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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Robotics_Developer_Studio
Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio
["1 Components","2 Tools","3 Notable applications","4 Critique","5 Microsoft Robotics and the future","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Microsoft Robotics Developer StudioDeveloper(s)Microsoft in association with the communityInitial releaseDecember 18, 2006; 17 years ago (2006-12-18)Stable release4.0 / March 8, 2012; 12 years ago (2012-03-08) Operating system Tested on Windows 8 Consumer Preview but not supported until final release of Windows 8 Windows XP SP2, Vista, Windows 7, Windows Embedded 7, Server 2003 up to 2008 R3 CE 5.0, CE 6.0 up to Windows Server 2008 R2 TypeRobotics suiteLicenseVariousWebsitewww.microsoft.com/robotics/  Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio (Microsoft RDS, MRDS) is a discontinued Windows-based environment for robot control and simulation that was aimed at academic, hobbyist, and commercial developers and handled a wide variety of robot hardware. It requires a Microsoft Windows 7 operating system or later. RDS is based on Concurrency and Coordination Runtime (CCR): a .NET Framework-based concurrent library implementation for managing asynchronous parallel tasks. This technique involves using message-passing and a lightweight services-oriented runtime, Decentralized Software Services (DSS), which allows orchestrating multiple services to achieve complex behaviors. Features include: a visual programming tool, Microsoft Visual Programming Language (VPL) to create and debug robot applications, web-based and windows-based interfaces, 3D simulation (including hardware acceleration), easy access to a robot's sensors and actuators. The primary programming language is C#. Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio includes support for packages to add other services to the suite. Those currently available include Soccer Simulation and Sumo Competition by Microsoft, and a community-developed Maze Simulator, a program to create worlds with walls that can be explored by a virtual robot, and a set of services for OpenCV. Components Example of a Reference Platform Robot RDS has four main components: Concurrency and Coordination Runtime (CCR) Decentralized Software Services (DSS) Visual Programming Language (VPL) Visual Simulation Environment (VSE) CCR and DSS are also available separately for use in commercial applications that require a high level of concurrency and/or must be distributed across multiple nodes in a network. This package is called the CCR and DSS Toolkit. Tools Simulated robot and environment in MRDS The tools that allow developing an MRDS application contain a graphical environment (Microsoft Visual Programming Language (VPL)) command line tools allow working with Visual Studio projects (VS Express version is enough) in C#, and 3D simulation tools. Visual Programming Language is a graphical development environment that uses a service and activity catalog. They can interact graphically, a service or an activity is represented by a block that has inputs and outputs that need only be dragged from the catalog to a diagram. Linking can be done with the mouse, it allows defining if signals are simultaneous or not, allows performing operations on transmitted values. VPL also allows generating the code of new "macro" services from diagrams created by users. In VPL, it is possible to easily customize services for different hardware elements. RDS 3D simulation environment allows simulating the behavior of robots in a virtual world using NVIDIA PhysX technology (3D engine originally written by Ageia) that includes advanced physics. There are several simulation environments in RDS. These environments were developed by SimplySim Apartment Factory Modern House Outdoor Urban Many examples and tutorials are available for the different tools, which permits a fast understanding of MRDS. Several applications have been added to the suite, such as Maze Simulator, or Soccer Simulation which is developed by Microsoft. The Kinect sensor can be used on a robot in the RDS environment. RDS also includes a simulated Kinect sensor. The Kinect Services for RDS are licensed for both commercial and non-commercial use. They depend on the Kinect for Windows SDK. Notable applications Princeton University's DARPA Urban Grand Challenge autonomous car entry was programmed with MRDS. MySpace uses MRDS's parallel computing foundation libraries, CCR and DSS, for a non-robotic application in the back end of their site. Indiana University uses MRDS in a non-robotic application to coordinate a high-performance computing network. In 2008 Microsoft launched a simulated robotics competition named RoboChamps using MRDS, four challenges were available: maze, sumo, urban, and Mars rover. the simulated environment and robots used by the competition were created by SimplySim and the competition was sponsored by Kia Motors The 2009 robotics and algorithm section of the Imagine Cup software competition uses MRDS visual simulation environment. The challenges of this competition were also developed by SimplySim and are improved versions of the RoboChamps challenges. Critique The complication and overhead required to run MRDS prompted Princeton Autonomous Vehicle Engineering to convert their Prospect 12 system from MRDS to IPC++. The main RDS4 website was last updated on 2012-06-29. (In fact, the product no longer exists). Microsoft Robotics and the future Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio has not been updated or patched since version 4.0, which was released on March 8, 2012. On September 22, 2014, as part of Microsoft's restructuring plan, the Robotics division of Microsoft Research was suspended, according to a tweet from Ashley Feniello, a principal developer at Microsoft Robotics division of Microsoft Research (MSR). It is now highly unlikely that MRDS will ever be updated again, however forum members (MVPs) may still offer limited support. See also Player Project – used in research and post-secondary education (open source and free) Webots Project Chrono Concurrency and Coordination Runtime URBI Robotic mapping Robot software Mobile Robot Programming Toolkit Arduino Robot Operating System (ROS) References ^ "Technical Paper for the Darpa Challenge" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-03-31. Retrieved 2011-02-03. ^ a b Worthington, David (August 1, 2008). "Microsoft's shift to parallel computing". SDTimes on the Web. Archived from the original on 2009-07-15. Retrieved 2008-08-02. ^ "Princeton Autonomous Vehicle Engineering -Section Software". Pave.mycpanel.princeton.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-08. ^ Feniello, Ashley (20 September 2014). "Sadly, the Microsoft robotics team has been shut down. My card key stops working tomorrow afternoon... :-/". Twitter. Retrieved 2016-01-20. Further reading Morgan, Sarah (2008). Programming Microsoft Robotics Studio. Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-0-7356-2432-0. Johns, Kyle; Taylor, Trevor (2008). Professional Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-14107-6. Kang, Shih-Chung; Chang, Wei-Tze; Gu, Kai-Yuan; Chi, Hung-Lin (2011). Robot Development Using Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio. Chapman and Hall/CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-2165-7. External links This section's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Official website Microsoft MSDN robotics pages Microsoft Robotics Studio: An Introduction Microsoft Robotics Studio Runtime – An Introduction MRDS Codeplex Samples (MRDS 2008 R3) Additional Samples from Professional Robotics Developer Studio textbook (MRDS 2008 R3) Microsoft Robotics Studio Community – Turkey Microsoft robotics newsgroup from Google Groups Channel9 wiki page about Microsoft Robotics Studio www.Conscious-Robots.com pages for Microsoft Robotics Studio (MSRS) PhysX by Ageia Home Robubox's MSRS tutorials and simulator samples Official Website SimplySim: MRDS 3D simulation company Imagine Cup 2009: Robotics & Algorithm vteMicrosoft development toolsDevelopmentenvironmentsVisual Studio Code Express Team System Profiler Tools for Applications Tools for Office Others Blend Expression Web FxCop GW-BASIC MACRO-80 Macro Assembler MSBuild Pascal QuickBASIC QBasic QuickC Robotics Developer Studio Roslyn SharePoint Designer FrontPage Small Basic WebMatrix Windows App SDK Windows App Studio Windows SDK CLR Profiler ILAsm Native Image Generator WinDiff XAMLPad Languages Dynamics AX BASIC Visual Basic legacy VB.NET VBA VBScript Bosque Visual C++ C++/CX C++/CLI Managed C++ C++/WinRT C# C/AL Dafny Dexterity F# F* Visual FoxPro Java J++ J# JavaScript TypeScript JScript IronPython IronRuby Lean P Power Fx PowerShell Project Verona Q# Small Basic VPL XAML APIs andframeworksNative Windows API Silverlight XNA DirectX Managed DirectX UWP Xbox Development Kit Windows Installer WinUI .NET ASP.NET Core AJAX Dynamic Data MVC Razor Web Forms ADO.NET Entity Framework MAUI CardSpace Communication Foundation Identity Foundation LINQ Presentation Foundation Workflow Foundation Device drivers WDK WDF KMDF UMDF Windows HLK WDM DatabaseSQL Server Express Compact Management Studio Business Intelligence Development Studio MSDE SQL services Analysis Reporting Integration Notification Other Visual FoxPro Microsoft Access Access Database Engine Extensible Storage Engine Source control Visual SourceSafe Team Foundation Version Control Testing anddebugging CodeView OneFuzz Playwright Script Debugger WinDbg xUnit.net Delivery Active Setup ClickOnce npm NuGet vcpkg Web Platform Installer Windows Installer WiX Windows Package Manager Microsoft Store Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"robot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot"},{"link_name":"simulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation"},{"link_name":"Windows 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_7"},{"link_name":"Concurrency and Coordination Runtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_and_Coordination_Runtime"},{"link_name":".NET Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework"},{"link_name":"library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)"},{"link_name":"visual programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_programming"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Visual Programming Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Programming_Language"},{"link_name":"web-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"3D simulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"hardware acceleration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_acceleration"},{"link_name":"sensors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor"},{"link_name":"actuators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuator"},{"link_name":"C#","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"robot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot"},{"link_name":"OpenCV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCV"}],"text":"Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio (Microsoft RDS, MRDS) is a discontinued Windows-based environment for robot control and simulation that was aimed at academic, hobbyist, and commercial developers and handled a wide variety of robot hardware. It requires a Microsoft Windows 7 operating system or later.RDS is based on Concurrency and Coordination Runtime (CCR): a .NET Framework-based concurrent library implementation for managing asynchronous parallel tasks. This technique involves using message-passing and a lightweight services-oriented runtime, Decentralized Software Services (DSS), which allows orchestrating multiple services to achieve complex behaviors.Features include: a visual programming tool, Microsoft Visual Programming Language (VPL) to create and debug robot applications, web-based and windows-based interfaces, 3D simulation (including hardware acceleration), easy access to a robot's sensors and actuators. The primary programming language is C#.Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio includes support for packages to add other services to the suite. Those currently available include Soccer Simulation and Sumo Competition by Microsoft, and a community-developed Maze Simulator, a program to create worlds with walls that can be explored by a virtual robot, and a set of services for OpenCV.","title":"Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reference_Platform_Robot.jpg"}],"text":"Example of a Reference Platform RobotRDS has four main components:Concurrency and Coordination Runtime (CCR)\nDecentralized Software Services (DSS)\nVisual Programming Language (VPL)\nVisual Simulation Environment (VSE)CCR and DSS are also available separately for use in commercial applications that require a high level of concurrency and/or must be distributed across multiple nodes in a network. This package is called the CCR and DSS Toolkit.","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mars_rover_msrds_simulation.jpg"},{"link_name":"Visual Programming Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Programming_Language"},{"link_name":"SimplySim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SimplySim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Kinect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinect"}],"text":"Simulated robot and environment in MRDSThe tools that allow developing an MRDS application contain a graphical environment (Microsoft Visual Programming Language (VPL)) command line tools allow working with Visual Studio projects (VS Express version is enough) in C#, and 3D simulation tools.Visual Programming Language is a graphical development environment that uses a service and activity catalog.\nThey can interact graphically, a service or an activity is represented by a block that has inputs and outputs that need only be dragged from the catalog to a diagram.\nLinking can be done with the mouse, it allows defining if signals are simultaneous or not, allows performing operations on transmitted values.\nVPL also allows generating the code of new \"macro\" services from diagrams created by users.\nIn VPL, it is possible to easily customize services for different hardware elements.\nRDS 3D simulation environment allows simulating the behavior of robots in a virtual world using NVIDIA PhysX technology (3D engine originally written by Ageia) that includes advanced physics.There are several simulation environments in RDS. These environments were developed by SimplySim\nApartment\nFactory\nModern House\nOutdoor\nUrban\nMany examples and tutorials are available for the different tools, which permits a fast understanding of MRDS. Several applications have been added to the suite, such as Maze Simulator, or Soccer Simulation which is developed by Microsoft.\nThe Kinect sensor can be used on a robot in the RDS environment. RDS also includes a simulated Kinect sensor. The Kinect Services for RDS are licensed for both commercial and non-commercial use. They depend on the Kinect for Windows SDK.","title":"Tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"DARPA Urban Grand Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challenge"},{"link_name":"autonomous car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_car"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"MySpace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace"},{"link_name":"parallel computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sdtimes.com-2"},{"link_name":"Indiana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sdtimes.com-2"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics"},{"link_name":"RoboChamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RoboChamps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"SimplySim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SimplySim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia"},{"link_name":"robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics"},{"link_name":"algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm"},{"link_name":"Imagine Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Cup"},{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software"},{"link_name":"SimplySim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SimplySim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RoboChamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RoboChamps&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Princeton University's DARPA Urban Grand Challenge autonomous car entry was programmed with MRDS.[1]\nMySpace uses MRDS's parallel computing foundation libraries, CCR and DSS, for a non-robotic application in the back end of their site.[2]\nIndiana University uses MRDS in a non-robotic application to coordinate a high-performance computing network.[2]\nIn 2008 Microsoft launched a simulated robotics competition named RoboChamps using MRDS, four challenges were available: maze, sumo, urban, and Mars rover. the simulated environment and robots used by the competition were created by SimplySim and the competition was sponsored by Kia Motors\nThe 2009 robotics and algorithm section of the Imagine Cup software competition uses MRDS visual simulation environment. The challenges of this competition were also developed by SimplySim and are improved versions of the RoboChamps challenges.","title":"Notable applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Princeton Autonomous Vehicle Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princeton_Autonomous_Vehicle_Engineering&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prospect 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prospect_12&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"IPC++","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IPC%2B%2B&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The complication and overhead required to run MRDS prompted Princeton Autonomous Vehicle Engineering to convert their Prospect 12 system from MRDS to IPC++.[3]\nThe main RDS4 website was last updated on 2012-06-29. (In fact, the product no longer exists).","title":"Critique"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"restructuring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restructuring"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio has not been updated or patched since version 4.0, which was released on March 8, 2012. \nOn September 22, 2014, as part of Microsoft's restructuring plan, the Robotics division of Microsoft Research was suspended, according to a tweet from Ashley Feniello, a principal developer at Microsoft Robotics division of Microsoft Research (MSR). It is now highly unlikely that MRDS will ever be updated again, however forum members (MVPs) may still offer limited support.[4]","title":"Microsoft Robotics and the future"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microsoft Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7356-2432-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-2432-0"},{"link_name":"John Wiley & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-470-14107-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-14107-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4398-2165-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-2165-7"}],"text":"Morgan, Sarah (2008). Programming Microsoft Robotics Studio. Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-0-7356-2432-0.\nJohns, Kyle; Taylor, Trevor (2008). Professional Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-14107-6.\nKang, Shih-Chung; Chang, Wei-Tze; Gu, Kai-Yuan; Chi, Hung-Lin (2011). Robot Development Using Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio. Chapman and Hall/CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-2165-7.","title":"Further reading"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasabi
Wasabi
["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Uses","4 Surrogates","5 Chemistry","6 Nutritional information","7 Cultivation","8 Preparation","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"]
Species of edible plant For other uses, see Wasabi (disambiguation). Wasabi Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Brassicales Family: Brassicaceae Genus: Eutrema Species: E. japonicum Binomial name Eutrema japonicum(Miq.) Koidz. Synonyms Wasabia japonica (Miq.) Matsum. Alliaria wasabi (Maxim.) Prantl Cochlearia wasabi Siebold. Eutrema koreanum Eutrema okinosimense Taken. Eutrema wasabi Maxim Lunaria japonica (basionym) Miq. Wasabia hederifolia Wasabia okinosimensis (Taken.) Hatus. Wasabia pungens Matsum. Wasabia wasabi (Maxim.) Makino Wasabi (Japanese: ワサビ, わさび, or 山葵, pronounced ) or Japanese horseradish (Eutrema japonicum syn. Wasabia japonica) is a plant of the family Brassicaceae, which also includes horseradish and mustard in other genera. The plant is native to Japan and the Russian Far East including Sakhalin, as well as the Korean Peninsula.: 133  It grows naturally along stream beds in mountain river valleys in Japan. It is grown for its rhizomes which are ground into a paste as a pungent condiment for sushi and other foods. It is similar in taste to hot mustard or horseradish rather than chilli peppers in that it stimulates the nose more than the tongue, but freshly grated wasabi has a subtly distinct flavour.: 53  The two main cultivars in the marketplace are E. japonicum 'Daruma' and 'Mazuma', but there are many others. The oldest record of wasabi as a food dates to the 8th century AD. The popularity of wasabi in English-speaking countries has coincided with that of sushi, growing steadily starting in about 1980. Due to constraints that limit the Japanese wasabi plant's mass cultivation and thus increase its price and decrease availability outside Japan, the western horseradish plant is widely used in place of the Japanese wasabi. This version is commonly referred to as "western wasabi" (西洋わさび) in Japan. Taxonomy Siebold named Cochlearia (?) wasabi in 1830, noting its use pro condimento or "as a condiment";: 54  however, this is a nomen nudum, and the synonym Eutrema wasabi, published by Maximovich in 1873,: 283  is thus an illegitimate name.: 133  The wasabi plant was first described by Miquel in 1866, as Lunaria (?) japonica, from the type collected by Siebold in Japan, though the precise type locality was not recorded.: 74  In 1899 Matsumura erected the genus Wasabia, recognising within it the species Wasabia pungens and Wasabia hederaefolia; these are now regarded as synonyms of Eutrema japonicum.: 133  In 1912 Matsumura recognised the species Wasabia japonica, treating his earlier Wasabia pungens as a synonym. In 1930, Koidzumi transferred the wasabi plant to the genus Eutrema, the correct name and author citation being Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) Koidz. Description It has large leaves produced from long, thin stalks.: 54  They are simple and large, 3–6 inches (7.6–15.2 cm) long and 3–6 inches (7.6–15.2 cm) wide with palmate veins. Wasabi flowers appear in clusters from long stems that bloom from late winter to early spring. Uses Wasabi root and wasabi paste on a plate Wasabi is generally sold either as a rhizome or stem, which must be grated very fine before use, as a dried powder, or as a ready-to-use paste in tubes similar to toothpaste tubes. The part used for wasabi paste is variously characterised as a rhizome, a stem, or the "rhizome plus the base part of the stem". In some high-end restaurants the paste is prepared when the customer orders and is made using a grater to grate the stem; once the paste is prepared, it loses flavour in 15 minutes if left uncovered. In sushi preparation chefs usually put the wasabi between the fish and the rice because covering wasabi until served preserves its flavour. Fresh wasabi leaves can be eaten raw, having a spicy flavor, but a common side effect is diarrhea. Legumes (peanuts, soybeans, or peas) may be roasted or fried and then coated with wasabi powder mixed with sugar, salt, or oil and eaten as a crunchy snack. In Japan, it is called wasabi-mame (わさび豆, "wasabi bean"). Surrogates Wasabi crop growing at Azumino, Nagano, Japan Wasabi favors growing conditions that restrict its wide cultivation – among other things, it is quite intolerant of direct sunlight, requires an air temperature between 8 and 20 °C (46 and 68 °F), and prefers high humidity in summer. This makes fully satisfying commercial demand impossible for growers, which makes wasabi quite expensive. Therefore, outside Japan, finding real wasabi plants is rare. A common substitute is a mixture of horseradish, mustard, starch, and green food colouring or spinach powder. Often packages are labelled as wasabi while the ingredients do not include any part of the wasabi plant. The primary difference is colour, with wasabi being naturally green. Fresh horseradish root is described as having a similar (albeit simpler) flavor and texture to that of fresh wasabi. In Japan, horseradish is referred to as seiyō wasabi (西洋わさび, "western wasabi"). Outside of Japan, where fresh wasabi is hard to obtain, a powdered mixture of horseradish and mustard oil, known as kona wasabi, is used at a majority of sushi restaurants, including reputable ones. In the United States, true wasabi is generally found only at specialty grocers and high-end restaurants. Chemistry The chemical in wasabi that provides its initial pungency is the volatile compound allyl isothiocyanate, which is produced by hydrolysis of allyl glucosinolate, a natural thioglucoside (conjugates of the sugar glucose and sulfur-containing organic compounds); the hydrolysis reaction is catalyzed by myrosinase and occurs when the enzyme is released on cell rupture caused by maceration – e.g., grating – of the plant. The same compound is responsible for the pungency of horseradish and mustard. Allyl isothiocyanate can also be released when the wasabi plants have been damaged because it is being used as a defense mechanism. The sensory neural target of mustard oil is the chemosensory receptor, TRPA1, also known as the wasabi receptor. The unique flavour of wasabi is a result of complex chemical mixtures from the broken cells of the plant, including those resulting from the hydrolysis of thioglucosides, including sinigrin and other glucosinolates, into glucose and methylthioalkyl isothiocyanates: 6-(Methylsulfinyl)hexyl isothiocyanate (6-MITC) 7-Methylthioheptyl isothiocyanate 8-Methylthiooctyl isothiocyanate Such isothiocyanates inhibit microbial growth, perhaps with implications for preserving food against spoilage and suppressing oral bacterial growth. Because the burning sensations of wasabi are not oil-based, they are short-lived compared to the effects of capsaicin in chilli peppers and are washed away with more food or liquid. The sensation is felt primarily in the nasal passage and can be painful depending on the amount consumed. Inhaling or sniffing wasabi vapor has an effect like smelling salts, a property exploited by researchers attempting to create a smoke alarm for the deaf. One deaf subject participating in a test of the prototype awoke within 10 seconds of wasabi vapour sprayed into his sleeping chamber. The 2011 Ig Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to the researchers for determining the ideal density of airborne wasabi to wake people in the event of an emergency. Nutritional information Fresh wasabi stems Wasabi is normally consumed in such small quantities that its nutritional value is negligible. The major constituents of raw wasabi root are carbohydrates (23.5%), water (69.1%), fat (0.63%), and protein (4.8%). Cultivation A drawing of a wasabi plant, published in 1828 by Iwasaki Kanen Plastic bottle of prepared wasabi sauce in the U.S. Few places are suitable for large-scale wasabi cultivation, which is difficult even in ideal conditions. In Japan, wasabi is cultivated mainly in these regions: Izu Peninsula in Shizuoka Prefecture ("Traditional Wasabi Cultivation in Shizuoka, Japan" is a Globally and Japanese Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage System) Nagano Prefecture including the Daio Wasabi Farm in Azumino (a popular tourist attraction and the world's largest commercial wasabi farm) Iwate Prefecture Shimane Prefecture known as its Hikimi wasabi 2016 wasabi production in Japan (metric tonnes) Prefecture Cultivated in water Cultivated in soil Total Stem Leafstalk Stem Leafstalk Stem Leafstalk Total Nagano 226.9 611.4 2.7 14.7 229.6 626.1 855.7 Iwate 8.2 5.5 16.0 488.4 24.2 493.9 518.1 Shizuoka 237.9 129.2 - 138.1 237.9 267.3 505.2 Kochi 0.1 0.1 26.7 45.8 26.8 45.9 72.7 Shimane 3.5 1.7 1.8 42.5 5.3 44.2 49.5 Oita 0.1 0.6 38.8 9.5 38.9 10.1 49.0 Others 32.9 59.7 46.4 76.3 79.3 136.0 215.3 Total 509.6 808.2 132.4 815.3 642.0 1,623.5 2,265.5 2009 wasabi production in Japan (metric tonnes) Prefecture Cultivated in water Cultivated in soil Total Stem Leafstalk Stem Leafstalk Stem Leafstalk Total Shizuoka 295.1 638.2 4.5 232.3 299.6 870.5 1,170.1 Nagano 316.8 739.2 7.2 16.8 324.0 756.0 1,080.0 Iwate 8.8 1.5 2.4 620.5 11.2 622.0 633.2 Shimane 2.4 10.1 9.0 113.0 11.4 123.1 134.5 Oita 0.5 8.9 – 94.0 0.5 102.9 103.4 Yamaguchi 2.5 2.2 22.5 54.2 25.0 56.4 81.4 Others 65.8 48.1 61.7 108.0 127.5 156.1 283.6 Total 691.9 1,448.2 107.3 1,238.8 799.2 2,687.0 3,486.2 Numerous artificial cultivation facilities also exist as far north as Hokkaido and as far south as Kyushu. As the demand for real wasabi is higher than that which can be produced within Japan, Japan imports copious amounts of wasabi from the United States, Canada, Taiwan, South Korea, Israel, Thailand and New Zealand. In North America, wasabi is cultivated by a handful of small farmers and companies in the rain forests on the coast of Western Canada, the Oregon Coast, and in areas of the Blue Ridge Mountains in North Carolina and Tennessee. In Europe, wasabi is grown commercially in Iceland, the Netherlands, Hungary, and the UK. Modern cultivars of wasabi mostly derive from three traditional cultivars, 'Fujidaruma', 'Shimane No. 3' and 'Mazuma'. Sequencing of the chloroplastic genome, which is inherited maternally in wasabi, supports this conclusion. Preparation Wasabi on a metal oroshigane grater Wasabi is often grated with a metal oroshigane, but some prefer to use a more traditional tool made of dried sharkskin (fine skin on one side; coarse skin on the other). A hand-made grater with irregular shark teeth can also be used. If a shark-skin grater is unavailable, a ceramic cheese grater can be an acceptable substitute. See also Food portal Satoyama References ^ a b c Iwashina Tsukasa (2016). "Eutrema Japonicum". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 33 (3). Wiley: 217–225. doi:10.1111/curt.12151. JSTOR 48505819. ^ a b Miquel, F.A.G. (1866). "Prolusio Florae Japonicae". Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi. 2: 69–212. ^ a b "Eutrema japonicum Koidz. Fl. Symb. Orient.-Asiat. : 22 (1930)". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022. ^ "Wasabia japonica". Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database, University of Melbourne. Retrieved 9 August 2016. ^ a b c Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A.; Warwick, Suzanne I. (2005). "A Synopsis of Eutrema (Brassicaceae)". Harvard Papers in Botany. 10 (2). Harvard University Herbaria: 129–135. doi:10.3100/1043-4534(2005)102.0.CO;2. JSTOR 41761810. S2CID 85833186. ^ a b c Morgan, Lynette (2005). "Hydroponic Production of Wasabi & Japanese Vegetables". In Weller, Thomas; Peckenpaugh, Douglas (eds.). The Best Of Growing Edge International, 2000–2005. New Moon Publishing. ISBN 978-0-944557-05-1. Retrieved 9 August 2016. ^ わさびの歴史 (in Japanese). Kinjirushi. 2001. Archived from the original on 18 April 2001. Retrieved 9 August 2016. ^ Frequency of "wasabi" and "sushi" in English-language sources from 1950 to 2008 wasabi vs. sushi in Google Books Ngram Viewer; wasabi tracks sushi, not other Japanese foods ^ Siebold (1830). "Synopsis Plantarum Oeconomicarum Universi Regni Japonici". Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. 12: 1–74. ISSN 0215-1375. ^ Maximowicz, C.J. (1873). "Diagnoses plantarum novarum Japoniae et Mandshuriae" . Bulletin de l'Académie impériale des sciences de St-Pétersbourg. 3. 18. cols. 275–296. ^ Matsumura, J. (1899). "Notulae ad plantas asiaticas orientales". Bot. Mag. 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Ravindran, The Encyclopedia of Herbs and Spices, 2017, ISBN 978-1-78064-315-1, p. 1048 ^ Sultana, Tamanna; Savage, Geoffrey P; McNeil, David L; Porter, Noel G; Martin, Richard J; Deo, Bas (October 2002). "Effects of fertilisation on the allyl isothiocyanate profile of above-ground tissues of New Zealand-grown wasabi". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 82 (13): 1477–1482. Bibcode:2002JSFA...82.1477S. doi:10.1002/jsfa.1218. ^ Cordwell, Simon (6 April 2010). "One chefs return home and adventures rediscovering the culinary delights of Tasmania". Tassie Chef. Retrieved 9 August 2016. ^ "Preparing, Using and Storing Fresh Wasabi". Shima Wasabi. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2016. ^ Lim, Tong Kwee (2014). "Eutrema japonicum: Edible Plant Parts and Uses". Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 9, Modified Stems, Roots, Bulbs. Springer. p. 790. ISBN 978-94-017-9511-1. ^ a b Arnaud, Celia Henry (22 March 2010). "What's wasabi, and is your fiery buzz legit?". Chemical & Engineering News. Vol. 88, no. 12. American Chemical Society. p. 48. ISSN 0009-2347. Retrieved 9 August 2016. ^ "What is wasabi and how should you use it?". lovefood.com. Retrieved 6 June 2024. ^ "Wasabi is quite picky about its growing conditions". Real Wasabi. Cullowhee, NC: Real Wasabi, LLC. Retrieved 25 October 2016. ^ Palmer, J. (1990). "Germination and growth of wasabi (Wasabia japonica (Miq.) Matsumara)". New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science/Experimental Agriculture. 18 (2–3): 161–164. Bibcode:1990NZJCH..18..161P. doi:10.1080/01140671.1990.10428089. Retrieved 25 October 2016. ^ Gittleson, Kim (18 September 2014). "Wasabi: Why invest in 'the hardest plant to grow'?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 19 September 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2016. ^ Ferdman, Roberto A. (15 October 2014). "The wasabi sushi restaurants serve is pretty much never actual wasabi". The Washington Post. Retrieved 17 January 2018. ^ Gazzaniga, Donald A.; Gazzaniga, Maureen A. (2007). "Glossary". The No-Salt, Lowest-Sodium International Cookbook. Macmillan. p. 301. ISBN 978-1-4668-1915-3. Retrieved 9 August 2016. ^ "What's a Good Wasabi Substitute?". 14 June 2018. ^ "Sushi Items – Wasabi". The Sushi FAQ. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2016. ^ Mouritsen, Ole G. (2009). Sushi: Food for the Eye, the Body, and the Soul. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 107–109. ISBN 978-1-4419-0617-5. ^ Skidmore, Sarah (1 March 2007). "Condiments – Wasabi: real vs. fake". Effingham Daily News. Effingham, IL. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. ^ a b Kazuo Ina; Hiroji Ina; Mikako Ueda; Akihito Yagi; Isao Kishima (1989). "ω-Methylthioalkyl Isothiocyanates in Wasabi". Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 53 (2): 537–538. doi:10.1271/bbb1961.53.537. ^ a b Hideki Masuda; Yasuhiro Harada; Kunio Tanaka; Masahiro Nakajima; Hideki Tabeta (1996). "Characteristic Odorants of Wasabi (Wasabia japonica matum), Japanese Horseradish, in Comparison with Those of Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana)". Biotechnology for Improved Foods and Flavors. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 637. American Chemical Society. pp. 67–78. doi:10.1021/bk-1996-0637.ch006. ISBN 9780841234215. ^ "Condiments – Wasabi: real vs. fake". Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2016. ^ Atsumi, A; Saito, T (2015). "Volatiles from wasabi inhibit entomopathogenic fungi: implications for tritrophic interactions and biological control". Journal of Plant Interactions. 10 (1): 152–157. Bibcode:2015JPlaI..10..152A. doi:10.1080/17429145.2015.1039613. hdl:10297/9349. ISSN 1742-9145. ^ Zhao, Jianhua; Lin King, John V.; Paulsen, Candice E.; Cheng, Yifan; Julius, David (8 July 2020). "Irritant-evoked activation and calcium modulation of the TRPA1 receptor". Nature. 585 (7823): 141–145. Bibcode:2020Natur.585..141Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2480-9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 7483980. PMID 32641835. S2CID 220407248. ^ Yu, E. Y.; Pickering, I. J.; George, G. N.; Prince, R. C. (15 August 2001). "In situ observation of the generation of isothiocyanates from sinigrin in horseradish and wasabi". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 1527 (3): 156–160. doi:10.1016/s0304-4165(01)00161-1. PMID 11479032. ^ Zeuthen, P.; Bøgh-Sørensen, Leif (2003). Food preservation techniques. Woodhead Publishing Limited. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-85573-530-9. Retrieved 9 August 2016. ^ Levenstein, Steve. "Wasabi Silent Fire Alarm Alerts the Deaf with the Power of Scent". InvestorSpot. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016. ^ "Winners of the Ig® Nobel Prize: 2011". Improbable Research. August 2006. Retrieved 22 March 2019. ^ "Basic Report: 11990, Wasabi, root, raw". National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Legacy Release. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. April 2018. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2018. ^ "Traditional Wasabi Cultivation in Shizuoka, Japan". Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 13 June 2022. ^ 静岡県 わさび栽培地域 (in Japanese). Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Retrieved 13 June 2022. ^ "特用林産物生産統計調査-平成28年特用林産基礎資料 – 2016年 – 3.平成28年主要品目別生産動向 – (16)わさび(生産量)" . e-Stat (Statistics of Japan). 13 September 2017. Excel file u008-28-032.xls ^ "(title in Japanese)" (xls) (in Japanese). Portal Site of Official Statistics of Japan. Retrieved 10 August 2016. ^ Gedye, Lynsey; Mellaerts, Michel Van (10 August 2014). "A Wasabi Growers Story – updated". World of Wasabi. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2017. ^ Kim Gittleson (18 September 2014). "Wasabi: Why invest in 'the hardest plant to grow'?". BBC News. Retrieved 9 August 2016. ^ "Can I Grow Wasabi in Western North Carolina?". NC State Extension. 15 March 2010. ^ "Sustainably". Nordic Wasabi. Jurt Hydroponics. Retrieved 22 March 2019. ^ Leendertz, Lia (21 May 2015). "The UK farm secretly growing wasabi, the world's most costly veg". The Daily Telegraph. London. ^ Spijkerman, Catrien (6 July 2019). "Sander stopte als IT-consultant om wasabi te gaan verbouwen in Eigen kas". trouw.nl. Trouw. ^ Haga, Natsuko; Kobayashi, Masaaki; Michiki, Nana; Takano, Tomoyuki; Baba, Fujio; Kobayashi, Keiko; Ohyanagi, Hajime; Ohgane, Jun; Yano, Kentaro; Yamane, Kyoko (7 October 2019). "Complete chloroplast genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of wasabi (Eutrema japonicum) and its relatives". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 14377. Bibcode:2019NatSR...914377H. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49667-z. PMC 6779752. PMID 31591417. ^ Andoh, Elizabeth; Beisch, Leigh (2005). Washoku: Recipes From The Japanese Home Kitchen. Ten Speed Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-58008-519-9. Retrieved 9 August 2016. Further reading Il Shik Shin; Hideki Masuda; Kinae Naohide (August 2004). "Bactericidal activity of wasabi (Wasabia japonica) against Helicobacter pylori". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 94 (3): 255–61. doi:10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00297-6. PMID 15246236. Miles, Carol; Chadwick, Catherine (1 May 2008). Growing Wasabi in the Pacific Northwest. Washington State University Extension. PNW605. A. Depree, J.; M. Howard, T.; P. Savage, G. (June 1998). "Flavour and pharmaceutical properties of the volatile sulphur compounds of Wasabi (Wasabia japonica)". Food Research International. 31 (5): 329–337. doi:10.1016/S0963-9969(98)00105-7. External links Wikispecies has information related to Wasabia japonica. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eutrema japonicum. Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on Wasabi Douglas, James A. (1993). "New Crop Development in New Zealand". In Janick, Jules; Simon, James E. (eds.). New crops. Second National Symposium, New Crops: Exploration, Research, and Commercialization. Purdue University, Center for New Crops & Plant Products. Wasabi. ISBN 0-471-59374-5. OCLC 468737540. "Wasabi (Wasabia japonica (Miq.) Matsum.)". Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages. 11 February 2007. "Wasabi: Japanese flavor—Part 1: Seeking 'Japan's No.1'". The Asahi Shimbun. 29 December 2016. "Wasabi: Japanese flavor—Part 2: Exceed Real Ones". The Asahi Shimbun. 9 August 2017. "How to grow wasabi: step-by-step guide". 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Agrodolce Aioli Barbecue sauce Bigarade sauce Brown sauce Buffalo sauce Cheese sauce Alfredo sauce Caruso sauce Cheddar sauce Cheez Whiz Fondue Mornay sauce Nacho cheese Chili sauce Chimichurri Cocktail sauce Colo-colo Crema Caruru Dabu-dabu Fish sauce Fritessaus Fry sauce Garum Gastrique Gravy Hot sauce Latik Kaymak Khrenovina Lechon sauce Marie Rose sauce Mayonnaise Kewpie Kielecki Miracle Whip Mignonette sauce Mild sauce Monkey gland sauce Mumbo sauce Oyster sauce Peanut sauce Pearà Pesto Pistou Remoulade Salsa roja Salsa golf Salsa verde Satsivi Steak sauce Tartar sauce Tatbila Teriyaki sauce Tiparos Tkemali Tomato sauce Vincotto XO sauce Zingara sauce Dips Ajika Baba ghanoush Chile con queso Duck sauce Duqqa Garlic chive flower sauce Guacamole Hogao Honey dill Hummus Muhammara Nam chim Nam phrik Nước chấm Skyronnes Sweet chili sauce Toum Tzatziki Zhug Pickles and preserves Amba Atchara Cheong Chutney Green mango chutney Curtido Encurtido Fruit preserves Gari Horseradish Ljutenica 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dressing Louis dressing Mayfair salad dressing Ranch dressing Russian dressing Salad cream Tahini Thousand Island Vinaigrette Wafu dressing Ketchups Banana ketchup Curry ketchup Fruit ketchup Mushroom ketchup Mustards Dijon mustard Honey mustard Karashi Kasundi Mostarda Spicy brown mustard Creole mustard Sweet mustard Tecuci mustard Tewkesbury mustard Turun sinappi Yellow mustard Vinegars Apple cider vinegar Balsamic vinegar Balsamic vinegar of Modena Black vinegar Kaong palm vinegar Malt vinegar Nipa palm vinegar List articles Accompaniments to french fries Brand name condiments Chutneys Fish pastes Fish sauces Indian condiments Indonesian condiments Japanese condiments Mayonnaises Mustard brands Hot sauces Pakistani condiments Philippine condiments Pickled foods Accoutrements Cruet-stand Sachet Salt and pepper shakers Squeeze bottle vteTRP channel modulatorsTRPAActivators 4-Hydroxynonenal 4-Oxo-2-nonenal 4,5-EET 12S-HpETE 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 α-Sanshool (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers) Acrolein Allicin (garlic) Allyl isothiocyanate (mustard, radish, horseradish, wasabi) AM404 ASP-7663 Bradykinin Cannabichromene (cannabis) Cannabidiol (cannabis) Cannabigerol (cannabis) Cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon) CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO) CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile) Cuminaldehyde (cumin) Curcumin (turmeric) Dehydroligustilide (celery) Diallyl disulfide Dicentrine (Lindera spp.) Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid Formalin Gingerols (ginger) Hepoxilin A3 Hepoxilin B3 Hydrogen peroxide Icilin Isothiocyanate JT-010 Ligustilide (celery, Angelica acutiloba) Linalool (Sichuan pepper, thyme) Methylglyoxal Methyl salicylate (wintergreen) N-Methylmaleimide Nicotine (tobacco) Oleocanthal (olive oil) Paclitaxel (Pacific yew) Paracetamol (acetaminophen) PF-4840154 Phenacyl chloride Polygodial (Dorrigo pepper) Shogaols (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers) Tear gases Tetrahydrocannabinol (cannabis) Tetrahydrocannabiorcol Thiopropanal S-oxide (onion) Umbellulone (Umbellularia californica) WIN 55,212-2 Blockers A-967079 AM-0902 Dehydroligustilide (celery) HC-030031 Nicotine (tobacco) PF-04745637 Ruthenium red TRPCActivators Adhyperforin (St John's wort) Diacyl glycerol GSK1702934A Hyperforin (St John's wort) Substance P Blockers DCDPC DHEA-S Flufenamic acid GSK417651A GSK2293017A Meclofenamic acid N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid Niflumic acid Pregnenolone sulfate Progesterone Pyr3 Tolfenamic acid TRPMActivators ADP-ribose BCTC Calcium (intracellular) CIM-0216 Cold Coolact P Cooling Agent 10 Eucalyptol (eucalyptus) Frescolat MGA Frescolat ML Geraniol Hydroxycitronellal Icilin Linalool Menthol (mint) PMD 38 Pregnenolone sulfate Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens) Steviol glycosides (e.g., stevioside) (Stevia rebaudiana) Sweet tastants (e.g., glucose, fructose, sucrose; indirectly) Thio-BCTC WS-12 Blockers AMG-333 Capsazepine Clotrimazole DCDPC Elismetrep Flufenamic acid Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid Nicotine (tobacco) Niflumic acid Ononetin PF-05105679 RQ-00203078 Ruthenium red Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens) Tolfenamic acid TPPO TRPM4-IN-5 TRPMLActivators EVP21 MK6-83 ML-SA1 ML2-SA1 PI(3,5)P2 SF-22 SN-2 Blockers ML-SI3 PI(4,5)P2 TRPPActivators Triptolide (Tripterygium wilfordii) Blockers Ruthenium red TRPVActivators 2-APB 5',6'-EET 9-HODE 9-oxoODE 12S-HETE 12S-HpETE 13-HODE 13-oxoODE 20-HETE α-Sanshool (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers) Allicin (garlic) AM404 Anandamide Bisandrographolide (Andrographis paniculata) Camphor (camphor laurel, rosemary, camphorweed, African blue basil, camphor basil) Cannabidiol (cannabis) Cannabidivarin (cannabis) Capsaicin (chili pepper) Carvacrol (oregano, thyme, pepperwort, wild bergamot, others) DHEA Diacyl glycerol Dihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper) Estradiol Eugenol (basil, clove) Evodiamine (Euodia ruticarpa) Gingerols (ginger) GSK1016790A Heat Hepoxilin A3 Hepoxilin B3 Homocapsaicin (chili pepper) Homodihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper) Incensole (incense) Lysophosphatidic acid Low pH (acidic conditions) Menthol (mint) N-Arachidonoyl dopamine N-Oleoyldopamine N-Oleoylethanolamide Nonivamide (PAVA) (PAVA spray) Nordihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper) Paclitaxel (Pacific yew) Paracetamol (acetaminophen) Phenylacetylrinvanil Phorbol esters (e.g., 4α-PDD) Piperine (black pepper, long pepper) Polygodial (Dorrigo pepper) Probenecid Protons RhTx Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens) Resiniferatoxin (RTX) (Euphorbia resinifera/pooissonii) Shogaols (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers) Tetrahydrocannabivarin (cannabis) Thymol (thyme, oregano) Tinyatoxin (Euphorbia resinifera/pooissonii) Tramadol Vanillin (vanilla) Zucapsaicin Blockers α-Spinasterol (Vernonia tweediana) AMG-517 AMG-9810 Asivatrep BCTC Cannabigerol (cannabis) Cannabigerolic acid (cannabis) Cannabigerovarin (cannabis) Cannabinol (cannabis) Capsazepine DCDPC DHEA DHEA-S Flufenamic acid GRC-6211 HC-067047 Lanthanum Mavatrep Meclofenamic acid N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid NGD-8243 Niflumic acid Pregnenolone sulfate RN-1734 RN-9893 Ruthenium red SB-366791 SB-705498 Tivanisiran Tolfenamic acid TRPV3-74a See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Ion channel modulators Taxon identifiersEutrema japonicum Wikidata: Q49855 Wikispecies: Eutrema japonicum BioLib: 132926 BOLD: 624988 CoL: 6HJ7Q EoL: 483598 EPPO: ETMWA GBIF: 5375216 GRIN: 404759 iNaturalist: 123047 IPNI: 284345-1 ITIS: 823046 NCBI: 75806 Observation.org: 129708 Open Tree of Life: 185264 Plant List: kew-2805492 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:284345-1 Tropicos: 4103852 uBio: 5836086 WFO: wfo-0000683668 Lunaria japonica Wikidata: Q20366256 CoL: 72PYC GBIF: 5375218 GRIN: 318172 IPNI: 286660-1 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:286660-1 Tropicos: 4104038 WFO: wfo-0000362411 Authority control databases: National Japan
