalAshtarjanPopulation (2016) • Total23,214Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
Ashtarjan Rural District (Persian: دهستان اشترجان) is in the Central District of Falavarjan County, Isfahan province, Iran. It is administered from the city of Ashtarjan.
Demographics
Population
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population was 13,958 in 3,606 households. There were 14,637 inhabitants in 4,284 households at the following census of 2011. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 23,214 in 7,318 households. The most populous of its 25 villages was Bostan (now the city of Bostan Zar), with 5,309 people.
See also
Iran portal
References
^ OpenStreetMap contributors (12 June 2023). "Ashtarjan Rural District (Falavarjan County)" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 12 June 2023.
^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
^ Habibi, Hassan (29 August 1370). "Carrying out reforms in the villages of Isfahan province". Islamic Parliament Research Center (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
^ Mousavi, Mirhossein. "Creation and formation of five rural districts including villages, farms and places in a part of Falavarjan County under Isfahan province". Research Center of the System of Laws of the Islamic Council of the Farabi library of Mobile Users (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
^ Jahangiri, Ishaq (26 September 2021). "Approvals of the Government Board of the second decade of August 1400: Approval letter regarding country divisions in Tabriz County of East Azerbaijan province". SDIL (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Board of Ministers. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024.
vteIsfahan province, IranCapital
Isfahan
Countiesand citiesAran va Bidgol County
Aran va Bidgol
Abuzeydabad
Nushabad
Sefidshahr
Ardestan County
Ardestan
Mahabad
Zavareh
Borkhar County
Dowlatabad
Dastgerd
Habibabad
Khvorzuq
Komeshcheh
Shadpurabad
Buin va Miandasht County
Buin va Miandasht
Afus
Chadegan County
Chadegan
Rozveh
Dehaqan County
Dehaqan
Falavarjan County
Falavarjan
Abrisham
Baharan Shahr
Imanshahr
Kelishad va Sudarjan
Pir Bakran
Qahderijan
Zazeran
Faridan County
Daran
Damaneh
Fereydunshahr County
Fereydunshahr
Barf Anbar
Golpayegan County
Golpayegan
Golshahr
Guged
Isfahan County
Isfahan
Baharestan
Ezhiyeh
Harand
Hasanabad
Kuhpayeh
Mohammadabad
Nasrabad
Nikabad
Sagzi
Tudeshk
Varzaneh
Kashan County
Kashan
Barzok
Jowsheqan va Kamu
Meshkat
Neyasar
Qamsar
Khomeyni Shahr County
Khomeyni Shahr
Dorcheh Piaz
Kushk
Khur and Biabanak County
Khur
Jandaq
Farrokhi
Khvansar County
Khvansar
Lenjan County
Zarrin Shahr
Bagh-e Bahadoran
Chamgardan
Chermahin
Fuladshahr
Sedeh Lenjan
Varnamkhast
Zayandeh Rud
Mobarakeh County
Mobarakeh
Dizicheh
Karkevand
Talkhvoncheh
Zibashahr
Nain County
Nain
Anarak
Bafran
Najafabad County
Najafabad
Alavicheh
Dehaq
Goldasht
Jowzdan
Kahriz Sang
Natanz County
Natanz
Badrud
Khaledabad
Semirom County
Semirom
Hana
Komeh
Noqol
Vanak
Shahreza County
Shahreza
Manzariyeh
Shahin Shahr and Meymeh County
Shahin Shahr
Gaz
Meymeh
Vazvan
Tiran and Karvan County
Tiran
Asgaran
Rezvanshahr
Sights
Abbāsi House
Abyaneh
Agha Bozorg Mosque
Āmeri House
Bazaar of Kashan
Borujerdi House
Chaharbagh Boulevard
Chaharbagh School
Fin Garden
Fire temple of Isfahan
Hasht Behesht
Jameh Mosque of Ashtarjan
Jameh Mosque of Isfahan
Khaju Bridge
Monar Jonban
Naqsh-e Jahan Square
New Julfa
Si-o-se-pol
Sultan Amir Ahmad Bathhouse
Tabatabai House
Tepe Sialk
See also
Greater Isfahan Region
List of cities, towns and villages
List of universities
vte Falavarjan CountyCapital
Falavarjan
DistrictsCentralCities
Abrisham
Falavarjan
Imanshahr
Kelishad va Sudarjan
Qahderijan
Zazeran
Rural Districts and villagesAbrisham
Hoseynabad
Jowlarestan
Kersegan
Musian
Shahid Beheshti Education Camp
Golestan
Bondart
Dar Afshan
Dashtlu
Esfahran
Karuyeh
Kheyrabad
Koruj
Qaleh-ye Amir
Shervedan
Oshtorjan
Dorcheh Abed
Hajjiabad
Jilab
Kavian
Largan
Largichi
Mehranjan-e Arameneh
Mehrenjan-e Otrak
Mohammadiyeh
Zafreh
Zazeran
Dashtchi
Huyyeh
Jalalabad-e Marbin
Jujil
Kafoshan
Riyakhun
Pir BakranCities
Baharan Shahr
Pir Bakran
Rural Districts and villagesGarkan-e Shomali(North Garkan)
Ali Shahedan
Aliabad
Chahar Borj
Darafshan
Dargan
Dastna
Kelisan
Khvansarak
Mehregan
Now Dar Amad
Pelarat
Pelartegan
Qaleh-ye Sorkh
Rahimabad
Rara
Sadeqabad
Semsan
Siah Afshar
Tamandegan
Vazirabad Waterworks
Vazirabad
Sohr va Firuzan
Ardal
Bejgerd
Cham Rud
Filergan
Golgun
Nargan
Shah Shams ol Din
Sohr va Firuzan
Tad
Venhar
This Falavarjan County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ashtarjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtarjan"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Falavarjan_County)"},{"link_name":"Falavarjan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falavarjan_County"},{"link_name":"Isfahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Isfahan_Reforms-3"},{"link_name":"Ashtarjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtarjan,_Iran"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Falavarjan_RDs-4"}],"text":"Rural district in Isfahan province, IranFor the city, see Ashtarjan.Rural District in Isfahan, IranAshtarjan Rural District (Persian: دهستان اشترجان) is in the Central District of Falavarjan County, Isfahan province, Iran.[3] It is administered from the city of Ashtarjan.[4]","title":"Ashtarjan Rural District"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006_census-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_census-6"},{"link_name":"Bostan Zar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostan_Zar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Various_Reforms-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_census-2"}],"sub_title":"Population","text":"At the time of the 2006 National Census, the rural district's population was 13,958 in 3,606 households.[5] There were 14,637 inhabitants in 4,284 households at the following census of 2011.[6] The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 23,214 in 7,318 households. The most populous of its 25 villages was Bostan (now the city of Bostan Zar),[7] with 5,309 people.[2]","title":"Demographics"}] | [] | [{"title":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"}] | [{"reference":"OpenStreetMap contributors (12 June 2023). \"Ashtarjan Rural District (Falavarjan County)\" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 12 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=32.498611&mlon=51.488889&zoom=13#map=13/32.4986/51.4889","url_text":"\"Ashtarjan Rural District (Falavarjan County)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap","url_text":"OpenStreetMap"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201019041954/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_10.xlsx","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_10.xlsx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Habibi, Hassan (29 August 1370). \"Carrying out reforms in the villages of Isfahan province\". Islamic Parliament Research Center (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120313030256/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113208","url_text":"\"Carrying out reforms in the villages of Isfahan province\""},{"url":"https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113208","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mousavi, Mirhossein. \"Creation and formation of five rural districts including villages, farms and places in a part of Falavarjan County under Isfahan province\". Research Center of the System of Laws of the Islamic Council of the Farabi library of Mobile Users (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130427024420/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/110240","url_text":"\"Creation and formation of five rural districts including villages, farms and places in a part of Falavarjan County under Isfahan province\""},{"url":"https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/110240","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920083455/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/10.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/10.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230117221845/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Esfahan.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"url":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Esfahan.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jahangiri, Ishaq (26 September 2021). \"Approvals of the Government Board of the second decade of August 1400: Approval letter regarding country divisions in Tabriz County of East Azerbaijan province\". SDIL (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Board of Ministers. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328221415/https://sdil.ac.ir/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A3%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-1400/","url_text":"\"Approvals of the Government Board of the second decade of August 1400: Approval letter regarding country divisions in Tabriz County of East Azerbaijan province\""},{"url":"https://sdil.ac.ir/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A3%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-1400/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ashtarjan_Rural_District¶ms=32_29_55_N_51_29_20_E_dim:7km_type:city(23214)_region:IR-10","external_links_name":"32°29′55″N 51°29′20″E / 32.49861°N 51.48889°E / 32.49861; 51.48889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ashtarjan_Rural_District¶ms=32_29_55_N_51_29_20_E_dim:7km_type:city(23214)_region:IR-10","external_links_name":"32°29′55″N 51°29′20″E / 32.49861°N 51.48889°E / 32.49861; 51.48889"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=32.498611&mlon=51.488889&zoom=13#map=13/32.4986/51.4889","external_links_name":"\"Ashtarjan Rural District (Falavarjan County)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201019041954/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_10.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_10.xlsx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120313030256/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113208","external_links_name":"\"Carrying out reforms in the villages of Isfahan province\""},{"Link":"https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113208","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130427024420/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/110240","external_links_name":"\"Creation and formation of five rural districts including villages, farms and places in a part of Falavarjan County under Isfahan province\""},{"Link":"https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/110240","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920083455/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/10.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/10.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230117221845/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Esfahan.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"Link":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Esfahan.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230328221415/https://sdil.ac.ir/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A3%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-1400/","external_links_name":"\"Approvals of the Government Board of the second decade of August 1400: Approval letter regarding country divisions in Tabriz County of East Azerbaijan province\""},{"Link":"https://sdil.ac.ir/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A3%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-1400/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashtarjan_Rural_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_7:27 | Matthew 7:27 | ["1 Content","2 Analysis","3 References"] | Matthew 7:27← 7:267:28 →Illustration to Matthew 7:24–27: A house built upon the sand. Hendrick Goltzius (1598 - 1604).BookGospel of MatthewChristian Bible partNew Testament
Matthew 7:27 is the twenty-seventh verse of the seventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. This verse finishes the Parable of the Wise and the Foolish Builders and is the closing verse of the Sermon on the Mount.
Content
In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort this verse is:
και κατεβη η βροχη και ηλθον οι ποταμοι και επνευσαν οι ανεμοι και
προσεκοψαν τη οικια εκεινη και επεσεν και ην η πτωσις αυτης μεγαλη
In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:
And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and
beat upon that house; and it fell: and great was the fall of it.
The World English Bible translates the passage as:
"The rain came down, the floods came, and the winds blew, and
beat on that house; and it fell—and great was its fall."
For a collection of other versions see BibleHub Matthew 7:27.
Analysis
The start of this verse is a repetition of Matthew 7:25, but in that verse the house built on rock didn't fall. There is also a slight change from the rain beating on the house to the rain beating against it. Matthew, unlike Luke's version does not give a reason for the house to fall, rather the reason is given for why the house built on stone survives. "Great was its fall" may well have been a proverbial term for complete destruction.
This warning of doom and destruction is the final line of Jesus' Sermon on the Mount. To Augustine it is "fear-inspiring"
References
^ Robert Horton Gundry (1994). Matthew: A Commentary on His Handbook for a Mixed Church Under Persecution. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-8028-0735-9.
^ a b William David Davies; Dale C. Allison (Jr.) (1988). Matthew. Clark. p. 723.
Preceded byMatthew 7:26
Gospel of MatthewChapter 7
Succeeded byMatthew 7:28
vteGospel of Matthew chapter 7Verse
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27:1–12; 52–66
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Gospel of Mark (chapter 1) → | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the seventh chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_7"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Parable of the Wise and the Foolish Builders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable_of_the_Wise_and_the_Foolish_Builders"},{"link_name":"Sermon on the Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount"}],"text":"Matthew 7:27 is the twenty-seventh verse of the seventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. This verse finishes the Parable of the Wise and the Foolish Builders and is the closing verse of the Sermon on the Mount.","title":"Matthew 7:27"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westcott-Hort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westcott-Hort"},{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"World English Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_English_Bible"},{"link_name":"BibleHub Matthew 7:27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//biblehub.com/matthew/7-27.htm"}],"text":"In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort this verse is:και κατεβη η βροχη και ηλθον οι ποταμοι και επνευσαν οι ανεμοι και\nπροσεκοψαν τη οικια εκεινη και επεσεν και ην η πτωσις αυτης μεγαληIn the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and\nbeat upon that house; and it fell: and great was the fall of it.The World English Bible translates the passage as:\"The rain came down, the floods came, and the winds blew, and\nbeat on that house; and it fell—and great was its fall.\"For a collection of other versions see BibleHub Matthew 7:27.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew 7:25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_7:25"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gundry1994-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies(Jr.)1988-2"},{"link_name":"Sermon on the Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount"},{"link_name":"Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies(Jr.)1988-2"}],"text":"The start of this verse is a repetition of Matthew 7:25, but in that verse the house built on rock didn't fall. There is also a slight change from the rain beating on the house to the rain beating against it. Matthew, unlike Luke's version does not give a reason for the house to fall, rather the reason is given for why the house built on stone survives.[1] \"Great was its fall\" may well have been a proverbial term for complete destruction.[2]This warning of doom and destruction is the final line of Jesus' Sermon on the Mount. To Augustine it is \"fear-inspiring\"[2]","title":"Analysis"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Robert Horton Gundry (1994). Matthew: A Commentary on His Handbook for a Mixed Church Under Persecution. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-8028-0735-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6b9x0Cgkch8C","url_text":"Matthew: A Commentary on His Handbook for a Mixed Church Under Persecution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0735-9","url_text":"978-0-8028-0735-9"}]},{"reference":"William David Davies; Dale C. Allison (Jr.) (1988). Matthew. Clark. p. 723.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U3RhMwEACAAJ","url_text":"Matthew"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://biblehub.com/matthew/7-27.htm","external_links_name":"BibleHub Matthew 7:27"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6b9x0Cgkch8C","external_links_name":"Matthew: A Commentary on His Handbook for a Mixed Church Under Persecution"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U3RhMwEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Matthew"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervouralsk | Pervouralsk | ["1 Geography","2 History","3 Administrative and municipal status","4 Coat of arms","5 Economy","5.1 Pervouralsky Novotrubny Works","5.2 JSC Pervouralsk Plant of the Tubular Building Constructions (PZTSK)","5.3 Pervouralsk Plant of Complete Metallic Construction","5.4 Pervouralsk City Dairy Plant LLC","5.5 JSC Pervouralsk Silica Plant (JSC Dinur)","6 Education","7 Sports","8 Cultural life","9 Notable people","10 References","10.1 Notes","10.2 Sources","11 External links"] | Coordinates: 56°55′N 59°56′E / 56.917°N 59.933°E / 56.917; 59.933City in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia
City in Sverdlovsk Oblast, RussiaPervouralsk
ПервоуральскCityWelcome sign at the entrance to Pervouralsk
FlagCoat of armsLocation of Pervouralsk
PervouralskLocation of PervouralskShow map of RussiaPervouralskPervouralsk (Sverdlovsk Oblast)Show map of Sverdlovsk OblastCoordinates: 56°55′N 59°56′E / 56.917°N 59.933°E / 56.917; 59.933CountryRussiaFederal subjectSverdlovsk OblastFounded1732City status since1933Government • HeadNikolay KozlovElevation358 m (1,175 ft)Population (2010 Census) • Total124,528 • Estimate (2018)123,655 (−0.7%) • Rank130th in 2010Administrative status • Subordinated toCity of Pervouralsk • Capital ofCity of PervouralskMunicipal status • Urban okrugPervouralsk Urban Okrug • Capital ofPervouralsk Urban OkrugTime zoneUTC+5 (MSK+2 )Postal code(s)623100–623105, 623107–623113, 623116, 623118, 623119, 623159Dialing code(s)+7 3439OKTMO ID65753000001Websitewww.prvadm.ru
Pervouralsk (Russian: Первоура́льск, lit. the first in the Urals) is a city in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Chusovaya River (Kama's tributary) 39 kilometers (24 mi) west of Yekaterinburg, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 124,528 (2010 Russian census); 132,277 (2002 Census); 142,193 (1989 Soviet census); 122,000 (1974); 90,000 (1959); 44,000 (1939).
It was previously known as Vasilyevsko-Shaytansky (until 1920).
Geography
Map of Pervouralsk
Monument that symbolizes the border between Europe and Asia in Р242 road
A monument that symbolizes the border between the continents of Europe and Asia is located two kilometers from the city.coordinate:56°52′04.00″N 60°02′41.70″E / 56.8677778°N 60.0449167°E / 56.8677778; 60.0449167
History
History of Pervouralsk began in 1730, when Vasily Demidov began the building of the iron-making factory. It produced pipes for more than 200 years. On December 1, 1732, the factory started operating; this date is now considered the official date of the city's foundation. The village around the factory was named Vasilyevsko-Shaytansky. In 1920, the village was renamed Pervouralsk. After building Pervouralsky Novotrubny Works in 1933, the village was granted town status.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of the administrative divisions, it is, together with twenty-nine rural localities, incorporated as the City of Pervouralsk'—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the City of Pervouralsk is incorporated as Pervouralsk Urban Okrug.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms of the city was adopted in 2002. The sable is taken from a label of Demidov's steel factory. The ring actually represents a section of a pipe. Pipes are basic production of Pervouralsk.
Economy
Pervouralsk is the second fastest-developing city in Sverdlovsk Oblast after Yekaterinburg (2005 Ural Information Bureau). The annual growth rate of industrial output remains steadily at 25-30%; the retail turnover increases 20% a year (2005 Ural Information Bureau). This positively affects the unemployment rate, which stays at low 1.16% (2005 Ural Information Bureau), and leads to the number of vacancies to exceed the number of unemployed people.
Average monthly salary is about $300, which is a little bit lower than the average in the region, which is $350 (Local Information Centre).
The city attracts attention of large businesses—only within last years there happens merges and acquisitions with Pervourask enterprises, such as Wimm-Bill-Dann, a well known dairy company, acquiring a dairy plant in Pervouralsk and Chelyabinsk Pipe Group, the second largest in the country, acquiring Pervouralsk Novotrubny Works.
Pervouralsky Novotrubny Works
Established in 1934 on the boundary between Europe and Asia in the heart of the Ural Mountains, it has inherited the traditions and high industrial standards of Ural craftsmen, whose products have been renowned throughout Europe since 17th century.
Pervouralsky Novotrubny Works produces more than 25,000 types and sizes of pipes and specially shaped tubes from 200 carbon, alloyed and stainless steel grades according to 34 Russian and 25 foreign standards and 400 specifications.
Certification by the American Petroleum Institute and the German TUV for meeting DIN standard requirements, as well as a number of other requirements, attests to the quality of pipes produced by Pervouralsky Novotrubny Works.
L
It was acquired by Chelyabinsk Pipe Group in 2005.
JSC Pervouralsk Plant of the Tubular Building Constructions (PZTSK)
Leader in the field of metal constructing, wall and roofing panels in the Russian Federation since 1975. Also offers construction decisions and installation of buildings. PZTSK's quality management system is in accordance with the requirements of DIN EN ISO 9001:2000.
Pervouralsk Plant of Complete Metallic Construction
One of the leading enterprises in Russia in the field of designing, producing and assembling of building and light metallic construction of complete delivery. At the present moment the plant produces 1,300 tons of metallic constructions, 35,000 m2 of wall roof panels and 7,000 m2 of windows per month.
Pervouralsk City Dairy Plant LLC
The plant was put into operation in 1970; its designed capacity is 120 tons per day. Currently the plant processes up to 20 tons of milk per day and specializes in the production of natural dairy and curds products, as well as drinking yogurts under the "Snegirevo" brand. The plant employs 165 people. It was acquired by Wimm-Bill-Dann Foods OJDS in 2006.
JSC Pervouralsk Silica Plant (JSC Dinur)
One of the biggest refractory plant, manufacturing shaped and monolithic refractories. The company is the only producer of silica bricks in Russia. The number of employees is 3,000.
The plant has its own deposit of crystalline quartzite (Karaulnaya mountain), suitable for production of high quality silica bricks, milled qurtzite.
JSC Dinur exports silica bricks for coke ovens to Algeria, Egypt, Czech, Poland etc. The company fully provides the Russian market with its products.
Education
Pervouralsk metallurgical college was founded in 1945. There are branches of the Ural State Technical University and Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University.
Sports
Uralsky Trubnik Bandy Club plays in Russian Bandy Super League. It is one of the few clubs that has bought a lot of foreign players. Their home arena has a capacity of 6000. After the indoor stadium Volga-Sport-Arena in Ulyanovsk was finished, it is the only Russian Bandy Super League venue without artificial ice. However, a decision to build an indoor bandy stadium has been taken.
There are Water Sports Palace and Ice Sports Palace, ski resorts at Pilnaya and Teplaya mountains.
Cultural life
Drama theatre 'Variant' was founded back in 1982 by amateur actors. The Innovative cultural center was founded in 2016 and where museum exhibitions and concerts take place.
Notable people
Gennady Burbulis (b. 1945), politician
Nikolai Chigirinsky (b. 1983), serial killer
Andrei Dobrokhodov (b. 1984), skater
Igor Dyatlov, who died in the Dyatlov Pass incident in 1959.
Wolf Gorelik (b. 1933), conductor
Alexandra Kapustina (b. 1984), hockey player
Alyona Khomich (b. 1981), hockey player
Alexander Korovin (b. 1994), skater
Lev Kovpak (b. 1978), politician
Yulia Leskina (b. 1991), hockey player
Vitaly Malkin (b. 1952), businessperson
Igor Malkov (b. 1965), speed skater
Sergei Rylov (b.1975), skater
Yekaterina Smolentseva (b. 1981), hockey player
Sergey Stvolov (b. 1964), military officer
Ivan Teplykh (b. 1985), sprinter
Svetlana Terentieva (b. 1983), hockey player
Yuri Tsaler (b. 1973), musician
Mark Urvanov (b. 1996), boxer
Artem Znachkov (b. 1979), skater
References
Notes
^ a b c d e Order #120-P
^ a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
^ Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 65 480», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 65 480, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ).
^ a b Law #85-OZ
^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики. Федеральное агентство по технологическому регулированию и метрологии. №ОК 033-2013 1 января 2014 г. «Общероссийский классификатор территорий муниципальных образований. Код 65 753». (Federal State Statistics Service. Federal Agency on Technological Regulation and Metrology. #OK 033-2013 January 1, 2014 Russian Classification of Territories of Municipal Formations. Code 65 753. ).
^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (in Russian).
^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики . 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
^ Law #30-OZ
^ "Home". trubnik.info.
^ "Google Translate".
Sources
Министерство строительства и развития инфраструктуры Свердловской области. Приказ №120-П от 21 апреля 2014 г. «Об утверждении списка административно-территориальных единиц и населённых пунктов Свердловской области». (Sverdlovsk Oblast Ministry of Construction and Infrastructure Development. Order #120-P of April 21, 2014 On Adopting the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and Inhabited Localities in Sverdlovsk Oblast. ).
Областная Дума Законодательного Собрания Свердловской области. Закон №85-ОЗ от 12 июля 2007 г. «О границах муниципальных образований, расположенных на территории Свердловской области», в ред. Закона №107-ОЗ от 29 октября 2013 г. «Об упразднении отдельных населённых пунктов, расположенных на территории города Ивделя, и о внесении изменений в Приложение 39 к Закону Свердловской области "О границах муниципальных образований, расположенных на территории Свердловской области"». Вступил в силу через 10 дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Областная газета", №232–249, 17 июля 2007 г. (Oblast Duma of the Legislative Assembly of Sverdlovsk Oblast. Law #85-OZ of July 12, 2007 On the Borders of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Sverdlovsk Oblast, as amended by the Law #107-OZ of October 29, 2013 On Abolishing Several Inhabited Localities on the Territory of the Town of Ivdul and on Amending the Law of Sverdlovsk Oblast "On the Borders of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Sverdlovsk Oblast". Effective as of the day which is 10 days after the official publication.).
Областная Дума Законодательного Собрания Свердловской области. Областной закон №30-ОЗ от 20 мая 1997 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Свердловской области», в ред. Закона №32-ОЗ от 25 апреля 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в Областной закон "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Свердловской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования за исключением отдельных положений, вступающих в силу в иные сроки. Опубликован: "Областная газета", №81, 3 июня 1997 г. (Oblast Duma of the Legislative Assembly of Sverdlovsk Oblast. Oblast Law #30-OZ of May 20, 1997 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Sverdlovsk Oblast, as amended by the Law #32-OZ of April 25, 2012 On Amending the Oblast Law "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Sverdlovsk Oblast". Effective as of the day of the official publication with the exception of several clauses which take effect on a different date.).
External links
Official website of Pervouralsk (in Russian)
Unofficial website of Pervouralsk (in Russian)
Photo-portal
Cultural portal
Photos
Pervouralsky Novotrubny Works
vteAdministrative divisions of Sverdlovsk OblastAdministrative center: Yekaterinburg • Rural localitiesAdministrative districts
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Authority control databases: Geographic
MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Urals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_Mountains"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"Sverdlovsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverdlovsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Chusovaya River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chusovaya_River"},{"link_name":"Kama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_River"},{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Yekaterinburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterinburg"},{"link_name":"administrative center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_center"},{"link_name":"oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblast"},{"link_name":"2010 Russian census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Russian_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010Census-2"},{"link_name":"2002 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Russian_census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopCensus-9"},{"link_name":"1989 Soviet census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Soviet_census"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census1989-10"}],"text":"City in Sverdlovsk Oblast, RussiaCity in Sverdlovsk Oblast, RussiaPervouralsk (Russian: Первоура́льск, lit. the first in the Urals) is a city in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Chusovaya River (Kama's tributary) 39 kilometers (24 mi) west of Yekaterinburg, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 124,528 (2010 Russian census);[2] 132,277 (2002 Census);[9] 142,193 (1989 Soviet census);[10] 122,000 (1974); 90,000 (1959); 44,000 (1939).It was previously known as Vasilyevsko-Shaytansky (until 1920).","title":"Pervouralsk"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pervouralsk_map.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.jpg"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Р242 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"56°52′04.00″N 60°02′41.70″E / 56.8677778°N 60.0449167°E / 56.8677778; 60.0449167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pervouralsk¶ms=56_52_04.00_N_60_02_41.70_E_"}],"text":"Map of PervouralskMonument that symbolizes the border between Europe and Asia in Р242 roadA monument that symbolizes the border between the continents of Europe and Asia is located two kilometers from the city.coordinate:56°52′04.00″N 60°02′41.70″E / 56.8677778°N 60.0449167°E / 56.8677778; 60.0449167","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"History of Pervouralsk began in 1730, when Vasily Demidov began the building of the iron-making factory. It produced pipes for more than 200 years. On December 1, 1732, the factory started operating; this date is now considered the official date of the city's foundation.[citation needed] The village around the factory was named Vasilyevsko-Shaytansky.[citation needed] In 1920, the village was renamed Pervouralsk. After building Pervouralsky Novotrubny Works in 1933, the village was granted town status.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"framework of the administrative divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions"},{"link_name":"rural localities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SverdlovskO_admlist-1"},{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Sverdlovsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SverdlovskO_admlaw-11"},{"link_name":"municipal division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SverdlovskO_mun-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SverdlovskO_admlist-1"}],"text":"Within the framework of the administrative divisions, it is, together with twenty-nine rural localities, incorporated as the City of Pervouralsk'[1]—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[11] As a municipal division, the City of Pervouralsk is incorporated as Pervouralsk Urban Okrug.[5][1]","title":"Administrative and municipal status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sable"}],"text":"The coat of arms of the city was adopted in 2002. The sable is taken from a label of Demidov's steel factory. The ring actually represents a section of a pipe. Pipes are basic production of Pervouralsk.","title":"Coat of arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ural Information Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uralinform.ru/detail1.asp?ID=52248"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Ural Information Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uralinform.ru/detail1.asp?ID=52248"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"unemployment rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_rate"},{"link_name":"Ural Information Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uralinform.ru/detail1.asp?ID=52248"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Local Information Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.echoekb.ru/news.php?did=80260"},{"link_name":"Wimm-Bill-Dann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimm-Bill-Dann"}],"text":"Pervouralsk is the second fastest-developing city in Sverdlovsk Oblast after Yekaterinburg (2005 Ural Information Bureau[permanent dead link]). The annual growth rate of industrial output remains steadily at 25-30%; the retail turnover increases 20% a year (2005 Ural Information Bureau[permanent dead link]). This positively affects the unemployment rate, which stays at low 1.16% (2005 Ural Information Bureau[permanent dead link]), and leads to the number of vacancies to exceed the number of unemployed people.Average monthly salary is about $300, which is a little bit lower than the average in the region, which is $350 (Local Information Centre).The city attracts attention of large businesses—only within last years there happens merges and acquisitions with Pervourask enterprises, such as Wimm-Bill-Dann, a well known dairy company, acquiring a dairy plant in Pervouralsk and Chelyabinsk Pipe Group, the second largest in the country, acquiring Pervouralsk Novotrubny Works.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pervouralsky Novotrubny Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervouralsk_New_Pipe_Plant"},{"link_name":"American Petroleum Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute"}],"sub_title":"Pervouralsky Novotrubny Works","text":"Established in 1934 on the boundary between Europe and Asia in the heart of the Ural Mountains, it has inherited the traditions and high industrial standards of Ural craftsmen, whose products have been renowned throughout Europe since 17th century.Pervouralsky Novotrubny Works produces more than 25,000 types and sizes of pipes and specially shaped tubes from 200 carbon, alloyed and stainless steel grades according to 34 Russian and 25 foreign standards and 400 specifications.Certification by the American Petroleum Institute and the German TUV for meeting DIN standard requirements, as well as a number of other requirements, attests to the quality of pipes produced by Pervouralsky Novotrubny Works.\nL\nIt was acquired by Chelyabinsk Pipe Group in 2005.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"JSC Pervouralsk Plant of the Tubular Building Constructions (PZTSK)","text":"Leader in the field of metal constructing, wall and roofing panels in the Russian Federation since 1975. Also offers construction decisions and installation of buildings. PZTSK's quality management system is in accordance with the requirements of DIN EN ISO 9001:2000.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pervouralsk Plant of Complete Metallic Construction","text":"One of the leading enterprises in Russia in the field of designing, producing and assembling of building and light metallic construction of complete delivery. At the present moment the plant produces 1,300 tons of metallic constructions, 35,000 m2 of wall roof panels and 7,000 m2 of windows per month.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wimm-Bill-Dann Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimm-Bill-Dann_Foods"}],"sub_title":"Pervouralsk City Dairy Plant LLC","text":"The plant was put into operation in 1970; its designed capacity is 120 tons per day. Currently the plant processes up to 20 tons of milk per day and specializes in the production of natural dairy and curds products, as well as drinking yogurts under the \"Snegirevo\" brand. The plant employs 165 people. It was acquired by Wimm-Bill-Dann Foods OJDS in 2006.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"JSC Pervouralsk Silica Plant (JSC Dinur)","text":"One of the biggest refractory plant, manufacturing shaped and monolithic refractories. The company is the only producer of silica bricks in Russia. The number of employees is 3,000.The plant has its own deposit of crystalline quartzite (Karaulnaya mountain), suitable for production of high quality silica bricks, milled qurtzite.JSC Dinur exports silica bricks for coke ovens to Algeria, Egypt, Czech, Poland etc. The company fully provides the Russian market with its products.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ural State Technical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_State_Technical_University"},{"link_name":"Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_State_Vocational_Pedagogical_University"}],"text":"Pervouralsk metallurgical college was founded in 1945. There are branches of the Ural State Technical University and Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uralsky Trubnik Bandy Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralsky_Trubnik_Bandy_Club"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Russian Bandy Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Bandy_Super_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/18/&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/18/%26hl%3Den%26tbo%3Dd%26biw%3D1024%26bih%3D545&sa=X&ei=jZ-7UIfaEqqh4gT8ioDIAQ&ved=0CDMQ7gEwAA"},{"link_name":"Volga-Sport-Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga-Sport-Arena"},{"link_name":"Ulyanovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulyanovsk#Sports"},{"link_name":"Russian Bandy Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Bandy_Super_League"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Uralsky Trubnik Bandy Club[12] plays in Russian Bandy Super League. It is one of the few clubs that has bought a lot of foreign players. Their home arena has a capacity of 6000.[1] After the indoor stadium Volga-Sport-Arena in Ulyanovsk was finished, it is the only Russian Bandy Super League venue without artificial ice. However, a decision to build an indoor bandy stadium has been taken.[13]There are Water Sports Palace and Ice Sports Palace, ski resorts at Pilnaya and Teplaya mountains.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Drama theatre 'Variant' was founded back in 1982 by amateur actors. The Innovative cultural center was founded in 2016 and where museum exhibitions and concerts take place.","title":"Cultural life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gennady Burbulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennady_Burbulis"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Chigirinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Chigirinsky"},{"link_name":"Andrei Dobrokhodov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Dobrokhodov"},{"link_name":"Dyatlov Pass incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyatlov_Pass_incident"},{"link_name":"Wolf Gorelik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Gorelik"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Kapustina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Kapustina"},{"link_name":"Alyona Khomich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyona_Khomich"},{"link_name":"Alexander Korovin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Korovin"},{"link_name":"Lev Kovpak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Kovpak"},{"link_name":"Yulia Leskina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulia_Leskina"},{"link_name":"Vitaly Malkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaly_Malkin"},{"link_name":"Igor Malkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Malkov"},{"link_name":"Sergei Rylov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Rylov"},{"link_name":"Yekaterina Smolentseva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterina_Smolentseva"},{"link_name":"Sergey Stvolov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Stvolov"},{"link_name":"Ivan Teplykh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Teplykh"},{"link_name":"Svetlana Terentieva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlana_Terentieva"},{"link_name":"Yuri Tsaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Tsaler"},{"link_name":"Mark Urvanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Urvanov"},{"link_name":"Artem Znachkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artem_Znachkov"}],"text":"Gennady Burbulis (b. 1945), politician\nNikolai Chigirinsky (b. 1983), serial killer\nAndrei Dobrokhodov (b. 1984), skater\nIgor Dyatlov, who died in the Dyatlov Pass incident in 1959.\nWolf Gorelik (b. 1933), conductor\nAlexandra Kapustina (b. 1984), hockey player\nAlyona Khomich (b. 1981), hockey player\nAlexander Korovin (b. 1994), skater\nLev Kovpak (b. 1978), politician\nYulia Leskina (b. 1991), hockey player\nVitaly Malkin (b. 1952), businessperson\nIgor Malkov (b. 1965), speed skater\nSergei Rylov (b.1975), skater\nYekaterina Smolentseva (b. 1981), hockey player\nSergey Stvolov (b. 1964), military officer\nIvan Teplykh (b. 1985), sprinter\nSvetlana Terentieva (b. 1983), hockey player\nYuri Tsaler (b. 1973), musician\nMark Urvanov (b. 1996), boxer\nArtem Znachkov (b. 1979), skater","title":"Notable people"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Pervouralsk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Pervouralsk_map.jpg/220px-Pervouralsk_map.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monument that symbolizes the border between Europe and Asia in Р242 road","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","url_text":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar","url_text":"\"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года\""}]},{"reference":"\"Об исчислении времени\". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","url_text":"\"Об исчислении времени\""}]},{"reference":"Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"},{"url":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","url_text":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"}]},{"reference":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","url_text":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". trubnik.info.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trubnik.info/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google Translate\".","urls":[{"url":"https://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.rusbandy.ru/news/11933/","url_text":"\"Google Translate\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pervouralsk¶ms=56_55_N_59_56_E_type:city(124528)_region:RU","external_links_name":"56°55′N 59°56′E / 56.917°N 59.933°E / 56.917; 59.933"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pervouralsk¶ms=56_55_N_59_56_E_type:city(124528)_region:RU","external_links_name":"56°55′N 59°56′E / 56.917°N 59.933°E / 56.917; 59.933"},{"Link":"http://www.prvadm.ru/","external_links_name":"www.prvadm.ru"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pervouralsk¶ms=56_52_04.00_N_60_02_41.70_E_","external_links_name":"56°52′04.00″N 60°02′41.70″E / 56.8677778°N 60.0449167°E / 56.8677778; 60.0449167"},{"Link":"http://www.uralinform.ru/detail1.asp?ID=52248","external_links_name":"Ural Information Bureau"},{"Link":"http://www.uralinform.ru/detail1.asp?ID=52248","external_links_name":"Ural Information Bureau"},{"Link":"http://www.uralinform.ru/detail1.asp?ID=52248","external_links_name":"Ural Information Bureau"},{"Link":"http://www.echoekb.ru/news.php?did=80260","external_links_name":"Local Information Centre"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/18/&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/18/%26hl%3Den%26tbo%3Dd%26biw%3D1024%26bih%3D545&sa=X&ei=jZ-7UIfaEqqh4gT8ioDIAQ&ved=0CDMQ7gEwAA","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","external_links_name":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Army_(1661-1801) | Irish Army (1661–1801) | ["1 Background","1.1 Wars of the Three Kingdoms","2 Restoration","3 The army under James II","3.1 The Williamite War","3.2 The Treaty of Limerick","4 Eighteenth century","4.1 French and Indian War","4.2 American War of Independence","4.3 Rebellion of 1798","5 Amalgamation","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Further reading"] | Irish ArmyActive1661–1801Country Kingdom of IrelandTypeArmyRoleLand warfareSize7,500 (1661)c. 36,000 (1690)12,000 (1699–1767)15,235 (1767–1801)CommandersCommander-in-ChiefJames Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond (1661–1685)Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell (1685–1689)Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg (1689–1690)Godert de Ginkel (1690–1692)Lord Galway (1692–1701)Thomas Erle (1701–1705)Lord Cutts (1705–1707)Richard Ingoldsby (1707–January 1712)William Steuart (1711–1714)Lord Tyrawley (1714–1721)Lord Shannon (1721–1740)Owen Wynne, 1728Gervais Parker (1740–1750)Viscount Molesworth (1751–1758)Lord Rothes (1758–1767)William Keppel (1773–1774)
George Augustus EliottSir John Irwin (1775–1782)John Burgoyne (1782–1784)Sir William Augustus Pitt (1784–1791)George Warde (1791–1793)Lord Rossmore (1793–1796)Lord Carhampton (1796–1798)Sir Ralph Abercromby, 1798Lord Lake, 1798Lord Cornwallis (1798–1801)Military unit
The Irish Army or Irish establishment, in practice called the monarch's "army in Ireland" or "army of Ireland", was the standing army of the Kingdom of Ireland, a client state of England and subsequently (from 1707) of Great Britain. It existed from the early 1660s until merged into the British Army in 1801, and for much of the period was the largest force available to the British monarchy, being substantially larger than the English and Scottish establishments.
Initially solely under the monarch's control, from 1699 the army was jointly controlled by the monarch and by the Parliament of England. The Parliament of Ireland took over some responsibilities in 1769, extended after 1782 when it began passing its own Mutiny Acts. The army, funded by Irish crown revenues, had its own Commander-in-Chief.
For much of its history, only members of the Anglo-Irish Anglican Protestant minority could join the army, while both the Catholic majority in Ireland and Protestant Nonconformists were barred from enlistment. During the reign of the Catholic king James II (r. 1685–1688), Catholics were actively recruited into the army and quickly became a majority within it. When James was overthrown by Anglo-Dutch pro-Protestant groups in the 1688 Glorious Revolution, most of the Irish Army units stayed loyal to him and fought on his side as Jacobites in the Williamite–Jacobite War of 1688-1691. Following James's defeat, many of these units went into exile in France, where they became the core of the Irish Brigade.
The army was rebuilt by the new regime after the Williamite victory, once again as an exclusively Protestant force, although manpower shortages meant that over time some Catholics were enlisted, an arrangement finally legalised in 1778. Its soldiers fought for Britain in the Nine Years' War of 1688–1697, the French and Indian War of 1754-1763, and the American Revolutionary War of 1775-1783. It also fought against the United Irishmen insurgents in the Irish Rebellion of 1798, although the bulk of the pro-Government fighting was left by the establishment to be done by two parallel but separate forces intended for service domestically: the Irish Militia, re-organized in 1793, and the Irish Yeomanry, formed
in 1796.
Following the 1800 Acts of Union and their abolition of the Parliament of Ireland, the Irish Army's regiments were placed on the British establishment, although some roles continued to exist separately.
For historical reasons, the modern Irish Army, which originated as the pre-1922 Irish Republican Army, does not trace its lineage from any part of the earlier Irish Army, although the pre-1922 Royal Irish Regiment did, while the 92nd Regiment of the French Army still traces its descent from the Irish Brigade.
Background
Further information: Military history of Ireland
Following the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland in the late 12th century, large parts of Ireland came under the control of Anglo-Norman lords and the English Crown. This territory became the Lordship of Ireland and the kings of England claimed sovereignty over it as "lords of Ireland". The rest of the island—known as Gaelic Ireland—remained under the control of various native Irish kingdoms and chiefdoms. The English administration, the Anglo-Norman lords and the Irish chiefs each raised their own armies in times of war.
By the 15th century the area of direct English control had shrunk to an area called the Pale, and English rule came under further strain during the rebellion of Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare in the 1530s. The Fitzgerald family had traditionally been the leading Anglo-Irish lords in the country, serving as Lord Lieutenants. Their rebellion exposed the weakness of Henry VIII's forces in the Lordship, with the rebels securing large gains and besieging Dublin.
In 1542 the Kingdom of Ireland was formally established and Henry VIII of England became King of Ireland. The English then began establishing control over the island. It involved the policy of surrender and regrant, and the colonization of Irish land by Protestant settlers, largely from England. This sparked conflict with various Irish lordships, most notably the Desmond Rebellions and the Nine Years' War. This latter conflict ended in 1603 with English victory over the Irish armies and their Spanish allies. Following the Flight of the Earls (1607), all of Ireland came under the control of the English Crown and its government in Ireland.
Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Main article: Wars of the Three Kingdoms
During the Scottish Crisis of the early 1640s, Randal MacDonnell, Earl of Antrim was authorized by King Charles I to raise a 'New Irish Army'. Mainly drawn from the Catholic Gaelic inhabitants of Ulster, and mustered at Carrickfergus, it was intended to take part in a landing on the coast of Scotland. However it was rumoured that Charles I planned to lead the New Irish Army against his English Parliamentarian enemies, in the months before the outbreak of the English Civil War. When the Irish Rebellion of 1641 broke out, the traditional Irish Army was too small in size to cope. Many soldiers of the New Irish Army joined the rebels, and soon controlled large swathes of Ireland. In 1642 they established the Irish Catholic Confederacy and an Irish Confederate army.
Large numbers of reinforcements arrived from England in 1642, known as the "English Army for Ireland", to support the Irish Royalists. Scotland sent a Covenanter army to Ulster. Irish Protestants in northwestern Ulster raised their own 'Laggan Army', which was nominally under the command of the Crown, but largely acted independently. The Irish Confederate army fought against these armies, in what became known as the Irish Confederate Wars. The King authorised secret negotiations with the Confederates, resulting in a Confederate–Royalist ceasefire in September 1643. In 1644, a Confederate military expedition landed in Scotland to help Royalists there.
In 1649, a large English Parliamentarian army, led by Oliver Cromwell, invaded Ireland. It besieged and captured many towns from the Confederate–Royalist alliance, and had conquered Ireland by 1653. The remnants of the Royalist Irish army served in exile under Charles II, while Ireland was garrisoned by English republican troops until 1660.
Restoration
The Royal Hospital Kilmainham was established in 1680 for the welfare of former soldiers.
Further information: Restoration (Ireland)
In 1660 Charles was restored to the Irish throne. While the English New Model Army was quickly disbanded after the Restoration, Charles initially retained the large army still stationed in Ireland. It numbered 5,000 infantry and 2,500 cavalry, considerably bigger than it had been before the rebellion, and was the largest armed force available to Charles in the British Isles. Many of its officers and men were, however, Cromwellian veterans of doubtful loyalty, and in 1661 Charles's newly appointed viceroy, the Duke of Ormonde, began a process of reforming it.
Ormonde's initial step in reorganisation was to raise a 1,200-strong regiment of Foot Guards in April 1662, quartered in Dublin. The experienced Anglo-Irish soldier Sir William Flower was made lieutenant-colonel, while Ormonde's son Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran was gazetted colonel, with captaincy of a company. To minimise Cromwellian influence, many of the rank and file were initially raised in England, with further recruits drawn from the ranks of the Irish “Independent Companies”.
In 1672 the remainder of the Irish army was organised into six new regiments of foot, though this was primarily a paper-based exercise as other than the Guards they remained split up in small garrisons around the country. While the Royal Hospital Kilmainham was built for the welfare of soldiers in 1680, the rank and file remained generally poorly paid and equipped; a report of 1676 described the army as "in a most miserable condition". All officers and men serving in Ireland were supposed to produce evidence of being Anglican Protestants, Catholic professional soldiers only being permitted to serve abroad. The dismissal or resignation of former New Model Army veterans meant that many officers were inexperienced Anglo-Irish gentleman soldiers who often embezzled the funds sent by Dublin; by 1676 most men were on extended furlough as there was insufficient money to pay them, with the Foot Guards remaining the only effective unit of the army.
By 1685 and the accession of Charles's Catholic brother James II, the establishment consisted of the Foot Guards; the Earl of Granard's Regiment, based in Roscommon, Longford and Westmeath; Viscount Mountjoy's, based in Tyrone, Armagh and Derry; Sir Thomas Newcomen's, based in Wexford, Tipperary, and King's County; Thomas Fairfax's, based in Antrim and Down; Justin McCarthy's, based in Cork; and Theodore Russell's, based in Galway, Clare and Queens County. There were also three regiments of cavalry; Ormonde's, Tyrconnell's and Ossory's. The Irish army's main duty remained internal security, although two companies of the Foot Guards were deployed as "sea-soldiers" during the Third Anglo-Dutch War: the cavalry's typical duties included escorting merchandise and bullion. During the period there were fears of a revival of republicanism amongst Irish Protestants, and extra troops were stationed around Cork and Ulster. This strategy was broadly successful: at James's accession there was no equivalent Irish rising to the 1685 Monmouth and Argyll rebellions.
The army under James II
Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell; appointed head of the army in Ireland by James II in 1685 and Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1687, he increased Catholic recruitment in an effort to create an establishment loyal to James
While recruitment of Catholics into the army had recommenced in the last years of Charles II's reign, James's newly appointed Commander-in-Chief, Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, wished to create a Catholic establishment loyal to James and conducted a purge of Protestant army officers, replacing many with Catholics. He also began accelerating recruitment of Catholics into the rank and file, starting with the Foot Guards, giving the pretext that “the King would have all his men young and of one size”. By the summer of 1686, two-thirds of the army's rank and file and 40% of officers were Catholic. Reports received by the viceroy, the Earl of Clarendon, of growing friction between Catholic army units and Protestants began to cause concern both in Ireland and England: Clarendon's secretary noted "the Irish talk of nothing now but recovering their lands and bringing the English under their subjection".
James and Tyrconnell's efforts to promote Catholicism alienated large parts of the British political establishment and in 1688 James was deposed by his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband (and James's nephew) William of Orange, ruling as joint monarchs. James had ordered 2,500 troops of the Irish army, including a battalion each of the Foot Guards, Granard's and Hamilton's regiments, transferred to England in late 1688, crippling Tyrconnell's ability to defend the country; all were disarmed on William's landing in England. Their Catholic personnel were imprisoned on the Isle of Wight before being shipped to the Continent for service with the Emperor Leopold; the remaining Protestant officers and men were incorporated into Granard's Regiment, which as the regiment with the highest proportion of Protestants became the only regiment of the Irish Army to continue in service with William, as the 18th Foot.
With the implications for Ireland uncertain, Irish Protestants launched a rebellion in 1689, forming the Army of the North and declaring William as king, though Tyrconnell was able to retain control of most towns using the remaining units loyal to James. After initially considering reaching a peace settlement with William, Tyrconnell subsequently resolved to hold Ireland for James; in January 1689 he issued warrants for an enormous expansion of the army. As the Catholic gentry realised the profits that could be made raising men for military service, many of the new regiments initially consisted of 30-45 companies, mostly without uniforms and armed with clubs or rusty muskets; neither Tyrconnell's government nor the Irish economy could afford to properly equip or pay such numbers and a team of inspectors, including Patrick Sarsfield, reduced them to more manageable totals. James's Irish army eventually settled at a total of 45 foot regiments, each of 12 line companies and one grenadier company; 8 dragoon regiments; 7 cavalry regiments and a cavalry Life Guard, about 36,000 men strong.
The Williamite War
Main article: Williamite War in Ireland
James landed in Kinsale on 12 March, accompanied by French regulars under Conrad von Rosen, along with English, Scottish and Irish Jacobite volunteers, in an attempt to use Ireland as a base to regain all three kingdoms. On 13 August, Schomberg, head of William's main invasion force, landed in Belfast Lough; by the end of the month, he had more than 20,000 men. Carrickfergus fell on 27 August, but an opportunity for Schomberg to quickly end the war by taking Dundalk was missed after his army was crippled by poor logistics, exacerbated by disease.
The ensuing Williamite War was to last two years and claim up to 100,000 civilian and military lives by contemporary estimate. William himself landed in June 1690 bringing substantial reinforcements; James's army was defeated at the Boyne in July, leading to the loss of Dublin, but held off William's advance at the Siege of Limerick in September. With the Jacobites retaining much of western Ireland, both James and William left Ireland in 1690, leaving the war to be handled by subordinates.
The Battle of Aughrim (1691) was a defeat for James II's Irish Army. Shortly afterwards much of the Army left for France in the Flight of the Wild Geese.
In July of the following year the bloodiest battle in Irish history was fought at Aughrim in County Galway; the Irish army's senior commander, French officer Charles Chalmot de Saint-Ruhe was killed and many other officers killed or taken prisoner, dealing a decisive blow to the Jacobite effort. Tyrconnell died of a stroke the following month and Patrick Sarsfield took over as the senior Jacobite negotiator.
The Treaty of Limerick
In October Sarsfield signed the Treaty of Limerick; the settlement agreed to his demand that those still in Jacobite service could leave for France to serve with the French army. Popularly known in Ireland as the "Flight of the Wild Geese", the process began almost immediately, using English ships sailing from Cork; French ships completed it by December. Modern estimates suggest that around 19,000 men of the Irish army and rapparees, or irregular forces, departed: women and children brought the figure to slightly over 20,000, or about one per cent of Ireland's population at the time. It was reported that some of the soldiers had to be forced on board the ships when they learned they would be joining the French. Most were unable to bring or to contact their families and many appear to have deserted en route from Limerick to Cork.
A separate Irish Brigade had been formed in 1689–90 for French service: the new arrivals from Ireland were eventually incorporated in it but continued the traditions of the old Irish army. While the French, despite a great deal of resistance by James himself, substantially reorganised the force, some individual regiments continued in existence, such as the Grand Prior's Regiment and the Foot Guards, which became Albemarle's and Dorrington's Regiments of the Irish Brigade respectively. They continued to wear the red coat of the Irish Army, leading to occasional confusion when they were fighting the British Army. Disbanded Jacobites still presented a considerable risk to security in Ireland and despite resistance from the English and Irish parliaments, William encouraged them to enlist in his own forces; by the end of 1693 a further 3,650 former Jacobites had joined William's armies fighting on the Continent.
William reformed the Irish Army, using it as a source of recruits for his international coalition during the Nine Years' War. Though Catholic recruitment was once again forbidden, this proved loosely enforced in practice while manpower was needed and men keen to enlist: a 1697 inquiry found 64 Irish Catholics in a single battalion and 400 in Sir Richard Coote's regiment. Following the Treaty of Ryswick, William planned to maintain a much larger standing army but the Parliament of England responded by passing the 1699 Disbanding Act, intended to prevent William
involving the country in Continental wars; this reduced the English army to 7,000 and the Irish to 12,000. The Disbanding Act also insisted on the discharge of all foreigners, such as French Huguenots, from both armies; from 1701 most recruitment in Ireland was also officially prohibited.
Eighteenth century
Through most of the 18th century, parliamentary hostility in England to a large standing army meant that the Irish military establishment continued in use as a means to preserve a cadre of regiments that would otherwise have been disbanded. This was achieved by keeping them at a lower than usual
operational strength while in Ireland, then recruiting up to full strength before deployment abroad in times of war. "Irish" regiments could at any time be transferred to another establishment, or transferred abroad while remaining on the Irish establishment, although they then ceased to be a charge on the Irish Exchequer. The anomalous situation was emphasised by the fact that they were technically forbidden from recruiting rank and file in Ireland until 1756, although routinely ignored during manpower crises. The expense and difficulty of recruiting in Britain regularly led to staff officers clandestinely enlisting Irish Catholics, or attempting to pass Irish Protestants off as Scots: the nationality test did not apply to officers, among whom the Anglo-Irish were disproportionately represented in both the Irish and British establishments.
By 1767, British ministers wanted to increase the size of the peacetime army, but faced parliamentary resistance to any attempt to expand the British establishment. The "Augmentation crisis" resulted in an increase in the Irish army being proposed instead; the British parliament accordingly raised the cap on the Irish establishment from 12,000 to 15,235, while in 1769 a statute of the Irish parliament committed to maintaining the "augmentation" of the additional 3,235 troops.
The inequities of the situation were among the main drivers of the early Irish Patriot movement in the mid 18th century; it was pointed out that Ireland was "obliged to support a large military establishment" primarily for the benefit of Great Britain, while still being subject to restrictions on trade.
French and Indian War
The British government drew on regiments on the Irish establishment for the Braddock Expedition to Fort Duquesne at the opening stages of the French and Indian War. The 44th and 48th foot were quickly dispatched from Ireland and suffered heavy casualties at the disastrous engagement at the Monongahela. Both regiments continued to serve throughout the war taking part in the more successful expedition against Havana before returning home in 1763 for service again in Ireland.