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wasabi (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasabi_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"[waꜜsabi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Brassicaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassicaceae"},{"link_name":"horseradish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseradish"},{"link_name":"mustard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_plant"},{"link_name":"genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_species"},{"link_name":"Russian Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Far_East"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Curtis-1"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin"},{"link_name":"Korean Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eutrema-5"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"rhizomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome"},{"link_name":"sushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushi"},{"link_name":"hot mustard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_(condiment)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-growing_edge-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-growing_edge-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"sushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"horseradish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseradish#Relation_to_wasabi"}],"text":"For other uses, see Wasabi (disambiguation).Wasabi (Japanese: ワサビ, わさび, or 山葵, pronounced [waꜜsabi]) or Japanese horseradish (Eutrema japonicum[3] syn. Wasabia japonica)[4] is a plant of the family Brassicaceae, which also includes horseradish and mustard in other genera. The plant is native to Japan and the Russian Far East[1] including Sakhalin, as well as the Korean Peninsula.[5]: 133  It grows naturally along stream beds in mountain river valleys in Japan.It is grown for its rhizomes which are ground into a paste as a pungent condiment for sushi and other foods. It is similar in taste to hot mustard or horseradish rather than chilli peppers in that it stimulates the nose more than the tongue, but freshly grated wasabi has a subtly distinct flavour.[6]: 53  The two main cultivars in the marketplace are E. japonicum 'Daruma' and 'Mazuma', but there are many others.[6]The oldest record of wasabi as a food dates to the 8th century AD.[7] The popularity of wasabi in English-speaking countries has coincided with that of sushi, growing steadily starting in about 1980.[8] Due to constraints that limit the Japanese wasabi plant's mass cultivation and thus increase its price and decrease availability outside Japan, the western horseradish plant is widely used in place of the Japanese wasabi. This version is commonly referred to as \"western wasabi\" (西洋わさび) in Japan.","title":"Wasabi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Siebold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Franz_von_Siebold"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siebold-9"},{"link_name":"nomen nudum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_nudum"},{"link_name":"synonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"Maximovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Maximovich"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"illegitimate name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_illegitimum"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eutrema-5"},{"link_name":"described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"Miquel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Anton_Wilhelm_Miquel"},{"link_name":"type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(biology)"},{"link_name":"type locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_locality_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miquel-2"},{"link_name":"Matsumura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinz%C5%8D_Matsumura"},{"link_name":"Wasabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasabia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matsumura-11"},{"link_name":"synonyms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eutrema-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Koidzumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen-ichi_Koidzumi"},{"link_name":"Eutrema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrema"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koidzumi-13"},{"link_name":"correct name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correct_name"},{"link_name":"author citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Miq.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Anton_Wilhelm_Miquel"},{"link_name":"Koidz.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen-ichi_Koidzumi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Curtis-1"}],"text":"Siebold named Cochlearia (?) wasabi in 1830, noting its use pro condimento or \"as a condiment\";[9]: 54  however, this is a nomen nudum, and the synonym Eutrema wasabi, published by Maximovich in 1873,[10]: 283  is thus an illegitimate name.[5]: 133  The wasabi plant was first described by Miquel in 1866, as Lunaria (?) japonica, from the type collected by Siebold in Japan, though the precise type locality was not recorded.[2]: 74In 1899 Matsumura erected the genus Wasabia, recognising within it the species Wasabia pungens and Wasabia hederaefolia;[11] these are now regarded as synonyms of Eutrema japonicum.[5]: 133  In 1912 Matsumura recognised the species Wasabia japonica, treating his earlier Wasabia pungens as a synonym.[12] In 1930, Koidzumi transferred the wasabi plant to the genus Eutrema,[13] the correct name and author citation being Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) Koidz.[1]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-growing_edge-6"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlantToolbox-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlantToolbox-14"},{"link_name":"additional citation(s) needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"It has large leaves produced from long, thin stalks.[6]: 54  They are simple and large, 3–6 inches (7.6–15.2 cm) long and 3–6 inches (7.6–15.2 cm) wide with palmate veins.[14]Wasabi flowers appear in clusters from long stems that bloom from late winter to early spring.[14][additional citation(s) needed]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wasabi_002.jpg"},{"link_name":"rhizome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"toothpaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothpaste"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"rhizome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_stem"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wasabicen-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"diarrhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PlantToolbox-14"},{"link_name":"Legumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume"}],"text":"Wasabi root and wasabi paste on a plateWasabi is generally sold either as a rhizome[15] or stem, which must be grated very fine before use, as a dried powder, or as a ready-to-use paste in tubes similar to toothpaste tubes.[16]The part used for wasabi paste is variously characterised as a rhizome,[17][18] a stem,[19][20] or the \"rhizome plus the base part of the stem\".[21]In some high-end restaurants the paste is prepared when the customer orders and is made using a grater to grate the stem; once the paste is prepared, it loses flavour in 15 minutes if left uncovered.[22] In sushi preparation chefs usually put the wasabi between the fish and the rice because covering wasabi until served preserves its flavour.Fresh wasabi leaves can be eaten raw, having a spicy flavor,[23] but a common side effect is diarrhea.[14]Legumes (peanuts, soybeans, or peas) may be roasted or fried and then coated with wasabi powder mixed with sugar, salt, or oil and eaten as a crunchy snack. In Japan, it is called wasabi-mame (わさび豆, \"wasabi bean\").","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%B1%B1%E8%91%B5%E7%94%B0_Wasabi_Fields_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Azumino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azumino,_Nagano"},{"link_name":"Nagano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"starch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mouritsen-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Wasabi crop growing at Azumino, Nagano, JapanWasabi favors growing conditions that restrict its wide cultivation – among other things, it is quite intolerant of direct sunlight, requires an air temperature between 8 and 20 °C (46 and 68 °F), and prefers high humidity in summer. This makes fully satisfying commercial demand impossible for growers, which makes wasabi quite expensive.[24][25][26] Therefore, outside Japan, finding real wasabi plants is rare.A common substitute is a mixture of horseradish, mustard, starch, and green food colouring or spinach powder.[27] Often packages are labelled as wasabi while the ingredients do not include any part of the wasabi plant. The primary difference is colour, with wasabi being naturally green.[28] Fresh horseradish root is described as having a similar (albeit simpler) flavor and texture to that of fresh wasabi.[29]In Japan, horseradish is referred to as seiyō wasabi (西洋わさび, \"western wasabi\").[30] Outside of Japan, where fresh wasabi is hard to obtain, a powdered mixture of horseradish and mustard oil, known as kona wasabi, is used at a majority of sushi restaurants, including reputable ones.[31] In the United States, true wasabi is generally found only at specialty grocers and high-end restaurants.[32]","title":"Surrogates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"allyl isothiocyanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allyl_isothiocyanate"},{"link_name":"hydrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis"},{"link_name":"myrosinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrosinase"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ina-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masuda-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"TRPA1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPA1"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"sinigrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinigrin"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"isothiocyanates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isothiocyanate"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wasabicen-22"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ina-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masuda-34"},{"link_name":"6-MITC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-MITC"},{"link_name":"inhibit microbial growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial"},{"link_name":"bacterial growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_growth"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"capsaicin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsaicin"},{"link_name":"chilli peppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilli_pepper"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"2011 Ig Nobel Prize in Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ig_Nobel_Prize_winners#2011"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"The chemical in wasabi that provides its initial pungency is the volatile compound allyl isothiocyanate, which is produced by hydrolysis of allyl glucosinolate, a natural thioglucoside (conjugates of the sugar glucose and sulfur-containing organic compounds); the hydrolysis reaction is catalyzed by myrosinase and occurs when the enzyme is released on cell rupture caused by maceration – e.g., grating – of the plant.[33][34][35] The same compound is responsible for the pungency of horseradish and mustard. Allyl isothiocyanate can also be released when the wasabi plants have been damaged because it is being used as a defense mechanism.[36] The sensory neural target of mustard oil is the chemosensory receptor, TRPA1, also known as the wasabi receptor.[37]The unique flavour of wasabi is a result of complex chemical mixtures from the broken cells of the plant, including those resulting from the hydrolysis of thioglucosides, including sinigrin[38] and other glucosinolates, into glucose and methylthioalkyl isothiocyanates:[22][33][34]6-(Methylsulfinyl)hexyl isothiocyanate (6-MITC)\n7-Methylthioheptyl isothiocyanate\n8-Methylthiooctyl isothiocyanateSuch isothiocyanates inhibit microbial growth, perhaps with implications for preserving food against spoilage and suppressing oral bacterial growth.[39]Because the burning sensations of wasabi are not oil-based, they are short-lived compared to the effects of capsaicin in chilli peppers and are washed away with more food or liquid. The sensation is felt primarily in the nasal passage and can be painful depending on the amount consumed. Inhaling or sniffing wasabi vapor has an effect like smelling salts, a property exploited by researchers attempting to create a smoke alarm for the deaf. One deaf subject participating in a test of the prototype awoke within 10 seconds of wasabi vapour sprayed into his sleeping chamber.[40] The 2011 Ig Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to the researchers for determining the ideal density of airborne wasabi to wake people in the event of an emergency.[41]","title":"Chemistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fresh_wasabi_rhizomes.jpg"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Fresh wasabi stemsWasabi is normally consumed in such small quantities that its nutritional value is negligible. The major constituents of raw wasabi root are carbohydrates (23.5%), water (69.1%), fat (0.63%), and protein (4.8%).[42]","title":"Nutritional information"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wasabi,_Iwasaki_Kanen_1828.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iwasaki Kanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwasaki_Kanen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wasabi_sauce.jpg"},{"link_name":"Izu Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izu_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Shizuoka Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Globally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globally_Important_Agricultural_Heritage_Systems"},{"link_name":"Japanese Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Important_Agricultural_Heritage_Systems_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Nagano Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Daio Wasabi Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daio_Wasabi_Farm"},{"link_name":"Azumino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azumino,_Nagano"},{"link_name":"Iwate Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwate_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Shimane Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimane_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Hikimi wasabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikimi_wasabi"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Hokkaido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido"},{"link_name":"Kyushu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Western Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Canada"},{"link_name":"Oregon Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Coast"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"text":"A drawing of a wasabi plant, published in 1828 by Iwasaki KanenPlastic bottle of prepared wasabi sauce in the U.S.Few places are suitable for large-scale wasabi cultivation, which is difficult even in ideal conditions. In Japan, wasabi is cultivated mainly in these regions:Izu Peninsula in Shizuoka Prefecture (\"Traditional Wasabi Cultivation in Shizuoka, Japan\" is a Globally and Japanese Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage System[43][44])\nNagano Prefecture including the Daio Wasabi Farm in Azumino (a popular tourist attraction and the world's largest commercial wasabi farm)\nIwate Prefecture\nShimane Prefecture known as its Hikimi wasabiNumerous artificial cultivation[clarification needed] facilities also exist as far north as Hokkaido and as far south as Kyushu. As the demand for real wasabi is higher than that which can be produced within Japan, Japan imports copious amounts of wasabi from the United States, Canada, Taiwan, South Korea, Israel, Thailand and New Zealand.[47] In North America, wasabi is cultivated by a handful of small farmers and companies in the rain forests on the coast of Western Canada, the Oregon Coast,[48] and in areas of the Blue Ridge Mountains in North Carolina and Tennessee.[49] In Europe, wasabi is grown commercially in Iceland,[50] the Netherlands, Hungary, and the UK.[51][52]Modern cultivars of wasabi mostly derive from three traditional cultivars, 'Fujidaruma', 'Shimane No. 3' and 'Mazuma'. Sequencing of the chloroplastic genome, which is inherited maternally in wasabi, supports this conclusion.[53]","title":"Cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WasabiOnOroshigane.jpg"},{"link_name":"oroshigane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroshigane"},{"link_name":"oroshigane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroshigane"},{"link_name":"sharkskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shagreen"},{"link_name":"cheese grater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese_grater"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Wasabi on a metal oroshigane graterWasabi is often grated with a metal oroshigane, but some prefer to use a more traditional tool made of dried sharkskin (fine skin on one side; coarse skin on the other). A hand-made grater with irregular shark teeth can also be used. If a shark-skin grater is unavailable, a ceramic cheese grater can be an acceptable substitute.[54]","title":"Preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Journal of Food Microbiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Food_Microbiology"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00297-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0168-1605%2803%2900297-6"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15246236","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15246236"},{"link_name":"Growing Wasabi in the Pacific Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//pubs.wsu.edu/ItemDetail.aspx?ProductID=15004&SeriesCode=&CategoryID=&Keyword=wasabi"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0963-9969(98)00105-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0963-9969%2898%2900105-7"}],"text":"Il Shik Shin; Hideki Masuda; Kinae Naohide (August 2004). \"Bactericidal activity of wasabi (Wasabia japonica) against Helicobacter pylori\". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 94 (3): 255–61. doi:10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00297-6. PMID 15246236.\nMiles, Carol; Chadwick, Catherine (1 May 2008). Growing Wasabi in the Pacific Northwest. Washington State University Extension. PNW605.[permanent dead link]\nA. Depree, J.; M. Howard, T.; P. Savage, G. (June 1998). \"Flavour and pharmaceutical properties of the volatile sulphur compounds of Wasabi (Wasabia japonica)\". Food Research International. 31 (5): 329–337. doi:10.1016/S0963-9969(98)00105-7.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Wasabi root and wasabi paste on a plate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wasabi_002.jpg/220px-Wasabi_002.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wasabi crop growing at Azumino, Nagano, Japan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%E5%B1%B1%E8%91%B5%E7%94%B0_Wasabi_Fields_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%E5%B1%B1%E8%91%B5%E7%94%B0_Wasabi_Fields_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fresh wasabi stems","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fresh_wasabi_rhizomes.jpg/220px-Fresh_wasabi_rhizomes.jpg"},{"image_text":"A drawing of a wasabi plant, published in 1828 by Iwasaki Kanen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Wasabi%2C_Iwasaki_Kanen_1828.jpg/170px-Wasabi%2C_Iwasaki_Kanen_1828.jpg"},{"image_text":"Plastic bottle of prepared wasabi sauce in the U.S.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Wasabi_sauce.jpg/170px-Wasabi_sauce.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wasabi on a metal oroshigane grater","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/WasabiOnOroshigane.jpg/170px-WasabiOnOroshigane.jpg"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"Satoyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoyama"}]
[{"reference":"Iwashina Tsukasa [in Japanese] (2016). \"Eutrema Japonicum\". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 33 (3). Wiley: 217–225. doi:10.1111/curt.12151. JSTOR 48505819.","urls":[{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%A7%91%E5%8F%B8","url_text":"Iwashina Tsukasa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis%27s_Botanical_Magazine","url_text":"Curtis's Botanical Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)","url_text":"Wiley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcurt.12151","url_text":"10.1111/curt.12151"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/48505819","url_text":"48505819"}]},{"reference":"Miquel, F.A.G. (1866). \"Prolusio Florae Japonicae\". Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi. 2: 69–212.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Anton_Wilhelm_Miquel","url_text":"Miquel, F.A.G."},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/652432","url_text":"\"Prolusio Florae Japonicae\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eutrema japonicum Koidz. Fl. Symb. Orient.-Asiat. : 22 (1930)\". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:284345-1","url_text":"\"Eutrema japonicum Koidz. Fl. Symb. Orient.-Asiat. : 22 (1930)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wasabia japonica\". Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database, University of Melbourne. Retrieved 9 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Wasabia.html#japonica","url_text":"\"Wasabia japonica\""}]},{"reference":"Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A.; Warwick, Suzanne I. (2005). \"A Synopsis of Eutrema (Brassicaceae)\". Harvard Papers in Botany. 10 (2). Harvard University Herbaria: 129–135. doi:10.3100/1043-4534(2005)10[129:ASOEB]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 41761810. S2CID 85833186.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Papers_in_Botany","url_text":"Harvard Papers in Botany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Herbaria","url_text":"Harvard University Herbaria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3100%2F1043-4534%282005%2910%5B129%3AASOEB%5D2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.3100/1043-4534(2005)10[129:ASOEB]2.0.CO;2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41761810","url_text":"41761810"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85833186","url_text":"85833186"}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Lynette (2005). \"Hydroponic Production of Wasabi & Japanese Vegetables\". In Weller, Thomas; Peckenpaugh, Douglas (eds.). The Best Of Growing Edge International, 2000–2005. New Moon Publishing. ISBN 978-0-944557-05-1. Retrieved 9 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lZD95wlLhxIC&pg=PA53","url_text":"\"Hydroponic Production of Wasabi & Japanese Vegetables\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lZD95wlLhxIC","url_text":"The Best Of Growing Edge International, 2000–2005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-944557-05-1","url_text":"978-0-944557-05-1"}]},{"reference":"わさびの歴史 [History of Wasabi] (in Japanese). Kinjirushi. 2001. Archived from the original on 18 April 2001. Retrieved 9 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010418182941/http://www.kinjirushi.co.jp/himitu/rekishi.html","url_text":"わさびの歴史"},{"url":"http://www.kinjirushi.co.jp/himitu/rekishi.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Siebold (1830). \"Synopsis Plantarum Oeconomicarum Universi Regni Japonici\". Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. 12: 1–74. ISSN 0215-1375.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Franz_von_Siebold","url_text":"Siebold"},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41198987","url_text":"\"Synopsis Plantarum Oeconomicarum Universi Regni Japonici\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0215-1375","url_text":"0215-1375"}]},{"reference":"Maximowicz, C.J. (1873). \"Diagnoses plantarum novarum Japoniae et Mandshuriae\" [Diagnoses des nouvelles plantes du Japon et de la Mandjourie]. Bulletin de l'Académie impériale des sciences de St-Pétersbourg. 3. 18. cols. 275–296.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Maximovich","url_text":"Maximowicz, C.J."},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3932050","url_text":"\"Diagnoses plantarum novarum Japoniae et Mandshuriae\""}]},{"reference":"Matsumura, J. (1899). \"Notulae ad plantas asiaticas orientales\". Bot. Mag. (Tokyo). 13 (148): 71–73.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinz%C5%8D_Matsumura","url_text":"Matsumura, J."},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41670360","url_text":"\"Notulae ad plantas asiaticas orientales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bot._Mag._(Tokyo)","url_text":"Bot. Mag. (Tokyo)"}]},{"reference":"Matsumura, J. (1912). Index plantarum Japonicarum, sive, Enumeratio plantarum omnium ex insulis Kurile, Yezo, Nippon, Sikoku, Kiusiu, Liukiu, et Formosa hucusque cognitarum systematice et alphabetice disposita adjectis synonymis selectis, nominibus Japonicis, locis natalibus. Vol. II(2). Tokyo: Maruzen. p. 161.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinz%C5%8D_Matsumura","url_text":"Matsumura, J."},{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12322832","url_text":"Index plantarum Japonicarum, sive, Enumeratio plantarum omnium ex insulis Kurile, Yezo, Nippon, Sikoku, Kiusiu, Liukiu, et Formosa hucusque cognitarum systematice et alphabetice disposita adjectis synonymis selectis, nominibus Japonicis, locis natalibus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maruzen&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Maruzen"}]},{"reference":"Koidzumi, G. (1930). Florae symbolae Orientali-Asiaticae; sive, contributions to the knowledge of the flora of Eastern Asia. Kyoto.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen-ichi_Koidzumi","url_text":"Koidzumi, G."},{"url":"https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1678848","url_text":"Florae symbolae Orientali-Asiaticae; sive, contributions to the knowledge of the flora of Eastern Asia"}]},{"reference":"\"Eutrema japonicum\". North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. North Carolina State University. n.d. Retrieved 4 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/eutrema-japonicum/","url_text":"\"Eutrema japonicum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Definition of rhizome – Merriam-Webster's Student Dictionary\". wordcentral.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://wordcentral.com/cgi-bin/student?book=Student&va=rhizome","url_text":"\"Definition of rhizome – Merriam-Webster's Student Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"Lowry, Dave (2005). The Connoisseur's Guide to Sushi: Everything You Need to Know about Sushi. The Harvard Common Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-55832-307-0. Retrieved 9 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wIOcYVPYfkAC&q=toothpaste&pg=PT228","url_text":"The Connoisseur's Guide to Sushi: Everything You Need to Know about Sushi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harvard_Common_Press","url_text":"The Harvard Common Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55832-307-0","url_text":"978-1-55832-307-0"}]},{"reference":"Sultana, Tamanna; Savage, Geoffrey P; McNeil, David L; Porter, Noel G; Martin, Richard J; Deo, Bas (October 2002). \"Effects of fertilisation on the allyl isothiocyanate profile of above-ground tissues of New Zealand-grown wasabi\". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 82 (13): 1477–1482. Bibcode:2002JSFA...82.1477S. doi:10.1002/jsfa.1218.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JSFA...82.1477S","url_text":"2002JSFA...82.1477S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjsfa.1218","url_text":"10.1002/jsfa.1218"}]},{"reference":"Cordwell, Simon (6 April 2010). \"One chefs return home and adventures rediscovering the culinary delights of Tasmania\". Tassie Chef. Retrieved 9 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://tassiechef.blogspot.com/2010/04/this-is-shima-wasabi-stem-on-right-and.html","url_text":"\"One chefs return home and adventures rediscovering the culinary delights of Tasmania\""}]},{"reference":"\"Preparing, Using and Storing Fresh Wasabi\". Shima Wasabi. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. 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Retrieved 25 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.realwasabi.com/cultivation/index.asp","url_text":"\"Wasabi is quite picky about its growing conditions\""}]},{"reference":"Palmer, J. (1990). \"Germination and growth of wasabi (Wasabia japonica (Miq.) Matsumara)\". New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science/Experimental Agriculture. 18 (2–3): 161–164. Bibcode:1990NZJCH..18..161P. doi:10.1080/01140671.1990.10428089. Retrieved 25 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YT2LT11Vg2MC&pg=PAPA161","url_text":"\"Germination and growth of wasabi (Wasabia japonica (Miq.) Matsumara)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990NZJCH..18..161P","url_text":"1990NZJCH..18..161P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01140671.1990.10428089","url_text":"10.1080/01140671.1990.10428089"}]},{"reference":"Gittleson, Kim (18 September 2014). \"Wasabi: Why invest in 'the hardest plant to grow'?\". BBC News. Archived from the original on 19 September 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-29082091","url_text":"\"Wasabi: Why invest in 'the hardest plant to grow'?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140919041649/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-29082091","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ferdman, Roberto A. 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ISBN 978-1-58008-519-9. Retrieved 9 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vGGSh3PSwQAC&pg=PA71","url_text":"Washoku: Recipes From The Japanese Home Kitchen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58008-519-9","url_text":"978-1-58008-519-9"}]},{"reference":"Il Shik Shin; Hideki Masuda; Kinae Naohide (August 2004). \"Bactericidal activity of wasabi (Wasabia japonica) against Helicobacter pylori\". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 94 (3): 255–61. doi:10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00297-6. 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Matsum.)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wasabi: Japanese flavor—Part 1: Seeking 'Japan's No.1'\". The Asahi Shimbun. 29 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asahi.com/special/tsukiji/en/wasabi/","url_text":"\"Wasabi: Japanese flavor—Part 1: Seeking 'Japan's No.1'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wasabi: Japanese flavor—Part 2: Exceed Real Ones\". The Asahi Shimbun. 9 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asahi.com/special/tsukiji/en/wasabi/kako/","url_text":"\"Wasabi: Japanese flavor—Part 2: Exceed Real Ones\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to grow wasabi: step-by-step guide\". Gardeningnorm. 1 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gardeningnorm.com/how-to-grow-wasabi-step-by-step-guide/","url_text":"\"How to grow wasabi: step-by-step guide\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laviolle
Laviolle
["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 44°45′49″N 4°20′24″E / 44.7636°N 4.34°E / 44.7636; 4.34 You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2008) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Laviolle}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceLaviolleCommuneLocation of Laviolle LaviolleShow map of FranceLaviolleShow map of Auvergne-Rhône-AlpesCoordinates: 44°45′49″N 4°20′24″E / 44.7636°N 4.34°E / 44.7636; 4.34CountryFranceRegionAuvergne-Rhône-AlpesDepartmentArdècheArrondissementLargentièreCantonAubenas-1Government • Mayor (2020–2026) René MoulinArea113.84 km2 (5.34 sq mi)Population (2021)101 • Density7.3/km2 (19/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code07139 /07530Elevation560–1,364 m (1,837–4,475 ft) (avg. 700 m or 2,300 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Laviolle (French pronunciation: ; Occitan: Laviòla) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France. Population Historical populationYearPop.±%1962145—    1968176+21.4%1975160−9.1%1982148−7.5%1990119−19.6%1999130+9.2%2008124−4.6% See also Communes of the Ardèche department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laviolle. vteCommunes of the Ardèche department Accons Ailhon Aizac Ajoux Alba-la-Romaine Albon-d'Ardèche Alboussière Alissas Andance Annonay Arcens Ardoix Arlebosc Arras-sur-Rhône Les Assions Astet Aubenas Aubignas Baix Balazuc Banne Barnas Le Béage Beauchastel Beaulieu Beaumont Beauvène Belsentes Berrias-et-Casteljau Berzème Bessas Bidon Boffres Bogy Borée Borne Boucieu-le-Roi Boulieu-lès-Annonay Bourg-Saint-Andéol Bozas Brossainc Burzet Cellier-du-Luc Chalencon Le Chambon Chambonas Champagne Champis Chandolas Chanéac Charmes-sur-Rhône Charnas Chassiers Châteaubourg Châteauneuf-de-Vernoux Chauzon Chazeaux Cheminas Le Cheylard Chirols Chomérac Colombier-le-Cardinal Colombier-le-Jeune Colombier-le-Vieux Cornas Coucouron Coux Le Crestet Creysseilles Cros-de-Géorand Cruas Darbres Davézieux Désaignes Devesset Dompnac Dornas Dunière-sur-Eyrieux Eclassan Empurany Étables Fabras Faugères Félines Flaviac Fons Freyssenet Genestelle Gilhac-et-Bruzac Gilhoc-sur-Ormèze Gluiras Glun Gourdon Gras Gravières Grospierres Guilherand-Granges Issamoulenc Issanlas Issarlès Jaujac Jaunac Joannas Joyeuse Juvinas Labastide-de-Virac Labastide-sur-Bésorgues Labatie-d'Andaure Labeaume Labégude Lablachère Laboule Le Lac-d'Issarlès Lachamp-Raphaël Lachapelle-Graillouse Lachapelle-sous-Aubenas Lachapelle-sous-Chanéac Lafarre Lagorce Lalevade-d'Ardèche Lalouvesc Lamastre Lanarce Lanas Largentièresubpr Larnas Laurac-en-Vivarais Laveyrune Lavillatte Lavilledieu Laviolle Lemps Lentillères Lespéron Limony Loubaresse Lussas Lyas Malarce-sur-la-Thines Malbosc Marcols-les-Eaux Mariac Mars Mauves Mayres Mazan-l'Abbaye Mercuer Meyras Meysse Mézilhac Mirabel Monestier Montpezat-sous-Bauzon Montréal Montselgues Nozières Les Ollières-sur-Eyrieux Orgnac-l'Aven Ozon Pailharès Payzac Peaugres Péreyres Peyraud Le Plagnal Planzolles Plats Pont-de-Labeaume Pourchères Le Pouzin Prades Pradons Pranles Préaux Privaspref Prunet Quintenas Ribes Rochecolombe Rochemaure Rochepaule Rocher Rochessauve La Rochette Rocles Roiffieux Rompon Rosières Le Roux Ruoms Sablières Sagnes-et-Goudoulet Saint-Agrève Saint-Alban-Auriolles Saint-Alban-d'Ay Saint-Alban-en-Montagne Saint-Andéol-de-Berg Saint-Andéol-de-Fourchades Saint-Andéol-de-Vals Saint-André-de-Cruzières Saint-André-en-Vivarais Saint-André-Lachamp Saint-Apollinaire-de-Rias Saint-Barthélemy-Grozon Saint-Barthélemy-le-Meil Saint-Barthélemy-le-Plain Saint-Basile Saint-Bauzile Saint-Christol Saint-Cierge-la-Serre Saint-Cierge-sous-le-Cheylard Saint-Cirgues-de-Prades Saint-Cirgues-en-Montagne Saint-Clair Saint-Clément Saint-Cyr Saint-Désirat Saint-Didier-sous-Aubenas Sainte-Eulalie Sainte-Marguerite-Lafigère Saint-Étienne-de-Boulogne Saint-Étienne-de-Fontbellon Saint-Étienne-de-Lugdarès Saint-Étienne-de-Serre Saint-Étienne-de-Valoux Saint-Félicien Saint-Fortunat-sur-Eyrieux Saint-Genest-de-Beauzon Saint-Genest-Lachamp Saint-Georges-les-Bains Saint-Germain Saint-Gineys-en-Coiron Saint-Jacques-d'Atticieux Saint-Jean-Chambre Saint-Jean-de-Muzols Saint-Jean-le-Centenier Saint-Jean-Roure Saint-Jeure-d'Andaure Saint-Jeure-d'Ay Saint-Joseph-des-Bancs Saint-Julien-d'Intres Saint-Julien-du-Gua Saint-Julien-du-Serre Saint-Julien-en-Saint-Alban Saint-Julien-le-Roux Saint-Julien-Vocance Saint-Just-d'Ardèche Saint-Lager-Bressac Saint-Laurent-du-Pape Saint-Laurent-les-Bains-Laval-d'Aurelle Saint-Laurent-sous-Coiron Saint-Marcel-d'Ardèche Saint-Marcel-lès-Annonay Saint-Martial Saint-Martin-d'Ardèche Saint-Martin-de-Valamas Saint-Martin-sur-Lavezon Saint-Maurice-d'Ardèche Saint-Maurice-d'Ibie Saint-Maurice-en-Chalencon Saint-Mélany Saint-Michel-d'Aurance Saint-Michel-de-Boulogne Saint-Michel-de-Chabrillanoux Saint-Montan Saint-Paul-le-Jeune Saint-Péray Saint-Pierre-de-Colombier Saint-Pierre-la-Roche Saint-Pierre-Saint-Jean Saint-Pierre-sur-Doux Saint-Pierreville Saint-Pons Saint-Priest Saint-Privat Saint-Prix Saint-Remèze Saint-Romain-d'Ay Saint-Romain-de-Lerps Saint-Sauveur-de-Cruzières Saint-Sauveur-de-Montagut Saint-Sernin Saint-Sylvestre Saint-Symphorien-de-Mahun Saint-Symphorien-sous-Chomérac Saint-Thomé Saint-Victor Saint-Vincent-de-Barrès Saint-Vincent-de-Durfort Salavas Les Salelles Sampzon Sanilhac Sarras Satillieu Savas Sceautres Sécheras Serrières Silhac La Souche Soyons Talencieux Tauriers Le Teil Thorrenc Thueyts Toulaud Tournon-sur-Rhônesubpr Ucel Usclades-et-Rieutord Uzer Vagnas Valgorge Vallées-d'Antraigues-Asperjoc Vallon-Pont-d'Arc Vals-les-Bains Valvignères Vanosc Les Vans Vaudevant Vernon Vernosc-lès-Annonay Vernoux-en-Vivarais Vesseaux Veyras Villeneuve-de-Berg Villevocance Vinezac Vinzieux Vion Viviers Vocance Vogüé La Voulte-sur-Rhône pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture This Ardèche geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Communes of the Ardèche department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Ard%C3%A8che_department"}]
[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-07139","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Wharf_(New_Haven)
Long Wharf (New Haven)
["1 Location","2 History","3 Buildings and features","4 Church Street Bridge","5 Neighborhood issues","6 References"]
Coordinates: 41°17′42″N 72°55′19″W / 41.295°N 72.922°W / 41.295; -72.922Waterfront district in Connecticut 41°17′42″N 72°55′19″W / 41.295°N 72.922°W / 41.295; -72.922 Long Wharf is a waterfront district and neighborhood of the city of New Haven, Connecticut, United States. The neighborhood is a mixed-use district, with a combination of commercial, industrial, port, and recreation facilities. Location Long Wharf can be defined as the area stretching inland from the west side of New Haven Harbor northwest to Union Avenue, west to Hallock Avenue and Cedar Street, and north to the Oak Street Connector and I-95 (up to the Q-Bridge). It is located east of The Hill, and south of downtown New Haven and the Wooster Square neighborhood. Interstate 95 bisects the neighborhood from the southwest to northeast; it intersects with Interstate 91 in the extreme northeast section of the neighborhood. The Oak Street Connector/Route 34 also connects with Interstate 95 in the selfsame section. History The area is called "Long Wharf" because there was once a wharf there that projected out of the juncture of Water St. and Union Ave. The wharf was built by William Lanson, an African American entrepreneur and engineer. He built the wharf into New Haven Harbor until it finally reached a length of 3/4 of a mile, making it the longest wharf in the country. Along it stood the Customs House, warehouses and other businesses. It was destroyed in the late 1940s to early 1950s when the harbor was partially filled in to construct Interstate Highways 91 and 95, dramatically moving the waterfront and creating this district. Buildings and features The remaining portion of the Pirelli Tire Building The Long Wharf area contains several notable features and buildings, including the Long Wharf Theatre, the Long Wharf Maritime Center, Sargent (a New Haven firm with a history going back to 1810, now a division of Assa Abloy), the former headquarters of the New Haven Register (Jordan's Furniture as of 2016), as well as New Haven's Vietnam Veterans Memorial Park which stretches for seventeen acres (69,000 m2) directly along the harborfront. Long Wharf is also the home port of a replica of the historical ship Amistad. The area also includes the remaining portion of Marcel Breuer's landmark Pirelli Tire Building (1969), now the Hotel Marcel. The building was truncated in 2003 to accommodate the construction of the new IKEA home products store. IKEA originally proposed to destroy the entire building but compromised after a lengthy public debate. The tower was preserved but the rear portion was razed to make room for the IKEA parking lot. Ironically, IKEA's furniture styling is strongly influenced by the famed Bauhaus school where Breuer taught. It was once planned that a large shopping mall, the New Haven Galleria, would be constructed at this location; instead the IKEA store was built. Church Street Bridge Road construction has been encouraged to reconnect this neighborhood directly with downtown. The Church Street Bridge was built for this purpose and opened in December 2003. It provided a new link from downtown to Long Wharf for vehicles, pedestrians and bicyclists. Constructing the bridge was difficult due to its placement over a broad active rail yard. In order to minimize disruption, particularly to the trains which run underneath it, the bridge was completed in a single-night operation (called the "Big Pick") using the largest land-based, mobile, high-capacity crane in existence. This mega-crane with a 2600-ton capacity was delivered in over 200 tractor-trailer loads and put in place the preassembled 320-foot (98 m) steel truss center span. Neighborhood issues Long Wharf Drive has attracted drag racers from all over the state. On August 17, 2008, Misael Ruiz, of East Haven, was killed by a racing car that lost control. Town officials are now making decisions on how to prevent racing on the strip. References Connecticut portal ^ Long Wharf (PDF) (Map). New Haven City Plan Department. Retrieved 2009-02-06. ^ September 27: The Man Who Made Long Wharf the Longest Wharf in the Country, Today in Connecticut History, Office of the State Historian, retrieved 2021-10-16 ^ Karen Singer (November 11, 2002). "Lovelorn Landmark". Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2007. ^ Beach, Randall (September 5, 2010). "New Haven's loneliest building needs visionary". New Haven Register. Retrieved August 23, 2011. ^ Accelerated Construction keeps Bridge and Trains on Track, Federal Highway Administration ^ Kaempffer, William (July 21, 2010). "Suspect in Long Wharf hit-and-run due in court today". New Haven Register. Retrieved July 30, 2011. vteNeighborhoods of New HavenWest Amity-West Hills West Rock Westville Central Beaver Hills Cedar Hill City Point Dixwell Downtown Dwight East Rock Edgewood The Hill Long Wharf Mill River Newhallville Prospect Hill Quinnipiac Meadows West River Wooster Square East The Annex East Shore Fair Haven Fair Haven Heights
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"41°17′42″N 72°55′19″W / 41.295°N 72.922°W / 41.295; -72.922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Long_Wharf_(New_Haven)&params=41.295_N_72.922_W_"},{"link_name":"New Haven, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Waterfront district in Connecticut41°17′42″N 72°55′19″W / 41.295°N 72.922°W / 41.295; -72.922Long Wharf is a waterfront district and neighborhood of the city of New Haven, Connecticut, United States.[1] The neighborhood is a mixed-use district, with a combination of commercial, industrial, port, and recreation facilities.","title":"Long Wharf (New Haven)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Haven Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Oak Street Connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Street_Connector"},{"link_name":"I-95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-95_(CT)"},{"link_name":"Q-Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Memorial_Bridge_(Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"The Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill,_New_Haven"},{"link_name":"downtown New Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_New_Haven"},{"link_name":"Wooster Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wooster_Square"},{"link_name":"Interstate 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Interstate 91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_91"},{"link_name":"Oak Street Connector/Route 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Street_Connector/Route_34"}],"text":"Long Wharf can be defined as the area stretching inland from the west side of New Haven Harbor northwest to Union Avenue, west to Hallock Avenue and Cedar Street, and north to the Oak Street Connector and I-95 (up to the Q-Bridge). It is located east of The Hill, and south of downtown New Haven and the Wooster Square neighborhood. Interstate 95 bisects the neighborhood from the southwest to northeast; it intersects with Interstate 91 in the extreme northeast section of the neighborhood. The Oak Street Connector/Route 34 also connects with Interstate 95 in the selfsame section.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Lanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lanson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The area is called \"Long Wharf\" because there was once a wharf there that projected out of the juncture of Water St. and Union Ave. The wharf was built by William Lanson, an African American entrepreneur and engineer. He built the wharf into New Haven Harbor until it finally reached a length of 3/4 of a mile, making it the longest wharf in the country.[2] Along it stood the Customs House, warehouses and other businesses. It was destroyed in the late 1940s to early 1950s when the harbor was partially filled in to construct Interstate Highways 91 and 95, dramatically moving the waterfront and creating this district.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IKEA-Pirelli-Building-New-Haven-Connecticut-04-2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pirelli Tire Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirelli_Tire_Building"},{"link_name":"Long Wharf Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Wharf_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Assa Abloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assa_Abloy"},{"link_name":"New Haven Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_Register"},{"link_name":"Jordan's Furniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%27s_Furniture"},{"link_name":"Amistad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amistad_(ship_replica)"},{"link_name":"Marcel Breuer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer"},{"link_name":"Hotel Marcel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Marcel"},{"link_name":"IKEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKEA"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"New Haven Galleria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_Galleria"}],"text":"The remaining portion of the Pirelli Tire BuildingThe Long Wharf area contains several notable features and buildings, including the Long Wharf Theatre, the Long Wharf Maritime Center, Sargent (a New Haven firm with a history going back to 1810, now a division of Assa Abloy), the former headquarters of the New Haven Register (Jordan's Furniture as of 2016), as well as New Haven's Vietnam Veterans Memorial Park which stretches for seventeen acres (69,000 m2) directly along the harborfront. Long Wharf is also the home port of a replica of the historical ship Amistad.The area also includes the remaining portion of Marcel Breuer's landmark Pirelli Tire Building (1969), now the Hotel Marcel. The building was truncated in 2003 to accommodate the construction of the new IKEA home products store. IKEA originally proposed to destroy the entire building but compromised after a lengthy public debate. The tower was preserved but the rear portion was razed to make room for the IKEA parking lot. Ironically, IKEA's furniture styling is strongly influenced by the famed Bauhaus school where Breuer taught.[3][4] It was once planned that a large shopping mall, the New Haven Galleria, would be constructed at this location; instead the IKEA store was built.","title":"Buildings and features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Road construction has been encouraged to reconnect this neighborhood directly with downtown. The Church Street Bridge was built for this purpose and opened in December 2003. It provided a new link from downtown to Long Wharf for vehicles, pedestrians and bicyclists. Constructing the bridge was difficult due to its placement over a broad active rail yard. In order to minimize disruption, particularly to the trains which run underneath it, the bridge was completed in a single-night operation (called the \"Big Pick\") using the largest land-based, mobile, high-capacity crane in existence. This mega-crane with a 2600-ton capacity was delivered in over 200 tractor-trailer loads and put in place the preassembled 320-foot (98 m) steel truss center span.[5]","title":"Church Street Bridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Long Wharf Drive has attracted drag racers from all over the state. On August 17, 2008, Misael Ruiz, of East Haven, was killed by a racing car that lost control. Town officials are now making decisions on how to prevent racing on the strip.[6]","title":"Neighborhood issues"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.H.Pora
Damhal Hanji Pora
["1 Geography","2 Health facilities","3 Education","4 Tourism","5 See also","6 References"]
Coordinates: 33°39′N 75°01′E / 33.65°N 75.02°E / 33.65; 75.02 This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Damhal Hanji Pora" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) Town in Jammu and Kashmir, IndiaDamhal Hanji PoraTownDamhal Hanji PoraLocation in Jammu and Kashmir, IndiaShow map of Jammu and KashmirDamhal Hanji PoraDamhal Hanji Pora (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 33°39′N 75°01′E / 33.65°N 75.02°E / 33.65; 75.02Country IndiaUnion territoryJammu and KashmirDistrictKulgamElevation1,668 m (5,472 ft)Languages • OfficialKashmiri, Urdu, Hindi, Dogri, EnglishTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN192233Telephone code01933Vehicle registrationJK-18Sex ratio♂/♀Websitekulgam.gov.in Damhal Hanji Pora also called as D.H.Pora is a town and a notified area committee in Kulgam district of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It is one of the seven administrative blocks of the Kulgam district. Geography The area is located 14 km (8.7 mi) towards south-west from district headquarters in Kulgam at an elevation of 1,668 m (5,472 ft) above mean sea level in Mumbai. The area is bounded by Bufliaz tehsil towards west, Thana Mandi tehsil towards west, Darhal tehsil towards south and Shopian tehsil towards east. Road connectivity Damhal-Hanjipora Nehama Kulgam Road. Damhal-Hanjipora Ardigen kulgam Road Damhal-Hanjipora Laisoo kulgam Road Damhal-Hanjipora Laisoo Pahloo Qazigund Road Damhal-Hanjipora K B PORA ROAD K B PORA AHRABAL ROAD D H Pora Chimmer Noorabad Health facilities SUB. DISTRICT HOSPITAL DAMHAL HANJI PORA Sub District Hospital Damhal Hanjipora Education Government Degree College D H Pora Government model higher secondary school D H Pora Government boys middle school D H Pora Government girls High school d h pora Government middle school D H Pora bungam Haji aalam - ud - din public High school D H Pora Government girls primary school D H Pora Pacific school of excellence D H Pora* Shama International day boarding school D H Pora* Himalaya public school D H Pora* Infotech High school D H Pora* Shining Star middle school D H Pora* Aloha private school D H Pora* Tourism Aharbal waterfall and Koungwattan Doriball D H Pora Zagimarg postures Kousarnag lake Brahamsar Nag Panchanpathri Kotas (Hill of Kounsarbal) Hoen Heng Peak Asthan Marg Chersar nag Seh Kout (Hills of Ringath khull and Chimmer DK MARG) Chiranbal D.H.PORA KULGAM See also Aharbal References ^ "The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 27 September 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020. ^ "Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020". Rising Kashmir. 23 September 2020. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020. ^ Damhal Hanjipora Tehsil - Kulgam. census2011.co.in vteMunicipalities of Jammu and KashmirMunicipal corporation Srinagar Jammu Municipalities Achabal Breng Dachnipora Koviripora Shahabad Shangus B.K.Pora Budgam Beerwah Chadoora Khag Khan Sahib Nagam Narbal Bandipora Gurez Hajin Sumbal Tulail Baramulla Boniyar Kunzer Pattan Rafiabad Rohama Singhpora Sopore Tangmarg Uri Wagoora Zaingeer Assar Bhaderwah Bhagwa Bhalessa Doda Gundna Marmat Thathri Ganderbal Kangan Lar Wakura Akhnoor Bhalwal Bishnah Dansal Khour Marh R.S. Pura Satwari Bani Barnoti Basholi Billawar Duggan Hiranagar Kathua Lohai Malhar Dachhan Drabshalla Inderwal Kishtwar Marwah Nagseni Paddar Warwan D.H. Pora Devsar Kulgam Pahloo Qaimoh Qazigund Kalarooch Kralpora Kupwara Langate Rajwar Ramhal Sogam Tangdhar Teetwal Trehgam Wavoora Bufliaz Mandi Mendhar Poonch Surankote Kakapora Pampore Pulwama Tral Budhal Darhal Kalakote Manjakote Nowshera Rajouri Sunderbani Thanamandi Banihal Gool Ramban Ramsoo Arnas Mahore Pouni Reasi Ghagwal Purmandal Samba Vijaypur Keller Shopian Srinagar Chenani Dudu Ghordi Majalta Panchari Ramnagar Udhampur vteKashmir ValleyPasses Banihal Pass Zojila Burzil Pass Sinthan top Margan Top Valleys Sind Valley Lidder Valley Lolab Valley Betaab Valley Cities Srinagar Anantnag Baramulla Towns Akingam Achabal Pulwama Budgam Ganderbal Shopian Bandipore Kulgam Downtown Nowshera Gurez Pattan Kangan Hazratbal Awantipora Tral Qazigund Kokernag Shangus Bijbehara Doru Pahalgam Pattan Uri Kreeri Boniyar Tangmarg Sopore Rafaiabad Karnah Kupwara Lolab Handwara Langate Charari Sharief Beerwah Chadoora Bagh e Mehtab Sumbal Sonawari Quimoh Pahloo D.H.Pora Soura Buchpora Jawahar Nagar Srinagar Rajbagh Bemina Maisuma Karan Nagar Indira Nagar, Srinagar Hazratbal Lal Chowk Sonwar Bagh Nowhatta Hazratbal Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar Lal Bazar Zukura Munawar Abad Badami Bagh Nowshera, Srinagar Singhpora Magam Kokernag Daksum Rivers Jehlum Sind Lidder Kishanganga Veshaw Rambi Ara Glaciers Kolhoi Glacier Machoi Glacier Lakes Anchar Lake Dal Lake Nigeen Lake Manasbal Lake Wular Lake Vishansar Lake Krishansar Lake Gangabal Lake Gadsar Lake Sheshnag Lake Tarsar Lake Nundkol Lake Satsar Lake Kausar Nag Brari Nambal Khushal Sar Gil Sar Khanpursar Mountains Harmukh Kolhoi Peak Machoi Peak Amarnath Peak Sirbal Peak Tatakooti Peak Sunset Peak Mahadev Hill stationsandMughal gardens Pahalgam Sonamarg Yusmarg Gulmarg Aharbal Nishat Bagh Shalimar Bagh Chashme Shahi Verinag Kokernag Naseem Bagh Pari Mahal Achabal Protected areas Dachigam Hokersar Hirpora Overa-Aru Rajparian Gulmarg See also History of Kashmir Kashmir conflict The Valley Of Kashmir (1895 book) Line of Control Jammu–Baramulla line Kashmiri language vte Union Territory of Jammu and KashmirCapital: Srinagar (Summer); Jammu (Winter)History History of Kashmir Kashyapa Rajatarangini Kambojas Lalitaditya Muktapida Didda Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent Zayn al-Abidin Shah Mir dynasty Durrani Empire Mughal Empire Dogra Empire Sikh Empire East India Company Gulab Singh Zorawar Singh Jamwal Indian Rebellion of 1857 British Raj Kashmir Committee Partition of India Hari Singh Kashmir conflict Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts Insurgency Darbar Move Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus Development Governmentand politics Reorganisation Act (2019) Jammu & Kashmir National Conference Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party All Parties Hurriyat Conference Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference Instrument of Accession Article 370 Elections in Jammu and Kashmir Indira–Sheikh Accord Simla Agreement Sheikh Abdullah Karan Singh Omar Abdullah Syed Ali Shah Geelani Mirwaiz Umar Farooq Farooq Abdullah Yasin Malik Sajjad Gani Lone Shabir Shah Public Safety Act, 1978 Culture andplaces Kashmiriyat Music Cuisine Festivals Wazwan Kanger Shikara Pashmina Basohli painting Hinduism Shaivism Sikhism Islam Alchi Vaishno Devi Amarnath Gulmarg Pahalgam Sonamarg Verinag Wangath Yusmarg Zanskar Chenab Valley Forts National parks Lakes Districts anddivisionsJammu division Kathua Jammu Samba Udhampur Reasi Rajouri Poonch Doda Ramban Kishtwar Kashmir division Anantnag Kulgam Pulwama Shopian Badgam Srinagar Ganderbal Bandipore Baramulla Kupwara Cities Srinagar Jammu Anantnag Baramulla Pulwama Kupwara Budgam Ganderbal Shopian Bandipore Kulgam Doda Poonch Rajouri Ramban Reasi Samba Udhampur Kathua Kishtwar Towns Akingam Achabal Pulwama Budgam Ganderbal Shopian Bandipore Kulgam Downtown Nowshera Gurez Pattan Kangan Hazratbal Awantipora Tral Qazigund Kokernag Shangus Bijbehara Doru Pahalgam Pattan Uri Kreeri Boniyar Tangmarg Sopore Rafiabad Karnah Kupwara Lolab Handwara Langate Charari Sharief Beerwah Chadoora Bagh e Mehtab Sumbal Sonawari Quimoh Pahloo Damhal Hanji Pora Soura Buchpora Jawahar Nagar Srinagar Rajbagh Bemina Maisuma Karan Nagar Indira Nagar, Srinagar Lal Chowk Sonwar Bagh Nowhatta Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar Lal Bazar Jukura Munawar Abad Badami Bagh Nowshera, Srinagar Singhpora Magam Daksum Sinthan top Famous villages Padgampora Iskander Pora Mazhom Rathsoon Botingoo Fatehpora Durhama Hanjiwera Hardu-Aboora Keran Kreeri Ladoora Ogmuna Seeloo Zazun Wakura Nawabagh Ratnipora Ichgam Regions Jammu Kashmir Chenab Pir Panjal Railways Lines Jalandhar–Jammu Jammu–Baramulla Stations Srinagar Jammu Tawi Udhampur Qzaigund Sadura Anantang Budgam Baramulla Pampore Kakapora Nadigam Mazhom Banihal Bijbehara Pattan Sopore Awantipora Katra Roads National Highway 1A Jammu–Srinagar National Highway Srinagar–Baramulla highway Udhampur–Jammu highway Leh–Manali Highway Mughal Road 90 Feet Road Local elections 2002 2008 2014 Elections in Jammu and Kashmir Sports Cricket Association Cricket team Football association International Cricket Stadium Kashmir International Half Marathon Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar Ladakh Marathon Other topics Line of Control Tourism UNMOGIP Indian Armed Forces and the Jammu and Kashmir floods, 2014 Peacebuilding Power stations Human rights abuses Crowd control Women's rights Media
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"notified area committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagar_Panchayat_(Notified_Area_Council)"},{"link_name":"Kulgam district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulgam_district"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"union territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"Jammu and Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Town in Jammu and Kashmir, IndiaDamhal Hanji Pora also called as D.H.Pora is a town and a notified area committee in Kulgam district of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It is one of the seven administrative blocks of the Kulgam district.[3]","title":"Damhal Hanji Pora"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kulgam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulgam"},{"link_name":"mean sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"}],"text":"The area is located 14 km (8.7 mi) towards south-west from district headquarters in Kulgam at an elevation of 1,668 m (5,472 ft) above mean sea level in Mumbai. The area is bounded by Bufliaz tehsil towards west, Thana Mandi tehsil towards west, Darhal tehsil towards south and Shopian tehsil towards east.Road connectivityDamhal-Hanjipora Nehama Kulgam Road.\nDamhal-Hanjipora Ardigen kulgam Road\nDamhal-Hanjipora Laisoo kulgam Road\nDamhal-Hanjipora Laisoo Pahloo Qazigund Road\nDamhal-Hanjipora K B PORA ROAD\nK B PORA AHRABAL ROAD\nD H Pora Chimmer Noorabad","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"SUB. DISTRICT HOSPITAL DAMHAL HANJI PORASub District Hospital Damhal Hanjipora","title":"Health facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Government Degree College D H Pora\nGovernment model higher secondary school D H Pora\nGovernment boys middle school D H Pora\nGovernment girls High school d h pora\n\nGovernment middle school D H PorabungamHaji aalam - ud - din public High school D H PoraGovernment girls primary school D H Pora\n\nPacific school of excellence D H Pora*\n\nShama International day boarding school D H Pora*\n\nHimalaya public school D H Pora*\n\n\nInfotech High school D H Pora*\n\nShining Star middle school D H Pora*\nAloha private school D H Pora*","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Aharbal waterfall and Koungwattan\nDoriball D H Pora\nZagimarg postures\nKousarnag lake\nBrahamsar Nag\nPanchanpathri\n\nKotas (Hill of Kounsarbal)\nHoen Heng Peak\nAsthan Marg\nChersar nag\nSeh Kout (Hills of Ringath khull and Chimmer DK MARG)\nChiranbal D.H.PORA KULGAM","title":"Tourism"}]
[]
[{"title":"Aharbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aharbal"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budalalu
Budalalu
["1 Demographics","1.1 Population","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References"]
Coordinates: 38°01′31″N 48°27′37″E / 38.02528°N 48.46028°E / 38.02528; 48.46028Village in Ardabil province, Iran Village in Ardabil, IranBudalulu Persian: بودالالوVillageBudaluluCoordinates: 38°01′31″N 48°27′37″E / 38.02528°N 48.46028°E / 38.02528; 48.46028CountryIranProvinceArdabilCountyArdabilDistrictHirRural DistrictFuladlui-ye JonubiPopulation (2016) • Total352Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) Budalalu (Persian: بودالالو)) is a village in, and the capital of, Fuladlui-ye Jonubi Rural District of Hir District, Ardabil County, Ardabil province, Iran. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 451 in 101 households. The following census in 2011 counted 380 people in 94 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district. See also Iran portal Notes ^ Also romanized as Būdālālū; also known as Bū Dallāl, Būd Alāl, Būd Ālān, and Būdāllān References ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (27 February 2024). "Budalalu, Ardabil County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2024. ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 24. Archived from the original (Excel) on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Budalalu can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3057048" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ Mousavi, Mirhossein (2 February 1366). "Creation and formation of 21 rural districts including villages, farms and places in Ardabil County under East Azerbaijan province". Islamic Council Research Center (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2023. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 24. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 24. Archived from the original (Excel) on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022. vte Ardabil ProvinceCapital Ardabil Counties and citiesArdabil County Ardabil Hir Bileh Savar County Bileh Savar Jafarabad Aslan Duz County Aslan Duz Germi County Germi Tazeh Kand-e Angut Khalkhal County Khalkhal Hashatjin Kolowr Kowsar County Kivi Meshgin Shahr County Meshgin Shahr Lahrud Razi Namin County Namin Abi Beyglu Anbaran Nir County Nir Kuraim Parsabad County Parsabad Sareyn County Sareyn Landmarks Lerd Tourist Village Sardabe Waterfall Sibieh Khani Waterfall Complex of Sheikh Safi-ad-din Ardabili Ardabil Bazaar Alvares (ski resort) Shorabil Lake Sabalan Neor Lake Shapur II Bas-relief of Meshkinshar Haftkhaneh Cave Meshginshahr suspension bridge Sarein springs Ardabil Anthropology Museum Qarah Soo Bridge Places List of cities, towns and villages in Ardabil Province vte Ardabil CountyCapital Ardabil DistrictsCentralCities Ardabil Rural Districts and villagesArshaq Sharqi(East Arshaq) Allahlu Aq Qaleh Bayram Badani Chaghungenesh Chat Qayah Dalikli Dash Dashlujeh Gol Tappeh Imir Jamayran Kaftareh Khalaj Khvajeh Bolaghi Mohammad Janlu Naqdi Kandi Pir Alvan Qeshlaq-e Owch Bolagh Savoj Bolagh Sharif Beyglu Sorkhanlu Tahmasebabad Taleb Qeshlaqi Taqi Dizaj Balghelu Almas Aski Shahr Banafsheh Daraq Gol Moghan Goli Hakim Qeshlaqi Hasan Baruq Kharabeh-ye Kohal Molla Bashi Molla Yusef Nuran Pir Alqar Qasem Qeshlaqi Qelichi Rowshanaq Sham Asbi Vareh Now Zardalu Gharbi(West) Abr Bakuh Ali Qeshlaqi Amirabad Charapa Gendishmin Jabah Dar Kord Qeshlaqi Kulan Kuh Masumabad Mijandi Mokhtarabad Ravindazaq Samarin Shender Shami Sheykh Ahmad Taqi Kandi Tazeh Kand-e Mohammadiyeh Yengejeh-ye Molla Mohammad Hasan Kalkharan Anzab-e Olya Aqcheh Kand Ardi Gilan Deh Kalkhuran Sheykh Karkaraq Qarahlar Samian Soltanabad Sowmaeh Tazeh Kand-e Rezaabad Tazeh Kand-e Sharifabad Sardabeh Amuqin Arvanaq Baruq Chehel Gaz Chenaqrud Dijujin Divlaq Garjan Gonsul Kandi Hamlabad Hasanali Kandi Jamadi Khiarak Khoshkeh Rud Kord Kandi Mirani Omidcheh Qaleh Juq-e Sabalan Qarah Tappeh-ye Sabalan Sardabeh Shahrivar Shamshir Khaneh Shisheh Garan Vakilabad Yengejeh-ye Reza Beyglu Sharqi(East) Aq Bolagh-e Aqajan Khan Aq Bolagh-e Rostam Khani Aqa Baqer Chanzanaq Hamidabad Kamiabad Mazar-e Pileh Sehran Niar Pir Aquam Raziabad Topraqlu HirCities Hir Rural Districts and villagesFuladlui Jonubi(South Fuladlui) Abbasabad Ainalu Almagalan Budalalu Dalilu Firuzabad Gavar Qaleh Hefzabad Helabad Jiavan Mahmudabad Masjedlu Qarah Vali Qayeh Chaman Fuladlui Shomali(North Fuladlui) Alucheh-ye Fuladlu Aralluy-e Bozorg Aralluy-e Kuchek Ayuriq Gol Tappeh-ye Malali Guradel Hesar Khalilabad Kuzah Topraqi Now Shahr Razamgah Hir Ahu Qaleh Baqarabad Bileh Daraq Chanzab Davil Domdomeh Kalkhuran Kargan Keriq Khaneqah Kordali Kuhsareh Qeshlaq-e Mohammad Beyg-e Olya Qeshlaq-e Mohammad Beyg-e Sofla Qezel Qayah Shablu Yaychi This Ardabil County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Fuladlui-ye Jonubi Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuladlui-ye_Jonubi_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Hir District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hir_District"},{"link_name":"Ardabil County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil_County"},{"link_name":"Ardabil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil_province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ardabil_Rural_Districts-5"}],"text":"Village in Ardabil province, IranVillage in Ardabil, IranBudalalu (Persian: بودالالو))[a] is a village in, and the capital of, Fuladlui-ye Jonubi Rural District of Hir District, Ardabil County, Ardabil province, Iran.[4]","title":"Budalalu"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006_census-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_census-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_census-2"}],"sub_title":"Population","text":"At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 451 in 101 households.[5] The following census in 2011 counted 380 people in 94 households.[6] It was the most populous village in its rural district.[2]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"^ Also romanized as Būdālālū; also known as Bū Dallāl, Būd Alāl, Būd Ālān, and Būdāllān[3]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"}]
[{"reference":"OpenStreetMap contributors (27 February 2024). \"Budalalu, Ardabil County\" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 27 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=38.025278&mlon=48.460278&zoom=15#map=15/38.0253/48.4603","url_text":"\"Budalalu, Ardabil County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap","url_text":"OpenStreetMap"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 24. Archived from the original (Excel) on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190322123220/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_24.xlsx","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_24.xlsx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mousavi, Mirhossein (2 February 1366). \"Creation and formation of 21 rural districts including villages, farms and places in Ardabil County under East Azerbaijan province\". Islamic Council Research Center (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022231243/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/110106","url_text":"\"Creation and formation of 21 rural districts including villages, farms and places in Ardabil County under East Azerbaijan province\""},{"url":"https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/110106","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 24. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920094514/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/24.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/24.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 24. Archived from the original (Excel) on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230115211527/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Ardabil.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"url":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Ardabil.xls","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Ziegler
Martha Ziegler
["1 Life","2 Selected filmography","3 Bibliography","4 References","5 External links"]
German actress Martha ZieglerBorn(1899-03-20)20 March 1899Darmstadt, German EmpireDied2 December 1957(1957-12-02) (aged 58)Darmstadt, West GermanyOccupationFilm actressYears active1930–1949 Martha Ziegler (German: ⓘ; 20 March 1899 – 2 December 1957) was a German actress. Life Martha Ziegler was born in the German Empire in Darmstadt on March 20, 1899. After completing her high school education, she attended drama school in Frankfurt, and then found acting work in a series of roles over the years at Berlin's Schiller Theater and in Düsseldorf, Hamburg, and Frankfurt am Main. In 1928, she was awarded legal protection against the Landestheater Darmstadt. By the time she was in her early 30s, she was steadily employed in Germany's movie business, making an average of three to four films per year. In 1930, she appeared in Abschied, the first sound film produced by UFA (Universum Film). As a member of record of the Genossenschaft Deutscher Bühnenangehöriger ("Guild of the German Stage"), she automatically became a member of arts groups which were strongly tied to Joseph Goebbels when the GDBA and similar organizations were forceably merged into the Reichsfilmkammer under Nazi Germany's nationalization of the film industry during the mid-1930s. In the lead-up to, and during, World War II, she then appeared in at least two films considered by historians to have been Nazi propaganda films, including: Frisians in Peril (released in 1935, re-released in 1941) and Die vier Musketiere. Selected filmography Farewell (1930) The Little Escapade (1931) The Scoundrel (1931) The Captain from Köpenick (1931) The Wrong Husband (1931) I'll Stay with You (1931) One Night with You (1932) Eight Girls in a Boat (1932) Sacred Waters (1932) Things Are Getting Better Already (1932) Hände aus dem Dunkel (1933) There Is Only One Love (1933) Little Girl, Great Fortune (1933) Must We Get Divorced? (1933) The Page from the Dalmasse Hotel (1933) The Four Musketeers (1934) Frisians in Peril (1935) One Too Many on Board (1935) Inkognito (1936) Thunder, Lightning and Sunshine (1936) Dissatisfied Woman (1936) Carousel (1937) The Girl at the Reception (1940) The Waitress Anna (1941) Das Mädchen Juanita (1945) The Murder Trial of Doctor Jordan (1949) Bibliography Richards, Jeffrey (1973). Visions of Yesterday. London: Routledge & K. Paul. ISBN 978-0-7100-7576-5. References ^ "Gewährung von Rechtsschutz: Martha Ziegler gegen Landestheater Darmstadt" ("Grant of legal protection: Martha Ziegler against Landestheater Darmstadt"). Koblenz, Germany: Das Bundesarchiv, retrieved online July 1, 2018. ^ Abschied. IMDB: Retrieved online July 1, 2018. ^ Giesen, Rolf. Nazi Propaganda Films: A History and Filmography (1934). Jefferson, North Carolina, and London, United Kingdom: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2003. External links Martha Ziegler at IMDb Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany People Deutsche Biographie This article about a German film actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈmaʁta ˈtsiːɡlɐ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/De-Martha_Ziegler.ogg/De-Martha_Ziegler.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Martha_Ziegler.ogg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actress"}],"text":"Martha Ziegler (German: [ˈmaʁta ˈtsiːɡlɐ] ⓘ; 20 March 1899 – 2 December 1957) was a German actress.","title":"Martha Ziegler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Berlin's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Schiller Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiller_Theater"},{"link_name":"Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt am Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main"},{"link_name":"Landestheater Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landestheater_Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Universum Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Guild of the German Stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_of_the_German_Stage"},{"link_name":"Joseph Goebbels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels"},{"link_name":"Reichsfilmkammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsfilmkammer"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany's nationalization of the film industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema"},{"link_name":"Nazi propaganda films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_propaganda_films"},{"link_name":"Frisians in Peril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisians_in_Peril"},{"link_name":"Die vier Musketiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_vier_Musketiere"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Martha Ziegler was born in the German Empire in Darmstadt on March 20, 1899. After completing her high school education, she attended drama school in Frankfurt, and then found acting work in a series of roles over the years at Berlin's Schiller Theater and in Düsseldorf, Hamburg, and Frankfurt am Main.In 1928, she was awarded legal protection against the Landestheater Darmstadt.[1]By the time she was in her early 30s, she was steadily employed in Germany's movie business, making an average of three to four films per year. In 1930, she appeared in Abschied, the first sound film produced by UFA (Universum Film).[2]As a member of record of the Genossenschaft Deutscher Bühnenangehöriger (\"Guild of the German Stage\"), she automatically became a member of arts groups which were strongly tied to Joseph Goebbels when the GDBA and similar organizations were forceably merged into the Reichsfilmkammer under Nazi Germany's nationalization of the film industry during the mid-1930s. In the lead-up to, and during, World War II, she then appeared in at least two films considered by historians to have been Nazi propaganda films, including: Frisians in Peril (released in 1935, re-released in 1941) and Die vier Musketiere.[3]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_(1930_film)"},{"link_name":"The Little Escapade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Escapade"},{"link_name":"The Scoundrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scoundrel_(1931_film)"},{"link_name":"The Captain from Köpenick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Captain_from_K%C3%B6penick_(1931_film)"},{"link_name":"The Wrong Husband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wrong_Husband"},{"link_name":"I'll Stay with You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Stay_with_You_(film)"},{"link_name":"One Night with You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Night_with_You_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"Eight Girls in a Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Girls_in_a_Boat_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"Sacred Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Waters_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"Things Are Getting Better Already","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Are_Getting_Better_Already"},{"link_name":"Hände aus dem Dunkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A4nde_aus_dem_Dunkel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"There Is Only One Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There_Is_Only_One_Love"},{"link_name":"Little Girl, Great Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Girl,_Great_Fortune"},{"link_name":"Must We Get Divorced?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_We_Get_Divorced%3F_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"The Page from the Dalmasse Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Page_from_the_Dalmasse_Hotel_(1933_film)"},{"link_name":"The Four Musketeers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Musketeers_(1934_film)"},{"link_name":"Frisians in Peril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisians_in_Peril"},{"link_name":"One Too Many on Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Too_Many_on_Board"},{"link_name":"Inkognito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkognito"},{"link_name":"Thunder, Lightning and Sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder,_Lightning_and_Sunshine"},{"link_name":"Dissatisfied Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dissatisfied_Woman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carousel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousel_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"The Girl at the Reception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_at_the_Reception"},{"link_name":"The Waitress Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Waitress_Anna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Das Mädchen Juanita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Das_M%C3%A4dchen_Juanita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Murder Trial of Doctor Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Murder_Trial_of_Doctor_Jordan"}],"text":"Farewell (1930)\nThe Little Escapade (1931)\nThe Scoundrel (1931)\nThe Captain from Köpenick (1931)\nThe Wrong Husband (1931)\nI'll Stay with You (1931)\nOne Night with You (1932)\nEight Girls in a Boat (1932)\nSacred Waters (1932)\nThings Are Getting Better Already (1932)\nHände aus dem Dunkel (1933)\nThere Is Only One Love (1933)\nLittle Girl, Great Fortune (1933)\nMust We Get Divorced? (1933)\nThe Page from the Dalmasse Hotel (1933)\nThe Four Musketeers (1934)\nFrisians in Peril (1935)\nOne Too Many on Board (1935)\nInkognito (1936)\nThunder, Lightning and Sunshine (1936)\nDissatisfied Woman (1936)\nCarousel (1937)\nThe Girl at the Reception (1940)\nThe Waitress Anna (1941)\nDas Mädchen Juanita (1945)\nThe Murder Trial of Doctor Jordan (1949)","title":"Selected filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Visions of Yesterday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/visionsofyesterd0000rich"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7100-7576-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-7576-5"}],"text":"Richards, Jeffrey (1973). Visions of Yesterday. London: Routledge & K. Paul. ISBN 978-0-7100-7576-5.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_of_the_Union
Soviet of the Union
["1 See also","2 Notes","3 References"]
Lower house of the Soviet Union's legislature This article is about the lower house of the Soviet legislature. For the Soviet state itself, see Soviet Union (disambiguation). Soviet of the Union Сове́т Сою́заLegislative body in the Soviet UnionTypeTypeLower House of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union HistoryEstablished1938Disbanded11 December 1991Preceded byCongress of SovietsSucceeded bySoviet of the RepublicCIS Interparliamentary AssemblyLeadershipChairmanKonstantin Lubenchenko (last) StructurePolitical groupsComposition after the 1984 election:  Communist Party of the Soviet Union (551)   Independents (199)ElectionsVoting systemDirect elections (until 1989)Elected by the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR (from 1989)Meeting placeGrand Kremlin Palace, Moscow Kremlin Politics of the Soviet Union   Leadership Leaders President list Vice President Collective leadership State Council Presidential Council Communist Party Congress Central Committee History General Secretary Politburo Secretariat Orgburo Legislature Congress of Soviets Central Executive Committee Supreme Soviet Soviet of the Union Soviet of Nationalities Presidium Congress of People's Deputies Speaker 1989 Legislative election Governance Constitution Official names 1924 1936 1977 Government Ministries State Committees Cabinets Premiership First Deputy Premier Deputy Premier Administrator of Affairs Judiciary Law Supreme Court Military Collegium People's Court Procurator General Ideology Soviet democracy Marxism–Leninism LeninismStalinismKhrushchevism De-Stalinization Perestroika Glasnost Society Economy Agriculture Consumer goods Five-Year Plan Kosygin reform New Economic Policy Science and technology Era of Stagnation Material balance planning Transport War communism Culture Demographics Education Family Phraseology Religion Repression Censorship Censorship of images Great Purge Gulag system Collectivization Human rights Ideological repression Political abuse of psychiatry Political repression Population transfer Propaganda Suppressed research Red Terror Soviet Empire Soviet Union portal Other countries vte The Soviet of the Union (Russian: Сове́т Сою́за, Sovet Soyuza) was the lower chamber of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, elected on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage in accordance with the principles of Soviet democracy, and with the rule that each deputy would represent the same number of voters. Under the 1936 Soviet Constitution, there was one deputy for every 300,000 people; this was changed by the 1977 Soviet Constitution, which provided that both chambers would have an equal number of members. Although the party gave general guidelines on nominations, such as the ratio of the social composition of the nominees, much of the work was left to local bodies and people's representatives. As opposed to the upper chamber, the Soviet of Nationalities, the Soviet of the Union represented the interests of all of the people of the Soviet Union no matter what their nationality was. The Soviet of the Union had the same rights and competence as the Soviet of Nationalities, including the right for legislative initiative. In practice, until 1989, it did little more than approve decisions already made by the top leadership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. After the 1989 elections–the first, and as it turned out, only, free elections ever held in the Soviet Union–the Soviet of the Union acquired a much greater role, and was the scene of many lively debates. The Soviet of the Union elected a chairman (who would lead the sessions of the chamber), his four deputies and permanent commissions: Mandates, Legislative Proposals, Budget Planning, Foreign Affairs, Youth Affairs, Industry, Transportation and Communications, Construction and Industry of Building Materials, Agriculture, Consumer goods, Public Education, Healthcare and Social Security, Science and Culture, Trade, Consumer Service and Municipal Economy, Environment. In 1989, it was reduced to 271 deputies, elected by the Congress of People's Deputies. Its deputies were elected representing territorial electoral districts and public organizations, taking into account the size of the electorate in a Union Republic or region. In 1991, after the August Coup, it was renamed the Soviet (Council) of the Union, with its deputies apportioned by the existing quotas and in coordination with the bodies of power in the Union Republics. It would consider only issues concerning civil rights and other issues that didn't fall under the Soviet of Nationalities. Its decisions would have to be reviewed by the Soviet of Nationalities. The Soviet of the Union was effectively dissolved on 12 December 1991, two weeks before the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union, when the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic recalled its deputies, leaving it without a quorum. The legality of this action was questionable, since the Soviet Constitution did not allow a republic to unilaterally recall its deputies. However, by this time what remained of the Soviet government had been rendered more or less impotent and was thus in no position to object. Following the resignation of Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet of the Republics dissolved the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991, thus dissolving the Soviet of the Union as well. See also List of Chairmen of the Soviet of the Union English Wikisource has original text related to this article: 1977 Soviet Constitution English Wikisource has original text related to this article: 1936 Soviet Constitution 1977 Soviet Constitution 1936 Soviet Constitution Notes ^ Ukrainian: Рада Союзу; Belarusian: Савет Саюза; Uzbek: Иттифоқ Кенгаши, Ittifoq Kengashi; Kazakh: Одақ Кеңесі, Odaq Keñesı; Georgian: კავშირის საბჭო; Azerbaijani: Иттифагы Совети, İttifaqı Soveti; Lithuanian: Sąjungos Taryba; Romanian: Sovietul Uniunii, Moldovan Cyrillic: Cоветул Униуний; Latvian: Savienības Padome; Kyrgyz: Бирлик Кеңеши; Tajik: Шӯрои Иттиҳоди; Armenian: Միության Խորհուրդ; Turkmen: Билелешигиң Геңеши, Bileleşigiň Geňeşi; Estonian: Liidu Nõukogu References ^ Sloan, Pat (1937). Soviet Democracy. ISBN 9780598628206. ^ The Russian SFSR has constitutional right to "freely secede from the Soviet Union" (art. 69 of the RSFSR Constitution, art. 72 of the USSR Constitution), but according to USSR laws 1409-I (enacted on 3 April 1990) and 1457-I (enacted on 26 April 1990) this can be done only by a referendum and only if two-thirds of all registered voters of the republic has supported that motion. No special referendum on the secession from the USSR was held in the RSFSR ^ "Ведомости Верховного Совета СССР № 52. 25 декабря 1991 г." Ведомости Верховного Совета СССР. 26 December 1991.
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For the Soviet state itself, see Soviet Union (disambiguation).The Soviet of the Union (Russian: Сове́т Сою́за, Sovet Soyuza[a]) was the lower chamber of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, elected on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage in accordance with the principles of Soviet democracy, and with the rule that each deputy would represent the same number of voters. Under the 1936 Soviet Constitution, there was one deputy for every 300,000 people; this was changed by the 1977 Soviet Constitution, which provided that both chambers would have an equal number of members. Although the party gave general guidelines on nominations, such as the ratio of the social composition of the nominees, much of the work was left to local bodies and people's representatives.[1] As opposed to the upper chamber, the Soviet of Nationalities, the Soviet of the Union represented the interests of all of the people of the Soviet Union no matter what their nationality was.The Soviet of the Union had the same rights and competence as the Soviet of Nationalities, including the right for legislative initiative. In practice, until 1989, it did little more than approve decisions already made by the top leadership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[citation needed] After the 1989 elections–the first, and as it turned out, only, free elections ever held in the Soviet Union–the Soviet of the Union acquired a much greater role, and was the scene of many lively debates.The Soviet of the Union elected a chairman (who would lead the sessions of the chamber), his four deputies and permanent commissions: Mandates, Legislative Proposals, Budget Planning, Foreign Affairs, Youth Affairs, Industry, Transportation and Communications, Construction and Industry of Building Materials, Agriculture, Consumer goods, Public Education, Healthcare and Social Security, Science and Culture, Trade, Consumer Service and Municipal Economy, Environment.In 1989, it was reduced to 271 deputies, elected by the Congress of People's Deputies. Its deputies were elected representing territorial electoral districts and public organizations, taking into account the size of the electorate in a Union Republic or region. In 1991, after the August Coup, it was renamed the Soviet (Council) of the Union, with its deputies apportioned by the existing quotas and in coordination with the bodies of power in the Union Republics. It would consider only issues concerning civil rights and other issues that didn't fall under the Soviet of Nationalities. Its decisions would have to be reviewed by the Soviet of Nationalities.The Soviet of the Union was effectively dissolved on 12 December 1991, two weeks before the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union, when the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic recalled its deputies, leaving it without a quorum. The legality of this action was questionable, since the Soviet Constitution did not allow a republic to unilaterally recall its deputies.[2] However, by this time what remained of the Soviet government had been rendered more or less impotent and was thus in no position to object. Following the resignation of Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet of the Republics dissolved the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991, thus dissolving the Soviet of the Union as well.[3]","title":"Soviet of the Union"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language"},{"link_name":"Uzbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek_language"},{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"Moldovan Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovan_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Latvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_language"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_language"},{"link_name":"Tajik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_language"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Turkmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_language"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"}],"text":"^ Ukrainian: Рада Союзу; Belarusian: Савет Саюза; Uzbek: Иттифоқ Кенгаши, Ittifoq Kengashi; Kazakh: Одақ Кеңесі, Odaq Keñesı; Georgian: კავშირის საბჭო; Azerbaijani: Иттифагы Совети, İttifaqı Soveti; Lithuanian: Sąjungos Taryba; Romanian: Sovietul Uniunii, Moldovan Cyrillic: Cоветул Униуний; Latvian: Savienības Padome; Kyrgyz: Бирлик Кеңеши; Tajik: Шӯрои Иттиҳоди; Armenian: Միության Խորհուրդ; Turkmen: Билелешигиң Геңеши, Bileleşigiň Geňeşi; Estonian: Liidu Nõukogu","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Ship_Church
Old Ship Church
["1 History","2 Current use","3 Old Ship Burying Ground","4 Memorial Bell Tower","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 Notes","8 Citations","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 42°14′29″N 70°53′13″W / 42.24125°N 70.88695°W / 42.24125; -70.88695Historic church in Massachusetts, United States This article is about the Old Ship Meetinghouse in Massachusetts. For the church in Alabama, see Old Ship African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. See also: List of the oldest buildings in Massachusetts and Oldest buildings in the United States United States historic placeOld Ship Church (Old Ship Meetinghouse)U.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. National Historic LandmarkU.S. Historic districtContributing property Old Ship ChurchShow map of MassachusettsShow map of the United StatesLocationMain Street Hingham, MassachusettsCoordinates42°14′29″N 70°53′13″W / 42.24125°N 70.88695°W / 42.24125; -70.88695Built1681Part ofLincoln Historic District (ID90001728)NRHP reference No.66000777 Significant datesAdded to NRHPOctober 15, 1966Designated NHLOctober 9, 1960Designated CPJanuary 7, 1991 The Old Ship Church (also known as the Old Ship Meetinghouse) is a Puritan church built in 1681 in Hingham, Massachusetts. It is the only surviving 17th-century Puritan meetinghouse in the United States. Its congregation, gathered in 1635 and officially known as First Parish in Hingham, occupies the oldest church building in continuous ecclesiastical use in the country. On October 9, 1960, it was designated a National Historic Landmark, and on November 15, 1966, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Old Ship Church is, according to The New York Times, "the oldest continuously worshiped-in church in North America and the only surviving example in this country of the English Gothic style of the 17th century. The more familiar delicately spired white Colonial churches of New England would not be built for more than half a century." Within the church, "the ceiling, made of great oak beams, looks like the inverted frame of a ship", notes The Washington Post. "Built in 1681, it is the oldest church in continuous use as a house of worship in North America." The most distinctive feature of the structure is its hammerbeam roof, a Gothic open timber construction, the most well-known example being that of Westminster Hall. Some of those working on the soaring structure were no doubt ship carpenters; others were East Anglians familiar with the method of constructing a hammerbeam roof. History Interior of the church A church window Old Ship Parish House The first minister of the Hingham congregation who built Old Ship was the Rev. Peter Hobart, who had attended what was then Puritan-dominated University of Cambridge. Natives of Hingham in the county of Norfolk in East Anglia, Peter Hobart, his father Edmund and his brother Capt. Joshua Hobart were among Hingham's most prominent early settlers. Edmund Hobart and his wife Margaret (Dewey), said Cotton Mather, "were eminent for piety ... and feared God above many." Assisting Hobart in the foundation of the congregation was Rev. Robert Peck, Hobart's senior and formerly rector of St Andrew's Church in Hingham, Norfolk. After 44 years of service, minister Peter Hobart died on January 20, 1679, on the eve of the building of the new house of worship. Hobart's diary of events in Hingham, begun in the year 1635, was continued on his death by his son David. By the time Old Ship was built, Harvard-educated Rev. John Norton, who had been ordained by Peter Hobart, had assumed Hobart's ministry. While Rev. Norton was the first pastor of the congregation at its new home in Old Ship Church, Rev. Peter Hobart was the founder of the congregation, although he died before the new meetinghouse was finished. Old Ship Church deacon John Leavitt, whose son John married Rev. Hobart's daughter Bathsheba, was deacon when Old Ship was constructed and he argued forcefully for the construction of a new meetinghouse. The matter of replacing the old thatched log meeting house stirred intense emotion in Hingham, and it took two heated town meetings to settle on a site for the new edifice, which was built on land donated by Capt. Joshua Hobart, brother of Rev. Peter Hobart. Ultimately, the town appropriated £430 for the new building, said to be the equal of any in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The modern frame edifice, devoid of ornamentation, was raised in 1681, and accommodated its first worship service the following year. Old Ship, with its stark wooden pulpit and stripped-down interior, could not have been further from the houses of worship known to many of the East Anglians who settled Hingham, Massachusetts. It was, in a sense, the anti-Wool church. The program celebrating the 275th anniversary of the raising of the Old Ship Church in July 1956 described the raising of the meetinghouse: It was a hot day, the 26th of July 1681, when the townspeople gathered on the wooden knoll bordering on Bachelor's Row (now Main Street), Hingham, Mass, to take part in what the Selectmen's record described as the 'raising of the frame of the new Meeting House.' It was a community undertaking and every freeman in the town had been assessed for the cost of the structure according to his worth, in amounts ranging from one pound to fifteen pounds. There were all there, regardless of the heat, including Deacon John Leavitt, well over seventy years old, who had led the successful fight to have the new Meeting House erected approximately on the site of the old. The side galleries were added to the building in 1730 and 1755. Originally the building was furnished with backless wooden benches, with the first box pews being installed in 1755. In the Victorian period, the box pews were removed and replaced with curved pews fanning outward from the pulpit, while the walls were papered and drapes were added to the windows. The church was restored to its current appearance, reflecting its 17th and 18th century characteristics, in 1930. Current use The current minister is Kenneth Read-Brown, a descendant of Rev. Peter Hobart. The congregation is Unitarian Universalist and is a Welcoming Congregation. Some of the meetinghouse furnishings still in use date to its founding: Old Ship's christening bowl, for instance, was made before 1600 and was likely brought to the Massachusetts Bay Colony by emigrants from Hingham, England. Old Ship Burying Ground Old Ship Church is abutted by a large colonial graveyard to the rear of the church. The graveyard, Hingham Cemetery, is sometimes called the First Settlers cemetery. It is independent of the Old Ship Church and is owned and managed by the Hingham Cemetery Corporation. It was originally part of a 6-acre (24,000 m2) tract of land granted by the town to Thomas Gill, one of Hingham's earliest settlers. (It now comprises 13 acres (53,000 m2), and is the oldest cemetery in Hingham.) Buried within its precincts are many of Hingham's earliest settlers and their descendants, including members of the Cushing, Hersey, Otis, Chaffee, Lane, Andrews, Hobart, Loring, Bates, Leavitt, Thaxter, Tower, Beal, Lincoln, Fearing and other prominent early families. Signature of Col. Samuel Thaxter of Hingham Among the prominent individuals buried in the graveyard are: Thomas Joy (1618–1678), builder of the first statehouse in Boston (the building was built of timber) and designer of the Old Ship Church; Rev. Peter Hobart (1604–1679), pastor of Old Ship Church, ancestor of Senator John Kerry; Edmund Hobart, father of Rev. Peter, instrumental in founding Hingham, ancestor of John Henry Hobart; William Hersey, one of Hingham's first settlers, ancestor of writer John Hersey; Col. Samuel Thaxter (1665–1740), one of "His Majesty's Council and Col. of His Regiment," delegate to the General Court and Hingham selectman; Col. Benjamin Lincoln (1699–1771), member of "His Majesty's Council," town selectman, town clerk, husband of Elizabeth Thaxter (daughter of Col. Samuel Thaxter), and father of Major General Benjamin Lincoln; Mrs. Sarah Langley Hersey Derby (1714–1790), founder of Derby Academy in Hingham, widow of Dr. Ezekiel Hersey and of Salem merchant Richard Derby, father of Elias Hasket Derby; Mary Revere Lincoln (1770–1853), daughter of Paul Revere; Governor John Albion Andrew (1818–1867), Civil War governor of Massachusetts, instrumental in founding the 54th and 55th Massachusetts Regiments, the first regiments of black infantry in the Civil War; John Davis Long (1838-1915), 32nd Governor of Massachusetts and Secretary of the Navy;(Wilmon Brewer (1895–1998), author/poet, philanthropist (major donations: Old Ordinary tavern to the town of Hingham, More-Brewer Conservation Area, World's End Park); Solomon Lincoln (1804–1881), Hingham attorney, author of first history of Hingham (1827), state senator, president of Boston's Webster Bank, and president of the Hingham Cemetery Corporation. The oldest burials date from at least 1672, before the building of the current meeting house. The Settlers' Monument in Old Ship burying ground marks the place where the remains of Hingham's earliest settlers were moved after their initial burying place along modern-day Main Street, in front of Old Ship Church, was excavated for the passage of horse-drawn trolleys about 1835. Memorial Bell Tower Also in the grounds, situated close to the church, is the Hingham Memorial Bell Tower, erected in 1912 to commemorate the 275th anniversary of the founding of Hingham, and in memory of the town's founders. The tower contains ten bells hung for change ringing, also made in 1912 by Mears & Stainbank, of Whitechapel, London. The bells were cast specifically in order to be similar to the bells hung in St Andrew's Church in Hingham, Norfolk, which the town's founders would have heard while living in England, and are tuned to the same key of E. Gallery Entrance, with the date (1681) Gravestone of Margrett Leavitt, died June 13, 1739 Sons of the American Revolution grave marker Tomb of Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, died May 9, 1810 Gravestone of Mary Revere Lincoln, daughter of Paul Revere, died August 12, 1853 Angel of Grief, gravestone of Maria L. Hooper, died April 1, 1891 See also List of National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts National Register of Historic Places listings in Plymouth County, Massachusetts First Unitarian Church in Westport List of the oldest churches in the United States Notes ^ Rev. John Norton of Hingham, among the earliest graduates of Harvard College, was the son of William Norton of Ipswich, and nephew of Rev. John Norton who was the successor of Rev. John Cotton as pastor of First Church in Boston. See Water 1905, pp. 152 ^ Rev. John Norton was the great-grandfather of Abigail Adams, wife of President John Adams of Braintree, Massachusetts.See Mitchell 1947, pp. xxvii Citations ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007. ^ Old Ship Church, National Park Service. ^ Butterfield, Fox (May 14, 1989). "The Perfect New England Village". The New York Times. Retrieved April 20, 2015. ^ Lindner, Lawrence (April 20, 2007). "Classic New England: Five for the Road". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 13, 2014. ^ "Hubberd, Peter (HBRT621P)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ Farmer 1829, pp. 146. ^ Lincoln 1893, pp. 334. ^ Mather 1802, pp. 448. ^ "Peck, Robert (PK598R2)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ Letters of Charles Eliot Norton, Vol. I; Charles Eliot Norton, Sara Norton, Mark Antony DeWolfe Howe; Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1913; Retrieved 2009-06-13. ^ Lincoln 1893, pp. 428. ^ "The Chataquan". Vol. XXX. Cleveland, Ohio: The Chataqua Press. 1899. p. 457. Retrieved July 13, 2014. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help) ^ a b c d "History of the Old Ship Meetinghouse". Oldshipchurch.org. Retrieved July 13, 2014. ^ Gorfinkle, Connie (September 26, 2009). "Following in His Hingham Footsteps after 350 Years". Hingham Journal. GateHouse News Service. Archived from the original on April 20, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2015. ^ Hingham Cemetery Facts, compiled by Lucinda Day, Director, PDF file ^ Lincoln, Calvin (1873). A Discourse Delivered to the First Parish Church in Hingham, Sept. 8, 1869, Calvin Lincoln, Published by the Parish, Hingham, 1873. Retrieved July 13, 2014. ^ Towns of New England and Old England, Ireland and Scotland, Allan Forbes, 1920. G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1920. p. 166. Retrieved July 13, 2014 – via Internet Archive. old ship church burying ground. ^ History of the Town of Hingham, Massachusetts, Thomas Tracy Bouve, Edward Tracy Bouve, John Davis Long, Fearing Burr, Published by the Town, 1893. town. 1893. p. 370. Retrieved July 13, 2014 – via Internet Archive. first settlers grave hingham. ^ History of the Town of Hingham, Massachusetts, Vol. II, Thomas Tracy Bouve, Published by the Town, Printed by John Wilson and Son, Cambridge, Mass., 1893. 1893. Retrieved July 13, 2014. ^ "Tower details". dove.cccbr.org.uk. Retrieved May 9, 2021. ^ "Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers". dove.cccbr.org.uk. Retrieved May 9, 2021. References Farmer, John (1829). A Genealogical Register of the First Settlers of New England. Lancaster, MA: Carter, Andrews, & Co. p. 146. Retrieved April 20, 2015. Lincoln, George (1893). "Hobart". History of Hingham, Massachusetts. Vol. 2. Cambridge, MA: John Wilson & Son. p. 334. Retrieved April 20, 2015. Mather, Cotton (1802). "The Life of Mr. Peter Horbart". Magnalia Christi Americana: Or, the Ecclesiastical History of New England (2nd ed.). Hartford: Silus Andrus. Retrieved April 20, 2015. Mitchell, Stewart (1947). "Introduction". In Mitchell, Stewart (ed.). New Letters of Abigail Adams, 1788–1801. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Retrieved April 20, 2015. Water, Thomas Franklin (1905). Ipswich in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Ipswich, MA: Ipswich Historical Society. p. 152. Retrieved April 20, 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Old Ship Church. Official website National Historic Landmark listing National Park Service Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings National Register listings for Plymouth County Old Ship Historic Marker Reverend Peter Hobart Historic Marker Historic Churches of America, Nellie Urner Wallington, 1907 Hingham Cemetery Facts, Lucinda Day (compiler), Hingham Cemetery Corporation vteList of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churchesAustralia Unitarian Church of South Australia Canada First Unitarian Congregation of Toronto Ireland Unitarian Church in Ireland Romania Unitarian Church of Transylvania Unitarian church, Dârjiu United Kingdom Bank Street Unitarian Chapel Billingshurst Unitarian Chapel Brighton Unitarian Church Brook Street Chapel, Knutsford Brookfield Unitarian Church Chowbent Chapel Cross Street Chapel Dean Row Chapel, Wilmslow Essex Street Chapel Fulwood Old Chapel Gellionnen Chapel General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches Hastings Unitarian Church Horsham 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Ship African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Ship_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Zion_Church"},{"link_name":"List of the oldest buildings in Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_buildings_in_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Oldest buildings in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldest_buildings_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Puritan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritan"},{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)"},{"link_name":"Hingham, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hingham,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"meetinghouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeting_house"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butterfield-3"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"English Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"hammerbeam roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerbeam_roof"},{"link_name":"Westminster Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Hall"},{"link_name":"East Anglians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia"}],"text":"Historic church in Massachusetts, United StatesThis article is about the Old Ship Meetinghouse in Massachusetts. For the church in Alabama, see Old Ship African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church.See also: List of the oldest buildings in Massachusetts and Oldest buildings in the United StatesUnited States historic placeThe Old Ship Church (also known as the Old Ship Meetinghouse) is a Puritan church built in 1681 in Hingham, Massachusetts. It is the only surviving 17th-century Puritan meetinghouse in the United States. Its congregation, gathered in 1635 and officially known as First Parish in Hingham, occupies the oldest church building in continuous ecclesiastical use in the country. On October 9, 1960, it was designated a National Historic Landmark, and on November 15, 1966, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.[2][3]Old Ship Church is, according to The New York Times, \"the oldest continuously worshiped-in church in North America and the only surviving example in this country of the English Gothic style of the 17th century. The more familiar delicately spired white Colonial churches of New England would not be built for more than half a century.\" Within the church, \"the ceiling, made of great oak beams, looks like the inverted frame of a ship\", notes The Washington Post. \"Built in 1681, it is the oldest church in continuous use as a house of worship in North America.\"[4]The most distinctive feature of the structure is its hammerbeam roof, a Gothic open timber construction, the most well-known example being that of Westminster Hall. Some of those working on the soaring structure were no doubt ship carpenters; others were East Anglians familiar with the method of constructing a hammerbeam roof.","title":"Old Ship Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:InteriorOldShip.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OldShipWindow.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OldShipParishHouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarmer1829146-6"},{"link_name":"Hingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hingham,_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln1893334-7"},{"link_name":"Cotton Mather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Mather"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMather1802448-8"},{"link_name":"rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Hingham, Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hingham,_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon"},{"link_name":"John Leavitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leavitt"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELincoln1893428-13"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Bay Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Wool church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool_church"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-15"}],"text":"Interior of the churchA church windowOld Ship Parish HouseThe first minister of the Hingham congregation who built Old Ship was the Rev. Peter Hobart, who had attended what was then Puritan-dominated University of Cambridge.[5][6] Natives of Hingham in the county of Norfolk in East Anglia, Peter Hobart, his father Edmund and his brother Capt. Joshua Hobart were among Hingham's most prominent early settlers.[7] Edmund Hobart and his wife Margaret (Dewey), said Cotton Mather, \"were eminent for piety ... and feared God above many.\"[8] Assisting Hobart in the foundation of the congregation was Rev. Robert Peck, Hobart's senior and formerly rector of St Andrew's Church in Hingham, Norfolk.[9]After 44 years of service, minister Peter Hobart died on January 20, 1679, on the eve of the building of the new house of worship. Hobart's diary of events in Hingham, begun in the year 1635, was continued on his death by his son David. By the time Old Ship was built, Harvard-educated Rev. John Norton,[a] who had been ordained by Peter Hobart, had assumed Hobart's ministry.[10][b] While Rev. Norton was the first pastor of the congregation at its new home in Old Ship Church, Rev. Peter Hobart was the founder of the congregation, although he died before the new meetinghouse was finished.Old Ship Church deacon John Leavitt, whose son John married Rev. Hobart's daughter Bathsheba, was deacon when Old Ship was constructed and he argued forcefully for the construction of a new meetinghouse.[11] The matter of replacing the old thatched log meeting house stirred intense emotion in Hingham, and it took two heated town meetings to settle on a site for the new edifice, which was built on land donated by Capt. Joshua Hobart, brother of Rev. Peter Hobart. Ultimately, the town appropriated £430 for the new building, said to be the equal of any in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.[12] The modern frame edifice, devoid of ornamentation, was raised in 1681, and accommodated its first worship service the following year. Old Ship, with its stark wooden pulpit and stripped-down interior, could not have been further from the houses of worship known to many of the East Anglians who settled Hingham, Massachusetts. It was, in a sense, the anti-Wool church.The program celebrating the 275th anniversary of the raising of the Old Ship Church in July 1956 described the raising of the meetinghouse:It was a hot day, the 26th of July 1681, when the townspeople gathered on the wooden knoll bordering on Bachelor's Row (now Main Street), Hingham, Mass, to take part in what the Selectmen's record described as the 'raising of the frame of the new Meeting House.' It was a community undertaking and every freeman in the town had been assessed for the cost of the structure according to his worth, in amounts ranging from one pound to fifteen pounds. There were all there, regardless of the heat, including Deacon John Leavitt, well over seventy years old, who had led the successful fight to have the new Meeting House erected approximately on the site of the old.The side galleries were added to the building in 1730 and 1755.[13]Originally the building was furnished with backless wooden benches, with the first box pews being installed in 1755.[13]In the Victorian period, the box pews were removed and replaced with curved pews fanning outward from the pulpit, while the walls were papered and drapes were added to the windows. The church was restored to its current appearance, reflecting its 17th and 18th century characteristics, in 1930.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_religion"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"congregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/congregation"},{"link_name":"Unitarian Universalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism"},{"link_name":"Welcoming Congregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism_and_LGBT_topics#Welcoming_Congregation"},{"link_name":"christening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_baptism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-15"}],"text":"The current minister is Kenneth Read-Brown, a descendant of Rev. Peter Hobart.[14] The congregation is Unitarian Universalist and is a Welcoming Congregation. Some of the meetinghouse furnishings still in use date to its founding: Old Ship's christening bowl, for instance, was made before 1600 and was likely brought to the Massachusetts Bay Colony by emigrants from Hingham, England.[13]","title":"Current use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Signature_of_Samuel_Thaxter.jpg"},{"link_name":"Samuel Thaxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Thaxter"},{"link_name":"John Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry"},{"link_name":"John Henry Hobart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Hobart"},{"link_name":"John Hersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hersey"},{"link_name":"Samuel Thaxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Thaxter"},{"link_name":"Samuel Thaxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Thaxter"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Derby Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Academy_(Hingham)"},{"link_name":"Elias Hasket Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Hasket_Derby"},{"link_name":"Paul Revere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere"},{"link_name":"John Albion Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Albion_Andrew"},{"link_name":"54th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54th_Massachusetts_Volunteer_Infantry"},{"link_name":"55th Massachusetts Regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_Massachusetts_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"John Davis Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Davis_Long"},{"link_name":"Wilmon Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmon_Brewer"},{"link_name":"World's End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_End_(Hingham,_Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Old Ship Church is abutted by a large colonial graveyard to the rear of the church. The graveyard, Hingham Cemetery, is sometimes called the First Settlers cemetery. It is independent of the Old Ship Church and is owned and managed by the Hingham Cemetery Corporation. It was originally part of a 6-acre (24,000 m2) tract of land granted by the town to Thomas Gill, one of Hingham's earliest settlers. (It now comprises 13 acres (53,000 m2), and is the oldest cemetery in Hingham.)[15] Buried within its precincts are many of Hingham's earliest settlers and their descendants, including members of the Cushing, Hersey, Otis, Chaffee, Lane, Andrews, Hobart, Loring, Bates, Leavitt, Thaxter, Tower, Beal,[16] Lincoln, Fearing and other prominent early families.[17][18]Signature of Col. Samuel Thaxter of HinghamAmong the prominent individuals buried in the graveyard are: Thomas Joy (1618–1678), builder of the first statehouse in Boston (the building was built of timber) and designer of the Old Ship Church; Rev. Peter Hobart (1604–1679), pastor of Old Ship Church, ancestor of Senator John Kerry; Edmund Hobart, father of Rev. Peter, instrumental in founding Hingham, ancestor of John Henry Hobart; William Hersey, one of Hingham's first settlers, ancestor of writer John Hersey; Col. Samuel Thaxter (1665–1740), one of \"His Majesty's Council and Col. of His Regiment,\" delegate to the General Court and Hingham selectman; Col. Benjamin Lincoln (1699–1771), member of \"His Majesty's Council,\" town selectman, town clerk, husband of Elizabeth Thaxter (daughter of Col. Samuel Thaxter), and father of Major General Benjamin Lincoln; Mrs. Sarah Langley Hersey Derby (1714–1790), founder of Derby Academy in Hingham, widow of Dr. Ezekiel Hersey and of Salem merchant Richard Derby, father of Elias Hasket Derby; Mary Revere Lincoln (1770–1853), daughter of Paul Revere; Governor John Albion Andrew (1818–1867), Civil War governor of Massachusetts, instrumental in founding the 54th and 55th Massachusetts Regiments, the first regiments of black infantry in the Civil War; John Davis Long (1838-1915), 32nd Governor of Massachusetts and Secretary of the Navy;(Wilmon Brewer (1895–1998), author/poet, philanthropist (major donations: Old Ordinary tavern to the town of Hingham, More-Brewer Conservation Area, World's End Park); Solomon Lincoln (1804–1881), Hingham attorney, author of first history of Hingham (1827), state senator, president of Boston's Webster Bank, and president of the Hingham Cemetery Corporation.