American War of Independence
Following the outbreak of rebellion in Britain's Thirteen Colonies in 1775, Ireland provided large numbers of recruits to the expanded British Army. Following a vote in the Irish Parliament, it was agreed that a number of Irish Army regiments be allowed to serve in America. This led to concerns that Ireland was not properly defended once France entered the war in 1778, having sent so many soldiers abroad. A spontaneous movement established the Irish Volunteers, committed to the defence of the island against invasion. Despite this, the Volunteers rapidly emerged as a political movement demanding greater powers be granted to Ireland by London, which eventually led to the Constitution of 1782. Amongst its many measures, this gave the Irish Parliament greater control over its own armed forces.
Rebellion of 1798
Main article: Irish Rebellion of 1798
In the 1790s the Army was described as "not fit for purpose". This came at a time of growing support for the republican ideas of the French Revolution, amidst fears of the revolutionary spirit spreading to Britain and Ireland.
Amalgamation
The Irish Army was amalgamated into the British Army following the Acts of Union 1800. By this stage the traditional ban on Irish Catholics serving in the army had been completely removed, and they began to supply a growing portion of troops.
See also
Commander-in-Chief, Ireland
Military history of Ireland
Notes
^ Chichester & Ferguson 2004.
^ Childs 1980, p. 58.
^ a b Childs 2013, p. 204.
^ a b Hand 1968, p. 331.
^ Hand 1968, p. 335.
^
Blackstock, Allan (1998). An Ascendancy Army: The Irish Yeomanry, 1796-1834. 1798 Bicentenary Book Series. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 9781851823291. Retrieved 29 August 2022.
^ Bartlett & Jeffery 1996, pp. 116–135.
^ Ryder 1987, (see book title).
^ a b c Childs 2014, p. 10.
^ a b Falkiner 1904, p. 79.
^ Falkiner 1904, p. 83.
^ Bartlett & Jeffery 1996, pp. 212–213.
^ Childs 2013, pp. 205–207.
^ Childs 2013, p. 208.
^ Childs 2013, p. 205.
^ Childs 2013, p. 206.
^ Bartlett & Jeffrey p. 235
^ Childs 1980, pp. 56–79.
^ Falkiner 1904, p. 93.
^ Connolly 1992, p. 33.
^ Connolly 1992, p. 34.
^ a b Cannon 1848, pp. 4–5.
^ Childs 2007, p. 3.
^ Hayes-McCoy 1942, p. 6.
^ a b Bartlett & Jeffery 1997, pp. 189–190.
^ Bartlett & Jeffery 1997, p. 198.
^ Lenihan 2001, p. 202.
^ Lenihan 2001, p. 203.
^ Manning 2006, p. 398.
^ a b c Manning 2006, p. 397.
^ Rowlands 2001, pp. 5–6.
^ McNally 2017, p. 83.
^ McGrath 1996, p. 30.
^ a b McGrath 2015, p. 115.
^ Childs 1987, pp. 194–202.
^ Childs 1987, p. 136.
^ a b Hand 1968, p. 333.
^ a b Hayes 1956, p. 362.
^ Bartlett & Jeffery 1997, p. 219.
^ Hand 1968, p. 334.
^ Morley 2002, p. 43.
^ "48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot: locations". Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 10 November 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
References
Bartlett, Thomas; Jeffery, Keith (1996), A Military History of Ireland, Cambridge University Press
Bartlett, Thomas; Jeffery, Keith (1997), A Military History of Ireland, Cambridge University Press
Cannon, Richard (1848), Historical Record of the Eighteenth, Or the Royal Irish Regiment of Foot, Parker, Furnivall and Parker
Chichester, H.M.; Ferguson, Kenneth (reviser) (2004), "Ingoldsby, Richard (1664/5–1712)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14412 (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Childs, John (1980), The Army, James II, and the Glorious Revolution, Manchester University Press
Childs, John (1987), The British Army of William III, 1688–1702, Manchester University Press
Childs, John (2007), The Williamite Wars in Ireland 1688 – 1691, London: Hambledon Continuum Press, ISBN 978-1-85285-573-4
Childs, John (2013), Army of Charles II, Routledge
Childs, John (2014), General Percy Kirke and the Later Stuart Army
Falkiner, C. Litton (1904), Illustrations of Irish History and Topography, Longmans
Hand, G. J. (1968), "The Constitutional Position of the Irish Military Establishment from the Restoration to the Union", Irish Jurist, 3 (2)
Hayes, James (1956), "The military papers of Colonel Samuel Bagshawe (1713-62)", Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 39 (2)
Hayes-McCoy, G. A. (1942), "The Battle of Aughrim", Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society, 20 (1)
Connolly, S.J. (1992), Religion, Law, and Power: The Making of Protestant Ireland 1660–1760, Oxford University Press
Lenihan, Padraig (2001), Conquest and Resistance: War in Seventeenth-Century Ireland, Brill, ISBN 978-9004117433
Manning, Roger (2006), An Apprenticeship in Arms: The Origins of the British Army 1585–1702, Oxford University Press
McGrath, Charles Ivar (1996), "Securing the Protestant Interest: The Origins and Purpose of the Penal Laws of 1695", Irish Historical Studies, 30 (117)
McGrath, Charles (2015), Ireland and Empire, 1692–1770, Routledge
McNally, Michael (2017), Fontenoy 1745: Cumberland's bloody defeat, Bloomsbury Publishing
Morley, Vincent (2002), Irish Opinion and the American Revolution, Cambridge University Press
Rowlands, Guy (2001), An Army in Exile: Louis XIV and the Irish Forces of James II in France, 1691–1698, Royal Stuart Society
Ryder, Ian (1987), English Army for Ireland 1642, Partizan Press, ISBN 978-0946525294
Further reading
McCavitt, John (2002), The Flight of the Earls, Gill & MacMillan
Reid, Stuart (2014), Sheriffmuir 1715, Frontline Books
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WikiProject | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds198058-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2013204-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHand1968331-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHand1968331-4"},{"link_name":"standing army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_army"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"client state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_state"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"British monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_monarchy"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Army"},{"link_name":"Scottish establishments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_Army"},{"link_name":"Parliament of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Mutiny Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutiny_Acts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHand1968335-5"},{"link_name":"Commander-in-Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Nonconformists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)"},{"link_name":"were barred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_Laws_against_Irish_Catholics"},{"link_name":"James II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Glorious Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Jacobites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism"},{"link_name":"Williamite–Jacobite War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"Irish Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Brigade_(France)"},{"link_name":"legalised in 1778","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papists_Act_1778"},{"link_name":"Nine Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"French and Indian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Indian_War"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"United Irishmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Irishmen"},{"link_name":"Irish Rebellion of 1798","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798"},{"link_name":"Irish Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Militia"},{"link_name":"Yeomanry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeomanry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Acts of Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800"},{"link_name":"Irish Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Army"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1919%E2%80%931922)"},{"link_name":"Royal Irish Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Regiment_(1684%E2%80%931922)"},{"link_name":"92nd Regiment of the French Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92nd_Infantry_Regiment_(France)"}],"text":"Military unitThe Irish Army[2][3] or Irish establishment,[4] in practice called the monarch's \"army in Ireland\" or \"army of Ireland\",[4] was the standing army of the Kingdom of Ireland, a client state of England and subsequently (from 1707) of Great Britain. It existed from the early 1660s until merged into the British Army in 1801, and for much of the period was the largest force available to the British monarchy, being substantially larger than the English and Scottish establishments.Initially solely under the monarch's control, from 1699 the army was jointly controlled by the monarch and by the Parliament of England. The Parliament of Ireland took over some responsibilities in 1769, extended after 1782 when it began passing its own Mutiny Acts.[5] The army, funded by Irish crown revenues, had its own Commander-in-Chief.For much of its history, only members of the Anglo-Irish Anglican Protestant minority could join the army, while both the Catholic majority in Ireland and Protestant Nonconformists were barred from enlistment. During the reign of the Catholic king James II (r. 1685–1688), Catholics were actively recruited into the army and quickly became a majority within it. When James was overthrown by Anglo-Dutch pro-Protestant groups in the 1688 Glorious Revolution, most of the Irish Army units stayed loyal to him and fought on his side as Jacobites in the Williamite–Jacobite War of 1688-1691. Following James's defeat, many of these units went into exile in France, where they became the core of the Irish Brigade.The army was rebuilt by the new regime after the Williamite victory, once again as an exclusively Protestant force, although manpower shortages meant that over time some Catholics were enlisted, an arrangement finally legalised in 1778. Its soldiers fought for Britain in the Nine Years' War of 1688–1697, the French and Indian War of 1754-1763, and the American Revolutionary War of 1775-1783. It also fought against the United Irishmen insurgents in the Irish Rebellion of 1798, although the bulk of the pro-Government fighting was left by the establishment to be done by two parallel but separate forces intended for service domestically: the Irish Militia, re-organized in 1793, and the Irish Yeomanry, formed[6]\nin 1796.Following the 1800 Acts of Union and their abolition of the Parliament of Ireland, the Irish Army's regiments were placed on the British establishment, although some roles continued to exist separately.For historical reasons, the modern Irish Army, which originated as the pre-1922 Irish Republican Army, does not trace its lineage from any part of the earlier Irish Army, although the pre-1922 Royal Irish Regiment did, while the 92nd Regiment of the French Army still traces its descent from the Irish Brigade.","title":"Irish Army (1661–1801)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Military history of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Normans"},{"link_name":"Lordship of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"kings of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_England"},{"link_name":"Gaelic Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland"},{"link_name":"English administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Castle_administration"},{"link_name":"the Pale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pale"},{"link_name":"Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_FitzGerald,_10th_Earl_of_Kildare"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1996116%E2%80%93135-7"},{"link_name":"Lord Lieutenants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"besieging Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Dublin_(1534)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"establishing control over the island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"surrender and regrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_and_regrant"},{"link_name":"colonization of Irish land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Desmond Rebellions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions"},{"link_name":"Nine Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_Spain"},{"link_name":"Flight of the Earls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls"}],"text":"Further information: Military history of IrelandFollowing the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland in the late 12th century, large parts of Ireland came under the control of Anglo-Norman lords and the English Crown. This territory became the Lordship of Ireland and the kings of England claimed sovereignty over it as \"lords of Ireland\". The rest of the island—known as Gaelic Ireland—remained under the control of various native Irish kingdoms and chiefdoms. The English administration, the Anglo-Norman lords and the Irish chiefs each raised their own armies in times of war.By the 15th century the area of direct English control had shrunk to an area called the Pale, and English rule came under further strain during the rebellion of Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare in the 1530s.[7] The Fitzgerald family had traditionally been the leading Anglo-Irish lords in the country, serving as Lord Lieutenants. Their rebellion exposed the weakness of Henry VIII's forces in the Lordship, with the rebels securing large gains and besieging Dublin.In 1542 the Kingdom of Ireland was formally established and Henry VIII of England became King of Ireland. The English then began establishing control over the island. It involved the policy of surrender and regrant, and the colonization of Irish land by Protestant settlers, largely from England. This sparked conflict with various Irish lordships, most notably the Desmond Rebellions and the Nine Years' War. This latter conflict ended in 1603 with English victory over the Irish armies and their Spanish allies. Following the Flight of the Earls (1607), all of Ireland came under the control of the English Crown and its government in Ireland.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%27s_Wars"},{"link_name":"Randal MacDonnell, Earl of Antrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randal_MacDonnell,_1st_Marquess_of_Antrim_(1645_creation)"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster"},{"link_name":"Carrickfergus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrickfergus"},{"link_name":"Parliamentarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundheads"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Irish Rebellion of 1641","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641"},{"link_name":"Irish Catholic Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyder1987(see_book_title)-8"},{"link_name":"Royalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier"},{"link_name":"Covenanter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenanters"},{"link_name":"Laggan Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laggan_Army"},{"link_name":"Irish Confederate Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars"},{"link_name":"Confederate military expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_expedition_to_Scotland"},{"link_name":"English Parliamentarian army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Model_Army"},{"link_name":"Oliver Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"invaded Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"English republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Wars of the Three Kingdoms","text":"During the Scottish Crisis of the early 1640s, Randal MacDonnell, Earl of Antrim was authorized by King Charles I to raise a 'New Irish Army'. Mainly drawn from the Catholic Gaelic inhabitants of Ulster, and mustered at Carrickfergus, it was intended to take part in a landing on the coast of Scotland. However it was rumoured that Charles I planned to lead the New Irish Army against his English Parliamentarian enemies, in the months before the outbreak of the English Civil War. When the Irish Rebellion of 1641 broke out, the traditional Irish Army was too small in size to cope. Many soldiers of the New Irish Army joined the rebels, and soon controlled large swathes of Ireland. In 1642 they established the Irish Catholic Confederacy and an Irish Confederate army.Large numbers of reinforcements arrived from England in 1642, known as the \"English Army for Ireland\",[8] to support the Irish Royalists. Scotland sent a Covenanter army to Ulster. Irish Protestants in northwestern Ulster raised their own 'Laggan Army', which was nominally under the command of the Crown, but largely acted independently. The Irish Confederate army fought against these armies, in what became known as the Irish Confederate Wars. The King authorised secret negotiations with the Confederates, resulting in a Confederate–Royalist ceasefire in September 1643. In 1644, a Confederate military expedition landed in Scotland to help Royalists there.In 1649, a large English Parliamentarian army, led by Oliver Cromwell, invaded Ireland. It besieged and captured many towns from the Confederate–Royalist alliance, and had conquered Ireland by 1653. The remnants of the Royalist Irish army served in exile under Charles II, while Ireland was garrisoned by English republican troops until 1660.[citation needed]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal-hospital-kilmainham-01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Royal Hospital Kilmainham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hospital_Kilmainham"},{"link_name":"Restoration (Ireland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"restored to the Irish throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"New Model Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Model_Army"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds201410-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds201410-9"},{"link_name":"Duke of Ormonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Butler,_1st_Duke_of_Ormond"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds201410-9"},{"link_name":"Foot Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Regiment_of_Foot_Guards"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalkiner190479-10"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish"},{"link_name":"Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Butler,_1st_Earl_of_Arran"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalkiner190479-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalkiner190483-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2013204-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Hospital Kilmainham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hospital_Kilmainham"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1996212%E2%80%93213-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2013205%E2%80%93207-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2013208-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2013205-15"},{"link_name":"James II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Earl of Granard's Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Regiment_(1684%E2%80%931922)"},{"link_name":"Viscount Mountjoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stewart,_1st_Viscount_Mountjoy"},{"link_name":"Justin McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_McCarthy,_Viscount_Mountcashel"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ossory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Butler,_2nd_Duke_of_Ormonde"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"},{"link_name":"sea-soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marines"},{"link_name":"Third Anglo-Dutch War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds2013206-16"},{"link_name":"Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Argyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyll%27s_Rising"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The Royal Hospital Kilmainham was established in 1680 for the welfare of former soldiers.Further information: Restoration (Ireland)In 1660 Charles was restored to the Irish throne. While the English New Model Army was quickly disbanded after the Restoration, Charles initially retained the large army still stationed in Ireland.[9] It numbered 5,000 infantry and 2,500 cavalry, considerably bigger than it had been before the rebellion, and was the largest armed force available to Charles in the British Isles.[9] Many of its officers and men were, however, Cromwellian veterans of doubtful loyalty, and in 1661 Charles's newly appointed viceroy, the Duke of Ormonde, began a process of reforming it.[9]Ormonde's initial step in reorganisation was to raise a 1,200-strong regiment of Foot Guards in April 1662, quartered in Dublin.[10] The experienced Anglo-Irish soldier Sir William Flower was made lieutenant-colonel, while Ormonde's son Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran was gazetted colonel, with captaincy of a company.[10] To minimise Cromwellian influence, many of the rank and file were initially raised in England, with further recruits drawn from the ranks of the Irish “Independent Companies”.[11]In 1672 the remainder of the Irish army was organised into six new regiments of foot, though this was primarily a paper-based exercise as other than the Guards they remained split up in small garrisons around the country.[3] While the Royal Hospital Kilmainham was built for the welfare of soldiers in 1680,[12] the rank and file remained generally poorly paid and equipped; a report of 1676 described the army as \"in a most miserable condition\".[13] All officers and men serving in Ireland were supposed to produce evidence of being Anglican Protestants, Catholic professional soldiers only being permitted to serve abroad.[14] The dismissal or resignation of former New Model Army veterans meant that many officers were inexperienced Anglo-Irish gentleman soldiers who often embezzled the funds sent by Dublin; by 1676 most men were on extended furlough as there was insufficient money to pay them, with the Foot Guards remaining the only effective unit of the army.[15]By 1685 and the accession of Charles's Catholic brother James II, the establishment consisted of the Foot Guards; the Earl of Granard's Regiment, based in Roscommon, Longford and Westmeath; Viscount Mountjoy's, based in Tyrone, Armagh and Derry; Sir Thomas Newcomen's, based in Wexford, Tipperary, and King's County; Thomas Fairfax's, based in Antrim and Down; Justin McCarthy's, based in Cork; and Theodore Russell's, based in Galway, Clare and Queens County.[citation needed] There were also three regiments of cavalry; Ormonde's, Tyrconnell's and Ossory's.[citation needed][full citation needed] The Irish army's main duty remained internal security, although two companies of the Foot Guards were deployed as \"sea-soldiers\" during the Third Anglo-Dutch War: the cavalry's typical duties included escorting merchandise and bullion.[16] During the period there were fears of a revival of republicanism amongst Irish Protestants, and extra troops were stationed around Cork and Ulster. This strategy was broadly successful: at James's accession there was no equivalent Irish rising to the 1685 Monmouth and Argyll rebellions.[17]","title":"Restoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Talbot_1st_Earl_of_Tyrconnell.jpg"},{"link_name":"Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Talbot,_1st_Earl_of_Tyrconnell"},{"link_name":"Lord Deputy of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Deputy_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Commander-in-Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Talbot,_1st_Earl_of_Tyrconnell"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds198056%E2%80%9379-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalkiner190493-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly199233-20"},{"link_name":"Earl of Clarendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hyde,_2nd_Earl_of_Clarendon"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnolly199234-21"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"William of Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannon18484%E2%80%935-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds20073-23"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"Leopold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"18th Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Regiment_(1684%E2%80%931922)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannon18484%E2%80%935-22"},{"link_name":"Army of the North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_North_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes-McCoy19426-24"},{"link_name":"Patrick Sarsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Sarsfield"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997189%E2%80%93190-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997189%E2%80%93190-25"}],"text":"Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell; appointed head of the army in Ireland by James II in 1685 and Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1687, he increased Catholic recruitment in an effort to create an establishment loyal to JamesWhile recruitment of Catholics into the army had recommenced in the last years of Charles II's reign, James's newly appointed Commander-in-Chief, Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, wished to create a Catholic establishment loyal to James and conducted a purge of Protestant army officers, replacing many with Catholics.[18] He also began accelerating recruitment of Catholics into the rank and file, starting with the Foot Guards, giving the pretext that “the King would have all his men young and of one size”.[19] By the summer of 1686, two-thirds of the army's rank and file and 40% of officers were Catholic.[20] Reports received by the viceroy, the Earl of Clarendon, of growing friction between Catholic army units and Protestants began to cause concern both in Ireland and England: Clarendon's secretary noted \"the Irish talk of nothing now but recovering their lands and bringing the English under their subjection\".[21]James and Tyrconnell's efforts to promote Catholicism alienated large parts of the British political establishment and in 1688 James was deposed by his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband (and James's nephew) William of Orange, ruling as joint monarchs. James had ordered 2,500 troops of the Irish army, including a battalion each of the Foot Guards, Granard's and Hamilton's regiments, transferred to England in late 1688, crippling Tyrconnell's ability to defend the country; all were disarmed on William's landing in England.[22][23] Their Catholic personnel were imprisoned on the Isle of Wight before being shipped to the Continent for service with the Emperor Leopold; the remaining Protestant officers and men were incorporated into Granard's Regiment, which as the regiment with the highest proportion of Protestants became the only regiment of the Irish Army to continue in service with William, as the 18th Foot.[22]With the implications for Ireland uncertain, Irish Protestants launched a rebellion in 1689, forming the Army of the North and declaring William as king, though Tyrconnell was able to retain control of most towns using the remaining units loyal to James. After initially considering reaching a peace settlement with William, Tyrconnell subsequently resolved to hold Ireland for James; in January 1689 he issued warrants for an enormous expansion of the army.[24] As the Catholic gentry realised the profits that could be made raising men for military service, many of the new regiments initially consisted of 30-45 companies, mostly without uniforms and armed with clubs or rusty muskets; neither Tyrconnell's government nor the Irish economy could afford to properly equip or pay such numbers and a team of inspectors, including Patrick Sarsfield, reduced them to more manageable totals.[25] James's Irish army eventually settled at a total of 45 foot regiments, each of 12 line companies and one grenadier company; 8 dragoon regiments; 7 cavalry regiments and a cavalry Life Guard, about 36,000 men strong.[25]","title":"The army under James II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kinsale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinsale"},{"link_name":"Conrad von Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_von_Rosen"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997198-26"},{"link_name":"Schomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Schomberg,_1st_Duke_of_Schomberg"},{"link_name":"Belfast Lough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_Lough"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2001202-27"},{"link_name":"Carrickfergus fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Carrickfergus_(1689)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenihan2001203-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManning2006398-29"},{"link_name":"Boyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne"},{"link_name":"Siege of Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1690)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Aughrim_by_Jan_Wyk.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Aughrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aughrim"},{"link_name":"James II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Flight of the Wild Geese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_the_Wild_Geese"},{"link_name":"Aughrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aughrim"},{"link_name":"County Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway"},{"link_name":"Charles Chalmot de Saint-Ruhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Chalmot_de_Saint-Ruhe"},{"link_name":"Patrick Sarsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Sarsfield"}],"sub_title":"The Williamite War","text":"James landed in Kinsale on 12 March, accompanied by French regulars under Conrad von Rosen, along with English, Scottish and Irish Jacobite volunteers, in an attempt to use Ireland as a base to regain all three kingdoms.[26] On 13 August, Schomberg, head of William's main invasion force, landed in Belfast Lough; by the end of the month, he had more than 20,000 men.[27] Carrickfergus fell on 27 August, but an opportunity for Schomberg to quickly end the war by taking Dundalk was missed after his army was crippled by poor logistics, exacerbated by disease.[28]The ensuing Williamite War was to last two years and claim up to 100,000 civilian and military lives by contemporary estimate.[29] William himself landed in June 1690 bringing substantial reinforcements; James's army was defeated at the Boyne in July, leading to the loss of Dublin, but held off William's advance at the Siege of Limerick in September. With the Jacobites retaining much of western Ireland, both James and William left Ireland in 1690, leaving the war to be handled by subordinates.[citation needed]The Battle of Aughrim (1691) was a defeat for James II's Irish Army. Shortly afterwards much of the Army left for France in the Flight of the Wild Geese.In July of the following year the bloodiest battle in Irish history was fought at Aughrim in County Galway; the Irish army's senior commander, French officer Charles Chalmot de Saint-Ruhe was killed and many other officers killed or taken prisoner, dealing a decisive blow to the Jacobite effort. Tyrconnell died of a stroke the following month and Patrick Sarsfield took over as the senior Jacobite negotiator.","title":"The army under James II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Limerick"},{"link_name":"French army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Royal_Army"},{"link_name":"Flight of the Wild Geese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_the_Wild_Geese"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManning2006397-30"},{"link_name":"rapparees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapparees"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManning2006397-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManning2006397-30"},{"link_name":"Irish Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Brigade_(France)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowlands20015%E2%80%936-31"},{"link_name":"Grand Prior's Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Grand_Prior%27s_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Dorrington's Regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Regiment_of_Foot_Guards"},{"link_name":"red coat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_coat_(military_uniform)"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNally201783-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199630-33"},{"link_name":"Nine Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Sir Richard Coote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Coote,_1st_Earl_of_Bellomont"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2015115-34"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Ryswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Ryswick"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds1987194%E2%80%93202-35"},{"link_name":"Huguenots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilds1987136-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2015115-34"}],"sub_title":"The Treaty of Limerick","text":"In October Sarsfield signed the Treaty of Limerick; the settlement agreed to his demand that those still in Jacobite service could leave for France to serve with the French army. Popularly known in Ireland as the \"Flight of the Wild Geese\", the process began almost immediately, using English ships sailing from Cork; French ships completed it by December.[30] Modern estimates suggest that around 19,000 men of the Irish army and rapparees, or irregular forces, departed: women and children brought the figure to slightly over 20,000, or about one per cent of Ireland's population at the time.[30] It was reported that some of the soldiers had to be forced on board the ships when they learned they would be joining the French. Most were unable to bring or to contact their families and many appear to have deserted en route from Limerick to Cork.[30]A separate Irish Brigade had been formed in 1689–90 for French service: the new arrivals from Ireland were eventually incorporated in it but continued the traditions of the old Irish army. While the French, despite a great deal of resistance by James himself, substantially reorganised the force,[31] some individual regiments continued in existence, such as the Grand Prior's Regiment and the Foot Guards, which became Albemarle's and Dorrington's Regiments of the Irish Brigade respectively. They continued to wear the red coat of the Irish Army, leading to occasional confusion when they were fighting the British Army.[32] Disbanded Jacobites still presented a considerable risk to security in Ireland and despite resistance from the English and Irish parliaments, William encouraged them to enlist in his own forces; by the end of 1693 a further 3,650 former Jacobites had joined William's armies fighting on the Continent. [33]William reformed the Irish Army, using it as a source of recruits for his international coalition during the Nine Years' War. Though Catholic recruitment was once again forbidden, this proved loosely enforced in practice while manpower was needed and men keen to enlist: a 1697 inquiry found 64 Irish Catholics in a single battalion and 400 in Sir Richard Coote's regiment.[34] Following the Treaty of Ryswick, William planned to maintain a much larger standing army but the Parliament of England responded by passing the 1699 Disbanding Act, intended to prevent William \ninvolving the country in Continental wars; this reduced the English army to 7,000 and the Irish to 12,000.[35] The Disbanding Act also insisted on the discharge of all foreigners, such as French Huguenots, from both armies; from 1701 most recruitment in Ireland was also officially prohibited.[36][34]","title":"The army under James II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHand1968333-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1956362-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1956362-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHand1968333-37"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997219-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHand1968334-40"},{"link_name":"Irish Patriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Patriot_Party"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorley200243-41"}],"text":"Through most of the 18th century, parliamentary hostility in England to a large standing army meant that the Irish military establishment continued in use as a means to preserve a cadre of regiments that would otherwise have been disbanded.[37] This was achieved by keeping them at a lower than usual \noperational strength while in Ireland, then recruiting up to full strength before deployment abroad in times of war.[38] \"Irish\" regiments could at any time be transferred to another establishment, or transferred abroad while remaining on the Irish establishment, although they then ceased to be a charge on the Irish Exchequer.[38] The anomalous situation was emphasised by the fact that they were technically forbidden from recruiting rank and file in Ireland until 1756, although routinely ignored during manpower crises.[37] The expense and difficulty of recruiting in Britain regularly led to staff officers clandestinely enlisting Irish Catholics, or attempting to pass Irish Protestants off as Scots: the nationality test did not apply to officers, among whom the Anglo-Irish were disproportionately represented in both the Irish and British establishments.[39]By 1767, British ministers wanted to increase the size of the peacetime army, but faced parliamentary resistance to any attempt to expand the British establishment. The \"Augmentation crisis\" resulted in an increase in the Irish army being proposed instead; the British parliament accordingly raised the cap on the Irish establishment from 12,000 to 15,235, while in 1769 a statute of the Irish parliament committed to maintaining the \"augmentation\" of the additional 3,235 troops.[40]The inequities of the situation were among the main drivers of the early Irish Patriot movement in the mid 18th century; it was pointed out that Ireland was \"obliged to support a large [...] military establishment\" primarily for the benefit of Great Britain, while still being subject to restrictions on trade.[41]","title":"Eighteenth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Braddock Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braddock_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Fort Duquesne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Duquesne"},{"link_name":"French and Indian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Indian_War"},{"link_name":"44th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/44th_(East_Essex)_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"48th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48th_(Northamptonshire)_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"Monongahela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Monongahela"},{"link_name":"expedition against Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Havana"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-locations-42"}],"sub_title":"French and Indian War","text":"The British government drew on regiments on the Irish establishment for the Braddock Expedition to Fort Duquesne at the opening stages of the French and Indian War. The 44th and 48th foot were quickly dispatched from Ireland and suffered heavy casualties at the disastrous engagement at the Monongahela. Both regiments continued to serve throughout the war taking part in the more successful expedition against Havana before returning home in 1763 for service again in Ireland.[42]","title":"Eighteenth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thirteen Colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Irish Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Volunteers_(18th_century)"},{"link_name":"Constitution of 1782","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_1782"}],"sub_title":"American War of Independence","text":"Following the outbreak of rebellion in Britain's Thirteen Colonies in 1775, Ireland provided large numbers of recruits to the expanded British Army. Following a vote in the Irish Parliament, it was agreed that a number of Irish Army regiments be allowed to serve in America.[citation needed] This led to concerns that Ireland was not properly defended once France entered the war in 1778, having sent so many soldiers abroad. A spontaneous movement established the Irish Volunteers, committed to the defence of the island against invasion. Despite this, the Volunteers rapidly emerged as a political movement demanding greater powers be granted to Ireland by London, which eventually led to the Constitution of 1782. Amongst its many measures, this gave the Irish Parliament greater control over its own armed forces.","title":"Eighteenth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"}],"sub_title":"Rebellion of 1798","text":"In the 1790s the Army was described as \"not fit for purpose\".[citation needed] This came at a time of growing support for the republican ideas of the French Revolution, amidst fears of the revolutionary spirit spreading to Britain and Ireland.","title":"Eighteenth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Acts of Union 1800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Irish Army was amalgamated into the British Army following the Acts of Union 1800. By this stage the traditional ban on Irish Catholics serving in the army had been completely removed, and they began to supply a growing portion of troops.[citation needed]","title":"Amalgamation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChichesterFerguson2004_1-0"},{"link_name":"Chichester & Ferguson 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChichesterFerguson2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds198058_2-0"},{"link_name":"Childs 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChilds1980"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2013204_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2013204_3-1"},{"link_name":"Childs 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1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFalkiner1904"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1996212%E2%80%93213_12-0"},{"link_name":"Bartlett & Jeffery 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBartlettJeffery1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2013205%E2%80%93207_13-0"},{"link_name":"Childs 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChilds2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2013208_14-0"},{"link_name":"Childs 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChilds2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2013205_15-0"},{"link_name":"Childs 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChilds2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds2013206_16-0"},{"link_name":"Childs 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChilds2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds198056%E2%80%9379_18-0"},{"link_name":"Childs 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChilds1980"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalkiner190493_19-0"},{"link_name":"Falkiner 1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFalkiner1904"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly199233_20-0"},{"link_name":"Connolly 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConnolly1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnolly199234_21-0"},{"link_name":"Connolly 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConnolly1992"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannon18484%E2%80%935_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannon18484%E2%80%935_22-1"},{"link_name":"Cannon 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCannon1848"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds20073_23-0"},{"link_name":"Childs 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChilds2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes-McCoy19426_24-0"},{"link_name":"Hayes-McCoy 1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHayes-McCoy1942"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997189%E2%80%93190_25-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997189%E2%80%93190_25-1"},{"link_name":"Bartlett & Jeffery 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBartlettJeffery1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997198_26-0"},{"link_name":"Bartlett & Jeffery 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBartlettJeffery1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2001202_27-0"},{"link_name":"Lenihan 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLenihan2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenihan2001203_28-0"},{"link_name":"Lenihan 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLenihan2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning2006398_29-0"},{"link_name":"Manning 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFManning2006"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning2006397_30-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning2006397_30-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManning2006397_30-2"},{"link_name":"Manning 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFManning2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowlands20015%E2%80%936_31-0"},{"link_name":"Rowlands 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRowlands2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNally201783_32-0"},{"link_name":"McNally 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcNally2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath199630_33-0"},{"link_name":"McGrath 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcGrath1996"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2015115_34-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2015115_34-1"},{"link_name":"McGrath 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcGrath2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds1987194%E2%80%93202_35-0"},{"link_name":"Childs 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChilds1987"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilds1987136_36-0"},{"link_name":"Childs 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChilds1987"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHand1968333_37-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHand1968333_37-1"},{"link_name":"Hand 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHand1968"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1956362_38-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1956362_38-1"},{"link_name":"Hayes 1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHayes1956"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlettJeffery1997219_39-0"},{"link_name":"Bartlett & Jeffery 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBartlettJeffery1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHand1968334_40-0"},{"link_name":"Hand 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHand1968"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorley200243_41-0"},{"link_name":"Morley 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMorley2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-locations_42-0"},{"link_name":"\"48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot: locations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071110141221/http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-inf/048-1.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-inf/048-1.htm"}],"text":"^ Chichester & Ferguson 2004.\n\n^ Childs 1980, p. 58.\n\n^ a b Childs 2013, p. 204.\n\n^ a b Hand 1968, p. 331.\n\n^ Hand 1968, p. 335.\n\n^ \nBlackstock, Allan (1998). An Ascendancy Army: The Irish Yeomanry, 1796-1834. 1798 Bicentenary Book Series. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 9781851823291. Retrieved 29 August 2022. \n\n^ Bartlett & Jeffery 1996, pp. 116–135.\n\n^ Ryder 1987, (see book title).\n\n^ a b c Childs 2014, p. 10.\n\n^ a b Falkiner 1904, p. 79.\n\n^ Falkiner 1904, p. 83.\n\n^ Bartlett & Jeffery 1996, pp. 212–213.\n\n^ Childs 2013, pp. 205–207.\n\n^ Childs 2013, p. 208.\n\n^ Childs 2013, p. 205.\n\n^ Childs 2013, p. 206.\n\n^ Bartlett & Jeffrey p. 235\n\n^ Childs 1980, pp. 56–79.\n\n^ Falkiner 1904, p. 93.\n\n^ Connolly 1992, p. 33.\n\n^ Connolly 1992, p. 34.\n\n^ a b Cannon 1848, pp. 4–5.\n\n^ Childs 2007, p. 3.\n\n^ Hayes-McCoy 1942, p. 6.\n\n^ a b Bartlett & Jeffery 1997, pp. 189–190.\n\n^ Bartlett & Jeffery 1997, p. 198.\n\n^ Lenihan 2001, p. 202.\n\n^ Lenihan 2001, p. 203.\n\n^ Manning 2006, p. 398.\n\n^ a b c Manning 2006, p. 397.\n\n^ Rowlands 2001, pp. 5–6.\n\n^ McNally 2017, p. 83.\n\n^ McGrath 1996, p. 30.\n\n^ a b McGrath 2015, p. 115.\n\n^ Childs 1987, pp. 194–202.\n\n^ Childs 1987, p. 136.\n\n^ a b Hand 1968, p. 333.\n\n^ a b Hayes 1956, p. 362.\n\n^ Bartlett & Jeffery 1997, p. 219.\n\n^ Hand 1968, p. 334.\n\n^ Morley 2002, p. 43.\n\n^ \"48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot: locations\". Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 10 November 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2016.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Kingdom_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Timeline of Irish history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history"},{"link_name":"History of Ireland (1536–1691)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)"},{"link_name":"History of Ireland (1691–1800)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)"},{"link_name":"Lordship of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Tudor conquest of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"New English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people"},{"link_name":"Surrender and regrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_and_regrant"},{"link_name":"Reformation in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Desmond Rebellions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions"},{"link_name":"Plantations of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"Nine Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Flight of the Earls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls"},{"link_name":"Irish Rebellion of 1641","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641"},{"link_name":"Irish Confederate Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars"},{"link_name":"Wars of the Three Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms"},{"link_name":"Cromwellian conquest of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Barbadosed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_indentured_servants"},{"link_name":"Williamite–Jacobite War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Wild Geese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_the_Wild_Geese"},{"link_name":"Irish Rebellion of 1798","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Poynings' Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poynings%27_Law_(on_certification_of_acts)"},{"link_name":"Crown of Ireland Act 1542","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Ireland_Act_1542"},{"link_name":"Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Meath_and_Westmeath_Act_1543"},{"link_name":"Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_of_Laois_and_Offaly_1556"},{"link_name":"Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652"},{"link_name":"Act of Settlement 1662","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1662"},{"link_name":"Penal Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Popery Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popery_Act"},{"link_name":"Constitution of 1782","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_1782"},{"link_name":"Acts of Union 1800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800"},{"link_name":"Tuadhmhumhain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomond"},{"link_name":"Uí Echach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iveagh"},{"link_name":"Loígis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%ADgis"},{"link_name":"Clanricarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clanricarde"},{"link_name":"Uí Failghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_U%C3%AD_Failghe"},{"link_name":"Uí Díarmata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%AD_D%C3%ADarmata"},{"link_name":"Clann Aodha Buidhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clandeboye"},{"link_name":"Magh Luirg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Magh_Luirg"},{"link_name":"Airgíalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla"},{"link_name":"Iar 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Mháine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C3%AD_Mh%C3%A1ine"},{"link_name":"Dublin Castle administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Castle_administration"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Irish House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Irish House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Privy Council of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Four Courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Courts"},{"link_name":"King's Bench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Exchequer_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Chancery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Chancery_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Common 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The Flight of the Earls, Gill & MacMillan\nReid, Stuart (2014), Sheriffmuir 1715, Frontline BooksvteKingdom of IrelandHistory\nTimeline of Irish history\nHistory of Ireland (1536–1691)\nHistory of Ireland (1691–1800)\nGeneraland events\nLordship of Ireland\nBritish Empire\nTudor conquest of Ireland\nNew English\nSurrender and regrant\nReformation in Ireland\nDesmond Rebellions\nPlantations of Ireland (Ulster)\nNine Years' War (Flight of the Earls)\nIrish Rebellion of 1641\nIrish Confederate Wars\nWars of the Three Kingdoms\nCromwellian conquest of Ireland (Barbadosed)\nWilliamite–Jacobite War (Wild Geese)\nIrish Rebellion of 1798\nUnited Kingdom\nActs of Parliament\nPoynings' Law\nCrown of Ireland Act 1542\nCounties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543\nSettlement of Laois and Offaly 1556\nAct for the Settlement of Ireland 1652\nAct of Settlement 1662\nPenal Laws\nPopery Act\nConstitution of 1782\nActs of Union 1800\nGaelicconquests\nTuadhmhumhain (1543)\nUí Echach (1543)\nLoígis (1543)\nClanricarde (1544)\nUí Failghe (1550)\nUí Díarmata (1574)\nClann Aodha Buidhe (1574)\nMagh Luirg (1585)\nAirgíalla (1585)\nIar Connacht (1589)\nUmhaill (1593)\nDeasmhumhain (1596)\nMac William Íochtar (1602)\nLaigin (1603)\nBréifne Uí Ruairc (1605)\nCairbrigh (1606)\nTír Chonaill (1607)\nTír Eoghain (1607)\nFear Manach (1607)\nUí Catháin (1607)\nBréifne Uí Raghallaigh (1607)\nUí Mháine (1611)\nPoliticsand society\nDublin Castle administration\nParliament of Ireland (Irish House of Lords and Irish House of Commons)\nPrivy Council of Ireland\nFour Courts (King's Bench, Exchequer, Chancery and Common Pleas)\nCourt of Castle Chamber\nPeerage of Ireland\nArmy\nChurch of Ireland (Ascendancy & Recusancy)\nGrand Lodge of Ireland\nTrinity College Dublin\nOrder of St Patrick\nJacobites\nWhigs\nTories\nIrish Patriots\nDefenders\nCatholic Committee\nOrange Order\nUnited Irishmen\nMonarchs and rulers\nHenry VIII (1542–1547)\nEdward VI (1547–1553)\nLady Jane Grey (1553; disputed)\nMary I (1553–1558) & Philip jure uxoris (1554–1558)\nElizabeth I (1558–1603)\nJames I (1603–1625)\nCharles I (1625–1649)\nCommonwealth (1649–1653)\nOliver Cromwell (1653–1658)\nRichard Cromwell (1658–1659)\nCommonwealth (1659–1660)\nCharles II (1660–1685)\nJames II (1685–1691)\nWilliam III (1689–1702) & Mary II (1689–1694)\nAnne (1702–1714)\nGeorge I (1714–1727)\nGeorge II (1727–1760)\nGeorge III (1760–1800)\n\n British Empire portal\n Ireland portal\n Category\n WikiProject","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"The Royal Hospital Kilmainham was established in 1680 for the welfare of former soldiers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Royal-hospital-kilmainham-01.JPG/200px-Royal-hospital-kilmainham-01.JPG"},{"image_text":"Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell; appointed head of the army in Ireland by James II in 1685 and Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1687, he increased Catholic recruitment in an effort to create an establishment loyal to 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Shortly afterwards much of the Army left for France in the Flight of the Wild Geese.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Battle_of_Aughrim_by_Jan_Wyk.jpg/280px-Battle_of_Aughrim_by_Jan_Wyk.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Commander-in-Chief, Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Ireland"},{"title":"Military history of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Ireland"}] | [{"reference":"Blackstock, Allan (1998). An Ascendancy Army: The Irish Yeomanry, 1796-1834. 1798 Bicentenary Book Series. Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 9781851823291. Retrieved 29 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k61nAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"An Ascendancy Army: The Irish Yeomanry, 1796-1834"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851823291","url_text":"9781851823291"}]},{"reference":"\"48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot: locations\". Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 10 November 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071110141221/http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-inf/048-1.htm","url_text":"\"48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot: locations\""},{"url":"http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-inf/048-1.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bartlett, Thomas; Jeffery, Keith (1996), A Military History of Ireland, Cambridge University Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bartlett, Thomas; Jeffery, Keith (1997), A Military History of Ireland, Cambridge University Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cannon, Richard (1848), Historical Record of the Eighteenth, Or the Royal Irish Regiment of Foot, Parker, Furnivall and Parker","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chichester, H.M.; Ferguson, Kenneth (reviser) (2004), \"Ingoldsby, Richard (1664/5–1712)\", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14412","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14412","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/14412"}]},{"reference":"Childs, John (1980), The Army, James II, and the Glorious Revolution, Manchester University Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"Childs, John (1987), The British Army of William III, 1688–1702, Manchester University Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"Childs, John (2007), The Williamite Wars in Ireland 1688 – 1691, London: Hambledon Continuum Press, ISBN 978-1-85285-573-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Childs_(historian)","url_text":"Childs, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-573-4","url_text":"978-1-85285-573-4"}]},{"reference":"Childs, John (2013), Army of Charles II, Routledge","urls":[]},{"reference":"Childs, John (2014), General Percy Kirke and the Later Stuart Army","urls":[]},{"reference":"Falkiner, C. Litton (1904), Illustrations of Irish History and Topography, Longmans","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hand, G. J. (1968), \"The Constitutional Position of the Irish Military Establishment from the Restoration to the Union\", Irish Jurist, 3 (2)","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hayes, James (1956), \"The military papers of Colonel Samuel Bagshawe (1713-62)\", Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 39 (2)","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bagshawe","url_text":"Samuel Bagshawe"}]},{"reference":"Hayes-McCoy, G. A. (1942), \"The Battle of Aughrim\", Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society, 20 (1)","urls":[]},{"reference":"Connolly, S.J. (1992), Religion, Law, and Power: The Making of Protestant Ireland 1660–1760, Oxford University Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lenihan, Padraig (2001), Conquest and Resistance: War in Seventeenth-Century Ireland, Brill, ISBN 978-9004117433","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004117433","url_text":"978-9004117433"}]},{"reference":"Manning, Roger (2006), An Apprenticeship in Arms: The Origins of the British Army 1585–1702, Oxford University Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"McGrath, Charles Ivar (1996), \"Securing the Protestant Interest: The Origins and Purpose of the Penal Laws of 1695\", Irish Historical Studies, 30 (117)","urls":[]},{"reference":"McGrath, Charles (2015), Ireland and Empire, 1692–1770, Routledge","urls":[]},{"reference":"McNally, Michael (2017), Fontenoy 1745: Cumberland's bloody defeat, Bloomsbury Publishing","urls":[]},{"reference":"Morley, Vincent (2002), Irish Opinion and the American Revolution, Cambridge University Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rowlands, Guy (2001), An Army in Exile: Louis XIV and the Irish Forces of James II in France, 1691–1698, Royal Stuart Society","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ryder, Ian (1987), English Army for Ireland 1642, Partizan Press, ISBN 978-0946525294","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0946525294","url_text":"978-0946525294"}]},{"reference":"McCavitt, John (2002), The Flight of the Earls, Gill & MacMillan","urls":[]},{"reference":"Reid, Stuart (2014), Sheriffmuir 1715, Frontline Books","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k61nAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"An Ascendancy Army: The Irish Yeomanry, 1796-1834"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071110141221/http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-inf/048-1.htm","external_links_name":"\"48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot: locations\""},{"Link":"http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-inf/048-1.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14412","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/14412"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Charles_of_Limburg_Stirum | Charles de Limburg Stirum | ["1 Life","2 Marriage and Descent","3 Honours and awards","3.1 Belgian honours","3.2 Belgian awards","3.3 Foreign honours","3.4 Foreign awards","3.5 Honorific eponyms","4 Ancestry","5 References","6 External links"] | Charles de Limburg Stirum
Count Charles Gaëtan Corneille Marie François-Xavier Ghislain de Limburg-Stirum (15 September 1906 – 14 June 1989), a Count of the Holy Roman Empire and Knight of the Golden Fleece (Austrian branch), was a member of the House of Limburg-Stirum. During his life he was a Belgian Senator and Grand Master of the Royal Households of King Leopold III.
Life
Charles was born in Huldenberg, Belgium, and was the second son of Count Evrard Philippe de Limburg Stirum (29 October 1868 – 8 May 1938) and Louise, Baroness Gericke d'Herwijnen (17 April 1881 - 6 September 1969). He was later adopted by his aunt, Countess Marie de Limburg-Stirum who was without descent, to inherit the castle of Bois Saint Jean in the South of Belgium.
During World War II, he fought as a captain with the Belgian panzer troops and was made prisoner by the Germans. After being released, he took an active part in the armed resistance against the occupier. Bois Saint Jean became an important drop point of material and arms to the Belgian resistance. During the Von Rundstedt Offensive in the winter of 1944, Bois Saint Jean was overtaken by the Germans and used as local headquarter. The US Army Air Force bombed it to the ground in January 1945. After the war, he rebuilt the castle of Bois Saint Jean, though in a different style than the original building.
Charles de Limburg Stirum served as Senator, then was appointed Grand Master of the King Leopold III after King Leopold's abdication. He held this office until 1971.
He died in Brussels on 14 June 1989.
Marriage and Descent
On 13 June 1932 in Křimice (Bohemia) he married Marie Kunigunde, Princess of Lobkowicz (1906-2005), a daughter of Jaroslav, 11th Prince of Lobkowicz, Duke of Roudnice (26 March 1877 - 24 October 1953) and Countess Marie-Thérèse of Beaufort-Spontin (6 August 1885 - 22 February 1942).
They had eight children:
Countess Marie Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in 1935. In 1956, she married Count Gobert-Leopold d'Aspermont Lynden and they have seven children:
Count Jean d'Aspermont; born in 1957. He married Dominique Lamarche and they have two children:
Count Gobert d'Aspermont; born in 1986.
Countess Diane d'Aspermont; born in 1990.
Countess Elizabeth d'Aspermont; born in 1958.
Count Philippe d'Aspermont; born in 1959.
Count Geoffrey d'Aspermont; born in 1962.
Countess Sophie d'Aspermont; born in 1964.
Countess Clothilde d'Aspermont; born in 1967. In 1993, she married Philippe Haeglsteen.
Count Cristoph d'Aspermont; born in 1979.
Countess Gabrielle Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in 1936. In 1958, she married Count Didier Cornet d'Elzius du Chenoy and they have three children:
Count Etienne Cornet d'Elzius du Chenoy; born in 1959. He married Dominique de Wasseige and they have four children:
Count Gaël Cornet d'Elzius du Chenoy; born in 1989.
Countess Muriel Cornet d'Elzius du Chenoy; born in 1991.
Count Brieuc Cornet d'Elzius du Chenoy; born in 1994.
Countess Valentine Cornet d'Elzius du Chenoy; born in 1996.
Count Xavier Cornet d'Elzius du Chenoy; born in 1961. In 1985, he married Baroness Joëlle de Crombrugghe de Looringhe and they have three children:
Count Cristophe Cornet d'Elzius du Chenoy; born in 1988.
Countess Marie-Caroline Cornet d'Elzius du Chenoy; born in 1991.
Countess Sophie Cornet d'Elzius du Chenoy; born in 1992.
Countess Beatrice Cornet d'Elzius du Chenoy; born in 1965.
Count Bernard Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in 1938. In 1970, he firstly married Countess Nathalie de la Boissiere-Thiennes and they have two children:
Count Charles-Philippe Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in 1971.
Count Leopold Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in 1978. He then married Régine Roberti.
Count Emmanuel Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in Huldenberg in 1940. In 1968, he married Countess Nadine d'Ursel and they have three children:
Countess Eleonore Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in 1970.
Count Wolfgang Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in 1971.
Count Arnaud Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in 1974.
Countess Sibylle Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in 1942. In 1964, she married Pietro del Vaglio Rosati and they have four children:
Miss Christiana del Vaglio Rosati; born in 1966.
Miss Marina del Vaglio Rosati; born in 1968. In 1992, she married Comte Cedric de Lalaing.
Miss Gabriella del Vaglio Rosati; born in 1970.
Miss Natalia del Vaglio Rosati; born in 1975.
Countess Jacqueline Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in 1943. In 1989, she married Baron Bonifatius von Twickel.
Count Jean Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in 1946.
Countess Louise Keijsers; born in 1949. In 1976, she married Count Engelbert von und zu Westerholt und Gysenberg.
Honours and awards
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Belgian honours
Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown
Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II
Knight of the Order of Leopold
Belgian awards
Croix de Guerre with bronze lion
Volunteer's Medal 1940-1945
Commemorative Medal of the War 1940-1945 with crossed swords
Prisoner of War Medal 1940-1945
Resistance Medal 1940-1945
Honorary Insignia of Work
Foreign honours
Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece (Austrian Branch)
United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (United Kingdom) (GCVO)
Holy See: Grand Cross of the Pontifical Order of St Gregory the Great (Holy See) (GCSG)
Luxembourg: Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown (Luxembourg)
Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross (Brazil)
Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (Japan)
Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Order of the House of Orange (Netherlands)
Austria: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Austria)
Senegal: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Senegal)
Sweden: Commander Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star (Sweden)
Denmark: Grand Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog (Denmark)
Norway: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav
Thailand: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Thailand
Serbia: Grand Officer of the Order of the Yugoslav Flag
Foreign awards
French Liberation Medal
Various foreign awards
Honorific eponyms
Mount Limburg Stirum
Ancestry
Charles's ancestors in three generations
Charles de Limburg Stirum
Father:Count Evrard de Limburg Stirum
Paternal Grandfather:Count Thierry de Limburg Stirum, Senator
Paternal Great-grandfather:Count Willem Bernard de Limburg Stirum
Paternal Great-grandmother:Albertine de Pret Roose de Calesberg
Paternal Grandmother:Marie, Countess de Thiennes Leyenburg et de Rumbeke
Paternal Great-grandfather:François Joseph, Count de Thiennes Leyenburg et de Rumbeke, Chambellan of King William of the Netherlands
Paternal Great-grandmother: Asterie, Baroness de Draeck
Mother: Louise, Baroness Gericke d'Herwijnen
Maternal Grandfather: Charles, Baron Gericke d'Herwijnen, Ambassador and Chambellan of the Queen of the Netherlands
Maternal Great-grandfather: Joseph (Louis), Baron Gericke d'Herwijnen, Minister of State, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Ambassador
Maternal Great-grandmother: Lady Elisabeth Huughe de Peutevin
Maternal Grandmother: Marie, Countess du Chastel de la Howarderie
Maternal Great-grandfather: Robert, Count du Chastel de la Howarderie, Chambellan of the King of the Netherlands
Maternal Great-grandmother: Gabrielle, Baroness de Vinck de Westwesel
References
^ "Person Page".
External links
ODIS | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Count of the Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_the_Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"House of Limburg-Stirum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Limburg-Stirum"},{"link_name":"Belgian Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Senate"},{"link_name":"Royal Households","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Household"},{"link_name":"King Leopold III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium"}],"text":"Count Charles Gaëtan Corneille Marie François-Xavier Ghislain de Limburg-Stirum (15 September 1906 – 14 June 1989), a Count of the Holy Roman Empire and Knight of the Golden Fleece (Austrian branch), was a member of the House of Limburg-Stirum. During his life he was a Belgian Senator and Grand Master of the Royal Households of King Leopold III.","title":"Charles de Limburg Stirum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huldenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldenberg"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Evrard Philippe de Limburg Stirum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evrard_Philippe_de_Limburg_Stirum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Limburg-Stirum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limburg-Stirum"},{"link_name":"Bois Saint Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bois_Saint_Jean&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Von Rundstedt Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Rundstedt_Offensive"},{"link_name":"US Army Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Senate"},{"link_name":"King Leopold III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Leopold_III"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"}],"text":"Charles was born in Huldenberg, Belgium, and was the second son of Count Evrard Philippe de Limburg Stirum (29 October 1868 – 8 May 1938) and Louise, Baroness Gericke d'Herwijnen (17 April 1881 - 6 September 1969). He was later adopted by his aunt, Countess Marie de Limburg-Stirum who was without descent, to inherit the castle of Bois Saint Jean in the South of Belgium.During World War II, he fought as a captain with the Belgian panzer troops and was made prisoner by the Germans. After being released, he took an active part in the armed resistance against the occupier. Bois Saint Jean became an important drop point of material and arms to the Belgian resistance. During the Von Rundstedt Offensive in the winter of 1944, Bois Saint Jean was overtaken by the Germans and used as local headquarter. The US Army Air Force bombed it to the ground in January 1945. After the war, he rebuilt the castle of Bois Saint Jean, though in a different style than the original building.Charles de Limburg Stirum served as Senator, then was appointed Grand Master of the King Leopold III after King Leopold's abdication. He held this office until 1971.He died in Brussels on 14 June 1989.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lobkowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lobkowicz"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince"},{"link_name":"Roudnice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roudnice_nad_Labem"},{"link_name":"Beaufort-Spontin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort-Spontin"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel,_Count_Keijsers_of_Limburg-Stirum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"On 13 June 1932 in Křimice (Bohemia) he married Marie Kunigunde, Princess of Lobkowicz (1906-2005), a daughter of Jaroslav, 11th Prince of Lobkowicz, Duke of Roudnice (26 March 1877 - 24 October 1953) and Countess Marie-Thérèse of Beaufort-Spontin (6 August 1885 - 22 February 1942).They had eight children:Countess Marie Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in 1935. In 1956, she married Count Gobert-Leopold d'Aspermont Lynden and they have seven children:\nCount Jean d'Aspermont; born in 1957. He married Dominique Lamarche and they have two children:\nCount Gobert d'Aspermont; born in 1986.\nCountess Diane d'Aspermont; born in 1990.\nCountess Elizabeth d'Aspermont; born in 1958.\nCount Philippe d'Aspermont; born in 1959.\nCount Geoffrey d'Aspermont; born in 1962.\nCountess Sophie d'Aspermont; born in 1964.\nCountess Clothilde d'Aspermont; born in 1967. In 1993, she married Philippe Haeglsteen.\nCount Cristoph d'Aspermont; born in 1979.\nCountess Gabrielle Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in 1936. In 1958, she married Count Didier Cornet d'Elzius du Chenoy and they have three children:\nCount Etienne Cornet d'Elzius du Chenoy; born in 1959. He married Dominique de Wasseige and they have four children:\nCount Gaël Cornet d'Elzius du Chenoy; born in 1989.\nCountess Muriel Cornet d'Elzius du Chenoy; born in 1991.\nCount Brieuc Cornet d'Elzius du Chenoy; born in 1994.\nCountess Valentine Cornet d'Elzius du Chenoy; born in 1996.\nCount Xavier Cornet d'Elzius du Chenoy; born in 1961. In 1985, he married Baroness Joëlle de Crombrugghe de Looringhe and they have three children:\nCount Cristophe Cornet d'Elzius du Chenoy; born in 1988.\nCountess Marie-Caroline Cornet d'Elzius du Chenoy; born in 1991.\nCountess Sophie Cornet d'Elzius du Chenoy; born in 1992.\nCountess Beatrice Cornet d'Elzius du Chenoy; born in 1965.\nCount Bernard Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in 1938. In 1970, he firstly married Countess Nathalie de la Boissiere-Thiennes and they have two children:\nCount Charles-Philippe Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in 1971.\nCount Leopold Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in 1978. He then married Régine Roberti.\nCount Emmanuel Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in Huldenberg in 1940. In 1968, he married Countess Nadine d'Ursel and they have three children:\nCountess Eleonore Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in 1970.\nCount Wolfgang Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in 1971.\nCount Arnaud Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in 1974.\nCountess Sibylle Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in 1942. In 1964, she married Pietro del Vaglio Rosati and they have four children:\nMiss Christiana del Vaglio Rosati; born in 1966.\nMiss Marina del Vaglio Rosati; born in 1968. In 1992, she married Comte Cedric de Lalaing.\nMiss Gabriella del Vaglio Rosati; born in 1970.\nMiss Natalia del Vaglio Rosati; born in 1975.\nCountess Jacqueline Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in 1943. In 1989, she married Baron Bonifatius von Twickel.\nCount Jean Keijsers of Limburg-Stirum; born in 1946.\nCountess Louise Keijsers; born in 1949. In 1976, she married Count Engelbert von und zu Westerholt und Gysenberg.[1]","title":"Marriage and Descent"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"Order of Leopold II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_II"},{"link_name":"Order of Leopold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)"}],"sub_title":"Belgian honours","text":"Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown\nGrand Cross of the Order of Leopold II\nKnight of the Order of Leopold","title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Croix de Guerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Croix_de_Guerre"},{"link_name":"Volunteer's Medal 1940-1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteer%27s_Medal_1940-1945"},{"link_name":"Commemorative Medal of the War 1940-1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemorative_Medal_of_the_War_1940-1945"},{"link_name":"Resistance Medal 1940-1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_the_Armed_Resistance_1940-1945"}],"sub_title":"Belgian awards","text":"Croix de Guerre with bronze lion\nVolunteer's Medal 1940-1945\nCommemorative Medal of the War 1940-1945 with crossed swords\nPrisoner of War Medal 1940-1945\nResistance Medal 1940-1945\nHonorary Insignia of Work","title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of the Golden Fleece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"Austrian Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Royal Victorian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Order of St Gregory the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Gregory_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Order of the Oak Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Oak_Crown"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Order of the Southern Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Southern_Cross"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Order of the Rising Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Order of the House of Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_House_of_Orange"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoration_of_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Merit_(Senegal)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Royal Order of the Polar Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Order_of_the_Polar_Star"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Order of the Dannebrog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Dannebrog"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Order_of_St_Olav"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Order of the Crown of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Order of the Yugoslav Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Yugoslav_Flag&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Foreign honours","text":"Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece (Austrian Branch)\n United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (United Kingdom) (GCVO)\n Holy See: Grand Cross of the Pontifical Order of St Gregory the Great (Holy See) (GCSG)\n Luxembourg: Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown (Luxembourg)\n Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross (Brazil)\n Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (Japan)\n Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Order of the House of Orange (Netherlands)\n Austria: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Austria)\n Senegal: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Senegal)\n Sweden: Commander Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star (Sweden)\n Denmark: Grand Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog (Denmark)\n Norway: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav\n Thailand: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Thailand\n Serbia: Grand Officer of the Order of the Yugoslav Flag","title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Liberation Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Liberation_Medal"}],"sub_title":"Foreign awards","text":"French Liberation Medal\nVarious foreign awards","title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Limburg Stirum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Limburg_Stirum"}],"sub_title":"Honorific eponyms","text":"Mount Limburg Stirum","title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ancestry"}] | [{"image_text":"Charles de Limburg Stirum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/51/Charles_LS.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Person 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A22_roads | List of A22 roads | ["1 See also"] | This is a list of roads designated A22. Entries are sorted in the countries' alphabetical order.
A22 motorway (Austria), a road connecting Vienna and the A23 to Stockerau
A22 road (England), a road connecting London to Eastbourne, East Sussex
A22 autoroute, a road connecting Paris to Belgium and the low countries through the Roubaix conurbation
A22 road (Isle of Man), a road connecting Willaston Corner and Union Mills Road
Autostrada A22 (Italy), a highway connecting Modena and Brennero
A22 motorway (Cyprus), a future road planned to bypass Nicosia
A22 motorway (Netherlands), a road connecting the interchange Velsenand the interchange Beverwijk
A22 road (Northern Ireland), a road connecting Dundonald to Comber in County Down, in Northern Ireland
A22 motorway (Portugal), a road connecting Lagos with Vila Real de Santo António
Autovía A-22, a road linking the Spanish cities of Huesca and Lleida which is under construction & partially open
A 22 road (Sri Lanka), a road connecting Passara and Monaragala
See also
List of highways numbered 22
List of 22A roads
vteNumbered A roads
A0
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
A11
A12
A13
A14
A15
A16
A17
A18
A19
A20
A21
A22
A23
A24
A25
A26
A27
A28
A29
A30
A31
A32
A33
A34
A35
A36
A37
A38
A39
A40
List of roads or other routes with the same name
This article includes a list of roads, streets, highways, or other routes that are associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A22 motorway (Austria)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A22_motorway_(Austria)"},{"link_name":"A22 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A22_road"},{"link_name":"A22 autoroute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A22_autoroute"},{"link_name":"A22 road (Isle of Man)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A22_road_(Isle_of_Man)"},{"link_name":"Autostrada A22 (Italy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autostrada_A22_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"A22 motorway (Cyprus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A22_motorway_(Cyprus)"},{"link_name":"A22 motorway (Netherlands)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A22_motorway_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"A22 road (Northern Ireland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A22_road_(Northern_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"A22 motorway (Portugal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A22_motorway_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"Autovía A-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autov%C3%ADa_A-22"},{"link_name":"A 22 road (Sri Lanka)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_22_road_(Sri_Lanka)"}],"text":"A22 motorway (Austria), a road connecting Vienna and the A23 to Stockerau\nA22 road (England), a road connecting London to Eastbourne, East Sussex\nA22 autoroute, a road connecting Paris to Belgium and the low countries through the Roubaix conurbation\nA22 road (Isle of Man), a road connecting Willaston Corner and Union Mills Road\nAutostrada A22 (Italy), a highway connecting Modena and Brennero\nA22 motorway (Cyprus), a future road planned to bypass Nicosia\nA22 motorway (Netherlands), a road connecting the interchange Velsenand the interchange Beverwijk\nA22 road (Northern Ireland), a road connecting Dundonald to Comber in County Down, in Northern Ireland\nA22 motorway (Portugal), a road connecting Lagos with Vila Real de Santo António\nAutovía A-22, a road linking the Spanish cities of Huesca and Lleida which is under construction & partially open\nA 22 road (Sri Lanka), a road connecting Passara and Monaragala","title":"List of A22 roads"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of highways numbered 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highways_numbered_22"},{"title":"List of 22A roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_22A_roads"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:A_roads"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:A_roads"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:A_roads"},{"title":"Numbered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_number"},{"title":"A roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A_roads"},{"title":"A0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_A0_roads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A1_roads"},{"title":"A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A2_roads"},{"title":"A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A3_roads"},{"title":"A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A4_roads"},{"title":"A5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A5_roads"},{"title":"A6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A6_roads"},{"title":"A7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A7_roads"},{"title":"A8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A8_roads"},{"title":"A9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A9_roads"},{"title":"A10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A10_roads"},{"title":"A11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A11_roads"},{"title":"A12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A12_roads"},{"title":"A13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A13_roads"},{"title":"A14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A14_roads"},{"title":"A15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A15_roads"},{"title":"A16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A16_roads"},{"title":"A17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A17_roads"},{"title":"A18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A18_roads"},{"title":"A19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A19_roads"},{"title":"A20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A20_roads"},{"title":"A21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A21_roads"},{"title":"A22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"A23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A23_roads"},{"title":"A24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A24_roads"},{"title":"A25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A25_roads"},{"title":"A26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A26_roads"},{"title":"A27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_A27_roads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"A28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_A28_roads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"A29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_A29_roads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"A30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_A30_roads"},{"title":"A31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_A31_roads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"A32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_A32_roads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"A33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_A33_roads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"A34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_A34_roads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"A35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_A35_roads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"A36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_A36_roads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"A37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_A37_roads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"A38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_A38_roads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"A39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_A39_roads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"A40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_A40_roads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DAB_list_gray.svg"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/List_of_A22_roads&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/List_of_A22_roads&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_text | Ruby character | ["1 Examples","2 Uses","3 History","4 HTML markup","4.1 Markup examples","4.2 Complex ruby markup","5 Unicode","6 ANSI","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading"] | This article is about Ruby characters in the East Asian cultural sphere. For the programming language, see Ruby (programming language). For other uses, see Ruby (disambiguation).
Small characters that show pronunciation
Ruby characters or rubi characters (Japanese: ルビ; rōmaji: rubi; Korean: 루비; romaja: rubi) are small, annotative glosses that are usually placed above or to the right of logographic characters of languages in the East Asian cultural sphere, such as Chinese hanzi, Japanese kanji, and Korean hanja, to show the logographs' pronunciation; these were formerly also used for Vietnamese chữ Hán and chữ Nôm, and may still occasionally be seen in that context when reading archaic texts. Typically called just ruby or rubi, such annotations are most commonly used as pronunciation guides for characters that are likely to be unfamiliar to the reader.
Examples
Here is an example of Japanese ruby characters (called furigana) for Tokyo ("東京"):
Hiragana
Katakana
Romaji
東 (とう) 京 (きょう)
東 (トウ) 京 (キョウ)
東 (Tō) 京 (kyō)
Most furigana are written with the hiragana syllabary, but katakana and romaji are also occasionally used. Alternatively, sometimes foreign words (usually English) are printed with furigana to provide the meaning, and vice versa. Textbooks sometimes render on-readings with katakana and kun-readings with hiragana.
Here is an example of ruby characters for Beijing ("北京") in Zhuyin (a.k.a. Bopomofo), Xiao'erjing, and Pinyin.
Zhuyin
Xiao'erjing
Pinyin
北 (ㄅㄟˇ) 京 (ㄐㄧㄥ)
京 (ڭٍ) 北 (بِی)
北 (Běi) 京 (jīng)
In Taiwan, the main syllabary used for Chinese ruby characters is Zhuyin fuhao (also known as Bopomofo); in mainland China pinyin is mainly used. Typically, unlike the example shown above, zhuyin is used with a vertical traditional writing and zhuyin is written on the right side of the characters. In mainland China, horizontal script is used and ruby characters (pinyin) are written above the Chinese characters.
Xiao'erjing is a Perso-Arabic alphabet, adopted by Hui Muslims and at times utilized as ruby characters in various manuscripts. This system does have its shortcomings, mainly that it has no way of indicating tones. With the spread of pinyin, the usage of this system has been in decline in the past decades. Most manuscripts that do mark the characters with Xiao'erjing, do so from right-to-left, which is quite unique, compared to other systems. This is because usually such manuscripts include Arabic texts such as the Quran, and the Chinese writing is the explanation or translation.
Books with phonetic guides (especially pinyin) are popular with children and foreigners learning Chinese.
Here is an example of the Korean ruby characters for Korea ("韓國"):
Hangul
Romaja
韓 (한) 國 (국)
韓 (Han) 國 (guk)
Romaja is normally used in foreign textbooks until Hangul is introduced. Ruby characters can be quite common on signs in certain parts of South Korea.
Here is an example of the Vietnamese ruby characters (Chữ Quốc Ngữ) for Hanoi ("河內"):
chữ Quốc ngữ
河 (Hà) 內 (Nội)
Chữ Hán characters are glossed with chữ Nôm and the Vietnamese alphabet.
Chinese characters and its derivations of it (chữ Hán and chữ Nôm) which was used by the Vietnamese have fallen out of use in favour of Latin-based script chữ Quốc ngữ during the French colonial period when it was made a part of compulsory education (1920s onwards). Currently still used by Gin people.
Uses
Ruby may be used for different reasons:
because the character is rare and the pronunciation unknown to many—personal name characters often fall into this category;
because the character has more than one pronunciation, and the context is insufficient to determine which to use;
because the intended readers of the text are still learning the language and are not expected to always know the pronunciation or meaning of a term;
because the author is using a nonstandard pronunciation for a character or a term
Also, ruby may be used to show the meaning, rather than pronunciation, of a possibly-unfamiliar (usually foreign) or slang word. This is generally used with spoken dialogue and applies only to Japanese publications. The most common form of ruby is called furigana or yomigana and is found in Japanese instructional books, newspapers, comics and books for children.
In Japanese, certain characters, such as the sokuon (促音) (little tsu, っ) that indicates a pause before the consonant it precedes, are normally written at about half the size of normal characters. When written as ruby, such characters are usually the same size as other ruby characters. Advancements in technology now allow certain characters to render accurately.
In Chinese, the practice of providing phonetic cues via ruby is rare, but does occur systematically in grade-school level text books or dictionaries. The Chinese have no special name for this practice, as it is not as widespread as in Japan. In Taiwan, it is known as "zhuyin", from the name of the phonetic system employed for this purpose there. It is virtually always used vertically, because publications are normally in a vertical format, and zhuyin is not as easy to read when presented horizontally. Where zhuyin is not used, other Chinese phonetic systems like pinyin are employed.
In academic settings, Vietnamese text written in chữ Hán or chữ Nôm may be glossed with chữ quốc ngữ ruby for modern readers.
Sometimes interlinear glosses are visually similar to ruby, appearing above or below the main text in smaller type. However, this is a distinct practice used for helping students of a foreign language by giving glosses for the words in a text, as opposed to the pronunciation of lesser-known characters.
Ruby annotation can also be used in handwriting.
History
See also: Ruby (typography)
The Hunmin Jeongeum Eonhae uses hanja and small hangul for ruby to the lower-right of the hanja characters.
In British typography, ruby was originally the name for type with a height of 5.5 points, which printers used for interlinear annotations in printed documents. In Japanese, rather than referring to a font size, the word became the name for typeset furigana. When transliterated back into English, some texts rendered the word as rubi, (a typical romanisation of the Japanese word ルビ, instead of ルビー (rubī), the expected transliteration of ruby). However, the spelling "ruby" has become more common since the W3C published a recommendation for ruby markup. In the US, the font size had been called "agate", a term in use since 1831 according to the Oxford English Dictionary.
HTML markup
In 2001, the W3C published the Ruby Annotation specification for supplementing XHTML with ruby markup. Ruby markup is incorporated into the XHTML 1.1 specification and in HTML5.
For browsers that do not support Ruby natively, Ruby support is most easily added by using CSS rules that are available on the web.
Ruby markup is structured such that a fallback rendering, consisting of the ruby characters in parentheses immediately after the main text, appears if the browser does not support ruby.
The W3C is also working on a specific ruby module for CSS level 2, which additionally allows the grouping of ruby and automatic omission of furigana matching their annotated part.
Markup examples
Below are a few examples of ruby markup. The markup is shown first, and the rendered markup is shown next, followed by the unmarked version. Web browsers either render it with the correct size and positioning as shown in the table-based examples above, or use the fallback rendering with the ruby characters in parentheses:
XHTML
CSS level 2
Markup
<ruby>
東京 <rp>(</rp> <rt>とうきょう</rt><rp>)</rp>
</ruby>
<ruby>
北 <rp>(</rp><rt>ㄅㄟˇ</rt><rp>)</rp>
京 <rp>(</rp><rt>ㄐㄧㄥ</rt><rp>)</rp>
</ruby>
<ruby>
<rbc><rb>振</rb><rb>り</rb><rb>仮</rb><rb>名</rb><rp>(</rp></rbc>
<rtc><rt>ふ</rt><rt>り</rt><rt>が</rt><rt>な</rt><rp>)</rp></rtc>
</ruby>
Rendered
東京(
とうきょう)
北(ㄅㄟˇ)
京(ㄐㄧㄥ)
振(ふ)り仮(が)名(な)
By default, the code above will come to the effect below. To achieve this effect, you may need further CSS styling.
Unmarked
東京(とうきょう)
北(ㄅㄟˇ)京(ㄐㄧㄥ)
振り仮名(ふりがな)
Note that Chinese ruby text would normally be displayed in vertical columns to the right of each character. This approach is not typically supported in browsers at present.
This is a table-based example of vertical columns:
瓶
ㄆㄧㄥˊ
子
˙ㄗ
Complex ruby markup
Complex ruby markup makes it possible to associate more than one ruby text with a base text, or parts of ruby text with parts of base text.
Unicode
Main article: Specials (Unicode block)
Unicode and its companion standard, the Universal Character Set, support ruby via these interlinear annotation characters:
Code point FFF9 (hex)—Interlinear annotation anchor—marks start of annotated text
Code point FFFA (hex)—Interlinear annotation separator—marks start of annotating character(s)
Code point FFFB (hex)—Interlinear annotation terminator—marks end of annotated text
Few applications implement these characters. Unicode Technical Report #20 clarifies that these characters are not intended to be exposed to users of markup languages and software applications. It suggests that ruby markup be used instead, where appropriate.
The interlinear annotation characters are part of the "Specials" Unicode block:
SpecialsOfficial Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F
U+FFFx
IAA
IAS
IAT

�
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points
3.^ Black areas indicate noncharacters (code points that are guaranteed never to be assigned as encoded characters in the Unicode Standard)
ANSI
ISO/IEC 6429 (also known as ECMA-48) which defines the ANSI escape codes also provided a mechanism for ruby text for use by text terminals, although few terminals and terminal emulators implement it. The PARALLEL TEXTS (PTX) escape code accepted six parameter values giving the following escape sequences for marking ruby text:
CSI 0 \ (or simply CSI \ since 0 is used as the default value for this control) – end of parallel texts
CSI 1 \ – beginning of a string of principal parallel text
CSI 2 \ – beginning of a string of supplementary parallel text
CSI 3 \ – beginning of a string of supplementary Japanese phonetic annotation
CSI 4 \ – beginning of a string of supplementary Chinese phonetic annotation
CSI 5 \ – end of a string of supplementary phonetic annotations
See also
Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China-related articles § Ruby characters, and Furigana (Japanese)
Emphasis points, marks use for emphasis, which can be implemented similarly to ruby
Harakat – vocalised Arabic script diacritical marks that provide phonetic assistance for reading texts in Arabic.
Niqqud – vocalised Hebrew script vowel pointings that provide phonetic assistance for reading Hebrew. (The Hebrew abjad represents only the consonants.)
References
^ a b Marcin Sawicki; Michel Suignard; Masayasu Ishikawa; Martin Dürst; Tex Texin (2001-05-31). "Ruby Annotation". W3C Recommendation. World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 2007-02-14.
^ Lunde 2009, p. 529.
^ "W3C Ruby Markup Reference".
^ CSS Ruby Support Archived 2007-02-28 at the Wayback Machine—Works in all modern browsers
^ a b "CSS Ruby Annotation Layout Module Level 1". Retrieved 2021-03-03.
^ Complex ruby markup
^ "23.8 Specials: Annotation Characters". The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0 (PDF). Mountain View, CA: Unicode, Inc. September 2022.
^ Martin Dürst; Asmus Freytag (2007-05-16). "Unicode in XML and other Markup Languages". W3C and Unicode Consortium. Archived from the original on 2005-02-19. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
Further reading
Lunde, Ken (2009). CJKV Information Processing. Sebastopol, California: O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1 – via Google Books. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ruby (programming language)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Ruby (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"rōmaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"romaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"glosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)"},{"link_name":"logographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logogram"},{"link_name":"East Asian cultural sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinitic_languages"},{"link_name":"hanzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonic_languages"},{"link_name":"kanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"hanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language"},{"link_name":"chữ Hán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"chữ Nôm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m"}],"text":"This article is about Ruby characters in the East Asian cultural sphere. For the programming language, see Ruby (programming language). For other uses, see Ruby (disambiguation).Small characters that show pronunciationRuby characters or rubi characters (Japanese: ルビ; rōmaji: rubi; Korean: 루비; romaja: rubi) are small, annotative glosses that are usually placed above or to the right of logographic characters of languages in the East Asian cultural sphere, such as Chinese hanzi, Japanese kanji, and Korean hanja, to show the logographs' pronunciation; these were formerly also used for Vietnamese chữ Hán and chữ Nôm, and may still occasionally be seen in that context when reading archaic texts. Typically called just ruby or rubi, such annotations are most commonly used as pronunciation guides for characters that are likely to be unfamiliar to the reader.","title":"Ruby character"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"furigana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furigana"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"katakana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katakana"},{"link_name":"romaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji"},{"link_name":"on-readings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji#On'yomi_(Sino-Japanese_reading)"},{"link_name":"kun-readings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji#Kun'yomi_(native_reading)"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Xiao'erjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao%27erjing"},{"link_name":"Zhuyin fuhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bopomofo"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Xiao'erjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao%27erjing"},{"link_name":"Hui Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui_people"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SecondPageOfTamthientugiaidichquocngu.png"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script"},{"link_name":"chữ Quốc ngữ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Gin people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin_people"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Here is an example of Japanese ruby characters (called furigana) for Tokyo (\"東京\"):Most furigana are written with the hiragana syllabary, but katakana and romaji are also occasionally used. Alternatively, sometimes foreign words (usually English) are printed with furigana to provide the meaning, and vice versa. Textbooks sometimes render on-readings with katakana and kun-readings with hiragana.Here is an example of ruby characters for Beijing (\"北京\") in Zhuyin (a.k.a. Bopomofo), Xiao'erjing, and Pinyin.In Taiwan, the main syllabary used for Chinese ruby characters is Zhuyin fuhao (also known as Bopomofo); in mainland China pinyin is mainly used. Typically, unlike the example shown above, zhuyin is used with a vertical traditional writing and zhuyin is written on the right side of the characters. In mainland China, horizontal script is used and ruby characters (pinyin) are written above the Chinese characters.Xiao'erjing is a Perso-Arabic alphabet, adopted by Hui Muslims and at times utilized as ruby characters in various manuscripts. This system does have its shortcomings, mainly that it has no way of indicating tones. With the spread of pinyin, the usage of this system has been in decline in the past decades. Most manuscripts that do mark the characters with Xiao'erjing, do so from right-to-left, which is quite unique, compared to other systems. This is because usually such manuscripts include Arabic texts such as the Quran, and the Chinese writing is the explanation or translation.Books with phonetic guides (especially pinyin) are popular with children and foreigners learning Chinese.Here is an example of the Korean ruby characters for Korea (\"韓國\"):Romaja is normally used in foreign textbooks until Hangul is introduced. Ruby characters can be quite common on signs in certain parts of South Korea.Here is an example of the Vietnamese ruby characters (Chữ Quốc Ngữ) for Hanoi (\"河內\"):Chữ Hán characters are glossed with chữ Nôm and the Vietnamese alphabet.Chinese characters and its derivations of it (chữ Hán and chữ Nôm) which was used by the Vietnamese have fallen out of use in favour of Latin-based script chữ Quốc ngữ during the French colonial period when it was made a part of compulsory education (1920s onwards). Currently still used by Gin people.[citation needed]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sokuon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokuon"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-w3c-spec-1"},{"link_name":"zhuyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bopomofo"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"chữ Hán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"chữ Nôm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m"},{"link_name":"chữ quốc ngữ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_qu%E1%BB%91c_ng%E1%BB%AF"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELunde2009529-2"},{"link_name":"interlinear glosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlinear_glosses"}],"text":"Ruby may be used for different reasons:because the character is rare and the pronunciation unknown to many—personal name characters often fall into this category;\nbecause the character has more than one pronunciation, and the context is insufficient to determine which to use;\nbecause the intended readers of the text are still learning the language and are not expected to always know the pronunciation or meaning of a term;\nbecause the author is using a nonstandard pronunciation for a character or a termAlso, ruby may be used to show the meaning, rather than pronunciation, of a possibly-unfamiliar (usually foreign) or slang word. This is generally used with spoken dialogue and applies only to Japanese publications. The most common form of ruby is called furigana or yomigana and is found in Japanese instructional books, newspapers, comics and books for children.In Japanese, certain characters, such as the sokuon (促音) (little tsu, っ) that indicates a pause before the consonant it precedes, are normally written at about half the size of normal characters. When written as ruby, such characters are usually the same size as other ruby characters. Advancements in technology now allow certain characters to render accurately.[clarification needed][1]In Chinese, the practice of providing phonetic cues via ruby is rare, but does occur systematically in grade-school level text books or dictionaries. The Chinese have no special name for this practice, as it is not as widespread as in Japan. In Taiwan, it is known as \"zhuyin\", from the name of the phonetic system employed for this purpose there. It is virtually always used vertically, because publications are normally in a vertical format, and zhuyin is not as easy to read when presented horizontally.[citation needed] Where zhuyin is not used, other Chinese phonetic systems like pinyin are employed.In academic settings, Vietnamese text written in chữ Hán or chữ Nôm may be glossed with chữ quốc ngữ ruby for modern readers.[2]Sometimes interlinear glosses are visually similar to ruby, appearing above or below the main text in smaller type. However, this is a distinct practice used for helping students of a foreign language by giving glosses for the words in a text, as opposed to the pronunciation of lesser-known characters.Ruby annotation can also be used in handwriting.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ruby (typography)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(typography)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hunmin_jeong-eum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hunmin Jeongeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunmin_Jeongeum"},{"link_name":"hanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja"},{"link_name":"hangul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul"},{"link_name":"ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(typography)"},{"link_name":"points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(typography)"},{"link_name":"romanisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisation"},{"link_name":"W3C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3C"},{"link_name":"markup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language"},{"link_name":"agate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agate_(typography)"},{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"}],"text":"See also: Ruby (typography)The Hunmin Jeongeum Eonhae uses hanja and small hangul for ruby to the lower-right of the hanja characters.In British typography, ruby was originally the name for type with a height of 5.5 points, which printers used for interlinear annotations in printed documents. In Japanese, rather than referring to a font size, the word became the name for typeset furigana. When transliterated back into English, some texts rendered the word as rubi, (a typical romanisation of the Japanese word ルビ, instead of ルビー (rubī), the expected transliteration of ruby). However, the spelling \"ruby\" has become more common since the W3C published a recommendation for ruby markup. In the US, the font size had been called \"agate\", a term in use since 1831 according to the Oxford English Dictionary.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-w3c-spec-1"},{"link_name":"XHTML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XHTML"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"CSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ruby_stylesheet_hack-4"},{"link_name":"CSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-css2_ruby-5"}],"text":"In 2001, the W3C published the Ruby Annotation specification[1] for supplementing XHTML with ruby markup. Ruby markup is incorporated into the XHTML 1.1 specification and in HTML5.[3]For browsers that do not support Ruby natively, Ruby support is most easily added by using CSS rules that are available on the web.[4]Ruby markup is structured such that a fallback rendering, consisting of the ruby characters in parentheses immediately after the main text, appears if the browser does not support ruby.The W3C is also working on a specific ruby module for CSS level 2, which additionally allows the grouping of ruby and automatic omission of furigana matching their annotated part.[5]","title":"HTML markup"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Markup examples","text":"Below are a few examples of ruby markup. The markup is shown first, and the rendered markup is shown next, followed by the unmarked version. Web browsers either render it with the correct size and positioning as shown in the table-based examples above, or use the fallback rendering with the ruby characters in parentheses:Note that Chinese ruby text would normally be displayed in vertical columns to the right of each character. This approach is not typically supported in browsers at present.This is a table-based example of vertical columns:","title":"HTML markup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-complex_ruby-6"}],"sub_title":"Complex ruby markup","text":"Complex ruby markup makes it possible to associate more than one ruby text with a base text, or parts of ruby text with parts of base text.[6]","title":"HTML markup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"},{"link_name":"Universal Character Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Character_Set"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"hex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unicode20-8"}],"text":"Unicode and its companion standard, the Universal Character Set, support ruby via these interlinear annotation characters:[7]Code point FFF9 (hex)—Interlinear annotation anchor—marks start of annotated text\nCode point FFFA (hex)—Interlinear annotation separator—marks start of annotating character(s)\nCode point FFFB (hex)—Interlinear annotation terminator—marks end of annotated textFew applications implement these characters. Unicode Technical Report #20[8] clarifies that these characters are not intended to be exposed to users of markup languages and software applications. It suggests that ruby markup be used instead, where appropriate.The interlinear annotation characters are part of the \"Specials\" Unicode block:","title":"Unicode"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISO/IEC 6429","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_6429"},{"link_name":"ECMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecma_International"},{"link_name":"ANSI escape codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code"},{"link_name":"CSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Sequence_Introducer"}],"text":"ISO/IEC 6429 (also known as ECMA-48) which defines the ANSI escape codes also provided a mechanism for ruby text for use by text terminals, although few terminals and terminal emulators implement it. The PARALLEL TEXTS (PTX) escape code accepted six parameter values giving the following escape sequences for marking ruby text:CSI 0 \\ (or simply CSI \\ since 0 is used as the default value for this control) – end of parallel texts\nCSI 1 \\ – beginning of a string of principal parallel text\nCSI 2 \\ – beginning of a string of supplementary parallel text\nCSI 3 \\ – beginning of a string of supplementary Japanese phonetic annotation\nCSI 4 \\ – beginning of a string of supplementary Chinese phonetic annotation\nCSI 5 \\ – end of a string of supplementary phonetic annotations","title":"ANSI"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lunde, Ken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Lunde"},{"link_name":"CJKV Information Processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=SA92uQqTB-AC&pg=PA529"},{"link_name":"O'Reilly Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-596-51447-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-51447-1"}],"text":"Lunde, Ken (2009). CJKV Information Processing. Sebastopol, California: O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1 – via Google Books.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Chữ Hán characters are glossed with chữ Nôm and the Vietnamese alphabet.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/SecondPageOfTamthientugiaidichquocngu.png/220px-SecondPageOfTamthientugiaidichquocngu.png"},{"image_text":"The Hunmin Jeongeum Eonhae uses hanja and small hangul for ruby to the lower-right of the hanja characters.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hunmin_jeong-eum.jpg/200px-Hunmin_jeong-eum.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China-related articles § Ruby characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China-related_articles#Ruby_characters"},{"title":"Furigana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furigana"},{"title":"Emphasis points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphasis_point"},{"title":"emphasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)"},{"title":"Harakat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harakat"},{"title":"Arabic script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_script"},{"title":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"title":"Niqqud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niqqud"},{"title":"Hebrew script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_script"},{"title":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"title":"abjad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad"}] | [{"reference":"Marcin Sawicki; Michel Suignard; Masayasu Ishikawa; Martin Dürst; Tex Texin (2001-05-31). \"Ruby Annotation\". W3C Recommendation. World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 2007-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.w3.org/TR/ruby","url_text":"\"Ruby Annotation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3C_Recommendation","url_text":"W3C Recommendation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium","url_text":"World Wide Web Consortium"}]},{"reference":"\"W3C Ruby Markup Reference\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.w3.org/International/articles/ruby/markup.en.html","url_text":"\"W3C Ruby Markup Reference\""}]},{"reference":"\"CSS Ruby Annotation Layout Module Level 1\". Retrieved 2021-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://drafts.csswg.org/css-ruby/","url_text":"\"CSS Ruby Annotation Layout Module Level 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"23.8 Specials: Annotation Characters\". The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0 (PDF). Mountain View, CA: Unicode, Inc. September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode15.0.0/ch23.pdf#G15944","url_text":"The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0"}]},{"reference":"Martin Dürst; Asmus Freytag (2007-05-16). \"Unicode in XML and other Markup Languages\". W3C and Unicode Consortium. Archived from the original on 2005-02-19. Retrieved 2018-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050219010527/http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr20/","url_text":"\"Unicode in XML and other Markup Languages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium","url_text":"W3C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_Consortium","url_text":"Unicode Consortium"},{"url":"https://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr20/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lunde, Ken (2009). CJKV Information Processing. Sebastopol, California: O'Reilly Media. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Davidi | Guy Davidi | ["1 Cinematography","2 Early career","3 5 Broken Cameras","4 Current projects","5 References","6 External links"] | Israeli documentary filmmakerThis article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Guy Davidi" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024)
Guy DavidiBorn (1978-07-09) July 9, 1978 (age 45)JaffaOccupationfilmmaker
Guy Davidi (Hebrew: גיא דוידי; born July 9, 1978) is an Israeli documentary filmmaker. His movie 5 Broken Cameras was nominated for the 2013 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. Davidi also won the Best Directing Award along with Palestinian co-director Emad Burnat in the 2012 Sundance Film Festival and the 2013 international Emmy Award as well as numerous awards worldwide.
Davidi was born in Jaffa and grew up in Holon and Kfar Saba in Israel.
Cinematography
Innocence (2022)
Mixed Feelings (2016)
High Hopes (2014)
5 Broken Cameras (2011)
Women Defying Barriers (2009)
A Gift From Heaven (2008)
Early career
On 2005, after several years of working as a camera man, Davidi began directing documentaries that focused on everyday life in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. In 2006, Davidi directed the documentary In Working Progress, which dealt with the issue of Palestinian construction workers who worked in Israeli settlements. The film was shown at a number of film festivals including screenings in France, New Zealand, and Italy.
In 2008, Davidi directed the film A Gift from Heaven, which documented the lives of foreign workers in Israeli farms that fell under rocket fire from Gaza. The film was shown at the Curtocircuito International Short Film Festival (Spain) and at the Worker’s Film Festival in Haifa, Israel. In 2009, the film Women Defying Barriers was released, which documented the joint meetings of Israeli and Palestinian women in the midst of attacks on Gaza during Operation Defensive Shield. It won the award for Best Documentary at the 2010 61 Montecatini Film festival (Italy). In 2010, Davidi directed "Keywords," a short documentary produced by Israeli Social TV. The film describes the creation of the play Keywords, as based on the articles of Israeli journalist, Gideon Levy. The film was screened at the 2010 International Film Festival in Haifa, as well as the Sole Luna Festival in Italy.
That same year, Davidi also released his first full-length film, Interrupted Streams, which was jointly directed and produced by Davidi and Alexandre Goetschmann. The film deals with access to drinking water in the Palestinian village of Bil'in and shows the influence of the water shortage on the villagers' lives. It won the David Silver Award at the 2011 Jewish Film Festival in Warsaw, and was also nominated for Best Documentary at the Jerusalem Film Festival and at the Cinema South Festival in Israel.
5 Broken Cameras
At the end of 2011, Davidi released his second feature-length film, 5 Broken Cameras, a joint Israeli-Palestinian-French production in cooperation with Israel's Channel 8 as well as TV channels in France and the Netherlands. The film is based on six years of video footage taken by photographer Emad Burnat, a resident of Bil'in. The film chronicles the village’s struggle against the construction of the separation barrier as seen through the eyes of Burnat, as well as the effects of the village’s struggle on Burnat's family and personal life. The film was met with international acclaim, winning the World Cinema Directing Award at the Sundance Film Festival in 2012, the Special Broadcaster IDFA Audience Award and the Special Jury Award at the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam in 2011, the 2012 Audience Award at the Sheffield Doc/Fest, the 2013 international Emmy Award as well as more than ten other awards from around the world. The film was also sold to dozens of TV stations and was released in movie theaters across the world including the United States, Canada, England, France, and Japan. The film was screened at the 2012 Jerusalem Film Festival and the 2012 Israeli Cinema South Festival, where it won the Juliano Mer Prize. The film was nominated in the category of Best Documentary at the Academy Awards, where it ran against another Israeli production, The Gatekeepers. Davidi sparked controversy when he stated in an interview with Israeli TV that "he does not represent Israel, only himself" at the Oscars.
Current projects
In addition to his work as a filmmaker, Davidi also teaches cinema and video skills for the project, Video Act. The project works with artists to help them independently produce films that promote critical thinking and social change.
References
^ "'5 Broken Cameras' Clinches International Emmy Award". Haaretz. 2013-11-26. Retrieved 2024-02-20.
External links
Guy Davidi at IMDb
Official website (in Hebrew)
The film “A Gift from Heaven” on the MAKO website
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Korea
Netherlands
Poland
Artists
Photographers' Identities
Other
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_General_Hospital_characters_(1990s) | List of General Hospital characters (1990s) | ["1 Brook Lynn Ashton","1.1 Casting","1.2 Storylines","2 Tom Baker","2.1 Casting","2.2 Storylines","3 Dominique Baldwin","3.1 Storylines","4 Serena Baldwin","4.1 Storylines","5 Harlan Barrett","5.1 Storylines","6 Katherine Bell","7 Virginia Benson","8 Stefan Cassadine","8.1 Storylines","9 Jagger Cates","9.1 1990s","9.2 2008: General Hospital: Night Shift","9.3 2024","10 Lois Cerullo","10.1 Storylines","11 Ryan Chamberlain","11.1 Storylines","11.2 Reception","12 Kevin Collins","12.1 Storylines","12.2 Reception","13 Victor Collins","13.1 Storylines","14 Mike Corbin","14.1 Storylines","15 Lily Corinthos","15.1 Backstory","15.2 Storylines","16 Harrison Davis","17 Bill Eckert","17.1 Storylines","17.2 Reception","18 Jenny Eckert","19 Sly Eckert","20 Cesar Faison","20.1 Storylines","21 Paul Hornsby","21.1 Storylines","22 Chloe Morgan","23 Jonathan Paget","24 Casey Rogers","24.1 Casting","24.2 Storylines","24.3 Audience reception","25 Joe Scully","25.1 Storylines","26 Marcus Taggert","26.1 Casting","26.2 Backstory","26.3 Storylines","27 Bradley Ward","27.1 Storylines","28 Keesha Ward","28.1 Storylines","29 Sarah Webber","30 Karen Wexler","30.1 Casting","30.2 Storylines","30.3 Port Charles","31 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of General Hospital characters" 1990s – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (December 2020)
General Hospital is the longest-running American television serial drama, airing on ABC. Created by Frank and Doris Hursley, it originally was set it in a general hospital (hence the title), in an unnamed fictional city. In the 1970s, the city was named Port Charles, New York. The series premiered on April 1, 1963. This is a list of notable characters who significantly impacted storylines and began their run from 1990 to 1999.
Brook Lynn Ashton
Brook Lynn AshtonGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed by
Katlyn and Sarah Avery (1996-1997)
Brooke Radding (1999–2001)
Adrianne León (2004–2011)
Amanda Setton (2019–present)
Briana Lane (2020, 2022)
Duration
1996–1997
1999–2001
2004–2006
2010–2011
2019–present
First appearanceOctober 24, 1996ClassificationPresent; regularCreated byRichard Culliton and Karen HarrisIntroduced by
Wendy Riche (1997, 1999)
Jill Farren Phelps (2004, 2010)
Frank Valentini (2019)
In-universe informationOther names
Brook Lynn Quartermaine
BLQ
Lynn
Occupation
Music manager
Social media manager
Singer
Songwriter
Executive assistant
ELQ Shareholder
Escort (2010)
FamilyQuartermaineParents
Ned Quartermaine
Lois Cerullo
StepparentsOlivia FalconeriHalf-brothersLeo Falconeri (adoptive)Spouse
Harrison Chase (m. 2024)Grandfathers
Larry Ashton
Carmine Cerullo
Grandmothers
Tracy Quartermaine
Gloria Cerullo
Uncles
Mark Cerullo
Vincent Cerullo
Dillon Quartermaine
Other relatives
Edward Quartermaine
Lila Quartermaine
Alan Quartermaine
Jimmy Lee Holt
AJ Quartermaine
Jason Morgan
Drew Cain
Emily Quartermaine (adoptive)
Skye Quartermaine (adoptive)
Michael Corinthos
Giovanni Palmieri
Brook Lynn Ashton (also Quartermaine) is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital. On the series, she is the daughter of Ned Quartermaine and Lois Cerullo, and was named after her mother's hometown of Brooklyn.
Casting
The faces of Brook Lynn AshtonAdrianne León was cast in the role of Brook Lynn in 2004; she remained in the role intermittently until 2011.Amanda Setton joined the cast as Brook Lynn in 2019.Briana Lane filled in for Setton for three months in 2020 and one episode in 2022; she earned a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for her work in the role.
Originally played by actress Brooke Radding in 1996, the character was later recast with actress Adrianne León in 2004, who was nominated for two awards for the role in 2005: the Soap Opera Digest "Outstanding Female Newcomer Award", and "Outstanding Younger Actress" in the Daytime Emmy Awards. Leon continued to play the character until 2006. It was announced in 2010 that Leon would return to the show as Brook Lynn that May. She left the series again in 2011 after the character was written off.
In November 2019, TVLine announced Amanda Setton had been cast in the role; she made her first appearance on November 18. Jamey Giddens of Daytime Confidential had suggested that Setton be cast in the role in 2012, one year after Leon's exit. In August 2020, it was announced Setton would take temporary leave from the role to take a maternity leave; actress Briana Lane was cast in the role. Lane assumed the role from August 6 to November 16, 2020. Lane's performance in the role garnered her a Daytime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Guest Performer in a Drama Series in 2021. In February 2021, it was announced Setton would return to the role; she returned during the March 15 episode.
Storylines
Brook Lynn is raised by her mother after her parents' divorce, but lives with her father as a teenager. She is a talented songwriter and singer, and her mother, a band manager and record-company executive, often pressures her to pursue a singing career. Brook dates Diego Alcazar for a time, but they later break up. She is also involved in adventures with Georgie Jones, her uncle Dillon Quartermaine, and Sage Alcazar, who competes with her for a recording contract. The obnoxious Sage is murdered by serial killer Mary Bishop after she is locked in the Quartermaine freezer by a fed-up Georgie. Sage is a sitting duck for the killer, who mistakes her for Brook's adopted cousin Emily Quartermaine. After her death, Brook puts a poignant song written by Sage to music and records it. Sage's uncle Lorenzo Alcazar blames Brook and the other teens for her death, but is brought to tears when he hears Brook perform the song. The following year, Brook is a victim of the Port Charles Stalker, who drugs girls and takes pictures of them. The stalker later turns out to be Sage's cousin Diego, who had read her journals and decided to get revenge on Brook and the others on Sage's behalf. Soon after, Brook decided to leave Port Charles and return to New York to pursue her music career.
Brook Lynn was convinced to return to town in 2010 by Carly Corinthos Jacks, who promised to pay Brook if she came between Dante Falconeri, with whom Brook grew up in Bensonhurst, and his girlfriend, Lulu Spencer. Carly hired Brook Lynn to sing at the Metro Court, and purchased her an apartment across from Dante's. Brook succeeds in drugging Dante at a bar, and attempts to have sex with him in his apartment, but Lulu arrives to stop this and blames Brook entirely. Feeling guilty, Brook later tells Lulu that she had been working for Carly, but Carly lies and claims she was only trying to test Dante to see if he was worthy of Lulu. Lulu believes Carly, and continues to blame Brook. Finding Brook in a state of devastation, wealthy Nikolas Cassadine invites her into his castle and hires her to be his escort for a formal dinner in France. While he teaches her etiquette, the two begin a flirtation, and then a romance. Brook eventually moves into the Cassadine castle and continues to work as Nikolas' escort at formal events. She is soon at odds with Elizabeth Webber, the mother of Nikolas' son Aiden. Elizabeth was interested in pursuing a relationship with Nikolas after previously turning him down, but Nikolas was now interested in Brook Lynn, and turned her down. Brook Lynn later got an offer to go on tour with a band. Nikolas got caught up in family issues, and encouraged Brook Lynn to take the offer because he could not put her first. The two parted ways, and Brook Lynn left town.
Brook Lynn returned to town in 2019 with Setton taking over the role. Brook Lynn legally changed her last name to Quartermaine in early 2020.
Tom Baker
Tom BakerGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed by
Jay Lacopo (1998)
Don Harvey (2016–2017)
Duration
1998
2016–2017
First appearanceNovember 2, 1998Last appearanceJanuary 11, 2017ClassificationFormer; recurringCreated by
Robert Guza, Jr. and Karen Harris
Introduced by
Wendy Riche (1998)
Frank Valentini (2016)
In-universe informationOccupationPhotographerBrothersSeth Baker
Tom Baker, portrayed by Jay Lacopo, first appeared on November 2, 1998. On November 15, 2016, Don Harvey assumed the role.
Casting
The announcement of Harvey's casting was made on November 11, 2016. The character had previously been portrayed by Jay Lacopo on November 2, 1998.
Storylines
On Valentine's Day 1998, Elizabeth Webber (Rebecca Herbst) is raped, and Lucky Spencer (then Jonathan Jackson) helps her recover. Emily Quartermaine (then Amber Tamblyn) starts embarking on a new career in modeling, but soon finds herself the subject of a blackmail attempt when she receives a photograph of her head photoshopped onto the body of a nude model. She enlists the help of Lucky, his half brother Nikolas Cassadine (Tyler Christopher), and Elizabeth Webber. They discover the culprit is photographer Tom Baker, later revealed to also be responsible for raping Elizabeth. He is prosecuted for blackmailing Emily. Due to lack of evidence, he cannot be prosecuted for raping Elizabeth, but is sentenced to prison for 20 years. In late 2016, Tom was up for parole, and Elizabeth had to write a note to convince the board not to release him. Tom, though, was released, because the board thought he had reformed. However, Franco Baldwin (Roger Howarth), Elizabeth's boyfriend, was suspicious and attacks Tom in his brother's house on Oak Street. Franco attacks Tom again when he shows up at Elizabeth's work place, and says he also works there. Desperate to get Tom away from Elizabeth, Franco lures him to his art studio and locks him in a cage so Tom will miss his parole hearing and be sent back to prison. He lets him out, though, and Tom locks Franco in the same cage. Franco and Elizabeth later find out that Tom was found dead after being brutally stabbed, and Franco is suspected of killing Tom. It's later revealed that Tom preyed on Alexis Davis (Nancy Lee Grahn) while she was drunk, and held her at knife point. Alexis fought him off, and grabbed the knife from him. It was later proven, though, that she didn't kill Tom. The culprit was revealed to be Seth Baker (Michael Rodrick), Tom's brother who saw Tom attack Alexis and realized his brother was still a predator and would never change.
Dominique Baldwin
Dominique BaldwinGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byTawny Fere Ellis (1991)Shell Danielson (1991–1998)Duration
1991–1993
1997–1998
First appearanceJune 4, 1991Last appearanceJanuary 2, 1998ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byGene Palumbo Norma Monty John WhelpleyIntroduced byGloria MontySpin-offappearancesPort CharlesIn-universe informationOccupationPartner in deceptionParentsAvery Stanton Margaret StantonHalf-sistersKatherine Bell Danielle AshleySpouseLeopold Taub Scott Baldwin (1992–1993)ChildrenCody Bell Serena BaldwinUnclesRex StantonAuntsIrene Stanton
Dominique Baldwin (maiden name Stanton; formerly Taub) is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital. She was portrayed by Tawny Fere Ellis from June 4 to November 14, 1991, and Shell Danielson from December 3, 1991, to May 5, 1993. Danielson reprised the role on Port Charles, GH's spin-off, from December 9, 1997, to January 2, 1998.
Storylines
Dominique arrived on the show, deaf and unhappily married to Leopold Taub. Her husband and she lived in a loveless marriage on the Stanton estate named Serenity. Her misfortunes changed when she fell in love with Mac Scorpio, who had accidentally wandered onto the grounds of her family's estate. After falling in love with Mac, Dominique divorced her husband and went to Port Charles to find Mac. When she found him, she convinced him that she needed protection and asked for his help in keeping Leopold away. Leopold came to town after Dominique, Mac, and he fought over her. During a gunfight, the loud shots restored Dominique's hearing, but Leopold had her committed to Shadybrook Sanitarium after becoming her guardian. He was later killed when he became involved in a cartel to take over global business, and in his will, he left Dominique a large sum of money. After his death, Dominique was able to leave Shadybrook and resumed her relationship with Mac. She later broke up with Mac after she became jealous of his relationship with his ex-sister-in-law Holly Sutton. Dominique then moved on with her life and became partners with Julia Barrett and Scott Baldwin in Deception perfume. Connor Olivera, the son of Sean Donely, pursued Dominique, and the two had a brief relationship. Dominique later joined Scott for a weekend in Vegas, and when she woke up from a hangover a few days later, she was shocked to learn that Scott and she were married. After getting the news, Connor ended his relationship with Dominique and left town. After returning to Port Charles, Scott and Dominique filed divorce papers and decided that they would call off the divorce if they enjoyed being married to each other. The two ended up falling in love and decided to stay married.
In 1993, Dominique began to suffer from severe headaches and dizzy spells, and she was diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumor and only months to live. Scott was devastated by the news, but Dominique and he decided to have a second lavish wedding where all their friends and family could attend. Dominique wanted to give Scotty a child before she died, and that became possible when Lucy Coe agreed to become a surrogate for them. Lucy successfully carried Dominique's fertilized egg, and Dominique lived to hear the heartbeat of her child, but sadly did not live long enough to see the baby born. After hearing the baby's heartbeat, Dominique died in Scott's arms on a beautiful fall day overlooking the trees. In her will, Dominique left Scott a large amount of money for their child and him. Months later, Lucy gave birth to Dominique and Scott's daughter, and Lucy and Scott decided to name the baby Serena after Dominique's family's estate Serenity.
Dominique's spirit returned in 1997 on the soap opera Port Charles, to comfort her daughter Serena, who was in the middle of an ugly custody battle started by Dominique's uncle Rex Stanton, who only wanted all of Dominique's money. Dominique also appeared to Scott and took him on a Christmas Carol-type journey by showing him his past, present, and future. She showed him the consequences that he would face if he did not open up his heart to love again, and with Dominique's help, Scott was finally able to let her go and move on with his life.
In August 2022, it was revealed that Dominique has a son named Cody Bell, whom she gave up for adoption. When Mac first saw Cody, he immediately knew that there was a possibility that Cody could be his son. On November 9, a DNA test revealed that Mac is his biological father. Cody lies and states it's not a match, as he has a chance at inheriting a 35 million dollar necklace if he's the son of Leopold.
Serena Baldwin
Serena BaldwinGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byCarly Schroeder (1997–2017)Duration
1993
1997–2003
2017
First appearanceDecember 7, 1993Last appearanceJuly 14, 2017ClassificationPast; guestCreated byClaire LabineIntroduced by
Wendy Riche (1993, 1997)
Frank Valentini (2017)
Spin-offappearancesPort CharlesIn-universe informationParentsScott BaldwinDominique StantonAdoptive motherLucy CoeStepfatherKevin Collins (2001–2003, 2004–2014)SistersChristina Baldwin (adoptive)Half-brothersFranco BaldwinLogan HayesCody BellHalf-sistersKaren WexlerGrandparentsDavid BordissoMeg BentleyLee Baldwin (adoptive)Gail Adamson Baldwin (adoptive)Avery StantonMargaret StantonAunts and unclesKatherine BellDanielle Ashley
Serena Baldwin is a fictional character from the ABC soap opera General Hospital, and its now-defunct spin-off Port Charles. She was portrayed by Carly Schroeder. Serena's wealthy mother, Dominique Stanton Baldwin, was dying and wanted to leave a child for her husband Scott Baldwin. As a consequence, Serena was born via a surrogate mother, Lucy Coe.
Storylines
Serena was born via surrogate mother Lucy Coe (Lynn Herring) when it was discovered that her mother Dominique was dying, but wanted to leave her husband Scott Baldwin (Kin Shriner) with a child. Lucy made Scott and Dominique's dream possible by carrying Serena until birth. Scott and Lucy named her Serena, after the Stanton family estate named Serenity. Soon after Serena's birth, Scott took her and fled to Canada to hide from the mob that was trying to steal the fortune that was left to Serena and him.