[19]The oldest burials date from at least 1672, before the building of the current meeting house. The Settlers' Monument in Old Ship burying ground marks the place where the remains of Hingham's earliest settlers were moved after their initial burying place along modern-day Main Street, in front of Old Ship Church, was excavated for the passage of horse-drawn trolleys about 1835.","title":"Old Ship Burying Ground"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HinghamBellTower1.jpg"},{"link_name":"change ringing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_ringing"},{"link_name":"Mears & Stainbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry"},{"link_name":"Whitechapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Hingham, Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hingham,_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Also in the grounds, situated close to the church, is the Hingham Memorial Bell Tower, erected in 1912 to commemorate the 275th anniversary of the founding of Hingham, and in memory of the town's founders. The tower contains ten bells hung for change ringing, also made in 1912 by Mears & Stainbank, of Whitechapel, London.[20] The bells were cast specifically in order to be similar to the bells hung in St Andrew's Church in Hingham, Norfolk, which the town's founders would have heard while living in England, and are tuned to the same key of E.[21]","title":"Memorial Bell Tower"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OldShipEntrance.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:121-Margrett_(wife_of_Josiah)_Leavitt_(d._Jun_13th,_1739)_grave,_Hingham_Cemetery,_Hingham,_Plymouth_Co.,_MA.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SARHingham.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sons of the American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_of_Benjamin_Lincoln_(1733-1810),_Hingham_Cemetery,_MA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaryRevereLincoln.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paul Revere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WeepingAngel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Angel of Grief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_of_Grief"}],"text":"Entrance, with the date (1681)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGravestone of Margrett Leavitt, died June 13, 1739\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSons of the American Revolution grave marker\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTomb of Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, died May 9, 1810\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGravestone of Mary Revere Lincoln, daughter of Paul Revere, died August 12, 1853\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAngel of Grief, gravestone of Maria L. Hooper, died April 1, 1891","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Harvard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College"},{"link_name":"Ipswich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"John Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Norton_(Puritan_divine)"},{"link_name":"John Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cotton_(Puritan)"},{"link_name":"First Church in Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Church_in_Boston"},{"link_name":"Water 1905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWater1905"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Abigail Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Adams"},{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams"},{"link_name":"Braintree, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braintree,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Mitchell 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMitchell1947"}],"text":"^ Rev. John Norton of Hingham, among the earliest graduates of Harvard College, was the son of William Norton of Ipswich, and nephew of Rev. John Norton who was the successor of Rev. John Cotton as pastor of First Church in Boston. See Water 1905, pp. 152\n\n^ Rev. John Norton was the great-grandfather of Abigail Adams, wife of President John Adams of Braintree, Massachusetts.See Mitchell 1947, pp. xxvii","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nris_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"National Register Information System\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Old Ship Church, National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/explorers/sitec26.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Butterfield_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Perfect New England Village\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1989/05/14/travel/the-perfect-new-england-village.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Classic New England: Five for the Road\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/20/AR2007042000648_2.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Hubberd, Peter (HBRT621P)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=HBRT621P&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarmer1829146_6-0"},{"link_name":"Farmer 1829","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFarmer1829"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln1893334_7-0"},{"link_name":"Lincoln 1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLincoln1893"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMather1802448_8-0"},{"link_name":"Mather 1802","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMather1802"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Peck, Robert (PK598R2)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=PK598R2&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Letters of Charles Eliot Norton, Vol. I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yi03AAAAIAAJ&q=Peter+Hobart"},{"link_name":"Mark Antony DeWolfe Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony_DeWolfe_Howe_(1864%E2%80%931960)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELincoln1893428_13-0"},{"link_name":"Lincoln 1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLincoln1893"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"The Chataquan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uS0ZAAAAYAAJ&q=%22john+norton%22+old+ship+church%22&pg=PA457"},{"link_name":"cite magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-history_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-history_15-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-history_15-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-history_15-3"},{"link_name":"\"History of the Old Ship Meetinghouse\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//oldshipchurch.org/history.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Following in His Hingham Footsteps after 350 Years\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150420184756/http://hingham.wickedlocal.com/article/20090926/News/309269889/?template=printart"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hingham.wickedlocal.com/article/20090926/News/309269889"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Hingham Cemetery Facts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hinghamcemetery.org/HinghamCemeteyFACTS.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"A Discourse Delivered to the First Parish Church in Hingham, Sept. 8, 1869, Calvin Lincoln, Published by the Parish, Hingham, 1873","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=TQb8UzclBukC&q=%22daniel+cushing%22+hingham+clerk&pg=PA29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Towns of New England and Old England, Ireland and Scotland, Allan Forbes, 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Wilson and Son, Cambridge, Mass., 1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=cQ4WAAAAYAAJ&q=%22benjamin+lincoln%22+%22sarah%22+hingham&pg=PA441"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"Tower details\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dove.cccbr.org.uk/detail.php?tower=16018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dove.cccbr.org.uk/dove.php?text=hingham"}],"text":"^ \"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.\n\n^ Old Ship Church, National Park Service.\n\n^ Butterfield, Fox (May 14, 1989). \"The Perfect New England Village\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 20, 2015.\n\n^ Lindner, Lawrence (April 20, 2007). \"Classic New England: Five for the Road\". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 13, 2014.\n\n^ \"Hubberd, Peter (HBRT621P)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.\n\n^ Farmer 1829, pp. 146.\n\n^ Lincoln 1893, pp. 334.\n\n^ Mather 1802, pp. 448.\n\n^ \"Peck, Robert (PK598R2)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.\n\n^ Letters of Charles Eliot Norton, Vol. I; Charles Eliot Norton, Sara Norton, Mark Antony DeWolfe Howe; Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1913; Retrieved 2009-06-13.\n\n^ Lincoln 1893, pp. 428.\n\n^ \"The Chataquan\". Vol. XXX. Cleveland, Ohio: The Chataqua Press. 1899. p. 457. Retrieved July 13, 2014. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)\n\n^ a b c d \"History of the Old Ship Meetinghouse\". Oldshipchurch.org. Retrieved July 13, 2014.\n\n^ Gorfinkle, Connie (September 26, 2009). \"Following in His Hingham Footsteps after 350 Years\". Hingham Journal. GateHouse News Service. Archived from the original on April 20, 2015. Retrieved April 15, 2015.\n\n^ Hingham Cemetery Facts, compiled by Lucinda Day, Director, PDF file\n\n^ Lincoln, Calvin (1873). A Discourse Delivered to the First Parish Church in Hingham, Sept. 8, 1869, Calvin Lincoln, Published by the Parish, Hingham, 1873. Retrieved July 13, 2014.\n\n^ Towns of New England and Old England, Ireland and Scotland, Allan Forbes, 1920. G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1920. p. 166. Retrieved July 13, 2014 – via Internet Archive. old ship church burying ground.\n\n^ History of the Town of Hingham, Massachusetts, Thomas Tracy Bouve, Edward Tracy Bouve, John Davis Long, Fearing Burr, Published by the Town, 1893. town. 1893. p. 370. Retrieved July 13, 2014 – via Internet Archive. first settlers grave hingham.\n\n^ History of the Town of Hingham, Massachusetts, Vol. II, Thomas Tracy Bouve, Published by the Town, Printed by John Wilson and Son, Cambridge, Mass., 1893. 1893. Retrieved July 13, 2014.\n\n^ \"Tower details\". dove.cccbr.org.uk. Retrieved May 9, 2021.\n\n^ \"Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers\". dove.cccbr.org.uk. Retrieved May 9, 2021.","title":"Citations"}]
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[{"title":"List of National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Massachusetts"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Plymouth County, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Plymouth_County,_Massachusetts"},{"title":"First Unitarian Church in Westport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Unitarian_Church_in_Westport"},{"title":"List of the oldest churches in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_churches_in_the_United_States"}]
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Retrieved April 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/agenealogicalre01farmgoog","url_text":"A Genealogical Register of the First Settlers of New England"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/agenealogicalre01farmgoog/page/n158","url_text":"146"}]},{"reference":"Lincoln, George (1893). \"Hobart\". History of Hingham, Massachusetts. Vol. 2. Cambridge, MA: John Wilson & Son. p. 334. Retrieved April 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/historyoftownofh02inhing#page/334/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Hobart\""}]},{"reference":"Mather, Cotton (1802). \"The Life of Mr. Peter Horbart\". Magnalia Christi Americana: Or, the Ecclesiastical History of New England (2nd ed.). Hartford: Silus Andrus. Retrieved April 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/magnaliachristia01math#page/448/mode/2up","url_text":"\"The Life of Mr. Peter Horbart\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Stewart (1947). \"Introduction\". In Mitchell, Stewart (ed.). New Letters of Abigail Adams, 1788–1801. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Retrieved April 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/newlettersofabig002627mbp#page/n29/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Introduction\""}]},{"reference":"Water, Thomas Franklin (1905). Ipswich in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Ipswich, MA: Ipswich Historical Society. p. 152. Retrieved April 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/ipswichinmassach00water#page/152/mode/2up","url_text":"Ipswich in the Massachusetts Bay Colony"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Menj%C3%ADvar_Ochoa
Rafael Menjívar Ochoa
["1 Life","2 Published works","3 References"]
Salvadoran writer, novelist, journalist and translator This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rafael Menjívar Ochoa" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Rafael Menjívar Ochoa (August 17, 1959 in San Salvador – April 27, 2011 in San Salvador) was a Salvadoran writer, novelist, journalist and translator. Life His father, the economist Rafael Menjívar Larín, was director of the University of El Salvador. When the army occupied it in 1972, during which his father was jailed for a short period, after being exiled in Nicaragua they were forced out in January 1973 towards Costa Rica. In 1976 they settled in Mexico, where Menjívar Ochoa lived for 23 years. He studied music, theatre and English Literature, and published many books, his first of note being Historia del Traidor de Nunca Jamás, a novel written in 1984 for which he received the EDUCA Latinoamerican award. In 1990, he won the "Ramón del Valle Inclán" Latinoamerican Award. In 1999 he settled in El Salvador, where in 2001 he became a Coordinator of Letters (Literature director) and founded the La Casa del Escritor (House of the Writer), a project aimed at providing a formation of young writers, located at the house of Salvador Salazar Arrué. Despite being based in El Salvador he continued to be active in Mexican projects, publishing books there. His widow is Salvadorean poet Krisma Mancía. Published works Historia del traidor de Nunca Jamás (1985), novel Algunas de las muertes (1986), poetry Histoire du Traître de Jamais Plus (1988), novel Los años marchitos (1990), novel Terceras personas (1996), narrative Los héroes tienen sueño (1998), novel Manual del perfecto transa (1999) De vez en cuando la muerte (2002), novel Trece (2003), novel Instructions pour vivre sans peau (2004), novel. Un buen espejo (2005), novel Tierces personnes (2005) Tiempos de locura. El Salvador 1979–1981 (2006), history essay for FLACSO Treize (2006), novel translation Miroirs (2006), translation Cualquier forma de morir (2006), novel References ^ "Murió el escritor Rafael Menjívar Ochoa". El Diario de Hoy. ^ Cruz, Patricia (August 18, 2010). "Nace revista cultural Ordinaria". La Prensa Gráfica (in Spanish). Retrieved January 21, 2011. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Sweden Netherlands Other IdRef This article about a Salvadoran writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_compounds
Bismuth compounds
["1 Oxides and sulfides","2 Halides","3 Aqueous species and the bismuthyl cation","4 Bismuthine and bismuthides","5 Applications","5.1 Coloration","5.2 Electrics and electronics","5.3 Chemical catalysis","5.4 Other","6 See also","7 References"]
See also: Category:Bismuth compounds Bismuth(III) oxide powder Bismuth forms mainly trivalent and a few pentavalent compounds. Many of its chemical properties are similar to those of arsenic and antimony, although much less toxic. Oxides and sulfides At elevated temperatures, vaporized bismuth metal and oxygen combine into the yellow trioxide, Bi2O3. At temperatures above 710 °C, this (molten) oxide corrodes all known oxides and even platinum. It forms two series of oxyanions in basic conditions: linear, chain-polymeric BiO−2; and cubic BiO3−3. In Li3BiO3, the anion forms the octamer Bi8O24−24; in Na3BiO3, the tetramer. The dark red bismuth(V) oxide, Bi2O5, is unstable, liberating O2 gas upon heating. The compound NaBiO3 is a strong oxidant. Bismuth sulfide, Bi2S3, occurs naturally in bismuth ores, but can be synthesized from molten bismuth and sulfur. Halides In oxidation state +3, bismuth forms salts with all the halogens: BiF3, BiCl3, BiBr3, and BiI3. All hydrolyze in water except BiF3. Bismuth(III) chloride reacts with hydrogen chloride in ether solution to produce the acid HBiCl4. The oxidation state +5 is less frequently encountered. One such compound is the powerful oxidant and fluorinator, BiF5. It is also a strong fluoride acceptor, forming the XeF+3 cation from xenon tetrafluoride: BiF5 + XeF4 → XeF+3BiF−6 The low-oxidation-state bismuth halides adopt unusual cluster structures. What was originally thought bismuth(I) chloride, BiCl, is in fact a lattice of Bi5+9 cations and BiCl2−5 and Bi2Cl2−8 anions. The Bi5+9 cation has a distorted tricapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry and is also found in Bi10Hf3Cl18, which is prepared by reducing a mixture of hafnium(IV) chloride and bismuth chloride with elemental bismuth, having the structure 3.: 50  Other polyatomic bismuth cations are also known, such as Bi2+8, found in Bi8(AlCl4)2. There is a true monoiodide, BiI, which contains chains of Bi4I4 units. BiI decomposes upon heating to the triiodide, BiI3, and elemental bismuth. Bismuth forms at least two "monobromides": one isostructural to "BiCl" and one isostructural to Bi4I4. Aqueous species and the bismuthyl cation In aqueous solution, the Bi3+ ion is solvated to form the aqua ion Bi(H2O)3+8 in strongly acidic conditions. At pH > 0 polynuclear species exist, the most important of which is believed to be the octahedral complex 6+. Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) structure (mineral bismoclite). Bismuth atoms are shown as grey, oxygen red, chlorine green. Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) and bismuth oxynitrate (BiONO3) stoichiometrically appear simple anionic salts of the bismuthyl(III) cation (BiO+), which commonly occurs in aqueous bismuth compounds. However, in the case of BiOCl, the salt crystal forms alternating plates of Bi, O, and Cl atoms. Each oxygen coordinates with four bismuth atoms in the adjacent plane. Bismuthine and bismuthides Unlike the lighter pnictogens nitrogen, phosphorus, and arsenic, but similar to antimony, bismuth does not form a stable hydride. Bismuth hydride, bismuthine (BiH3), is an endothermic compound that spontaneously decomposes at room temperature. It is stable only below −60 °C. Bismuthides are intermetallic compounds between bismuth and other metals. In 2014 researchers discovered that sodium bismuthide admits bulk 3D Dirac fermions. As a topological Dirac semi-metal, it is a three-dimensional counterpart to graphene with similar electron mobility and velocity. While sodium bismuthide (Na3Bi) is too unstable to be used in devices without packaging, it may offer distinct efficiency and fabrication advantages over planar graphene in semiconductor and spintronics applications. Applications Coloration Bismuth vanadate, a yellow pigment Bismuth subnitrate is an iridescent component of glazes and paint pigment. Bismuth oxychloride is a pigment and cosmetic. Bismuth vanadate is an opaque yellow pigment used by some artists' oil, acrylic, and watercolor paint companies, primarily as a replacement for the more toxic cadmium sulfide yellows in the greenish-yellow (lemon) to orange-toned yellow range. It performs practically identically to the cadmium pigments in UV resistance, opacity, tinting strength, and inertness when mixed with other pigments. The most commonly-used variety by artists' paint makers is lemon in color. The vanadate also replaces older zinc, lead, and strontium chromate pigments for much the same reason. With a green pigment and barium sulfate (for increased transparency), it can also replace the greenish-tinted barium chromate. Unlike lead chromates, it does not blacken from atmospheric hydrogen sulfide and possesses a particularly brighter color. The difference is especially apparent with the lemon, which has a more concentrated lead sulfate mixture. Vanadate paints are also used, on a limited basis due to its cost, on vehicles. Bismuth(III) salts (oxide, subcarbonate or subnitrate) color crackling microstar (dragon's egg) pyrotechnics yellow. Electrics and electronics Bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide (BSCCO) is a superconducting compound family discovered in 1988. Its members exhibit the highest superconducting transition temperatures at standard pressure. δ-Bismuth oxide is a solid electrolyte for oxygen. This form is stable only at high temperature, but can be electrodeposited well below this temperature in highly alkaline solution. Bismuth telluride is a semiconductor and thermoelectric. Bi2Te3 diodes are used in mobile refrigerators, CPU coolers, and as detectors in infrared spectrophotometers. Bismuth germanate is a scintillator in X-ray and gamma ray detectors. Chemical catalysis Bismuth is used in a catalyst for making acrylic fibers. Bismuth metal on glassy carbon catalyzes the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. Bismuth catalyzes arylboronic pinacol ester fluorination through a BiIII/V cycle. Other Bismuth metal is an ingredient in some lubricating greases. See also Lead compounds Bismuth subhalides Organobismuth chemistry Bismuth organometallic chemistry References ^ Levason, W.; Reid, G. (2003). "Coordination Chemistry of the s, p, and f Metals". Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II. Amsterdam: Elsevier Pergamon. doi:10.1016/B0-08-043748-6/02023-5. ISBN 0-08-043748-6. ^ Wiberg, p. 768. ^ Greenwood, p. 553. ^ Krüger, p. 185 ^ a b c d e f g Godfrey, S. M.; McAuliffe, C. A.; Mackie, A. G.; Pritchard, R. G. (1998). Nicholas C. Norman (ed.). Chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. Springer. pp. 67–84. ISBN 978-0-7514-0389-3. ^ Scott, Thomas; Eagleson, Mary (1994). Concise encyclopedia chemistry. Walter de Gruyter. p. 136. ISBN 978-3-11-011451-5. ^ Greenwood, p. 578. ^ An Introduction to the Study of Chemistry. Forgotten Books. p. 363. ISBN 978-1-4400-5235-4. ^ Greenwood, pp. 559–561. ^ a b Suzuki, p. 8. ^ a b Gillespie, R. J.; Passmore, J. (1975). Emeléus, H. J.; Sharp A. G. (eds.). Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry. Academic Press. pp. 77–78. ISBN 978-0-12-023617-6. ^ Persson, Ingmar (2010). "Hydrated metal ions in aqueous solution: How regular are their structures?". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 82 (10): 1901–1917. doi:10.1351/PAC-CON-09-10-22. ^ Näslund, Jan; Persson, Ingmar; Sandström, Magnus (2000). "Solvation of the Bismuth(III) Ion by Water, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, N,N'-Dimethylpropyleneurea, and N,N-Dimethylthioformamide. An EXAFS, Large-Angle X-ray Scattering, and Crystallographic Structural Study". Inorganic Chemistry. 39 (18): 4012–4021. doi:10.1021/ic000022m. PMID 11198855. ^ a b c d Krüger, p. 184. ^ "bismuthide". Your Dictionary. Retrieved 2020-04-07. ^ "3D counterpart to graphene discovered ". KurzweilAI. 20 January 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014. ^ Liu, Z. K.; Zhou, B.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, Z. J.; Weng, H. M.; Prabhakaran, D.; Mo, S. K.; Shen, Z. X.; Fang, Z.; Dai, X.; Hussain, Z.; Chen, Y. L. (2014). "Discovery of a Three-Dimensional Topological Dirac Semimetal, Na3Bi". Science. 343 (6173): 864–7. arXiv:1310.0391. Bibcode:2014Sci...343..864L. doi:10.1126/science.1245085. PMID 24436183. S2CID 206552029. ^ Tücks, Andreas; Beck, Horst P. (2007). "The photochromic effect of bismuth vanadate pigments: Investigations on the photochromic mechanism". Dyes and Pigments. 72 (2): 163. doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2005.08.027. ^ Müller, Albrecht (2003). "Yellow pigments". Coloring of plastics: Fundamentals, colorants, preparations. Hanser Verlag. pp. 91–93. ISBN 978-1-56990-352-0. ^ Croteau, Gerry; Dills, Russell; Beaudreau, Marc; Davis, Mac (2010). "Emission factors and exposures from ground-level pyrotechnics". Atmospheric Environment. 44 (27): 3295. Bibcode:2010AtmEn..44.3295C. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.05.048. ^ Ledgard, Jared (2006). The Preparatory Manual of Black Powder and Pyrotechnics. Lulu. pp. 207, 319, 370, 518, search. ISBN 978-1-4116-8574-1. ^ "BSCCO". National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2010. ^ Tritt, Terry M. (2000). Recent trends in thermoelectric materials research. Academic Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-12-752178-7. ^ Hammond, C. R. (2004). The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (81st ed.). Boca Raton (FL, US): CRC press. p. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9. ^ DiMeglio, John L.; Rosenthal, Joel (2013). "Selective conversion of CO2 to CO with high efficiency using an bismuth-based electrocatalyst". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 135 (24): 8798–8801. doi:10.1021/ja4033549. PMC 3725765. PMID 23735115. ^ Planas, Oriol; Wang, Feng; Leutzsch, Markus; Cornella, Josep (2020). "Fluorination of arylboronic esters enabled by bismuth redox catalysis". Science. 367 (6475): 313–317. Bibcode:2020Sci...367..313P. doi:10.1126/science.aaz2258. hdl:21.11116/0000-0005-DB57-3. PMID 31949081. S2CID 210698047. ^ Mortier, Roy M.; Fox, Malcolm F.; Orszulik, Stefan T. (2010). Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants. Springer. p. 430. Bibcode:2010ctl..book.....M. ISBN 978-1-4020-8661-8. vteBismuth compoundsBismuth(III) Bi(CH3COO)3 BiBr3 BiCl3 Bi4Ge3O12 BiOCl BiOI BiONO3 BiAs Bi2Se3 Bi12SiO20 Bi2O2(CO3) Bi2Te3 BiF3 BiI3 Bi2(SO4)3 Bi(NO3)3 BiVO4 Bi(IO3)3 Bi2O3 BiP BiMn Bi(OH)3 Bi2S3 BiH3 BiFeO3 subsalicylate subcitrate C7H5BiO6 Organobismuth(III) C4H4BiH Bismuth(V) NaBiO3 Pb(BiO3)2 BiF5 Bi2O5 Organobismuth(V) Bi(CH3)5 Bi(C6H5)5
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Bismuth compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bismuth_compounds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bismuth(III)_oxide_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bismuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth"},{"link_name":"trivalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"pentavalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"arsenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic"},{"link_name":"antimony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tox-1"}],"text":"See also: Category:Bismuth compoundsBismuth(III) oxide powderBismuth forms mainly trivalent and a few pentavalent compounds. Many of its chemical properties are similar to those of arsenic and antimony, although much less toxic.[1]","title":"Bismuth compounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bi2O3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth(III)_oxide"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-w768-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g553-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-k185-4"},{"link_name":"oxyanions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyanion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norman1-5"},{"link_name":"O2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"NaBiO3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bismuthate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g578-7"},{"link_name":"Bi2S3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth(III)_sulfide"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g559-9"}],"text":"At elevated temperatures, vaporized bismuth metal and oxygen combine into the yellow trioxide, Bi2O3.[2][3] At temperatures above 710 °C, this (molten) oxide corrodes all known oxides and even platinum.[4] It forms two series of oxyanions in basic conditions: linear, chain-polymeric BiO−2; and cubic BiO3−3. In Li3BiO3, the anion forms the octamer Bi8O24−24; in Na3BiO3, the tetramer.[5]The dark red bismuth(V) oxide, Bi2O5, is unstable, liberating O2 gas upon heating.[6] The compound NaBiO3 is a strong oxidant.[7]Bismuth sulfide, Bi2S3, occurs naturally in bismuth ores,[8] but can be synthesized from molten bismuth and sulfur.[9]","title":"Oxides and sulfides"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"halogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogens"},{"link_name":"BiF3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_trifluoride"},{"link_name":"BiCl3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth(III)_chloride"},{"link_name":"BiBr3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_tribromide"},{"link_name":"BiI3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth(III)_iodide"},{"link_name":"hydrolyze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolyze"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norman1-5"},{"link_name":"Bismuth(III) chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth(III)_chloride"},{"link_name":"hydrogen chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride"},{"link_name":"ether","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl_ether"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s8-10"},{"link_name":"BiF5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_pentafluoride"},{"link_name":"xenon tetrafluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenon_tetrafluoride"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s8-10"},{"link_name":"low-oxidation-state bismuth halides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_subhalides"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norman1-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gillespie1-11"},{"link_name":"trigonal prismatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonal_prism"},{"link_name":"hafnium(IV) chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafnium(IV)_chloride"},{"link_name":"bismuth chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_chloride"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norman1-5"},{"link_name":"polyatomic bismuth cations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_polycations"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gillespie1-11"},{"link_name":"BiI3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth(III)_iodide"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norman1-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norman1-5"}],"text":"In oxidation state +3, bismuth forms salts with all the halogens: BiF3, BiCl3, BiBr3, and BiI3. All hydrolyze in water except BiF3.[5] Bismuth(III) chloride reacts with hydrogen chloride in ether solution to produce the acid HBiCl4.[10]The oxidation state +5 is less frequently encountered. One such compound is the powerful oxidant and fluorinator, BiF5. It is also a strong fluoride acceptor, forming the XeF+3 cation from xenon tetrafluoride:[10]BiF5 + XeF4 → XeF+3BiF−6The low-oxidation-state bismuth halides adopt unusual cluster structures. What was originally thought bismuth(I) chloride, BiCl, is in fact a lattice of Bi5+9 cations and BiCl2−5 and Bi2Cl2−8 anions.[5][11] The Bi5+9 cation has a distorted tricapped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry and is also found in Bi10Hf3Cl18, which is prepared by reducing a mixture of hafnium(IV) chloride and bismuth chloride with elemental bismuth, having the structure [Bi+] [Bi5+9] [HfCl2−6]3.[5]: 50  Other polyatomic bismuth cations are also known, such as Bi2+8, found in Bi8(AlCl4)2.[11]There is a true monoiodide, BiI, which contains chains of Bi4I4 units. BiI decomposes upon heating to the triiodide, BiI3, and elemental bismuth.[5]Bismuth forms at least two \"monobromides\": one isostructural to \"BiCl\"[citation needed] and one isostructural to Bi4I4.[5]","title":"Halides"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aqueous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Persson2010-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-N%C3%A4slundPersson2000-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MatlockiteStructure.png"},{"link_name":"bismoclite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismoclite"},{"link_name":"Bismuth oxychloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_oxychloride"},{"link_name":"bismuth oxynitrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_oxynitrate"},{"link_name":"bismuthyl(III) cation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuthyl_(ion)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-k184-14"}],"text":"In aqueous solution, the Bi3+ ion is solvated to form the aqua ion Bi(H2O)3+8 in strongly acidic conditions.[12] At pH > 0 polynuclear species exist, the most important of which is believed to be the octahedral complex [Bi6O4(OH)4]6+.[13]Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) structure (mineral bismoclite). Bismuth atoms are shown as grey, oxygen red, chlorine green.Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) and bismuth oxynitrate (BiONO3) stoichiometrically appear simple anionic salts of the bismuthyl(III) cation (BiO+), which commonly occurs in aqueous bismuth compounds. However, in the case of BiOCl, the salt crystal forms alternating plates of Bi, O, and Cl atoms. Each oxygen coordinates with four bismuth atoms in the adjacent plane.[14]","title":"Aqueous species and the bismuthyl cation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pnictogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pnictogen"},{"link_name":"antimony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony"},{"link_name":"hydride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydride"},{"link_name":"bismuthine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuthine"},{"link_name":"endothermic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothermic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norman1-5"},{"link_name":"Bismuthides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuthide"},{"link_name":"intermetallic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermetallic"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Dirac fermions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_fermion"},{"link_name":"topological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_insulator"},{"link_name":"Dirac semi-metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_semi-metal"},{"link_name":"graphene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene"},{"link_name":"electron mobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_mobility"},{"link_name":"semiconductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor"},{"link_name":"spintronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spintronics"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-k1401-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Unlike the lighter pnictogens nitrogen, phosphorus, and arsenic, but similar to antimony, bismuth does not form a stable hydride. Bismuth hydride, bismuthine (BiH3), is an endothermic compound that spontaneously decomposes at room temperature. It is stable only below −60 °C.[5] Bismuthides are intermetallic compounds between bismuth and other metals.[15]In 2014 researchers discovered that sodium bismuthide admits bulk 3D Dirac fermions. As a topological Dirac semi-metal, it is a three-dimensional counterpart to graphene with similar electron mobility and velocity. While sodium bismuthide (Na3Bi) is too unstable to be used in devices without packaging, it may offer distinct efficiency and fabrication advantages over planar graphene in semiconductor and spintronics applications.[16][17]","title":"Bismuthine and bismuthides"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bismuthvanadat.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bismuth subnitrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_subnitrate"},{"link_name":"iridescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridescence"},{"link_name":"glazes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_glaze"},{"link_name":"pigment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-k184-14"},{"link_name":"Bismuth vanadate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_vanadate"},{"link_name":"acrylic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_paint"},{"link_name":"cadmium sulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_sulfide"},{"link_name":"barium chromate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium_chromate"},{"link_name":"lead chromates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_chromate"},{"link_name":"hydrogen sulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide"},{"link_name":"concentrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_(chem)"},{"link_name":"lead sulfate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_sulfate"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth(III)_oxide"},{"link_name":"subcarbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_subcarbonate"},{"link_name":"dragon's egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%27s_egg"},{"link_name":"pyrotechnics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrotechnics"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"self-published source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources"}],"sub_title":"Coloration","text":"Bismuth vanadate, a yellow pigmentBismuth subnitrate is an iridescent component of glazes and paint pigment.\nBismuth oxychloride is a pigment and cosmetic.[14]\nBismuth vanadate is an opaque yellow pigment used by some artists' oil, acrylic, and watercolor paint companies, primarily as a replacement for the more toxic cadmium sulfide yellows in the greenish-yellow (lemon) to orange-toned yellow range. It performs practically identically to the cadmium pigments in UV resistance, opacity, tinting strength, and inertness when mixed with other pigments. The most commonly-used variety by artists' paint makers is lemon in color.The vanadate also replaces older zinc, lead, and strontium chromate pigments for much the same reason. With a green pigment and barium sulfate (for increased transparency), it can also replace the greenish-tinted barium chromate. Unlike lead chromates, it does not blacken from atmospheric hydrogen sulfide and possesses a particularly brighter color. The difference is especially apparent with the lemon, which has a more concentrated lead sulfate mixture.\nVanadate paints are also used, on a limited basis due to its cost, on vehicles.[18][19]Bismuth(III) salts (oxide, subcarbonate or subnitrate) color crackling microstar (dragon's egg) pyrotechnics yellow.[20][21][self-published source?]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSCCO"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Bismuth oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_oxide"},{"link_name":"Bismuth telluride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_telluride"},{"link_name":"thermoelectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_effect"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-k184-14"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"CPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU"},{"link_name":"infrared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-k184-14"},{"link_name":"Bismuth germanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_germanate"}],"sub_title":"Electrics and electronics","text":"Bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide (BSCCO) is a superconducting compound family discovered in 1988. Its members exhibit the highest superconducting transition temperatures at standard pressure.[22]\nδ-Bismuth oxide is a solid electrolyte for oxygen. This form is stable only at high temperature, but can be electrodeposited well below this temperature in highly alkaline solution.\nBismuth telluride is a semiconductor and thermoelectric.[14][23] Bi2Te3 diodes are used in mobile refrigerators, CPU coolers, and as detectors in infrared spectrophotometers.[14]\nBismuth germanate is a scintillator in X-ray and gamma ray detectors.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"catalyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst"},{"link_name":"acrylic fibers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_fibers"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CRC-24"},{"link_name":"glassy carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassy_carbon"},{"link_name":"catalyzes the electrochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocatalyst"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"arylboronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronic_acid"},{"link_name":"pinacol ester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BPin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Chemical catalysis","text":"Bismuth is used in a catalyst for making acrylic fibers.[24]\nBismuth metal on glassy carbon catalyzes the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO.[25]\nBismuth catalyzes arylboronic pinacol ester fluorination through a BiIII/V cycle.[26]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lubricating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubrication"},{"link_name":"greases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Bismuth metal is an ingredient in some lubricating greases.[27]","title":"Applications"}]
[{"image_text":"Bismuth(III) oxide powder","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bismuth%28III%29_oxide_2.jpg/220px-Bismuth%28III%29_oxide_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) structure (mineral bismoclite). Bismuth atoms are shown as grey, oxygen red, chlorine green.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/MatlockiteStructure.png/220px-MatlockiteStructure.png"},{"image_text":"Bismuth vanadate, a yellow pigment","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bismuthvanadat.jpg/220px-Bismuthvanadat.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Lead compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_compounds"},{"title":"Bismuth subhalides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_subhalides"},{"title":"Organobismuth chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organobismuth_chemistry"},{"title":"Bismuth organometallic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth_organometallic_chemistry"}]
[{"reference":"Levason, W.; Reid, G. (2003). \"Coordination Chemistry of the s, p, and f Metals\". Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II. Amsterdam: Elsevier Pergamon. doi:10.1016/B0-08-043748-6/02023-5. ISBN 0-08-043748-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-08-043748-6%2F02023-5","url_text":"10.1016/B0-08-043748-6/02023-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-043748-6","url_text":"0-08-043748-6"}]},{"reference":"Godfrey, S. M.; McAuliffe, C. A.; Mackie, A. G.; Pritchard, R. G. (1998). Nicholas C. Norman (ed.). Chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. Springer. pp. 67–84. ISBN 978-0-7514-0389-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7514-0389-3","url_text":"978-0-7514-0389-3"}]},{"reference":"Scott, Thomas; Eagleson, Mary (1994). Concise encyclopedia chemistry. Walter de Gruyter. p. 136. ISBN 978-3-11-011451-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00eagl","url_text":"Concise encyclopedia chemistry"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00eagl/page/136","url_text":"136"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-011451-5","url_text":"978-3-11-011451-5"}]},{"reference":"An Introduction to the Study of Chemistry. Forgotten Books. p. 363. ISBN 978-1-4400-5235-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lGjTyw9gYfYC&pg=PA363","url_text":"An Introduction to the Study of Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4400-5235-4","url_text":"978-1-4400-5235-4"}]},{"reference":"Gillespie, R. J.; Passmore, J. (1975). Emeléus, H. J.; Sharp A. G. (eds.). Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry. Academic Press. pp. 77–78. 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Pure and Applied Chemistry. 82 (10): 1901–1917. doi:10.1351/PAC-CON-09-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2FPAC-CON-09-10-22","url_text":"\"Hydrated metal ions in aqueous solution: How regular are their structures?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351%2FPAC-CON-09-10-22","url_text":"10.1351/PAC-CON-09-10-22"}]},{"reference":"Näslund, Jan; Persson, Ingmar; Sandström, Magnus (2000). \"Solvation of the Bismuth(III) Ion by Water, Dimethyl Sulfoxide, N,N'-Dimethylpropyleneurea, and N,N-Dimethylthioformamide. An EXAFS, Large-Angle X-ray Scattering, and Crystallographic Structural Study\". Inorganic Chemistry. 39 (18): 4012–4021. doi:10.1021/ic000022m. PMID 11198855.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic000022m","url_text":"10.1021/ic000022m"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11198855","url_text":"11198855"}]},{"reference":"\"bismuthide\". Your Dictionary. Retrieved 2020-04-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yourdictionary.com/bismuthide","url_text":"\"bismuthide\""}]},{"reference":"\"3D counterpart to graphene discovered [UPDATE]\". KurzweilAI. 20 January 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kurzweilai.net/3d-counterpart-to-graphene-discovered","url_text":"\"3D counterpart to graphene discovered [UPDATE]\""}]},{"reference":"Liu, Z. K.; Zhou, B.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, Z. J.; Weng, H. M.; Prabhakaran, D.; Mo, S. K.; Shen, Z. X.; Fang, Z.; Dai, X.; Hussain, Z.; Chen, Y. L. (2014). \"Discovery of a Three-Dimensional Topological Dirac Semimetal, Na3Bi\". 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National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130412234316/http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/magnettechnology/research/asc/research/bscco.html","url_text":"\"BSCCO\""},{"url":"http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/magnettechnology/research/asc/research/bscco.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tritt, Terry M. (2000). Recent trends in thermoelectric materials research. Academic Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-12-752178-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jO3nzAbzAWYC&pg=PA12","url_text":"Recent trends in thermoelectric materials research"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-752178-7","url_text":"978-0-12-752178-7"}]},{"reference":"Hammond, C. R. (2004). The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (81st ed.). Boca Raton (FL, US): CRC press. p. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide/page/n904","url_text":"The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide/page/n909","url_text":"4–5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0485-9","url_text":"978-0-8493-0485-9"}]},{"reference":"DiMeglio, John L.; Rosenthal, Joel (2013). \"Selective conversion of CO2 to CO with high efficiency using an bismuth-based electrocatalyst\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 135 (24): 8798–8801. doi:10.1021/ja4033549. PMC 3725765. PMID 23735115.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3725765","url_text":"\"Selective conversion of CO2 to CO with high efficiency using an bismuth-based electrocatalyst\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja4033549","url_text":"10.1021/ja4033549"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3725765","url_text":"3725765"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23735115","url_text":"23735115"}]},{"reference":"Planas, Oriol; Wang, Feng; Leutzsch, Markus; Cornella, Josep (2020). \"Fluorination of arylboronic esters enabled by bismuth redox catalysis\". Science. 367 (6475): 313–317. Bibcode:2020Sci...367..313P. doi:10.1126/science.aaz2258. hdl:21.11116/0000-0005-DB57-3. PMID 31949081. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_Hop
Walton-on-Thames
["1 History","2 Demography and housing","2.1 Demographic change","3 Commerce","4 Transport","4.1 Walton Bridge","5 Sport","6 Local politics","7 Notable people","8 In film and television","9 In the media","10 Localities","11 Nearest places","12 Footnotes","13 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°23′12″N 0°24′48″W / 51.3868°N 0.4133°W / 51.3868; -0.4133Town in Surrey For similarly named settlements, see Walton (disambiguation). Human settlement in EnglandWalton-on-ThamesWaltonWalton BridgeThe Old Manor House, Walton-on-ThamesWalton-on-ThamesLocation within SurreyArea9.66 km2 (3.73 sq mi)Population22,834 (2011 Census)• Density2,364/km2 (6,120/sq mi)OS grid referenceTQ103663Civil parishn/aDistrictElmbridgeShire countySurreyRegionSouth EastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townWALTON-ON-THAMESPostcode districtKT12Dialling code01932PoliceSurreyFireSurreyAmbulanceSouth East Coast UK ParliamentEsher and Walton List of places UK England Surrey 51°23′12″N 0°24′48″W / 51.3868°N 0.4133°W / 51.3868; -0.4133 Walton-on-Thames, known locally as Walton, is a market town on the south bank of the Thames in northwest Surrey, England. It is in the Borough of Elmbridge, about 15 mi (24 km) southwest of central London. Walton forms part of the Greater London built-up area, within the KT postcode and is served by a wide range of transport links. According to the 2011 Census, the town has a total population of 22,834. The town itself consists mostly of suburban streets, with a historic town centre of Celtic origin. It is one of the largest towns in Elmbridge, alongside Weybridge. History The Church of St. Mary is among the Grade I listed buildings in Surrey. Ashley Park House or Manor House (demolished) The name "Walton" is Anglo-Saxon in origin and is cognate with the common phonetic combination meaning "Briton settlement" (literally, "Welsh Town" – weal(as) tun). Before the Romans and the Saxons were present, a Celtic settlement was here. The most common Old English word for the Celtic inhabitants was the "Wealas", originally meaning "foreigners" or "strangers". William Camden identified Cowey Stakes or Sale, Walton as the place where Julius Caesar forded the River Thames on his second invasion of Britain. A fisherman removed several wooden stakes about thigh-width and 6 feet (1.8 m) high that were very black and hard enough to turn an axe, and shod with iron. He sold these to John Montagu, 5th Earl of Sandwich, who used to come to the neighbouring Shepperton bank to fish, for half a guinea apiece. Elmbridge Museum requires definitive evidence of these stakes, the evidence at present limited to pre 20th-century secondary sources that conflict as to detail. Walton lay within the Anglo-Saxon district of Elmbridge hundred, in the shire (later county) of Surrey. Walton appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as "Waletona". The settlement was held jointly as overlords in the feudal system by Edward de Sarisber (Salisbury) and Richard de Tonbrige. Its Domesday assets were: 6 hides; 1 church (St. Mary's), 2 mills worth £1 5s 0d, 1 fishery worth 5s, 14 ploughs, 40 acres (16 ha) of meadow, supporting 50 hogs. It rendered £28. The nucleus of the village is in the north, while later development took place in the southern manors on all sides of the railway station. About half of the land was south of the South Western Main Line. This included, from west to east, Walton Heath, Burwood manor and Hersham manor; these together became the civil parish of Hersham in the 19th century. On a smaller scale, the majority of Oatlands village, to the south-west, formed part of the town. St. Mary's Parish Church has some Saxon material and an architectural structure of the 12th century, with later additions. The square flint tower, supported by a 19th-century brick buttress, has a working ring of eight bells, the oldest bearing the date 1606. In the north aisle is a large monument (1755) by the French rococo sculptor and bust maker Roubiliac to Richard Boyle, 2nd Viscount Shannon, commander-in-chief in Ireland, who lived at the former manor and house of Ashley Park in the parish; this was demolished and its many acres subdivided in 1920. Also in the north aisle is a brass to John Selwyn (1587), keeper of Oatlands Park, with figures of himself, his wife and eleven children. An unusual relic kept in the church is a copy of a scold's bridle presented to the parish in the 17th century, which is mentioned in Jerome K. Jerome's classic Three Men in a Boat. The royal palace of Oatlands, built by Henry VIII in 1538, was a mile upstream to the west. John Bradshaw lived in the Tudor manor house in the 17th century. He presided at Charles I's trial. Under the Inclosure Act 1800 there were enclosed (privatised from common land or manorial land subjected to agrarian rights of others) 3,117 acres (12.6 km2) of the Walton manors, which included holdings at Chertsey and 475 acres (1.9 km2) of arable common fields. The world’s first documented game of baseball was played in 1749 in Ashley Park, on the estate belonging to the wife of Charles Sackville, Earl of Middlesex. The Earl played in the match along with his friend, Frederick, Prince of Wales. A School Board was formed in 1878. A previously existing school was enlarged in 1881. The infant school was built in 1884. The Methodist Church, with a spire taller than the tower of the Anglican Church, was built in 1887. The Baptist Church was built in 1901. A Public Hall, in High Street, was built in 1879 by Mrs Sassoon, who resided at Ashley Park House. This is still in existence and is visible behind the present shopfront. Ashley Park Golf Club was laid out in the 1890s, but ceased to exist prior to 1918. During World War I, troops from New Zealand were hospitalised in the No. 2 New Zealand General Hospital at Mount Felix House, which is now demolished except for its stable block and clock tower. They are remembered by a memorial in the cemetery, where those who died at Mount Felix are buried, and one in St Mary's Church where an annual service of remembrance is held. They are also remembered in the street name New Zealand Avenue, the Wellington Pub (formerly The Kiwi), and a small memorial in the Homebase car park. Walton upon Thames Urban District merged with Weybridge Urban District to form Walton and Weybridge Urban District in 1933. In World War II, owing largely to the proximity of important aircraft factories at nearby Brooklands, the town was bombed on various occasions by the Luftwaffe. On 27 September 1940, fighter pilot F/Sgt. Charles Sydney, who was based with 92 Squadron at RAF Biggin Hill, died when his Spitfire (R6767) crashed in Station Avenue. He was buried in Orpington and was commemorated by a memorial plaque adjacent to the former Birds Eye HQ at Walton Court on Station Avenue, close to the crash site although this has recently disappeared with current major redevelopment of the Birds Eye site with new apartments. Hopefully the memorial will be re-erected and re-dedicated later. Hersham and Walton Motors (HWM) constructed its own racing car in the early 1950s. Stirling Moss competed in his first Formula One Grand Prix in an HWM. HWM was the world's first Aston Martin dealership that diversified into Alfa Romeo in 2009. Walton Town Hall, which was commissioned to serve as the offices of Weybridge Urban District Council, was designed by Sir John Brown Henson and Partners in the modernist style, featured a curved structure built from concrete with stone cladding and was completed in 1966. It became surplus to requirements and was subsequently demolished after Walton on Thames was absorbed into the Borough of Elmbridge in 1974. The name of the town has resurfaced in the media in March 2023 in relation to Levi Bellfield and his bid to get married while in prison. Demography and housing 2011 Census Homes Output area Detached Semi-detached Terraced Flats andapartments Caravans/temporary/mobile homes Sharedbetweenhouseholds Walton Ambleside 241 840 244 237 1 0 Walton Central 825 545 429 1,257 0 7 Walton North 323 841 884 736 3 0 Walton South 924 585 399 735 0 0 The accommodation included 28% detached houses, and 22.6% apartments. 2011 Census Key Statistics Output area Population Households % Owned outright % Owned with a loan hectares Walton Ambleside 4,291 1,563 26 44 145 Walton Central 6,790 3,063 33 34 190 Walton North 6,511 2,787 21 41 455 Walton South 6,545 2,643 37 41 176 The proportion of households in the town who owned their home outright compares to the regional average of 35.1%. The proportion who owned their home with a loan compares to the regional average of 32.5%. The remaining % is made up of rented dwellings (plus a negligible % of households living rent-free). Demographic change For information on the 1851–1901 change in population see Transport below. In 2001 and after boundary changes the population was just over 1,500 lower at 22,834. According to the 2001 census, the population of central Walton was 5,862, with Elmbridge's population being 121,936. Central Walton had a male population of 2,791 against Elmbridge's male population of 58,867, and the female population of central Walton was 3,071 against Elmbridge's 63,069. Commerce The GSS (ONS specifically) identifies a Built-up Area of its name generally cited for other articles of this work as to their populations e.g. Guildford, Salisbury, which has a population of 66,566 and extends to Hersham, Sunbury-on-Thames and Shepperton. The Heart of Walton is the name given to the re-development of Walton town centre alongside the relatively short High Street. This main area of the town centre was built in the 1960s and had become run down owing to poor maintenance. The redevelopment includes a shopping mall and 279 one- and two-bedroom apartments, many with views over the private gardens, avenues and public section of Ashley Park. The main part of the centre, a covered walkway, has several brand retailers including Next, Waterstone's, River Island and Desire by Debenhams. The public library was moved here. Further redevelopment has upgraded or built new shops, widening the scope high-end fashion, jewellery, bakery and supermarkets. Restaurants along the New Zealand Avenue side of The Heart include three independents, Nando's, Pizza Express, Gourmet Burger Kitchen and Wagamama. Further restaurants exist along the High Street axis and at the far north-eastern and southern parades within the town boundaries. Around the periphery automotive, construction and landscaping businesses have a large presence and the Walton station area has a number of headquarters sized office buildings, including Kia Motors. As well as this, the long-awaited redevelopment of Walton bridge finished in 2013. Transport Main article: Walton-on-Thames railway station Walton-on-Thames is served by Walton-on-Thames railway station, which provides 4 trains per hour to London Waterloo, consisting of 2 semi-fast services and 2 stopping services, with the semi-fast services taking only 25 minutes to reach the terminus. This has proven pivotal to the demographics and to the nature and degree of the town's development – in 1851 its population was 4,106 which more than quadrupled in the 60 years to 1911, when its population reached 19,142. Walton has regular bus services supported by Surrey County Council to nearby towns Weybridge, Shepperton, Hersham, Molesey and Kingston-upon-Thames. A pleasure boat service runs regularly on a stretch of the river that includes a loop around Desborough Island. Local taxis: there is taxi rank at the Walton-on-Thames Station for approximately 12 taxi cars, which is served between 6:30am and 1:00am. Walton Bridge Main article: Walton Bridge Barges moored by the towpath – Walton Marina in the background Six versions of Walton Bridge have crossed the Thames, each westward, to Shepperton. Before the first bridge there was a ferry which went back at least to the early 17th century. Walton Bridge – opened 2013. The first bridge, constructed between 1748 and 1750, was a timber structure that stood until 1783. Canaletto painted a picture of this bridge in 1754. The painting, which shows the rococo-style of this bridge, may be seen in the Dulwich Picture Gallery. The second bridge was constructed in 1788 and stood until 1859. Constructed of brick and stone, it lasted much longer than its predecessor. This bridge was painted by J. M. W. Turner in 1805 following his sketching tour of the River Thames and River Wey. After the second bridge collapsed a ferry crossing resumed until the construction of the third bridge in 1864. This was a girder bridge on stone piers. At the same time, a brick viaduct was constructed to span the flood plain to the south of the river. The viaduct is still standing. The third bridge was damaged during World War II in 1940, leading to a permanent weight restriction. To alleviate this a fourth temporary bridge was constructed in 1953 on the downstream side of the old bridge; this was relegated to use by cyclists and pedestrians only until finally demolished in 1985. The fourth bridge was constructed from prefabricated sections designed by A. M. Hamilton in 1930; built by Callender Cables Ltd, it was called the Callender-Hamilton Bridge. In 1999, the fourth bridge was replaced by yet another temporary, fifth bridge occupying the line of the original bridges. This initially had several problems and had to be resurfaced a number of times causing huge traffic disruptions. The fourth bridge was restricted for use by cyclists and pedestrians only once the fifth bridge was completed. Building a sixth bridge began in 2011 and was completed in summer 2013, being opened to traffic on 22 July. The two previous bridges were removed. The supplemental brick viaduct to the east remains for cycle and pedestrian use. The £32.4 million bridge is single span (has no piers in the river, which increases views from upstream and downstream and particularly navigation for boats – the first such bridge heading up the River Thames. This is also the only parabolic tied-arch bridge without piers across this river. Sport The Walton riverside The Elmbridge Xcel Leisure Centre is to the east of the town, near the Thames. The centre includes two swimming pools, an extensive gym, indoor courts and a climbing wall. The River Thames offers extensive opportunities for water-based sports, including rowing, canoeing, kayaking, skiffing, punting and sailing. Walton Rowing Club, Thames Valley Skiff Club and St George's College, are on the river towpath between the town centre and the Elmbridge Xcel Leisure Centre. Weybridge Rowing Club is further upstream in Weybridge. Walton Athletics Club was founded in 1942 and is based at the new Waterside Drive Athletic Arena. The club has around 200 members ranging in age from 9 years to over 60 years old. The club provides qualified coaching in all athletics disciplines and participates in a number of different leagues to provide appropriate competition for all age groups in track and field, cross country and road running. Walton-on-Thames Cricket Club are based in Ashley Park with the first team captained by Daniel Roberts. They will play in the Surrey Championship Division two in 2020, having previously won Division Two in 2015 & 2018. Over the years, Walton have had a host of players who have gone on to further honours including Mark Bainbridge (Surrey CCC & England Under-19s), Stephen Murdoch (Wellington), Anthony Alleyne (West Indies Under-19s) and Greg Lamb (Hampshire CCC & Zimbabwe). The club has four Saturday league senior sides and enjoyed a successful 2015 with three of the four sides gaining promotion. The club's training is run by Brian Berthoud. Walton Casuals are a football club who are currently in the Isthmian League Division One South, a level above their neighbours Walton & Hersham. Nicknamed the Stags, they play at Church Road in a ground share with Whyteleafe while developments take place at the Waterside Drive Sports Hub. They previously played at the Waterside Stadium, just off Waterside Drive and adjacent to the modern Elmbridge Xcel Leisure Centre. They are expected to move into their new home ahead of the 2017–18 season. The club play in a tangerine orange and black home kit and a blue and white away kit. Walton & Hersham are a football club who are currently in the Combined Counties League Premier Division. Nicknamed the Swans, they play at the Elmbridge Xcel Sports Hub. The club play in a red and white home kit and a yellow away kit. In 1973, they won the FA Amateur Cup in its penultimate year, beating Slough Town 1–0 in front of 41,000 spectators (the third largest crowd of the day) at Wembley. Later that year, they achieved a shock 4–0 win over Brian Clough's Brighton & Hove Albion (then a Football League Third Division side) in the FA Cup. Motor cycle racing was staged at Walton Bridge in October 1938. An event was staged on October 30 records that Walton Bridge raced a team from Hounslow at a venue described as Walton Bridge Speedway (on the programme). It is not clear if the event was a grass track meeting or a speedway meeting. Local politics Walton-on-Thames is part of the parliamentary constituency of Esher and Walton, which after the 2019 General Election became a marginal Conservative seat, with the Liberal Democrats taking second place. The current MP is Dominic Raab. In local elections, recent contests for seats on Elmbridge Borough Council and Surrey County Council have been between the local Conservatives, local Liberal Democrats and the local Residents Association, the Walton Society. The Walton Society was founded in 1975 by the writer and intellectual Ronald Segal, and entered local politics in 1980 with Gordon Chubb who served until his death in 2006. At one point there were nine Society councillors in all four Walton wards during the period of Residents Groups' control of Elmbridge from the 1990s to 2006. Following the 2012 elections, the Society held all three Walton Central seats, with the Conservatives holding all eight seats in the Ambleside, North and South wards. Following the 2024 elections, The Walton Society had only one Walton Central seat remaining, whilst the Conservatives held no seats in any ward. Both had lost power after a marked increase in support for the Liberal Democrats. Walton's most recent Labour councillor was defeated in 2000. From 2005 to 2013 the Walton division of Surrey County Council was held by The Walton Society's Tom Phelps-Penry. Upon his retirement at the 2013 elections, the seat was gained by Conservative Rachael Lake who had previously held the seat from 1997 to 2005. The Walton South & Oatlands division has been Conservative held since it was created in 1973. Notable people This article's list of residents may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability policy. Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they merit inclusion in this article AND are residents, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (June 2018) The following people(s) were born in Walton-on-Thames: Julie Andrews, actress, singer and author, in 1935. George Brydges Rodney (1718–1792), Royal Navy Admiral. John Carver Meadows Frost, aircraft designer, in 1915. Samuel Croxall (c. 1690–1752), noted for his edition of Aesop's Fables. Milly Dowler (1988–2002), school student murdered by Levi Bellfield. Sean Emmett, Grand Prix motorcycle road racer, in 1970. Susan Ertz (1894–1985), author. Bede Griffiths, theologian and mystic, in 1906. Luke Haines, pop musician, in 1967. Fred Atkins (1859–1881) a Police Constable whose murder on Kingston Hill remained unsolved and who is buried in the local cemetery. Nick Lowe, singer-songwriter, musician and producer, in 1949. Natascha McElhone, actress, in 1971. Ian Rank-Broadley, sculptor and designer of previous British coinage, in 1952. Julian Russell Story, American painter, in 1857. Danny Sapsford, tennis player, in 1969. John Somers-Smith, Olympic sportsman. Gail Trimble, nationally headlining contestant on University Challenge, in 1982. Tony Walton, set and costume designer, in 1934. Anthony Watson, England International Rugby Union player. Sarah Payne ((1991-10-13)13 October 1991 – July 2000), a high-profile British child abduction and murder victim in the U.K. (short for the United Kingdom). The following people(s) have been residents of Walton-on-Thames: Madeleine Albright, former US Secretary of State, lived in the town during World War II. John Vincent Cain, minor British fraudster and aviator. Hugh Gusterson, author and professor, grew up in Walton. Richard Murdoch, actor. Fay Ripley, actress, grew up in Walton. Janek Schaefer, artist, won the 'British Composer of the Year Award in Sonic Art' 2008, and UK 'Best Mobile DJ Award' 2020. Eileen Sheridan, model. John Strachan MC (1896–1988), cricketer and British Army officer. In film and television Some of the sketches for Monty Python were filmed in Walton. Walton Town Hall could be seen in one sketch. Another sketch shows an Admiral Nelson dummy being thrown from one of the flats in Wellington Close. Location scenes for the cinema film Psychomania (1973) were shot in Walton, including the town's centre. ITV sitcom Is It Legal? was shot in Walton. The Adventures of Robin Hood was filmed at Nettlefold Studios in Walton. Series 8 of BBC sitcom Not Going Out features aerial views of Walton-on-Thames between scenes. Find the Lady (1956 film) was filmed in Walton. A restaurant called The Hovel appears in some scenes. Though now gone the sign for the restaurant is available as a poster and jigsaw puzzle. In the media The Walton Hop was a teen disco started by Deniz Corday in 1958, and ran until 1990. It is reputed to have been the first public disco in the UK, enjoyed by thousands from surrounding areas. Musician Luke Haines, born in Walton, released a record titled "The Walton Hop" in 2006. During the 1970s and 1980s, it was frequented by now-convicted child sex offenders such as former Radio 1 DJ Chris Denning, Tam Paton (manager of the Bay City Rollers) and Jonathan King. Localities With exact definition Ashley Park Variously defined Apps Court (a former manor) Old Walton Halfway Rydens (a former manor) Ambleside Reclassified Oatlands broke away from the parish and was made part of Weybridge post town in the 19th century Nearest places Neighbouring areas of Surrey Upper Halliford, Shepperton Sunbury-on-Thames West Molesey Shepperton Walton-on-Thames Esher Weybridge Hersham Hersham, Esher Footnotes Notes References ^ "Walton-on-Thames, Surrey". Beautiful England Photos.co.uk. 30 May 2010. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018. ^ a b "Walton-on-Thames". Walton-on-Thames. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2009. ^ Allen, Thomas A history of the county of Surrey; comprising every object of topographical, geographical or historic interest by Thomas Allen illustrated with views from original drawings, Vol. 2, p. 21, at Google Books ^ "Julius Caesar and Cowey Sale". elmbridgemuseum.org.uk. Elmbridge Borough Council. Archived from the original on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 25 August 2009. ^ "Sudrie". domesdaymaps.com. DomesdayMaps. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2009. ^ Parish of Hersham Archived 11 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 4 June 2015 ^ a b c d "Parishes: Walton on Thames, A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3". 1911. pp. 467–475. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2014. ^ St Mary's Church, Grade I listing entry, Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1030224)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 6 April 2015. ^ "Baseball: Blue plaque in Surrey marks world's first game", "BBC News". ^ "Ashley Park Golf Club" Archived 23 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, "Golf's Missing Links". ^ "Clock tower and stable block to the former Mount Felix". Historic England. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2020. ^ "Walton-on-Thames NZ General Hospital Roll of Honour | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019. ^ "The Clock Tower, Mount Felix, Walton-on-Thames, Surrey". The Victorian Web. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020. ^ "Walton and Weybridge UD". Vision of Britain. Retrieved 15 February 2021. ^ Nairn, Ian; Pevsner, Nikolaus; Cherry, Bridget (1982). Buildings of England: Surrey. Pevsner Architectural Guides. p. 497. ISBN 978-0140710212. ^ Local Government Act 1972. 1972 c.70. The Stationery Office Ltd. 1997. ISBN 0-10-547072-4. ^ "Dominic Raab plans new law to stop whole life term prisoners marrying". BBC News. 17 March 2023. ^ a b Key Statistics; Quick Statistics: Population Density Archived 11 February 2003 at the Wayback Machine United Kingdom Census 2011 Office for National Statistics Retrieved 21 November 2013 ^ "2001 Census: Town/villages in Surrey with population more than 1000". neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2012. ^ "Key Figures for 2001 Census: Census Area Statistics". statistics.gov.uk. Directgov. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2009. ^ UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Walton-on-Thames Built-up area sub division (1119884723)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 24 August 2020. ^ "the heart". theheartofwalton.com. O&H Properties Ltd. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2009. ^ visionofbritain.org.uk: Walton Registration Sub-District 1801–1911 Archived 2 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 27 August 2013. Note the other possible comparative unit at the time, the civil parish is not used, as it included West Molesey. ^ "Walton Bridge opens to traffic". 22 July 2013. Archived from the original on 25 July 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013. ^ surreycc.gov.uk Archived 22 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, accessdate 19 January 2011. ^ "Julie Andrews Biography and Interview". achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. ^ Sambrook, James (November 2018). "Croxall, Samuel". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6838. Retrieved 15 August 2010. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ John Carlin (8 February 1998). "Profile: She who knows tyranny; Madeleine Albright". The Independent. Archived from the original on 20 November 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014. ^ "3,000 Feet Through Clouds, Death Leap from Air Liner, Broken-Hearted Squire, Auckland Girl a Witness". Evening Star. No. 22588. Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand. 4 March 1937. p. 2. ^ "BBC - Radio 3 - British Composer Awards". ^ "2020 UK National Event Entertainment Awards". ^ "14 things you'll only know if you grew up in Walton in the 1980s and 1990s". Surrey Live. 29 April 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2021. ^ "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life – Monty Python". youtube.com. YouTube LLC. 17 March 2007. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2009. ^ "BBC1 Not going out - moved to Walton-on-Thames". Walton-on-Thames.org. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017. ^ Ronson, Jon (1 December 2001). "The fall of a pop impresario". guardian.co.uk. London: Guardian News and Media Limited. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2009. External links The Hersham Hub local community website Walton Business Group ~ taking action for Walton Parish of Walton-on-Thames Walton on Thames Trading Alliance No 2 New Zealand General Hospital, Mount Felix, Walton-on-Thames, Surrey (Lost Hospitals of London) vteCeremonial county of SurreySurrey PortalBoroughs or districts Elmbridge Epsom and Ewell Guildford Mole Valley Reigate and Banstead Runnymede Spelthorne Surrey Heath Tandridge Waverley Woking Major settlements(cities in italics) Addlestone Ash Ashford Banstead Camberley Caterham Chertsey Cranleigh Dorking Egham Epsom Esher Farnham Frimley Godalming Great Bookham Guildford Haslemere Horley Leatherhead Oxted Redhill Reigate Staines-upon-Thames Sunbury-on-Thames Walton-on-Thames Weybridge WokingSee also: List of civil parishes in Surrey Topics Parliamentary constituencies Places Population of major settlements SSSIs Country houses Grade I listed buildings Grade II* listed buildings History Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Museums Schools vteBorough of ElmbridgeTowns, villages and neighbourhoodsCobham Cobham Downside Stoke d'Abernon Little Heath Esher Claygate Esher Hinchley Wood West End Surbiton Long Ditton Thames Ditton Thames Ditton Weston Green MoleseyMolesey (in traditional parish, East Molesey and West Molesey)LeatherheadLeatherhead, OxshottWalton on Thames Ashley Park Burwood Park Hersham Walton-on-Thames Weybridge Oatlands St George's Hill Weybridge Notable parks Cigarette Island Park Esher Commons Giggs Hill Green Hurst Park Molesey Heath Oxshott Heath and Woods Painshill Weybridge Heath Places of worship St George's Church, Esher St Mary's Church, Stoke d'Abernon Church of St Nicholas, Thames Ditton Weybridge United Reformed Church Education ACS International Schools Brooklands College Danes Hill School Esher Church of England High School Esher Sixth Form College Feltonfleet School Heathside School Hinchley Wood School Milbourne Lodge School Notre Dame School Reed's School Three Rivers Academy St George's College (part) TransportRailway stations Claygate Cobham & Stoke d'Abernon Esher Hampton Court Hersham Hinchley Wood Oxshott Thames Ditton Walton-on-Thames Weybridge Roads M25 A3 A244 A307 A3050 Notable other Thames Path London Outer Orbital Path Wey Navigation Buildings and structures Bessborough Reservoir Brooklands Brooklands Museum Claremont Estate Cobham Park Cobham Training Centre Esher Place Hurst Park Racecourse Knight Reservoir Island Barn Reservoir London Bus Museum Molesey Lock Molesey Reservoirs Queen Elizabeth II Reservoir Sandown Park Racecourse Sunbury Lock Wayneflete Tower Sport Dittons Skiff and Punting Club East Molesey Cricket Club Esher RFC Metropolitan Police F.C. Molesey Boat Club Molesey F.C. Surbiton Hockey Club Thames Ditton Lawn Tennis Club Thames Valley Skiff Club Walton Casuals F.C. Walton & Hersham F.C. Walton Rowing Club Weybridge Rowing Club Places listed are articles notable as settlements, arranged by post town The M25 motorway follows approximately a boundary and is included for its regional importance. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walton (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"south bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_(geography)"},{"link_name":"Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"Borough of Elmbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Elmbridge"},{"link_name":"Greater London built-up area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area"},{"link_name":"KT postcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KT_postcode_area"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2011 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_census,_2011"},{"link_name":"Weybridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weybridge"}],"text":"Town in SurreyFor similarly named settlements, see Walton (disambiguation).Human settlement in EnglandWalton-on-Thames, known locally as Walton, is a market town on the south bank of the Thames in northwest Surrey, England. It is in the Borough of Elmbridge, about 15 mi (24 km) southwest of central London. Walton forms part of the Greater London built-up area, within the KT postcode and is served by a wide range of transport links.[1] According to the 2011 Census, the town has a total population of 22,834. The town itself consists mostly of suburban streets, with a historic town centre of Celtic origin. It is one of the largest towns in Elmbridge, alongside Weybridge.","title":"Walton-on-Thames"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Mary%27s_Church,_Walton-on-Thames.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grade I listed buildings in Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Surrey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ashley_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"cognate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognate"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxons"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walton-on-Thames-2"},{"link_name":"William Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Camden"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"John Montagu, 5th Earl of Sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Montagu,_5th_Earl_of_Sandwich"},{"link_name":"Shepperton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepperton"},{"link_name":"guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_(British_coin)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"secondary sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_source"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons"},{"link_name":"Elmbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmbridge_(hundred)"},{"link_name":"hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_(country_subdivision)"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"feudal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_system"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury"},{"link_name":"hides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hide_(unit)"},{"link_name":"mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_(grinding)"},{"link_name":"fishery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishery"},{"link_name":"ploughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plough"},{"link_name":"meadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow"},{"link_name":"hogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walton-on-Thames-2"},{"link_name":"nucleus of the village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleated_village"},{"link_name":"manors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton-on-Thames_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hersham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hersham"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Oatlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oatlands,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bh-7"},{"link_name":"ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_bells"},{"link_name":"rococo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo"},{"link_name":"Roubiliac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roubiliac"},{"link_name":"Richard Boyle, 2nd Viscount Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Boyle,_2nd_Viscount_Shannon"},{"link_name":"Ashley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Park,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"scold's bridle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scold%27s_bridle"},{"link_name":"Jerome K. Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_K._Jerome"},{"link_name":"Three Men in a Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Men_in_a_Boat"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England"},{"link_name":"John Bradshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bradshaw_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Inclosure Act 1800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclosure_Acts"},{"link_name":"common land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_land"},{"link_name":"Chertsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chertsey"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"Frederick, Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bh-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bh-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bh-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"No. 2 New Zealand General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2_New_Zealand_General_Hospital_(Walton-on-Thames)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Homebase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebase"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Brooklands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklands"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Biggin Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biggin_Hill"},{"link_name":"Spitfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire"},{"link_name":"Orpington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpington"},{"link_name":"Walton Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_Court,_Walton-on-Thames"},{"link_name":"Hersham and Walton Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hersham_and_Walton_Motors"},{"link_name":"Stirling Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_Moss"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_motor_racing"},{"link_name":"Aston Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Martin"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo"},{"link_name":"modernist style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Borough of Elmbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Elmbridge"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Levi Bellfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Bellfield"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The Church of St. Mary is among the Grade I listed buildings in Surrey.Ashley Park House or Manor House (demolished)The name \"Walton\" is Anglo-Saxon in origin and is cognate with the common phonetic combination meaning \"Briton settlement\" (literally, \"Welsh Town\" – weal(as) tun). Before the Romans and the Saxons were present, a Celtic settlement was here. The most common Old English word for the Celtic inhabitants was the \"Wealas\", originally meaning \"foreigners\" or \"strangers\".[2] William Camden identified Cowey Stakes or Sale, Walton as the place where Julius Caesar forded the River Thames on his second invasion of Britain. A fisherman removed several wooden stakes about thigh-width and 6 feet (1.8 m) high that were very black and hard enough to turn an axe, and shod with iron. He sold these to John Montagu, 5th Earl of Sandwich, who used to come to the neighbouring Shepperton bank to fish, for half a guinea apiece.[3] Elmbridge Museum requires definitive evidence of these stakes, the evidence at present limited to pre 20th-century secondary sources that conflict as to detail.[4]Walton lay within the Anglo-Saxon district of Elmbridge hundred, in the shire (later county) of Surrey.Walton appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as \"Waletona\".[5] The settlement was held jointly as overlords in the feudal system by Edward de Sarisber (Salisbury) and Richard de Tonbrige. Its Domesday assets were: 6 hides; 1 church (St. Mary's), 2 mills worth £1 5s 0d, 1 fishery worth 5s, 14 ploughs, 40 acres (16 ha) of meadow, supporting 50 hogs. It rendered £28.[2]The nucleus of the village is in the north, while later development took place in the southern manors on all sides of the railway station. About half of the land was south of the South Western Main Line. This included, from west to east, Walton Heath, Burwood manor and Hersham manor; these together became the civil parish of Hersham in the 19th century.[6] On a smaller scale, the majority of Oatlands village, to the south-west, formed part of the town.[7] St. Mary's Parish Church has some Saxon material and an architectural structure of the 12th century, with later additions. The square flint tower, supported by a 19th-century brick buttress, has a working ring of eight bells, the oldest bearing the date 1606. In the north aisle is a large monument (1755) by the French rococo sculptor and bust maker Roubiliac to Richard Boyle, 2nd Viscount Shannon, commander-in-chief in Ireland, who lived at the former manor and house of Ashley Park in the parish; this was demolished and its many acres subdivided in 1920.[8] Also in the north aisle is a brass to John Selwyn (1587), keeper of Oatlands Park, with figures of himself, his wife and eleven children. An unusual relic kept in the church is a copy of a scold's bridle presented to the parish in the 17th century, which is mentioned in Jerome K. Jerome's classic Three Men in a Boat. The royal palace of Oatlands, built by Henry VIII in 1538, was a mile upstream to the west.John Bradshaw lived in the Tudor manor house in the 17th century. He presided at Charles I's trial. Under the Inclosure Act 1800 there were enclosed (privatised from common land or manorial land subjected to agrarian rights of others) 3,117 acres (12.6 km2) of the Walton manors, which included holdings at Chertsey and 475 acres (1.9 km2) of arable common fields.The world’s first documented game of baseball was played in 1749 in Ashley Park, on the estate belonging to the wife of Charles Sackville, Earl of Middlesex. The Earl played in the match along with his friend, Frederick, Prince of Wales.[9]A School Board was formed in 1878. A previously existing school was enlarged in 1881. The infant school was built in 1884.[7] The Methodist Church, with a spire taller than the tower of the Anglican Church, was built in 1887. The Baptist Church was built in 1901.[7]A Public Hall, in High Street, was built in 1879 by Mrs Sassoon, who resided at Ashley Park House.[7] This is still in existence and is visible behind the present shopfront. Ashley Park Golf Club was laid out in the 1890s, but ceased to exist prior to 1918.[10]During World War I, troops from New Zealand were hospitalised in the No. 2 New Zealand General Hospital at Mount Felix House, which is now demolished except for its stable block and clock tower.[11][12][13] They are remembered by a memorial in the cemetery, where those who died at Mount Felix are buried, and one in St Mary's Church where an annual service of remembrance is held. They are also remembered in the street name New Zealand Avenue, the Wellington Pub (formerly The Kiwi), and a small memorial in the Homebase car park.Walton upon Thames Urban District merged with Weybridge Urban District to form Walton and Weybridge Urban District in 1933.[14]In World War II, owing largely to the proximity of important aircraft factories at nearby Brooklands, the town was bombed on various occasions by the Luftwaffe. On 27 September 1940, fighter pilot F/Sgt. Charles Sydney, who was based with 92 Squadron at RAF Biggin Hill, died when his Spitfire (R6767) crashed in Station Avenue. He was buried in Orpington and was commemorated by a memorial plaque adjacent to the former Birds Eye HQ at Walton Court on Station Avenue, close to the crash site although this has recently disappeared with current major redevelopment of the Birds Eye site with new apartments. Hopefully the memorial will be re-erected and re-dedicated later.Hersham and Walton Motors (HWM) constructed its own racing car in the early 1950s. Stirling Moss competed in his first Formula One Grand Prix in an HWM. HWM was the world's first Aston Martin dealership that diversified into Alfa Romeo in 2009.Walton Town Hall, which was commissioned to serve as the offices of Weybridge Urban District Council, was designed by Sir John Brown Henson and Partners in the modernist style, featured a curved structure built from concrete with stone cladding and was completed in 1966.[15] It became surplus to requirements and was subsequently demolished after Walton on Thames was absorbed into the Borough of Elmbridge in 1974.[16]The name of the town has resurfaced in the media in March 2023 in relation to Levi Bellfield and his bid to get married while in prison.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The accommodation included 28% detached houses, and 22.6% apartments.The proportion of households in the town who owned their home outright compares to the regional average of 35.1%. The proportion who owned their home with a loan compares to the regional average of 32.5%. The remaining % is made up of rented dwellings (plus a negligible % of households living rent-free).","title":"Demography and housing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Transport"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Demographic change","text":"For information on the 1851–1901 change in population see Transport below. In 2001 and after boundary changes the population was just over 1,500 lower at 22,834.[19] According to the 2001 census, the population of central Walton was 5,862, with Elmbridge's population being 121,936. Central Walton had a male population of 2,791 against Elmbridge's male population of 58,867, and the female population of central Walton was 3,071 against Elmbridge's 63,069.[20]","title":"Demography and housing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Ashley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Park,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Next","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"Waterstone's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterstone%27s"},{"link_name":"Desire by Debenhams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debenhams"},{"link_name":"Nando's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nando%27s"},{"link_name":"Pizza Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_Express"},{"link_name":"Gourmet Burger Kitchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourmet_Burger_Kitchen"},{"link_name":"Wagamama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagamama"},{"link_name":"Kia Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia_Motors"}],"text":"The GSS (ONS specifically) identifies a Built-up Area of its name generally cited for other articles of this work as to their populations e.g. Guildford, Salisbury, which has a population of 66,566 and extends to Hersham, Sunbury-on-Thames and Shepperton.[21]The Heart of Walton is the name given to the re-development of Walton town centre alongside the relatively short High Street.[22] This main area of the town centre was built in the 1960s and had become run down owing to poor maintenance. The redevelopment includes a shopping mall and 279 one- and two-bedroom apartments, many with views over the private gardens, avenues and public section of Ashley Park. The main part of the centre, a covered walkway, has several brand retailers including Next, Waterstone's, River Island and Desire by Debenhams. The public library was moved here. Further redevelopment has upgraded or built new shops, widening the scope high-end fashion, jewellery, bakery and supermarkets. Restaurants along the New Zealand Avenue side of The Heart include three independents, Nando's, Pizza Express, Gourmet Burger Kitchen and Wagamama. Further restaurants exist along the High Street axis and at the far north-eastern and southern parades within the town boundaries. Around the periphery automotive, construction and landscaping businesses have a large presence and the Walton station area has a number of headquarters sized office buildings, including Kia Motors. As well as this, the long-awaited redevelopment of Walton bridge finished in 2013.","title":"Commerce"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walton-on-Thames railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton-on-Thames_railway_station"},{"link_name":"London Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Waterloo_station"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Weybridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weybridge"},{"link_name":"Shepperton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepperton"},{"link_name":"Hersham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hersham"},{"link_name":"Molesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molesey"},{"link_name":"Kingston-upon-Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston-upon-Thames"},{"link_name":"Desborough Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desborough_Island"}],"text":"Walton-on-Thames is served by Walton-on-Thames railway station, which provides 4 trains per hour to London Waterloo, consisting of 2 semi-fast services and 2 stopping services, with the semi-fast services taking only 25 minutes to reach the terminus. This has proven pivotal to the demographics and to the nature and degree of the town's development – in 1851 its population was 4,106 which more than quadrupled in the 60 years to 1911, when its population reached 19,142.[23]Walton has regular bus services supported by Surrey County Council to nearby towns Weybridge, Shepperton, Hersham, Molesey and Kingston-upon-Thames. A pleasure boat service runs regularly on a stretch of the river that includes a loop around Desborough Island.Local taxis: there is taxi rank at the Walton-on-Thames Station for approximately 12 taxi cars, which is served between 6:30am and 1:00am.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThamesAtWalton.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"Shepperton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepperton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walton-On-Thames_bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4709393.jpg"},{"link_name":"Walton Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_Bridge"},{"link_name":"first bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Walton_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Canaletto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaletto"},{"link_name":"rococo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo"},{"link_name":"Dulwich Picture Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulwich_Picture_Gallery"},{"link_name":"J. M. W. Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._W._Turner"},{"link_name":"River Wey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Wey"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"A. M. Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._M._Hamilton"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"piers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"River Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"tied-arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_bridge"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Walton Bridge","text":"Barges moored by the towpath – Walton Marina in the backgroundSix versions of Walton Bridge have crossed the Thames, each westward, to Shepperton. Before the first bridge there was a ferry which went back at least to the early 17th century.Walton Bridge – opened 2013.The first bridge, constructed between 1748 and 1750, was a timber structure that stood until 1783. Canaletto painted a picture of this bridge in 1754. The painting, which shows the rococo-style of this bridge, may be seen in the Dulwich Picture Gallery.The second bridge was constructed in 1788 and stood until 1859. Constructed of brick and stone, it lasted much longer than its predecessor. This bridge was painted by J. M. W. Turner in 1805 following his sketching tour of the River Thames and River Wey.After the second bridge collapsed a ferry crossing resumed until the construction of the third bridge in 1864. This was a girder bridge on stone piers. At the same time, a brick viaduct was constructed to span the flood plain to the south of the river. The viaduct is still standing.The third bridge was damaged during World War II in 1940, leading to a permanent weight restriction. To alleviate this a fourth temporary bridge was constructed in 1953 on the downstream side of the old bridge; this was relegated to use by cyclists and pedestrians only until finally demolished in 1985.The fourth bridge was constructed from prefabricated sections designed by A. M. Hamilton in 1930; built by Callender Cables Ltd, it was called the Callender-Hamilton Bridge. In 1999, the fourth bridge was replaced by yet another temporary, fifth bridge occupying the line of the original bridges. This initially had several problems and had to be resurfaced a number of times causing huge traffic disruptions. The fourth bridge was restricted for use by cyclists and pedestrians only once the fifth bridge was completed.Building a sixth bridge began in 2011 and was completed in summer 2013, being opened to traffic on 22 July. The two previous bridges were removed. The supplemental brick viaduct to the east remains for cycle and pedestrian use.[24] The £32.4 million bridge is single span (has no piers in the river, which increases views from upstream and downstream and particularly navigation for boats – the first such bridge heading up the River Thames. This is also the only parabolic tied-arch bridge without piers across this river.[25]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waltonriver01.JPG"},{"link_name":"River Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"canoeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing"},{"link_name":"kayaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayaking"},{"link_name":"skiffing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiffing"},{"link_name":"punting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Walton Rowing Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_Rowing_Club"},{"link_name":"Thames Valley Skiff Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Valley_Skiff_Club"},{"link_name":"St George's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_College,_Weybridge"},{"link_name":"Weybridge Rowing Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weybridge_Rowing_Club"},{"link_name":"Weybridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weybridge"},{"link_name":"track and field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"cross country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_running"},{"link_name":"road running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_running"},{"link_name":"Ashley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Park,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Surrey Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Championship"},{"link_name":"Mark Bainbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bainbridge"},{"link_name":"Surrey CCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"England Under-19s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Stephen Murdoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Murdoch"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Anthony Alleyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Alleyne"},{"link_name":"West Indies Under-19s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Greg Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Lamb"},{"link_name":"Hampshire CCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Walton Casuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_Casuals_F.C."},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Isthmian League Division One South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmian_League_Division_One_South"},{"link_name":"Walton & Hersham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_%26_Hersham_F.C."},{"link_name":"Whyteleafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whyteleafe_F.C."},{"link_name":"Walton & Hersham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_%26_Hersham_F.C."},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Combined Counties League Premier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Counties_Football_League"},{"link_name":"FA Amateur Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Amateur_Cup"},{"link_name":"Slough Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slough_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wembley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"Brian Clough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Clough"},{"link_name":"Brighton & Hove Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"Football League Third Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"}],"text":"The Walton riversideThe Elmbridge Xcel Leisure Centre is to the east of the town, near the Thames. The centre includes two swimming pools, an extensive gym, indoor courts and a climbing wall.The River Thames offers extensive opportunities for water-based sports, including rowing, canoeing, kayaking, skiffing, punting and sailing. Walton Rowing Club, Thames Valley Skiff Club and St George's College, are on the river towpath between the town centre and the Elmbridge Xcel Leisure Centre. Weybridge Rowing Club is further upstream in Weybridge.Walton Athletics Club was founded in 1942 and is based at the new Waterside Drive Athletic Arena. The club has around 200 members ranging in age from 9 years to over 60 years old. The club provides qualified coaching in all athletics disciplines and participates in a number of different leagues to provide appropriate competition for all age groups in track and field, cross country and road running.Walton-on-Thames Cricket Club are based in Ashley Park with the first team captained by Daniel Roberts. They will play in the Surrey Championship Division two in 2020, having previously won Division Two in 2015 & 2018. Over the years, Walton have had a host of players who have gone on to further honours including Mark Bainbridge (Surrey CCC & England Under-19s), Stephen Murdoch (Wellington), Anthony Alleyne (West Indies Under-19s) and Greg Lamb (Hampshire CCC & Zimbabwe). The club has four Saturday league senior sides and enjoyed a successful 2015 with three of the four sides gaining promotion. The club's training is run by Brian Berthoud.Walton Casuals are a football club who are currently in the Isthmian League Division One South, a level above their neighbours Walton & Hersham. Nicknamed the Stags, they play at Church Road in a ground share with Whyteleafe while developments take place at the Waterside Drive Sports Hub. They previously played at the Waterside Stadium, just off Waterside Drive and adjacent to the modern Elmbridge Xcel Leisure Centre. They are expected to move into their new home ahead of the 2017–18 season. The club play in a tangerine orange and black home kit and a blue and white away kit.Walton & Hersham are a football club who are currently in the Combined Counties League Premier Division. Nicknamed the Swans, they play at the Elmbridge Xcel Sports Hub. The club play in a red and white home kit and a yellow away kit. In 1973, they won the FA Amateur Cup in its penultimate year, beating Slough Town 1–0 in front of 41,000 spectators (the third largest crowd of the day) at Wembley. Later that year, they achieved a shock 4–0 win over Brian Clough's Brighton & Hove Albion (then a Football League Third Division side) in the FA Cup.Motor cycle racing was staged at Walton Bridge in October 1938. An event was staged on October 30 records that Walton Bridge raced a team from Hounslow at a venue described as Walton Bridge Speedway (on the programme). It is not clear if the event was a grass track meeting or a speedway meeting.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the parliamentary constituency of Esher and Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esher_and_Walton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Dominic Raab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Raab"},{"link_name":"Ronald Segal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Segal"}],"text":"Walton-on-Thames is part of the parliamentary constituency of Esher and Walton, which after the 2019 General Election became a marginal Conservative seat, with the Liberal Democrats taking second place. The current MP is Dominic Raab.In local elections, recent contests for seats on Elmbridge Borough Council and Surrey County Council have been between the local Conservatives, local Liberal Democrats and the local Residents Association, the Walton Society.The Walton Society was founded in 1975 by the writer and intellectual Ronald Segal, and entered local politics in 1980 with Gordon Chubb who served until his death in 2006. At one point there were nine Society councillors in all four Walton wards during the period of Residents Groups' control of Elmbridge from the 1990s to 2006. Following the 2012 elections, the Society held all three Walton Central seats, with the Conservatives holding all eight seats in the Ambleside, North and South wards. Following the 2024 elections, The Walton Society had only one Walton Central seat remaining, whilst the Conservatives held no seats in any ward. Both had lost power after a marked increase in support for the Liberal Democrats. Walton's most recent Labour councillor was defeated in 2000.From 2005 to 2013 the Walton division of Surrey County Council was held by The Walton Society's Tom Phelps-Penry. Upon his retirement at the 2013 elections, the seat was gained by Conservative Rachael Lake who had previously held the seat from 1997 to 2005. The Walton South & Oatlands division has been Conservative held since it was created in 1973.","title":"Local politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julie Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Andrews"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"George Brydges Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney"},{"link_name":"John Carver Meadows Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carver_Meadows_Frost"},{"link_name":"Samuel Croxall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Croxall"},{"link_name":"Aesop's Fables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Milly Dowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milly_Dowler"},{"link_name":"Levi Bellfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Bellfield"},{"link_name":"Sean Emmett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Emmett"},{"link_name":"Susan Ertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Ertz"},{"link_name":"Bede Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bede_Griffiths"},{"link_name":"Luke Haines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Haines"},{"link_name":"Fred Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Hill_Murder"},{"link_name":"Nick Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Natascha McElhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natascha_McElhone"},{"link_name":"Ian Rank-Broadley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Rank-Broadley"},{"link_name":"Julian Russell Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Russell_Story"},{"link_name":"Danny Sapsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Sapsford"},{"link_name":"John Somers-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Somers-Smith"},{"link_name":"Gail Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_Trimble"},{"link_name":"University Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Tony Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Walton"},{"link_name":"Anthony Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Watson_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Sarah Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Sarah_Payne"},{"link_name":"Madeleine Albright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Albright"},{"link_name":"US Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"John Vincent Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vincent_Cain"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Hugh Gusterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Gusterson"},{"link_name":"Richard Murdoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Murdoch"},{"link_name":"Fay Ripley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay_Ripley"},{"link_name":"Janek Schaefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janek_Schaefer"},{"link_name":"Sonic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Art"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Eileen Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Sheridan_(model)"},{"link_name":"John Strachan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Strachan_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"}],"text":"The following people(s) were born in Walton-on-Thames:Julie Andrews, actress, singer and author, in 1935.