In 1997, Scott returned to Port Charles without Serena, and at first believed that Lucy had kidnapped her. He soon realized he was wrong, though, and not long after was hit by a car, but that did not deter his search for his missing daughter. Danielle Ashley, Dominique's half-sister and Rex Stanton, their uncle were later revealed to have taken Serena, and planned to use her to gain access to her trust fund. A worn-down Danielle ended up admitting the truth to Scott, and he was reunited with his daughter. Rex, however, pushed forward and made Scott look like an unfit father. His plan worked, and he gained custody of Serena, but Lucy married Rex to keep an eye on the little girl whom she had carried and loved. Rex was eventually forced to come clean with his deception, and he was arrested for his crimes.
Serena was again reunited with Scott, and this time for good. Serena and Scott began to spend time with Eve Lambert, which caused Lucy to become extremely jealous. Lucy came up with a plan to gain back their attention by looking like a hero and siphoned the gas out of Eve's car, so she could rescue them when their car ran out of gas. Her plan backfired, however, when they were in an accident and Serena lost her eyesight. After a successful surgery, she regained her sight, and Serena was ecstatic when her parents, Scott and Lucy, eventually got married and adopted a baby girl they named Christina Baldwin. Unfortunately, Christina was taken by her biological mother, and her loss caused the end of Scott and Lucy's marriage. The tide turned and Serena was thrilled when Christina's biological mother Julie Devlin returned her to Scott and Lucy, after she found out that she was dying and could no longer care for Christina. Later that year on Christmas Eve, Lucy married Kevin Collins and Serena was happy to gain an older sister named Olivia Locke. A few years later, Serena packed up her things and left with Lucy, Kevin, and Christina for Paris.
In July 2017, Serena returns to Port Charles with the news that Lee Baldwin has died. Along with her parents, she mourns his death.
Harlan Barrett
Harlan BarrettGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byMichael ColeFirst appearanceMarch 7, 1991Last appearanceNovember 22, 1991ClassificationFormer, recurringCreated byGene PalumboIntroduced byGloria MontyIn-universe informationOccupationOwner of barrett industriesParentsOscar BarrettCora PetersChildrenJulia BarrettBrenda BarrettGrandchildrenAlec Barrett
Cole appeared in the ABC series, The Mod Squad.
Harlan Barrett is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital, played by Michael Cole in 1991.
Storylines
In 1991, Harlan Barrett arrives in Port Charles to save the sunken vessel, the SS Tracy. Harlan notices Bill Eckert has the initiative to raise the ship with a unique invention, and quickly hires Bill as the chief engineer for Barrett Industries.
Harlan is quite the ladies man, and brags quite often that he could have any woman he wants. Currently, he sets his sights on Tracy Quartermaine, who is very taken with the exuberant Harlan. Dating the wealthy socialite would prove very beneficial, as Harlan is after stock in ELQ. He makes the mistake of angering Monica Quartermaine, Lucy Coe, and Tracy, who drug him and hold him captive overnight at the Quartermaine mansion.
Barrett, Leopold Taub, Faison, and Lord Ashton later form a cartel corner the market on international trade with the use of a dangerous carcinogen, carbon disulfide. This toxin is manufactured at a canning operation, and they use as an elaborate ruse for their true purpose. The cartel strong-arms newcomer Paul Hornsby to marry his way into the Quartermaine family and snatch up their assets. Paul feeds the cartel information about Robert Scorpio's investigation. Bill is brought into the cartel, but a deliriously wicked Faison wants Bill to prove himself before he is completely accepted. Bill's assignment is to kill Faison's nemesis, Robert Scorpio. By this time, Bill and Robert are good friends, so a "faux death" is arranged. Bill shoots Robert on the waterfront, but Harlan is not fooled, so he decides to shoot Robert again. Bill shoots and kills Harlan to protect Robert. The cartel's illicit activities come to an abrupt end. On Founder's Day, Leopauld Taub is killed, and Cesar Faison escapes. A grief-stricken Julia promptly ends her relationship with Bill. Harlan's other daughter, Brenda, comes to town in 1992, after dropping out of boarding school, to claim her inheritance.
Katherine Bell
Katherine BellGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byMary Beth EvansDuration1993–1999First appearanceJune 20, 1993Last appearanceOctober 11, 1999ClassificationFormer; regularCreated byBill LevinsonIntroduced byWendy RicheBook appearancesRobin's DiarySpin-offappearancesGeneral Hospital: Twist of Fate (1996)Port CharlesIn-universe informationOther namesKatherine CrawfordOccupationBusinesswomanParentsAvery StantonKimberly BellSiblingsDominique StantonDanielle AshleyCody Bell (illegal adoptive)SpouseNed Ashton (1994)Aunts and unclesRex StantonNieces and nephewsCody BellSerena Baldwin
Katherine Bell is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital. Mary Beth Evans portrayed Katherine Bell from 1993 until the character's death in 1999. Katherine Bell came to Port Charles using the name Katherine Crawford, claiming to be a friend of Scott Baldwin's deceased wife, Dominique Stanton.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2016)
Virginia Benson
Virginia Benson was introduced as the adoptive mother of Carly Benson.
Stefan Cassadine
Stefan CassadineGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byStephen NicholsDuration1996–2003First appearanceJune 28, 1996Last appearanceOctober 16, 2003ClassificationFormer; regularCreated byRobert Guza, Jr. Karen HarrisIntroduced byWendy RicheSpin-offappearancesGeneral Hospital: Twist of Fate (1996)Port CharlesIn-universe informationOccupationPrince of Greek nobilityBusinessmanFamilyCassadineParentsMikkos CassadineHelena CassadineBrothersStavros CassadineHalf-brothersValentin CassadineHalf-sistersAlexis DavisKristina CassadineIrina CassadineSpouseBobbie Spencer (1996–1997)GrandparentsIvan CassadineBasil RomanovAgatha RomanovAunts and unclesVictor CassadineTony CassadineSophia CassadineNieces and nephewsSam McCallNikolas CassadineKristina DavisMolly LansingCharlotte CassadineOther relativesPetros CassadineDimitri Cassadine
Stefan Darius Mikkosovich Cassadine is a fictional character played by actor Stephen Nichols from June 28, 1996, to January 16, 2002, and June 2, 2003, to October 16, 2003, on General Hospital.
Stefan is the second son of villain Mikkos Cassadine, who once attempted to freeze the world with a weather machine in the famous 1980s Luke and Laura storyline, and his equally evil wife Helena. The complex and often dark character alternated between playing protective uncle to nephew Nikolas Cassadine and tender would-be lover of Laura Spencer, and his obsessive vendetta against Luke Spencer, whom he blamed for the death of his brother Stavros Cassadine and for his own loss of Laura.
Storylines
Stefan first came to Port Charles in 1996 with his teenaged nephew Nikolas Cassadine, the secret son of Laura Spencer and Stefan's older brother Stavros. The Cassadines are descended from a titled, aristocratic Russian family, who fled to Greece following the 1917 Russian Revolution. Stefan had raised Nikolas since infancy after Laura had escaped the captivity of Stavros and been forced to leave Nikolas behind, after Helena "murdered" Laura's mother, Lesley Webber, when she tried to contact him.
Stefan battled his mother Helena Cassadine for control of Nikolas and control of the family company, and was official head of the family by the time Nikolas was seven. His mother, emotionally abusive to him during his childhood, viewed him as weak and soft, which he was only in comparison to the more homicidal members of the Cassadine family. Helena strongly favored his older brother Stavros and alternately ignored and belittled the more sensitive Stefan. Stefan loved and protected Alexis Davis, who was raised as his first cousin but later turned out to be his half-sister, both children of Mikkos. He paid for her to attend boarding school in the United States as a teenager and encouraged her to go into the legal profession. However, he also dominated her and expected complete loyalty and obedience from her. Alexis was charged with doing much of the legwork for "Timoria", Stefan's planned vendetta against the Spencer family and General Hospital, both of which Stefan blamed for the presumed death of his brother Stavros. In their first years on the show, fans detected romantic chemistry in Stefan's scenes with Alexis. Stefan expressed disapproval of Alexis's relationship with Ned Ashton and she later went to great lengths to break up his engagement to Katherine Bell, whom she disapproved of. Fans of the romantic pairing called themselves the "Gutter Rats", though no actual romantic relationship was ever alluded to in their scenes together.
Laura Spencer contacted Stefan after her baby daughter Lulu Spencer was diagnosed with aplastic anemia and was in need of a bone marrow transplant from a matched donor. Nikolas turned out to be a match. True to the love-hate relationship Stefan always had with Laura, Stefan forced Laura to beg for her daughter's life. He then allowed Nikolas to donate the life-saving bone marrow to his sister. At the same time, Stefan launched his Timoria plot, to exact revenge on Luke and Laura for (presumably) killing his brother, Stavros, while he was attempted to rape Laura Spencer fifteen years prior. Stefan later married Luke's sister Bobbie Spencer as part of his revenge plot against the Spencers. The marriage ended in divorce after Stefan caught Bobbie investigating his actions against the Spencers.
In the intervening years, Stefan had an affair with and later became engaged to Katherine Bell. This relationship was derailed for a time after his "cousin" Alexis produced proof that Katherine was Stefan's half-sister Natasha. This was eventually exposed as a falsehood, when it turned out that Alexis was the real Natasha. This revelation rocked Stefan and he reacted as a true Cassadine. Stefan banished Alexis, but eventually forgave her. During the grand Bacchanalia on Spoon Island, a ball celebrating her engagement to Stefan, Katherine fell off a parapet at the mansion, the victim of a failed attempt to murder Helena by Luke and Alexis. Katherine was rescued by Helena Cassadine and restored to health, but died in a second fall from the parapet (this time assisted by Helena) soon after her return.
Meanwhile, Laura was harboring a secret about Nikolas, which strained her relationship with her husband and family. Eventually, Luke discovered that she had slept with Stefan and believed that Stefan, not Stavros, was Nikolas' father, and had lied to him about it. Meanwhile, Stefan had to face Nikolas about the secret that Stefan, too, had kept. Nikolas lashed out at Stefan, moving out and depending heavily on his brother, Lucky Spencer, and his friend, Emily Quartermaine, for support. Stefan did not approve of Nikolas's choices for companions, feeling that they were below his stature as a Cassadine. In particular, Stefan felt that Nikolas should always be wary of Spencers, and not trust them as he had come to trust Lucky. Eventually the two reconciled. Nikolas had always loved Stefan like a father, after all.
DNA testing later proved that Stavros was actually Nikolas's father, much to Stefan's bitter disappointment. The damage was already done to Luke and Laura, however, and they divorced. Shortly before Luke and Laura divorced, Stefan and Laura began a relationship, and Stefan felt hopeful that he could regain his relationship with Laura, the woman he had so loved and hated over the years. Unfortunately, their relationship ended bitterly, after Stefan learned that Laura's presumed dead son, Lucky, was alive, and temporarily withheld the information from her. Laura eventually learned about this from Luke, and violently confronted Stefan. Laura could not forgive him for the lie, and Stefan finally accepted that he and Laura had no future.
Stefan later fell in love with Quartermaine cousin Chloe Morgan and was framed for her murder when his back-from-the-dead brother, Stavros, killed her. The plot was eventually revealed and Stefan was cleared.
He appeared more aggressive and continually more deranged and desperate in his final year on the show. Stefan returned to the show after an absence. He had plotted an arranged marriage for Nikolas with Lydia Karenin, a wealthy Russian heiress, to restore the Cassadine family's wealth. He ordered Nikolas to marry Lydia, but Nikolas was reluctant to follow through. Stefan attempted to kill Nikolas's real love, Emily Quartermaine, but pushed Lucky's girlfriend Summer (a Laura look-alike), off the cliff by mistake. His secret was well hidden, though, he thought. Stefan's loan from Lorenzo Alcazar was due (this loan transpired as Stefan re-entered the show); Stefan and Lorenzo's henchmen fought quite a bit with him in his final weeks. At this time as well, Luke Spencer kidnapped and put Stefan on "trial" in front of the entire Port Charles television audience, taped by Dillon Quartermaine. Luke intended for Stefan to admit to the attempted murder of Emily Bowen-Quartermaine and actual murder of Summer Holloway. Stefan apparently died after he was burned (and disfigured) and later stabbed in a knife fight with Luke Spencer.
Luke was arrested for Stefan's murder but was released when Stefan's suicide note was found, where Stefan admitted that he had set Luke up for his staged "murder".
Jagger Cates
Jagger CatesGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed by
Antonio Sabàto, Jr. (1992–2008)
Adam Harrington (2024)
Duration
1992–1995
2008
2024
First appearanceApril 8, 1992ClassificationPresent; regularCreated byMaralyn ThomaIntroduced by
Wendy Riche (1992)
Lisa de Cazotte (2008)
Frank Valentini (2024)
Book appearancesRobin's DiarySpin-offappearancesGeneral Hospital: Night ShiftIn-universe informationOther namesJohn CatesOccupationFBI agentParentsLewis Cates Sophia Estelle CatesSiblingsStone CatesGina CatesSpouseKaren Wexler (1994–1997)ChildrenStone Cates
Jagger Cates is a fictional character on General Hospital. The role was originated on April 8, 1992, by Antonio Sabàto, Jr., who portrayed him until 1994, and again briefly in Autumn 1995. In 2008, Sabàto reprised the role during the second season of General Hospital: Night Shift. Adam Harrington assumed the role when Jagger returned to Port Charles in February 2024 as a series regular.
1990s
Sabàto starred alongside former 1990s co-stars in the summer of 2008 when he appeared on Night Shift.
John Cates was separated from his siblings Michael and Gina after they were orphaned as children. John assumed the edgier name of Jagger, and fell in with a rough crowd, but his heart was still good—all it took to bring that out of him was some tender, loving care from young Karen Wexler. In 1992, thugs broke into Kelly's Diner, roughed up owner Ruby Anderson, and attempted to rob the place. One of them, a homeless hooligan named Jagger Cates, was shot trying to protect Ruby. Ruby not only forgave him, but she also gave him a job and a place to live.
Wealthy teen Jason Quartermaine started working on Dr. Tom Hardy's new volunteer "Teen Hot Line". Along with freshman Robin Scorpio and fellow junior Karen Wexler, Jason had a place on the crisis line to help teens in trouble. Karen and Jason grew close, but before long, Karen got involved with Jagger Cates, a drop-out with a sweet disposition.
After a storm, Jason, Jagger, and Karen were stranded on an island. On the island, they encountered Cal Atkins and his convict brother, Joseph Atkins, who had broken out of jail. Cal dragged Karen to the top of a cliff and tried to rape her. Jagger saved her. Jason got there in time to see Cal plummet to the shore below. Convinced that Cal was dead, the teens made a pact to keep what had happened a secret. Cal was actually alive and well with his brother. Back home, a shoot-out occurred. Jagger suffered a minor wound. Cal was arrested. Atkins escaped and sought out Bobbie, who had befriended him in letters to his jail cell. The escaped convict took her hostage and tried to rape her. Atkins was caught when he tried to escape in a police helicopter flown by Mac Scorpio.
Teenager Brenda Barrett turned up on her big sister Julia's doorstep. Julia persuaded Brenda to move in with her and enroll in Port Charles High School. Jagger Cates also enrolled at PCHS. Brenda was instantly attracted to him. She could tell he liked Karen, whom Brenda instantly disliked. Neither Jagger nor Brenda liked school, but Jagger liked Brenda's style and they fell into each other's arms and made love. For good reason, Brenda Barrett was insecure about her relationship with Jagger Cates. Jagger and Karen had fallen in love. Karen began having disturbing flashbacks. An old boyfriend of Karen's mother, Rhonda, came to stay with Karen and her. Soon after seeing her mother's old boyfriend Ray Conway, long repressed memories flooded back to Karen because he had abused her when she was a child.
Jagger located his sister, Gina, and hired Felicia Jones and Mac Scorpio to find his 16-year-old brother. At a wild party, someone slipped "ecstasy" into Karen's drink. A kid named Stone came to her aid. He turned out to be Jagger's brother, Mike. Karen felt unworthy of Jagger, who had started to box with Marco Dane as his manager. She broke up with Jagger, who was comforted by Brenda Barrett. A troubled Karen went to work as a stripper at the Paradise Lounge, run by Sonny Corinthos. Stone lived in Sonny's apartment above the club. Soon, Karen was addicted to stripping, Sonny, and pills. Karen kept her new life a secret while she worked at Kelly's and the hospital, and went to class at Port Charles University. Jagger and "Stone" were reunited.
After Jagger and Stone argued over Stone's going back to school, Jagger followed Stone to the Paradise Lounge. He saw Karen stripping. Later, a stunned Jagger found Karen in bed with Sonny and beat Sonny up. Sonny put a hit out on Jagger. Marco promised Sonny a piece of Jagger's boxing action in exchange for Jagger's life. Sonny liked the idea of "owning" Jagger and agreed. Slipping into the strip joint, Brenda's eyes popped when she saw a drugged-out Karen taking her clothes off. Brenda saw it all, and told everyone. Karen's friends and family rallied around her during her recovery. In his next fight, Jagger refused to follow Sonny's orders to take a dive. Jagger and Karen ran away and finally made love.
By 1994, Stone and Jagger finally rekindled the warm relationship they had as kids. Jagger stopped boxing and decided to become a cop. Karen, who had received a scholarship to study medicine at Northwestern University, and he got engaged. Before Jagger and Karen's wedding day, a suicidal patient at the hospital almost plunged out a window with Karen. A new orderly, Miguel Morez, saved them both. Miguel saw how Jagger felt about Karen and had a pang. He had once been in love like that with a girl named Lily.
Jagger stopped his brother Stone from driving the getaway van that would carry Frank Smith out of jail. Tragedy struck when the bike Jagger was riding crashed and he was knocked out. Jagger recuperated from his motorcycle spill in time to marry Karen in a touching wedding ceremony. It was a day filled with love—and surprises. Karen's mother revealed to Karen that Scott Baldwin was her father. Karen, overjoyed by the news, happily hopped on the back of her new husband's motorcycle and sped off to a new life in San Francisco, where Karen would become a doctor and Jagger would become a police officer.
In 1995, Stone Cates had come down with the flu. As his girlfriend Robin Scorpio nursed him with chicken soup, he convinced her she should go to Yale. Stone assured Robin he had been tested and was HIV negative. They made love for the first time. Mac was furious when he found out, but he came to realize he had to let Robin grow up. When Stone could not shake the flu, tests revealed the worst possible news. Stone was HIV positive. Stone could not bring himself to reveal the deeply tragic news to Robin.
Jagger returned to Port Charles to visit with Stone, luckily getting the chance to spend a little time with his brother before Stone died later that year.
Karen returned to Port Charles in 1997 as a young doctor in General Hospital's intern program, where she discovered she was going to be working closely with Dr. Joe Scanlon. Karen and Joe had been childhood friends in Port Charles. Although Karen was now married to Jagger Cates, a police officer stationed in San Francisco, she was still attracted to Joe, and Joe was attracted to Karen.
Karen's marriage to Jagger was on shaky ground, but she wanted to make it work. Although they constantly found themselves in close situations, Karen and Joe resisted their impulses, as Karen tried to stay faithful to her husband. Afraid of her feelings for Joe and needing to see Jagger, Karen went to San Francisco. While there, Karen learned that Jagger had been having an affair and that their marriage was truly over. Karen returned to Port Charles and her friendship with Joe grew deeper and the two began dating.
2008: General Hospital: Night Shift
In 2008, Jagger returns to Port Charles with his five-year-old son Stone, named after his deceased brother. Stone's mother is suing for custody of their son. While in Port Charles, Stone is diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder; at first, Jagger is in denial about it. Writer Sri Rao explained the effect on Jagger he wanted to portray, stating "The focus of our story is mostly on how it affects Jagger as a parent. ... It's a very overwhelming and complicated emotional journey that a parent goes on when their child is diagnosed with autism. It starts with denial, embarrassment, confusion, sadness, and ultimately, acceptance. That's the arc we'll see Jagger go through over the course of this season." Rao reached out to Autism Speaks to make sure he told the story "authentically, responsibly and realistically". Throughout the show, the audience sees Jagger slowly come to terms with Stone's autism. At the end of season, Jagger and Stone return to San Francisco.
2024
In February 2024, Jagger (Adam J. Harrington) returns to Port Charles, now going by his given name, "John", as an FBI agent. He first meets Carly Spencer (Laura Wright) at Bobbie's (formerly known as Kelly's) before he meets Leo Falconeri (Easton Rocket Sweda) and keeps him company, recognizing that he's autistic like his own son, Stone. After getting a call, he and a few FBI agents shut down a sting operation ran by Anna Devane (Finola Hughes) and Jordan Ashford (Tanisha Harper). Anna recognizes the lead agent as Jagger, but John reveals that he's outgrown the nickname and reveals that they're interfering with a federal investigation, but gives them enough information to satisfy their curiosity before arresting them.
After Anna accepts the position of being the Commissioner of the PCPD, she and Jordan are released and work with John in his investigation into Curtis Ashford's (Donnell Turner) shooting. In March, following a failed assassination attempt on Sonny at a warehouse, it's discovered that Jason Morgan is alive and appearing to be working with another sniper. John, the FBI, Anna, and the PCPD pursue Jason since he was the prime suspect in the shooting of Sonny's son, Dante Falconeri (Dominic Zamprogna). However, after Jason turns himself in to clear his name, John privately confronts Jason on what he's doing and demands to know what happened, so Jason informs him of what really went down following the failed assassination attempt; Jason made sure the other sniper missed his shot and they were making their way to the extraction team on Pier 50, but Dante caught up with them, forcing Jason to reveal himself before the sniper shot Dante. John tells Jason that his cover is blown and he's looking at capital murder if Dante dies.
Jason reveals to Anna that he's been working for John as an informant since November 2021; the FBI has leverage over him about RICO Violations which carries a 20-year prison sentence so John has been forcing him to infiltrate an organization called "Pikeman", where he signed on as a private military contractor because the FBI could not send in an official agent due to Pikeman's deep ties to the WSB. After Jason is released on bail, Dante wakes up and clears Jason's name, so John orders Jason to stay in Port Charles and use himself as bait to lure Pikeman out of hiding. Jason initially refuses, so John threatens to use the FBI's leverage and send Carly to prison for RICO violations, forcing Jason to agree.
Lois Cerullo
Lois CerulloGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byRena Sofer (1993–1997, 2023–present)Lesli Kay (2004–2005)Duration
1993–1997
2004–2005
2023–present
First appearanceDecember 15, 1993ClassificationPresent; recurringCreated byClaire LabineIntroduced by
Wendy Riche (1993)
Jill Farren Phelps (2004)
Frank Valentini (2023)
Book appearancesRobin's DiaryIn-universe informationOccupationTalent agentParentsCarmine Cerullo Gloria CerulloSiblingsMark Cerullo Louie CerulloFrancine CerulloChuck CerulloHusbandNed Ashton (1994–1997)DaughtersBrook Lynn AshtonAunts and unclesGerald Moore, Sr. Grace MooreNieces and nephewsVincent Cerullo Patrick Cerullo Angie CerulloFirst cousinsGerald Moore, Jr. Geraldine MooreOther relativesGiovanni Palmieri
Lois Cerullo (formerly Ashton) is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital. Rena Sofer originated the role from December 15, 1993 to September 24, 1996. Sofer briefly returned from February 7 to 17, 1997 and from September 30 to October 2, 1997. Sofer won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 1995. Actress Lesli Kay stepped into the role from June 1, 2004, to March 14, 2005. Lisa LoCicero, who would later be cast as Olivia Falconeri in 2009, auditioned for the role in 2004. On September 14, 2023, it was announced Sofer would reprise the role.
In 2023, Soaps.com contributor Charlie Mason placed Lois at number thirty-one on his ranked list of General Hospital's 40+ Greatest Characters of All Time, with his reasons being "The Brooklyn accent. The incredible nails. The yin/yang chemistry with "Eddie Maine". Ned Quartermaine's former wife would never have forgiven us if we'd left her off this list, and neither would we."
Storylines
Lois first appeared on General Hospital in 1993 when she saw Eddie Maine perform at a New York concert, Lois was a band manager and quickly hired "Eddie". Unbeknownst to her, Eddie Maine's real name was Ned Ashton. She believed that he was a singer by night and a traveling pharmaceutical salesman by day, and Ned let her. They soon fell in love and got married. After their wedding, Ned moved them to his hometown, Port Charles. There she was re-introduced to her old friend, Sonny Corinthos, whom she had known since their childhood in Bensonhurst. She also quickly became friends with Sonny's girlfriend, Brenda Barrett, and the two opened their own recording company, L&B Records.
Lois was still in the dark about Ned's true identity. Meanwhile, Ned was being forced to marry Katherine Bell, who was blackmailing his family, the Quartermaines. Ned refused to tell Lois the truth because he did not want to hurt her. She found out anyway, while watching TV, and saw that Eddie Maine was actually Ned Ashton, and that he was married to Katherine. During Katherine's birthday party, she popped out of cake, saying "Happy Birthday to Mrs. Ned Ashton, from the other Mrs. Ned Ashton!" Soon after, Lois left Ned.
Ned was not ready to give up on Lois, and persistently pursued her. Eventually, the two reconciled and Lois accepted his marriage proposal but under one condition - no more lies. He agreed and they married again. Their marriage went through tough times, starting with Ned telling Mac Scorpio that Sonny was a mobster, after Lois confided this to him. It was Ned's family, however that put real strain on their union. Lois wanted Ned to distance himself from the dysfunctional Quartermaines. His mother, Tracy Quartermaine, hated Lois from the first moment they met.
After Tracy put ELQ in financial jeopardy, she left town, leaving Ned to clean up the mess. Dismayed by this, Lois gave Ned an ultimatum: his job or her and their unborn daughter. Ned chose ELQ. Hurt, Lois left Ned and returned to Bensonhurst where she gave birth to a baby girl, who she named Brook Lynn after her favorite city.
Sometime later, Lois returned to Port Charles, feeling guilty for keeping Ned away from his daughter. During this time, it was revealed that Ned had had an affair with his uncle's wife, Monica Quartermaine. She then overheard him blackmailing his cousin, Justus Ward. Lois could not handle it, and again left town. It was at this time that she also help comfort Brenda, after Sonny left her at the altar.
Years later, Lois returned to Port Charles to look for her and Ned's now teenage daughter, Brook Lynn, after she ran away. After Lois and Ned located Brook Lynn, Lois decided to return to Port Charles. Not long after her return, Lila Quartermaine died. Soon afterwards, Lois began dating Lorenzo Alcazar. Brook Lynn was very upset about this, and decided to start a girl band at Lois' request. Brook Lynn, Sage Alcazar, Georgie Jones, and Maxie Jones were going to fake the audition. But after Maxie was nowhere to be found, Dillon was forced to dress in drag and pose as a woman. Things got a bit out of control when Simon, the record producer, began hitting on Dillon at The Cellar. Those plans failed as the storyline ended, especially after Sage was murdered by Mary Bishop. Lois continued to date Alcazar. Alcazar's feelings for Carly Corinthos began to return, and Lois began to fade into the background. After Lesli Kay was placed from contract to recurring status in March 2005, Lois ceased to appear. Much later, it was explained that Ned, Lois and Brook Lynn had gone back to Manhattan to continue in the music industry.
They were mentioned by Sonny Corinthos who referred to her and her sister. On August 25, he called her mother Gloria, and asked her how to get a hold of Olivia Falconeri. Olivia later references the two as "tearing it up in L.A. and they always visit Gloria, that's Lois's mother, whenever they're in Bensonhurst."
On May 25, 2010, it was mentioned by Carly that Lois is managing several bands in Europe and currently lives in London.
Ryan Chamberlain
Ryan ChamberlainGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byJon LindstromDuration
1992–1995
1998
2018–2023
First appearanceJune 20, 1992Last appearanceFebruary 22, 2023ClassificationFormer; recurringCreated byMaralyn Thoma and Bill LevinsonIntroduced by
Wendy Riche (1992, 1998)
Frank Valentini (2018)
Book appearancesRobin's DiarySpin-offappearancesPort CharlesIn-universe informationOther namesTodd WilsonKevin CollinsOccupationPediatricianDVX agentParentsVictor CollinsMelanie ChamberlainStepmotherMary Scanlon (1999–present)BrothersKevin CollinsWifeGloria Wilson (until 1992)DaughtersEsme PrinceGrandsonsAce Prince-Cassadine
Ryan Chamberlain is a fictional character on General Hospital. He was portrayed by Jon Lindstrom from 1992 until 1995, who also played Chamberlain's identical twin brother, Kevin Collins. Lindstrom reprised his role as Ryan on April 3 and 21, June 16 and 19, 1998, July 8 to 9, 1998, September 4, 16, 18 and 23, 1998, on the spin-off Port Charles. Lindstrom reprised Chamberlain from August 10, 2018 until March 8, 2019 when the character was presumed dead. Ryan appeared in Ava's nightmare on April 4, 2019. Although Ryan was revealed to be alive on May 14, 2019, Lindstrom reprised the role again on May 22, 2019.
Storylines
Ryan Chamberlain was introduced as a pediatrician at General Hospital, but he is revealed to have been hiding his mentally unstable behavior for some time. Felicia Jones, while living in Texas, knew him as "Todd Wilson" and saw him murder his wife Gloria. She had amnesia when she got back to Port Charles, and did not remember knowing Ryan/Todd. He becomes obsessed with Felicia, who gets her memory back, and he is arrested for attempted murder after he traps her in a cabin and she attacks him in self defense. Ryan crashes Felicia and Mac Scorpio's wedding with a bomb, but is sent to an asylum. Kevin, a psychiatrist, came to town intent on rehabilitating his brother. Unfortunately, Ryan was faking his progress, and used his twin to escape the mental hospital and impersonate him. After escaping with the help of his counselor, Connie Cooper, he kills her and kidnaps Georgie Jones.
Kevin helped Mac and Felicia track his psychotic twin down at a fun-house and rescue Georgie, though the killer let himself die in the building's violent explosion rather than be locked away in the hospital again. Ryan continued to appear to Kevin and taunt him over the years. As children, Ryan was sexually abused by their mother. One night, she abuses Kevin, thinking he was Ryan. When Kevin tells their father, he takes Kevin and leaves Ryan behind. Ryan eventually killed his mother.
In 2018, Ryan was revealed to be alive and was being treated and hidden in Ferncliff by Kevin. One day, Ryan gets the upper hand, knocks Kevin out, and switches places with him. For over six months, Ryan impersonated Kevin and fell in love with Ava Jerome to the point of being obsessed with her, and he also racked up new victims as he went on a murder spree. In early 2019, Ryan framed Franco Baldwin for his crimes, and planned to run away with Ava to Niagara Falls, who also kidnapped Carly Corinthos. When Franco was finally proven to be innocent and exposed Ryan as the killer, Laura Webber and Jason Morgan followed Ryan and Ava to Niagara Falls, where Ryan threw himself off a bridge and was presumed dead.
Two months later, he was revealed to be alive and returned to Port Charles for Ava, who planned to kill him since he killed Kiki Jerome months prior.
In 2022, it was revealed that he is the biological father of Esme Prince, who was given up for adoption by her biological mother Heather Webber, after her relationship with Ryan has ended. It is also revealed that Esme is a twin. Years later, Ryan found Esme living with the Princes with a nanny named Maggie Fitzgerald and he convinced her to come to Port Charles to break up Ava's marriage to Nikolas Cassadine by using Nikolas's son Spencer Cassadine. He is aware that he is about to become a grandfather to Esme's unborn child with Nikolas, but he is unaware that Nikolas had her locked up in a storage room in Wyndermere Castle until she gives birth. Nikolas plans to send Esme to Cassadine Island after she gives birth. Unfortunately, on New Years Eve 2022, his daughter Esme set fire to the storage room using a match in order to escape Nikolas, then she intentionally falls off the parapet into the ocean. Esme and her unborn baby were found by Spencer and Trina Robinson at the Haunted Star and was taken to the Hospital, where she was found to have hypothermia and has suffered from memory loss, which his brother Kevin confirmed. He is currently unaware that his daughter Esme was remanded to Spring Ridge until her upcoming trial for revenge porn against Cameron Webber and Josslyn Jacks. After seeing Heather and Esme together, Heather confronts him about knowing that Nikolas is the baby's father and Nikolas is trying to steal their grandchild from them. Heather tells Ryan about the visit from Dante Falconeri and Sam McCall about finding Esme's nanny Maggie Fitzgerald, who knows Ryan, and it's time for them to break out of Spring Ridge and they'll bring Esme with them. After the trio escape from Spring Ridge, they stop by Spoon Island so Ryan can kidnap Ava. While on the island, he holds both Ava and Felicia captive, and the whole situation ends with Mac shooting and killing Ryan, while his daughter gives birth to his grandson, Ace.
Reception
"I'm the hated envy of all my friends," says Jon Lindstrom, who plays the maniacal Dr. Ryan Chamberlain on General Hospital. "All of my acting friends that is. Not only am I working, but I've also got a great part to play. Ryan is without a doubt the best role I've ever had." "When I started this, I was supposed to be on for 12 weeks --16 weeks tops," says the actor. "I'd come in for a short run since the story was to have a beginning, a middle, and an end." In 2023, Charlie Mason from Soaps She Knows placed Ryan and Kevin as a shared entry (at #33 and #32) on his ranked list of General Hospital's 40+ Greatest Characters of All Time, commenting "Arguably the ultimate good-and-evil-twin pairing, these siblings have been making the residents of Port Charles say, "Oh, brother!" since the early 1990s. And though Ryan's reign of terror is supposedly over, we'll believe it when we don't see it pick up anew."
Kevin Collins
Kevin CollinsGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byJon Lindstrom (1993–present) Anthony Starke (temp. 2015)Duration
1993–2004
2013–present
First appearanceDecember 3, 1993ClassificationPresent; recurringCreated byClaire LabineIntroduced by
Wendy Riche (1993, 1997)
Jill Farren Phelps (2004)
Frank Valentini (2013)
Book appearancesRobin's DiarySpin-offappearancesPort CharlesIn-universe informationOccupationFirst GentlemanNovelistPsychiatristUniversity ProfessorFatherVictor CollinsMotherMelanie ChamberlainStepmotherMary ScanlonBrothersRyan ChamberlainWifeEve Lambert (2000–2001)Lucy Coe (2001–2003, 2004–2014)Laura Webber (2017–present)DaughtersLivvie LockeNiecesEsme PrinceOther relativesAce Cassadine
Kevin Collins is a fictional character on the American soap opera General Hospital and its spin-off Port Charles. He was portrayed by Jon Lindstrom on General Hospital from 1993 to May 1997. Lindstrom remained on recurring status with the show appearing sporadically until 2002, while being a main cast member on spin-off Port Charles. Dr. Kevin Collins arrived in Port Charles in December 1993 in an attempt to rehabilitate his twin brother, serial killer Ryan Chamberlain.
On January 9, 2013, after more than eight years off-screen, it was announced Lindstrom would return to General Hospital as Kevin. He first aired on January 30.
Storylines
Dr. Kevin Collins arrived in Port Charles on General Hospital in the early part of 1994. He came to town to help rehabilitate his identical twin brother, serial killer Ryan Chamberlain, who was in a mental hospital. Kevin felt his brother was as much a victim as the women he killed and thought he could help his brother get well with his own therapeutic methods. He had a hard time being accepted by the citizens of Port Charles because he had looked identical to a man everyone feared and hated. Eventually, everyone came around, including Felicia Jones, who was terrorized by Ryan for almost two years. However, her fiancé, Mac Scorpio, was instantly suspicious and hostile to Kevin. Kevin visited his brother, Ryan, several times and thought he was making progress. However, he was unaware Ryan was using him to escape the mental hospital.
One night, Kevin visited Ryan in his room alone. Ryan found out enough about Kevin to knock him out and impersonated him back in Port Charles. Kevin eventually managed to prove to authorities and hospital personnel he was indeed Kevin and not Ryan. He raced to the church to stop Ryan from ruining Felicia's wedding to Mac. After that ordeal was over and Ryan was apprehended, Kevin saw him at the prison and confronted him. Kevin wiped his hands of Ryan again. However, Ryan wasn't through with Kevin. He managed to escape the prison and impersonate Kevin to keep Felicia's baby, Georgie Jones, at General Hospital. Kevin helped Mac and Felicia find Ryan and Georgie in 1995. Ryan killed himself instead of being apprehended. Kevin still felt some guilt by Ryan's fate.
Kevin found himself befriending and counseling Lucy Coe. Lucy came to Kevin with a moral dilemma. He helped her as best he could, but found himself attracted to her while at the same time as he was exasperated with her. They started dating soon after. They got closer when Kevin found himself haunted by the death of his former lover, Grace. Kevin confided in Lucy that Grace had drowned in a car he was in and he was to blame for her death. Lucy helped him work through the past. On June 2, 1997, Lindstrom brought the character to spin-off Port Charles, where he remained until the final episode on October 3, 2003.
On July 16, 2004, Kevin and Lucy return to Port Charles to attend the funeral of Lila Quartermaine.
On January 30, 2013, Kevin returns again and visits Lucy in Ferncliff after she stabbed John McBain, believing him to be Caleb Morley.
In May 2013, he uses his psychiatric skills to aid Lulu Spencer-Falconeri when she has amnesia after being kidnapped by Stavros Cassadine.
In December 2013, Lucy refuses to wed Patrick Drake and Sabrina Santiago due to the fact that she and Kevin's marriage could be over. He was mentioned to be too busy with patients to spend any quality time with Lucy. Felix Dubois, Elizabeth Webber and Sabrina convince her to go through with the wedding.
In May 2014, Kevin finds out that Lucy has been having an affair with Scott Baldwin at the Nurses' Ball and breaks up with her.
In January 2015, Kevin (temporarily portrayed by Anthony Starke) attempts to help Jason Morgan, believing his name to be Jake Doe, remember his true identity. Although, Jason disappears and does not go through with his appointment with Kevin.
In October 2015, Kevin (again portrayed by Jon Lindstrom) returns to Port Charles for an appointment with Anna Devane. Kevin states that he has been out of the country with his patients and reveals that he and Lucy divorced.
Kevin helped Laura solve a mystery involving Helena Cassadine, and the two grew close, eventually starting to date. Kevin accompanied Laura to Cassadine Island and was shot by Valentin Cassadine while protecting Laura. He thanks her for "awakening" him back to life after his breakup with Lucy. After a brief breakup, he and Laura have been together since.
In August 2018, Ryan was revealed to be alive and was hidden away in Ferncliff by Kevin, who was treating him for deep psychosis. Ryan gains the upper hand, attacks Kevin, and switches places with him. As Kevin was stuck in Ferncliff for months, Ryan impersonates Kevin and goes on a murder spree. In March 2019, Kevin was finally rescued from Ferncliff as Ryan was exposed as the killer. Ryan threw himself off a bridge in Niagara Falls to avoid being captured and was presumed dead.
It was revealed that the DVX had contacted Kevin back in May 2018 about taking one of their agents off their hands and Kevin was shocked to learn that the agent in question was his twin brother Ryan and he hid him in Ferncliff for three months. Kevin was arrested due to withholding a fugitive but was released on bail. In April, the charges against Kevin were dropped since he could not have withheld a fugitive if said fugitive was declared dead.
Kevin teamed up with Laura, Felicia, Mac, and Ava Jerome to lure Ryan out of hiding and back to Port Charles by pretending to be a couple with Ava. The plan worked and Ryan returned to Port Charles alive but was captured by the PCPD.
Reception
In 2023, Charlie Mason from Soaps She Knows placed Ryan and Kevin as a shared entry (at #33 and #32) on his ranked list of General Hospital's 40+ Greatest Characters of All Time, commenting "Arguably the ultimate good-and-evil-twin pairing, these siblings have been making the residents of Port Charles say, "Oh, brother!" since the early 1990s. And though Ryan's reign of terror is supposedly over, we'll believe it when we don't see it pick up anew."
Victor Collins
Victor CollinsGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byNicholas PryorDuration1997–2003First appearanceMay 19, 1997Last appearanceJuly 18, 2003ClassificationFormer, recurringCreated byRichard Culliton and Karen HarrisIntroduced byWendy RicheSpin-offappearancesPort CharlesIn-universe informationOccupationSpy math professorSpouseMelanie Chamberlain (backstory)Mary Scanlon (1999–)ChildrenKevin Collins Ryan ChamberlainGrandchildrenLivvie LockeEsme Prince
Victor Collins is a fictional character on the American soap opera General Hospital and its spin-off Port Charles. Nicholas Pryor portrayed the role on General Hospital in the spring of 1997 and on Port Charles from June 11, 1997, to July 18, 2003.
Storylines
Lucy Coe finds Victor in a convent where he is recovering from mental illness. Kevin Collins had told her that his father was dead. When he recovers from his illness, he returns to Port Charles with Kevin and Lucy. While in Port Charles, he is able to mend his relationship with his son, Kevin, and becomes a suspect in the General Homicide murder mystery. Victor is frequently away from home when his twin sons are little. His wife sexually abuses his son, Ryan Chamberlain. One night his wife abuses Kevin thinking that it was Ryan. When Kevin tells his father, he takes Kevin and leaves Ryan behind. Both sons experience mental illness throughout their lives, but Ryan becomes homicidal.
Victor is held hostage by the General Homicide killer, Greg Cooper, and his sister Julie. Greg claims that he is Victor's son by a woman named Marsha Cooper, who was killed by Ryan when he was little. Eventually, it is discovered that Julie is not Greg's sister. The true paternity of Greg is never revealed.
Victor meets Mary Scanlon and marries her in 1999. Victor is presumed dead, but is actually kidnapped in Italy. Kevin and Mary rescue him. He reappears in 2002 after he and Frank Scanlon find high levels of radiation and a pocket watch in the forest.
Mike Corbin
Mike CorbinGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed by
Ron Hale (1995–2010)
Max Gail (2018–2021)
Duration
1995–2010
2018–2021
First appearanceJanuary 4, 1995Last appearanceDecember 17, 2021ClassificationPast; guestCreated byClaire Labine and Karen HarrisIntroduced by
Wendy Riche (1995)
Frank Valentini (2018)
Book appearancesRobin's DiarySpin-offappearancesPort CharlesIn-universe informationOther namesMichael CorinthosFamilyCorinthosSpouseAdela Corinthos (1964–1969)ChildrenSonny Corinthos Courtney MatthewsGrandsonsDante Falconeri Michael Corinthos (adoptive) Morgan Corinthos Spencer CassadineGranddaughtersKristina Davis Lila McCall Avery Corinthos Donna CorinthosFirst cousinsGladys Corbin
Mike Corbin (born Michael Corinthos) is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital. Soap Opera veteran, Ron Hale first appeared in the role on a recurring basis in January 1995. During an interview in July 2010, Hale announced his plans to retire from acting, though he did not give a definitive time line. Hale last appeared on October 28, 2010. On January 31, 2018, it was announced that veteran actor Max Gail was recast as Mike Corbin. Gail played the role of Mike for three years, winning a Daytime Emmy as Supporting Actor in 2019 and 2021; he (and the character of Mike) left the show in October 2020. Two months later, Soap Opera Digest announced he would reprise the role for a guest appearance, he returned on January 11, 2021. He also made another appearance on September 16, 2021 and on December 17, 2021.
Mike abandoned his wife, Adela, and their son, Sonny when the latter was just a little boy. Mike didn't enter his son's life again until Sonny was an adult, and things were strained. Slowly, the two have developed a cordial relationship, which Mike, an addict, tries to live one day at a time.— ABC Daytime
Storylines
Mike is the deadbeat father of Sonny Corinthos, who was born Michael Corinthos Jr., and of the now deceased Courtney Matthews. Mike abandoned Sonny and his mother Adela Corinthos when Sonny was a small child. Sonny resents him for this and blames his father for Adela's later marriage to a police officer, Deke Woods, who brutally abused Sonny. Mike did not see Sonny again until he was an adult. Their relationship continues to be strained. It was further strained when Sonny learned that Mike had a daughter, Courtney, with his former live-in girlfriend Janine Matthews. Janine left Mike after he gambled away all of her money and told Courtney that Mike had died. Mike saw Courtney again when she was an adult. Courtney resented her mother for lying and reconnected with the father she had loved. Mike continues to have a gambling addiction and Sonny has often had to bail him out of trouble. Mike is the manager at Kelly's Diner and is occasionally seen at family functions. Mike is the godfather of Michael Corinthos III. At the boy's baptism, it was established that Mike is a Roman Catholic and is of Irish and Greek descent. Sonny and Mike have slowly developed a bond with each other, and Sonny also forgave Mike for abandoning him as a child.
On November 14, 2008, members in the Russian mafia beat Mike within an inch of his life, then proceeded to torch the restaurant. The diner opened the following year, having been restored to its former glory. In July 2009, Mike rents the vacated room above Kelly's to Dominic Pirelli, the man who will later turn out to be his grandson. Neither of the men know at the time. In January of the following year, Mike again falls off the wagon by playing poker with Ethan Lovett, the bartender at the Haunted Star who was unaware of Mike's addiction. After finding the two men in a quarrel, Tracy throws Mike out of the casino. A few days later, Ethan brings Mike to General Hospital after finding him beaten in an alley. After getting in massive debt for gambling again in early 2011, Mike steps down from managing Kelly's and gets checked into gambling rehab.
In 2018, Sonny brings Mike back to live with the family in Port Charles. He is diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Due to the progression of the symptoms, Mike is then admitted into a memory care facility. In 2020, his condition worsens and he refuses to eat. Elizabeth convinces Sonny not to put Mike on a feeding tube and to let him die with dignity. As Mike's body begins to shut down, Sonny, Carly, Jason, Michael, Josslyn, Brook Lynn, Felix and Stella say their goodbyes to him. When he dies, his spirit is greeted by Courtney. He takes her hand and vanishes in the bright light.
Lily Corinthos
Lily CorinthosGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byLilly MelgarDuration
1994–1996
2001
2003
First appearanceMay 27, 1994Last appearanceOctober 30, 2003ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byClaire LabineIntroduced byWendy RicheBook appearancesRobin's DiaryIn-universe informationOccupationSchool teacherFatherHernando RiveraSpouseSonny Corinthos (1996)SonsJuan Santiago
Lily Elena Corinthos (maiden name Rivera) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera General Hospital. Lilly Melgar played the role from 1994 to 1996, and for short stints in 2001 and 2003.
Backstory
Lily Rivera is the estranged daughter of Puerto Rican crime boss Hernando Rivera. She is impregnated by Miguel Morez when she is 16. Her father puts a hit on Miguel, and his family is forced to smuggle him out of Puerto Rico. Lily is sent to a convent, and her father forces her to give up her baby for adoption. Thinking Miguel is dead and her son is lost, she banishes her father from her life.
Storylines
When L&B Records launches Miguel's singing career with a concert in Puerto Rico, Sonny Corinthos finds Lily and convinces her to come to Port Charles and reunite with Miguel. Lily gets a teaching job, and Miguel and she try to recapture what they had as teenagers and get engaged. Lily and Sonny become close friends, which makes Miguel and Sonny's girlfriend Brenda Barrett jealous. Sonny finds Lily's six-year-old son, Juan, and they fly to Puerto Rico to meet him. After seeing how happy he is, Lily decides to leave the boy with his adopted family.
Lily overhears a conversation between Lois Cerullo, Ned Ashton, and Mac Scorpio, who have convinced Brenda to wear a wire to get information on Sonny's mob dealings. Lily warns Sonny, who finds the wire and breaks up with Brenda. Miguel and Lily fight over her loyalty to Sonny, which ends their engagement. Sonny and Lily continue to become close. Lily realizes Sonny still loves Brenda, however, and convinces him to try again. They go to Kelly's and see Miguel and Brenda coming out of the shower together after having had sex.
When Sonny faces prison time, Lily begs her father for help. Her father offers Sonny a deal; he will get Sonny free if Sonny marries Lily. Lily hopes Sonny will love her back in time. Sonny does not return her feelings, but nevertheless cares for Lily, so he resolves to make the marriage work. After they get married, Lily insists on keeping her job as a teacher, and refuses to let Sonny's bodyguards shadow her, causing various incidents. Through Lily's efforts, Sonny mends fences with his father, Mike Corbin. She becomes close with many residents of Port Charles. Her relationship with Detective Garcia, however, provokes Sonny's jealousy.
Brenda is devastated when Sonny marries Lily, and is determined to get him back. She convinces Jasper Jacks to help her make Sonny jealous, and they show up everywhere Sonny and Lily go. When Brenda and Sonny are caught in an avalanche, they declare their love for one another. Lily's father finds this out from his accountant, Harry Silver, and threatens Brenda, then tries to kill her. Sonny decides to leave Lily and go into hiding, but before he can tell her, she tells him she is pregnant. Sonny goes to Brenda and tells her he is staying with Lily; meanwhile, Lily leaves him to go back to Puerto Rico. Sonny follows Lily to the airport and begs her to give him another chance.
Unaware of Sonny's newfound devotion to Lily, Lily's father places a bomb in his car. After a celebration party at Luke's Club, where they announce the pregnancy, Lily goes to the car, which blows up when she starts the ignition, killing her and leaving Sonny devastated. Sonny goes to Puerto Rico to see Lily's father, who has a stroke when he finds out he had inadvertently killed his pregnant daughter. Sonny gives him a gun to kill himself; after he commits suicide, Sonny inherits his former father-in-law's territory. Sonny then donates Lily's inheritance from her father, $30 million, to General Hospital to build the Stone Cates Memorial AIDS Wing.
Harrison Davis
Harrison DavisGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byKevin BestDuration1988–1990ClassificationFormer castIn-universe informationOccupationNeurosurgeonSpouseMeg Lawson
Dr. Harrison Davis is a fictional character on General Hospital. He was portrayed by Kevin Best in 1990.
An ambitious and pushy doctor, Harrison was obsessed with Simone Hardy, with whom he had an affair. Determined to have her, Harrison tried to destroy her marriage with the help of Simone's obnoxious mother, and switched the paternity test of Simone's son, Tommy, to make it look like he was the father. When he realized Simone would not leave Tom Hardy, Harrison convinced gullible nurse Meg Lawson to marry him so that he could sue for custody. Simone eventually figured out the truth, and Meg divorced him. When he realized that Casey Rogers was an alien, Harrison called in the Air Force and threatened Anna Devane, who had helped Casey escape. An infuriated Robert Scorpio told him to back off from his family, and Harrison eventually left town after being humiliated in the Casey caper, as he could not prove Casey was an alien.
Bill Eckert
Bill EckertGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byAnthony Geary (1991–93)Joey Luthman (2015)Duration
1991–1993
2015
First appearanceFebruary 19, 1991Last appearanceApril 1, 2015ClassificationPast; regularCreated byGene PalumboIntroduced byGloria MontyIn-universe informationOccupationSailorParentsFred Eckert Angela MosciniSiblingsJenny EckertMario EckertSpouseNancy EckertSonsSly EckertGrandmothersBeatrice EckertAuntsLena SpencerFirst cousinsJoey MosciniPat SpencerLuke SpencerBobbie Spencer
William "Bill" Eckert is a fictional character on ABC soap opera General Hospital. He was the redheaded Spencer family cousin that was a dead ringer for Luke Spencer. He was portrayed by longtime General Hospital favorite, Anthony Geary from 1991 to 1993. He later appeared in a flashback on April 1, 2015, played by Joey Luthman, who also portrayed Luke in flashbacks.
Storylines
Bill Eckert was a member of the crew on the SS Tracy. The Greenbelts, an environmental safety organization, protested the arrival of the Quartermaine boat. It had just exploded and sank in Port Charles harbor. Harlan Barrett of Barrett Enterprises came to Port Charles to salvage the SS Tracy. He was impressed with Bill Eckert, who invented a unique machine which raised the ship. Harlan hired Bill as chief engineer with the promise of upward advancement in the company.
Bill is the cousin of the Spencer family who had just come to town with his young son, Sly Eckert, and recently divorced form his mother, Nancy. Bill's father died of a heart attack and Bill and his sister, Jenny Eckert, came into a large inheritance. Bill, now a wealthy man, moved into an abandoned lighthouse with his son Sly and Finian O'Toole, whom Bill had hired as a housekeeper. Bill was now dating Harlan's marketing genius daughter, Julia Barrett. Harlan brought her to Port Charles to run the cannery with ace in command, Bill Eckert.
Harlan Barrett, Leopold Taub, Cesar Faison, and Larry Ashton formed a cartel to control global business via the use of a toxic substance, carbon disulfide, manufactured at a cannery they purchased as a clever ruse for their operations and a place to brew the drug with which they intended to rule the world. Bill and Jenny were both kept in the dark about the cannery's real intentions.
Meanwhile, Nancy having heard about Bill's newfound wealth, promptly wanted custody of Sly. Bill saw the dollar signs in her eyes and would not give in to her blackmail. Nancy began spying on operations at the cannery and discovered the carbon disulfide. She used it to make Bill appear inebriated at Sly's custody hearing. The Cartel was worried with Nancy poking around and they wanted to make a still clueless Bill their newest member. The cartel then decided to eliminate Nancy.
Faison tried to use mind control to program Anna Scorpio to kill Nancy, but Anna and Robert Scorpio were on to Faison's plan. With the aid of a psychiatrist, she become immune to it. The Cartel's goal was attained anyway as Nancy was mysteriously murdered and Bill was the prime suspect! The real killer turned out to Bill's housekeeper and Sly's baby-sitter, Finian, who had a heated argument with Nancy and accidentally killed her.
Bill was brought into the Cartel, but a deliriously wicked Faison wanted Bill to prove himself before he was completely accepted. Bill's assignment was to kill Faison's nemesis, Robert Scorpio. By this time, Bill and Robert were good friends, so a "faux death" was arranged. Bill shot Robert on the waterfront, but Harlan was not fooled, so he decided to shoot Robert again. Bill shot and killed Harlan to protect his pal. A grief-stricken Julia promptly ended her relationship with Bill.