[26]\nGeorge Brydges Rodney (1718–1792), Royal Navy Admiral.\nJohn Carver Meadows Frost, aircraft designer, in 1915.\nSamuel Croxall (c. 1690–1752), noted for his edition of Aesop's Fables.[27]\nMilly Dowler (1988–2002), school student murdered by Levi Bellfield.\nSean Emmett, Grand Prix motorcycle road racer, in 1970.\nSusan Ertz (1894–1985), author.\nBede Griffiths, theologian and mystic, in 1906.\nLuke Haines, pop musician, in 1967.\nFred Atkins (1859–1881) a Police Constable whose murder on Kingston Hill remained unsolved and who is buried in the local cemetery.\nNick Lowe, singer-songwriter, musician and producer, in 1949.\nNatascha McElhone, actress, in 1971.\nIan Rank-Broadley, sculptor and designer of previous British coinage, in 1952.\nJulian Russell Story, American painter, in 1857.\nDanny Sapsford, tennis player, in 1969.\nJohn Somers-Smith, Olympic sportsman.\nGail Trimble, nationally headlining contestant on University Challenge, in 1982.\nTony Walton, set and costume designer, in 1934.\nAnthony Watson, England International Rugby Union player.\nSarah Payne ((1991-10-13)13 October 1991 – July 2000), a high-profile British child abduction and murder victim in the U.K. (short for the United Kingdom).The following people(s) have been residents of Walton-on-Thames:Madeleine Albright, former US Secretary of State, lived in the town during World War II.[28]\nJohn Vincent Cain, minor British fraudster and aviator.[29]\nHugh Gusterson, author and professor, grew up in Walton.\nRichard Murdoch, actor.\nFay Ripley, actress, grew up in Walton.\nJanek Schaefer, artist, won the 'British Composer of the Year Award in Sonic Art' 2008,[30] and UK 'Best Mobile DJ Award' 2020.[31]\nEileen Sheridan, model.\nJohn Strachan MC (1896–1988), cricketer and British Army officer.","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monty Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Psychomania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychomania"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Is It Legal?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is_It_Legal%3F"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Robin_Hood_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Nettlefold Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettlefold_Studios"},{"link_name":"Not Going Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_Going_Out"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Some of the sketches for Monty Python were filmed in Walton. Walton Town Hall could be seen in one sketch.[32] Another sketch shows an Admiral Nelson dummy being thrown from one of the flats in Wellington Close.[33]Location scenes for the cinema film Psychomania (1973) were shot in Walton, including the town's centre.ITV sitcom Is It Legal? was shot in Walton. The Adventures of Robin Hood was filmed at Nettlefold Studios in Walton.Series 8 of BBC sitcom Not Going Out features aerial views of Walton-on-Thames between scenes.[34]\nFind the Lady (1956 film) was filmed in Walton. A restaurant called The Hovel appears in some scenes. Though now gone the sign for the restaurant is available as a poster and jigsaw puzzle.","title":"In film and television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoth%C3%A8que"},{"link_name":"Luke Haines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Haines"},{"link_name":"child sex offenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse"},{"link_name":"Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"Chris Denning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Denning"},{"link_name":"Tam Paton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_Paton"},{"link_name":"Bay City Rollers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_City_Rollers"},{"link_name":"Jonathan King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_King"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disco-35"}],"text":"The Walton Hop was a teen disco started by Deniz Corday in 1958, and ran until 1990. It is reputed to have been the first public disco in the UK, enjoyed by thousands from surrounding areas. Musician Luke Haines, born in Walton, released a record titled \"The Walton Hop\" in 2006. During the 1970s and 1980s, it was frequented by now-convicted child sex offenders such as former Radio 1 DJ Chris Denning, Tam Paton (manager of the Bay City Rollers) and Jonathan King.[35]","title":"In the media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"},{"link_name":"manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"},{"link_name":"Oatlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oatlands,_Surrey"}],"text":"With exact definitionAshley ParkVariously definedApps Court (a former manor)\nOld Walton\nHalfway\nRydens (a former manor)\nAmblesideReclassifiedOatlands broke away from the parish and was made part of Weybridge post town in the 19th century","title":"Localities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upper Halliford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Halliford"},{"link_name":"Shepperton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepperton"},{"link_name":"Sunbury-on-Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbury-on-Thames"},{"link_name":"West Molesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Molesey"},{"link_name":"Shepperton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepperton"},{"link_name":"Esher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esher"},{"link_name":"Weybridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weybridge"},{"link_name":"Hersham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hersham"},{"link_name":"Hersham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hersham"},{"link_name":"Esher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esher"}],"text":"Neighbouring areas of Surrey\nUpper Halliford, Shepperton\nSunbury-on-Thames\nWest Molesey\n\n\n\n\n\nShepperton\n\nWalton-on-Thames\n\nEsher\n\n\n\n\n\nWeybridge\nHersham\nHersham, Esher","title":"Nearest places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Walton-on-Thames, Surrey\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.beautifulenglandphotos.uk/walton-on-thames-surrey/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180628153100/https://www.beautifulenglandphotos.uk/walton-on-thames-surrey/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Walton-on-Thames_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Walton-on-Thames_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"Walton-on-Thames\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//whatsinwalton.co.uk/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170909154151/http://whatsinwalton.co.uk/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"A history of the county of Surrey; comprising every object of topographical, geographical or historic interest by Thomas Allen illustrated with views from original drawings, Vol. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=r-A1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Julius Caesar and Cowey Sale\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//elmbridgemuseum.org.uk/?Document=100.030.010x1"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060622011843/http://elmbridgemuseum.org.uk/?document=100.030.010x1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Sudrie\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.domesdaymaps.com/maps/English%20Maps/Sudrie.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090926121838/http://www.domesdaymaps.com/maps/English%20Maps/Sudrie.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Parish of 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impresario\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2001/dec/01/weekend.jonronson"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131205001758/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2001/dec/01/weekend.jonronson"}],"text":"NotesReferences^ \"Walton-on-Thames, Surrey\". Beautiful England Photos.co.uk. 30 May 2010. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.\n\n^ a b \"Walton-on-Thames\". Walton-on-Thames. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2009.\n\n^ Allen, Thomas A history of the county of Surrey; comprising every object of topographical, geographical or historic interest by Thomas Allen illustrated with views from original drawings, Vol. 2, p. 21, at Google Books\n\n^ \"Julius Caesar and Cowey Sale\". elmbridgemuseum.org.uk. Elmbridge Borough Council. Archived from the original on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 25 August 2009.\n\n^ \"Sudrie\". domesdaymaps.com. DomesdayMaps. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2009.\n\n^ Parish of Hersham Archived 11 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 4 June 2015\n\n^ a b c d \"Parishes: Walton on Thames, A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3\". 1911. pp. 467–475. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2014.\n\n^ St Mary's Church, Grade I listing entry, Historic England. \"Details from listed building database (1030224)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 6 April 2015.\n\n^ \"Baseball: Blue plaque in Surrey marks world's first game\", \"BBC News\".\n\n^ \"Ashley Park Golf Club\" Archived 23 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, \"Golf's Missing Links\".\n\n^ \"Clock tower and stable block to the former Mount Felix\". Historic England. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2020.\n\n^ \"Walton-on-Thames NZ General Hospital Roll of Honour | NZHistory, New Zealand history online\". nzhistory.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.\n\n^ \"The Clock Tower, Mount Felix, Walton-on-Thames, Surrey\". The Victorian Web. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.\n\n^ \"Walton and Weybridge UD\". Vision of Britain. Retrieved 15 February 2021.\n\n^ Nairn, Ian; Pevsner, Nikolaus; Cherry, Bridget (1982). Buildings of England: Surrey. Pevsner Architectural Guides. p. 497. ISBN 978-0140710212.\n\n^ Local Government Act 1972. 1972 c.70. The Stationery Office Ltd. 1997. ISBN 0-10-547072-4.\n\n^ \"Dominic Raab plans new law to stop whole life term prisoners marrying\". BBC News. 17 March 2023.\n\n^ a b Key Statistics; Quick Statistics: Population Density Archived 11 February 2003 at the Wayback Machine United Kingdom Census 2011 Office for National Statistics Retrieved 21 November 2013\n\n^ \"2001 Census: Town/villages in Surrey with population more than 1000\". neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk. Office for National Statistics. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2012.\n\n^ \"Key Figures for 2001 Census: Census Area Statistics\". statistics.gov.uk. Directgov. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2009.\n\n^ UK Census (2011). \"Local Area Report – Walton-on-Thames Built-up area sub division (1119884723)\". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 24 August 2020.\n\n^ \"the heart\". theheartofwalton.com. O&H Properties Ltd. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2009.\n\n^ visionofbritain.org.uk: Walton Registration Sub-District 1801–1911 Archived 2 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 27 August 2013. Note the other possible comparative unit at the time, the civil parish is not used, as it included West Molesey.\n\n^ \"Walton Bridge opens to traffic\". 22 July 2013. Archived from the original on 25 July 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.\n\n^ surreycc.gov.uk Archived 22 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, accessdate 19 January 2011.\n\n^ \"Julie Andrews Biography and Interview\". achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.\n\n^ Sambrook, James (November 2018). \"Croxall, Samuel\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6838. Retrieved 15 August 2010. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ John Carlin (8 February 1998). \"Profile: She who knows tyranny; Madeleine Albright\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 20 November 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.\n\n^ \"3,000 Feet Through Clouds, Death Leap from Air Liner, Broken-Hearted Squire, Auckland Girl a Witness\". Evening Star. No. 22588. Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand. 4 March 1937. p. 2.\n\n^ \"BBC - Radio 3 - British Composer Awards\".\n\n^ \"2020 UK National Event Entertainment Awards\".\n\n^ \"14 things you'll only know if you grew up in Walton in the 1980s and 1990s\". Surrey Live. 29 April 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2021.\n\n^ \"Always Look on the Bright Side of Life – Monty Python\". youtube.com. YouTube LLC. 17 March 2007. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2009.\n\n^ \"BBC1 Not going out - moved to Walton-on-Thames\". Walton-on-Thames.org. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.\n\n^ Ronson, Jon (1 December 2001). \"The fall of a pop impresario\". guardian.co.uk. London: Guardian News and Media Limited. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2009.","title":"Footnotes"}]
[{"image_text":"The Church of St. Mary is among the Grade I listed buildings in Surrey.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Walton-on-Thames.jpg/220px-St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Walton-on-Thames.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ashley Park House or Manor House (demolished)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Ashley_Park.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barges moored by the towpath – Walton Marina in the background","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/ThamesAtWalton.jpg/250px-ThamesAtWalton.jpg"},{"image_text":"Walton Bridge – opened 2013.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Walton-On-Thames_bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4709393.jpg/250px-Walton-On-Thames_bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4709393.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Walton riverside","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Waltonriver01.JPG/240px-Waltonriver01.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Walton-on-Thames, Surrey\". Beautiful England Photos.co.uk. 30 May 2010. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.beautifulenglandphotos.uk/walton-on-thames-surrey/","url_text":"\"Walton-on-Thames, Surrey\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180628153100/https://www.beautifulenglandphotos.uk/walton-on-thames-surrey/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Walton-on-Thames\". Walton-on-Thames. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://whatsinwalton.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Walton-on-Thames\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170909154151/http://whatsinwalton.co.uk/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Julius Caesar and Cowey Sale\". elmbridgemuseum.org.uk. Elmbridge Borough Council. Archived from the original on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 25 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://elmbridgemuseum.org.uk/?Document=100.030.010x1","url_text":"\"Julius Caesar and Cowey Sale\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060622011843/http://elmbridgemuseum.org.uk/?document=100.030.010x1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sudrie\". domesdaymaps.com. DomesdayMaps. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 25 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.domesdaymaps.com/maps/English%20Maps/Sudrie.htm","url_text":"\"Sudrie\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090926121838/http://www.domesdaymaps.com/maps/English%20Maps/Sudrie.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Parishes: Walton on Thames, A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 3\". 1911. pp. 467–475. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. 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Retrieved 1 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1377448","url_text":"\"Clock tower and stable block to the former Mount Felix\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210122225347/https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1377448","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Walton-on-Thames NZ General Hospital Roll of Honour | NZHistory, New Zealand history online\". nzhistory.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/walton-thames-nz-general-hospital-roll-honour","url_text":"\"Walton-on-Thames NZ General Hospital Roll of Honour | NZHistory, New Zealand history online\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190415034147/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/media/photo/walton-thames-nz-general-hospital-roll-honour","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Clock Tower, Mount Felix, Walton-on-Thames, Surrey\". The Victorian Web. Archived from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.victorianweb.org/art/architecture/barry/2.html","url_text":"\"The Clock Tower, Mount Felix, Walton-on-Thames, Surrey\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200608042843/http://www.victorianweb.org/art/architecture/barry/2.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Walton and Weybridge UD\". Vision of Britain. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostages_(U.S._TV_series)
Hostages (American TV series)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","2.1 Main","2.2 Recurring","3 International broadcasts","4 Episodes","5 Reception","5.1 Awards and nominations","6 Locations recorded","7 References","8 External links"]
American drama television series HostagesGenre Drama Suspense Based onBnei Arubaby Omri GivonRotem ShamirDeveloped by Alon Aranya Jeffrey Nachmanoff Starring Toni Collette Dylan McDermott Tate Donovan Quinn Shephard Mateus Ward Billy Brown Sandrine Holt Rhys Coiro James Naughton Composers Jeff Russo Ben Decter Country of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes15ProductionExecutive producers Omri Givon Rotem Shamir Chaim Sharir Jeffrey Nachmanoff Rick Eid Jonathan Littman Jerry Bruckheimer ProducerScott WhiteRunning time40-43 minutesProduction companies Jerry Bruckheimer Television Nana.10.Co.il Warner Bros. Television Original releaseNetworkCBSReleaseSeptember 23, 2013 (2013-09-23) –January 6, 2014 (2014-01-06)RelatedHostages Hostages is an American drama television series that aired on CBS as part of the 2013–14 American television season. Developed for American television by Alon Aranya and Jeffrey Nachmanoff, it is based on the Israeli series of the same name created by Omri Givon and Rotem Shamir and produced by Chaim Sharir, which premiered on October 13, 2013, almost three weeks after the American version's premiere. Jeffrey Nachmanoff wrote and directed the pilot episode for the American version. The series premiered on September 23, 2013 and ended on January 6, 2014. On May 10, 2014, CBS cancelled the series after one season. Plot The family of a doctor is taken hostage by a team led by a rogue FBI agent the night before she is scheduled to perform surgery on the President of the United States. She is ordered by the kidnappers to assassinate the President during surgery in order to save her family. Cast Main Toni Collette as Dr. Ellen Sanders, a well respected thoracic surgeon at the Maryland College Hospital in Washington who is chosen to operate on the President of the United States. Dylan McDermott as FBI Special Agent Duncan Carlisle, leader of the team that takes the Sanders family hostage. His motivation is to help his sick wife Nina, who has leukemia. Tate Donovan as Brian Sanders, husband of Ellen Sanders and the owner of a real estate firm in Washington. He is having an affair with his assistant, Samantha. Quinn Shephard as Morgan Sanders, teenage daughter of Ellen and Brian Sanders. Secretly she has gotten pregnant by her boyfriend, but initially doesn't reveal it to her parents. Mateus Ward as Jake Sanders, teenage son of Ellen and Brian Sanders, and younger than Morgan. Billy Brown as Archer Petit, a member of the team that takes the Sanders family hostage. He and Duncan met 13 years ago after he was rescued from FARC guerrillas while working at the Colombian border. Sandrine Holt as Sandrine Renault, a member of the team that takes the Sanders family hostage. She and Archer met while in Afghanistan. Rhys Coiro as Kramer Delaney, a member of the team that takes the Sanders family hostage and Duncan's brother-in-law. James Naughton as President Paul Kincaid. Recurring Hilarie Burton as Samantha, mistress and assistant of Brian Sanders Paul Calderon as Secret Service Agent Stan Hoffman, a hardworking family man assigned to the joint FBI–Secret Service task force tasked with investigating the threat on the President's life. Jim True-Frost as Secret Service Agent Logan. Brian White as Colonel Thomas Blair, Marine and current NSA director. Joanne Kelly as Vanessa Moore, sister of Mary Kincaid. Jeremy Bobb as Quentin Creasy, Chief of Staff within the Kincaid administration. Lola Cook as Sawyer Carlisle, Duncan's daughter. Larry Pine as Burton Delaney, Duncan's father-in-law and Paul Kincaid's adviser when he was a senator. Tyler Elliott Burke as Boyd Norton, Morgan's boyfriend. Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as First Lady Mary Kincaid, wife of President Paul Kincaid. Francie Swift as Nina Carlisle, Duncan's sick wife. International broadcasts Hostages is broadcast internationally: in the UK on Sky and Channel 4, Australia on Nine Network, in Canada on CTV, in Latin America on Warner Channel, in the Netherlands on NET 5, in New Zealand on TV One, in Finland on MTV3, in South Africa on M-Net, in India on Zee Café, in France on Canal+, in Portugal on RTP2, in Austria on ORF 1, in Belgium on één in Spain on Antena 3 and in Slovenia on POP TV . Episodes No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)1"Pilot"Jeffrey NachmanoffTeleplay by : Alon Aranya and Jeffrey NachmanoffSeptember 23, 2013 (2013-09-23)2760627.41 Dr. Ellen Sanders and her family are taken hostage by a rogue FBI agent who threats to kill them if she does not kill the President in an upcoming surgery she will be performing on him. 2"Invisible Leash"Jason EnslerRick Eid & Jeffrey NachmanoffSeptember 30, 2013 (2013-09-30)4X51525.96 After Ellen's disobedience, Duncan threats to kill one of her loved ones. He also tells the family to go back to living their normal lives for two weeks, but warns them that his team will be following them all the time. 3"Power of Persuasion"Henry BronchteinRick Eid & Jeffrey NachmanoffOctober 7, 2013 (2013-10-07)4X51535.22 When the President decides to use another doctor for his surgery, Ellen is threatened by Duncan to make him change his mind. Also, Ellen meets Duncan's daughter which could help her get more insight into him. 4"2:45 PM"Russell Lee FineAron Eli ColeiteOctober 14, 2013 (2013-10-14)4X51545.16 Ellen and Brian work on a plan to escape with their kids. Meanwhile, Duncan's wife makes a difficult decision. 5"Truth and Consequences"Karen GaviolaJennifer CecilOctober 21, 2013 (2013-10-21)4X51555.16 Ellen puts her skills to work when there is an emergency in the house. An innocent becomes a victim and Duncan wants answers. 6"Sister's Keeper"David Von AnckenJennifer SchuurOctober 28, 2013 (2013-10-28)4X51564.90 Ellen's sister Lauren unexpectedly arrives at the house and decides to stays while unaware of the current situation. Agent Hoffman in his investigation of the disappearance of Nurse Angela discovers Archer's involvement and confronts Duncan about his lies. Meanwhile Kramer discovers a way that can get Sandrine the money that she needs with dire consequences by robbing a high-stakes poker game. Morgan visits an OBGYN in a routine pregnancy checkup. 7"Hail Mary"Matt Earl BeesleyRick Eid & Alon AranyaNovember 4, 2013 (2013-11-04)4X51574.79 Duncan gets Archer sent to prison in order to silence the accomplice that helped him dispose of Nurse Angela's body because she cut a deal with the ADA. Ellen decides to go to Burton Delaney, the lawyer who represented her in a case when she was a resident, in the hope that he can have Duncan eliminated permanently. Meanwhile, Kramer finds out that the limousine driver he assaulted died in hospital, and Brian spends the day searching for a way to have Duncan killed. 8"The Good Reason"SJ ClarksonCassie PappasNovember 11, 2013 (2013-11-11)4X51584.53 After finding out from Burton that the organization will have Ellen and her family killed if Duncan dies, she rushes home to find out that Brian has injected Duncan with the poison she was given to kill the president. In the process of trying to find out Duncan's motives for killing the president, she tries to gain insight to his life through his sick wife, Nina. Meanwhile, Kramer gets questioned for his involvement in the death of the limousine driver and Agent Hoffman questions Brian. 9"Loose Ends"Henry BronchteinRick Eid & Jeffrey NachmanoffNovember 18, 2013 (2013-11-18)4X51594.54 Agent Hoffman's investigation further deepens when he discovers that a high ranking official within the White House forged documents in order to have the president choose Maryland College Hospital for his operation. Logan reveals to Duncan that Hoffman must be killed and his team devises a plan to prevent this from occurring. Meanwhile, the president decides that he will release information related to NSA initiative "Operation Total Information," which targeted citizens' privacy. 10"Burden of Truth"Phil AbrahamJoshua AllenNovember 25, 2013 (2013-11-25)4X51605.62 Ellen gains further insight into Nina's past through Duncan and investigates the alternative possibility of saving Nina's life without having to kill the president. In the process, she discovers that Nina's mother did not die during childbirth. Meanwhile, Duncan and his team continue to work against the organization trying to have the president killed and finds out that they hired a sniper to have him assassinated during his visit to New York. 11"Off the Record"Duane ClarkNick SantoraDecember 2, 2013 (2013-12-02)4X51614.51 The Sanders family is locked up while Duncan's team travels to New York to stop the sniper that is targeting the President. 12"The Cost of Living"Frederick E. O. ToyeRick Eid & Jeffrey NachmanoffDecember 9, 2013 (2013-12-09)4X51624.69 Brian goes to the police to expose Duncan's plot. However, he reconsiders when Burton shows him a picture of Ellen kissing Duncan. 13"Fight or Flight"Bill JohnsonRick Eid & Jeffrey NachmanoffDecember 16, 2013 (2013-12-16)4X51635.09 After Nina learns of Duncan's actions through Brian, Ellen makes clear that she will not kill the president. They devise a plan that will allow each of them to get what they want. Meanwhile, Archer discovers that Sandrine is working for the other side and Nina escapes from Burton's house, only to be found by Blair. 14"Suspicious Minds"Anton CropperRick EidJanuary 6, 2014 (2014-01-06)4X51645.07 Duncan discovers that Sandrine has been involved in a plot to kill his team. Instead of eliminating Sandrine, he uses her to free his wife and daughter, who have been taken hostage by Blair. 15"Endgame"Jeffrey NachmanoffJeffrey NachmanoffJanuary 6, 2014 (2014-01-06)4X51654.69 This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ellen is to finally operate on President Kincaid. Duncan and Archer devise a plot to kill Sandrine after they learn about her and Logan's plot to kill them and Kramer. Blair kidnaps Nina and Sawyer. Duncan is determined to get them back. Blair reassures Duncan he will have them back after Kincaid is dead. Archer thinks Duncan is acting suspiciously. Meanwhile, Ellen and Brian talk over what will happen. Brian and Morgan flee the house. They are later followed by a mysterious man, who tries to kill Morgan, but whom Brian shoots dead. Ellen sets a smoke bomb to cause a distraction while operating on the president. Archer tracks down Jake, who is in safety at a cabin. When Brian and Morgan arrive, they find Jake with Archer. Archer takes Brian, Morgan, and Jake hostage, and then takes them to an abandoned warehouse. Shortly before the surgery, the president's wife confronts Ellen about why she needed the president's bone marrow. Instead of Ellen confessing that she had been held hostage, she tells her about Nina's illness. Ellen operates on the president, who begins to lose a large amount of blood when the smoke bomb goes off. They believe it is an attack. Ellen does not kill the president; he survives. Duncan and Vanessa meet up hours before the surgery, and Vanessa confesses her worries about Blair. Vanessa leads Blair into a trap, where Duncan threatens to kill him unless he releases Nina and Sawyer. Blair does, but attacks Sandrine, who is with them. After that, Duncan kills him. Kramer picks up Nina and Sawyer, and returns them to safety after the president's successful surgery. Nina expresses her worries about Sawyer growing up with a murderer as a father. Duncan promises to make it better and tells Sawyer he will not be back for a long time. Vanessa and Mary talk to Kincaid after he wakes up, and he is recovering. He claims he is happy to be alive, but Mary tells him he will not be for long. Vanessa and Mary say they know everything about Nina and her mother. Kincaid looks shocked. At the end, Duncan is at a police station with Burton. Burton wants to go in with Duncan, but Duncan says he needs to look after Nina and Sawyer. Duncan then turns himself in. Reception The series received generally mixed reviews. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 57% of 42 reviews were positive, with the consensus: "Hostages has an intriguing premise and handsome production values, but its twisty plot sometimes strains credulity." David Hinckley of the New York Daily News gave the show 4 out of 5 stars. Robert Bianco of USA Today awarded it 3 out of 4 stars. Awards and nominations Year Association Category Nominee Result 2014 People's Choice Awards Favorite New Television Drama Hostages Nominated Locations recorded A list of filming locations: In New York Carle Place Carle Place High School Uniondale RexCorp Plaza Charles Lindbergh Boulevard Hicksville Hicksville Train Station East Meadow Eisenhower Park Long Island City Brooklyn (Greenpoint / Brooklyn Heights) White Plains Westchester County Airport References ^ "CBS Announces 2013-2014 Primetime Schedule". The Futon Critic. May 15, 2013. Retrieved May 18, 2013. ^ Ausiello, Michael (May 10, 2013). "Fall TV Scoop: CBS Picks Up Six Series, Including Sarah Michelle Gellar's Crazy Comedy, Josh Holloway's Intelligence and Chuck Lorre's Mom". TVLine. Retrieved May 18, 2013. ^ Rose, Lacey; Goldberg, Lesley (May 10, 2013). "CBS Orders Chuck Lorre's 'Mom,' Robin Williams' 'Crazy Ones,' Will Arnett Comedy, More". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 18, 2013. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (January 17, 2013). "CBS Orders Jerry Bruckheimer-Produced 'Hostages' To Pilot, Toni Collette To Star". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 18, 2013. ^ Byrne, Craig (June 17, 2013). "CBS Announces Fall 2013 Premiere Dates". KSiteTV. Retrieved June 22, 2013. ^ Swift, Andy (May 10, 2014). "CBS Cancels The Crazy Ones, Intelligence, Friends With Better Lives and Two Other Series". TVLine. Retrieved May 10, 2014. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (September 24, 2013). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'The Voice' & 'How I Met Your Mother' Adjusted Up; No Adjustment for 'Hostages' or 'The Blacklist'". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. ^ Bibel, Sara (October 1, 2013). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'The Voice' Adjusted Up; 'The Blacklist' & 'iHeartRadio Music Festival' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 8, 2013). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'The Voice', 'Mom', 'How I Met Your Mother', 'Bones', '2 Broke Girls' Adjusted Up; 'The Blacklist', 'Dancing With the Stars', 'Beauty and the Beast'& 'Castle' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 10, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2013. ^ Bibel, Sara (October 15, 2013). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'Sleepy Hollow'. 'How I Met Your Mother', '2 Broke Girls' & 'Mom' Adjusted Up; 'The Blacklist' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 18, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2013. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 22, 2013). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'The Voice', 'How I Met Your Mother', 'Bones', & 'Dancing With the Stars' Adjusted Up; 'Hart of Dixie', '2 Broke Girls', 'Beauty and the Beast', 'Mom' & 'Hostages' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved October 22, 2013. ^ Bibel, Sara (October 29, 2013). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'The Voice', 'How I Met Your Mother', 'Dancing With the Stars' & '2 Broke Girls' Adjusted Up; 'Hostages' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2013. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 5, 2013). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'Dancing With the Stars' and 'Castle' Adjusted Down; No Adjustment for 'Sleepy Hollow' or 'Mike & Molly'". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 6, 2013. Retrieved November 5, 2013. ^ Bibel, Sara (November 12, 2013). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'Sleepy Hollow,' 'Castle' & 'Mike & Molly' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 19, 2013). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'The Voice' Adjusted Up; 'Dancing With the Stars' & 'Castle' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 22, 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2013. ^ Bibel, Sara (November 26, 2013). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'The Voice' & 'Mom' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 29, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2013. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 4, 2013). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'How I Met Your Mother' Adjusted Up; 'The Blacklist' & 'The Voice' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 7, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2013. ^ Bibel, Sara (December 10, 2013). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'The Voice' & 'Sleepy Hollow' Adjusted Up; 'The Great Christmas Light Fight' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013. ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 17, 2013). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'The Sing-Off' & 'The Great Christmas Light Fight' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2013. ^ a b Bibel, Sara (January 7, 2014). "Monday Final TV Ratings: 'Almost Human' Adjusted Up; 'Castle' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 7, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2014. ^ "Hostages: Season 1 Reviews". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved October 15, 2015. ^ "'Hostages': TV review". Daily News. New York. September 23, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2013. ^ "'Blacklist,' 'Hostages' each have suspenseful charms". USA Today. September 22, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2013. ^ "People's Choice Awards (2014)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved February 9, 2014. ^ a b c d e f g "Hostages - filming". Retrieved October 13, 2013. External links Official website Hostages at IMDb Hostages at TV by the Numbers
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"2013–14 American television season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_United_States_network_television_schedule"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Nachmanoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Nachmanoff"},{"link_name":"series of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostages_(Israeli_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Nachmanoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Nachmanoff"},{"link_name":"pilot episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_pilot"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ksitetv-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Hostages is an American drama television series that aired on CBS as part of the 2013–14 American television season.[1][2][3] Developed for American television by Alon Aranya and Jeffrey Nachmanoff, it is based on the Israeli series of the same name created by Omri Givon and Rotem Shamir and produced by Chaim Sharir, which premiered on October 13, 2013, almost three weeks after the American version's premiere.[4] Jeffrey Nachmanoff wrote and directed the pilot episode for the American version. The series premiered on September 23, 2013 and ended on January 6, 2014.[5]On May 10, 2014, CBS cancelled the series after one season.[6]","title":"Hostages (American TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"}],"text":"The family of a doctor is taken hostage by a team led by a rogue FBI agent the night before she is scheduled to perform surgery on the President of the United States. She is ordered by the kidnappers to assassinate the President during surgery in order to save her family.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toni Collette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Collette"},{"link_name":"Dylan McDermott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_McDermott"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"Special Agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Agent"},{"link_name":"Tate Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_Donovan"},{"link_name":"Quinn Shephard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinn_Shephard"},{"link_name":"Mateus Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mateus_Ward"},{"link_name":"Billy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Brown_(actor)"},{"link_name":"FARC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FARC"},{"link_name":"Sandrine Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandrine_Holt"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Rhys Coiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Coiro"},{"link_name":"James Naughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Naughton"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"Toni Collette as Dr. Ellen Sanders, a well respected thoracic surgeon at the Maryland College Hospital in Washington who is chosen to operate on the President of the United States.\nDylan McDermott as FBI Special Agent Duncan Carlisle, leader of the team that takes the Sanders family hostage. His motivation is to help his sick wife Nina, who has leukemia.\nTate Donovan as Brian Sanders, husband of Ellen Sanders and the owner of a real estate firm in Washington. He is having an affair with his assistant, Samantha.\nQuinn Shephard as Morgan Sanders, teenage daughter of Ellen and Brian Sanders. Secretly she has gotten pregnant by her boyfriend, but initially doesn't reveal it to her parents.\nMateus Ward as Jake Sanders, teenage son of Ellen and Brian Sanders, and younger than Morgan.\nBilly Brown as Archer Petit, a member of the team that takes the Sanders family hostage. He and Duncan met 13 years ago after he was rescued from FARC guerrillas while working at the Colombian border.\nSandrine Holt as Sandrine Renault, a member of the team that takes the Sanders family hostage. She and Archer met while in Afghanistan.\nRhys Coiro as Kramer Delaney, a member of the team that takes the Sanders family hostage and Duncan's brother-in-law.\nJames Naughton as President Paul Kincaid.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hilarie Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilarie_Burton"},{"link_name":"mistress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistress_(lover)"},{"link_name":"Paul Calderon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Calderon"},{"link_name":"Jim True-Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_True-Frost"},{"link_name":"Brian White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_J._White"},{"link_name":"Joanne Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Bobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Bobb"},{"link_name":"Chief of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"Larry Pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Pine"},{"link_name":"Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Mastrantonio"},{"link_name":"Francie Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francie_Swift"}],"sub_title":"Recurring","text":"Hilarie Burton as Samantha, mistress and assistant of Brian Sanders\nPaul Calderon as Secret Service Agent Stan Hoffman, a hardworking family man assigned to the joint FBI–Secret Service task force tasked with investigating the threat on the President's life.\nJim True-Frost as Secret Service Agent Logan.\nBrian White as Colonel Thomas Blair, Marine and current NSA director.\nJoanne Kelly as Vanessa Moore, sister of Mary Kincaid.\nJeremy Bobb as Quentin Creasy, Chief of Staff within the Kincaid administration.\nLola Cook as Sawyer Carlisle, Duncan's daughter.\nLarry Pine as Burton Delaney, Duncan's father-in-law and Paul Kincaid's adviser when he was a senator.\nTyler Elliott Burke as Boyd Norton, Morgan's boyfriend.\nMary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as First Lady Mary Kincaid, wife of President Paul Kincaid.\nFrancie Swift as Nina Carlisle, Duncan's sick wife.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"Nine Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Network"},{"link_name":"CTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTV_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"Warner Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Channel"},{"link_name":"NET 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NET_5"},{"link_name":"MTV3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV3"},{"link_name":"M-Net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-Net"},{"link_name":"Zee Café","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_Caf%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Canal+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"RTP2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTP2"},{"link_name":"ORF 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORF_1"},{"link_name":"één","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Antena 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antena_3_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"POP TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POP_TV"}],"text":"Hostages is broadcast internationally: in the UK on Sky and Channel 4, Australia on Nine Network, in Canada on CTV, in Latin America on Warner Channel, in the Netherlands on NET 5, in New Zealand on TV One, in Finland on MTV3, in South Africa on M-Net, in India on Zee Café, in France on Canal+, in Portugal on RTP2, in Austria on ORF 1, in Belgium on één in Spain on Antena 3 and in Slovenia on POP TV .","title":"International broadcasts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The series received generally mixed reviews. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 57% of 42 reviews were positive, with the consensus: \"Hostages has an intriguing premise and handsome production values, but its twisty plot sometimes strains credulity.\"[21] David Hinckley of the New York Daily News gave the show 4 out of 5 stars.[22] Robert Bianco of USA Today awarded it 3 out of 4 stars.[23]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Awards and nominations","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carle Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carle_Place"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Filming_LI-25"},{"link_name":"Carle Place High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carle_Place_High_School"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Filming_LI-25"},{"link_name":"Uniondale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniondale,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Filming_LI-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Filming_LI-25"},{"link_name":"Hicksville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hicksville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Filming_LI-25"},{"link_name":"Hicksville Train Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hicksville_(LIRR_Station)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Filming_LI-25"},{"link_name":"East Meadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Meadow,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Filming_LI-25"},{"link_name":"Eisenhower Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower_Park"},{"link_name":"Long Island City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_City,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York"},{"link_name":"White Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Westchester County Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester_County_Airport"}],"text":"A list of filming locations:In New York\nCarle Place[25]\nCarle Place High School[25]\nUniondale[25]\nRexCorp Plaza[25]\nCharles Lindbergh Boulevard\nHicksville[25]\nHicksville Train Station[25]\nEast Meadow[25]\nEisenhower Park\nLong Island City\nBrooklyn (Greenpoint / Brooklyn Heights)\nWhite Plains\nWestchester County Airport","title":"Locations recorded"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"CBS Announces 2013-2014 Primetime Schedule\". The Futon Critic. May 15, 2013. Retrieved May 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2013/05/15/cbs-announces-2013-2014-primetime-schedule-659502/20130515cbs01/","url_text":"\"CBS Announces 2013-2014 Primetime Schedule\""}]},{"reference":"Ausiello, Michael (May 10, 2013). \"Fall TV Scoop: CBS Picks Up Six Series, Including Sarah Michelle Gellar's Crazy Comedy, Josh Holloway's Intelligence and Chuck Lorre's Mom\". TVLine. Retrieved May 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvline.com/2013/05/10/cbs-new-series-fall-2013-tv-shows-crazy-ones/","url_text":"\"Fall TV Scoop: CBS Picks Up Six Series, Including Sarah Michelle Gellar's Crazy Comedy, Josh Holloway's Intelligence and Chuck Lorre's Mom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVLine","url_text":"TVLine"}]},{"reference":"Rose, Lacey; Goldberg, Lesley (May 10, 2013). \"CBS Orders Chuck Lorre's 'Mom,' Robin Williams' 'Crazy Ones,' Will Arnett Comedy, More\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/cbs-series-orders-mom-intelligence-crazy-ones-will-arnett-519502","url_text":"\"CBS Orders Chuck Lorre's 'Mom,' Robin Williams' 'Crazy Ones,' Will Arnett Comedy, More\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie (January 17, 2013). \"CBS Orders Jerry Bruckheimer-Produced 'Hostages' To Pilot, Toni Collette To Star\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved May 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deadline.com/2013/01/cbs-orders-jerry-bruckheimer-produced-hostages-to-pilot-toni-collette-to-star/","url_text":"\"CBS Orders Jerry Bruckheimer-Produced 'Hostages' To Pilot, Toni Collette To Star\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Byrne, Craig (June 17, 2013). \"CBS Announces Fall 2013 Premiere Dates\". KSiteTV. Retrieved June 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ksitetv.com/general-tv-news/cbs-announces-fall-2013-premiere-dates/22939","url_text":"\"CBS Announces Fall 2013 Premiere Dates\""}]},{"reference":"Swift, Andy (May 10, 2014). \"CBS Cancels The Crazy Ones, Intelligence, Friends With Better Lives and Two Other Series\". TVLine. Retrieved May 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvline.com/2014/05/10/the-crazy-ones-cancelled-cbs-full-list-cancellations-2014/","url_text":"\"CBS Cancels The Crazy Ones, Intelligence, Friends With Better Lives and Two Other Series\""}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (September 24, 2013). \"Monday Final TV Ratings: 'The Voice' & 'How I Met Your Mother' Adjusted Up; No Adjustment for 'Hostages' or 'The Blacklist'\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130927103023/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/09/24/monday-final-tv-ratings-the-voice-no-adjustment-for-hostages-or-the-blacklist/204423/","url_text":"\"Monday Final TV Ratings: 'The Voice' & 'How I Met Your Mother' Adjusted Up; No Adjustment for 'Hostages' or 'The Blacklist'\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/09/24/monday-final-tv-ratings-the-voice-no-adjustment-for-hostages-or-the-blacklist/204423/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bibel, Sara (October 1, 2013). \"Monday Final TV Ratings: 'The Voice' Adjusted Up; 'The Blacklist' & 'iHeartRadio Music Festival' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. 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Archived from the original on October 18, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131018020955/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/10/15/monday-final-tv-ratings-sleepy-hollow-how-i-met-your-mother-2-broke-girls-the-blacklist-adjusted-down/209193/","url_text":"\"Monday Final TV Ratings: 'Sleepy Hollow'. 'How I Met Your Mother', '2 Broke Girls' & 'Mom' Adjusted Up; 'The Blacklist' Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/10/15/monday-final-tv-ratings-sleepy-hollow-how-i-met-your-mother-2-broke-girls-the-blacklist-adjusted-down/209193","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (October 22, 2013). \"Monday Final TV Ratings: 'The Voice', 'How I Met Your Mother', 'Bones', & 'Dancing With the Stars' Adjusted Up; 'Hart of Dixie', '2 Broke Girls', 'Beauty and the Beast', 'Mom' & 'Hostages' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. 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Retrieved November 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131106004754/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/11/05/monday-final-tv-ratings-dancing-with-the-stars-and-castle-adjusted-down-no-adjustment-for-sleepy-hollow-or-mike-molly/213621/","url_text":"\"Monday Final TV Ratings: 'Dancing With the Stars' and 'Castle' Adjusted Down; No Adjustment for 'Sleepy Hollow' or 'Mike & Molly'\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/11/05/monday-final-tv-ratings-dancing-with-the-stars-and-castle-adjusted-down-no-adjustment-for-sleepy-hollow-or-mike-molly/213621","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bibel, Sara (November 12, 2013). \"Monday Final TV Ratings: 'Sleepy Hollow,' 'Castle' & 'Mike & Molly' Adjusted Up\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. 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Retrieved September 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/tense-fast-new-cbs-thriller-hostages-article-1.1461534","url_text":"\"'Hostages': TV review\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Blacklist,' 'Hostages' each have suspenseful charms\". USA Today. September 22, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2013/09/22/bianco-blacklist-hostages-combo-review-sept-23/2831619/","url_text":"\"'Blacklist,' 'Hostages' each have suspenseful charms\""}]},{"reference":"\"People's Choice Awards (2014)\". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved February 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000530/2014?ref_=ttawd_ev_2","url_text":"\"People's Choice Awards (2014)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database","url_text":"Internet Movie Database"}]},{"reference":"\"Hostages - filming\". Retrieved October 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.moviesfilmedonlongisland.com/hostages---filming.html","url_text":"\"Hostages - filming\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Victory_Celebration
National Victory Celebration
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Public event celebrating the end of the Gulf War A MIM-104 Patriot tactical air defense missile system is towed by a heavy expanded mobility tactical truck in the National Victory Celebration. President George H. W. Bush greeting General Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. on the parade route. The National Victory Celebration was held in Washington, D.C., United States, on June 8, 1991, to celebrate the conclusion of the Gulf War. It was the largest American military parade since World War II. 8,000 Desert Storm troops marched in the national parade. A small group of Vietnam veterans also took part in the parade. General Norman Schwarzkopf Jr., the commander of the Desert Storm forces, led the parade. The parade took place on Constitution Avenue, Pennsylvania Avenue, and across the Memorial Bridge. The elaborate parade, which cost $12 million, was criticized by opponents because they claimed it to be militaristic. The celebration helped to set a single day Metrorail record of 786,358 trips, breaking the record of 604,089 trips set during the inauguration of George H. W. Bush in 1989. The record would last until the first inauguration of Bill Clinton in 1993. It also set a weekend record which would last 17 years until it was broken in 2010 by the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear. See also New York at War, 1942 mobilization parade New York City Victory Parade of 1946 Grand Review of the Armies References ^ Cohen & Gatti 1991, pp. 312–313. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCohenGatti1991 (help) ^ "How CBS News reported the last national military parade in 1991". CBS News. ^ "Desert Storm Victory Celebration". ^ "Archives - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. 9 June 1991. ^ Mary Jordan; DeNeen L. Brown (1991-06-10). "ON THE MALL, THE CELEBRATION LINGERS". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 1330888409. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Victory Celebration. Full Footage of the Parade
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CEOs_of_Ford_Motor_Company
List of leaders of Ford Motor Company
["1 CEOs and Chairmen","2 Presidents","3 References"]
CEOs and Chairmen The position of CEO and Chairman have been assumed as a single position, unless noted (CEOs who were not Chairman were generally President at the time). From April to September 2006, the role of President was absorbed into the role of Executive Chairman. CEO and Chairman of Ford Motor Company No. Name Took office Left office Role 1 John S. Gray 1903 1906 CEO 2 Henry Ford 1906 1945 CEO 3 Henry Ford II 1945 1979 CEO – Ernest R. Breech 1955 1960 Chairman – Henry Ford II 1960 March 13, 1980 Chairman 4 Philip Caldwell 1979 February 1, 1985 CEO – Philip Caldwell March 13, 1980 February 1, 1985 Chairman 5 Donald Petersen February 1, 1985 March 1, 1990 CEO and Chairman 6 Harold Arthur Poling March 1, 1990 1993 CEO and Chairman 7 Alexander Trotman November 1993 December 31, 1998 CEO and Chairman 8 Jacques Nasser January 1, 1999 2001 CEO – William Clay Ford Jr. January 1, 1999 September 5, 2006 Chairman 9 William Clay Ford Jr. October 30, 2001 September 5, 2006 CEO – William Clay Ford Jr. September 5, 2006 Present Executive Chairman 10 Alan Mulally September 5, 2006 July 1, 2014 CEO 11 Mark Fields July 1, 2014 May 22, 2017 CEO 12 James Hackett May 22, 2017 September 30, 2020 CEO 13 Jim Farley October 1, 2020 Present CEO Presidents The President of Ford Motor Company has been a key officer since 1903, with four noted vacancies after Semon Knudsen was fired in 1969, after two vice-chairmen were appointed in 1987, Philip Benton Jr's retirement on January 1, 1993, and Jim Padilla's retirement in April 2006. President of Ford Motor Company No. Name Took office Left office Notes 1 John S. Gray June 17, 1903 October 22, 1906 2 Henry Ford October 22, 1906 January 1, 1919 3 Edsel Ford January 1, 1919 May 26, 1943 4 Henry Ford May 26, 1943 September 21, 1945 5 Henry Ford II September 21, 1945 November 9, 1960 6 Robert McNamara November 9, 1960 January 1, 1961 The first non-Ford family member to be president. Left to become Secretary of Defense after just two months. 7 John Dykstra January 1, 1961 May 1, 1963 8 Arjay Miller May 1, 1963 February 6, 1968 9 Semon Knudsen February 6, 1968 September 1969 Office vacant September 1969 – December 10, 1970 – Robert Hampson 1969 1970 President of Non-Automotive – Robert Stevenson 1969 1970 President of Automotive International – Lee Iacocca 1969 1970 President of Automotive North America 10 Lee Iacocca December 10, 1970 July 13, 1978 11 Philip Caldwell October 16, 1978 March 13, 1980 12 Donald Petersen March 13, 1980 February 1, 1985 13 Harold Arthur Poling February 1, 1985 October 13, 1987 Office vacant October 13, 1987 – 1990 14 Philip Benton 1990 January 1, 1993 Office vacant January 1, 1993 – 1999 15 Jacques Nasser 1999 2001 16 William Clay Ford, Jr. 2001 2001 17 Nick Scheele October 2001 2004 President and COO 17 Nick Scheele April 2004 February 2005 President 18 Jim Padilla February 2005 April 2006 President and COO office vacant April to September 2006 19 Alan Mulally September 2006 June 2014 President and CEO 20 Mark Fields July 1, 2014 May 2017 President and CEO 21 Jim Hackett May 2017 October 2020 President and CEO 22 James D. Farley Jr. October 2020 present President and CEO References ^ a b "Ford President, COO Jim Padilla To Retire". Motor Trend. April 21, 2006. Retrieved January 10, 2021. ^ a b c d e "Ford Motor Company chronology". Henry Ford Museum. Archived from the original on February 10, 2014. ^ a b c d "Henry Ford II gives up chairmanship at Ford". Democrat and Chronicle. 1980-03-14. p. 7D. Retrieved 2021-01-18 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b "Have you driven a Ford Lately? Thanks to Donald Peterson you may want to". Washington Monthly. October 1986. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2021. ^ a b c d "Caldwell Leaves as Chairman of Ford Motor Co". The Los Angeles Times. 1985-02-02. Retrieved 2021-01-18. ^ a b Gardner, Greg (1990-02-27). "Petersen hands over Ford's keys". Detroit Free Press. p. 1. Retrieved 2021-01-18 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Jacques Nasser". NPR. July 27, 2000. Archived from the original on October 20, 2002. Retrieved January 10, 2021. ^ a b "Nasser out as Ford CEO". CNN. October 30, 2001. Retrieved January 10, 2021. ^ "James D. Farley, Jr". Ford Media. October 1, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2021. ^ a b c d e "Iacocca Before Chrysler - Ford". lehigh.edu. Retrieved 2021-01-10. ^ a b Spelich, John (1987-10-14). "2 units formed at Ford". Detroit Free Press. p. 7B. Retrieved 2021-01-18 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b "Ford reshuffles top ranks". The Baltimore Sun. November 13, 1992. Retrieved January 10, 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Ford Motor Co. Chronology, 1903-2003". The Henry Ford Museum. Retrieved January 10, 2021. ^ a b "Henry II ends Iacocca's quest for the top spot at Ford Motor". Automotive News. June 16, 2003. Retrieved January 10, 2021. ^ "Lee Iacocca, Visionary Automaker Who led Both Ford and Chrysler, Is Dead at 94". The New York Times. July 2, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2021. ^ Brown, Terry (1978-09-15). "Philip Caldwell named president of Ford Co". Chicago Tribune. p. 76. Retrieved 2021-01-18 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Nick Scheele, former president and COO of Ford, dies at age 70". Automotive News. July 18, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2021. ^ Ford Newsroom, "ALAN MULALLY Retired President and Chief Executive Officer" ^ ^ ^ Ford Newsroom, "JAMES D. FARLEY,JR. President and Chief Executive Officer" vteFord Motor CompanyDivisions/marquesCurrent Ford Performance Raptor Lincoln Discontinued Comet (1960–61) Continental (1956–59) Edsel (1956–59) Fordson (1917–64) Frontenac (1960) Mercury (1938–2011) Merkur (1985–89) Meteor (1949–76) Monarch (1946–61) Thames (1939–65) SubsidiariesCurrent Automotive Components Holdings Changan Ford (China) Australia Argentina Brazil Canada Credit Europe France Germany Ireland Italia Romania United Kingdom New Zealand Philippines Quick Lane Southern Africa Former Aston Martin Chariot Cosworth Ford Aerospace FPV Ford India Ford Japan Ford Team RS Hertz Corporation Jaguar Daimler Company Kwik-Fit Land Rover New Holland Agriculture Premier Automotive Group Special Vehicle Operations Special Vehicle Team Spin Th!nk Troller Visteon Volvo Joint ventures andshareholdingsCurrent AutoAlliance International (50%) AutoAlliance Thailand Changan Ford (50%) Ford Lio Ho Ford Otosan (41%) Ford Vietnam (60%) Jiangling Motors (32%) Former Argo AI (42%) AutoLatina (Argentina/Brazil) Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation (49.9%) Changan Ford Mazda (China) Ford Sollers (Russia) Ford Union (Belarus) Getrag Ford Transmissions (50%) Matford (France) Samcor (South Africa) Troller (Brazil) Facilities andproducts World Headquarters Detroit Corktown campus properties Michigan Central Station Roosevelt Warehouse Engines Factories Motorcraft Mercon Platforms Proving grounds Transmissions Vehicles People Designers Ford Family Henry Ford (Founder) William Clay Ford Jr. (Executive Chairman) Jim Farley (CEO) List of CEOs Other Big Three Dodge v. Ford Motor Co. Grimshaw v. Ford Motor Co. Fordlândia Ford Field The Ford Show Ford v Ferrari History Kinetic Design New Edge Pay on production United States Council for Automotive Research Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of leaders of Ford Motor Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-padilla-1"}],"text":"The position of CEO and Chairman have been assumed as a single position, unless noted (CEOs who were not Chairman were generally President at the time). From April to September 2006, the role of President was absorbed into the role of Executive Chairman.[1]","title":"CEOs and Chairmen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ford Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lehigh-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vice-chairman-poling-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pres1993-12"}],"text":"The President of Ford Motor Company has been a key officer since 1903, with four noted vacancies after Semon Knudsen was fired in 1969, after two vice-chairmen were appointed in 1987, Philip Benton Jr's retirement on January 1, 1993, and Jim Padilla's retirement in April 2006.[10][11][12]","title":"Presidents"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Ford President, COO Jim Padilla To Retire\". Motor Trend. April 21, 2006. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motortrend.com/news/news060421-ford-padilla-retire/","url_text":"\"Ford President, COO Jim Padilla To Retire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ford Motor Company chronology\". Henry Ford Museum. Archived from the original on February 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140210022535/http://hfmgv.org/exhibits/fmc/chrono.asp","url_text":"\"Ford Motor Company chronology\""},{"url":"http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/fmc/chrono.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Ford II gives up chairmanship at Ford\". Democrat and Chronicle. 1980-03-14. p. 7D. Retrieved 2021-01-18 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67932073/henry-ford-ii-gives-up-chairmanship-at/","url_text":"\"Henry Ford II gives up chairmanship at Ford\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrat_and_Chronicle","url_text":"Democrat and Chronicle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Have you driven a Ford Lately? Thanks to Donald Peterson you may want to\". Washington Monthly. October 1986. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070311033314/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_v18/ai_4473382","url_text":"\"Have you driven a Ford Lately? Thanks to Donald Peterson you may want to\""},{"url":"http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_v18/ai_4473382","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Caldwell Leaves as Chairman of Ford Motor Co\". The Los Angeles Times. 1985-02-02. Retrieved 2021-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67934033/caldwell-leaves-as-chairman-of-ford/","url_text":"\"Caldwell Leaves as Chairman of Ford Motor Co\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Greg (1990-02-27). \"Petersen hands over Ford's keys\". Detroit Free Press. p. 1. Retrieved 2021-01-18 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67936782/petersen-hands-over-fords-keys-27-feb/","url_text":"\"Petersen hands over Ford's keys\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press","url_text":"Detroit Free Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Jacques Nasser\". NPR. July 27, 2000. Archived from the original on October 20, 2002. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021020114244/https://www.npr.org/programs/npc/2000/000727.jnasser.html","url_text":"\"Jacques Nasser\""},{"url":"https://www.npr.org/programs/npc/2000/000727.jnasser.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nasser out as Ford CEO\". CNN. October 30, 2001. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2001/10/30/ceos/ford/","url_text":"\"Nasser out as Ford CEO\""}]},{"reference":"\"James D. Farley, Jr\". Ford Media. October 1, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/fna/us/en/people/james-d--farley--jr-.html#:~:text=James%20%E2%80%9CJim%E2%80%9D%20D.,%2C%20effective%20October%201%2C%202020.","url_text":"\"James D. Farley, Jr\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iacocca Before Chrysler - Ford\". lehigh.edu. Retrieved 2021-01-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://omeka.lehigh.edu/exhibits/show/iacocca/iacocca-before-chrysler/ford","url_text":"\"Iacocca Before Chrysler - Ford\""}]},{"reference":"Spelich, John (1987-10-14). \"2 units formed at Ford\". Detroit Free Press. p. 7B. Retrieved 2021-01-18 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67938226/2-units-formed-at-ford-14-oct-1987/","url_text":"\"2 units formed at Ford\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press","url_text":"Detroit Free Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Ford reshuffles top ranks\". The Baltimore Sun. November 13, 1992. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1992-11-13-1992318023-story.html","url_text":"\"Ford reshuffles top ranks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ford Motor Co. Chronology, 1903-2003\". The Henry Ford Museum. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-resources/popular-topics/ford-company-chronology/","url_text":"\"Ford Motor Co. Chronology, 1903-2003\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry II ends Iacocca's quest for the top spot at Ford Motor\". Automotive News. June 16, 2003. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autonews.com/article/20030616/SUB/306160775/henry-ii-ends-iacocca-s-quest-for-the-top-spot-at-ford-motor","url_text":"\"Henry II ends Iacocca's quest for the top spot at Ford Motor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lee Iacocca, Visionary Automaker Who led Both Ford and Chrysler, Is Dead at 94\". The New York Times. July 2, 2019. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/02/obituaries/lee-iacocca-dead.html","url_text":"\"Lee Iacocca, Visionary Automaker Who led Both Ford and Chrysler, Is Dead at 94\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Terry (1978-09-15). \"Philip Caldwell named president of Ford Co\". Chicago Tribune. p. 76. Retrieved 2021-01-18 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67929282/philip-caldwell-named-president-of-ford/","url_text":"\"Philip Caldwell named president of Ford Co\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Nick Scheele, former president and COO of Ford, dies at age 70\". Automotive News. July 18, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autonews.com/article/20140718/OEM02/140719838/nick-scheele-former-president-and-coo-of-ford-dies-at-age-70","url_text":"\"Nick Scheele, former president and COO of Ford, dies at age 70\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiography_of_Charles_Darwin
The Autobiography of Charles Darwin
["1 References","2 Bibliography","3 External links"]
1887 autobiography by Charles Darwin The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin Cover of the original edition of 1887.AuthorCharles Darwin, edited by Francis DarwinLanguageEnglishPublisherJohn Murray, LondonPublication date1887Publication placeEngland The Autobiography of Charles Darwin is an autobiography by the English naturalist Charles Darwin. Darwin wrote the text, which he entitled Recollections of the Development of my Mind and Character, for his family. He states that he started writing it on about May 28, 1876 and had finished it by August 3. The text was published in 1887 (five years after Darwin's death) by John Murray as part of The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. The text printed in Life and Letters was edited by Darwin's son Francis Darwin, who removed several passages about Darwin's critical views of God and Christianity. The omitted passages were later restored by Darwin's granddaughter Nora Barlow in a 1958 edition to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the publication of The Origin of Species. This edition was published in London by Collins under the title of The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809-1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his granddaughter Nora Barlow. References ^ Darwin 1958, pp. 11–14. ^ Darwin 1958, pp. 84–96. Bibliography Darwin Online: Life and Letters and Autobiography Darwin, C.R. (ed by Barlow, N) ;The Autobiography of Charles Darwin. ISBN 0-393-31069-8 (1993 paperback edition) Darwin, Charles (1887), Darwin, Francis (ed.), The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter, London: John Murray, ISBN 0-404-08417-6, retrieved 2008-11-04 Darwin, Charles (1958), Barlow, Nora (ed.), The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his granddaughter Nora Barlow, London: Collins, retrieved November 5, 2019 Darwin, Charles (2006), "Journal", in van Wyhe, John (ed.), , Darwin Online, CUL-DAR158.1-76, retrieved 2008-12-20 External links Barlow, Nora ed. 1958. The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809-1882. at darwin-online.org.uk The Autobiography of Charles Darwin at Project Gutenberg The Autobiography of Charles Darwin public domain audiobook at LibriVox A review by evolutionary biologist R.A. Fisher vteCharles DarwinLife Darwin–Wedgwood family Erasmus Darwin Josiah Wedgwood Education Voyage on HMS Beagle Inception of theory Development of theory Publication of theory Reactions to On the Origin of Species Orchids to Variation Descent of Man to Emotions Insectivorous Plants to Worms Religious views Health Women Portraits of Darwin (caricatures) Writings Extracts from Letters to Henslow (1835) The Voyage of the Beagle (1839) The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs (1842) Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle (1838–1843) Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands (1844) Geological Observations on South America (1846) "On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties" (1858) On the Origin of Species (1859) Fertilisation of Orchids (1862) The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication (1868) Natural Selection The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871) The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872) Insectivorous Plants (1875) On the Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants (1875) The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom (1876) The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species (1877) The Power of Movement in Plants (1880) The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms (1881) The Autobiography of Charles Darwin (1887) Correspondence The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, 1887 More Letters of Charles Darwin, 1903 List of described taxa Related Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation History of evolutionary thought Pangenesis Darwin Industry Commemoration things named for Darwin Darwinism Neural Darwinism Quantum Darwinism Social Darwinism Universal Darwinism Alternatives Eclipse HMS Beagle Darwin Medal Darwin Awards
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_armor
Harvey armor
["1 Predecessors","2 Production process","3 See also","4 References"]
Type of casehardened naval armor This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 8 inches (200 mm) Harveyized nickel-steel plate from 1894 Harvey armor was a type of steel naval armor developed in the early 1890s in which the front surfaces of the plates were case hardened. The method for doing this was known as the Harvey process, and was invented by the American engineer Hayward Augustus Harvey. This type of armor was used in the construction of capital ships until superseded by Krupp armor in the late 1890s. The Harvey United Steel Company was a steel cartel whose chairman was Albert Vickers. The year 1894 would see the ten main producers of armor plate, including Vickers, Armstrong, Krupp, Schneider, Carnegie and Bethlehem Steel, form the Harvey Syndicate. Predecessors Before the appearance of compound armor in the 1880s, armor plating was made from uniform homogeneous iron or steel plates backed by several inches of teak to absorb the shock of projectile impact. Compound armor appeared in the mid-1880s and was made from two different types of steel, a very hard but brittle high-carbon steel front plate backed by a more elastic low-carbon wrought iron plate. The front plate was intended to break up an incoming shell, while the rear plate would catch any splinters and hold the armor together if the brittle front plate shattered. Compound armor was made by pouring molten steel between a red-hot wrought iron backing plate and a hardened steel front plate to weld them together. This process produced a sharp transition between the properties of the two plates in a very small distance. As consequence, the two plates could separate when struck by a shell, and the rear plate was often not elastic enough to stop the splinters. With the discovery of nickel-steel alloys in 1889, compound armor was rendered obsolete. Production process Harvey armor used a single plate of steel, but re-introduced the benefits of compound armor. The front surface was converted to high carbon steel by "cementing". In this process, the steel plate would be covered with charcoal and heated to approximately 1200 degrees Celsius for two to three weeks. The process increased the carbon content at the face to around 1 percent; the carbon content decreasing gradually from this level with distance into the plate, reaching the original proportion (approximately 0.1–0.2 percent) at a depth of around an inch. After cementing, the plate was chilled first in an oil bath, then in a water bath, before being annealed to toughen the back of the plate. The water bath was later replaced with jets of water to prevent the formation of a layer of steam which would insulate the steel from the cooling effect of the water. The process was further improved by low temperature forging of the plate before the final heat treatment. While the American navy used nickel steel for Harvey armor (roughly 0.2 percent carbon, 0.6 percent manganese, 3.5 percent nickel), the British used normal steels since their tests had shown that ordinary steel subjected to the Harvey process had the same resistance to penetration as nickel steel, although it was not quite as tough. Harvey armor was taken up by all of the major navies, since 13 in (330 mm) of Harvey armor offered the same protection as 15.5 in (390 mm) of nickel-steel armor. It was in turn rendered obsolete by the development of Krupp armor in the late 1890s. See also Carburizing References Brown, David K. (2003). Warrior to Dreadnought, Warship Development 1860–1905. Caxton Publishing Group. ISBN 1-84067-529-2. Gene Slover's US Navy Pages - Naval Ordnance and Gunnery Harvey, Thomas William (December 30, 2004). Memoir of Hayward Augustus Harvey by His Sons. Kessinger. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-1-4179-5156-7. vteSuccession of naval armour technologiesComposition Iron armour Steel armour Compound armour Harvey armor Krupp armour Designs Belt armour Armoured citadel Sloped armour Torpedo protection (Torpedo bulkhead Torpedo bulge Torpedo belt) All or nothing Armoured flight deck History Pre-industrial armoured ships
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The method for doing this was known as the Harvey process, and was invented by the American engineer Hayward Augustus Harvey.This type of armor was used in the construction of capital ships until superseded by Krupp armor in the late 1890s.The Harvey United Steel Company was a steel cartel whose chairman was Albert Vickers. The year 1894 would see the ten main producers of armor plate, including Vickers, Armstrong, Krupp, Schneider, Carnegie and Bethlehem Steel, form the Harvey Syndicate.","title":"Harvey armor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compound armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_armor"},{"link_name":"teak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teak"},{"link_name":"steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel"},{"link_name":"carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"elastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic_(solid_mechanics)"},{"link_name":"wrought iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_iron"},{"link_name":"weld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welding"},{"link_name":"nickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel"},{"link_name":"alloys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy"}],"text":"Before the appearance of compound armor in the 1880s, armor plating was made from uniform homogeneous iron or steel plates backed by several inches of teak to absorb the shock of projectile impact. Compound armor appeared in the mid-1880s and was made from two different types of steel, a very hard but brittle high-carbon steel front plate backed by a more elastic low-carbon wrought iron plate. The front plate was intended to break up an incoming shell, while the rear plate would catch any splinters and hold the armor together if the brittle front plate shattered.Compound armor was made by pouring molten steel between a red-hot wrought iron backing plate and a hardened steel front plate to weld them together. This process produced a sharp transition between the properties of the two plates in a very small distance. As consequence, the two plates could separate when struck by a shell, and the rear plate was often not elastic enough to stop the splinters. With the discovery of nickel-steel alloys in 1889, compound armor was rendered obsolete.","title":"Predecessors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"charcoal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal"},{"link_name":"annealed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)"},{"link_name":"forging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forging"},{"link_name":"manganese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese"},{"link_name":"Krupp armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupp_armour"}],"text":"Harvey armor used a single plate of steel, but re-introduced the benefits of compound armor. The front surface was converted to high carbon steel by \"cementing\". In this process, the steel plate would be covered with charcoal and heated to approximately 1200 degrees Celsius for two to three weeks. The process increased the carbon content at the face to around 1 percent; the carbon content decreasing gradually from this level with distance into the plate, reaching the original proportion (approximately 0.1–0.2 percent) at a depth of around an inch. After cementing, the plate was chilled first in an oil bath, then in a water bath, before being annealed to toughen the back of the plate. The water bath was later replaced with jets of water to prevent the formation of a layer of steam which would insulate the steel from the cooling effect of the water. The process was further improved by low temperature forging of the plate before the final heat treatment.While the American navy used nickel steel for Harvey armor (roughly 0.2 percent carbon, 0.6 percent manganese, 3.5 percent nickel), the British used normal steels since their tests had shown that ordinary steel subjected to the Harvey process had the same resistance to penetration as nickel steel, although it was not quite as tough.Harvey armor was taken up by all of the major navies, since 13 in (330 mm) of Harvey armor offered the same protection as 15.5 in (390 mm) of nickel-steel armor. It was in turn rendered obsolete by the development of Krupp armor in the late 1890s.","title":"Production process"}]
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[{"title":"Carburizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburizing"}]
[{"reference":"Brown, David K. (2003). Warrior to Dreadnought, Warship Development 1860–1905. Caxton Publishing Group. ISBN 1-84067-529-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84067-529-2","url_text":"1-84067-529-2"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, Thomas William (December 30, 2004). Memoir of Hayward Augustus Harvey by His Sons. Kessinger. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-1-4179-5156-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=37WV5lbG3QQC&pg=PA70","url_text":"Memoir of Hayward Augustus Harvey by His Sons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-5156-7","url_text":"978-1-4179-5156-7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macabre_(disambiguation)
Macabre (disambiguation)
["1 See also"]
Look up macabre in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Macabre is a quality of some artistic or literary works characterized by a grim or ghastly atmosphere or a heavy emphasis on gruesome portrayals of death. Macabre may also refer to: Literature: Macabre (short fiction and poetry journal), edited and published by Connecticut poet/author, Joseph Payne Brennan, New Haven, CT, Twenty-three (23) issues, I - XXIII, 1957–1976 Films: Macabre (1958 film), a thriller directed by William Castle Macabre (1969 film), an Italian thriller directed by Javier Setó Macabre (1980 film), an Italian horror thriller directed by Lamberto Bava Macabre (2009 film), an Indonesian horror/slasher film In music: Macabre (album), by Dir en grey Macabre (band), a metal band Pentagram (band), previously known as Macabre, an American heavy metal band See also Danse Macabre (disambiguation) All pages with titles containing Macabre Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Macabre.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Boys_of_Sudan_(film)
Lost Boys of Sudan (film)
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
2003 filmLost Boys of SudanDirected byMegan Mylan, Jon ShenkProduced byMegan Mylan, Jon ShenkCinematographyJon ShenkEdited byMark BeckerKim RobertsRelease date 2003 (2003) Running time87 min.LanguageEnglish Lost Boys of Sudan is a documentary film by Megan Mylan and Jon Shenk about two Dinka boys from Sudan, Santino Majok Chuor and Peter Nyarol Dut, who reached the United States after fleeing the civil war in their country. "Orphaned as young boys" in the Second Sudanese Civil War they "survived lion attacks and militia gunfire to reach a refugee camp in Kenya along with thousands of other children." The documentary's title “Lost Boys of Sudan” was originally the name given to the group of Southern Sudanese youth by United Nations aid workers who were monitoring their flight from Sudan. See also Lost Boys of Sudan Forced displacement in popular culture The Good Lie References ^ "Lost Boys of Sudan :: About The Film". Lostboysfilm.com. Retrieved 2016-08-04. ^ "Lost Boys of Sudan :: Learn / Teach". Lostboysfilm.com. Retrieved 2016-08-04. External links Official website Lost Boys of Sudan on PBS's P.O.V. Lost Boys of Sudan at IMDb This article about a war documentary film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_Court_(song)
Kangaroo Court (song)
["1 Music video","2 Track listing","3 Remixes","4 Charts","5 Certifications","6 Release history","7 References"]
For the EP single Kangaroo Court, see Ritual (post-punk band). 2012 single by Capital Cities"Kangaroo Court"Single by Capital Citiesfrom the album In a Tidal Wave of Mystery ReleasedMarch 27, 2012 (2012-03-27)Recorded2011Genre Synth-pop indie pop Length3:43Label Lazy Hooks Capitol Songwriter(s) Ryan Merchant Sebu Simonian Producer(s) Ryan Merchant Sebu Simonian Capital Cities singles chronology "Safe and Sound" (2011) "Kangaroo Court" (2012) "I Sold My Bed, But Not My Stereo" (2013) "Kangaroo Court" is a song by American indie pop duo Capital Cities. The song was released as a digital download in the United States on March 27, 2012, and serves as the second single from the duo's debut album In a Tidal Wave of Mystery. It was mainly written by Sebu Simonian with the help of Ryan Merchant. Music video Capital Cities members Ryan Merchant and Sebu Simonian co-directed the music video with Carlos Lopez Estrada. The video was released on YouTube on September 5, 2013. The video features appearances from Darren Criss, Shannon Woodward, and Channing Holmes. The story tells of a zebra (Merchant), who has been forbidden from a club called The Kangaroo Court. Attempting entry disguised as a horse, he falls for a lapdog (Woodward). Her date that night, a bulldog (Criss), becomes jealous and send his henchmen to reveals the zebra for who he actually is. The zebra is placed under arrest for his crime and sent to court to face a kangaroo judge (Holmes). He is found guilty immediately and is executed by a lion (Simonian). A lyric video was published on YouTube on October 29, 2013. Track listing Digital download (single) "Kangaroo Court" – 3:43 Digital download (EP) 2014 Lion and Zebra sentence on cover image "Kangaroo Court" (radio edit) – 3:22 "Kangaroo Court" (Robert DeLong remix) – 2:57 "Stayin' Alive" – 4:04 "One Minute More"* – 3:38 "Kangaroo Court" (Shook remix) – 4:10 "Kangaroo Court" (Forever Kid remix) – 4:42 Digital download (EP) 2012 Judge Kangaroo and his hammer on cover image "Kangaroo Court" – 3:43 "Kangaroo Court" (Shook Remix) – 4:09 "New Town Crier" original song – 3:22 "New Town Crier" (Napoleon Remix) – 3:31 Notes "One Minute More" is omitted from the April 1, 2014 re-issue of the digital EP. Remixes In October 2013, Capital Cities, Fitz and the Tantrums, and DJ Earworm released a mash-up song entitled "Kangaroo League", which combined "Kangaroo Court" with Capital Cities' previous single "Safe and Sound" and Fitz and the Tantrums' "Out of My League", to promote the two groups' joint "Bright Futures" tour. Charts Weekly chart performance for "Kangaroo Court" Chart (2013) Peakposition Germany (Official German Charts) 81 Mexico Airplay (Billboard) 41 US Hot Rock & Alternative Songs (Billboard) 50 Certifications Certifications for "Kangaroo Court" Region Certification Certified units/sales Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil) Gold 30,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Release dates for "Kangaroo Court" Region Date Format Label United States March 27, 2012 Digital download EMI August 6, 2013 Modern rock radio Lazy Hooks, Capitol Records Canada December 17, 2013 Digital download (EP) Capitol Records Italy January 24, 2014 Contemporary hit radio Canada April 1, 2014 Digital download (EP) United States References ^ CapitalCitiesVEVO (September 5, 2013). "Capital Cities – Kangaroo Court (Official Video)". YouTube. Retrieved July 2, 2014. ^ CapitalCitiesVEVO (October 29, 2013), Capital Cities - Kangaroo Court (Lyric Video), retrieved August 3, 2018 ^ a b "Kangaroo Court – Capital Cities (Digital Download – EMI #)". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved July 2, 2014. ^ a b "Kangaroo Court EP by Capital Cities". 7digital (CA). Retrieved March 25, 2014. Alt URL Archived March 25, 2014, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Release "Kangaroo Court" by Capital Cities - MusicBrainz". musicbrainz.org. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ a b "Kangaroo Court EP by Capital Cities". iTunes Store (CA). Apple. January 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014. ^ a b "Kangaroo Court EP by Capital Cities". iTunes Store (US). Apple. January 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014. ^ "Free Download!: 'Kangaroo League'". FitzAndTheTantrums.com. October 10, 2013. Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2014. ^ "Capital Cities – Kangaroo Court" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved February 14, 2019. ^ "Capital Cities – Chart History: Mexico Airplay". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 25, 2014. ^ "Capital Cities Chart History (Hot Rock & Alternative Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved March 25, 2014. ^ "Brazilian single certifications – Capital Cities – Kangaroo Court" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved June 15, 2024. ^ "Alternative > Future Releases". All Access Music Group. Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2014. ^ Aldi, Giorgia. "Capital Cities – Kangaroo Court (Capitol)" (in Italian). Radio Airplay SRL. Archived from the original on July 21, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014. vteCapital Cities Ryan Merchant Sebu Simonian Manny Quintero Spencer Ludwig Nick Merwin Channing Holmes Studio albums In a Tidal Wave of Mystery (2013) Solarize (2018) Singles "Safe and Sound" "Kangaroo Court" "One Minute More" Authority control databases MusicBrainz work
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[]
null
[{"reference":"CapitalCitiesVEVO (September 5, 2013). \"Capital Cities – Kangaroo Court (Official Video)\". YouTube. Retrieved July 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vevo","url_text":"CapitalCitiesVEVO"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJinWua98NA","url_text":"\"Capital Cities – Kangaroo Court (Official Video)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"CapitalCitiesVEVO (October 29, 2013), Capital Cities - Kangaroo Court (Lyric Video), retrieved August 3, 2018","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFynzpSwW8E","url_text":"Capital Cities - Kangaroo Court (Lyric Video)"}]},{"reference":"\"Kangaroo Court – Capital Cities (Digital Download – EMI #)\". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved July 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/release/kangaroo-court-mr0003981631","url_text":"\"Kangaroo Court – Capital Cities (Digital Download – EMI #)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovi_Corporation","url_text":"Rovi Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"Kangaroo Court EP by Capital Cities\". 7digital (CA). Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://ca.7digital.com/artist/capital-cities/release/kangaroo-court-ep","url_text":"\"Kangaroo Court EP by Capital Cities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7digital","url_text":"7digital"}]},{"reference":"\"Release \"Kangaroo Court\" by Capital Cities - MusicBrainz\". musicbrainz.org. Retrieved August 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://musicbrainz.org/release/e171d4ee-ed12-40bd-94f4-c4b237489c17","url_text":"\"Release \"Kangaroo Court\" by Capital Cities - MusicBrainz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kangaroo Court EP by Capital Cities\". iTunes Store (CA). Apple. January 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/kangaroo-court-ep/id845652744","url_text":"\"Kangaroo Court EP by Capital Cities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.","url_text":"Apple"}]},{"reference":"\"Kangaroo Court EP by Capital Cities\". iTunes Store (US). Apple. January 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/kangaroo-court-ep/id845652744","url_text":"\"Kangaroo Court EP by Capital Cities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store","url_text":"iTunes Store"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.","url_text":"Apple"}]},{"reference":"\"Free Download!: 'Kangaroo League'\". FitzAndTheTantrums.com. October 10, 2013. Archived from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131225005558/http://www.fitzandthetantrums.com/taxonomy/term/1631","url_text":"\"Free Download!: 'Kangaroo League'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitz_and_the_Tantrums","url_text":"FitzAndTheTantrums.com"},{"url":"http://www.fitzandthetantrums.com/taxonomy/term/1631","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Capital Cities – Chart History: Mexico Airplay\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/capital-cities/chart-history/mexico-airplay","url_text":"\"Capital Cities – Chart History: Mexico Airplay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media","url_text":"Prometheus Global Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Brazilian single certifications – Capital Cities – Kangaroo Court\" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved June 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pro-musicabr.org.br/home/certificados/?busca_artista=Capital+Cities&busca_tipo_produto=SINGLE","url_text":"\"Brazilian single certifications – Capital Cities – Kangaroo Court\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-M%C3%BAsica_Brasil","url_text":"Pro-Música Brasil"}]},{"reference":"\"Alternative > Future Releases\". All Access Music Group. Archived from the original on June 28, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130628222743/http://www.allaccess.com/alternative/future-releases","url_text":"\"Alternative > Future Releases\""},{"url":"http://www.allaccess.com/alternative/future-releases","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Aldi, Giorgia. \"Capital Cities – Kangaroo Court (Capitol)\" (in Italian). Radio Airplay SRL. Archived from the original on July 21, 2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140721153408/http://www.radioairplay.fm/RadioDate/PublicDetails/61675/","url_text":"\"Capital Cities – Kangaroo Court (Capitol)\""},{"url":"http://www.radioairplay.fm/RadioDate/PublicDetails/61675","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ridings_Centre
The Ridings Centre
["1 Stores and services","2 History","3 Awards","4 Transport connections","5 References"]
Coordinates: 53°40′56″N 1°29′48″W / 53.682149°N 1.496791°W / 53.682149; -1.496791Shopping centre in Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England The Ridings CentreMain entrance on Westgate precinct opposite Wakefield CathedralLocationWakefield, England WF1 1DSCoordinates53°40′56″N 1°29′48″W / 53.682149°N 1.496791°W / 53.682149; -1.496791Opening date17 October 1983OwnerNewRiverNo. of stores and services80No. of anchor tenants5No. of floors3Parking1,070 spacesWebsitewww.ridingscentre.com The Ridings Shopping Centre is an indoor shopping centre in Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England. It opened on 17 October 1983. The pioneering centre was a UK first and subsequently served as a template for many shopping centres throughout the UK. Stores and services Interior of the Ridings Centre The Ridings Centre covers an area of 319,000 square feet (29,600 m2) and has an estimated annual footfall of 11 million. The centre contains a number of retailers such as Boots, Marks & Spencer, Morrisons, Primark as well as a number of independent stores. The centre has three car parks (each assigned a colour) including three multi-storeys and a rooftop car park. A five-screen Reel Cinema opened in the centre in 2019. History Rear of the centre with Wakefield Cathedral in the background The Ridings Centre opened on 17 October 1983. It included construction of a large complex to house the upper and middle malls along with the blue and red car parks. In addition to this, an existing open shopping precinct on Kirkgate originally opened in 1972 was roofed and extensively updated to become the lower mall, and the existing Almhouse Lane multi-storey was adapted to become the green car park. It was the first of its kind in the UK, containing features such as a food court inspired by shopping centres in the United States and its major popularity upon opening meant there were queues even to enter the centre. The centre was extensively refurbished in 2008 at a cost of £2.5 million. The improvements included a redesign of the centre's entrances as well as new lifts (replacing the original glass wall-climber lift that was the first in the UK). The Ridings Centre was purchased in 2015 by NewRiver. This was followed by a £5 million renovation in 2017 which included a new food court (since closed) and space for 'pop-up' shops. Awards The Ridings Centre won the award for 'European Shopping Centre Of The Year' on numerous occasions. In 2018 the centre won the Revo Purple Apple Marketing Awards, obtaining a Golden Apple Award. Transport connections Ridings Centre Blue Car Park The Ridings Centre is located near Wakefield Westgate and Wakefield Kirkgate railway stations as well as Wakefield Bus Station. The centre is located near the A61 and the M1. Arriva Yorkshire have their headquarters and main depot located in Wakefield, on the A61, next to the Hepworth Gallery. Arriva are the owners and managers of Wakefield Bus Station. References ^ "The Ridings Shopping Centre Celebrates 30 Years". BBC Look North. 16 October 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2020. ^ "The Ridings Shopping Centre". NewRiver REIT. Retrieved 5 May 2020. ^ "New Family Friendly Reel Cinema Opens In Wakefield City Centre". Yorkshire Business Daily. 19 August 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2020. ^ "Ridings Shopping Centre The Heart of Shopping in Wakefield" (PDF). truenorthbooks. Retrieved 15 May 2020. ^ "Landmark Shopping Centre Celebrates 30 Years". Yorkshire Post. 17 October 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2020. ^ Gatehouse, David (17 September 2013). "Ridings Shopping Centre Celebrates 30 Years". bdaily. Retrieved 14 May 2020. ^ "Ridings Shopping Centre Sold to NewRiver". Yorkshire Post. 23 December 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2020. ^ "Details of £5million Revamp of Wakefield Shopping Centre Revealed". ITV News. 19 April 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2020. ^ "Wakefield History-Things You Might Not Know". manningstainton.co.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2020. ^ "The Ridings Centre Win National Award". wakefieldfirst.com. 23 May 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2020. Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Ridings Centre. vteShopping centres in Yorkshire and the HumberEast Riding Princes Quay St Stephen's Hull North Yorkshire Brunswick Shopping Centre Coppergate Shopping Centre South YorkshireSheffield Meadowhall Crystal Peaks Orchard Square Elsewhere Alhambra Shopping Centre Frenchgate Shopping Centre Lakeside Village West YorkshireLeeds Leeds Corn Exchange The Light Merrion Centre Schofields St John's Centre Trinity Leeds Victoria Leeds White Rose Centre Wakefield The Ridings Centre Trinity Walk Elsewhere Arndale Centre Albion Mills Retail Park Borough Market The Broadway vteWakefieldWest YorkshireAreas Eastmoor Outwood Sandal Stanley Wrenthorpe Buildings and structures ABC Cinema The Art House Belle Vue Stadium Chantry Chapel of St Mary the Virgin, Wakefield Clayton Hospital Elizabethan Gallery Sandal Castle St Austin's Church St John the Baptist Church The Hepworth Wakefield Theatre Royal Wakefield Cathedral Wakefield County Hall Wakefield Court House Wakefield Exchange Wakefield Mechanics' Institute Wakefield Museum Wakefield Old Town Hall Wakefield One Wakefield Town Hall West Yorkshire History Centre Education Wakefield College Political divisions Wakefield (UK Parliament constituency) City of Wakefield Politicians Arthur Creech Jones (Lab) Walter Harrison (Lab) David Hinchliffe (Lab) Mary Creagh (Lab) Imran Ahmad Khan (Con/Ind) Simon Lightwood (Lab) Railway stations Wakefield Westgate railway station Wakefield Kirkgate railway station Outwood railway station Sandal and Agbrigg railway station Retail The Ridings Centre Trinity Walk Sport Wakefield Trinity Other information Wakefield bus station Category listings
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shopping centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_centre"},{"link_name":"Wakefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"shopping centres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shopping_centres_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Shopping centre in Wakefield, West Yorkshire, EnglandThe Ridings Shopping Centre is an indoor shopping centre in Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England. It opened on 17 October 1983. The pioneering centre was a UK first and subsequently served as a template for many shopping centres throughout the UK.[1]","title":"The Ridings Centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Upper_floor,_Ridings_Centre,_Wakefield,_West_Yorkshire_(10th_December_2022).jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boots_(company)"},{"link_name":"Marks & Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Morrisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrisons"},{"link_name":"Primark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primark"},{"link_name":"multi-storeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistorey_car_park"},{"link_name":"Reel Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reel_Cinemas,_UK"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Interior of the Ridings CentreThe Ridings Centre covers an area of 319,000 square feet (29,600 m2) and has an estimated annual footfall of 11 million.[2] The centre contains a number of retailers such as Boots, Marks & Spencer, Morrisons, Primark as well as a number of independent stores. The centre has three car parks (each assigned a colour) including three multi-storeys and a rooftop car park.A five-screen Reel Cinema opened in the centre in 2019.[3]","title":"Stores and services"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wakefield_skyline_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1337395.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wakefield Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"NewRiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewRiver"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"food court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_court"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Rear of the centre with Wakefield Cathedral in the backgroundThe Ridings Centre opened on 17 October 1983. It included construction of a large complex to house the upper and middle malls along with the blue and red car parks. In addition to this, an existing open shopping precinct on Kirkgate originally opened in 1972 was roofed and extensively updated to become the lower mall, and the existing Almhouse Lane multi-storey was adapted to become the green car park.[4] It was the first of its kind in the UK, containing features such as a food court inspired by shopping centres in the United States and its major popularity upon opening meant there were queues even to enter the centre.[5]The centre was extensively refurbished in 2008 at a cost of £2.5 million. The improvements included a redesign of the centre's entrances as well as new lifts (replacing the original glass wall-climber lift that was the first in the UK).[6]The Ridings Centre was purchased in 2015 by NewRiver.[7] This was followed by a £5 million renovation in 2017 which included a new food court (since closed) and space for 'pop-up' shops.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Revo Purple Apple Marketing Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revo_(organisation)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Ridings Centre won the award for 'European Shopping Centre Of The Year' on numerous occasions.[9]\nIn 2018 the centre won the Revo Purple Apple Marketing Awards, obtaining a Golden Apple Award.[10]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Ridings_car_park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_946044.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wakefield Westgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield_Westgate_Railway_Station"},{"link_name":"Wakefield Kirkgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield_Kirkgate_Railway_Station"},{"link_name":"Wakefield Bus Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield_Bus_Station"},{"link_name":"A61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A61_road"},{"link_name":"M1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_motorway"}],"text":"Ridings Centre Blue Car ParkThe Ridings Centre is located near Wakefield Westgate and Wakefield Kirkgate railway stations as well as Wakefield Bus Station.\nThe centre is located near the A61 and the M1.\nArriva Yorkshire have their headquarters and main depot located in Wakefield, on the A61, next to the Hepworth Gallery. Arriva are the owners and managers of Wakefield Bus Station.","title":"Transport connections"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"The Ridings Shopping Centre Celebrates 30 Years\". BBC Look North. 16 October 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiXxC-eoUpA","url_text":"\"The Ridings Shopping Centre Celebrates 30 Years\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ridings Shopping Centre\". NewRiver REIT. Retrieved 5 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrr.co.uk/portfolio/properties/ridings-shopping-centre","url_text":"\"The Ridings Shopping Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Family Friendly Reel Cinema Opens In Wakefield City Centre\". Yorkshire Business Daily. 19 August 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkshirebusinessdaily.co.uk/2019/08/19/new-family-friendly-reel-cinema-opens-in-wakefield-city-centre/","url_text":"\"New Family Friendly Reel Cinema Opens In Wakefield City Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ridings Shopping Centre The Heart of Shopping in Wakefield\" (PDF). truenorthbooks. Retrieved 15 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://truenorthbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Ridings-Shopping-Centre.pdf","url_text":"\"Ridings Shopping Centre The Heart of Shopping in Wakefield\""}]},{"reference":"\"Landmark Shopping Centre Celebrates 30 Years\". Yorkshire Post. 17 October 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/business/landmark-shopping-centre-celebrates-30-years-1854701","url_text":"\"Landmark Shopping Centre Celebrates 30 Years\""}]},{"reference":"Gatehouse, David (17 September 2013). \"Ridings Shopping Centre Celebrates 30 Years\". bdaily. Retrieved 14 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bdaily.co.uk/articles/2013/09/17/the-ridings-celebrates-30-years-with-campaign-to-boost-shopper-numbers","url_text":"\"Ridings Shopping Centre Celebrates 30 Years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ridings Shopping Centre Sold to NewRiver\". Yorkshire Post. 23 December 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/business/ridings-shopping-centre-sold-newriver-1806821","url_text":"\"Ridings Shopping Centre Sold to NewRiver\""}]},{"reference":"\"Details of £5million Revamp of Wakefield Shopping Centre Revealed\". ITV News. 19 April 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itv.com/news/calendar/2017-04-19/details-of-5million-revamp-of-wakefield-shopping-centre-revealed/","url_text":"\"Details of £5million Revamp of Wakefield Shopping Centre Revealed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wakefield History-Things You Might Not Know\". manningstainton.co.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://manningstainton.co.uk/wakefield/wakefield-history","url_text":"\"Wakefield History-Things You Might Not Know\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ridings Centre Win National Award\". wakefieldfirst.com. 23 May 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wakefieldfirst.com/news/article/908/the-ridings-wakefield-win-national-award/","url_text":"\"The Ridings Centre Win National Award\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episinus
Episinus
["1 Species","2 See also","3 References"]