On Founder's Day, the Cartel was apprehended. Taub was killed and Faison escaped yet again. After Robert and Anna's presumed death Bill started dating Robert's widow Holly Scorpio. Scott Baldwin came across information that pointed to Lucy Coe in a Port Charles art heist. He told Bill and Holly who concluded that Lucy had fed information about the local paintings to the wealthy Richard Halifax. When Halifax realized Bill and Holly were on his trail, he returned of all the art...except Bill Eckert's painting, "Summer in Provence". This was the only painting Lucy did not know about. Halifax professed his innocence but Bill knew he was lying! Then Bill goes to Paris where he reclaimed his artwork and had a fling on the side behind Holly's back, with his old flame, Victoria. When Bill returned to Port Charles, Holly walked in on Bill and Victoria making love at his lighthouse. The spurned Holly was hell-bent on making the womanizing Bill pay! She smashed all the rare wines in his wine cellar, then left town.
In 1993, Bill and his cousin Luke Spencer came face to face when Lucky Spencer was sent back to Port Charles as his parents were still on the run from notorious mobster Frank Smith. Frank's men found Lucky staying with his friend/cousin Sly Eckert. They also found Sly's father Bill Eckert, who was the spitting image of Luke. Bill was trying to protect Sly and Lucky Spencer from a hitman. Bill was then shot in a case of mistaken identity. He died in Luke's arms.
On April 1, 2015, it was revealed that Bill helped Patricia Spencer conceal the fact that Luke killed his abusive father in a fit of rage on April 1, 1963.
Reception
In 2021, Richard Simms from Soaps She Knows put Bill on his list of the most hated soap opera characters, commenting that "Characters don't come more iconic than General Hospital's Luke Spencer. The same cannot be said for his lookalike cousin or, for that matter, any of the Eckerts who came to town in 1991. It was both ironic and weirdly appropriate that two years later, Bill would die in the arms of his newly returned cuz.".
Jenny Eckert
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Jenny EckertGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byCheryl RichardsonDuration
1991–1994
1996
First appearanceFebruary 18, 1991Last appearanceApril 9, 1996ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byGene PalumboIntroduced byGloria Monty (1991) Wendy Riche (1996)Book appearancesRobin's DiaryIn-universe informationOther namesJenny AshtonJenny HornsbyOccupationEnvironmentalistformer member of the Greenbelts, an environmental groupParentsFred Eckert Angela EckertSiblingsBill Eckert Mario EckertSpouseNed Ashton (1992–1993)Paul Hornsby (1994–2015)SonsPaul Hornsby Jr.Aunts and unclesLena SpencerNieces and nephewsSly EckertFirst cousinsJoey Moscini Luke SpencerBobbie SpencerOther relativesLucas Jones (adoptive)B. J. Jones (adoptive)Lucky Spencer
Jennifer "Jenny" Eckert (previously Ashton and Hornsby) is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital. Cheryl Richardson portrayed the character from February 18, 1991 until February 10, 1994 and briefly on March 31, 1994 and then again on April 9, 1996.
Jenny was a member of the blue-collar Eckert family. An environmentalist, she opposed the entrance of the ELQ Tracy into Port Charles Harbor. She fell in love with Ned Ashton, but soon developed an attraction to Paul Hornsby, who was engaged to Ned's mother Tracy. After Tracy accidentally hit Jenny with her car, Jenny blackmailed Tracy into divorcing Paul and allowing them to be together in exchange for not pressing charges. Paul and Jenny married after Mac and Felicia's aborted wedding, and left town in the summer of 1994.
Jenny shows up at General Hospital in 1996 after going into labor, and Ned helps her give birth to her and Paul's son, Paul Jr.
In January 2015 it was mentioned that Jenny was the executrix of Bill's will and that she had no idea that Bill owned Luke and Bobbie's childhood home. After Paul returns to Port Charles, it is revealed that Jenny has divorced him and taken their son.
Sly Eckert
Sly EckertGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byGlenn Walker Harris Jr.Duration1991–1996First appearanceFebruary 20, 1991Last appearanceJanuary 23, 1996ClassificationFormer, regularCreated byGene PalumboIntroduced byGloria MontyBook appearancesRobin's DiaryIn-universe informationParentsBill Eckert Nancy EckertGrandparentsFred Eckert Angela Moscini Ford Regil Patty RegilAunts and unclesJenny Eckert HornsbyLena Eckert SpencerFirst cousinsJoey MosciniLuke SpencerBobbie SpencerPat SpencerPaul Hornsby Jr.
Sly Eckert is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital. Glenn Walker Harris Jr, portrayed the character from 1991 until 1996.
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Cesar Faison
Cesar FaisonGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed by
Anders Hove (1990–2018)
Ian Buchanan (2012)
Anthony Geary (2014)
Duration
1990–1993
1999–2000
2012–2014
2018
First appearanceMarch 19, 1990Last appearanceFebruary 1, 2018ClassificationFormer; recurringCreated byGene PalumboIntroduced by
Joseph Hardy (1990)
Haidee Granger (1993)
Wendy Riche (1999)
Frank Valentini (2012, 2018)
Spin-offappearancesPort CharlesCrossoverappearancesLovingIn-universe informationOther names
P. K. Sinclair
Herr Kreig
Anton Gardner
Duke Lavery (2012)
Luke Spencer (2014)
Isaac Refson
Occupation
Head of DVX
Author
Member of The Cartel
Bartender at The Haunted Star
Parents
Emil Krieg
Sybil McTavish
Sons
Peter August
Nathan West
DaughtersBritt WestbourneGrandsonsJames WestGranddaughtersLouise Jones
Cesar Faison is a fictional character from the ABC daytime soap opera General Hospital. The role has been portrayed off and on by Anders Hove since 1990. In 2023, Charlie Mason from Soaps She Knows placed the character at #37 on his ranked list of General Hospital's 40+ Greatest Characters of All Time, commenting "Any day now, we expect to see a comeback by the psycho whose machinations kept Port Charles on its toes for decades. So unrelentingly wicked was Peter August's Daddy Dearest, he seems like exactly the type to whom even Satan would say, "Oh, hell, no!""
Storylines
Hove as Cesar Faison.
Cesar Faison first surfaces in Paris, France in 1990, under the alias P.K. Sinclair, an adventure novelist with a penchant for cigars. In reality, Faison is the former employer of Anna Devane during her days with the World Security Bureau (WSB)'s rival agency, DVX. Also during this time, Faison often makes illicit deals with WSB head, Sean Donely, including one to destroy Anna's marriage to Robert Scorpio.
Faison arranges for Felicia Scorpio-Jones to be abducted, in an effort to distract her husband, Frisco Jones. Faison, with assistance from henchmen Desiree and Jacquess, leads Frisco and Sean on a wild goose chase through his Parisian winery before allowing them to rescue Felicia. Meanwhile, back in Port Charles, Robin Scorpio finds part of a crystal that Faison had been searching for, prompting him to trick Scott Baldwin into selling him Wyndemere Manor. Upon learning that Robin's mother is Anna, whom Faison has long been obsessed with, Faison tosses aside Desiree in order to pursue Anna.
Faison's pursuit of the crystals soon becomes an afterthought as he becomes fixated on marrying Anna. She is reluctant to do so, until Faison threatens to expose her past to Robin. However, Anna is secretly conspiring with Sean, Frisco and Robert to bring Faison down, and they arrange for a man named Remundo to drive Faison away from Port Charles.
A short time later, Anna and Robert about to remarry when Faison resurfaces and is revealed to be a member of the mysterious Cartel. In an effort to keep Sean and Paul Hornsby in line, Faison poisons Tiffany Hill and Susan Hornsby, while hypnotizing Robert and Anna. Along with Mac Scorpio and Bill Eckert, Robert, Anna, Sean, and Paul join forces to bring the Cartel down, while Faison escapes. Faison responds by sending his enemies threatening messages and abducting Anna, attempting to fool everyone into believing she had left of her own free will.
Faison soon realizes that Anna will never be happy without Robin, and uses his mother, Sybil "Nanny" McTavish, to infiltrate the security that Robert has placed around his daughter. However, Faison's efforts are foiled by Robert and Holly Sutton, and he ends up accidentally shooting his mother while she attempts to protect Robert and Holly. Fleeing the country with Robert and Anna in pursuit, Faison is believed to have died in an explosion off the coast of Venezuela.
In the summer of 1993, Faison appears on the ABC daytime soap opera Loving. Faison pursues Ava Rescott, who is in possession of a rare stamp that Faison covets. His ultimate pursuit ends at Universal Studios Florida where Ava is rescued by a mechanical King Kong.
In 1999, Faison resurfaces in Switzerland under the alias of Herr Krieg, a jewel thief that Luke Spencer has been in cahoots with for years. Though Luke is aware of Faison's existence due to his involvement in Robert and Anna's presumed deaths, he had never seen a photo of him. After joining forces with Helena Cassadine, Faison spends nearly a year tormenting the Spencer family, as well as Felicia, and Mac Scorpio, Robert's brother. After abducting Lucky Spencer on Helena's orders, Faison allows Lucky's parents to believe he had died in a fire. After a failed attempt to murder Luke and Felicia, Faison is presumed dead when Helena arranges for an explosion on his boat.
Faison resurfaces almost 12 years later alive, and is revealed to be the mastermind behind the abduction of Robin, as well as other heinous crimes earlier that year, including the presumed death of Jason Morgan. Faison has disguised himself as Anna's husband, Duke Lavery, in an effort to win her affection once more. It's also revealed that he also has Duke where he is holding Robin. Faison is unmasked by Robert, and taken into custody by Interpol. His accomplice, Dr. Liesl Obrecht, however, tries to kill Robin to cover for Faison, but ends putting Robert into a coma when he discovers his daughter alive. Dr. Obrecht later hands Robin over to Jerry Jacks, Faison's accomplice.
In spring 2013, Dr. Obrecht comes to Port Charles, and is revealed to be the mother of Dr. Britt Westbourne. Soon after, it's revealed that Faison is Britt's father. It's later revealed by Britt that her mother was in love with Faison to the point of obsession, but he never cared about her or Britt when she was growing up because of his obsession with Anna.
In Fall 2013, Faison and Obrecht are tasked by Jerry to watch Robin, Nikolas, and Britt while a cure to his poisoning is developed. Faison ends up taking Duke, Obrecht, Luke, and Robin prisoner, but in the end is defeated by Anna and Robert. Anna decides enough is enough, and she and Robert presumably kill Faison once and for all.
Of course, it was later revealed in November 2014 that Faison had escaped death yet again. Anna and Robert had merely trapped him in a small dungeon hidden in Wyndemere, and he escaped nearly a year ago without either of them knowing. Faison is currently in cahoots with Helena, Jerry, Larry Ashton, and the DID influenced Luke Spencer. After he fled Port Charles, the PCPD is no longer looking for him.
In late 2017, Obrecht revealed that Nathan West, her son, is the biological son of Faison. Faison returned to Port Charles in early 2018 after Janice Lomax's resignation as mayor of Port Charles and the PCPD resumed the search for Faison. Faison came after Maxie Jones, Nathan's wife, and held her hostage after supposedly shooting Peter August, her boss. Nathan came to save Maxie, but was shot and later died from his injuries. Faison tried to escape by taking Carly Corinthos hostage, but Jason shot him before he could escape. He was at the hospital, where Peter came to see him, and revealed that he was actually Faison's son, Henrik, whom Faison despised and neglected while Peter was growing up. Peter revealed he intentionally kept Jason alive so he would kill Faison and give Peter his revenge, and Faison had killed Nathan instead of Peter. The shock caused Faison to have a heart attack and die, while Peter looked on in delight.
Paul Hornsby
Paul HornsbyGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byPaul Satterfield (1991–1994)Richard Burgi (2015–2016)Duration
1991–1994
2015–2016
First appearanceMarch 18, 1991Last appearanceOctober 5, 2016ClassificationFormer; regularCreated byGene PalumboIntroduced byGloria Monty (1991)Frank Valentini (2015)Book appearancesRobin's DiaryIn-universe informationOccupationFinancial adviserBusinessmanAttorneyParentsAlbert HornsbyEvelyn HornsbySpouseTracy Quartermaine (1991–1994)Jenny Eckert (1994–2015)ChildrenSusan HornsbyDillon QuartermainePaul Hornsby, Jr.
Paul Hornsby, originally played by Paul Satterfield, was introduced in 1991 as the new financial adviser for local conglomerate ELQ Industries. The character was written out on February 10, 1994 and briefly reappearing on March 31,
1994. In 2015, Richard Burgi joined the cast of General Hospital as a recast of Paul.
Storylines
Drowning in debt after Tracy Quartermaine (Jane Elliot) and her son Ned Ashton (Wally Kurth) run the family company ELQ into the ground, Tracy's brother and sister-in-law, doctors Alan (Stuart Damon) and Monica Quartermaine (Leslie Charleson), hire businessman and attorney Paul Hornsby as the company's new financial adviser. Paul soon falls for Ned's love interest, environmentalist Jenny Eckert (Cheryl Richardson). While Paul's arrival initially ruffles Tracy's and Ned's feathers, Tracy admires his business savvy when he successfully strikes a deal with Harlan Barrett to help salvage a Quartermaine cargo ship. Barrett later forms a cartel with Leopold Taub, Cesar Faison (Anders Hove) and Larry Ashton (Hugo Napier) to control global business. Having poisoned Paul's young daughter Susan, the Cartel uses the promise of an antidote to force Paul to use his position at ELQ to give the Cartel control of ELQ's assets. The Cartel also forces Paul to compel private investigator Sean Donely (John Reilly), whose wife Tiffany (Sharon Wyatt) has also been poisoned, to provide information about Robert Scorpio (Tristan Rogers)'s investigation in exchange for a temporary antidote. Though Paul loves Jenny, the Cartel orders him to marry Tracy to get control of her ELQ stock. Tracy and Paul announce their engagement in late August 1991, and Jenny rejects him.
Tracy and Paul marry in late October 1991, but when Paul fails to get control of her stock, Faison orders Paul to kill her so he can inherit it. Paul refuses, and the Cartel tries to assassinate him. As Monica operates on Paul, she hears him confess his love for Jenny, and Tracy is very jealous when Jenny rushes to Paul's side. Jenny reveals she is in love with him too, but has insisted they cannot be together as long as he is married to Tracy. Meanwhile, thanks to Paul's efforts, Dr. Tony Jones (Brad Maule) develops a permanent cure for Susan and Tiffany.
Paul plans to end his marriage to Tracy so he can be with Jenny, but Jenny has already agreed to marry Ned. In early 1992, Paul convinces Jenny to call off her engagement to Ned, but then Tracy announces she is pregnant. Jenny rejects Paul, who accuses Tracy of faking her pregnancy, and later questions the baby's paternity. In February 1992, Faison plants a bomb in Jenny's bridal bouquet; Paul discovers it and manages to get rid of it, only to witness Jenny marry Ned. Though Paul and Tracy welcome their son Dillon in May 1992, their marriage is already on shaky ground. Tracy blackmails Jenny into staying away from Paul by threatening to reveal that Jenny had an underage affair with a senator and suffered a miscarriage when she was 16.
Ned discovers Jenny lied about being a virgin and divorces her. Paul discovers Tracy was blackmailing Jenny, and walks out on her. Despite divorcing Jenny, Ned is very jealous of Paul and Jenny's rekindled romance. Ned threatens to leak the story of Jenny's affair with Senator Jack Kensington to the press unless Paul hands over his shares of ELQ. Paul gives Ned the shares to protect Jenny, but Ned leaks the story anyway. Paul steps in to support Jenny.
Later, Tracy accidentally hits Jenny with her car and claims to have witnessed the accident. However, Jenny knows Tracy is the culprit and uses the information to blackmail Tracy into dropping her vendetta against Paul. On February 9, 1994, the wedding of Mac Scorpio (John J. York) and Felicia Jones (Kristina Wagner) is interrupted by Ryan Chamberlain (Jon Lindstrom), Paul and Jenny marry instead.
In 2015, Paul returns to Port Charles claiming a desire to rekindle with Tracy and repair his relationship with Dillon. It is later revealed he has really returned to try and take down Sonny Corinthos (Maurice Benard) while keeping Robin Scorpio-Drake (Kimberly McCullough) away from her family and friends under Jerry Jacks (Sebastian Roché)'s orders as his new accomplice. 2016 reveals Paul was the hospital's serial killer as a twisted plot to avenge the rape of his daughter Susan. In October 2016, he was arrested by Anna Devane (Finola Hughes) and Jordan Ashford (Vinessa Antoine) and sentenced to 30 years in prison for his role in the murders including that of Sabrina Santiago’s (Teresa Castillo). His successor was Margaux Dawson (Elizabeth Hendrickson).
Chloe Morgan
Chloe MorganGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byTava SmileyDuration1999–2001First appearanceApril 30, 1999Last appearanceSeptember 4, 2001ClassificationFormer; regularCreated byRobert Guza, Jr.Introduced byWendy RicheIn-universe informationOther namesChloe AshtonOccupationOwner of chloe morgan designsHusbandNed Ashton (1999)Aunts and unclesEleanor Morgan Herbert MorganOther relativesLila Morgan Quartermaine
Chloe Morgan (formerly Ashton) is a fictional character on the American soap opera General Hospital. The role was portrayed by Tava Smiley from 1999 to 2001.
Chloe was originally introduced onto the canvas as a world-renowned fashion designer, and distant relative to Lila Morgan.
Felicia Jones, who at the time was working on writing Lila's memoirs, makes a trip to Rome to track her down and interview her about Lila.
After she helps Felicia as much as she can, she returns with her to Port Charles to get to know Lila and the Quartermaine family first hand.
Not long after Chloe arrives in town, she meets and falls in love with Jasper "Jax" Jacks. They seriously quickly, but that is halted when Chloe's Aunt Gertrude, arrives in town to claim Chloe's inheritance. Her uncle's will stated that Chloe could retain her inheritance as long as she got married by the upcoming deadline, and if not, the money would revert to Gertrude.
Not wanting to complicate things with Jax (who at the time was still grieving the loss of his fiancé, Brenda Barrett, thought at the time to have been killed by her mother), she decides to sacrifice her inheritance.
With his girlfriend Alexis Davis' blessing, Ned offers to enter into marriage with Chloe. This would just be for show and would continue to allow her and Jax to continue their relationship secretly.
They, along with Alexis, and Jax, attempt to elope in Las Vegas, only to have that plan foiled, when Gertrude shows up, and informs them that without a formal wedding, witnessed in front of their family and friends, her inheritance will not be honored.
Jax and Alexis quickly step in and marry each other, to keep up the ruse and save Chloe's inheritance, and the foursome return to Port Charles. Chloe and Ned soon have their formal wedding and are married. The terms are clear: They must stay married for a year for Chloe to receive her inheritance.
Jonathan Paget
Jonathan PagetGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byGreg BeecroftFirst appearanceJanuary 19, 1990Last appearanceMarch 19, 1990Created byGene PalumboIntroduced byH. Wesley KenneyIn-universe informationOther namesDuke LaveryOccupationArt dealer
Jonathan Paget, played by Greg Beecroft was introduced in 1990. The character was initially created as a recast of Ian Buchanan's Duke Lavery. However, hedging their bets, the network only offered Beecroft a short-term deal that lasted only seven weeks. Beecroft's Jonathan was killed off on March 19. Jonathan, an art dealer comes to town to work with Sean Donely (John Reilly). However, Paget has a secret—he is actually Duke with plastic surgery, without the Scottish accent. Paget holds off on reuniting with Duke's wife Anna Devane fearing "his" rival Julian Jerome (Jason Culp) is watching. Just before her death, Julian's sister Olivia St. John (Tonja Walker) discovers Paget's identity and alerts Anna. As the couple reunites, Paget is shot by Julian and dies in Anna's arms.
In 2012, the story is retconned and it is revealed that Paget was actually Duke's cellmate during his stay in a Turkish prison. Paget was then sent by the Jerome family to takeover Duke's life.
Casey Rogers
"Casey Rogers" redirects here. For the Florida judge, see M. Casey Rodgers.
Casey RogersGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byBradley LockermanFirst appearanceMarch 23, 1990Last appearanceMay 28, 1990ClassificationFormer, recurringCreated byGene PalumboIntroduced byJoseph HardySpeciesAlien
Casey Rogers, (commonly referred to as "Casey the Alien"), is a fictional character on the ABC daytime soap opera General Hospital. He was portrayed by Bradley Lockerman in 1990, who also played identical character Shep Casey upon Casey Rogers' departure.
Casting
Lockerman originally auditioned for the role of Jonathon Paget (a.k.a. Duke Lavery). Instead, General Hospital producers created the entirely new character Casey Rogers specifically for Lockerman, who took it as a blessing in disguise. Lockerman stated, "In real terms, it is kind of off the wall, I never in my life thought I'd have this kind of part, but I love it.
Storylines
Casey Rogers, an alien from the planet Lumina, arrives in Port Charles to be found and befriended by Robin Scorpio. He is searching for the missing part of a crystal that will send him back home. The crystal is discovered to be on Spoon Island with enemy Cesar Faison, who is using the pseudonym P.K. Sinclair. Robin convinces Frisco Jones and her mother Anna Devane that Casey is an alien and together they recover the crystal and Casey is able to return home. That same night, Anna meets Casey's doppelganger Shep Casey, and the two have a brief fling before Shep leaves town.
Audience reception
The "Casey the Alien" storyline was met with very mixed reviews. It received criticism for its implausibility, but was able to keep some level of fan interest due to the popular actors involved in the storyline.
Joe Scully
Joe ScullyGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byRobert MianoFirst appearanceFebruary 2, 1995Last appearanceMay 2, 1995ClassificationPast; recurringCreated byClaire LabineIntroduced byWendy RicheBook appearancesRobin's DiaryIn-universe informationOccupationMobsterSpouseMarie ScullyChildrenJoe Scully, Jr.GrandchildrenTrey Mitchell
Joseph "Joe" Mitchell Scully, Sr. known commonly as by his last name "Scully" is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital. He was portrayed by Robert Miano from 1994 to 1995.
Storylines
Offscreen several years before, Deke Woods had beaten his wife, Adela Corinthos, severely. Adela had gone to the hospital with injuries before, but this time, she was unconscious, her face was unrecognizable. An unscrupulous coward, Deke put the blame on her teenage son Michael Corinthos Jr., and sent Marcus Taggert, a new Brooklyn PD recruit whom he was training after him. This set the wheels in motion for years of misplaced animosity, pitting Taggert against Sonny. Later Sonny confided in Scully about what his stepfather, had done to Adela.
The next day, Scully decided to "take care of" Deke, making sure Sonny had an alibi. On Scully's orders, Vince had arranged for Officer Deke Woods to be in an alley beside a nightclub when he went off duty. The club was owned by a lady friend of Scully's, who was not in the mob, but was obviously connected. Scully told her to go out of town for a couple of days so that she would not be an accessory to what went down. And Scully knew that Sonny was at his friend Louie Cerullo's birthday party in Bensonhurst, so he would not be suspected of killing Deke.
Deke was in an alley in Bensonhurst investigating an anonymous tip from an informant about a string of burglaries. Scully put a gun to his head and took Deke's gun from the holster. Deke identified himself as a cop. Scully pressed the gun to the back of Deke's scull. Scully finally spoke, "I know who you are, and I know what you are." Joe then attached the silencer to his own gun. He stepped closer to Deke. "You're a pig, and I don't just mean a cop. You're a coward passing for a man." Deke was now nervous. Vince knocked Deke to his knees and Scully shot Deke in the forehead. Scully then fired one more shot into Deke's chest. When Sonny went to visit his mother in the hospital the following morning, she told him the news about Deke's murder in the line of duty. Sonny instinctively knew that was not true. He knew Scully had killed Deke Woods, to protect him and his mother.
Years later, Scully arrives in Port Charles at the grand opening of Luke and Sonny's blues club. Luke hired Mike Corbin, unaware that he is Sonny's biological father, as Maître d'. Katherine Bell, Lucy Coe's archrival had teamed up with Damian Smith to enact a revenge plot. Damian asked Scully to use his connections to sabotage Lucy's cosmetics company, Deception, by stealing Lucy's supplies and products from the warehouse. In February 1995, Luke's club was firebombed, and Sonny found out that Frank Smith's lawyer, Phil Cusack was trying to move in on Sonny's action. Sonny non-violently dealt with the goons who bombed Luke's, and Cusack was found dead. Sonny's friend and confidant, Harry Silver, informed him that Scully, who had been like a father to Sonny, had ordered the hit on Cusack. Lucy, now working with Luke and Sonny to scam Scully, acts as bait to get back at Damian and Scully. Mike and Luke pull off the heist, leaving Scully agitated. Mike and Luke continue with the scheme and Lucy get Kevin Collins to body slide. While waiting for Kevin to pick her up to take her away for the weekend, Lucy is kidnapped by Scully from the Outback parking lot. Luke and Sonny save her with help from Damian. Scully fires his gun, misses Sonny and the bullet hits Mike instead. Scully is about to shoot him again when Sonny shoots Scully, killing him.
.
Marcus Taggert
Marcus TaggertGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed by
Réal Andrews (1996–present)
Mathew St. Patrick (1997)
Asante Jones (2020–2022)
Duration
1996–2003
2020–present
First appearanceDecember 17, 1996ClassificationPresent; recurringCreated byRichard Culliton and Karen HarrisIntroduced by
Wendy Riche (1996)
Frank Valentini (2020)
Spin-offappearancesPort CharlesIn-universe informationOccupation
Police detective
DEA agent
MotherFlorence CampbellHalf-sistersGia CampbellWifePortia Robinson (divorced)DaughtersTrina Robinson
Marcus Taggert is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital.
Casting
The character was portrayed by Réal Andrews from December 17, 1996 to April 1997, February 1998 to May 2003, and from January 2020. Mathew St. Patrick portrayed him from April 1997 to November 1997. Andrews returned to the role on August 19, 2020. In November 2020, it was reported Andrews would temporarily exit the role, due to undisclosed reasons; Asante Jones was named as Andrews' replacement; he first appeared on December 17 and left in early 2021, when Andrews reclaimed the role. Jones briefly stepped in for Andrews again in February 2022.
Backstory
As a youngster, Marcus met Deke Woods, Sonny Corinthos's stepfather and a police officer in Brooklyn. Deke became Marcus' mentor, inspiring the young man to become a police officer himself. Deke was killed by Joe Scully in an alley. Marcus decided to seek revenge. He moved to Port Charles and harassed Sonny every chance he got. His vendetta with Sonny got him into trouble on the job on more than one occasion.
Storylines
In 1998, Taggert began dating Assistant District Attorney Dara Jensen after pursuing her for quite some time. Taggert could not shake the feeling something more was going on between Dara and Justus Ward than Dara let on.
Taggert and Justus had previously butted heads. Taggert had a prime opportunity to get Justus Ward out of his life for good when a tape came into his possession. On the tape was a confession from Justus, to the murder of Damian Smith, a crime he had committed in 1996, when he caught Damian trying to burn down Ward House, an orphanage founded by Justus' grandmother, Mary Mae Ward.
Taggert brought the tape to Dara's attention. Out of concern for Justus, she asked Taggert to compromise his principles and burn the tape. Because Taggert truly cared about Dara, he complied.
Within a year, Taggert and Dara's relationship came to an end—not because of Justus Ward, but because of Dara's devotion to her job. Taggert felt there was not enough room in Dara's life for both him and her job. When Taggert asked if Dara could devote any more time to making their relationship work, Dara made her choice. She had put as much as she could into their relationship. They parted ways.
Taggert soon took on a new role when he volunteered to look after Juan Santiago after his father, Armando agreed to allow Juan to remain in Port Charles.
In 2000, Taggert was surprised when his maternal half-sister, Gia Campbell, arrived in Port Charles, with Taggert furious to learn she had taken time off from school. Taggert and Gia had a strained relationship at best. Gia even hid her presence from him when she first arrived in town. Shortly thereafter, Taggert's mother, Florence Campbell, also came to Port Charles to be near her children.
Taggert and FBI agent Hannah Scott continued to grow closer and became lovers, despite Dara's warning the trouble she brought the FBI was trouble that followed Hannah everywhere. Taggert, however, continued to enjoy his newfound relationship, and continued to be annoyed by Hannah's friendship with A. J. Quartermaine. Hannah had made it clear to AJ she was involved with Taggert. They would never share more than just friendship. AJ clearly wanted more with Hannah. Hannah's friendship with AJ strained her relationship with Taggert, who reached his breaking point and ended things with her.
Soon the following year, Taggert was shocked to come upon a car accident involving Elizabeth Webber, Courtney Matthews and his sister Gia. Liz's life was threatened by the crash, and Gia was at fault, but Liz had no memory of it.
Taggert became suspicious about his sister's involvement in the car accident, and was certain Nikolas Cassadine was the true guilty party. Gia was an unwitting accomplice. Taggert placed an undercover officer, Sharifa, in Wyndemere to uncover proof of Nikolas's dealings.
At this time, Nikolas' grandmother, Helena Cassadine managed to escape from police custody. Helena took refuge in the tunnels of Wyndemere, where she overheard Nikolas and Gia discussing their cover-up of the automobile accident. Helena blackmailed Gia into helping her escape.
Taggert was shocked when Sharifa uncovered proof Gia was responsible for the accident, as well as helping the fugitive Helena evade the authorities. Taggert confronted Gia and Nikolas with the video evidence, but could not bring himself to arrest his little sister.
By 2003, Taggert was frustrated over the way Scott Baldwin was abusing his power as District Attorney to push his own agenda against Sonny. Taggert wanted to take Sonny down as much as Scott did, but could not agree with Scott's illegal methods. Scott, not wanting Taggert to get in his way, set Taggert up as a scapegoat in Scott's sudden campaign to do away with "dirty cops". Offering Taggert no other choice, Scott forced Taggert to take a job on the police force in Portland, Oregon. In January 2020, Taggert returns to Port Charles at the invitation of Jordan Ashford.
Bradley Ward
Bradley WardGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byAaron SevilleDuration1994–1996First appearanceSeptember 16, 1994Last appearanceMarch 18, 1996ClassificationPast; regularCreated byClaire LabineIntroduced byWendy RicheIn-universe informationOccupationPastor Community organizer Activist State assemblymanFamilyQuartermaineParentsEdward QuartermaineMary Mae WardStepfatherDan WardHalf-brothersAlan QuartermaineJimmy Lee HoltDavid WardHalf-sistersTracy QuartermaineIdios WardSpouseIsobel Ward (196?–1974)SonsJustus WardDaughtersFaith WardGranddaughtersMaya WardGrandfathersGeorge QuartermaineGrandmothersIda ZemlockMiriam CourtneeNephewsNed AshtonA. J. QuartermaineJason MorganRoy WardDillon QuartermaineAustin Gatlin-HoltNiecesSkye Quartermaine (adoptive)Emily Quartermaine (adoptive)Keesha Ward
Bradley Ward is a fictional character from the original ABC Daytime soap opera General Hospital. The role was originated by Aaron Seville on September 16, 1994, when he began portraying Bradley in flashbacks. Seville last appears on March 18, 1996.
Storylines
Born in 1945 and raised in Norfolk, Virginia and by his mother, Mary Mae, and stepfather Dan Ward, Bradley died believing he was the biological son of a soldier who died at war. His mother and stepfather moved the family to Port Charles. Bradley married Isobel and together they had two children, Justus and Faith Ward. The fiery Bradley had been elected to congress and began causing trouble for billionaire Edward Quartermaine and his dirty partner Jack Boland. To get Bradley off their backs, Edward's partners, Lee Baldwin, and Boland dug up some dirt on the young politician and reverend. They had learned that Bradley had had multiple affairs, one with secretary, Elizabeth Jackson (Joan Pringle) and another with the 18-year-old daughter of the district attorney, Kylie Quinlan. Kylie carried his baby for a while before she miscarried due to a car accident. But Bradley didn't back off, he came fighting for change. Bradley had also been causing trouble for mob boss Frank Smith who Jack was secretly working with. In the early hours of July 1, 1974, Boland goes to Bradley's house, and kills him. Jack plants the gun in his hand making Mary Mae believe he'd committed suicide. Mary Mae, assuming it was her fault for not telling Edward and Bradley the truth, buries his body in the backyard of their home in Port Charles. In June 1994, his body was discovered and Edward was put on trial for his murder. Mary Mae revealed that Edward was in fact Bradley's father and could have never murdered him.
Keesha Ward
Keesha WardGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed bySenait AshenafiDuration1994–1998First appearanceJune 10, 1994Last appearanceMay 15, 1998ClassificationPast; regularCreated byClaire LabineIntroduced byWendy RicheBook appearancesRobin's DiaryIn-universe informationOccupationSocial workerFamilyWardParentsDavid WardMargaret WardBrothersRoy WardGrandfathersDan WardGrandmothersMary Mae WardUnclesBradley WardAuntsIdios WardFirst cousinsJustus WardFaith WardMaya Ward
Keesha Ward is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera, General Hospital. The role was played by Senait Ashenafi from June 10, 1994, to May 15, 1998.
Storylines
Keesha Ward came to Port Charles when her uncle Bradley Ward was found murdered in Luke & Laura's yard. She began to date Jason Quartermaine. Her grandmother Mary Mae Ward and Edward Quartermaine did not approve of their relationship. Edward was accused of the murder of her uncle, but was later acquitted. Keesha and Jason went to Paris over spring break where they lost their virginity to each other.
During a car accident in which Jason's brother A. J. Quartermaine was driving drunk, Jason was badly injured and was in a coma. When Jason woke up from his coma he didn't remember anything. He turned into an angry person. Jason's parents Alan Quartermaine and Monica Quartermaine pushed Jason to remember who they were. The more they pushed the less he wanted to do with them and Keesha. Jason went to work for a mobster named Sonny Corinthos. Keesha was crushed.
AJ began to straighten up. Keesha took notice and the two began dating. AJ confessed to his parents that he was responsible for the accident that had injured Jason. AJ got drunk and slept with Carly Roberts. Keesha was crushed about AJ's involvement in Jason's accident and started to reject him. AJ did not remember sleeping with Carly. Carly learned that she was pregnant. After this incident AJ decided to straighten up again and try to get back with Keesha. Carly drugged AJ and left him in an alley to try to stop him from remembering the night they had together. Keesha helped him remember the night and realized that he might be the father. Keesha supported AJ through everything, but his drinking would soon break them up. Keesha moved back to Philadelphia to take care of her sick father.
Sarah Webber
Sarah WebberGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byJennifer Sky (1997–1998) Sarah Laine (2002) Jenny Herbst (2022)Duration
1997–1998
2002
First appearanceJune 12, 1997Last appearanceJuly 10, 2002ClassificationPast; regularCreated byJanet Iacobuzio Christopher WhitesellIntroduced byWendy Riche (1997) Jill Farren Phelps (2002)Spin-offappearancesPort CharlesIn-universe informationOccupationPediatric cardiologistFamilyHardyWebberParentsJeff Webber Carolyn WebberBrothersSteve WebberSistersElizabeth Webber Hayden BarnesGrandfathersSteve HardyGrandmothersHelene Webber Audrey HardyUnclesRick Webber Tom Hardy (adoptive)AuntsTerri WebberNephewsCameron Webber Jake Webber Aiden SpencerNiecesViolet FinnFirst cousinsLaura Spencer (adoptive) Tommy Hardy (adoptive) Mike Webber (adoptive) Rick Webber, Jr.
Sarah Webber is a fictional character on the ABC daytime soap opera General Hospital. The role was portrayed by Jennifer Sky from 1997 to 1998, and by Sarah Laine briefly in 2002. In August 2010, Elizabeth and the boys went to visit her for a bit in Northern California. On October 19, 2011, Elizabeth reveals to Matt that her sister, Sarah, is a pediatric cardiologist. On April 2, 2013, Elizabeth mentioned to Audrey that Sarah was in Monterey, California.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2016)
Karen Wexler
Karen WexlerGeneral Hospital characterPortrayed byCari Shayne (1992–1995) Jennifer Hammon (1997–1999) Marie Wilson (1999–2003)Duration
1992–1995
1997–2003
First appearanceMarch 27, 1992Last appearanceJuly 1, 2003ClassificationFormer; regularCreated byMaralyn Thoma Bill LevinsonIntroduced byWendy RicheBook appearancesRobin's DiarySpin-offappearancesPort CharlesIn-universe informationOccupationPhysicianParentsScott Baldwin Rhonda WexlerSiblingsRobert FrankLogan Hayes Serena Baldwin Christina Baldwin (adoptive)SpouseJagger Cates (1994–1997)GrandparentsDavid BordissoMeg Bentley Lee Baldwin (adoptive)Aunts and unclesCaroline Wexler
Karen Wexler MD was a fictional character from the ABC daytime soap opera General Hospital, and spin-off series Port Charles. The role was last portrayed by Marie Wilson from 1999 to 2003.
Casting
The role was originated on General Hospital in 1992, as portrayed by Cari Shayne, who left the series in 1994. In June 1997, the character returned as part of the cast of spin-off series, Port Charles, as portrayed by Jennifer Hammon. Hammon left the series on June 24, 1999, and was replaced by Marie Wilson, who portrayed the role from June 30, 1999, to July 1, 2003. In January 2024, Adam Harrington debuted as a recast of Karen's husband, Jagger Cates who returned to Port Charles after over a 15 year absence.
Storylines
Karen was raised by an alcoholic mother, Rhonda Wexler (Denise Galik). During high school, she was involved with Jason Quartermaine (Steve Burton), but she soon met Jagger Cates (Antonio Sabàto, Jr.). Brenda Barrett (Vanessa Marcil) also wanted Jagger, and she schemed to keep Jagger and Karen apart. Eventually, Jagger and Karen were involved, only for her to remember that she was molested by her mother's boyfriend, Ray Conway (Stephen Burleigh). As time went by, she began going to seedy places, where she met Stone (Michael Sutton), Jagger's long lost brother. Stone introduced her to Sonny Corinthos (Maurice Benard). Karen began stripping in Sonny's club, the Paradise Lounge. She also got hooked on pills at this time while she was participating in a summer program at GH for future doctors'. During this time she had a brief affair with Sonny. Jagger and Karen split up. Alan Quartermaine (Stuart Damon) caught her stealing drugs. She confessed the abuse to Gail Baldwin (Susan Brown (American actress)). She and Jagger got back together and they got married when he got accepted into the police academy in Chicago. Alan offers to pay Karen's expenses through medical school. They came back for a brief visit when Stone was dying. Sometime after that they moved to San Francisco where Jagger became an undercover cop.
Port Charles
Karen returned to Port Charles as an intern at GH, leaving Jagger behind in San Francisco. The physical distance between them soon led to a much more painful distance. Karen and Jagger's marriage crumbled and they were divorced in the winter of 1997. Karen met Joe Scanlon (then Michael Dietz). They started dating. Joe proposed marriage, but they called the engagement off when Frank (Jay Pickett) and Courtney (Sarah Aldrich) made Joe look like a sex addict. However, Karen found out it was Frank framing Joe, but didn't find out Courtney was helping him. Joe and Karen are friends again. Karen and Joe tried again, but ultimately ended their relationship to part as friends. Karen becomes chief resident, facing some resentment from fellow doctors as she had to take a more active role in their cases and decisions. During the nurses' strike, the pressure got to her and she took pills from the GH pharmacy again. Eventually, she admits her addiction to Alan and goes to rehab. Karen drew closer to Frank and they began dating. Around this time, Frank found an old computer at a garage sale which mysteriously connected him Cookie, to a troubled young girl in 1973. By this time Karen's mother, Rhonda, falls off the wagon due to painful past memories. Karen learns of her aunt Caroline who had died at age 18 after being hit by a car. Frank's efforts to help Cookie ended in his successfully persuading not to attend a dance and "go all the way" with a boy who liked her. As soon as he convinced Cookie, Karen vanishes into thin air. Frank finally realizes that he had been communicating with the teenage version of Rhonda and had stopped her from conceiving Karen. By traveling to the past, he corrected history, returning Karen to the time stream. Karen learns of what happened. She and Frank kept the developments as their own little secret.
Karen and Frank are baffled by the behavior of Gabriella, Joe's girlfriend. Her dumping Joe led to him leaving town. Soon after, Frank's EMT partner Emilio (Gaby's brother) was attacked and drained of blood, although not the only patient to have this problem. When Karen and Frank learn of vampires plaguing Port Charles, they join in the efforts to destroy Caleb Morley (Michael Easton), nearly dying when a room they were all in caught fire. Chris Ramsey (Nolan North) secretly is doing experiments on a sample of Gaby's blood. Karen discovered Chris about to inject himself with the syringe, and in their struggle, she was jabbed with the needle instead. Karen begins developing superpowers and an increased libido. The horrible side effect was that she would quickly age and die. Frank secretly made a deal with Chris that he would leave town if Chris gave Karen the antidote. Lucy's angel cousin Rafe steps in and manages to have Karen cured while reuniting Frank and Karen. Karen and Frank had a few happy months, but spring 2002 would begin a great time of upheaval and self-doubt for Karen. First, her best friend Eve Lambert (Julie Pinson)dies, and Karen is too devastated to even finish her eulogy. Next, Frank began behaving abusively on the very night he proposed marriage. He saw her in a red slip and repeatedly called her "whore" and claimed that he "knew what she wanted". He brought up her past as a stripper and said she was worthless. Karen becomes close to Ricky Garza (Eddie Matos), who saved her from Frank's rages a few times. Frank became so out of control that Karen now has to institutionalize him for his own safety after he went at Ricky with a knife. Karen kisses Ricky one day at his apartment. Ricky tells Karen about a magical candle marked DESIRE. He tells her how the candle had been responsible for Frank's condition. Karen then slaps him and accused him of manipulating Frank into going crazy.
Karen gives Frank another chance. One day at the Recovery Room, Frank has another episode with no candles around. As Karen is being interviewed for the local news, Frank thinks she was coming onto the reporter. Frank rips open her blouse and verbally abuses her, humiliating Karen in front of potentially millions of viewers. Karen is laughed at during work, received endless crank calls, and is even asked to pose nude in a men's magazine. Karin begin's to ponder if she liked being bad, if she had enjoyed her days as a stripper. Returning to the Paradise Lounge, she was considering returning as a dancer. Karen meets Ricky at the lounge. He made her dance for him, and as she went through her routine, she realized exactly what he wanted her to – that she felt sick and dirty, not excited. Karen and Ricky grow close. Ricky is the only person Karen could now count on. Karen has sex with him. She told him it couldn't happen again, because of their differences in age and background and personality. Soon Karen and Ricky have sex again. Frank suddenly realizes what the source of his mental illness is and asks Karen to let him prove that he was now sane. Frank lit the DESIRE candle in front of her and didn't go crazy. Karen becomes affected, seeing herself with Ricky. Yet, in spite of her strong feelings for Ricky, she had a long history with Frank and decides to try again. Karen tells Frank she had been intimate with Ricky and thought he understood. What Karen doesn't realize is that he is still unstable, Frank now picturing her in lurid situations with Ricky. In mid 2003, Karen dies when a car hits her.
References
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^ Full name stated on-air on May 19, 1998.
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^ a b "Antonio Sabato Jr. Works Night Shift". SOAPnet. sn.soapnet.go.com. Archived from the original on January 24, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
^ Levinsky, Mara (February 2, 2024). "Adam Harrington Joins General Hospital As John 'Jagger' Cates!". Soap Opera Digest. United States: A360media. ISSN 0164-3584. Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
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^ Silver, Carly (June 3, 2020). "Lisa LoCicero Shares Journey from GH Fan to Port Charles Resident". Daytime Confidential. United States: Confidential Media, Inc. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
^ SOD (June 3, 2020). "ICYMI: Lisa LoCicero Interview". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
^ Staff (September 14, 2023). "Rena Sofer Returning to General Hospital as Lois Cerullo After Leaving Soap 26-Years Ago (Exclusive)". People. United States. ISSN 0093-7673. OCLC 794712888. Archived from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
^ Mason, Charlie. "General Hospital's 40+ Greatest Characters of All Time, Ranked ". Soaps She Knows. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
^ Eades, Chris (August 10, 2018). "Everything You Need to Know About Kevin's Evil Twin, Ryan Chamberlain, on GENERAL HOSPITAL". ABC Soaps in Depth. United States. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
^ SOD (August 17, 2018). "Jon Lindstrom guests on 'Dishing With Digest Podcast'". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
^ Frank Valentini (Executive producer); Shelly Altman and Chris Van Etten (Head writers); William Ludel (Director); Suzanne Flynn (Script writer) (August 10, 2018). General Hospital. Season 56. Episode 14098. ABC. General Hospital Transcript Friday 8/10/18. Kevin: Hello, again, brother.
^ Reichardt, Nancy M. (May 9, 1993). "Good Guy Lindstrom Turns Bad On 'General Hospital'". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
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^ "Lindstrom Returns To GH!". ABC Soaps in Depth. United States. January 9, 2013. Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved January 9, 2013.
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^ SOD (December 2, 2020). "Max Gail Visits GH". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
^ a b General Hospital. Season 27. February 21, 1991. ABC.
^ Simms, Richard. "When You're Hot, You're Hot… When You're Not, You're On This List of Characters Who Fizzled Rather Than Sizzled ". Soaps She Knows. She Knows Media. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
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vteGeneral HospitalCast and crew
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Twist of Fate
Port Charles (spin-off)
Night Shift (spin-off)
What If...
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Patrick and Robin
Frisco and Felicia
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Lucky and Elizabeth
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The Secret Life of Damian Spinelli
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TJ Ashford
Scott Baldwin
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Valentin Cassadine
Lucy Coe
Carly Corinthos
Michael Corinthos
Sonny Corinthos
Alexis Davis
Kristina Davis
Anna Devane
Dante Falconeri
Olivia Falconeri
Ava Jerome
Maxie Jones
Sam McCall
Jason Morgan
Monica Quartermaine
Tracy Quartermaine
Trina Robinson
Mac Scorpio
Robert Scorpio
Laura Spencer
Damian Spinelli
Elizabeth Webber
Heather Webber
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Diego Alcazar
Lorenzo Alcazar
Peter August
Franco Baldwin
Lee Baldwin
Brenda Barrett
Nelle Benson
Jessie Brewer
Phil Brewer
Shawn Butler
Helena Cassadine
Stone Cates
Skye Chandler
Morgan Corinthos
Blair Cramer
Rae Cummings
Marco Dane
Téa Delgado
Noah Drake
Patrick Drake
Robin Scorpio-Drake
Levi Dunkleman
Nora Hanen Buchanan
Audrey Hardy
Steve Hardy
Kate Howard
Jasper Jacks
Jerry Jacks
Julian Jerome
Kiki Jerome
Georgie Jones
Lucas Jones
Ric Lansing
Duke Lavery
Ethan Lovett
Starr Manning
Todd Manning
Courtney Matthews
John McBain
Griffin Munro
Lisa Niles
Liesl Obrecht
A. J. Quartermaine
Alan Quartermaine
Dillon Quartermaine
Edward Quartermaine
Emily Quartermaine
Madeline Reeves
Sabrina Santiago
Jennifer Smith
Bobbie Spencer
Lucky Spencer
Luke Spencer
Lulu Spencer
Valerie Spencer
Cole Thornhart
Justus Ward
Mary Mae Ward
Lesley Webber
Steven Webber
Nathan West
Britt Westbourne
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Johnny Zacchara
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GH-1"},{"link_name":"Frank and Doris Hursley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_and_Doris_Hursley"},{"link_name":"general hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Port Charles, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Charles,_New_York_(fictional_city)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GH-1"}],"text":"General Hospital is the longest-running American television serial drama, airing on ABC.[1] Created by Frank and Doris Hursley, it originally was set it in a general hospital (hence the title), in an unnamed fictional city. In the 1970s, the city was named Port Charles, New York.[2] The series premiered on April 1, 1963.[1] This is a list of notable characters who significantly impacted storylines and began their run from 1990 to 1999.","title":"List of General Hospital characters (1990s)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ned Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Ashton_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Lois Cerullo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Cerullo"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"}],"text":"Brook Lynn Ashton (also Quartermaine) is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital. On the series, she is the daughter of Ned Quartermaine and Lois Cerullo, and was named after her mother's hometown of Brooklyn.","title":"Brook Lynn Ashton"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AdrianneLeonJun07.jpg"},{"link_name":"Adrianne León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrianne_Le%C3%B3n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amanda_Setton,_2009_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Amanda Setton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Setton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BrianaLane2022.jpg"},{"link_name":"Briana Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briana_Lane"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Adrianne León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrianne_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Soap Opera Digest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"TVLine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVLine"},{"link_name":"Amanda Setton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Setton"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Daytime Confidential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Confidential"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Briana Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briana_Lane"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Guest Performer in a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Guest_Performer_in_a_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NATAS_2021-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"The faces of Brook Lynn AshtonAdrianne León was cast in the role of Brook Lynn in 2004; she remained in the role intermittently until 2011.Amanda Setton joined the cast as Brook Lynn in 2019.Briana Lane filled in for Setton for three months in 2020 and one episode in 2022; she earned a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for her work in the role.Originally played by actress Brooke Radding in 1996, the character was later recast with actress Adrianne León in 2004, who was nominated for two awards for the role in 2005: the Soap Opera Digest \"Outstanding Female Newcomer Award\", and \"Outstanding Younger Actress\" in the Daytime Emmy Awards. Leon continued to play the character until 2006. It was announced in 2010 that Leon would return to the show as Brook Lynn that May.[4] She left the series again in 2011 after the character was written off.[5]In November 2019, TVLine announced Amanda Setton had been cast in the role; she made her first appearance on November 18.[6] Jamey Giddens of Daytime Confidential had suggested that Setton be cast in the role in 2012, one year after Leon's exit.[7] In August 2020, it was announced Setton would take temporary leave from the role to take a maternity leave; actress Briana Lane was cast in the role.[8] Lane assumed the role from August 6 to November 16, 2020.[9] Lane's performance in the role garnered her a Daytime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Guest Performer in a Drama Series in 2021.[10] In February 2021, it was announced Setton would return to the role;[11] she returned during the March 15 episode.","title":"Brook Lynn Ashton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diego Alcazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Alcazar"},{"link_name":"Georgie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgie_Jones"},{"link_name":"Dillon Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillon_Quartermaine"},{"link_name":"Sage Alcazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_Alcazar"},{"link_name":"Mary Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Emily Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Quartermaine"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Alcazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Alcazar"},{"link_name":"Carly Corinthos Jacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Corinthos_Jacks"},{"link_name":"Dante Falconeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Falconeri"},{"link_name":"Lulu Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Nikolas Cassadine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolas_Cassadine"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Webber"},{"link_name":"Aiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiden_Spencer"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"Brook Lynn is raised by her mother after her parents' divorce, but lives with her father as a teenager. She is a talented songwriter and singer, and her mother, a band manager and record-company executive, often pressures her to pursue a singing career. Brook dates Diego Alcazar for a time, but they later break up. She is also involved in adventures with Georgie Jones, her uncle Dillon Quartermaine, and Sage Alcazar, who competes with her for a recording contract. The obnoxious Sage is murdered by serial killer Mary Bishop after she is locked in the Quartermaine freezer by a fed-up Georgie. Sage is a sitting duck for the killer, who mistakes her for Brook's adopted cousin Emily Quartermaine. After her death, Brook puts a poignant song written by Sage to music and records it. Sage's uncle Lorenzo Alcazar blames Brook and the other teens for her death, but is brought to tears when he hears Brook perform the song. The following year, Brook is a victim of the Port Charles Stalker, who drugs girls and takes pictures of them. The stalker later turns out to be Sage's cousin Diego, who had read her journals and decided to get revenge on Brook and the others on Sage's behalf. Soon after, Brook decided to leave Port Charles and return to New York to pursue her music career.Brook Lynn was convinced to return to town in 2010 by Carly Corinthos Jacks, who promised to pay Brook if she came between Dante Falconeri, with whom Brook grew up in Bensonhurst, and his girlfriend, Lulu Spencer. Carly hired Brook Lynn to sing at the Metro Court, and purchased her an apartment across from Dante's. Brook succeeds in drugging Dante at a bar, and attempts to have sex with him in his apartment, but Lulu arrives to stop this and blames Brook entirely. Feeling guilty, Brook later tells Lulu that she had been working for Carly, but Carly lies and claims she was only trying to test Dante to see if he was worthy of Lulu. Lulu believes Carly, and continues to blame Brook. Finding Brook in a state of devastation, wealthy Nikolas Cassadine invites her into his castle and hires her to be his escort for a formal dinner in France. While he teaches her etiquette, the two begin a flirtation, and then a romance. Brook eventually moves into the Cassadine castle and continues to work as Nikolas' escort at formal events. She is soon at odds with Elizabeth Webber, the mother of Nikolas' son Aiden. Elizabeth was interested in pursuing a relationship with Nikolas after previously turning him down, but Nikolas was now interested in Brook Lynn, and turned her down. Brook Lynn later got an offer to go on tour with a band. Nikolas got caught up in family issues, and encouraged Brook Lynn to take the offer because he could not put her first. The two parted ways, and Brook Lynn left town.Brook Lynn returned to town in 2019 with Setton taking over the role. Brook Lynn legally changed her last name to Quartermaine in early 2020.","title":"Brook Lynn Ashton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jay Lacopo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Lacopo"},{"link_name":"Don Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Patrick_Harvey"}],"text":"Tom Baker, portrayed by Jay Lacopo, first appeared on November 2, 1998. On November 15, 2016, Don Harvey assumed the role.","title":"Tom Baker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fairman-13"},{"link_name":"Jay Lacopo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Lacopo"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"The announcement of Harvey's casting was made on November 11, 2016.[12][13] The character had previously been portrayed by Jay Lacopo on November 2, 1998.","title":"Tom Baker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valentine's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Webber"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Herbst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Herbst"},{"link_name":"Lucky Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Jackson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SON_Feb_99-14"},{"link_name":"Amber Tamblyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Tamblyn"},{"link_name":"photoshopped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoshop"},{"link_name":"Nikolas Cassadine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolas_Cassadine"},{"link_name":"Tyler Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Christopher_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trans_11/15-15"},{"link_name":"Franco Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Roger Howarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Howarth"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trans_11/15-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trans_11/16-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trans_12/1-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trans_12/1/16-18"},{"link_name":"Alexis Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Davis_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Nancy Lee Grahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Lee_Grahn"},{"link_name":"Michael Rodrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rodrick"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"On Valentine's Day 1998, Elizabeth Webber (Rebecca Herbst) is raped, and Lucky Spencer (then Jonathan Jackson) helps her recover.[14] Emily Quartermaine (then Amber Tamblyn) starts embarking on a new career in modeling, but soon finds herself the subject of a blackmail attempt when she receives a photograph of her head photoshopped onto the body of a nude model. She enlists the help of Lucky, his half brother Nikolas Cassadine (Tyler Christopher), and Elizabeth Webber. They discover the culprit is photographer Tom Baker, later revealed to also be responsible for raping Elizabeth. He is prosecuted for blackmailing Emily. Due to lack of evidence, he cannot be prosecuted for raping Elizabeth, but is sentenced to prison for 20 years. In late 2016, Tom was up for parole, and Elizabeth had to write a note to convince the board not to release him. Tom, though, was released, because the board thought he had reformed.[15] However, Franco Baldwin (Roger Howarth), Elizabeth's boyfriend, was suspicious and attacks Tom in his brother's house on Oak Street.[15][16] Franco attacks Tom again when he shows up at Elizabeth's work place, and says he also works there.[17][18] Desperate to get Tom away from Elizabeth, Franco lures him to his art studio and locks him in a cage so Tom will miss his parole hearing and be sent back to prison. He lets him out, though, and Tom locks Franco in the same cage. Franco and Elizabeth later find out that Tom was found dead after being brutally stabbed, and Franco is suspected of killing Tom. It's later revealed that Tom preyed on Alexis Davis (Nancy Lee Grahn) while she was drunk, and held her at knife point. Alexis fought him off, and grabbed the knife from him. It was later proven, though, that she didn't kill Tom. The culprit was revealed to be Seth Baker (Michael Rodrick), Tom's brother who saw Tom attack Alexis and realized his brother was still a predator and would never change.","title":"Tom Baker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shell Danielson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_Danielson"},{"link_name":"Port Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Charles"}],"text":"Dominique Baldwin (maiden name Stanton; formerly Taub) is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital. She was portrayed by Tawny Fere Ellis from June 4 to November 14, 1991, and Shell Danielson from December 3, 1991, to May 5, 1993. Danielson reprised the role on Port Charles, GH's spin-off, from December 9, 1997, to January 2, 1998.","title":"Dominique Baldwin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mac Scorpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Scorpio"},{"link_name":"Holly Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Sutton"},{"link_name":"Julia Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Barrett"},{"link_name":"Scott Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Sean Donely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Donely"},{"link_name":"Lucy Coe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Coe"},{"link_name":"Serena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Cody Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_General_Hospital_characters_(2020s)#Cody_Bell"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"Dominique arrived on the show, deaf and unhappily married to Leopold Taub. Her husband and she lived in a loveless marriage on the Stanton estate named Serenity. Her misfortunes changed when she fell in love with Mac Scorpio, who had accidentally wandered onto the grounds of her family's estate. After falling in love with Mac, Dominique divorced her husband and went to Port Charles to find Mac. When she found him, she convinced him that she needed protection and asked for his help in keeping Leopold away. Leopold came to town after Dominique, Mac, and he fought over her. During a gunfight, the loud shots restored Dominique's hearing, but Leopold had her committed to Shadybrook Sanitarium after becoming her guardian. He was later killed when he became involved in a cartel to take over global business, and in his will, he left Dominique a large sum of money. After his death, Dominique was able to leave Shadybrook and resumed her relationship with Mac. She later broke up with Mac after she became jealous of his relationship with his ex-sister-in-law Holly Sutton. Dominique then moved on with her life and became partners with Julia Barrett and Scott Baldwin in Deception perfume. Connor Olivera, the son of Sean Donely, pursued Dominique, and the two had a brief relationship. Dominique later joined Scott for a weekend in Vegas, and when she woke up from a hangover a few days later, she was shocked to learn that Scott and she were married. After getting the news, Connor ended his relationship with Dominique and left town. After returning to Port Charles, Scott and Dominique filed divorce papers and decided that they would call off the divorce if they enjoyed being married to each other. The two ended up falling in love and decided to stay married.In 1993, Dominique began to suffer from severe headaches and dizzy spells, and she was diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumor and only months to live. Scott was devastated by the news, but Dominique and he decided to have a second lavish wedding where all their friends and family could attend. Dominique wanted to give Scotty a child before she died, and that became possible when Lucy Coe agreed to become a surrogate for them. Lucy successfully carried Dominique's fertilized egg, and Dominique lived to hear the heartbeat of her child, but sadly did not live long enough to see the baby born. After hearing the baby's heartbeat, Dominique died in Scott's arms on a beautiful fall day overlooking the trees. In her will, Dominique left Scott a large amount of money for their child and him. Months later, Lucy gave birth to Dominique and Scott's daughter, and Lucy and Scott decided to name the baby Serena after Dominique's family's estate Serenity.Dominique's spirit returned in 1997 on the soap opera Port Charles, to comfort her daughter Serena, who was in the middle of an ugly custody battle started by Dominique's uncle Rex Stanton, who only wanted all of Dominique's money. Dominique also appeared to Scott and took him on a Christmas Carol-type journey by showing him his past, present, and future. She showed him the consequences that he would face if he did not open up his heart to love again, and with Dominique's help, Scott was finally able to let her go and move on with his life.In August 2022, it was revealed that Dominique has a son named Cody Bell, whom she gave up for adoption. When Mac first saw Cody, he immediately knew that there was a possibility that Cody could be his son. On November 9, a DNA test revealed that Mac is his biological father. Cody lies and states it's not a match, as he has a chance at inheriting a 35 million dollar necklace if he's the son of Leopold.","title":"Dominique Baldwin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carly Schroeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Schroeder"}],"text":"Serena Baldwin is a fictional character from the ABC soap opera General Hospital, and its now-defunct spin-off Port Charles. She was portrayed by Carly Schroeder. Serena's wealthy mother, Dominique Stanton Baldwin, was dying and wanted to leave a child for her husband Scott Baldwin. As a consequence, Serena was born via a surrogate mother, Lucy Coe.","title":"Serena Baldwin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lynn Herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Herring"},{"link_name":"Dominique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dominique_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Kin Shriner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin_Shriner"},{"link_name":"Kevin Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Collins_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Olivia Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livvie_Locke"},{"link_name":"Lee Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Baldwin"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"Serena was born via surrogate mother Lucy Coe (Lynn Herring) when it was discovered that her mother Dominique was dying, but wanted to leave her husband Scott Baldwin (Kin Shriner) with a child. Lucy made Scott and Dominique's dream possible by carrying Serena until birth. Scott and Lucy named her Serena, after the Stanton family estate named Serenity. Soon after Serena's birth, Scott took her and fled to Canada to hide from the mob that was trying to steal the fortune that was left to Serena and him.In 1997, Scott returned to Port Charles without Serena, and at first believed that Lucy had kidnapped her. He soon realized he was wrong, though, and not long after was hit by a car, but that did not deter his search for his missing daughter. Danielle Ashley, Dominique's half-sister and Rex Stanton, their uncle were later revealed to have taken Serena, and planned to use her to gain access to her trust fund. A worn-down Danielle ended up admitting the truth to Scott, and he was reunited with his daughter. Rex, however, pushed forward and made Scott look like an unfit father. His plan worked, and he gained custody of Serena, but Lucy married Rex to keep an eye on the little girl whom she had carried and loved. Rex was eventually forced to come clean with his deception, and he was arrested for his crimes.Serena was again reunited with Scott, and this time for good. Serena and Scott began to spend time with Eve Lambert, which caused Lucy to become extremely jealous. Lucy came up with a plan to gain back their attention by looking like a hero and siphoned the gas out of Eve's car, so she could rescue them when their car ran out of gas. Her plan backfired, however, when they were in an accident and Serena lost her eyesight. After a successful surgery, she regained her sight, and Serena was ecstatic when her parents, Scott and Lucy, eventually got married and adopted a baby girl they named Christina Baldwin. Unfortunately, Christina was taken by her biological mother, and her loss caused the end of Scott and Lucy's marriage. The tide turned and Serena was thrilled when Christina's biological mother Julie Devlin returned her to Scott and Lucy, after she found out that she was dying and could no longer care for Christina. Later that year on Christmas Eve, Lucy married Kevin Collins and Serena was happy to gain an older sister named Olivia Locke. A few years later, Serena packed up her things and left with Lucy, Kevin, and Christina for Paris.In July 2017, Serena returns to Port Charles with the news that Lee Baldwin has died. Along with her parents, she mourns his death.","title":"Serena Baldwin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Cole_Mod_Squad_1973.JPG"},{"link_name":"The Mod Squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mod_Squad"},{"link_name":"Michael Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cole_(actor)"}],"text":"Cole appeared in the ABC series, The Mod Squad.Harlan Barrett is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital, played by Michael Cole in 1991.","title":"Harlan Barrett"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Eckert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Eckert"},{"link_name":"Tracy Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Quartermaine"},{"link_name":"Monica Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Quartermaine"},{"link_name":"Lucy Coe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Coe"},{"link_name":"carbon disulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_disulfide"},{"link_name":"Paul Hornsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hornsby_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Quartermaine family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaine_family"},{"link_name":"Robert Scorpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Scorpio"},{"link_name":"Robert Scorpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Scorpio"},{"link_name":"Brenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Barrett"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"In 1991, Harlan Barrett arrives in Port Charles to save the sunken vessel, the SS Tracy. Harlan notices Bill Eckert has the initiative to raise the ship with a unique invention, and quickly hires Bill as the chief engineer for Barrett Industries.Harlan is quite the ladies man, and brags quite often that he could have any woman he wants. Currently, he sets his sights on Tracy Quartermaine, who is very taken with the exuberant Harlan. Dating the wealthy socialite would prove very beneficial, as Harlan is after stock in ELQ. He makes the mistake of angering Monica Quartermaine, Lucy Coe, and Tracy, who drug him and hold him captive overnight at the Quartermaine mansion.Barrett, Leopold Taub, Faison, and Lord Ashton later form a cartel corner the market on international trade with the use of a dangerous carcinogen, carbon disulfide. This toxin is manufactured at a canning operation, and they use as an elaborate ruse for their true purpose. The cartel strong-arms newcomer Paul Hornsby to marry his way into the Quartermaine family and snatch up their assets. Paul feeds the cartel information about Robert Scorpio's investigation. Bill is brought into the cartel, but a deliriously wicked Faison wants Bill to prove himself before he is completely accepted. Bill's assignment is to kill Faison's nemesis, Robert Scorpio. By this time, Bill and Robert are good friends, so a \"faux death\" is arranged. Bill shoots Robert on the waterfront, but Harlan is not fooled, so he decides to shoot Robert again. Bill shoots and kills Harlan to protect Robert. The cartel's illicit activities come to an abrupt end. On Founder's Day, Leopauld Taub is killed, and Cesar Faison escapes. A grief-stricken Julia promptly ends her relationship with Bill. Harlan's other daughter, Brenda, comes to town in 1992, after dropping out of boarding school, to claim her inheritance.","title":"Harlan Barrett"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Beth Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Beth_Evans"},{"link_name":"Dominique Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Stanton"}],"text":"Katherine Bell is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital. Mary Beth Evans portrayed Katherine Bell from 1993 until the character's death in 1999. Katherine Bell came to Port Charles using the name Katherine Crawford, claiming to be a friend of Scott Baldwin's deceased wife, Dominique Stanton.","title":"Katherine Bell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carly Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Corinthos"}],"text":"Virginia Benson was introduced as the adoptive mother of Carly Benson.","title":"Virginia Benson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Stephen Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Nichols"},{"link_name":"Luke and Laura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_and_Laura"},{"link_name":"Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Cassadine"},{"link_name":"Nikolas Cassadine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolas_Cassadine"},{"link_name":"Laura Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Spencer_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Luke Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Stavros Cassadine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavros_Cassadine"}],"text":"Stefan Darius Mikkosovich Cassadine[19] is a fictional character played by actor Stephen Nichols from June 28, 1996, to January 16, 2002, and June 2, 2003, to October 16, 2003, on General Hospital.Stefan is the second son of villain Mikkos Cassadine, who once attempted to freeze the world with a weather machine in the famous 1980s Luke and Laura storyline, and his equally evil wife Helena. The complex and often dark character alternated between playing protective uncle to nephew Nikolas Cassadine and tender would-be lover of Laura Spencer, and his obsessive vendetta against Luke Spencer, whom he blamed for the death of his brother Stavros Cassadine and for his own loss of Laura.","title":"Stefan Cassadine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lesley Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Webber"},{"link_name":"Alexis Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Davis_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Spencer family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_family_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Ned Ashton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Ashton_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Katherine Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Bell_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Lulu Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_Spencer"},{"link_name":"aplastic anemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplastic_anemia"},{"link_name":"Bobbie Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobbie_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Emily Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Quartermaine"},{"link_name":"Dillon Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillon_Quartermaine"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"Stefan first came to Port Charles in 1996 with his teenaged nephew Nikolas Cassadine, the secret son of Laura Spencer and Stefan's older brother Stavros. The Cassadines are descended from a titled, aristocratic Russian family, who fled to Greece following the 1917 Russian Revolution. Stefan had raised Nikolas since infancy after Laura had escaped the captivity of Stavros and been forced to leave Nikolas behind, after Helena \"murdered\" Laura's mother, Lesley Webber, when she tried to contact him.Stefan battled his mother Helena Cassadine for control of Nikolas and control of the family company, and was official head of the family by the time Nikolas was seven. His mother, emotionally abusive to him during his childhood, viewed him as weak and soft, which he was only in comparison to the more homicidal members of the Cassadine family. Helena strongly favored his older brother Stavros and alternately ignored and belittled the more sensitive Stefan. Stefan loved and protected Alexis Davis, who was raised as his first cousin but later turned out to be his half-sister, both children of Mikkos. He paid for her to attend boarding school in the United States as a teenager and encouraged her to go into the legal profession. However, he also dominated her and expected complete loyalty and obedience from her. Alexis was charged with doing much of the legwork for \"Timoria\", Stefan's planned vendetta against the Spencer family and General Hospital, both of which Stefan blamed for the presumed death of his brother Stavros. In their first years on the show, fans detected romantic chemistry in Stefan's scenes with Alexis. Stefan expressed disapproval of Alexis's relationship with Ned Ashton and she later went to great lengths to break up his engagement to Katherine Bell, whom she disapproved of. Fans of the romantic pairing called themselves the \"Gutter Rats\", though no actual romantic relationship was ever alluded to in their scenes together.Laura Spencer contacted Stefan after her baby daughter Lulu Spencer was diagnosed with aplastic anemia and was in need of a bone marrow transplant from a matched donor. Nikolas turned out to be a match. True to the love-hate relationship Stefan always had with Laura, Stefan forced Laura to beg for her daughter's life. He then allowed Nikolas to donate the life-saving bone marrow to his sister. At the same time, Stefan launched his Timoria plot, to exact revenge on Luke and Laura for (presumably) killing his brother, Stavros, while he was attempted to rape Laura Spencer fifteen years prior. Stefan later married Luke's sister Bobbie Spencer as part of his revenge plot against the Spencers. The marriage ended in divorce after Stefan caught Bobbie investigating his actions against the Spencers.In the intervening years, Stefan had an affair with and later became engaged to Katherine Bell. This relationship was derailed for a time after his \"cousin\" Alexis produced proof that Katherine was Stefan's half-sister Natasha. This was eventually exposed as a falsehood, when it turned out that Alexis was the real Natasha. This revelation rocked Stefan and he reacted as a true Cassadine. Stefan banished Alexis, but eventually forgave her. During the grand Bacchanalia on Spoon Island, a ball celebrating her engagement to Stefan, Katherine fell off a parapet at the mansion, the victim of a failed attempt to murder Helena by Luke and Alexis. Katherine was rescued by Helena Cassadine and restored to health, but died in a second fall from the parapet (this time assisted by Helena) soon after her return.Meanwhile, Laura was harboring a secret about Nikolas, which strained her relationship with her husband and family. Eventually, Luke discovered that she had slept with Stefan and believed that Stefan, not Stavros, was Nikolas' father, and had lied to him about it. Meanwhile, Stefan had to face Nikolas about the secret that Stefan, too, had kept. Nikolas lashed out at Stefan, moving out and depending heavily on his brother, Lucky Spencer, and his friend, Emily Quartermaine, for support. Stefan did not approve of Nikolas's choices for companions, feeling that they were below his stature as a Cassadine. In particular, Stefan felt that Nikolas should always be wary of Spencers, and not trust them as he had come to trust Lucky. Eventually the two reconciled. Nikolas had always loved Stefan like a father, after all.DNA testing later proved that Stavros was actually Nikolas's father, much to Stefan's bitter disappointment. The damage was already done to Luke and Laura, however, and they divorced. Shortly before Luke and Laura divorced, Stefan and Laura began a relationship, and Stefan felt hopeful that he could regain his relationship with Laura, the woman he had so loved and hated over the years. Unfortunately, their relationship ended bitterly, after Stefan learned that Laura's presumed dead son, Lucky, was alive, and temporarily withheld the information from her. Laura eventually learned about this from Luke, and violently confronted Stefan. Laura could not forgive him for the lie, and Stefan finally accepted that he and Laura had no future.Stefan later fell in love with Quartermaine cousin Chloe Morgan and was framed for her murder when his back-from-the-dead brother, Stavros, killed her. The plot was eventually revealed and Stefan was cleared.He appeared more aggressive and continually more deranged and desperate in his final year on the show. Stefan returned to the show after an absence. He had plotted an arranged marriage for Nikolas with Lydia Karenin, a wealthy Russian heiress, to restore the Cassadine family's wealth. He ordered Nikolas to marry Lydia, but Nikolas was reluctant to follow through. Stefan attempted to kill Nikolas's real love, Emily Quartermaine, but pushed Lucky's girlfriend Summer (a Laura look-alike), off the cliff by mistake. His secret was well hidden, though, he thought. Stefan's loan from Lorenzo Alcazar was due (this loan transpired as Stefan re-entered the show); Stefan and Lorenzo's henchmen fought quite a bit with him in his final weeks. At this time as well, Luke Spencer kidnapped and put Stefan on \"trial\" in front of the entire Port Charles television audience, taped by Dillon Quartermaine. Luke intended for Stefan to admit to the attempted murder of Emily Bowen-Quartermaine and actual murder of Summer Holloway. Stefan apparently died after he was burned (and disfigured) and later stabbed in a knife fight with Luke Spencer.Luke was arrested for Stefan's murder but was released when Stefan's suicide note was found, where Stefan admitted that he had set Luke up for his staged \"murder\".","title":"Stefan Cassadine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonio Sabàto, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Sab%C3%A0to,_Jr."},{"link_name":"General Hospital: Night Shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital:_Night_Shift"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SN_Sabato-21"},{"link_name":"Adam Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_J._Harrington"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Jagger Cates is a fictional character on General Hospital. The role was originated on April 8, 1992, by Antonio Sabàto, Jr., who portrayed him until 1994, and again briefly in Autumn 1995. In 2008, Sabàto reprised the role during the second season of General Hospital: Night Shift.[20][21] Adam Harrington assumed the role when Jagger returned to Port Charles in February 2024[22] as a series regular.[23]","title":"Jagger Cates"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antonio_Sabato.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karen Wexler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Wexler"},{"link_name":"Kelly's Diner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Charles,_New_York_(fictional_city)#Kelly's_Diner"},{"link_name":"Ruby Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Jason Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Morgan_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Tom Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hardy_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Robin Scorpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Scorpio"},{"link_name":"Mac Scorpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Scorpio"},{"link_name":"Brenda Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Barrett"},{"link_name":"Julia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Barrett"},{"link_name":"Felicia Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicia_Jones"},{"link_name":"Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Cates"},{"link_name":"Marco Dane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Dane"},{"link_name":"Paradise Lounge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Charles,_New_York_(fictional_city)#The_Paradise_Lounge"},{"link_name":"Sonny Corinthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Corinthos"}],"sub_title":"1990s","text":"Sabàto starred alongside former 1990s co-stars in the summer of 2008 when he appeared on Night Shift.John Cates was separated from his siblings Michael and Gina after they were orphaned as children. John assumed the edgier name of Jagger, and fell in with a rough crowd, but his heart was still good—all it took to bring that out of him was some tender, loving care from young Karen Wexler. In 1992, thugs broke into Kelly's Diner, roughed up owner Ruby Anderson, and attempted to rob the place. One of them, a homeless hooligan named Jagger Cates, was shot trying to protect Ruby. Ruby not only forgave him, but she also gave him a job and a place to live.Wealthy teen Jason Quartermaine started working on Dr. Tom Hardy's new volunteer \"Teen Hot Line\". Along with freshman Robin Scorpio and fellow junior Karen Wexler, Jason had a place on the crisis line to help teens in trouble. Karen and Jason grew close, but before long, Karen got involved with Jagger Cates, a drop-out with a sweet disposition.After a storm, Jason, Jagger, and Karen were stranded on an island. On the island, they encountered Cal Atkins and his convict brother, Joseph Atkins, who had broken out of jail. Cal dragged Karen to the top of a cliff and tried to rape her. Jagger saved her. Jason got there in time to see Cal plummet to the shore below. Convinced that Cal was dead, the teens made a pact to keep what had happened a secret. Cal was actually alive and well with his brother. Back home, a shoot-out occurred. Jagger suffered a minor wound. Cal was arrested. Atkins escaped and sought out Bobbie, who had befriended him in letters to his jail cell. The escaped convict took her hostage and tried to rape her. Atkins was caught when he tried to escape in a police helicopter flown by Mac Scorpio.Teenager Brenda Barrett turned up on her big sister Julia's doorstep. Julia persuaded Brenda to move in with her and enroll in Port Charles High School. Jagger Cates also enrolled at PCHS. Brenda was instantly attracted to him. She could tell he liked Karen, whom Brenda instantly disliked. Neither Jagger nor Brenda liked school, but Jagger liked Brenda's style and they fell into each other's arms and made love. For good reason, Brenda Barrett was insecure about her relationship with Jagger Cates. Jagger and Karen had fallen in love. Karen began having disturbing flashbacks. An old boyfriend of Karen's mother, Rhonda, came to stay with Karen and her. Soon after seeing her mother's old boyfriend Ray Conway, long repressed memories flooded back to Karen because he had abused her when she was a child.Jagger located his sister, Gina, and hired Felicia Jones and Mac Scorpio to find his 16-year-old brother. At a wild party, someone slipped \"ecstasy\" into Karen's drink. A kid named Stone came to her aid. He turned out to be Jagger's brother, Mike. Karen felt unworthy of Jagger, who had started to box with Marco Dane as his manager. She broke up with Jagger, who was comforted by Brenda Barrett. A troubled Karen went to work as a stripper at the Paradise Lounge, run by Sonny Corinthos. Stone lived in Sonny's apartment above the club. Soon, Karen was addicted to stripping, Sonny, and pills. Karen kept her new life a secret while she worked at Kelly's and the hospital, and went to class at Port Charles University. Jagger and \"Stone\" were reunited.After Jagger and Stone argued over Stone's going back to school, Jagger followed Stone to the Paradise Lounge. He saw Karen stripping. Later, a stunned Jagger found Karen in bed with Sonny and beat Sonny up. Sonny put a hit out on Jagger. Marco promised Sonny a piece of Jagger's boxing action in exchange for Jagger's life. Sonny liked the idea of \"owning\" Jagger and agreed. Slipping into the strip joint, Brenda's eyes popped when she saw a drugged-out Karen taking her clothes off. Brenda saw it all, and told everyone. Karen's friends and family rallied around her during her recovery. In his next fight, Jagger refused to follow Sonny's orders to take a dive. Jagger and Karen ran away and finally made love.By 1994, Stone and Jagger finally rekindled the warm relationship they had as kids. Jagger stopped boxing and decided to become a cop. Karen, who had received a scholarship to study medicine at Northwestern University, and he got engaged. Before Jagger and Karen's wedding day, a suicidal patient at the hospital almost plunged out a window with Karen. A new orderly, Miguel Morez, saved them both. Miguel saw how Jagger felt about Karen and had a pang. He had once been in love like that with a girl named Lily.Jagger stopped his brother Stone from driving the getaway van that would carry Frank Smith out of jail. Tragedy struck when the bike Jagger was riding crashed and he was knocked out. Jagger recuperated from his motorcycle spill in time to marry Karen in a touching wedding ceremony. It was a day filled with love—and surprises. Karen's mother revealed to Karen that Scott Baldwin was her father. Karen, overjoyed by the news, happily hopped on the back of her new husband's motorcycle and sped off to a new life in San Francisco, where Karen would become a doctor and Jagger would become a police officer.In 1995, Stone Cates had come down with the flu. As his girlfriend Robin Scorpio nursed him with chicken soup, he convinced her she should go to Yale. Stone assured Robin he had been tested and was HIV negative. They made love for the first time. Mac was furious when he found out, but he came to realize he had to let Robin grow up. When Stone could not shake the flu, tests revealed the worst possible news. Stone was HIV positive. Stone could not bring himself to reveal the deeply tragic news to Robin.Jagger returned to Port Charles to visit with Stone, luckily getting the chance to spend a little time with his brother before Stone died later that year.Karen returned to Port Charles in 1997 as a young doctor in General Hospital's intern program, where she discovered she was going to be working closely with Dr. Joe Scanlon. Karen and Joe had been childhood friends in Port Charles. Although Karen was now married to Jagger Cates, a police officer stationed in San Francisco, she was still attracted to Joe, and Joe was attracted to Karen.Karen's marriage to Jagger was on shaky ground, but she wanted to make it work. Although they constantly found themselves in close situations, Karen and Joe resisted their impulses, as Karen tried to stay faithful to her husband. Afraid of her feelings for Joe and needing to see Jagger, Karen went to San Francisco. While there, Karen learned that Jagger had been having an affair and that their marriage was truly over. Karen returned to Port Charles and her friendship with Joe grew deeper and the two began dating.","title":"Jagger Cates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_General_Hospital#Stone_Cates"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SN_Sabato-21"},{"link_name":"autism spectrum disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorder"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SN_Rao-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SN_Rao-24"},{"link_name":"Autism Speaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_Speaks"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SN_Rao-24"}],"sub_title":"2008: General Hospital: Night Shift","text":"In 2008, Jagger returns to Port Charles with his five-year-old son Stone, named after his deceased brother.[21] Stone's mother is suing for custody of their son. While in Port Charles, Stone is diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder; at first, Jagger is in denial about it.[24] Writer Sri Rao explained the effect on Jagger he wanted to portray, stating \"The focus of our story is mostly on how it affects Jagger as a parent. ... It's a very overwhelming and complicated emotional journey that a parent goes on when their child is diagnosed with autism. It starts with denial, embarrassment, confusion, sadness, and ultimately, acceptance. That's the arc we'll see Jagger go through over the course of this season.\"[24] Rao reached out to Autism Speaks to make sure he told the story \"authentically, responsibly and realistically\".[24] Throughout the show, the audience sees Jagger slowly come to terms with Stone's autism. At the end of season, Jagger and Stone return to San Francisco.","title":"Jagger Cates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam J. Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_J._Harrington"},{"link_name":"Carly Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Corinthos"},{"link_name":"Laura Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Wright"},{"link_name":"Leo Falconeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Falconeri"},{"link_name":"Anna Devane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Devane"},{"link_name":"Finola Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finola_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Jordan Ashford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Ashford"},{"link_name":"Tanisha Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanisha_Harper"},{"link_name":"Curtis Ashford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Ashford"},{"link_name":"Donnell Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnell_Turner"},{"link_name":"Jason Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Morgan_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Dante Falconeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Falconeri"},{"link_name":"Dominic Zamprogna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Zamprogna"}],"sub_title":"2024","text":"In February 2024, Jagger (Adam J. Harrington) returns to Port Charles, now going by his given name, \"John\", as an FBI agent. He first meets Carly Spencer (Laura Wright) at Bobbie's (formerly known as Kelly's) before he meets Leo Falconeri (Easton Rocket Sweda) and keeps him company, recognizing that he's autistic like his own son, Stone. After getting a call, he and a few FBI agents shut down a sting operation ran by Anna Devane (Finola Hughes) and Jordan Ashford (Tanisha Harper). Anna recognizes the lead agent as Jagger, but John reveals that he's outgrown the nickname and reveals that they're interfering with a federal investigation, but gives them enough information to satisfy their curiosity before arresting them.After Anna accepts the position of being the Commissioner of the PCPD, she and Jordan are released and work with John in his investigation into Curtis Ashford's (Donnell Turner) shooting. In March, following a failed assassination attempt on Sonny at a warehouse, it's discovered that Jason Morgan is alive and appearing to be working with another sniper. John, the FBI, Anna, and the PCPD pursue Jason since he was the prime suspect in the shooting of Sonny's son, Dante Falconeri (Dominic Zamprogna). However, after Jason turns himself in to clear his name, John privately confronts Jason on what he's doing and demands to know what happened, so Jason informs him of what really went down following the failed assassination attempt; Jason made sure the other sniper missed his shot and they were making their way to the extraction team on Pier 50, but Dante caught up with them, forcing Jason to reveal himself before the sniper shot Dante. John tells Jason that his cover is blown and he's looking at capital murder if Dante dies.Jason reveals to Anna that he's been working for John as an informant since November 2021; the FBI has leverage over him about RICO Violations which carries a 20-year prison sentence so John has been forcing him to infiltrate an organization called \"Pikeman\", where he signed on as a private military contractor because the FBI could not send in an official agent due to Pikeman's deep ties to the WSB. After Jason is released on bail, Dante wakes up and clears Jason's name, so John orders Jason to stay in Port Charles and use himself as bait to lure Pikeman out of hiding. Jason initially refuses, so John threatens to use the FBI's leverage and send Carly to prison for RICO violations, forcing Jason to agree.","title":"Jagger Cates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Rena Sofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rena_Sofer"},{"link_name":"Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Supporting_Actress_in_a_Drama_Series"},{"link_name":"Lesli Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesli_Kay"},{"link_name":"Lisa LoCicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_LoCicero"},{"link_name":"Olivia Falconeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Falconeri"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Soaps.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaps.com"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Lois Cerullo (formerly Ashton) is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital. Rena Sofer originated the role from December 15, 1993 to September 24, 1996. Sofer briefly returned from February 7 to 17, 1997 and from September 30 to October 2, 1997. Sofer won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 1995. Actress Lesli Kay stepped into the role from June 1, 2004, to March 14, 2005. Lisa LoCicero, who would later be cast as Olivia Falconeri in 2009, auditioned for the role in 2004.[25][26] On September 14, 2023, it was announced Sofer would reprise the role.[27]In 2023, Soaps.com contributor Charlie Mason placed Lois at number thirty-one on his ranked list of General Hospital's 40+ Greatest Characters of All Time, with his reasons being \"The Brooklyn accent. The incredible nails. The yin/yang chemistry with \"Eddie Maine\". Ned Quartermaine's former wife would never have forgiven us if we'd left her off this list, and neither would we.\"[28]","title":"Lois Cerullo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ned Ashton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Ashton_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Port Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Charles,_New_York_(fictional_city)"},{"link_name":"Sonny Corinthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Corinthos"},{"link_name":"Bensonhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensonhurst"},{"link_name":"Brenda Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Barrett"},{"link_name":"Katherine Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Bell_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Mac Scorpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Scorpio"},{"link_name":"mobster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobster"},{"link_name":"Tracy Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Quartermaine"},{"link_name":"Bensonhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensonhurst"},{"link_name":"Monica Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Quartermaine"},{"link_name":"Justus Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Ward"},{"link_name":"Port Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Charles"},{"link_name":"Lila Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lila_Quartermaine"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Alcazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Alcazar"},{"link_name":"Sage Alcazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_Alcazar"},{"link_name":"Georgie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgie_Jones"},{"link_name":"Maxie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxie_Jones"},{"link_name":"Mary Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Carly Corinthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Corinthos"},{"link_name":"Lesli Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesli_Kay"},{"link_name":"Sonny Corinthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Corinthos"},{"link_name":"Olivia Falconeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Falconeri"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"Lois first appeared on General Hospital in 1993 when she saw Eddie Maine perform at a New York concert, Lois was a band manager and quickly hired \"Eddie\". Unbeknownst to her, Eddie Maine's real name was Ned Ashton. She believed that he was a singer by night and a traveling pharmaceutical salesman by day, and Ned let her. They soon fell in love and got married. After their wedding, Ned moved them to his hometown, Port Charles. There she was re-introduced to her old friend, Sonny Corinthos, whom she had known since their childhood in Bensonhurst. She also quickly became friends with Sonny's girlfriend, Brenda Barrett, and the two opened their own recording company, L&B Records.Lois was still in the dark about Ned's true identity. Meanwhile, Ned was being forced to marry Katherine Bell, who was blackmailing his family, the Quartermaines. Ned refused to tell Lois the truth because he did not want to hurt her. She found out anyway, while watching TV, and saw that Eddie Maine was actually Ned Ashton, and that he was married to Katherine. During Katherine's birthday party, she popped out of cake, saying \"Happy Birthday to Mrs. Ned Ashton, from the other Mrs. Ned Ashton!\" Soon after, Lois left Ned.Ned was not ready to give up on Lois, and persistently pursued her. Eventually, the two reconciled and Lois accepted his marriage proposal but under one condition - no more lies. He agreed and they married again. Their marriage went through tough times, starting with Ned telling Mac Scorpio that Sonny was a mobster, after Lois confided this to him. It was Ned's family, however that put real strain on their union. Lois wanted Ned to distance himself from the dysfunctional Quartermaines. His mother, Tracy Quartermaine, hated Lois from the first moment they met.After Tracy put ELQ in financial jeopardy, she left town, leaving Ned to clean up the mess. Dismayed by this, Lois gave Ned an ultimatum: his job or her and their unborn daughter. Ned chose ELQ. Hurt, Lois left Ned and returned to Bensonhurst where she gave birth to a baby girl, who she named Brook Lynn after her favorite city.Sometime later, Lois returned to Port Charles, feeling guilty for keeping Ned away from his daughter. During this time, it was revealed that Ned had had an affair with his uncle's wife, Monica Quartermaine. She then overheard him blackmailing his cousin, Justus Ward. Lois could not handle it, and again left town. It was at this time that she also help comfort Brenda, after Sonny left her at the altar.Years later, Lois returned to Port Charles to look for her and Ned's now teenage daughter, Brook Lynn, after she ran away. After Lois and Ned located Brook Lynn, Lois decided to return to Port Charles. Not long after her return, Lila Quartermaine died. Soon afterwards, Lois began dating Lorenzo Alcazar. Brook Lynn was very upset about this, and decided to start a girl band at Lois' request. Brook Lynn, Sage Alcazar, Georgie Jones, and Maxie Jones were going to fake the audition. But after Maxie was nowhere to be found, Dillon was forced to dress in drag and pose as a woman. Things got a bit out of control when Simon, the record producer, began hitting on Dillon at The Cellar. Those plans failed as the storyline ended, especially after Sage was murdered by Mary Bishop. Lois continued to date Alcazar. Alcazar's feelings for Carly Corinthos began to return, and Lois began to fade into the background. After Lesli Kay was placed from contract to recurring status in March 2005, Lois ceased to appear. Much later, it was explained that Ned, Lois and Brook Lynn had gone back to Manhattan to continue in the music industry.They were mentioned by Sonny Corinthos who referred to her and her sister. On August 25, he called her mother Gloria, and asked her how to get a hold of Olivia Falconeri. Olivia later references the two as \"tearing it up in L.A. and they always visit Gloria, that's Lois's mother, whenever they're in Bensonhurst.\"On May 25, 2010, it was mentioned by Carly that Lois is managing several bands in Europe and currently lives in London.","title":"Lois Cerullo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jon Lindstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Lindstrom"},{"link_name":"identical twin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identical_twin"},{"link_name":"Kevin Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Collins_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Ava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_Jerome"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GH081018-31"}],"text":"Ryan Chamberlain is a fictional character on General Hospital. He was portrayed by Jon Lindstrom from 1992 until 1995, who also played Chamberlain's identical twin brother, Kevin Collins. Lindstrom reprised his role as Ryan on April 3 and 21, June 16 and 19, 1998, July 8 to 9, 1998, September 4, 16, 18 and 23, 1998, on the spin-off Port Charles.[29] Lindstrom reprised Chamberlain from August 10, 2018 until March 8, 2019 when the character was presumed dead. Ryan appeared in Ava's nightmare on April 4, 2019. Although Ryan was revealed to be alive on May 14, 2019, Lindstrom reprised the role again on May 22, 2019.[30][31]","title":"Ryan Chamberlain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Felicia Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicia_Jones"},{"link_name":"Mac Scorpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Scorpio"},{"link_name":"Ava Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_Jerome"},{"link_name":"Franco Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Niagara Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls"},{"link_name":"Carly Corinthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Corinthos"},{"link_name":"Laura Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Spencer_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Jason Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Morgan_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Kiki Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiki_Jerome"},{"link_name":"Esme Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esme_Prince"},{"link_name":"Heather Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Webber_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Nikolas Cassadine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolas_Cassadine"},{"link_name":"Spencer Cassadine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Cassadine"},{"link_name":"Trina Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trina_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Cameron Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Webber"},{"link_name":"Josslyn Jacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josslyn_Jacks"},{"link_name":"Dante Falconeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Falconeri"},{"link_name":"Sam McCall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_McCall"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"Ryan Chamberlain was introduced as a pediatrician at General Hospital, but he is revealed to have been hiding his mentally unstable behavior for some time. Felicia Jones, while living in Texas, knew him as \"Todd Wilson\" and saw him murder his wife Gloria. She had amnesia when she got back to Port Charles, and did not remember knowing Ryan/Todd. He becomes obsessed with Felicia, who gets her memory back, and he is arrested for attempted murder after he traps her in a cabin and she attacks him in self defense. Ryan crashes Felicia and Mac Scorpio's wedding with a bomb, but is sent to an asylum. Kevin, a psychiatrist, came to town intent on rehabilitating his brother. Unfortunately, Ryan was faking his progress, and used his twin to escape the mental hospital and impersonate him. After escaping with the help of his counselor, Connie Cooper, he kills her and kidnaps Georgie Jones.Kevin helped Mac and Felicia track his psychotic twin down at a fun-house and rescue Georgie, though the killer let himself die in the building's violent explosion rather than be locked away in the hospital again. Ryan continued to appear to Kevin and taunt him over the years. As children, Ryan was sexually abused by their mother. One night, she abuses Kevin, thinking he was Ryan. When Kevin tells their father, he takes Kevin and leaves Ryan behind. Ryan eventually killed his mother.In 2018, Ryan was revealed to be alive and was being treated and hidden in Ferncliff by Kevin. One day, Ryan gets the upper hand, knocks Kevin out, and switches places with him. For over six months, Ryan impersonated Kevin and fell in love with Ava Jerome to the point of being obsessed with her, and he also racked up new victims as he went on a murder spree. In early 2019, Ryan framed Franco Baldwin for his crimes, and planned to run away with Ava to Niagara Falls, who also kidnapped Carly Corinthos. When Franco was finally proven to be innocent and exposed Ryan as the killer, Laura Webber and Jason Morgan followed Ryan and Ava to Niagara Falls, where Ryan threw himself off a bridge and was presumed dead.Two months later, he was revealed to be alive and returned to Port Charles for Ava, who planned to kill him since he killed Kiki Jerome months prior.In 2022, it was revealed that he is the biological father of Esme Prince, who was given up for adoption by her biological mother Heather Webber, after her relationship with Ryan has ended. It is also revealed that Esme is a twin. Years later, Ryan found Esme living with the Princes with a nanny named Maggie Fitzgerald and he convinced her to come to Port Charles to break up Ava's marriage to Nikolas Cassadine by using Nikolas's son Spencer Cassadine. He is aware that he is about to become a grandfather to Esme's unborn child with Nikolas, but he is unaware that Nikolas had her locked up in a storage room in Wyndermere Castle until she gives birth. Nikolas plans to send Esme to Cassadine Island after she gives birth. Unfortunately, on New Years Eve 2022, his daughter Esme set fire to the storage room using a match in order to escape Nikolas, then she intentionally falls off the parapet into the ocean. Esme and her unborn baby were found by Spencer and Trina Robinson at the Haunted Star and was taken to the Hospital, where she was found to have hypothermia and has suffered from memory loss, which his brother Kevin confirmed. He is currently unaware that his daughter Esme was remanded to Spring Ridge until her upcoming trial for revenge porn against Cameron Webber and Josslyn Jacks. After seeing Heather and Esme together, Heather confronts him about knowing that Nikolas is the baby's father and Nikolas is trying to steal their grandchild from them. Heather tells Ryan about the visit from Dante Falconeri and Sam McCall about finding Esme's nanny Maggie Fitzgerald, who knows Ryan, and it's time for them to break out of Spring Ridge and they'll bring Esme with them. After the trio escape from Spring Ridge, they stop by Spoon Island so Ryan can kidnap Ava. While on the island, he holds both Ava and Felicia captive, and the whole situation ends with Mac shooting and killing Ryan, while his daughter gives birth to his grandson, Ace.","title":"Ryan Chamberlain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Soaps She Knows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaps_She_Knows"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"\"I'm the hated envy of all my friends,\" says Jon Lindstrom, who plays the maniacal Dr. Ryan Chamberlain on General Hospital. \"All of my acting friends that is. Not only am I working, but I've also got a great part to play. Ryan is without a doubt the best role I've ever had.\" \"When I started this, I was supposed to be on for 12 weeks --16 weeks tops,\" says the actor. \"I'd come in for a short run since the story was to have a beginning, a middle, and an end.\"[32] In 2023, Charlie Mason from Soaps She Knows placed Ryan and Kevin as a shared entry (at #33 and #32) on his ranked list of General Hospital's 40+ Greatest Characters of All Time, commenting \"Arguably the ultimate good-and-evil-twin pairing, these siblings have been making the residents of Port Charles say, \"Oh, brother!\" since the early 1990s. And though Ryan's reign of terror is supposedly over, we'll believe it when we don't see it pick up anew.\"[33]","title":"Ryan Chamberlain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Port Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Charles"},{"link_name":"Jon Lindstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Lindstrom"},{"link_name":"Port Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Charles"},{"link_name":"Ryan Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Chamberlain_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Kevin Collins is a fictional character on the American soap opera General Hospital and its spin-off Port Charles. He was portrayed by Jon Lindstrom on General Hospital from 1993 to May 1997. Lindstrom remained on recurring status with the show appearing sporadically until 2002, while being a main cast member on spin-off Port Charles. Dr. Kevin Collins arrived in Port Charles in December 1993 in an attempt to rehabilitate his twin brother, serial killer Ryan Chamberlain.\nOn January 9, 2013, after more than eight years off-screen, it was announced Lindstrom would return to General Hospital as Kevin. He first aired on January 30.[35]","title":"Kevin Collins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Felicia Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicia_Jones"},{"link_name":"Mac Scorpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Scorpio"},{"link_name":"Georgie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgie_Jones"},{"link_name":"Lucy Coe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Coe"},{"link_name":"Port Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Charles"},{"link_name":"Lila Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lila_Quartermaine"},{"link_name":"John McBain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McBain_(One_Life_to_Live)"},{"link_name":"Caleb Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Morley"},{"link_name":"Lulu Spencer-Falconeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu_Spencer-Falconeri"},{"link_name":"Stavros Cassadine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavros_Cassadine"},{"link_name":"Patrick Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Drake"},{"link_name":"Sabrina Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Felix Dubois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Dubois"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Webber"},{"link_name":"Scott Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Anthony Starke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Starke"},{"link_name":"Jason Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Morgan_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Jon Lindstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Lindstrom"},{"link_name":"Anna Devane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Devane"},{"link_name":"Valentin Cassadine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Cassadine"},{"link_name":"Niagara Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls"},{"link_name":"Ava Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_Jerome"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"Dr. Kevin Collins arrived in Port Charles on General Hospital in the early part of 1994. He came to town to help rehabilitate his identical twin brother, serial killer Ryan Chamberlain, who was in a mental hospital. Kevin felt his brother was as much a victim as the women he killed and thought he could help his brother get well with his own therapeutic methods. He had a hard time being accepted by the citizens of Port Charles because he had looked identical to a man everyone feared and hated. Eventually, everyone came around, including Felicia Jones, who was terrorized by Ryan for almost two years. However, her fiancé, Mac Scorpio, was instantly suspicious and hostile to Kevin. Kevin visited his brother, Ryan, several times and thought he was making progress. However, he was unaware Ryan was using him to escape the mental hospital.One night, Kevin visited Ryan in his room alone. Ryan found out enough about Kevin to knock him out and impersonated him back in Port Charles. Kevin eventually managed to prove to authorities and hospital personnel he was indeed Kevin and not Ryan. He raced to the church to stop Ryan from ruining Felicia's wedding to Mac. After that ordeal was over and Ryan was apprehended, Kevin saw him at the prison and confronted him. Kevin wiped his hands of Ryan again. However, Ryan wasn't through with Kevin. He managed to escape the prison and impersonate Kevin to keep Felicia's baby, Georgie Jones, at General Hospital. Kevin helped Mac and Felicia find Ryan and Georgie in 1995. Ryan killed himself instead of being apprehended. Kevin still felt some guilt by Ryan's fate.Kevin found himself befriending and counseling Lucy Coe. Lucy came to Kevin with a moral dilemma. He helped her as best he could, but found himself attracted to her while at the same time as he was exasperated with her. They started dating soon after. They got closer when Kevin found himself haunted by the death of his former lover, Grace. Kevin confided in Lucy that Grace had drowned in a car he was in and he was to blame for her death. Lucy helped him work through the past. On June 2, 1997, Lindstrom brought the character to spin-off Port Charles, where he remained until the final episode on October 3, 2003.On July 16, 2004, Kevin and Lucy return to Port Charles to attend the funeral of Lila Quartermaine.On January 30, 2013, Kevin returns again and visits Lucy in Ferncliff after she stabbed John McBain, believing him to be Caleb Morley.In May 2013, he uses his psychiatric skills to aid Lulu Spencer-Falconeri when she has amnesia after being kidnapped by Stavros Cassadine.In December 2013, Lucy refuses to wed Patrick Drake and Sabrina Santiago due to the fact that she and Kevin's marriage could be over. He was mentioned to be too busy with patients to spend any quality time with Lucy. Felix Dubois, Elizabeth Webber and Sabrina convince her to go through with the wedding.In May 2014, Kevin finds out that Lucy has been having an affair with Scott Baldwin at the Nurses' Ball and breaks up with her.In January 2015, Kevin (temporarily portrayed by Anthony Starke) attempts to help Jason Morgan, believing his name to be Jake Doe, remember his true identity. Although, Jason disappears and does not go through with his appointment with Kevin.In October 2015, Kevin (again portrayed by Jon Lindstrom) returns to Port Charles for an appointment with Anna Devane. Kevin states that he has been out of the country with his patients and reveals that he and Lucy divorced.Kevin helped Laura solve a mystery involving Helena Cassadine, and the two grew close, eventually starting to date. Kevin accompanied Laura to Cassadine Island and was shot by Valentin Cassadine while protecting Laura. He thanks her for \"awakening\" him back to life after his breakup with Lucy. After a brief breakup, he and Laura have been together since.In August 2018, Ryan was revealed to be alive and was hidden away in Ferncliff by Kevin, who was treating him for deep psychosis. Ryan gains the upper hand, attacks Kevin, and switches places with him. As Kevin was stuck in Ferncliff for months, Ryan impersonates Kevin and goes on a murder spree. In March 2019, Kevin was finally rescued from Ferncliff as Ryan was exposed as the killer. Ryan threw himself off a bridge in Niagara Falls to avoid being captured and was presumed dead.It was revealed that the DVX had contacted Kevin back in May 2018 about taking one of their agents off their hands and Kevin was shocked to learn that the agent in question was his twin brother Ryan and he hid him in Ferncliff for three months. Kevin was arrested due to withholding a fugitive but was released on bail. In April, the charges against Kevin were dropped since he could not have withheld a fugitive if said fugitive was declared dead.Kevin teamed up with Laura, Felicia, Mac, and Ava Jerome to lure Ryan out of hiding and back to Port Charles by pretending to be a couple with Ava. The plan worked and Ryan returned to Port Charles alive but was captured by the PCPD.","title":"Kevin Collins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soaps She Knows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaps_She_Knows"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"In 2023, Charlie Mason from Soaps She Knows placed Ryan and Kevin as a shared entry (at #33 and #32) on his ranked list of General Hospital's 40+ Greatest Characters of All Time, commenting \"Arguably the ultimate good-and-evil-twin pairing, these siblings have been making the residents of Port Charles say, \"Oh, brother!\" since the early 1990s. And though Ryan's reign of terror is supposedly over, we'll believe it when we don't see it pick up anew.\"[36]","title":"Kevin Collins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Port Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Charles"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Pryor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Pryor"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Port Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Charles"}],"text":"Victor Collins is a fictional character on the American soap opera General Hospital and its spin-off Port Charles. Nicholas Pryor portrayed the role on General Hospital in the spring of 1997 and on Port Charles from June 11, 1997, to July 18, 2003.","title":"Victor Collins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucy Coe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Coe"},{"link_name":"Kevin Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Collins_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Ryan Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Chamberlain_(General_Hospital)"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"Lucy Coe finds Victor in a convent where he is recovering from mental illness. Kevin Collins had told her that his father was dead. When he recovers from his illness, he returns to Port Charles with Kevin and Lucy. While in Port Charles, he is able to mend his relationship with his son, Kevin, and becomes a suspect in the General Homicide murder mystery. Victor is frequently away from home when his twin sons are little. His wife sexually abuses his son, Ryan Chamberlain. One night his wife abuses Kevin thinking that it was Ryan. When Kevin tells his father, he takes Kevin and leaves Ryan behind. Both sons experience mental illness throughout their lives, but Ryan becomes homicidal.Victor is held hostage by the General Homicide killer, Greg Cooper, and his sister Julie. Greg claims that he is Victor's son by a woman named Marsha Cooper, who was killed by Ryan when he was little. Eventually, it is discovered that Julie is not Greg's sister. The true paternity of Greg is never revealed.Victor meets Mary Scanlon and marries her in 1999. Victor is presumed dead, but is actually kidnapped in Italy. Kevin and Mary rescue him. He reappears in 2002 after he and Frank Scanlon find high levels of radiation and a pocket watch in the forest.","title":"Victor Collins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Ron Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Hale"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Max Gail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Gail"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Soap Opera Digest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Mike Corbin (born Michael Corinthos) is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital. Soap Opera veteran, Ron Hale first appeared in the role on a recurring basis in January 1995.[38] During an interview in July 2010, Hale announced his plans to retire from acting, though he did not give a definitive time line.[39] Hale last appeared on October 28, 2010.[40] On January 31, 2018, it was announced that veteran actor Max Gail was recast as Mike Corbin.[41] Gail played the role of Mike for three years, winning a Daytime Emmy as Supporting Actor in 2019 and 2021; he (and the character of Mike) left the show in October 2020. Two months later, Soap Opera Digest announced he would reprise the role for a guest appearance, he returned on January 11, 2021.[42] He also made another appearance on September 16, 2021 and on December 17, 2021.Mike abandoned his wife, Adela, and their son, Sonny when the latter was just a little boy. Mike didn't enter his son's life again until Sonny was an adult, and things were strained. Slowly, the two have developed a cordial relationship, which Mike, an addict, tries to live one day at a time.— ABC Daytime","title":"Mike Corbin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sonny Corinthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Corinthos"},{"link_name":"Courtney Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Adela Corinthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adela_Corinthos"},{"link_name":"Deke Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deke_Woods"},{"link_name":"Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Kelly's Diner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Charles,_New_York_(fictional_city)#Kelly's_Diner"},{"link_name":"Michael Corinthos III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Corinthos_III"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Dominic Pirelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Pirelli"},{"link_name":"Ethan Lovett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Lovett"},{"link_name":"Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Quartermaine"},{"link_name":"die with dignity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_with_dignity"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"Mike is the deadbeat father of Sonny Corinthos, who was born Michael Corinthos Jr., and of the now deceased Courtney Matthews. Mike abandoned Sonny and his mother Adela Corinthos when Sonny was a small child. Sonny resents him for this and blames his father for Adela's later marriage to a police officer, Deke Woods, who brutally abused Sonny. Mike did not see Sonny again until he was an adult. Their relationship continues to be strained. It was further strained when Sonny learned that Mike had a daughter, Courtney, with his former live-in girlfriend Janine Matthews. Janine left Mike after he gambled away all of her money and told Courtney that Mike had died. Mike saw Courtney again when she was an adult. Courtney resented her mother for lying and reconnected with the father she had loved. Mike continues to have a gambling addiction and Sonny has often had to bail him out of trouble. Mike is the manager at Kelly's Diner and is occasionally seen at family functions. Mike is the godfather of Michael Corinthos III. At the boy's baptism, it was established that Mike is a Roman Catholic and is of Irish and Greek descent. Sonny and Mike have slowly developed a bond with each other, and Sonny also forgave Mike for abandoning him as a child.On November 14, 2008, members in the Russian mafia beat Mike within an inch of his life, then proceeded to torch the restaurant. The diner opened the following year, having been restored to its former glory. In July 2009, Mike rents the vacated room above Kelly's to Dominic Pirelli, the man who will later turn out to be his grandson. Neither of the men know at the time. In January of the following year, Mike again falls off the wagon by playing poker with Ethan Lovett, the bartender at the Haunted Star who was unaware of Mike's addiction. After finding the two men in a quarrel, Tracy throws Mike out of the casino. A few days later, Ethan brings Mike to General Hospital after finding him beaten in an alley. After getting in massive debt for gambling again in early 2011, Mike steps down from managing Kelly's and gets checked into gambling rehab.In 2018, Sonny brings Mike back to live with the family in Port Charles. He is diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Due to the progression of the symptoms, Mike is then admitted into a memory care facility. In 2020, his condition worsens and he refuses to eat. Elizabeth convinces Sonny not to put Mike on a feeding tube and to let him die with dignity. As Mike's body begins to shut down, Sonny, Carly, Jason, Michael, Josslyn, Brook Lynn, Felix and Stella say their goodbyes to him. When he dies, his spirit is greeted by Courtney. He takes her hand and vanishes in the bright light.","title":"Mike Corbin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"}],"text":"Lily Elena Corinthos (maiden name Rivera) is a fictional character on the ABC Daytime soap opera General Hospital. Lilly Melgar played the role from 1994 to 1996, and for short stints in 2001 and 2003.","title":"Lily Corinthos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hernando Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_General_Hospital_characters#R"},{"link_name":"Miguel Morez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Morez"}],"sub_title":"Backstory","text":"Lily Rivera is the estranged daughter of Puerto Rican crime boss Hernando Rivera. She is impregnated by Miguel Morez when she is 16. Her father puts a hit on Miguel, and his family is forced to smuggle him out of Puerto Rico. Lily is sent to a convent, and her father forces her to give up her baby for adoption. Thinking Miguel is dead and her son is lost, she banishes her father from her life.","title":"Lily Corinthos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sonny Corinthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Corinthos"},{"link_name":"Lois Cerullo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Cerullo"},{"link_name":"Ned Ashton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Ashton_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Mike Corbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Corbin"},{"link_name":"Jasper Jacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Jacks"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"When L&B Records launches Miguel's singing career with a concert in Puerto Rico, Sonny Corinthos finds Lily and convinces her to come to Port Charles and reunite with Miguel. Lily gets a teaching job, and Miguel and she try to recapture what they had as teenagers and get engaged. Lily and Sonny become close friends, which makes Miguel and Sonny's girlfriend Brenda Barrett jealous. Sonny finds Lily's six-year-old son, Juan, and they fly to Puerto Rico to meet him. After seeing how happy he is, Lily decides to leave the boy with his adopted family.Lily overhears a conversation between Lois Cerullo, Ned Ashton, and Mac Scorpio, who have convinced Brenda to wear a wire to get information on Sonny's mob dealings. Lily warns Sonny, who finds the wire and breaks up with Brenda. Miguel and Lily fight over her loyalty to Sonny, which ends their engagement. Sonny and Lily continue to become close. Lily realizes Sonny still loves Brenda, however, and convinces him to try again. They go to Kelly's and see Miguel and Brenda coming out of the shower together after having had sex.When Sonny faces prison time, Lily begs her father for help. Her father offers Sonny a deal; he will get Sonny free if Sonny marries Lily. Lily hopes Sonny will love her back in time. Sonny does not return her feelings, but nevertheless cares for Lily, so he resolves to make the marriage work. After they get married, Lily insists on keeping her job as a teacher, and refuses to let Sonny's bodyguards shadow her, causing various incidents. Through Lily's efforts, Sonny mends fences with his father, Mike Corbin. She becomes close with many residents of Port Charles. Her relationship with Detective Garcia, however, provokes Sonny's jealousy.Brenda is devastated when Sonny marries Lily, and is determined to get him back. She convinces Jasper Jacks to help her make Sonny jealous, and they show up everywhere Sonny and Lily go. When Brenda and Sonny are caught in an avalanche, they declare their love for one another. Lily's father finds this out from his accountant, Harry Silver, and threatens Brenda, then tries to kill her. Sonny decides to leave Lily and go into hiding, but before he can tell her, she tells him she is pregnant. Sonny goes to Brenda and tells her he is staying with Lily; meanwhile, Lily leaves him to go back to Puerto Rico. Sonny follows Lily to the airport and begs her to give him another chance.Unaware of Sonny's newfound devotion to Lily, Lily's father places a bomb in his car. After a celebration party at Luke's Club, where they announce the pregnancy, Lily goes to the car, which blows up when she starts the ignition, killing her and leaving Sonny devastated. Sonny goes to Puerto Rico to see Lily's father, who has a stroke when he finds out he had inadvertently killed his pregnant daughter. Sonny gives him a gun to kill himself; after he commits suicide, Sonny inherits his former father-in-law's territory. Sonny then donates Lily's inheritance from her father, $30 million, to General Hospital to build the Stone Cates Memorial AIDS Wing.","title":"Lily Corinthos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simone Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Tom Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Anna Devane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Devane"},{"link_name":"Robert Scorpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Scorpio"}],"text":"Dr. Harrison Davis is a fictional character on General Hospital. He was portrayed by Kevin Best in 1990.An ambitious and pushy doctor, Harrison was obsessed with Simone Hardy, with whom he had an affair. Determined to have her, Harrison tried to destroy her marriage with the help of Simone's obnoxious mother, and switched the paternity test of Simone's son, Tommy, to make it look like he was the father. When he realized Simone would not leave Tom Hardy, Harrison convinced gullible nurse Meg Lawson to marry him so that he could sue for custody. Simone eventually figured out the truth, and Meg divorced him. When he realized that Casey Rogers was an alien, Harrison called in the Air Force and threatened Anna Devane, who had helped Casey escape. An infuriated Robert Scorpio told him to back off from his family, and Harrison eventually left town after being humiliated in the Casey caper, as he could not prove Casey was an alien.","title":"Harrison Davis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Spencer family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_family_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Luke Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Anthony Geary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Geary"},{"link_name":"Joey Luthman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Luthman"}],"text":"William \"Bill\" Eckert is a fictional character on ABC soap opera General Hospital. He was the redheaded Spencer family cousin that was a dead ringer for Luke Spencer. He was portrayed by longtime General Hospital favorite, Anthony Geary from 1991 to 1993. He later appeared in a flashback on April 1, 2015, played by Joey Luthman, who also portrayed Luke in flashbacks.","title":"Bill Eckert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jenny Eckert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Eckert"},{"link_name":"Julia Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Barrett"},{"link_name":"Larry Ashton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Ashton"},{"link_name":"Anna Scorpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Devane"},{"link_name":"Robert Scorpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Scorpio"},{"link_name":"Holly Scorpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Scorpio"},{"link_name":"Scott Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Lucy Coe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Coe"},{"link_name":"Luke Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Lucky Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Frank Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Smith_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Sly Eckert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly_Eckert"},{"link_name":"Patricia Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Spencer"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"Bill Eckert was a member of the crew on the SS Tracy. The Greenbelts, an environmental safety organization, protested the arrival of the Quartermaine boat. It had just exploded and sank in Port Charles harbor. Harlan Barrett of Barrett Enterprises came to Port Charles to salvage the SS Tracy. He was impressed with Bill Eckert, who invented a unique machine which raised the ship. Harlan hired Bill as chief engineer with the promise of upward advancement in the company.Bill is the cousin of the Spencer family who had just come to town with his young son, Sly Eckert, and recently divorced form his mother, Nancy. Bill's father died of a heart attack and Bill and his sister, Jenny Eckert, came into a large inheritance. Bill, now a wealthy man, moved into an abandoned lighthouse with his son Sly and Finian O'Toole, whom Bill had hired as a housekeeper. Bill was now dating Harlan's marketing genius daughter, Julia Barrett. Harlan brought her to Port Charles to run the cannery with ace in command, Bill Eckert.Harlan Barrett, Leopold Taub, Cesar Faison, and Larry Ashton formed a cartel to control global business via the use of a toxic substance, carbon disulfide, manufactured at a cannery they purchased as a clever ruse for their operations and a place to brew the drug with which they intended to rule the world. Bill and Jenny were both kept in the dark about the cannery's real intentions.Meanwhile, Nancy having heard about Bill's newfound wealth, promptly wanted custody of Sly. Bill saw the dollar signs in her eyes and would not give in to her blackmail. Nancy began spying on operations at the cannery and discovered the carbon disulfide. She used it to make Bill appear inebriated at Sly's custody hearing. The Cartel was worried with Nancy poking around and they wanted to make a still clueless Bill their newest member. The cartel then decided to eliminate Nancy.Faison tried to use mind control to program Anna Scorpio to kill Nancy, but Anna and Robert Scorpio were on to Faison's plan. With the aid of a psychiatrist, she become immune to it. The Cartel's goal was attained anyway as Nancy was mysteriously murdered and Bill was the prime suspect! The real killer turned out to Bill's housekeeper and Sly's baby-sitter, Finian, who had a heated argument with Nancy and accidentally killed her.Bill was brought into the Cartel, but a deliriously wicked Faison wanted Bill to prove himself before he was completely accepted. Bill's assignment was to kill Faison's nemesis, Robert Scorpio. By this time, Bill and Robert were good friends, so a \"faux death\" was arranged. Bill shot Robert on the waterfront, but Harlan was not fooled, so he decided to shoot Robert again. Bill shot and killed Harlan to protect his pal. A grief-stricken Julia promptly ended her relationship with Bill.On Founder's Day, the Cartel was apprehended. Taub was killed and Faison escaped yet again. After Robert and Anna's presumed death Bill started dating Robert's widow Holly Scorpio. Scott Baldwin came across information that pointed to Lucy Coe in a Port Charles art heist. He told Bill and Holly who concluded that Lucy had fed information about the local paintings to the wealthy Richard Halifax. When Halifax realized Bill and Holly were on his trail, he returned of all the art...except Bill Eckert's painting, \"Summer in Provence\". This was the only painting Lucy did not know about. Halifax professed his innocence but Bill knew he was lying! Then Bill goes to Paris where he reclaimed his artwork and had a fling on the side behind Holly's back, with his old flame, Victoria. When Bill returned to Port Charles, Holly walked in on Bill and Victoria making love at his lighthouse. The spurned Holly was hell-bent on making the womanizing Bill pay! She smashed all the rare wines in his wine cellar, then left town.In 1993, Bill and his cousin Luke Spencer came face to face when Lucky Spencer was sent back to Port Charles as his parents were still on the run from notorious mobster Frank Smith. Frank's men found Lucky staying with his friend/cousin Sly Eckert. They also found Sly's father Bill Eckert, who was the spitting image of Luke. Bill was trying to protect Sly and Lucky Spencer from a hitman. Bill was then shot in a case of mistaken identity. He died in Luke's arms.On April 1, 2015, it was revealed that Bill helped Patricia Spencer conceal the fact that Luke killed his abusive father in a fit of rage on April 1, 1963.","title":"Bill Eckert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soaps She Knows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaps_She_Knows"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"In 2021, Richard Simms from Soaps She Knows put Bill on his list of the most hated soap opera characters, commenting that \"Characters don't come more iconic than General Hospital's Luke Spencer. The same cannot be said for his lookalike cousin or, for that matter, any of the Eckerts who came to town in 1991. It was both ironic and weirdly appropriate that two years later, Bill would die in the arms of his newly returned cuz.\".[44]","title":"Bill Eckert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"}],"text":"Jennifer \"Jenny\" Eckert (previously Ashton and Hornsby) is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital. Cheryl Richardson portrayed the character from February 18, 1991 until February 10, 1994 and briefly on March 31, 1994 and then again on April 9, 1996.Jenny was a member of the blue-collar Eckert family. An environmentalist, she opposed the entrance of the ELQ Tracy into Port Charles Harbor. She fell in love with Ned Ashton, but soon developed an attraction to Paul Hornsby, who was engaged to Ned's mother Tracy. After Tracy accidentally hit Jenny with her car, Jenny blackmailed Tracy into divorcing Paul and allowing them to be together in exchange for not pressing charges. Paul and Jenny married after Mac and Felicia's aborted wedding, and left town in the summer of 1994.Jenny shows up at General Hospital in 1996 after going into labor, and Ned helps her give birth to her and Paul's son, Paul Jr.In January 2015 it was mentioned that Jenny was the executrix of Bill's will and that she had no idea that Bill owned Luke and Bobbie's childhood home. After Paul returns to Port Charles, it is revealed that Jenny has divorced him and taken their son.","title":"Jenny Eckert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"}],"text":"Sly Eckert is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital. Glenn Walker Harris Jr, portrayed the character from 1991 until 1996.","title":"Sly Eckert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Soaps She Knows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaps_She_Knows"},{"link_name":"Satan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"Cesar Faison is a fictional character from the ABC daytime soap opera General Hospital. The role has been portrayed off and on by Anders Hove since 1990. In 2023, Charlie Mason from Soaps She Knows placed the character at #37 on his ranked list of General Hospital's 40+ Greatest Characters of All Time, commenting \"Any day now, we expect to see a comeback by the psycho whose machinations kept Port Charles on its toes for decades. So unrelentingly wicked was Peter August's Daddy Dearest, he seems like exactly the type to whom even Satan would say, \"Oh, hell, no!\"\"[46]","title":"Cesar Faison"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anders_Hove_as_Faison.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anna Devane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Devane"},{"link_name":"Sean Donely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Donely"},{"link_name":"Robert Scorpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Scorpio"},{"link_name":"Felicia Scorpio-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicia_Scorpio-Jones"},{"link_name":"Frisco Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisco_Jones"},{"link_name":"Robin Scorpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Scorpio"},{"link_name":"Scott Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Paul Hornsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hornsby_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Tiffany Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_Hill"},{"link_name":"Mac Scorpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Scorpio"},{"link_name":"Bill Eckert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Eckert"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Episode261992-45"},{"link_name":"Holly Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Sutton"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Loving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loving_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ava Rescott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_Rescott"},{"link_name":"Universal Studios Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios_Florida"},{"link_name":"King Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong"},{"link_name":"Luke Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Helena Cassadine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Cassadine"},{"link_name":"Spencer family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_family_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Mac Scorpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Scorpio"},{"link_name":"Lucky Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Jason Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Morgan_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Duke Lavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Lavery"},{"link_name":"Dr. Liesl Obrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liesl_Obrecht"},{"link_name":"Jerry Jacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Jacks"},{"link_name":"Dr. Britt Westbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britt_Westbourne"},{"link_name":"Larry Ashton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Ashton"},{"link_name":"DID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder"},{"link_name":"Nathan West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_West_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Janice Lomax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital_characters_(2010s)#Janice_Lomax"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Maxie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxie_Jones"},{"link_name":"Peter August","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_August"},{"link_name":"Carly Corinthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Corinthos"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"Hove as Cesar Faison.Cesar Faison first surfaces in Paris, France in 1990, under the alias P.K. Sinclair, an adventure novelist with a penchant for cigars. In reality, Faison is the former employer of Anna Devane during her days with the World Security Bureau (WSB)'s rival agency, DVX. Also during this time, Faison often makes illicit deals with WSB head, Sean Donely, including one to destroy Anna's marriage to Robert Scorpio.Faison arranges for Felicia Scorpio-Jones to be abducted, in an effort to distract her husband, Frisco Jones. Faison, with assistance from henchmen Desiree and Jacquess, leads Frisco and Sean on a wild goose chase through his Parisian winery before allowing them to rescue Felicia. Meanwhile, back in Port Charles, Robin Scorpio finds part of a crystal that Faison had been searching for, prompting him to trick Scott Baldwin into selling him Wyndemere Manor. Upon learning that Robin's mother is Anna, whom Faison has long been obsessed with, Faison tosses aside Desiree in order to pursue Anna.Faison's pursuit of the crystals soon becomes an afterthought as he becomes fixated on marrying Anna. She is reluctant to do so, until Faison threatens to expose her past to Robin. However, Anna is secretly conspiring with Sean, Frisco and Robert to bring Faison down, and they arrange for a man named Remundo to drive Faison away from Port Charles.A short time later, Anna and Robert about to remarry when Faison resurfaces and is revealed to be a member of the mysterious Cartel. In an effort to keep Sean and Paul Hornsby in line, Faison poisons Tiffany Hill and Susan Hornsby, while hypnotizing Robert and Anna. Along with Mac Scorpio and Bill Eckert, Robert, Anna, Sean, and Paul join forces to bring the Cartel down, while Faison escapes. Faison responds by sending his enemies threatening messages and abducting Anna, attempting to fool everyone into believing she had left of her own free will.Faison soon realizes that Anna will never be happy without Robin, and uses his mother, Sybil \"Nanny\" McTavish,[45] to infiltrate the security that Robert has placed around his daughter. However, Faison's efforts are foiled by Robert and Holly Sutton, and he ends up accidentally shooting his mother while she attempts to protect Robert and Holly. Fleeing the country with Robert and Anna in pursuit, Faison is believed to have died in an explosion off the coast of Venezuela.In the summer of 1993, Faison appears on the ABC daytime soap opera Loving. Faison pursues Ava Rescott, who is in possession of a rare stamp that Faison covets. His ultimate pursuit ends at Universal Studios Florida where Ava is rescued by a mechanical King Kong.In 1999, Faison resurfaces in Switzerland under the alias of Herr Krieg, a jewel thief that Luke Spencer has been in cahoots with for years. Though Luke is aware of Faison's existence due to his involvement in Robert and Anna's presumed deaths, he had never seen a photo of him. After joining forces with Helena Cassadine, Faison spends nearly a year tormenting the Spencer family, as well as Felicia, and Mac Scorpio, Robert's brother. After abducting Lucky Spencer on Helena's orders, Faison allows Lucky's parents to believe he had died in a fire. After a failed attempt to murder Luke and Felicia, Faison is presumed dead when Helena arranges for an explosion on his boat.Faison resurfaces almost 12 years later alive, and is revealed to be the mastermind behind the abduction of Robin, as well as other heinous crimes earlier that year, including the presumed death of Jason Morgan. Faison has disguised himself as Anna's husband, Duke Lavery, in an effort to win her affection once more. It's also revealed that he also has Duke where he is holding Robin. Faison is unmasked by Robert, and taken into custody by Interpol. His accomplice, Dr. Liesl Obrecht, however, tries to kill Robin to cover for Faison, but ends putting Robert into a coma when he discovers his daughter alive. Dr. Obrecht later hands Robin over to Jerry Jacks, Faison's accomplice.In spring 2013, Dr. Obrecht comes to Port Charles, and is revealed to be the mother of Dr. Britt Westbourne. Soon after, it's revealed that Faison is Britt's father. It's later revealed by Britt that her mother was in love with Faison to the point of obsession, but he never cared about her or Britt when she was growing up because of his obsession with Anna.In Fall 2013, Faison and Obrecht are tasked by Jerry to watch Robin, Nikolas, and Britt while a cure to his poisoning is developed. Faison ends up taking Duke, Obrecht, Luke, and Robin prisoner, but in the end is defeated by Anna and Robert. Anna decides enough is enough, and she and Robert presumably kill Faison once and for all.Of course, it was later revealed in November 2014 that Faison had escaped death yet again. Anna and Robert had merely trapped him in a small dungeon hidden in Wyndemere, and he escaped nearly a year ago without either of them knowing. Faison is currently in cahoots with Helena, Jerry, Larry Ashton, and the DID influenced Luke Spencer. After he fled Port Charles, the PCPD is no longer looking for him.In late 2017, Obrecht revealed that Nathan West, her son, is the biological son of Faison. Faison returned to Port Charles in early 2018 after Janice Lomax's resignation as mayor of Port Charles and the PCPD resumed the search for Faison.[47] Faison came after Maxie Jones, Nathan's wife, and held her hostage after supposedly shooting Peter August, her boss. Nathan came to save Maxie, but was shot and later died from his injuries. Faison tried to escape by taking Carly Corinthos hostage, but Jason shot him before he could escape. He was at the hospital, where Peter came to see him, and revealed that he was actually Faison's son, Henrik, whom Faison despised and neglected while Peter was growing up. Peter revealed he intentionally kept Jason alive so he would kill Faison and give Peter his revenge, and Faison had killed Nathan instead of Peter. The shock caused Faison to have a heart attack and die, while Peter looked on in delight.","title":"Cesar Faison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Satterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Satterfield"},{"link_name":"ELQ Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaine_family#ELQ"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News120193-50"},{"link_name":"Richard Burgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Burgi"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"Paul Hornsby, originally played by Paul Satterfield, was introduced in 1991 as the new financial adviser for local conglomerate ELQ Industries. The character was written out on February 10, 1994 and briefly reappearing on March 31,\n1994.[48][49][50] In 2015, Richard Burgi joined the cast of General Hospital as a recast of Paul.[51]","title":"Paul Hornsby"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tracy Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Quartermaine"},{"link_name":"Jane Elliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Elliot"},{"link_name":"Ned Ashton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Ashton_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Wally Kurth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Kurth"},{"link_name":"Alan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Quartermaine_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Stuart Damon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Damon"},{"link_name":"Monica Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Quartermaine"},{"link_name":"Leslie Charleson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Charleson"},{"link_name":"Jenny Eckert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Eckert"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"cartel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel"},{"link_name":"Leopold Taub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Taub"},{"link_name":"Cesar Faison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Faison"},{"link_name":"Anders Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Hove_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Larry Ashton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Ashton"},{"link_name":"Sean Donely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Donely"},{"link_name":"John Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Reilly_(actor,_born_1934)"},{"link_name":"Tiffany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_Hill"},{"link_name":"Sharon Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Wyatt"},{"link_name":"Robert Scorpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Scorpio"},{"link_name":"Tristan Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_Rogers"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GHYearly1991-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GHYearly1991-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GHYearly1991-54"},{"link_name":"Dr. Tony Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Jones_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Brad Maule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Maule"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GHYearly1991.4-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GHYearly1992.1-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GHYearly1992.1-59"},{"link_name":"Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillon_Quartermaine"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Mac Scorpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Scorpio"},{"link_name":"John J. York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._York"},{"link_name":"Felicia Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicia_Jones"},{"link_name":"Kristina Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Ryan Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Chamberlain_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Jon Lindstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Lindstrom"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Sonny Corinthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Corinthos"},{"link_name":"Maurice Benard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Benard"},{"link_name":"Robin Scorpio-Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Scorpio"},{"link_name":"Kimberly McCullough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly_McCullough"},{"link_name":"Jerry Jacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Jacks"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Roché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Roch%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Anna Devane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Devane"},{"link_name":"Finola Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finola_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Jordan Ashford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Ashford"},{"link_name":"Vinessa Antoine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinessa_Antoine"},{"link_name":"Sabrina Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Teresa Castillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Castillo"},{"link_name":"Margaux Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_General_Hospital_characters_(2010s)#Margaux_Dawson"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Hendrickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Hendrickson"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"Drowning in debt after Tracy Quartermaine (Jane Elliot) and her son Ned Ashton (Wally Kurth) run the family company ELQ into the ground, Tracy's brother and sister-in-law, doctors Alan (Stuart Damon) and Monica Quartermaine (Leslie Charleson), hire businessman and attorney Paul Hornsby as the company's new financial adviser. Paul soon falls for Ned's love interest, environmentalist Jenny Eckert (Cheryl Richardson).[52] While Paul's arrival initially ruffles Tracy's and Ned's feathers, Tracy admires his business savvy when he successfully strikes a deal with Harlan Barrett to help salvage a Quartermaine cargo ship.[53] Barrett later forms a cartel with Leopold Taub, Cesar Faison (Anders Hove) and Larry Ashton (Hugo Napier) to control global business. Having poisoned Paul's young daughter Susan, the Cartel uses the promise of an antidote to force Paul to use his position at ELQ to give the Cartel control of ELQ's assets. The Cartel also forces Paul to compel private investigator Sean Donely (John Reilly), whose wife Tiffany (Sharon Wyatt) has also been poisoned, to provide information about Robert Scorpio (Tristan Rogers)'s investigation in exchange for a temporary antidote. Though Paul loves Jenny, the Cartel orders him to marry Tracy to get control of her ELQ stock.[54] Tracy and Paul announce their engagement in late August 1991, and Jenny rejects him.[54][55][56]\nTracy and Paul marry in late October 1991,[57] but when Paul fails to get control of her stock, Faison orders Paul to kill her so he can inherit it. Paul refuses, and the Cartel tries to assassinate him.[54] As Monica operates on Paul, she hears him confess his love for Jenny, and Tracy is very jealous when Jenny rushes to Paul's side. Jenny reveals she is in love with him too, but has insisted they cannot be together as long as he is married to Tracy. Meanwhile, thanks to Paul's efforts, Dr. Tony Jones (Brad Maule) develops a permanent cure for Susan and Tiffany.[58]Paul plans to end his marriage to Tracy so he can be with Jenny, but Jenny has already agreed to marry Ned.[59] In early 1992, Paul convinces Jenny to call off her engagement to Ned, but then Tracy announces she is pregnant. Jenny rejects Paul, who accuses Tracy of faking her pregnancy, and later questions the baby's paternity.[60] In February 1992, Faison plants a bomb in Jenny's bridal bouquet; Paul discovers it and manages to get rid of it, only to witness Jenny marry Ned.[59] Though Paul and Tracy welcome their son Dillon in May 1992, their marriage is already on shaky ground. Tracy blackmails Jenny into staying away from Paul by threatening to reveal that Jenny had an underage affair with a senator and suffered a miscarriage when she was 16.\nNed discovers Jenny lied about being a virgin and divorces her. Paul discovers Tracy was blackmailing Jenny, and walks out on her.[61] Despite divorcing Jenny, Ned is very jealous of Paul and Jenny's rekindled romance. Ned threatens to leak the story of Jenny's affair with Senator Jack Kensington to the press unless Paul hands over his shares of ELQ. Paul gives Ned the shares to protect Jenny, but Ned leaks the story anyway.[62] Paul steps in to support Jenny.[63]Later, Tracy accidentally hits Jenny with her car and claims to have witnessed the accident. However, Jenny knows Tracy is the culprit and uses the information to blackmail Tracy into dropping her vendetta against Paul.[64] On February 9, 1994, the wedding of Mac Scorpio (John J. York) and Felicia Jones (Kristina Wagner) is interrupted by Ryan Chamberlain (Jon Lindstrom), Paul and Jenny marry instead.[65]In 2015, Paul returns to Port Charles claiming a desire to rekindle with Tracy and repair his relationship with Dillon. It is later revealed he has really returned to try and take down Sonny Corinthos (Maurice Benard) while keeping Robin Scorpio-Drake (Kimberly McCullough) away from her family and friends under Jerry Jacks (Sebastian Roché)'s orders as his new accomplice. 2016 reveals Paul was the hospital's serial killer as a twisted plot to avenge the rape of his daughter Susan. In October 2016, he was arrested by Anna Devane (Finola Hughes) and Jordan Ashford (Vinessa Antoine) and sentenced to 30 years in prison for his role in the murders including that of Sabrina Santiago’s (Teresa Castillo). His successor was Margaux Dawson (Elizabeth Hendrickson).","title":"Paul Hornsby"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Tava Smiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tava_Smiley"}],"text":"Chloe Morgan (formerly Ashton) is a fictional character on the American soap opera General Hospital. The role was portrayed by Tava Smiley from 1999 to 2001.Chloe was originally introduced onto the canvas as a world-renowned fashion designer, and distant relative to Lila Morgan.Felicia Jones, who at the time was working on writing Lila's memoirs, makes a trip to Rome to track her down and interview her about Lila.After she helps Felicia as much as she can, she returns with her to Port Charles to get to know Lila and the Quartermaine family first hand.Not long after Chloe arrives in town, she meets and falls in love with Jasper \"Jax\" Jacks. They seriously quickly, but that is halted when Chloe's Aunt Gertrude, arrives in town to claim Chloe's inheritance. Her uncle's will stated that Chloe could retain her inheritance as long as she got married by the upcoming deadline, and if not, the money would revert to Gertrude.Not wanting to complicate things with Jax (who at the time was still grieving the loss of his fiancé, Brenda Barrett, thought at the time to have been killed by her mother), she decides to sacrifice her inheritance.With his girlfriend Alexis Davis' blessing, Ned offers to enter into marriage with Chloe. This would just be for show and would continue to allow her and Jax to continue their relationship secretly.They, along with Alexis, and Jax, attempt to elope in Las Vegas, only to have that plan foiled, when Gertrude shows up, and informs them that without a formal wedding, witnessed in front of their family and friends, her inheritance will not be honored.Jax and Alexis quickly step in and marry each other, to keep up the ruse and save Chloe's inheritance, and the foursome return to Port Charles. Chloe and Ned soon have their formal wedding and are married. The terms are clear: They must stay married for a year for Chloe to receive her inheritance.","title":"Chloe Morgan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ian Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Duke Lavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Lavery"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News040890-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"art dealer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_dealer"},{"link_name":"Sean Donely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Donely"},{"link_name":"John Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Reilly_(actor,_born_1934)"},{"link_name":"Anna Devane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Devane"},{"link_name":"Julian Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Jerome"},{"link_name":"Olivia St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_St._John"},{"link_name":"Tonja Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonja_Walker"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"retconned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retconned"},{"link_name":"Jerome family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_family"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVG082712-70"}],"text":"Jonathan Paget, played by Greg Beecroft was introduced in 1990. The character was initially created as a recast of Ian Buchanan's Duke Lavery. However, hedging their bets, the network only offered Beecroft a short-term deal that lasted only seven weeks.[67] Beecroft's Jonathan was killed off on March 19.[68] Jonathan, an art dealer comes to town to work with Sean Donely (John Reilly). However, Paget has a secret—he is actually Duke with plastic surgery, without the Scottish accent. Paget holds off on reuniting with Duke's wife Anna Devane fearing \"his\" rival Julian Jerome (Jason Culp) is watching. Just before her death, Julian's sister Olivia St. John (Tonja Walker) discovers Paget's identity and alerts Anna. As the couple reunites, Paget is shot by Julian and dies in Anna's arms.[69]In 2012, the story is retconned and it is revealed that Paget was actually Duke's cellmate during his stay in a Turkish prison. Paget was then sent by the Jerome family to takeover Duke's life.[70]","title":"Jonathan Paget"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M. Casey Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Casey_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_television"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"}],"text":"\"Casey Rogers\" redirects here. For the Florida judge, see M. Casey Rodgers.Casey Rogers, (commonly referred to as \"Casey the Alien\"), is a fictional character on the ABC daytime soap opera General Hospital. He was portrayed by Bradley Lockerman in 1990, who also played identical character Shep Casey upon Casey Rogers' departure.","title":"Casey Rogers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jonathon Paget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_General_Hospital_characters#P"},{"link_name":"Duke Lavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Lavery"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spacey-71"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"Lockerman originally auditioned for the role of Jonathon Paget (a.k.a. Duke Lavery). Instead, General Hospital producers created the entirely new character Casey Rogers specifically for Lockerman, who took it as a blessing in disguise. Lockerman stated, \"In real terms, it is kind of off the wall, I never in my life thought I'd have this kind of part, but I love it.[71]","title":"Casey Rogers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOD_FAQ-72"},{"link_name":"Robin Scorpio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Scorpio"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Cesar Faison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Faison"},{"link_name":"Frisco Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisco_Jones"},{"link_name":"Anna Devane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Devane"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"Casey Rogers, an alien from the planet Lumina,[72] arrives in Port Charles to be found and befriended by Robin Scorpio. He is searching for the missing part of a crystal that will send him back home.[73] The crystal is discovered to be on Spoon Island with enemy Cesar Faison, who is using the pseudonym P.K. Sinclair. Robin convinces Frisco Jones and her mother Anna Devane that Casey is an alien and together they recover the crystal and Casey is able to return home. That same night, Anna meets Casey's doppelganger Shep Casey, and the two have a brief fling before Shep leaves town.","title":"Casey Rogers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spacey-71"}],"sub_title":"Audience reception","text":"The \"Casey the Alien\" storyline was met with very mixed reviews. It received criticism for its implausibility, but was able to keep some level of fan interest due to the popular actors involved in the storyline.[71]","title":"Casey Rogers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Robert Miano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Miano"}],"text":"Joseph \"Joe\" Mitchell Scully, Sr. known commonly as by his last name \"Scully\" is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital. He was portrayed by Robert Miano from 1994 to 1995.","title":"Joe Scully"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deke Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deke_Woods"},{"link_name":"Adela Corinthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adela_Corinthos"},{"link_name":"Michael Corinthos Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Corinthos"},{"link_name":"Marcus Taggert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Taggert"},{"link_name":"Bensonhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensonhurst"},{"link_name":"Port Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Charles_(fictional_city)"},{"link_name":"Mike Corbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Corbin"},{"link_name":"Katherine Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Bell_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Lucy Coe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Coe"},{"link_name":"Damian Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damian_Smith_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Frank Smith's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Smith_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Collins_(General_Hospital)"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"Offscreen several years before, Deke Woods had beaten his wife, Adela Corinthos, severely. Adela had gone to the hospital with injuries before, but this time, she was unconscious, her face was unrecognizable. An unscrupulous coward, Deke put the blame on her teenage son Michael Corinthos Jr., and sent Marcus Taggert, a new Brooklyn PD recruit whom he was training after him. This set the wheels in motion for years of misplaced animosity, pitting Taggert against Sonny. Later Sonny confided in Scully about what his stepfather, had done to Adela.The next day, Scully decided to \"take care of\" Deke, making sure Sonny had an alibi. On Scully's orders, Vince had arranged for Officer Deke Woods to be in an alley beside a nightclub when he went off duty. The club was owned by a lady friend of Scully's, who was not in the mob, but was obviously connected. Scully told her to go out of town for a couple of days so that she would not be an accessory to what went down. And Scully knew that Sonny was at his friend Louie Cerullo's birthday party in Bensonhurst, so he would not be suspected of killing Deke.Deke was in an alley in Bensonhurst investigating an anonymous tip from an informant about a string of burglaries. Scully put a gun to his head and took Deke's gun from the holster. Deke identified himself as a cop. Scully pressed the gun to the back of Deke's scull. Scully finally spoke, \"I know who you are, and I know what you are.\" Joe then attached the silencer to his own gun. He stepped closer to Deke. \"You're a pig, and I don't just mean a cop. You're a coward passing for a man.\" Deke was now nervous. Vince knocked Deke to his knees and Scully shot Deke in the forehead. Scully then fired one more shot into Deke's chest. When Sonny went to visit his mother in the hospital the following morning, she told him the news about Deke's murder in the line of duty. Sonny instinctively knew that was not true. He knew Scully had killed Deke Woods, to protect him and his mother.Years later, Scully arrives in Port Charles at the grand opening of Luke and Sonny's blues club. Luke hired Mike Corbin, unaware that he is Sonny's biological father, as Maître d'. Katherine Bell, Lucy Coe's archrival had teamed up with Damian Smith to enact a revenge plot. Damian asked Scully to use his connections to sabotage Lucy's cosmetics company, Deception, by stealing Lucy's supplies and products from the warehouse. In February 1995, Luke's club was firebombed, and Sonny found out that Frank Smith's lawyer, Phil Cusack was trying to move in on Sonny's action. Sonny non-violently dealt with the goons who bombed Luke's, and Cusack was found dead. Sonny's friend and confidant, Harry Silver, informed him that Scully, who had been like a father to Sonny, had ordered the hit on Cusack. Lucy, now working with Luke and Sonny to scam Scully, acts as bait to get back at Damian and Scully. Mike and Luke pull off the heist, leaving Scully agitated. Mike and Luke continue with the scheme and Lucy get Kevin Collins to body slide. While waiting for Kevin to pick her up to take her away for the weekend, Lucy is kidnapped by Scully from the Outback parking lot. Luke and Sonny save her with help from Damian. Scully fires his gun, misses Sonny and the bullet hits Mike instead. Scully is about to shoot him again when Sonny shoots Scully, killing him..","title":"Joe Scully"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"}],"text":"Marcus Taggert is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital.","title":"Marcus Taggert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mathew St. Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew_St._Patrick"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrews-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"The character was portrayed by Réal Andrews from December 17, 1996 to April 1997, February 1998 to May 2003, and from January 2020. Mathew St. Patrick portrayed him from April 1997 to November 1997. Andrews returned to the role on August 19, 2020.[74] In November 2020, it was reported Andrews would temporarily exit the role, due to undisclosed reasons; Asante Jones was named as Andrews' replacement;[75] he first appeared on December 17 and left in early 2021, when Andrews reclaimed the role. Jones briefly stepped in for Andrews again in February 2022.","title":"Marcus Taggert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deke Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deke_Woods"},{"link_name":"Sonny Corinthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Corinthos"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"}],"sub_title":"Backstory","text":"As a youngster, Marcus met Deke Woods, Sonny Corinthos's stepfather and a police officer in Brooklyn. Deke became Marcus' mentor, inspiring the young man to become a police officer himself. Deke was killed by Joe Scully in an alley. Marcus decided to seek revenge. He moved to Port Charles and harassed Sonny every chance he got. His vendetta with Sonny got him into trouble on the job on more than one occasion.","title":"Marcus Taggert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Assistant District Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_District_Attorney"},{"link_name":"Dara Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dara_Jensen"},{"link_name":"Justus Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Ward"},{"link_name":"Damian Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damian_Smith_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Mary Mae Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Mae_Ward"},{"link_name":"Juan Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_General_Hospital_characters#S"},{"link_name":"Gia Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gia_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Hannah Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Scott_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"A. J. Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Quartermaine"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Webber"},{"link_name":"Courtney Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Nikolas Cassadine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolas_Cassadine"},{"link_name":"Helena Cassadine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Cassadine"},{"link_name":"Scott Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"District Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Attorney"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"In 1998, Taggert began dating Assistant District Attorney Dara Jensen after pursuing her for quite some time. Taggert could not shake the feeling something more was going on between Dara and Justus Ward than Dara let on.Taggert and Justus had previously butted heads. Taggert had a prime opportunity to get Justus Ward out of his life for good when a tape came into his possession. On the tape was a confession from Justus, to the murder of Damian Smith, a crime he had committed in 1996, when he caught Damian trying to burn down Ward House, an orphanage founded by Justus' grandmother, Mary Mae Ward.Taggert brought the tape to Dara's attention. Out of concern for Justus, she asked Taggert to compromise his principles and burn the tape. Because Taggert truly cared about Dara, he complied.Within a year, Taggert and Dara's relationship came to an end—not because of Justus Ward, but because of Dara's devotion to her job. Taggert felt there was not enough room in Dara's life for both him and her job. When Taggert asked if Dara could devote any more time to making their relationship work, Dara made her choice. She had put as much as she could into their relationship. They parted ways.Taggert soon took on a new role when he volunteered to look after Juan Santiago after his father, Armando agreed to allow Juan to remain in Port Charles.In 2000, Taggert was surprised when his maternal half-sister, Gia Campbell, arrived in Port Charles, with Taggert furious to learn she had taken time off from school. Taggert and Gia had a strained relationship at best. Gia even hid her presence from him when she first arrived in town. Shortly thereafter, Taggert's mother, Florence Campbell, also came to Port Charles to be near her children.Taggert and FBI agent Hannah Scott continued to grow closer and became lovers, despite Dara's warning the trouble she brought the FBI was trouble that followed Hannah everywhere. Taggert, however, continued to enjoy his newfound relationship, and continued to be annoyed by Hannah's friendship with A. J. Quartermaine. Hannah had made it clear to AJ she was involved with Taggert. They would never share more than just friendship. AJ clearly wanted more with Hannah. Hannah's friendship with AJ strained her relationship with Taggert, who reached his breaking point and ended things with her.Soon the following year, Taggert was shocked to come upon a car accident involving Elizabeth Webber, Courtney Matthews and his sister Gia. Liz's life was threatened by the crash, and Gia was at fault, but Liz had no memory of it.Taggert became suspicious about his sister's involvement in the car accident, and was certain Nikolas Cassadine was the true guilty party. Gia was an unwitting accomplice. Taggert placed an undercover officer, Sharifa, in Wyndemere to uncover proof of Nikolas's dealings.At this time, Nikolas' grandmother, Helena Cassadine managed to escape from police custody. Helena took refuge in the tunnels of Wyndemere, where she overheard Nikolas and Gia discussing their cover-up of the automobile accident. Helena blackmailed Gia into helping her escape.Taggert was shocked when Sharifa uncovered proof Gia was responsible for the accident, as well as helping the fugitive Helena evade the authorities. Taggert confronted Gia and Nikolas with the video evidence, but could not bring himself to arrest his little sister.By 2003, Taggert was frustrated over the way Scott Baldwin was abusing his power as District Attorney to push his own agenda against Sonny. Taggert wanted to take Sonny down as much as Scott did, but could not agree with Scott's illegal methods. Scott, not wanting Taggert to get in his way, set Taggert up as a scapegoat in Scott's sudden campaign to do away with \"dirty cops\". Offering Taggert no other choice, Scott forced Taggert to take a job on the police force in Portland, Oregon. In January 2020, Taggert returns to Port Charles at the invitation of Jordan Ashford.","title":"Marcus Taggert"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC Daytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Daytime"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"text":"Bradley Ward is a fictional character from the original ABC Daytime soap opera General Hospital. The role was originated by Aaron Seville on September 16, 1994, when he began portraying Bradley in flashbacks.[76] Seville last appears on March 18, 1996.","title":"Bradley Ward"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Mary Mae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Mae_Ward"},{"link_name":"Port Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Charles_(fictional_city)"},{"link_name":"Justus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Ward"},{"link_name":"Edward Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Quartermaine"},{"link_name":"Lee Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Joan Pringle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Pringle"},{"link_name":"Frank Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Smith_(General_Hospital)"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"Born in 1945 and raised in Norfolk, Virginia and by his mother, Mary Mae, and stepfather Dan Ward, Bradley died believing he was the biological son of a soldier who died at war. His mother and stepfather moved the family to Port Charles. Bradley married Isobel and together they had two children, Justus and Faith Ward. The fiery Bradley had been elected to congress and began causing trouble for billionaire Edward Quartermaine and his dirty partner Jack Boland. To get Bradley off their backs, Edward's partners, Lee Baldwin, and Boland dug up some dirt on the young politician and reverend. They had learned that Bradley had had multiple affairs, one with secretary, Elizabeth Jackson (Joan Pringle) and another with the 18-year-old daughter of the district attorney, Kylie Quinlan. Kylie carried his baby for a while before she miscarried due to a car accident. But Bradley didn't back off, he came fighting for change. Bradley had also been causing trouble for mob boss Frank Smith who Jack was secretly working with. In the early hours of July 1, 1974, Boland goes to Bradley's house, and kills him. Jack plants the gun in his hand making Mary Mae believe he'd committed suicide. Mary Mae, assuming it was her fault for not telling Edward and Bradley the truth, buries his body in the backyard of their home in Port Charles. In June 1994, his body was discovered and Edward was put on trial for his murder. Mary Mae revealed that Edward was in fact Bradley's father and could have never murdered him.","title":"Bradley Ward"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Senait Ashenafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senait_Ashenafi"}],"text":"Keesha Ward is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera, General Hospital. The role was played by Senait Ashenafi from June 10, 1994, to May 15, 1998.","title":"Keesha Ward"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Charles"},{"link_name":"Bradley Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Ward_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Jason Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Morgan_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Mary Mae Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Mae_Ward"},{"link_name":"Edward Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Quartermaine"},{"link_name":"A. J. Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Quartermaine"},{"link_name":"Alan Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Quartermaine_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Monica Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Quartermaine"},{"link_name":"Sonny Corinthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Corinthos"},{"link_name":"Carly Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Corinthos"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"Keesha Ward came to Port Charles when her uncle Bradley Ward was found murdered in Luke & Laura's yard. She began to date Jason Quartermaine. Her grandmother Mary Mae Ward and Edward Quartermaine did not approve of their relationship. Edward was accused of the murder of her uncle, but was later acquitted. Keesha and Jason went to Paris over spring break where they lost their virginity to each other.During a car accident in which Jason's brother A. J. Quartermaine was driving drunk, Jason was badly injured and was in a coma. When Jason woke up from his coma he didn't remember anything. He turned into an angry person. Jason's parents Alan Quartermaine and Monica Quartermaine pushed Jason to remember who they were. The more they pushed the less he wanted to do with them and Keesha. Jason went to work for a mobster named Sonny Corinthos. Keesha was crushed.AJ began to straighten up. Keesha took notice and the two began dating. AJ confessed to his parents that he was responsible for the accident that had injured Jason. AJ got drunk and slept with Carly Roberts. Keesha was crushed about AJ's involvement in Jason's accident and started to reject him. AJ did not remember sleeping with Carly. Carly learned that she was pregnant. After this incident AJ decided to straighten up again and try to get back with Keesha. Carly drugged AJ and left him in an alley to try to stop him from remembering the night they had together. Keesha helped him remember the night and realized that he might be the father. Keesha supported AJ through everything, but his drinking would soon break them up. Keesha moved back to Philadelphia to take care of her sick father.","title":"Keesha Ward"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Sky"}],"text":"Sarah Webber is a fictional character on the ABC daytime soap opera General Hospital. The role was portrayed by Jennifer Sky from 1997 to 1998, and by Sarah Laine briefly in 2002. In August 2010, Elizabeth and the boys went to visit her for a bit in Northern California. On October 19, 2011, Elizabeth reveals to Matt that her sister, Sarah, is a pediatric cardiologist. On April 2, 2013, Elizabeth mentioned to Audrey that Sarah was in Monterey, California.","title":"Sarah Webber"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Port Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Charles"},{"link_name":"Marie Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Wilson_(soap_opera_actress)"}],"text":"Karen Wexler MD was a fictional character from the ABC daytime soap opera General Hospital, and spin-off series Port Charles. The role was last portrayed by Marie Wilson from 1999 to 2003.","title":"Karen Wexler"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"The role was originated on General Hospital in 1992, as portrayed by Cari Shayne, who left the series in 1994. In June 1997, the character returned as part of the cast of spin-off series, Port Charles, as portrayed by Jennifer Hammon. Hammon left the series on June 24, 1999, and was replaced by Marie Wilson, who portrayed the role from June 30, 1999, to July 1, 2003. In January 2024, Adam Harrington debuted as a recast of Karen's husband, Jagger Cates who returned to Port Charles after over a 15 year absence.","title":"Karen Wexler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jason Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Morgan_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Steve Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Burton_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jagger Cates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagger_Cates"},{"link_name":"Antonio Sabàto, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Sab%C3%A0to,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Brenda Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Barrett"},{"link_name":"Vanessa Marcil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Marcil"},{"link_name":"Ray Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_General_Hospital_characters#C"},{"link_name":"Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Cates"},{"link_name":"Michael Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sutton_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Sonny Corinthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Corinthos"},{"link_name":"Maurice Benard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Benard"},{"link_name":"Alan Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Quartermaine_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Stuart Damon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Damon"},{"link_name":"Gail Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Susan Brown (American actress)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Brown_(American_actress)"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"Karen was raised by an alcoholic mother, Rhonda Wexler (Denise Galik). During high school, she was involved with Jason Quartermaine (Steve Burton), but she soon met Jagger Cates (Antonio Sabàto, Jr.). Brenda Barrett (Vanessa Marcil) also wanted Jagger, and she schemed to keep Jagger and Karen apart. Eventually, Jagger and Karen were involved, only for her to remember that she was molested by her mother's boyfriend, Ray Conway (Stephen Burleigh). As time went by, she began going to seedy places, where she met Stone (Michael Sutton), Jagger's long lost brother. Stone introduced her to Sonny Corinthos (Maurice Benard). Karen began stripping in Sonny's club, the Paradise Lounge. She also got hooked on pills at this time while she was participating in a summer program at GH for future doctors'. During this time she had a brief affair with Sonny. Jagger and Karen split up. Alan Quartermaine (Stuart Damon) caught her stealing drugs. She confessed the abuse to Gail Baldwin (Susan Brown (American actress)). She and Jagger got back together and they got married when he got accepted into the police academy in Chicago. Alan offers to pay Karen's expenses through medical school. They came back for a brief visit when Stone was dying. Sometime after that they moved to San Francisco where Jagger became an undercover cop.","title":"Karen Wexler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Charles_(fictional_city)"},{"link_name":"Joe Scanlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Port_Charles_characters#S"},{"link_name":"Michael Dietz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dietz"},{"link_name":"Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Port_Charles_characters#S"},{"link_name":"Jay Pickett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Pickett"},{"link_name":"Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Port_Charles_characters#K"},{"link_name":"Sarah Aldrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Aldrich"},{"link_name":"Caleb Morley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Port_Charles_characters#M"},{"link_name":"Michael Easton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Easton"},{"link_name":"Chris Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Port_Charles_characters#R"},{"link_name":"Nolan North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_North"},{"link_name":"Lucy's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Coe"},{"link_name":"Rafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Port_Charles_characters#K"},{"link_name":"Eve Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Port_Charles_characters#L"},{"link_name":"Julie Pinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Pinson"},{"link_name":"Ricky Garza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Port_Charles_characters#G"},{"link_name":"Eddie Matos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Matos_(actor)"}],"sub_title":"Port Charles","text":"Karen returned to Port Charles as an intern at GH, leaving Jagger behind in San Francisco. The physical distance between them soon led to a much more painful distance. Karen and Jagger's marriage crumbled and they were divorced in the winter of 1997. Karen met Joe Scanlon (then Michael Dietz). They started dating. Joe proposed marriage, but they called the engagement off when Frank (Jay Pickett) and Courtney (Sarah Aldrich) made Joe look like a sex addict. However, Karen found out it was Frank framing Joe, but didn't find out Courtney was helping him. Joe and Karen are friends again. Karen and Joe tried again, but ultimately ended their relationship to part as friends. Karen becomes chief resident, facing some resentment from fellow doctors as she had to take a more active role in their cases and decisions. During the nurses' strike, the pressure got to her and she took pills from the GH pharmacy again. Eventually, she admits her addiction to Alan and goes to rehab. Karen drew closer to Frank and they began dating. Around this time, Frank found an old computer at a garage sale which mysteriously connected him Cookie, to a troubled young girl in 1973. By this time Karen's mother, Rhonda, falls off the wagon due to painful past memories. Karen learns of her aunt Caroline who had died at age 18 after being hit by a car. Frank's efforts to help Cookie ended in his successfully persuading not to attend a dance and \"go all the way\" with a boy who liked her. As soon as he convinced Cookie, Karen vanishes into thin air. Frank finally realizes that he had been communicating with the teenage version of Rhonda and had stopped her from conceiving Karen. By traveling to the past, he corrected history, returning Karen to the time stream. Karen learns of what happened. She and Frank kept the developments as their own little secret.Karen and Frank are baffled by the behavior of Gabriella, Joe's girlfriend. Her dumping Joe led to him leaving town. Soon after, Frank's EMT partner Emilio (Gaby's brother) was attacked and drained of blood, although not the only patient to have this problem. When Karen and Frank learn of vampires plaguing Port Charles, they join in the efforts to destroy Caleb Morley (Michael Easton), nearly dying when a room they were all in caught fire. Chris Ramsey (Nolan North) secretly is doing experiments on a sample of Gaby's blood. Karen discovered Chris about to inject himself with the syringe, and in their struggle, she was jabbed with the needle instead. Karen begins developing superpowers and an increased libido. The horrible side effect was that she would quickly age and die. Frank secretly made a deal with Chris that he would leave town if Chris gave Karen the antidote. Lucy's angel cousin Rafe steps in and manages to have Karen cured while reuniting Frank and Karen. Karen and Frank had a few happy months, but spring 2002 would begin a great time of upheaval and self-doubt for Karen. First, her best friend Eve Lambert (Julie Pinson)dies, and Karen is too devastated to even finish her eulogy. Next, Frank began behaving abusively on the very night he proposed marriage. He saw her in a red slip and repeatedly called her \"whore\" and claimed that he \"knew what she wanted\". He brought up her past as a stripper and said she was worthless. Karen becomes close to Ricky Garza (Eddie Matos), who saved her from Frank's rages a few times. Frank became so out of control that Karen now has to institutionalize him for his own safety after he went at Ricky with a knife. Karen kisses Ricky one day at his apartment. Ricky tells Karen about a magical candle marked DESIRE. He tells her how the candle had been responsible for Frank's condition. Karen then slaps him and accused him of manipulating Frank into going crazy.Karen gives Frank another chance. One day at the Recovery Room, Frank has another episode with no candles around. As Karen is being interviewed for the local news, Frank thinks she was coming onto the reporter. Frank rips open her blouse and verbally abuses her, humiliating Karen in front of potentially millions of viewers. Karen is laughed at during work, received endless crank calls, and is even asked to pose nude in a men's magazine. Karin begin's to ponder if she liked being bad, if she had enjoyed her days as a stripper. Returning to the Paradise Lounge, she was considering returning as a dancer. Karen meets Ricky at the lounge. He made her dance for him, and as she went through her routine, she realized exactly what he wanted her to – that she felt sick and dirty, not excited. Karen and Ricky grow close. Ricky is the only person Karen could now count on. Karen has sex with him. She told him it couldn't happen again, because of their differences in age and background and personality. Soon Karen and Ricky have sex again. Frank suddenly realizes what the source of his mental illness is and asks Karen to let him prove that he was now sane. Frank lit the DESIRE candle in front of her and didn't go crazy. Karen becomes affected, seeing herself with Ricky. Yet, in spite of her strong feelings for Ricky, she had a long history with Frank and decides to try again. Karen tells Frank she had been intimate with Ricky and thought he understood. What Karen doesn't realize is that he is still unstable, Frank now picturing her in lurid situations with Ricky. In mid 2003, Karen dies when a car hits her.","title":"Karen Wexler"}] | [{"image_text":"Cole appeared in the ABC series, The Mod Squad.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Michael_Cole_Mod_Squad_1973.JPG/125px-Michael_Cole_Mod_Squad_1973.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sabàto starred alongside former 1990s co-stars in the summer of 2008 when he appeared on Night Shift.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Antonio_Sabato.jpg/150px-Antonio_Sabato.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hove as Cesar Faison.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Anders_Hove_as_Faison.jpg/170px-Anders_Hove_as_Faison.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"about general hospital\". American Broadcasting Company. Retrieved March 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://abc.go.com/shows/general-hospital/about-the-show","url_text":"\"about general hospital\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"American Broadcasting Company"}]},{"reference":"Tropiano, Stephen (2000). TV Towns. New York City, New York: TV Books L.L.C. ISBN 1-57500-127-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tvtownsillustrat00trop","url_text":"TV Towns"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)","url_text":"New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57500-127-6","url_text":"1-57500-127-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Five Things That Happened On October 24 In Soap History\". Soap Opera Digest. Retrieved October 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soapoperadigest.com/photos/five-things-that-happened-on-october-24-in-soap-history4/","url_text":"\"Five Things That Happened On October 24 In Soap History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest","url_text":"Soap Opera Digest"}]},{"reference":"\"Another GH Exit?\". ABC Soaps in Depth. abc.soapsindepth.com. March 23, 2011. Retrieved September 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://abc.soapsindepth.com/2011/03/another-gh-exit.html","url_text":"\"Another GH Exit?\""}]},{"reference":"Webb Mitovich, Matt (November 11, 2019). \"General Hospital Casts Amanda Setton as the New Brook Lynn — Get First Look\". TVLine. United States: Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved November 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvline.com/2019/11/11/general-hospital-brook-lynn-recast-amanda-setton/","url_text":"\"General Hospital Casts Amanda Setton as the New Brook Lynn — Get First Look\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVLine","url_text":"TVLine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Media_Corporation","url_text":"Penske Media Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Giddens, Jamey (February 27, 2012). \"Wishful Casting: Amanda Setton as General Hospital's Brook Lynn Ashton\". Daytime Confidential. Retrieved November 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://daytimeconfidential.com/2012/02/28/wishful-casting-amanda-setton-as-brook-lynn-ashton-on-general-hospital","url_text":"\"Wishful Casting: Amanda Setton as General Hospital's Brook Lynn Ashton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Confidential","url_text":"Daytime Confidential"}]},{"reference":"Silver, Carly (August 6, 2020). \"Amanda Setton Explains General Hospital's Exit as Briana Lane Temporarily Assumes Role\". Daytime Confidential. Retrieved August 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://daytimeconfidential.com/2020/08/06/amanda-setton-explains-general-hospital-exit-as-briana-lane-temporarily-assumes-role","url_text":"\"Amanda Setton Explains General Hospital's Exit as Briana Lane Temporarily Assumes Role\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Confidential","url_text":"Daytime Confidential"}]},{"reference":"Jubinville, Mike (August 6, 2020). \"First Impressions: Briana Lane as Brook Lynn Quartermaine on General Hospital\". Daytime Confidential. United States: Confidential Media, Inc. Retrieved August 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://daytimeconfidential.com/2020/08/07/first-impressions-briana-lane-as-brook-lynn-quartermaine-on-gh","url_text":"\"First Impressions: Briana Lane as Brook Lynn Quartermaine on General Hospital\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Confidential","url_text":"Daytime Confidential"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAY_Media","url_text":"Confidential Media, Inc."}]},{"reference":"\"The 48th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards Nominations\". United States: emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://theemmys.tv/daytime-48th-nominations-cbs/","url_text":"\"The 48th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards Nominations\""}]},{"reference":"Mistretta, Amy (February 26, 2021). \"Amanda Setton Returns to General Hospital as (a Possibly Pregnant?) Brook Lynn Quartermaine\". Soaps.com. United States: SheKnows Media. Retrieved February 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://soaps.sheknows.com/general-hospital/comings-and-goings/586946/general-hospital-amanda-setton-returns-brook-lynn-quartermaine/","url_text":"\"Amanda Setton Returns to General Hospital as (a Possibly Pregnant?) Brook Lynn Quartermaine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaps.com","url_text":"Soaps.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SheKnows_Media","url_text":"SheKnows Media"}]},{"reference":"Cushman, Dustin (November 11, 2016). \"Don Harvey cast as Liz's rapist on General Hospital\". Soaps.com. United States. Retrieved December 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://soaps.sheknows.com/general-hospital/comings-and-goings/1544/don-harvey-cast-as-lizs-rapist-on-general-hospital","url_text":"\"Don Harvey cast as Liz's rapist on General Hospital\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaps.com","url_text":"Soaps.com"}]},{"reference":"Fairman, Michael (November 16, 2016). \"Don Harvey Joins General Hospital As Tom Baker … Elizabeth's Rapist!\". Michael Fairman On-Air On-Soaps. Retrieved December 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://michaelfairmansoaps.com/news/don-harvey-joins-general-hospital-as-tom-baker-elizabeths-rapist/2016/11/16/","url_text":"\"Don Harvey Joins General Hospital As Tom Baker … Elizabeth's Rapist!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fairman_On-Air_On-Soaps","url_text":"Michael Fairman On-Air On-Soaps"}]},{"reference":"\"Daytime's Hot, Hotter, Hottest Couples!\". Soapcentral. United States: Dan J. Kroll Properties. February 16, 1999. Retrieved December 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oocities.org/hollywood/trailer/2615/hotcouple.html","url_text":"\"Daytime's Hot, Hotter, Hottest Couples!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_soap_opera_media_outlets","url_text":"Soapcentral"}]},{"reference":"Frank Valentini (Executive producer); Jean Passanante and Shelly Altman (Head writers) (November 15, 2016). General Hospital. Season 53. Episode 13686. ABC. General Hospital Transcript Tuesday 11/15/16.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Valentini","url_text":"Frank Valentini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Passanante","url_text":"Jean Passanante"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelly_Altman","url_text":"Shelly Altman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_writer","url_text":"Head writers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital","url_text":"General Hospital"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"},{"url":"http://tvmegasite.net/transcripts/gh/older/2016/gh-trans-11-15-16.shtml","url_text":"General Hospital Transcript Tuesday 11/15/16"}]},{"reference":"Frank Valentini (Executive producer); Jean Passanante and Shelly Altman (Head writers) (November 16, 2016). General Hospital. Season 53. ABC. General Hospital Transcript Wednesday 11/16/16. Franco: Tom Baker, you are going to live to regret the day you were ever paroled. Elizabeth: 826 Oak Street, Port Charles – home of Seth Baker, associated with JoBeth Baker, Mark Baker... and Tom Baker. Oh, God, Franco, what are you doing?","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Valentini","url_text":"Frank Valentini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Passanante","url_text":"Jean Passanante"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelly_Altman","url_text":"Shelly Altman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_writer","url_text":"Head writers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital","url_text":"General Hospital"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"},{"url":"http://tvmegasite.net/transcripts/gh/older/2016/gh-trans-11-16-16.shtml","url_text":"General Hospital Transcript Wednesday 11/16/16"}]},{"reference":"Frank Valentini (Executive producer); Jean Passanante and Shelly Altman (Head writers) (November 15, 2016). General Hospital. Season 53. Episode 13696. ABC. General Hospital Transcript Thursday 12/1/16. Elizabeth: Franco, stop. Please! Griffin: Hey! Elizabeth: Let go of him! Griffin: Hey! Hey, come on! Let go. Tom: You're the crazy one, man. You're out of your mind! Leave me the hell alone. Franco: I will kill you. You go near Elizabeth again, and I will kill you!","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Valentini","url_text":"Frank Valentini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Passanante","url_text":"Jean Passanante"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelly_Altman","url_text":"Shelly Altman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_writer","url_text":"Head writers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital","url_text":"General Hospital"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"},{"url":"http://tvmegasite.net/transcripts/gh/older/2016/gh-trans-12-01-16.shtml","url_text":"General Hospital Transcript Thursday 12/1/16"}]},{"reference":"Frank Valentini (Executive producer); Jean Passanante and Shelly Altman (Head writers) (November 15, 2016). General Hospital. Season 53. Episode 13696. ABC. General Hospital Transcript Thursday 12/1/16. Tom: [Mutters indistinctly] Whoa! Elizabeth: Franco, no! Tom: [Choking] Griffin: Hey! Come on!","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Valentini","url_text":"Frank Valentini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Passanante","url_text":"Jean Passanante"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelly_Altman","url_text":"Shelly Altman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_writer","url_text":"Head writers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital","url_text":"General Hospital"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"ABC"},{"url":"http://tvmegasite.net/transcripts/gh/older/2016/gh-trans-12-01-16.shtml","url_text":"General Hospital Transcript Thursday 12/1/16"}]},{"reference":"\"Antonio Sabato Jr. Works Night Shift\". SOAPnet. sn.soapnet.go.com. Archived from the original on January 24, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130124152628/http://sn.soapnet.go.com/news/article/antonio-sabato-jr-works-night-shift","url_text":"\"Antonio Sabato Jr. Works Night Shift\""},{"url":"http://sn.soapnet.go.com/news/article/antonio-sabato-jr-works-night-shift","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Levinsky, Mara (February 2, 2024). \"Adam Harrington Joins General Hospital As John 'Jagger' Cates!\". Soap Opera Digest. United States: A360media. ISSN 0164-3584. Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved February 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soapoperadigest.com/content/adam-harrington-joins-general-hospital/","url_text":"\"Adam Harrington Joins General Hospital As John 'Jagger' Cates!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest","url_text":"Soap Opera Digest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A360media","url_text":"A360media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0164-3584","url_text":"0164-3584"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240203044225/https://www.soapoperadigest.com/content/adam-harrington-joins-general-hospital/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Errol (February 16, 2024). \"Adam J. Harrington on Contract at General Hospital as John Cates\". Soap Opera Network. United States. Retrieved February 16, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soapoperanetwork.com/2024/02/adam-j-harrington-on-contract-general-hospital-john-cates","url_text":"\"Adam J. Harrington on Contract at General Hospital as John Cates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Network","url_text":"Soap Opera Network"}]},{"reference":"\"'Night Shift' Writer Interview\". SOAPnet. soapnet.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029193704/http://sn.soapnet.go.com/news/article/night-shift-writer-interview","url_text":"\"'Night Shift' Writer Interview\""},{"url":"http://sn.soapnet.go.com/news/article/night-shift-writer-interview","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Silver, Carly (June 3, 2020). \"Lisa LoCicero Shares Journey from GH Fan to Port Charles Resident\". Daytime Confidential. United States: Confidential Media, Inc. Retrieved June 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://daytimeconfidential.com/2020/06/03/lisa-locicero-shares-journey-from-general-hospital-fan-to-port-charles-resident","url_text":"\"Lisa LoCicero Shares Journey from GH Fan to Port Charles Resident\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytime_Confidential","url_text":"Daytime Confidential"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAY_Media","url_text":"Confidential Media, Inc."}]},{"reference":"SOD (June 3, 2020). \"ICYMI: Lisa LoCicero Interview\". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Retrieved June 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest","url_text":"SOD"},{"url":"https://www.soapoperadigest.com/content/icymi-lisa-locicero-interview-2/","url_text":"\"ICYMI: Lisa LoCicero Interview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest","url_text":"Soap Opera Digest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Media,_Inc.","url_text":"American Media, Inc."}]},{"reference":"Staff (September 14, 2023). \"Rena Sofer Returning to General Hospital as Lois Cerullo After Leaving Soap 26-Years Ago (Exclusive)\". People. United States. ISSN 0093-7673. OCLC 794712888. Archived from the original on September 14, 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensi_language | Sensi language | ["1 References"] | Extinct Panoan language of Peru
SensiTentiNative toPeruRegionUcayali RiverExtinctMid 20th centuryLanguage familyPanoan
Mainline PanoanNawaChamaSensiLanguage codesISO 639-3sniGlottologsens1242
Sensi (Senti, Tenti, Mananahua) is an extinct Panoan language, spoken on the right bank of the Ucayali River, Peru.
References
^ Sensi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: AAVE - Esperanto. Oxford University Press. 2003. p. 234. ISBN 9780195139778.
vtePano-Tacanan languagesPanoanMayoruna PanoanMatses
Demushbo
Kulino
Matsés
Matis
Amazon Mayoruna
Jandiatuba Mayoruna
Matis
Other
Korubo
Tabatinga Mayoruna
Mainline Panoan(Nawa Panoan)Bolivian
Chiriba
Chokobo
Karipuna
Madre de Dios
Arazaire
Atsawaka-Yamiaka
Blanco River Remo
Tarauacá Kashinawa
Marubo
Marubo
Olivença Kulina
Katukina
Poyanawa
Iskonawa
Jaquirana Remo
Môa Nawa
Nukini
Poyanawa
Chama
Pano
Sensi
Shipibo
Headwaters
Amawaka
Ibuaçu Kashinawa
Môa Remo
Tuchinawa
Yaminawa
Other
Kasharari
Kashibo
Tacanan
Araona
Cavineña
Ese’ejja
Reyesano
Tacana
Toromona
Italics indicate extinct languages
This article related to the Indigenous languages of the Americas is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panoan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoan_language"},{"link_name":"Ucayali River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucayali_River"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Sensi (Senti, Tenti, Mananahua) is an extinct Panoan language, spoken on the right bank of the Ucayali River, Peru.[2]","title":"Sensi language"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: AAVE - Esperanto. Oxford University Press. 2003. p. 234. ISBN 9780195139778.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&q=Sensi+language+panoan&pg=RA2-PA233","url_text":"International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: AAVE - Esperanto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195139778","url_text":"9780195139778"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sens1242","external_links_name":"sens1242"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/sni","external_links_name":"Sensi"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&q=Sensi+language+panoan&pg=RA2-PA233","external_links_name":"International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: AAVE - Esperanto"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sensi_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_State_and_Law_(RAS) | Institute of State and Law | ["1 History","1.1 Prior Designations","1.2 Location","2 Scope of research","2.1 Teaching","3 Library and archive","4 Notable academics","5 See also","6 References"] | Coordinates: 55°45′01″N 37°36′20″E / 55.750261°N 37.605472°E / 55.750261; 37.605472Scientific legal center in the Russia
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Institute of State and Law (RAS/РАН)TypePublicEstablished1925 (1925)DirectorAndrei G. Lisitsin-SvetlanovStudents350Addressul. Znamenka 10119841 Moscow, Moscow, RussiaWebsitewww.igpran.ru/en
Headquarters in Moscow.
The Institute of State and Law (ISL) of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) (Russian: Институт государства и права Российской академии наук (ИГП РАН)) is the largest scientific legal center in the Russian Federation. The ISL is part of the Philosophical, Sociological, Psychological, and Law Department of RAS. The ISL has 350 employees, including three Academicians, three Corresponding Members of RAS, nearly one hundred Doctors and more than one hundred Candidates of Legal Science. Academician B. N. Topornin is the Academician-Secretary of the Department and the Director of ISL.
History
It was initially founded as the Institute of Soviet Construction at the Communist Academy. Now the center of Russian scientific legal training and consultative support for State institutions, the ISL also coordinates legal research work, trains legal science staff, and collaborates with international legal groups. By Edict of the Presidium of Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 16.04.75, the ISL was awarded the Labor Red Banner Order for its services in the development of legal sciences and the training of a scientific staff of lawyers. A later edict of the President of Russian Federation of 3.12.94 (No. 2174) entrusted the ISL with the Analytical Center of Legal Policy of the President of the Russian Federation.
Prior Designations
In its history, the ISL has undergone several transformations. Previously, it has been called:
Institute of Soviet Development (Institut Sovetskogo Stroitelstva - ISS) (1925–1930)
Institute of Soviet Law of the Russian Association of scientific institutes of the social sciences (1923–1930)
Institute of Soviet Development and Law (Institut Sovetskogo Stroitelstva i Prava) (1930–1936)
Institute of State Law of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (Institut Gosudarstvenogo Prava AN SSSR) (1936–1938)
Institute of Law of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (Institut Prava AN SSSR) (1938–1960)
Institute of State and Law of the Soviet Academy of Sciences (Institut Gosudarstva i Prava AN SSSR) (1960–1991)
Current form: Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
In the 1950s, the ISL carried the honorary name of Andrey Vyshinsky.
Location
The ISL is located on ulitsa Znamenka 10, Moscow (119841), formerly ulitsa Frunze.
Scope of research
The Institute now carries out fundamental and applied studies in the theories of governance and law; studies mechanisms and tendencies in law creation, law implementation and law enforcement; and takes part in drafting legislation.
Teaching
The ISL also contains a teaching unit founded in 1993. The Academic Law University (Russian: Академический правовой университет (АПУ); translit: Akademichiskii Pravovoi Universitet, APU) offers an undergraduate as well as graduate law degrees. The professoriate of the APU is composed of ISL fellows. In 2010, the Academic Law University was renamed to the Academic Law Institute (Russian: Академический правовой институт (АПИ); translit: Akademichiskii Pravovoi Institut, API).
Library and archive
The library of the ISL contains over 300,000 volumes.
Notable academics
Evgeny A. Korovin (1892–1964)
Evgeny Pashukanis (1891–1937), Director of Institute of Law, Russian Academy of Sciences (1925–1936)
Andrey Vyshinsky
See also
Communist Academy
Institute of State and Law of Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences
References
^ "Home". igpran.ru.
^ Archives of Russia, Moscow: 1997 at p. 355.
^ "Академический Правовой Университет". Archived from the original on 2009-02-11. Retrieved 2009-04-04.
^ http://www.igpran.ru/apu/
^ "Структура".
55°45′01″N 37°36′20″E / 55.750261°N 37.605472°E / 55.750261; 37.605472
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
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National
France
BnF data
Israel
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The ISL is part of the Philosophical, Sociological, Psychological, and Law Department of RAS. The ISL has 350 employees, including three Academicians, three Corresponding Members of RAS, nearly one hundred Doctors and more than one hundred Candidates of Legal Science. Academician B. N. Topornin is the Academician-Secretary of the Department and the Director of ISL.[1]","title":"Institute of State and Law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communist Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Academy"}],"text":"It was initially founded as the Institute of Soviet Construction at the Communist Academy. Now the center of Russian scientific legal training and consultative support for State institutions, the ISL also coordinates legal research work, trains legal science staff, and collaborates with international legal groups. By Edict of the Presidium of Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 16.04.75, the ISL was awarded the Labor Red Banner Order for its services in the development of legal sciences and the training of a scientific staff of lawyers. A later edict of the President of Russian Federation of 3.12.94 (No. 2174) entrusted the ISL with the Analytical Center of Legal Policy of the President of the Russian Federation.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Andrey Vyshinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Vyshinsky"}],"sub_title":"Prior Designations","text":"In its history, the ISL has undergone several transformations. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/512e | Advanced Format | ["1 History","2 Overview","3 Categories","3.1 512 emulation (512e)","3.2 4K native (4Kn)","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Disk format and access using sector sizes larger than 512 bytes
Advanced Format (AF)Advanced Format 512e logoGeneration-one standard4096 (4 KiB) bytes per sectorGeneration-one categories512 emulation (512e)4K physical sectors on the drive media with 512 byte logical configuration4K native (4Kn)4K physical sectors on the drive media and 4K configuration reported to the host4K-ready hostA host system which works equally well with legacy 512 as well as 512e hard disk drivesYear standard completedMarch 2010Created byIDEMA Long Data Sector Committee, composed of Dell, Fujitsu (now Toshiba Storage Device Corporation), Hewlett-Packard, Hitachi Global Storage Technologies, IDEMA, LSI Corporation, Maxtor (now Seagate), Microsoft, Phoenix Technologies, Samsung, Seagate Technology, Western Digital
Advanced Format (AF) is any disk sector format used to store data on magnetic disks in hard disk drives (HDDs) that exceeds 528 bytes per sector, frequently 4096, 4112, 4160, or 4224-byte (4 KB) sectors. Larger sectors of an Advanced Format Drive (AFD) enable the integration of stronger error correction algorithms to maintain data integrity at higher storage densities.
History
The use of long data sectors was suggested in 1998 in a technical paper issued by the National Storage Industry Consortium (NSIC) calling attention to the conflict between continuing increases in areal density and the traditional 512-byte-per-sector format used in hard disk drives. Without revolutionary breakthroughs in magnetic recording system technologies, areal densities, and with them the storage capacities, hard disk drives were projected to stagnate.
The storage industry trade organization, International Disk Drive Equipment and Materials Association (IDEMA), responded by organizing the IDEMA Long Data Sector Committee in 2000, where IDEMA and leading hardware and software suppliers collaborated on the definition and development of standards governing long data sectors, including methods by which compatibility with legacy computing components would be supported. In August 2005, Seagate shipped test drives with 1K physical sectors to industry partners for testing.: Figure 3 In 2010, industry standards for the first official generation of long data sectors using a configuration of 4096 bytes per sector, or 4K, were completed. All hard drive manufacturers committed to shipping new hard drive platforms for desktop and notebook products with the Advanced Format sector formatting by January 2011.
Advanced Format was coined to cover what was expected to become several generations of long-data-sector technologies, and its logo was created to distinguish long-data-sector–based hard disk drives from those using legacy 512-byte sector. Enterprise disks can be formatted with additional 8-byte Data Integrity Fields, resulting in a 520 or 528-byte physical sectors.
Overview
Comparison of 512- and 4096-byte sector formats
Description
512-byte sector
4096-byte sector
Gap, sync, address mark
15 bytes
User data
512 bytes
4096 bytes
Error-correcting code
50 bytes
100 bytes
Total
577 bytes
4211 bytes
Efficiency
88.7%
97.3%
512-byte emulated device sector size
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Physical sector 1
Physical sector 2
Generation-one Advanced Format, 4K sector technology, uses the storage surface media more efficiently by combining data that would have been stored in eight 512-byte sectors into one single sector that is 4096 bytes (4 KB) in length. Key design elements of the traditional 512-byte sector architecture are maintained, specifically, the identification and synchronization marks at the beginning and the error correction coding (ECC) area at the end of the sector. Between the sector header and ECC areas, eight 512-byte sectors are combined, eliminating the need for redundant header areas between each individual chunk of 512-byte data. The Long Data Sector Committee selected the 4K block length for the first generation AF standard for several reasons, including its correspondence to the paging size used by processors and some operating systems as well as its correlation to the size of standard transactions in relational database systems.
Format efficiency gains resulting from the 4K sector structure range from 7 to 11 percent in physical platter space. The 4K format provides enough space to expand the ECC field from 50 to 100 bytes to accommodate new ECC algorithms. The enhanced ECC coverage improves the ability to detect and correct processed data errors beyond the 50-byte defect length associated with the 512-byte sector legacy format. The Advanced Format standard employs the same gap, sync and address mark configuration as the traditional 512-byte sector layout, but combines eight 512-byte sectors into one data field.
Hard disk drive format efficiency with Advanced Format 4K technology and distributed ECC
Having a huge number of legacy 512-byte-sector–based hard disk drives shipped up to the middle of 2010, many systems, programs and applications accessing the hard disk drive are designed around the 512-byte-per-sector convention. Early engagement with the Long Data Sector Committee provided the opportunity for component and software suppliers to prepare for the transition to Advanced Format.
For example, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows Server 2008, and Windows Server 2008 R2 (with certain hotfixes installed) support 512e format drives (but not 4Kn), as do contemporary versions of FreeBSD and Linux. Mac OS X Tiger and onwards can use Advanced Format drives and OS X Mountain Lion 10.8.2 additionally supports encrypting those. Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 also support 4Kn Advanced Format. Oracle Solaris 10 and 11 support 4Kn and 512e hard disk drives for non-root ZFS file systems, while version 11.1 provides installation and boot support for 512e devices. Prior to Windows Vista, Windows 2000 and Windows XP use 4096 bytes as default allocation unit size when use NTFS to format local hard disks, but do not align to 4KB boundaries.
Categories
Among the Advanced Format initiatives undertaken by the Long Data Sector Committee, methods to maintain backward compatibility with legacy computing solutions were also addressed. For this purpose, several categories of Advanced Format devices were created.
512 emulation (512e)
Many host computer hardware and software components assume the hard drive is configured around 512-byte sector boundaries. This includes a broad range of items including chipsets, operating systems, database engines, hard drive partitioning and imaging tools, backup and file system utilities as well as a small fraction of other software applications. In order to maintain compatibility with legacy computing components, many hard disk drive suppliers support Advanced Format technologies on the recording media coupled with 512-byte conversion firmware. Hard drives configured with 4096-byte physical sectors with 512-byte firmware are referred to as Advanced Format 512e, or 512 emulation drives. On 512e drives, one LBA is equal to 512 bytes.
Potential areas using 512-byte-based code
The translation of the native 4096, 4112, 4160, or 4224-byte physical format (with 0, 8, 64, or 128-byte Data Integrity Fields) to a virtual 512, 520 or 528-byte increment is transparent to the entity accessing the hard disk drive. Read and write commands are issued to Advanced Format drives in the same format as legacy drives. However, during the read process, the Advanced Format hard drive loads the entire 4096-byte sector containing the requested 512-byte data into memory located on the drive. The emulation firmware extracts and re-formats the specific data into a 512-byte chunk before sending the data to the host. The entire process typically occurs with little or no degradation in performance.
The translation process is more complicated when writing data that is not a multiple of 4K or not aligned to a 4K boundary. In these instances, the hard drive must read the entire 4096-byte sector containing the targeted data into internal memory, integrate the new data into the previously existing data and then rewrite the entire 4096-byte sector onto the disk media. This operation, known as read-modify-write (RMW), can require additional revolution of the magnetic disks, resulting in a perceptible performance impact to the system user. Performance analysis conducted by IDEMA and the hard drive vendors indicates that approximately five to ten percent of all write operations in a typical business PC user environment may be misaligned and a RMW performance penalty incurred.
When using Advanced Format drives with legacy operating systems, it is important to realign the disk drive using software provided by the hard disk manufacturer. Disk realignment is necessary to avoid a performance degrading condition known as cluster straddling where a shifted partition causes filesystem clusters to span partial physical disk sectors. Since cluster-to-sector alignment is determined when creating hard drive partitions, the realignment software is used after partitioning the disk. This can help reduce the number of unaligned writes generated by the computing ecosystem. Further activities to make applications ready for the transition to Advanced Format technologies were spearheaded by the Advanced Format Technology Committee (formerly Long Data Sector Committee) and by the hard disk drive manufacturers.
4K native (4Kn)
Advanced Format 4K native logo
For hard disk drives working in the 4K native mode, there is no emulation layer in place, and the disk media directly exposes its 4096, 4112, 4160, or 4224-byte physical sector size to the system firmware and operating system. That way, the externally visible logical sectors organization of the 4K native drives is directly mapped to their internal physical sectors organization. Since April 2014, enterprise-class 4K native hard disk drives have been available on the market.
Readiness of the support for 4 KB logical sectors within operating systems differs among their types, vendors and versions. For example, Microsoft Windows supports 4K native drives since Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 (both released in 2012) in UEFI. 4K native drives may work on older operating systems such as Windows 7, but cannot be used as boot drive.
Linux supports 4K native drives since the Linux kernel version 2.6.31 and util-linux-ng version 2.17 (released in 2009 and 2010, respectively).
The color version of the logo indicating a 4K native drive is somewhat different from the 512e logo, featuring four rounded corners, a blue background, and text "4Kn" at the center of the logo.
See also
Partition alignment
References
^ "Advanced Format Definitions, Abbreviations, and Conventions". IDEMA. Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. Retrieved March 13, 2012.
^ "Home- INSIC | Information Storage Industry Consortium". INSIC. Archived from the original on 2014-03-12. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
^ a b "The Advent of Advanced Format". IDEMA. Archived from the original on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2013-11-18.
^ a b "Transition to Advanced Format 4K Sector Hard Drives". Seagate. Archived from the original on 2014-12-20. Retrieved 2014-12-15.
^ "Advanced Format – The Migration to 4K Sectors". Seagate Technology. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
^ Martin K. Petersen (30 August 2008). "Linux Data Integrity" (PDF). Oracle Corporation. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2020. Most disk drives use 512-byte sectors. Enterprise drives (Parallel SCSI/SAS/FC) support 520/528 byte 'fat' sectors.
^ Mueller, Scott (2013). Upgrading and Repairing PCs (21st ed.). Que Publishing. pp. 472–473. ISBN 978-0789750006.
^ Smith, Ryan (18 December 2009). "Western Digital's Advanced Format: The 4K Sector Transition Begins". www.anandtech.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Swinburne, Richard (April 1, 2010). "The Facts: 4K Advanced Format Hard Disks". bit-tech.net. Archived from the original on 2012-03-06. Retrieved March 13, 2012.
^ Hassner, Martin; Grochowski, Ed (May 31, 2005). 4K Byte-Sector HDD-Data Format Standard. Windows Hardware Engineering Conference. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2012.
^ Curtis E. Stevens (2011). "Advanced Format in Legacy Infrastructures: More Transparent than Disruptive" (PDF). idema.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
^ a b c "Advanced format (4K) disk compatibility update (Windows)". November 28, 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-01-11. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
^ "The arrow of time – FreeBSD on 4K sector drives". Ivoras.net. Archived from the original on 2014-03-16. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
^ "2.7. Allocating Disk Space". Freebsd.org. Archived from the original on 2014-03-20. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
^ "Disk Setup On FreeBSD". Wonkity.com. 2013-06-24. Archived from the original on 2014-07-12. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
^ Jonathan Corbet (2010-03-09). "4K-sector drives and Linux". LWN.net. Archived from the original on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2013-10-04.
^ Martin K. Petersen (2009-11-24). "Linux Storage Topology and Advanced Features" (PDF). Oracle Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-10-05. Retrieved 2013-10-04.
^ "How to install a WD Advanced Format Drive on a non-Windows Operating System". January 19, 2012. Archived from the original on May 27, 2014. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
^ "Oracle Solaris 11.1 Administration: Devices and File Systems". Oracle Corporation. Archived from the original on 2014-03-06. Retrieved 2014-03-06.
^ Michael E. Fitzpatrick. "4K Sector Disk Drives: Transitioning to the Future with Advanced Format Technologies" (PDF). Toshiba. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
^ Goldwyn Rodrigues (2009-03-11). "Linux and 4K disk sectors". LWN.net. Archived from the original on 2013-10-05. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
^ "About the Advanced Format Technology Committee (formerly LDS Committee)". www.idema.org. Archived from the original on 30 March 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
^ "4kB Data Sector Update - IDEMA 4kB Technical Committee" (PDF). www.snia.org. September 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
^ "SmartAlign Technology for Advanced Format Hard Drives" (PDF). www.seagate.com. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
^ "Download the Hitachi Align Tool". www.hitachigst.com. 2010. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
^ "Advanced Format Software". www.wdc.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
^ "Enterprise Capacity 3.5 HDD Data Sheet" (PDF). Seagate Technology. April 23, 2014. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-08-12. Retrieved August 10, 2014.
^ "WD Re Datacenter Distribution Specification Sheet" (PDF). Western Digital. January 21, 2016. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-06. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
^ "Microsoft support policy for 4K sector hard drives in Windows". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2011-08-19. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
^ "The brave new world of 4Kn hard disks: A test with Windows (XP x64), Truecrypt, HDTune and others (Update: Now with Linux, XP 32-Bit) – The GAT at XIN.at".
^ "Linux kernel 2.6.31, Section 11. Block". kernelnewbies.org. September 9, 2009. Archived from the original on 2015-11-05. Retrieved October 10, 2015.
^ "util-linux-ng 2.17 Release Notes". kernel.org. January 8, 2010. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved October 10, 2015.
^ "Linux_2_6_37-DriversArch - Linux Kernel Newbies, Section 2.3. STORAGE". kernelnewbies.org. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
^ "Advanced Format Logo Overview". IDEMA. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2014-01-10.
External links
IDEMA: Advanced Format Technology (archived on September 29, 2011)
Coughlin Associates: Aligning with the Future of Storage (archived on May 5, 2012)
Western Digital: Advanced Format White Paper (September 2018) and its older version (April 2010)
Hitachi Global Storage Technologies: Advanced Format Technology Brief
The Tech Report: Western Digital brings Advanced Format to Caviar Green
Dell: Support: System Image Support for Advanced Format Hard Drives on Dell Business Client Notebooks and Desktops | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"disk sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_sector"},{"link_name":"hard disk drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive"},{"link_name":"KB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte"},{"link_name":"error correction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_detection_and_correction"}],"text":"Advanced Format (AF) is any disk sector format used to store data on magnetic disks in hard disk drives (HDDs) that exceeds 528 bytes per sector, frequently 4096, 4112, 4160, or 4224-byte (4 KB) sectors. Larger sectors of an Advanced Format Drive (AFD) enable the integration of stronger error correction algorithms to maintain data integrity at higher storage densities.","title":"Advanced Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"areal density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areal_density_(computer_storage)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IDEMA2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IDEMA2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seagate4K-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seagate4K-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Data Integrity Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Integrity_Field"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oracle-data-integrity-6"}],"text":"The use of long data sectors was suggested in 1998 in a technical paper issued by the National Storage Industry Consortium (NSIC)[2] calling attention to the conflict between continuing increases in areal density and the traditional 512-byte-per-sector format used in hard disk drives.[3] Without revolutionary breakthroughs in magnetic recording system technologies, areal densities, and with them the storage capacities, hard disk drives were projected to stagnate.The storage industry trade organization, International Disk Drive Equipment and Materials Association (IDEMA), responded by organizing the IDEMA Long Data Sector Committee in 2000, where IDEMA and leading hardware and software suppliers collaborated on the definition and development of standards governing long data sectors, including methods by which compatibility with legacy computing components would be supported.[3] In August 2005, Seagate shipped test drives with 1K physical sectors to industry partners for testing.[4]: Figure 3 In 2010, industry standards for the first official generation of long data sectors using a configuration of 4096 bytes per sector, or 4K, were completed. All hard drive manufacturers committed to shipping new hard drive platforms for desktop and notebook products with the Advanced Format sector formatting by January 2011.[4][5]Advanced Format was coined to cover what was expected to become several generations of long-data-sector technologies, and its logo was created to distinguish long-data-sector–based hard disk drives from those using legacy 512-byte sector. Enterprise disks can be formatted with additional 8-byte Data Integrity Fields, resulting in a 520 or 528-byte physical sectors.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"error correction coding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_correction_coding"},{"link_name":"paging size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_size"},{"link_name":"processors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"relational database systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_system"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anandAF-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Advanced_format_(4Kib)_HDD_sector.svg"},{"link_name":"Windows Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista"},{"link_name":"Windows 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_7"},{"link_name":"Windows Server 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2008"},{"link_name":"Windows Server 2008 R2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2"},{"link_name":"512e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#512e"},{"link_name":"4Kn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#4Kn"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hh848035-12"},{"link_name":"FreeBSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lwn-4k-and-linux-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Mac OS X Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"OS X Mountain Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion"},{"link_name":"Windows 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8"},{"link_name":"Windows Server 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hh848035-12"},{"link_name":"Oracle Solaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Windows Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista"},{"link_name":"Windows 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_2000"},{"link_name":"Windows XP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP"},{"link_name":"NTFS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS"}],"text":"Generation-one Advanced Format, 4K sector technology, uses the storage surface media more efficiently by combining data that would have been stored in eight 512-byte sectors into one single sector that is 4096 bytes (4 KB) in length. Key design elements of the traditional 512-byte sector architecture are maintained, specifically, the identification and synchronization marks at the beginning and the error correction coding (ECC) area at the end of the sector. Between the sector header and ECC areas, eight 512-byte sectors are combined, eliminating the need for redundant header areas between each individual chunk of 512-byte data. The Long Data Sector Committee selected the 4K block length for the first generation AF standard for several reasons, including its correspondence to the paging size used by processors and some operating systems as well as its correlation to the size of standard transactions in relational database systems.[8]Format efficiency gains resulting from the 4K sector structure range from 7 to 11 percent in physical platter space.[9] The 4K format provides enough space to expand the ECC field from 50 to 100 bytes to accommodate new ECC algorithms. The enhanced ECC coverage improves the ability to detect and correct processed data errors beyond the 50-byte defect length associated with the 512-byte sector legacy format.[10] The Advanced Format standard employs the same gap, sync and address mark configuration as the traditional 512-byte sector layout, but combines eight 512-byte sectors into one data field.[11]Hard disk drive format efficiency with Advanced Format 4K technology and distributed ECCHaving a huge number of legacy 512-byte-sector–based hard disk drives shipped up to the middle of 2010, many systems, programs and applications accessing the hard disk drive are designed around the 512-byte-per-sector convention. Early engagement with the Long Data Sector Committee provided the opportunity for component and software suppliers to prepare for the transition to Advanced Format.For example, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows Server 2008, and Windows Server 2008 R2 (with certain hotfixes installed) support 512e format drives (but not 4Kn),[12] as do contemporary versions of FreeBSD[13][14][15] and Linux.[16][17] Mac OS X Tiger and onwards can use Advanced Format drives[18] and OS X Mountain Lion 10.8.2 additionally supports encrypting those. Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 also support 4Kn Advanced Format.[12] Oracle Solaris 10 and 11 support 4Kn and 512e hard disk drives for non-root ZFS file systems, while version 11.1 provides installation and boot support for 512e devices.[19] Prior to Windows Vista, Windows 2000 and Windows XP use 4096 bytes as default allocation unit size when use NTFS to format local hard disks, but do not align to 4KB boundaries.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Among the Advanced Format initiatives undertaken by the Long Data Sector Committee, methods to maintain backward compatibility with legacy computing solutions were also addressed. For this purpose, several categories of Advanced Format devices were created.","title":"Categories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chipsets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipsets"},{"link_name":"operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"database engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_engine"},{"link_name":"partitioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning"},{"link_name":"imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_image"},{"link_name":"backup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backup"},{"link_name":"file system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system"},{"link_name":"software applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_application"},{"link_name":"LBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_block_addressing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Afdiag3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Data Integrity Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Integrity_Field"},{"link_name":"read-modify-write","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-modify-write"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idema-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snia-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"512 emulation (512e)","text":"Many host computer hardware and software components assume the hard drive is configured around 512-byte sector boundaries. This includes a broad range of items including chipsets, operating systems, database engines, hard drive partitioning and imaging tools, backup and file system utilities as well as a small fraction of other software applications. In order to maintain compatibility with legacy computing components, many hard disk drive suppliers support Advanced Format technologies on the recording media coupled with 512-byte conversion firmware. Hard drives configured with 4096-byte physical sectors with 512-byte firmware are referred to as Advanced Format 512e, or 512 emulation drives. On 512e drives, one LBA is equal to 512 bytes.Potential areas using 512-byte-based codeThe translation of the native 4096, 4112, 4160, or 4224-byte physical format (with 0, 8, 64, or 128-byte Data Integrity Fields) to a virtual 512, 520 or 528-byte increment is transparent to the entity accessing the hard disk drive. Read and write commands are issued to Advanced Format drives in the same format as legacy drives. However, during the read process, the Advanced Format hard drive loads the entire 4096-byte sector containing the requested 512-byte data into memory located on the drive. The emulation firmware extracts and re-formats the specific data into a 512-byte chunk before sending the data to the host. The entire process typically occurs with little or no degradation in performance.The translation process is more complicated when writing data that is not a multiple of 4K or not aligned to a 4K boundary. In these instances, the hard drive must read the entire 4096-byte sector containing the targeted data into internal memory, integrate the new data into the previously existing data and then rewrite the entire 4096-byte sector onto the disk media. This operation, known as read-modify-write (RMW), can require additional revolution of the magnetic disks, resulting in a perceptible performance impact to the system user. Performance analysis conducted by IDEMA and the hard drive vendors indicates that approximately five to ten percent of all write operations in a typical business PC user environment may be misaligned and a RMW performance penalty incurred.[20][21]When using Advanced Format drives with legacy operating systems, it is important to realign the disk drive using software provided by the hard disk manufacturer. Disk realignment is necessary to avoid a performance degrading condition known as cluster straddling where a shifted partition causes filesystem clusters to span partial physical disk sectors. Since cluster-to-sector alignment is determined when creating hard drive partitions, the realignment software is used after partitioning the disk. This can help reduce the number of unaligned writes generated by the computing ecosystem. Further activities to make applications ready for the transition to Advanced Format technologies were spearheaded by the Advanced Format Technology Committee (formerly Long Data Sector Committee)[22][23] and by the hard disk drive manufacturers.[24][25][26]","title":"Categories"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Advanced_Format_4Kn_logo.png"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hh848035-12"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Windows 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_8"},{"link_name":"Windows Server 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012"},{"link_name":"UEFI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFI"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Windows 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_7"},{"link_name":"boot drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_drive"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Linux kernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel"},{"link_name":"util-linux-ng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Util-linux-ng"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idema_2900-34"}],"sub_title":"4K native (4Kn)","text":"Advanced Format 4K native logoFor hard disk drives working in the 4K native mode, there is no emulation layer in place, and the disk media directly exposes its 4096, 4112, 4160, or 4224-byte physical sector size to the system firmware and operating system. That way, the externally visible logical sectors organization of the 4K native drives is directly mapped to their internal physical sectors organization. Since April 2014, enterprise-class 4K native hard disk drives have been available on the market.[27][28]Readiness of the support for 4 KB logical sectors within operating systems differs among their types, vendors and versions.[12] For example, Microsoft Windows supports 4K native drives since Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 (both released in 2012) in UEFI.[29] 4K native drives may work on older operating systems such as Windows 7, but cannot be used as boot drive.[30]Linux supports 4K native drives since the Linux kernel version 2.6.31 and util-linux-ng version 2.17 (released in 2009 and 2010, respectively).[31][32][33]The color version of the logo indicating a 4K native drive is somewhat different from the 512e logo, featuring four rounded corners, a blue background, and text \"4Kn\" at the center of the logo.[34]","title":"Categories"}] | [{"image_text":"Hard disk drive format efficiency with Advanced Format 4K technology and distributed ECC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Advanced_format_%284Kib%29_HDD_sector.svg/800px-Advanced_format_%284Kib%29_HDD_sector.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Potential areas using 512-byte-based code","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Afdiag3.jpg/500px-Afdiag3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Advanced Format 4K native logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Advanced_Format_4Kn_logo.png/170px-Advanced_Format_4Kn_logo.png"}] | [{"title":"Partition alignment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_alignment"}] | [{"reference":"\"Advanced Format Definitions, Abbreviations, and Conventions\". IDEMA. Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. Retrieved March 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idema.org/?page_id=2153","url_text":"\"Advanced Format Definitions, Abbreviations, and Conventions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120316161832/http://www.idema.org/?page_id=2153","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Home- INSIC | Information Storage Industry Consortium\". INSIC. Archived from the original on 2014-03-12. Retrieved 2014-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://insic.org/","url_text":"\"Home- INSIC | Information Storage Industry Consortium\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140312224436/http://insic.org/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Advent of Advanced Format\". IDEMA. Archived from the original on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2013-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idema.org/?page_id=2369","url_text":"\"The Advent of Advanced Format\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120510044435/http://www.idema.org/?page_id=2369","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Transition to Advanced Format 4K Sector Hard Drives\". Seagate. Archived from the original on 2014-12-20. Retrieved 2014-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seagate.com/as/en/tech-insights/advanced-format-4k-sector-hard-drives-master-ti/","url_text":"\"Transition to Advanced Format 4K Sector Hard Drives\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141220174659/http://www.seagate.com/as/en/tech-insights/advanced-format-4k-sector-hard-drives-master-ti/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Advanced Format – The Migration to 4K Sectors\". Seagate Technology. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110519054645/http://www.seagate.com/ww/v/index.jsp?locale=en-US&name=advanced-format-migration-to-4k-tpc&vgnextoid=746f43fce2489210VgnVCM1000001a48090aRCRD","url_text":"\"Advanced Format – The Migration to 4K Sectors\""},{"url":"http://www.seagate.com/ww/v/index.jsp?locale=en-US&name=advanced-format-migration-to-4k-tpc&vgnextoid=746f43fce2489210VgnVCM1000001a48090aRCRD","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Martin K. Petersen (30 August 2008). \"Linux Data Integrity\" (PDF). Oracle Corporation. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2020. Most disk drives use 512-byte sectors. [...] Enterprise drives (Parallel SCSI/SAS/FC) support 520/528 byte 'fat' sectors.","urls":[{"url":"https://oss.oracle.com/~mkp/docs/lpc08-data-integrity.pdf","url_text":"\"Linux Data Integrity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation","url_text":"Oracle Corporation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150109235547/https://oss.oracle.com/~mkp/docs/lpc08-data-integrity.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mueller, Scott (2013). Upgrading and Repairing PCs (21st ed.). Que Publishing. pp. 472–473. ISBN 978-0789750006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0789750006","url_text":"978-0789750006"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Ryan (18 December 2009). \"Western Digital's Advanced Format: The 4K Sector Transition Begins\". www.anandtech.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201228122738/https://www.anandtech.com/show/2888","url_text":"\"Western Digital's Advanced Format: The 4K Sector Transition Begins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnandTech","url_text":"www.anandtech.com"}]},{"reference":"Swinburne, Richard (April 1, 2010). \"The Facts: 4K Advanced Format Hard Disks\". bit-tech.net. Archived from the original on 2012-03-06. Retrieved March 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bit-tech.net/hardware/storage/2010/04/01/the-facts-4k-advanced-format-hard-disks/1","url_text":"\"The Facts: 4K Advanced Format Hard Disks\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120306003308/http://www.bit-tech.net/hardware/storage/2010/04/01/the-facts-4k-advanced-format-hard-disks/1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hassner, Martin; Grochowski, Ed (May 31, 2005). 4K Byte-Sector HDD-Data Format Standard. Windows Hardware Engineering Conference. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved March 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120328024030/http://bigsector.org/_smartsite/modules/local/data_file/show_file.php?cmd=download&data_file_id=1259","url_text":"4K Byte-Sector HDD-Data Format Standard"},{"url":"http://bigsector.org/_smartsite/modules/local/data_file/show_file.php?cmd=download&data_file_id=1259","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Curtis E. Stevens (2011). \"Advanced Format in Legacy Infrastructures: More Transparent than Disruptive\" (PDF). idema.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved 2013-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idema.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/12/AF-in-Legacy-Infrastructures-SDC2011_IDEMA-AF.pdf","url_text":"\"Advanced Format in Legacy Infrastructures: More Transparent than Disruptive\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131105222506/http://www.idema.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/12/AF-in-Legacy-Infrastructures-SDC2011_IDEMA-AF.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Advanced format (4K) disk compatibility update (Windows)\". November 28, 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-01-11. Retrieved January 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/hh848035(v=vs.85).aspx","url_text":"\"Advanced format (4K) disk compatibility update (Windows)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130111233631/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/hh848035(v=vs.85).aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The arrow of time – FreeBSD on 4K sector drives\". Ivoras.net. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Uruguay_of_1997 | Constitution of Uruguay of 1997 | ["1 Overview","2 Referendum","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Politics of Uruguay
Constitution
Current constitution (1997)
Previous constitutions
183019181934194219521967
Executive
President (list)
Luis Alberto Lacalle Pou
Cabinet
Legislative
Vice President
Beatriz Argimón
General Assembly
Senate
President
Chamber of Representatives
President
Palacio Legislativo
Judiciary
Supreme Court
Administrative divisions
Departments
Municipalities
Elections
Political parties
Recent elections
General: 201420192024
Municipal: 201020152020
Electoral Court
Ley de Lemas (voting system)
Foreign relations
Ministry of Foreign Relations
Minister: Omar Paganini (list)
Diplomatic missions of / in Uruguay
Nationality law
Passport
Visa requirements
Visa policy
See also
Law of Uruguay
Civil Code
State companies
Uruguay portal
Other countries
vte
The 1997 Constitution of Uruguay refers to the 1967 Constitution with amendments.
Its actual name should be: the Constitution of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, with the amendments as approved in popular plebiscites of 26 November 1989, of 26 November 1994, of 8 December 1996, and of 31 October 2004. The most relevant of them was that of 1996, which came into force in the following year; due to its changes to the electoral system, it is usually considered a new Constitution, the country's seventh (following those of 1830, 1918, 1934, 1942, 1952 and 1967).
Overview
Until the 1994 general election, all the elective posts were voted on the same day, and there were multiple presidential candidacies in every party (the so-called Ley de Lemas). Starting in 1999, mid-year primary elections were held at the beginning of the electoral cycle, in order to elect single presidential candidates for every party. General elections for both the president and the General Assembly are held in October. If no presidential candidate scores at least 50% of all votes cast, a second round of voting is held in November. Finally, in May of the following year, there are municipal elections.
Referendum
Main article: 2014 Uruguayan constitutional referendum
On 26 October 2014, alongside the general election, Uruguay held a constitutional referendum on a proposed amendment to article 43 of the Constitution, lowering the age of criminal responsibility from 18 to 16. In the end, this proposal narrowly failed its approval.
See also
Constitution of Uruguay
1996 Uruguayan constitutional referendum
Primary election
Runoff election
References
^ "Constitución vigente" (in Spanish). Poder Legislativo de Uruguay. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
^ a b The Constitution of 1967 with amendments Archived 2015-03-29 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Text of the Constitution of 1997 (in Spanish)
This article relating to the law of Uruguay is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a constitutional law topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1967 Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Uruguay_of_1967"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"26 November 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_1989_Uruguayan_constitutional_referendum"},{"link_name":"26 November 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_1994_Uruguayan_referendum"},{"link_name":"8 December 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Uruguayan_constitutional_referendum"},{"link_name":"31 October 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Uruguayan_constitutional_referendum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reformas-2"},{"link_name":"1830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Uruguay_of_1830"},{"link_name":"1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Uruguay_of_1918"},{"link_name":"1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Uruguay_of_1934"},{"link_name":"1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Uruguay_of_1942"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Uruguay_of_1952"}],"text":"The 1997 Constitution of Uruguay refers to the 1967 Constitution with amendments.Its actual name should be: the Constitution of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, with the amendments as approved in popular plebiscites of 26 November 1989, of 26 November 1994, of 8 December 1996, and of 31 October 2004.[1] The most relevant of them was that of 1996, which came into force in the following year; due to its changes to the electoral system, it is usually considered a new Constitution,[2] the country's seventh (following those of 1830, 1918, 1934, 1942, 1952 and 1967).","title":"Constitution of Uruguay of 1997"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1994 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Uruguayan_general_election"},{"link_name":"Ley de Lemas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_Lemas"},{"link_name":"General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"second round of voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-round_system"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reformas-2"}],"text":"Until the 1994 general election, all the elective posts were voted on the same day, and there were multiple presidential candidacies in every party (the so-called Ley de Lemas). Starting in 1999, mid-year primary elections were held at the beginning of the electoral cycle, in order to elect single presidential candidates for every party. General elections for both the president and the General Assembly are held in October. If no presidential candidate scores at least 50% of all votes cast, a second round of voting is held in November. Finally, in May of the following year, there are municipal elections.[2]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"On 26 October 2014, alongside the general election, Uruguay held a constitutional referendum on a proposed amendment to article 43 of the Constitution, lowering the age of criminal responsibility from 18 to 16. In the end, this proposal narrowly failed its approval.","title":"Referendum"}] | [] | [{"title":"Constitution of Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Uruguay"},{"title":"1996 Uruguayan constitutional referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Uruguayan_constitutional_referendum"},{"title":"Primary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election"},{"title":"Runoff election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runoff_election"}] | [{"reference":"\"Constitución vigente\" (in Spanish). Poder Legislativo de Uruguay. Retrieved 19 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://parlamento.gub.uy/documentosyleyes/documentos/11/HTML?width=800&height=600&hl=en_US1&iframe=true&rel=0","url_text":"\"Constitución vigente\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://parlamento.gub.uy/documentosyleyes/documentos/11/HTML?width=800&height=600&hl=en_US1&iframe=true&rel=0","external_links_name":"\"Constitución vigente\""},{"Link":"https://www.parlamento.gub.uy/constituciones/const004.htm","external_links_name":"The Constitution of 1967 with amendments"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150329211901/http://www.parlamento.gub.uy/constituciones/const004.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131216185539/http://www.parlamento.gub.uy/Constituciones/Const997.htm","external_links_name":"Text of the Constitution of 1997"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Uruguay_of_1997&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Uruguay_of_1997&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Pearson_(producer) | Noel Pearson (producer) | ["1 Film credits","2 Stage productions on Broadway","3 External links"] | This biography of a living person includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Noel Pearson, a native of Dublin, is a film and theatrical producer.
Film credits
Pearson's film credits include My Left Foot, which received five Academy Award nominations (including Best Picture), and won Oscars for Best Actor (Daniel Day-Lewis) and Best Supporting Actress (Brenda Fricker). The film also won other awards in Europe including a Donatello and a BAFTA. He also produced The Field, Frankie Starlight, Gold in the Streets, and Dancing at Lughnasa. Another film, Lulu, based on the life of iconic actress Louise Brooks was planned but apparently never materialized.
Stage productions on Broadway
Pearson has produced numerous plays in Ireland, Britain, and the United States. His Broadway productions include Dancing at Lughnasa (a Tony Award winner, by Brian Friel),
Someone Who'll Watch Over Me (by Frank McGuinness) and An Inspector Calls (a Tony Award winner, by J.B. Priestley).
External links
Noel Pearson at IMDb
Bio
Sonypictures site
Shane Ross article in the Irish Independent - Sunday October 21 2007
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Spain
Israel
United States
Poland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"}],"text":"Noel Pearson, a native of Dublin, is a film and theatrical producer.","title":"Noel Pearson (producer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"My Left Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Left_Foot"},{"link_name":"Daniel Day-Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Day-Lewis"},{"link_name":"Brenda Fricker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Fricker"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA"},{"link_name":"The Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Field_(1990_film)"},{"link_name":"Frankie Starlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Starlight"},{"link_name":"Gold in the Streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gold_in_the_Streets&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dancing at Lughnasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_at_Lughnasa_(film)"},{"link_name":"Louise Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Brooks"}],"text":"Pearson's film credits include My Left Foot, which received five Academy Award nominations (including Best Picture), and won Oscars for Best Actor (Daniel Day-Lewis) and Best Supporting Actress (Brenda Fricker). The film also won other awards in Europe including a Donatello and a BAFTA. He also produced The Field, Frankie Starlight, Gold in the Streets, and Dancing at Lughnasa. Another film, Lulu, based on the life of iconic actress Louise Brooks was planned but apparently never materialized.","title":"Film credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Dancing at Lughnasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_at_Lughnasa"},{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"Brian Friel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Friel"},{"link_name":"Frank McGuinness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_McGuinness"},{"link_name":"An Inspector Calls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Inspector_Calls"},{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"J.B. Priestley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.B._Priestley"}],"text":"Pearson has produced numerous plays in Ireland, Britain, and the United States. His Broadway productions include Dancing at Lughnasa (a Tony Award winner, by Brian Friel),\nSomeone Who'll Watch Over Me (by Frank McGuinness) and An Inspector Calls (a Tony Award winner, by J.B. Priestley).","title":"Stage productions on Broadway"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0669348/","external_links_name":"Noel Pearson"},{"Link":"http://finelinefeatures.com/frankie/filmbios.htm","external_links_name":"Bio"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080513235824/http://www.sonypictures.com/classics/dancingatlughnasa/filmmakers/pearson.html","external_links_name":"Sonypictures site"},{"Link":"http://www.independent.ie/business/noel-pearson-1200470.html","external_links_name":"Shane Ross article in the Irish Independent - Sunday October 21 2007"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/493374/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000119372005","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/87070428","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj8XPVgVk38TGrpbmkbh3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/5000420","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1300451","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007332458605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2003041731","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810608484505606","external_links_name":"Poland"}] |
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