Genus of spiders EpisinusTemporal range: Palaeogene– Present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Episinus angulatus Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Chelicerata Class: Arachnida Order: Araneae Infraorder: Araneomorphae Family: Theridiidae Genus: EpisinusWalckenaer, 1809 Type species E. truncatusLatreille, 1809 Species 47, see text Synonyms Episinopsis Simon, 1894 Hyocrea Simon, 1894 Hyptimorpha Strand, 1906 Penictis Simon, 1894 Plocamis Simon, 1894 Episinus is a genus of comb-footed spiders that was first described by Pierre André Latreille in 1809. They can grow up to 5 millimetres (0.20 in) long. Species As of September 2022 it contains forty-seven species and one subspecies, found worldwide: E. affinis Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – India, Russia (Far East), Korea, Taiwan, Japan E. algiricus Lucas, 1846 – Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Northwest Africa, Malta? E. amoenus Banks, 1911 – USA, Mexico E. angulatus (Blackwall, 1836) – Europe, Turkey, Russia (Europe to West Siberia), Central Asia E. antipodianus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1880 – New Zealand E. baoshanensis Liu, Irfan & Peng, 2019 – China E. bilineatus Simon, 1894 – South Africa E. bimucronatus (Simon, 1895) – Venezuela E. bishopi (Lessert, 1929) – Congo E. bonjovi Lin & Li, 2021 – China E. cavernicola (Kulczyński, 1897) – Croatia, Slovenia E. chikunii Yoshida, 1985 – Japan E. emanus Levi, 1964 – Panama E. fontinalis Levy, 1985 – Israel E. garisus Buckup & Marques, 1992 – Brazil E. gibbus Zhu & Wang, 1995 – China E. hickmani Caporiacco, 1949 – Kenya E. immundus (Keyserling, 1884) – Peru, Brazil E. implexus (Simon, 1894) – Venezuela E. israeliensis Levy, 1985 – Israel E. jiangweni Lin & Li, 2021 – China E. kitazawai Yaginuma, 1958 – Russia (Kurile Is.), Japan E. longabdomenus Zhu, 1998 – China E. macrops Simon, 1903 – Equatorial Guinea, Congo E. maculipes Cavanna, 1876 – Europe, Algeria, Turkey, Caucasus Episinus m. numidicus Kulczyński, 1905 – Algeria, Tunisia E. maderianus Kulczyński, 1905 – Canary Is., Madeira E. makiharai Okuma, 1994 – Taiwan E. marignaci (Lessert, 1933) – Angola E. meruensis Tullgren, 1910 – Tanzania E. mikhailovi Zamani & Marusik, 2021 – Iran E. mucronatus (Simon, 1894) – Singapore E. nanyue Yin, 2012 – China E. nubilus Yaginuma, 1960 – China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Ryukyu Is. E. pentagonalis Chakrabarti, 2013 – India E. porteri (Simon, 1901) – Chile, Argentina E. punctisparsus Yoshida, 1983 – Taiwan E. rhomboidalis (Simon, 1895) – Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore E. similanus Urquhart, 1893 – New Zealand E. similitudus Urquhart, 1893 – New Zealand E. taibeli Caporiacco, 1949 – Ethiopia E. theridioides Simon, 1873 – Spain, France (mainland, Corsica), Italy (Sardinia) E. tongyani Lin & Li, 2021 – China E. truncatus Latreille, 1809 (type) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran E. typicus (Nicolet, 1849) – Chile E. variacorneus Chen, Peng & Zhao, 1992 – China E. xiushanicus Zhu, 1998 – China E. yoshidai Okuma, 1994 – Taiwan Formerly included: E. bicorniger (Simon, 1894) (Transferred to Janula) E. bicornis (Thorell, 1881) (Transferred to Janula) E. bicruciatus (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula) E. bifrons (Thorell, 1895) (Transferred to Janula) E. caudifer Dönitz & Strand, 1906 (Transferred to Moneta) E. coercerveus Roberts, 1978 (Transferred to Moneta) E. conifer (Urquhart, 1886) (Transferred to Moneta) E. erythrophthalmus (Simon, 1894) (Transferred to Janula) E. gratiosus Bryant, 1940 (Transferred to Neopisinus) E. longipes Keyserling, 1884 (Transferred to Neopisinus) E. luteolimbatus (Thorell, 1898) (Transferred to Janula) E. malachinus (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula) E. marginatus (Thorell, 1898) (Transferred to Janula) E. minusculus Gertsch, 1936 (Transferred to Chrosiothes) E. mirabilis (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) (Transferred to Moneta) E. modestus (Thorell, 1898) (Transferred to Janula) E. nebulosus (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula) E. ocreatus (Simon, 1909) (Transferred to Janula) E. paiki Seo, 1985 (Transferred to Moneta) E. pictus (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula) E. recifensis Levi, 1964 (Transferred to Neopisinus) E. salobrensis (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula) E. spinigeroides Zhu & Song, 1992 (Transferred to Moneta) E. tanikawai Yoshida, 1991 (Transferred to Moneta) E. taprobanicus (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula) E. yoshimurai Yoshida, 1983 (Transferred to Moneta) Nomen dubium E. americanus Nicolet, 1849 See also List of Theridiidae species References ^ a b c "Gen. Episinus Walckenaer, 1809". World Spider Catalog Version 23.5. Natural History Museum Bern. 2022. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2020-06-19. ^ a b c d e Levi, H. W.; Levi, L. R. (1962). "The genera of the spider family Theridiidae". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 127: 20. ^ a b Latreille, P. A. (1809). Genera crustaceorum et insectorum. Paris 4. pp. 370–371. Taxon identifiersEpisinus Wikidata: Q389793 Wikispecies: Episinus ADW: Episinus AFD: Episinus BioLib: 1033 BOLD: 106846 BugGuide: 41376 CoL: 62RXL EoL: 89138 Fauna Europaea: 353243 Fauna Europaea (new): dd732f2e-bb2c-4410-8aed-2d30ea1b1a85 GBIF: 2156081 iNaturalist: 121781 IRMNG: 1370514 ITIS: 82741 NBN: NHMSYS0020706393 NCBI: 233467 NZOR: 9ca714bd-3811-41af-9a05-8bdd98b0a2e5 Open Tree of Life: 387892 Paleobiology Database: 258180 Plazi: 9A749479-CB91-0FDC-4356-D9E64E168BEF uBio: 4983162 WoRMS: 231931 WSC: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:00686 Authority control databases: National Israel This Theridiidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"comb-footed spiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theridiidae"},{"link_name":"Pierre André Latreille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_Latreille"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Latr1809-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Latr1809-3"}],"text":"Episinus is a genus of comb-footed spiders that was first described by Pierre André Latreille in 1809.[3]They can grow up to 5 millimetres (0.20 in) long.[3]","title":"Episinus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NMBE-1"},{"link_name":"E. affinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_affinis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrik_Strand"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"E. algiricus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_algiricus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"E. amoenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episinus_amoenus"},{"link_name":"Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Banks"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"E. angulatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episinus_angulatus"},{"link_name":"Blackwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Blackwall"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"E. antipodianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_antipodianus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"O. Pickard-Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavius_Pickard-Cambridge"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"E. baoshanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_baoshanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"E. bilineatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_bilineatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"E. bimucronatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_bimucronatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"E. bishopi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_bishopi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Africa"},{"link_name":"E. bonjovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_bonjovi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. cavernicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_cavernicola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kulczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Kulczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"E. chikunii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_chikunii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. emanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_emanus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"E. fontinalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_fontinalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"E. garisus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_garisus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. gibbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_gibbus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. hickmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_hickmani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caporiacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodovico_di_Caporiacco"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"E. immundus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_immundus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Keyserling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_von_Keyserling"},{"link_name":"E. implexus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_implexus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. israeliensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_israeliensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. jiangweni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_jiangweni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. kitazawai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_kitazawai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. longabdomenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_longabdomenus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. macrops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_macrops&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea"},{"link_name":"E. maculipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episinus_maculipes"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Episinus m. numidicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episinus_maculipes"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"E. maderianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_maderianus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. makiharai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_makiharai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. marignaci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_marignaci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"E. meruensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_meruensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tullgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Tullgren"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"E. mikhailovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_mikhailovi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. mucronatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_mucronatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"E. nanyue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_nanyue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. nubilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_nubilus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. pentagonalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_pentagonalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. porteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_porteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"E. punctisparsus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_punctisparsus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. rhomboidalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_rhomboidalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"E. similanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_similanus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. similitudus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_similitudus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. taibeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_taibeli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"E. theridioides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_theridioides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsica"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"E. tongyani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_tongyani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. truncatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episinus_truncatus"},{"link_name":"type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"E. typicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_typicus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. variacorneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_variacorneus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. xiushanicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_xiushanicus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. yoshidai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episinus_yoshidai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Janula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janula"},{"link_name":"Moneta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneta_(spider)"},{"link_name":"Neopisinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopisinus"},{"link_name":"Chrosiothes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrosiothes"},{"link_name":"Nomen dubium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium"}],"text":"As of September 2022[update] it contains forty-seven species and one subspecies, found worldwide:[1]E. affinis Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – India, Russia (Far East), Korea, Taiwan, Japan\nE. algiricus Lucas, 1846 – Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Northwest Africa, Malta?\nE. amoenus Banks, 1911 – USA, Mexico\nE. angulatus (Blackwall, 1836) – Europe, Turkey, Russia (Europe to West Siberia), Central Asia\nE. antipodianus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1880 – New Zealand\nE. baoshanensis Liu, Irfan & Peng, 2019 – China\nE. bilineatus Simon, 1894 – South Africa\nE. bimucronatus (Simon, 1895) – Venezuela\nE. bishopi (Lessert, 1929) – Congo\nE. bonjovi Lin & Li, 2021 – China\nE. cavernicola (Kulczyński, 1897) – Croatia, Slovenia\nE. chikunii Yoshida, 1985 – Japan\nE. emanus Levi, 1964 – Panama\nE. fontinalis Levy, 1985 – Israel\nE. garisus Buckup & Marques, 1992 – Brazil\nE. gibbus Zhu & Wang, 1995 – China\nE. hickmani Caporiacco, 1949 – Kenya\nE. immundus (Keyserling, 1884) – Peru, Brazil\nE. implexus (Simon, 1894) – Venezuela\nE. israeliensis Levy, 1985 – Israel\nE. jiangweni Lin & Li, 2021 – China\nE. kitazawai Yaginuma, 1958 – Russia (Kurile Is.), Japan\nE. longabdomenus Zhu, 1998 – China\nE. macrops Simon, 1903 – Equatorial Guinea, Congo\nE. maculipes Cavanna, 1876 – Europe, Algeria, Turkey, Caucasus\nEpisinus m. numidicus Kulczyński, 1905 – Algeria, Tunisia\nE. maderianus Kulczyński, 1905 – Canary Is., Madeira\nE. makiharai Okuma, 1994 – Taiwan\nE. marignaci (Lessert, 1933) – Angola\nE. meruensis Tullgren, 1910 – Tanzania\nE. mikhailovi Zamani & Marusik, 2021 – Iran\nE. mucronatus (Simon, 1894) – Singapore\nE. nanyue Yin, 2012 – China\nE. nubilus Yaginuma, 1960 – China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Ryukyu Is.\nE. pentagonalis Chakrabarti, 2013 – India\nE. porteri (Simon, 1901) – Chile, Argentina\nE. punctisparsus Yoshida, 1983 – Taiwan\nE. rhomboidalis (Simon, 1895) – Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore\nE. similanus Urquhart, 1893 – New Zealand\nE. similitudus Urquhart, 1893 – New Zealand\nE. taibeli Caporiacco, 1949 – Ethiopia\nE. theridioides Simon, 1873 – Spain, France (mainland, Corsica), Italy (Sardinia)\nE. tongyani Lin & Li, 2021 – China\nE. truncatus Latreille, 1809 (type) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran\nE. typicus (Nicolet, 1849) – Chile\nE. variacorneus Chen, Peng & Zhao, 1992 – China\nE. xiushanicus Zhu, 1998 – China\nE. yoshidai Okuma, 1994 – TaiwanFormerly included:E. bicorniger (Simon, 1894) (Transferred to Janula)\nE. bicornis (Thorell, 1881) (Transferred to Janula)\nE. bicruciatus (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula)\nE. bifrons (Thorell, 1895) (Transferred to Janula)\nE. caudifer Dönitz & Strand, 1906 (Transferred to Moneta)\nE. coercerveus Roberts, 1978 (Transferred to Moneta)\nE. conifer (Urquhart, 1886) (Transferred to Moneta)\nE. erythrophthalmus (Simon, 1894) (Transferred to Janula)\nE. gratiosus Bryant, 1940 (Transferred to Neopisinus)\nE. longipes Keyserling, 1884 (Transferred to Neopisinus)\nE. luteolimbatus (Thorell, 1898) (Transferred to Janula)\nE. malachinus (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula)\nE. marginatus (Thorell, 1898) (Transferred to Janula)\nE. minusculus Gertsch, 1936 (Transferred to Chrosiothes)\nE. mirabilis (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) (Transferred to Moneta)\nE. modestus (Thorell, 1898) (Transferred to Janula)\nE. nebulosus (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula)\nE. ocreatus (Simon, 1909) (Transferred to Janula)\nE. paiki Seo, 1985 (Transferred to Moneta)\nE. pictus (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula)\nE. recifensis Levi, 1964 (Transferred to Neopisinus)\nE. salobrensis (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula)\nE. spinigeroides Zhu & Song, 1992 (Transferred to Moneta)\nE. tanikawai Yoshida, 1991 (Transferred to Moneta)\nE. taprobanicus (Simon, 1895) (Transferred to Janula)\nE. yoshimurai Yoshida, 1983 (Transferred to Moneta)Nomen dubiumE. americanus Nicolet, 1849","title":"Species"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Theridiidae species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Theridiidae_species"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Godfrey_Leland
Charles Godfrey Leland
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Journalism","2.2 Folklore research","2.3 Art education","3 Translations","4 Legacy","5 Select bibliography","6 Notes and references","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
American journalist "Charles Leland" redirects here. For the Ohio politician and judge, see Charles A. Leland. Charles Godfrey LelandBorn(1824-08-15)August 15, 1824Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedMarch 20, 1903(1903-03-20) (aged 78)Florence, ItalySignature Charles Godfrey Leland (August 15, 1824 – March 20, 1903) was an American humorist and folklorist, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was educated at Princeton University and in Europe. Leland worked in journalism, travelled extensively, and became interested in folklore and folk linguistics. He published books and articles on American and European languages and folk traditions. He worked in a wide variety of trades, achieved recognition as the author of the comic Hans Breitmann’s Ballads, and fought in two conflicts. He wrote Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, which became a primary source text for Neopaganism half a century later. Early life Leland was born to Charles Leland, a commission merchant, and Charlotte Godfrey on 15 August 1824 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His mother was a protegee of Hannah Adams, the first American woman to write professionally. Leland believed he was descended from John Leland, among other illustrious antiquaries. Leland claimed to have been influenced as a child by intellectual figures such as Lafayette and Nicolas Gouïn Dufief. Leland recounted that shortly after his birth, his Dutch nurse took him to the family attic and performed a ritual involving a Bible, a key, a knife, lighted candles, money, and salt to ensure him a long life as "a scholar and a wizard." His biographers refer to this account as foreshadowing his interest in folk traditions and magic. The poet George Henry Boker was his neighbour in youth, and the two maintained a friendship through adulthood. George B. McClellan was a classmate. Leland's early education was in the United States, and he attended college at Princeton University. During his schooling, he studied languages, wrote poetry, and pursued a variety of other interests, including Hermeticism, Neoplatonism, and the writings of Rabelais and Villon. After college, Leland went to Europe to continue his studies, first in Germany, at Heidelberg and Munich, and in 1848 at the Sorbonne in Paris, where he became involved with the Revolutions of 1848 in France, fighting at constructed barricades against the King's soldiers as a captain in the revolution. Career Journalism Leland returned to the U.S. after the money given to him by his father for travel had run out and passed the bar in Pennsylvania. Instead of practicing law, he instead began a career in journalism. As a journalist, Leland wrote for The Illustrated News in New York, the Evening Bulletin in Philadelphia and eventually took on editorial duties for Graham's Magazine, and the Philadelphia Press. In 1856 Leland married Eliza Bella "Isabel" Fisher. Leland was also an editor for the Continental Monthly, a pro-Union Army publication. He enlisted in the Union Army in 1863, and fought at the Battle of Gettysburg. Folklore research Leland returned to Europe in 1869, and travelled widely, eventually settling in London. His fame during his lifetime rested chiefly on his comic Hans Breitmann’s Ballads (1871), written in a combination of broken English and German (not to be confused, as it often has been, with Pennsylvania German). In recent times his writings on pagan and Aryan traditions have eclipsed the now largely forgotten Breitmann ballads, influencing the development of Wicca and modern paganism. In his travels, he made a study of the Romani, on whom he wrote more than one book. Leland began to publish a number of books on ethnography, folklore and language. His writings on Algonquian and Romani culture were part of the contemporary interest in pagan and Aryan traditions. Scholars have found Leland had taken significant liberties with his research. In his book The Algonquin Legends of New England Leland attempts to link Wabanki culture and history to the Norse. It has also come to light that Leland altered some of those folk tales in order to lend credence to his theory. He erroneously claimed to have discovered "the fifth Celtic tongue": the form of Cant, spoken among Irish Travellers, which he named Shelta. Leland became president of the English Gypsy Lore Society in 1888. In 1890, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society. Eleven years later Godfrey produced Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, reportedly containing the traditional beliefs of Italian witchcraft as conveyed him in a manuscript provided by a woman named Maddalena, whom he refers to as his "witch informant." This remains his most influential book. Aradia's accuracy has been disputed, and used by others as a study of witch lore in 19th century Italy. Art education Leland was also a pioneer of art and design education, becoming an important influence on the Arts and Crafts movement. In his memoirs he wrote, "The story of what is to me by far the most interesting period of my life remains to be written. This embraces an account of my labour for many years in introducing Industrial Art as a branch of education in schools." He was involved in a series of books on industrial arts and crafts, including Pyrography or burnt-wood etching (1876), co-authored with Thomas Bolas (revised by Frank H Ball and G J Fowler in 1900). He was, more significantly, the founder and first director of the Public School of Industrial Art in Philadelphia (not to be confused with the contemporaneous Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art). This originated as a school to teach crafts to disadvantaged children and became widely known when it was praised by Oscar Wilde, who predicted his friend would be "recognised and honoured as one of the great pioneers and leaders of the art of the future." The Home Arts and Industries Association was founded in imitation of this initiative. Translations Leland translated the collective works of the German Romanticist Heinrich Heine, and poems by Joseph Victor von Scheffel into English. He translated Eichendorff's novella Aus dem Leben eines Taugenichts to English as Memoirs of a Good-for-Nothing, published in New York in 1866 by Leypohlt & Holt. Legacy His biography was written by his niece Elizabeth Robins Pennell, an American who also settled in London and made her living in part by writing about travels in Europe. Leland had encouraged her as a young woman to consider writing as a career, which she did with some success. Select bibliography Title page of the original edition of Aradia. 1855: Meister Karl’s Sketch-book 1864: Legends of Birds 1871: Hans Breitmann’s Ballads 1872: Pidgin-English Sing-Song 1872: The Music-Lesson of Confucius, and Other Poems 1873: The English Gipsies 1875: Fusang or the Discovery of America by Chinese Buddhist Priests in the Fifth Century 1879: Johnnykin and the Goblins 1882: The Gypsies 1884: Algonquin Legends 1891: Gypsy Sorcery and Fortune Telling 1892: The Hundred Riddles of the Fairy Bellaria 1892: Etruscan Roman Remains in Popular Tradition 1892: Leather Work, A Practical Manual for Learners 1895: Songs of the Sea and Lays of the Land 1896: Legends of Florence Collected from the People (2 vols.) 1896: A Manual of Mending and Repairing with Diagrams 1897: A dictionary of slang, jargon & cant embracing English, American, and Anglo-Indian slang, pidgin English, gypsies' jargon and other irregular phraseology 1899: Unpublished Legends of Virgil 1899: Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches 1899: Have You a Strong Will? 1901: Legends of Virgil 1901: Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth, Mountainner, Scout, Pioneer, and Chief of the Crow Nation of Indians Edited by. 1902: Flaxius, or Leaves from the Life of an Immortal 1904: The Alternate Sex: or, The female Intellect in Man, and the Masculine in Woman. "Mrs. Joseph Pennell ... has kindly seen the book through the press." (New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1904) Notes and references ^ Leland, Charles Godfrey (1965). Hans Breitmann's Ballads. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. ^ Pennell, Elizabeth Robins (1906). Charles Godfrey Leland: A Biography. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 6. ^ Pennell, Elizabeth Robbins (1906). Charles Godfrey Leland: a Biography. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co. cited in Mathiesen, Robert (1998). "Charles G. Leland and the Witches of Italy: The Origin of Aradia". In Mario Pazzaglini (ed.). Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, A New Translation. Blaine, Washington: Phoenix Publishing, Inc. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-919345-34-8. ^ Mathiesen, Robert (1998). "Charles G. Leland and the Witches of Italy: The Origin of Aradia". In Mario Pazzaglini (ed.). Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, A New Translation. Blaine, Washington: Phoenix Publishing, Inc. pp. 25–57. ISBN 978-0-919345-34-8. ^ a b c Farrar, Stewart (1998). "Foreword". In Mario Pazzaglini (ed.). Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, A New Translation. Blaine, Washington: Phoenix Publishing, Inc. pp. 13–21. ISBN 978-0-919345-34-8. ^ W. P. Trent, J. Erskine, S. P. Sherman & C. Van Doren (Eds.) (1907). Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Vol. XVIII Part III. Cambridge University. ISBN 978-1-58734-073-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Swann, Brian (2005-01-01). Algonquian spirit: contemporary translations of the Algonquian literatures of North America. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803243149. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2024-04-12. ^ Leland, Charles Godfrey (1899). Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches. David Nutt. See Leland's description in the appendix. ^ See Russell, Jeffrey (1982). A History of Witchcraft: Sorcerers, Heretics and Pagans. Thames and Hudson. pp. 148–53. ISBN 978-0-19-820744-3. and especially Hutton, Ronald (2000). Triumph of the Moon. Oxford University Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-500-27242-8. for a discussion of the dispute ^ Magliocco, Sabina (2002). "Who Was Aradia? The History and Development of a Legend". The Pomegranate: The Journal of Pagan Studies. 18. Archived from the original on June 23, 2006. ^ The Public Schools of Philadelphia: Historical, Biographical, Statistical. Philadelphia: Burk & McFetridge Co., 1897, p. 201-213 ^ "I would have a workshop attached to every school...I have seen only one such school in the United States, and the was in Philadelphia, and was founded by my friend Leland. I stopped there yesterday, and have brought some of their work here to show you." Report of Wilde's New York lecture, Montreal Daily Witness, May 15, 1882. See also Wilde's letter to Leland, May 1882, MS, Yale University, "When I showed them the brass work and the pretty bowl of wood with the bright arabesques at New York they applauded to the echo, and I have received so many letters about it and congratulations that your school will be known and honoured everywhere, and you yourself recognised and honoured as one of the great pioneers and leaders of the art of the future." ^ Stansky, P., Redesigning the World, Princeton University Press, 1985, p. 106 ^ The Works of Heinrich Heine. Translated from the German by Charles Godfrey Leland (Hans Breitmann). London: William Heinemann. 1893 Vol 1-12 and Vol 13-20 ^ Gaudeamus!Humorous Poems Translated From the German of Joseph Victor Scheffel and Others by Charles G. Leland at Project Gutenberg ^ "Reviewed Work: Memoirs of a Good-for-Nothing. / From the German of Joseph Von Eichendorff by Charles Godfrey Leland". The American Art Journal. 5 (10): 152–155. 28 June 1866. JSTOR 25306236. ^ Leland, Charles Godfrey (July 2, 1893). "The English Gipsies and their language". London : Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. – via Internet Archive. ^ Leland, Charles Godfrey. "The English Gipsies and Their Language" – via Internet Archive. ^ Leland, Charles Godfrey; Neumann, Karl Friedrich; Huishen, 5th cent; Kennon, Barclay; Bretschneider, E. (July 2, 1875). "Fusang, or, The discovery of America by Chinese Buddhist priests in the fifth century". New York : J.W. Bouton – via Internet Archive.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Leland, Charles Godfrey; Neumann, Karl Friedrich (July 2, 1875). "Fusang : or, The discovery of America by Chinese Buddhist priests in the fifth century". London : Trübner – via Internet Archive. ^ Fusang, or, The discovery of America by Chinese Buddhist priests in the fifth century . London : Trübner. January 1, 1900. ISBN 9780665293535 – via Internet Archive. ^ Leland, Charles Godfrey (July 2, 1882). "The Gypsies". Boston, New York, Houghton, Mifflin and company – via Internet Archive. ^ Leland, Charles Godfrey. "The Gypsies" – via Internet Archive. ^ Leland, Charles Godfrey (July 2, 1888). "The gypsies". Boston, Houghton – via Internet Archive. ^ Leland, Charles Godfrey (July 2, 1882). "The Gypsies". Boston, New York : Houghton, Mifflin and company – via Internet Archive. ^ "The Gypsies". Boston : Houghton, Mifflin and Co. July 2, 1882 – via Internet Archive. ^ "Gypsy sorcery and fortune telling : illustrated by numerous incantations, specimens of medical magic, anecdotes and tales". London : T. Fisher Unwin. July 2, 1891 – via Internet Archive. ^ Leland, Charles Godfrey (July 2, 1891). Gypsy sorcery and fortune telling, illustrated by numerous incantations, specimens of medical magic, anecdotes, and tales. New York, C. Scribner's sons. ISBN 9780486226835 – via Internet Archive. ^ Charles G. Leland was late director of the Public Industrial Art School of Philadelphia, with many illustrations and original designs by the author. 1st edition, Whittaker & Co. (publisher), London, 1892. 2nd edition, Whittaker (publisher), London, 1901. 3rd edition published 1925, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd. ^ A Manual of Mending and Repairing; with Diagrams. ^ "A dictionary of slang, jargon & cant embracing English, American, and Anglo-Indian slang, pidgin English, gypsies' jargon and other irregular phraseology". London, G. Bell. July 2, 1897 – via Internet Archive. ^ Leland, Charles Godfrey (July 2, 1904). The alternate sex: or, The female intellect in man, and the masculine in woman. Funk & Wagnalls company – via Hathi Trust. Further reading Pennell, Elizabeth Robbins (1906). Charles Godfrey Leland: a Biography. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co. Varesano, A.M.J., Angela-Marie (1979). Charles Godfrey Leland: The Eclectic Folklorist. Ph.D Dissertation. University of Pennsylvania. Parkhill, Thomas (1997). Weaving Ourselves into the Land: Charles Godfrey Leland, "Indians" and the Study of Native American Religions. State University of New York Press. Di Fazio, Massimiliano (2003). "Un esploratore di subculture: Charles Godfrey Leland", in "Archaeologiae" 2,1. Edwards, Adrian S. (2016). "The Charles G. Leland Collection of Romani Books and Manuscripts". Electronic British Library Journal. 2016 (9): 1-23. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles Godfrey Leland. Wikiquote has quotations related to Charles Godfrey Leland. Wikisource has original works by or about:Charles Godfrey Leland Works by Charles Godfrey Leland at Project Gutenberg Works by Charles Godfrey Leland at Faded Page (Canada) Works by or about Charles Godfrey Leland at Internet Archive Works by Charles Godfrey Leland at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Charles Godfrey Leland Archived 2007-05-22 at the Wayback Machine — An article on Leland and Italian Witchcraft Hans Breitmann's Barty by C.G.Leland - A folk rock version of Leland's ballad "Hans Breitmann's Barty" Charles Godfrey Leland at Library of Congress, with 186 library catalog records Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Japan Australia Greece Netherlands Poland Vatican Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles A. Leland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_A._Leland"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aradia,_or_the_Gospel_of_the_Witches"},{"link_name":"Neopaganism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopaganism"}],"text":"\"Charles Leland\" redirects here. For the Ohio politician and judge, see Charles A. Leland.Charles Godfrey Leland (August 15, 1824 – March 20, 1903) was an American humorist and folklorist, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was educated at Princeton University and in Europe.Leland worked in journalism, travelled extensively, and became interested in folklore and folk linguistics. He published books and articles on American and European languages and folk traditions. He worked in a wide variety of trades, achieved recognition as the author of the comic Hans Breitmann’s Ballads,[1] and fought in two conflicts. He wrote Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, which became a primary source text for Neopaganism half a century later.","title":"Charles Godfrey Leland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Hannah Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Adams"},{"link_name":"John Leland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leland_(antiquary)"},{"link_name":"Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Gouïn Dufief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Gou%C3%AFn_Dufief"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ritual-3"},{"link_name":"George Henry Boker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Henry_Boker"},{"link_name":"George B. McClellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Hermeticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeticism"},{"link_name":"Neoplatonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism"},{"link_name":"Rabelais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais"},{"link_name":"Villon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Villon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mathiesen-4"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Revolutions of 1848 in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_France"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farrar-5"}],"text":"Leland was born to Charles Leland, a commission merchant, and Charlotte Godfrey on 15 August 1824 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His mother was a protegee of Hannah Adams, the first American woman to write professionally. Leland believed he was descended from John Leland, among other illustrious antiquaries.Leland claimed to have been influenced as a child by intellectual figures such as Lafayette and Nicolas Gouïn Dufief. Leland recounted that shortly after his birth, his Dutch nurse took him to the family attic and performed a ritual involving a Bible, a key, a knife, lighted candles, money, and salt to ensure him a long life as \"a scholar and a wizard.\"[citation needed][2] His biographers refer to this account as foreshadowing his interest in folk traditions and magic.[3] The poet George Henry Boker was his neighbour in youth, and the two maintained a friendship through adulthood. George B. McClellan was a classmate.Leland's early education was in the United States, and he attended college at Princeton University. During his schooling, he studied languages, wrote poetry, and pursued a variety of other interests, including Hermeticism, Neoplatonism, and the writings of Rabelais and Villon.[4]After college, Leland went to Europe to continue his studies, first in Germany, at Heidelberg and Munich, and in 1848 at the Sorbonne in Paris, where he became involved with the Revolutions of 1848 in France, fighting at constructed barricades against the King's soldiers as a captain in the revolution.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"The Illustrated News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Illustrated_News&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Evening Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Bulletin"},{"link_name":"Graham's Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%27s_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Press"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farrar-5"},{"link_name":"Continental Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continental_Monthly&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"Battle of Gettysburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farrar-5"}],"sub_title":"Journalism","text":"Leland returned to the U.S. after the money given to him by his father for travel had run out and passed the bar in Pennsylvania. Instead of practicing law, he instead began a career in journalism. As a journalist, Leland wrote for The Illustrated News in New York, the Evening Bulletin in Philadelphia and eventually took on editorial duties for Graham's Magazine, and the Philadelphia Press. In 1856 Leland married Eliza Bella \"Isabel\" Fisher.[5]Leland was also an editor for the Continental Monthly, a pro-Union Army publication. He enlisted in the Union Army in 1863, and fought at the Battle of Gettysburg. [5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cambridge-6"},{"link_name":"Wicca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people"},{"link_name":"ethnography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography"},{"link_name":"Algonquian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquian_peoples"},{"link_name":"pagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganism"},{"link_name":"Aryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Cant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cant_(language)"},{"link_name":"Irish Travellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Travellers"},{"link_name":"Shelta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelta"},{"link_name":"Gypsy Lore Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_Lore_Society"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aradia,_or_the_Gospel_of_the_Witches"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maddalena-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DisputingAccuracy-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magliocco-11"}],"sub_title":"Folklore research","text":"Leland returned to Europe in 1869, and travelled widely, eventually settling in London. His fame during his lifetime rested chiefly on his comic Hans Breitmann’s Ballads (1871), written in a combination of broken English and German (not to be confused, as it often has been, with Pennsylvania German).[6] In recent times his writings on pagan and Aryan traditions have eclipsed the now largely forgotten Breitmann ballads, influencing the development of Wicca and modern paganism.In his travels, he made a study of the Romani, on whom he wrote more than one book. Leland began to publish a number of books on ethnography, folklore and language. His writings on Algonquian and Romani culture were part of the contemporary interest in pagan and Aryan traditions. Scholars have found Leland had taken significant liberties with his research. In his book The Algonquin Legends of New England Leland attempts to link Wabanki culture and history to the Norse. It has also come to light that Leland altered some of those folk tales in order to lend credence to his theory.[7] He erroneously claimed to have discovered \"the fifth Celtic tongue\": the form of Cant, spoken among Irish Travellers, which he named Shelta. Leland became president of the English Gypsy Lore Society in 1888. In 1890, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.[8]Eleven years later Godfrey produced Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, reportedly containing the traditional beliefs of Italian witchcraft as conveyed him in a manuscript provided by a woman named Maddalena, whom he refers to as his \"witch informant.\"[9] This remains his most influential book. Aradia's accuracy has been disputed,[10] and used by others as a study of witch lore in 19th century Italy.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arts and Crafts movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement"},{"link_name":"Thomas Bolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Bolas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Museum_and_School_of_Industrial_Art"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Oscar Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Home Arts and Industries Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Arts_and_Industries_Association"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Art education","text":"Leland was also a pioneer of art and design education, becoming an important influence on the Arts and Crafts movement. In his memoirs he wrote, \"The story of what is to me by far the most interesting period of my life remains to be written. This embraces an account of my labour for many years in introducing Industrial Art as a branch of education in schools.\"He was involved in a series of books on industrial arts and crafts, including Pyrography or burnt-wood etching (1876), co-authored with Thomas Bolas (revised by Frank H Ball and G J Fowler in 1900). He was, more significantly, the founder and first director of the Public School of Industrial Art in Philadelphia (not to be confused with the contemporaneous Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art).[12] This originated as a school to teach crafts to disadvantaged children and became widely known when it was praised by Oscar Wilde, who predicted his friend would be \"recognised and honoured as one of the great pioneers and leaders of the art of the future.\"[13] The Home Arts and Industries Association was founded in imitation of this initiative.[14]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romanticist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticist"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Heine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Heine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Joseph Victor von Scheffel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Victor_von_Scheffel"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Aus dem Leben eines Taugenichts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aus_dem_Leben_eines_Taugenichts"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAJ-17"}],"text":"Leland translated the collective works of the German Romanticist Heinrich Heine,[15] and poems by Joseph Victor von Scheffel into English.[16] He translated Eichendorff's novella Aus dem Leben eines Taugenichts to English as Memoirs of a Good-for-Nothing, published in New York in 1866 by Leypohlt & Holt.[17]","title":"Translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elizabeth Robins Pennell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Robins_Pennell"}],"text":"His biography was written by his niece Elizabeth Robins Pennell, an American who also settled in London and made her living in part by writing about travels in Europe. Leland had encouraged her as a young woman to consider writing as a career, which she did with some success.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aradia-title-page.jpg"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Fusang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusang"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Title page of the original edition of Aradia.1855: Meister Karl’s Sketch-book\n1864: Legends of Birds\n1871: Hans Breitmann’s Ballads\n1872: Pidgin-English Sing-Song\n1872: The Music-Lesson of Confucius, and Other Poems\n1873: The English Gipsies[18][19]\n1875: Fusang or the Discovery of America by Chinese Buddhist Priests in the Fifth Century[20][21][22]\n1879: Johnnykin and the Goblins\n1882: The Gypsies[23][24][25][26][27]\n1884: Algonquin Legends\n1891: Gypsy Sorcery and Fortune Telling[28][29]\n1892: The Hundred Riddles of the Fairy Bellaria\n1892: Etruscan Roman Remains in Popular Tradition\n1892: Leather Work, A Practical Manual for Learners [30]\n1895: Songs of the Sea and Lays of the Land\n1896: Legends of Florence Collected from the People (2 vols.)\n1896: A Manual of Mending and Repairing with Diagrams[31]\n1897: A dictionary of slang, jargon & cant embracing English, American, and Anglo-Indian slang, pidgin English, gypsies' jargon and other irregular phraseology[32]\n1899: Unpublished Legends of Virgil\n1899: Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches\n1899: Have You a Strong Will?\n1901: Legends of Virgil\n1901: Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth, Mountainner, Scout, Pioneer, and Chief of the Crow Nation of Indians Edited by.\n1902: Flaxius, or Leaves from the Life of an Immortal\n1904: The Alternate Sex: or, The female Intellect in Man, and the Masculine in Woman. \"Mrs. Joseph Pennell [Elizabeth Robins Pennell] ... has kindly seen the book through the press.\" (New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1904)[33]","title":"Select bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ritual_3-0"},{"link_name":"Charles Godfrey Leland: a Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.87413"},{"link_name":"Mathiesen, Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Mathiesen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-919345-34-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919345-34-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mathiesen_4-0"},{"link_name":"Mathiesen, Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Mathiesen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-919345-34-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919345-34-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Farrar_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Farrar_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Farrar_5-2"},{"link_name":"Farrar, Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-919345-34-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919345-34-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cambridge_6-0"},{"link_name":"Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Vol. XVIII Part III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bartleby.com/228/0817.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-58734-073-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58734-073-4"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Algonquian spirit: contemporary translations of the Algonquian literatures of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_VJ0AAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780803243149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803243149"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"APS Member History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Charles+G.+Leland&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Maddalena_9-0"},{"link_name":"Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Aradia%2C_or_the_Gospel_of_the_Witches"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DisputingAccuracy_10-0"},{"link_name":"Russell, Jeffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Burton_Russell"},{"link_name":"A History of Witchcraft: Sorcerers, Heretics and Pagans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/triumphofmoonhis00hutt/page/148"},{"link_name":"148–53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/triumphofmoonhis00hutt/page/148"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-820744-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820744-3"},{"link_name":"Hutton, Ronald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Hutton"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-500-27242-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27242-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Magliocco_11-0"},{"link_name":"Magliocco, Sabina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabina_Magliocco"},{"link_name":"\"Who Was Aradia? The History and Development of a Legend\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060623012055/http://chass.colostate-pueblo.edu/natrel/pom/pom18/aradia.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//chass.colostate-pueblo.edu/natrel/pom/pom18/aradia.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Vol 1-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/3826429.1-12"},{"link_name":"Vol 13-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/3826429.13-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Gaudeamus!Humorous Poems Translated From the German of Joseph Victor Scheffel and Others by Charles G. Leland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gutenberg.org/files/35848/35848-h/35848-h.htm"},{"link_name":"Project Gutenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AAJ_17-0"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25306236","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/25306236"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"The English Gipsies and their language\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.org/details/englishgipsiesth00lelaiala"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"The English Gipsies and Their Language\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.org/details/theenglishgipsie16358gut"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Fusang, or, The discovery of America by Chinese Buddhist priests in the fifth century\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.org/details/fusangdiscovery00lelarich"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Fusang : or, The discovery of America by Chinese Buddhist priests in the fifth century\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.org/details/cu31924023242054"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Fusang, or, The discovery of America by Chinese Buddhist priests in the fifth century [microform]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.org/details/cihm_29353"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780665293535","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780665293535"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"The Gypsies\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.org/details/gypsies00lela"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"The Gypsies\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.org/details/thegypsies22939gut"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"The gypsies\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.org/details/gypsies5ed00lelauoft"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"The Gypsies\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.org/details/gypsiesleland00lelaiala"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"\"The Gypsies\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.org/details/gypsies00lelagoog"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_28-0"},{"link_name":"\"Gypsy sorcery and fortune telling : illustrated by numerous incantations, specimens of medical magic, anecdotes and tales\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.org/details/b21534111"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Gypsy sorcery and fortune telling, illustrated by numerous incantations, specimens of medical magic, anecdotes, and tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.org/details/gypsysorceryfort00lela"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780486226835","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486226835"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto1_31-0"},{"link_name":"A Manual of Mending and Repairing; with Diagrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/61786"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"A dictionary of slang, jargon & cant embracing English, American, and Anglo-Indian slang, pidgin English, gypsies' jargon and other irregular phraseology\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.org/details/dictionaryofslan02barrrich"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"The alternate sex: or, The female intellect in man, and the masculine in woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001692776"}],"text":"^ Leland, Charles Godfrey (1965). Hans Breitmann's Ballads. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications.\n\n^ Pennell, Elizabeth Robins (1906). Charles Godfrey Leland: A Biography. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 6.\n\n^ Pennell, Elizabeth Robbins (1906). Charles Godfrey Leland: a Biography. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co. cited in Mathiesen, Robert (1998). \"Charles G. Leland and the Witches of Italy: The Origin of Aradia\". In Mario Pazzaglini (ed.). Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, A New Translation. Blaine, Washington: Phoenix Publishing, Inc. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-919345-34-8.\n\n^ Mathiesen, Robert (1998). \"Charles G. Leland and the Witches of Italy: The Origin of Aradia\". In Mario Pazzaglini (ed.). Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, A New Translation. Blaine, Washington: Phoenix Publishing, Inc. pp. 25–57. ISBN 978-0-919345-34-8.\n\n^ a b c Farrar, Stewart (1998). \"Foreword\". In Mario Pazzaglini (ed.). Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, A New Translation. Blaine, Washington: Phoenix Publishing, Inc. pp. 13–21. ISBN 978-0-919345-34-8.\n\n^ W. P. Trent, J. Erskine, S. P. Sherman & C. Van Doren (Eds.) (1907). Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Vol. XVIII Part III. Cambridge University. ISBN 978-1-58734-073-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ Swann, Brian (2005-01-01). Algonquian spirit: contemporary translations of the Algonquian literatures of North America. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803243149.\n\n^ \"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2024-04-12.\n\n^ Leland, Charles Godfrey (1899). Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches. David Nutt. See Leland's description in the appendix.\n\n^ See Russell, Jeffrey (1982). A History of Witchcraft: Sorcerers, Heretics and Pagans. Thames and Hudson. pp. 148–53. ISBN 978-0-19-820744-3. and especially Hutton, Ronald (2000). Triumph of the Moon. Oxford University Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-500-27242-8. for a discussion of the dispute\n\n^ Magliocco, Sabina (2002). \"Who Was Aradia? The History and Development of a Legend\". The Pomegranate: The Journal of Pagan Studies. 18. Archived from the original on June 23, 2006.\n\n^ The Public Schools of Philadelphia: Historical, Biographical, Statistical. Philadelphia: Burk & McFetridge Co., 1897, p. 201-213\n\n^ \"I would have a workshop attached to every school...I have seen only one such school in the United States, and the was[clarification needed] in Philadelphia, and was founded by my friend Leland. I stopped there yesterday, and have brought some of their work here to show you.\" Report of Wilde's New York lecture, Montreal Daily Witness, May 15, 1882. See also Wilde's letter to Leland, May 1882, MS, Yale University, \"When I showed them the brass work and the pretty bowl of wood with the bright arabesques at New York they applauded to the echo, and I have received so many letters about it and congratulations that your school will be known and honoured everywhere, and you yourself recognised and honoured as one of the great pioneers and leaders of the art of the future.\"\n\n^ Stansky, P., Redesigning the World, Princeton University Press, 1985, p. 106\n\n^ The Works of Heinrich Heine. Translated from the German by Charles Godfrey Leland (Hans Breitmann). London: William Heinemann. 1893 Vol 1-12 and Vol 13-20\n\n^ Gaudeamus!Humorous Poems Translated From the German of Joseph Victor Scheffel and Others by Charles G. Leland at Project Gutenberg\n\n^ \"Reviewed Work: Memoirs of a Good-for-Nothing. / From the German of Joseph Von Eichendorff by Charles Godfrey Leland\". The American Art Journal. 5 (10): 152–155. 28 June 1866. JSTOR 25306236.\n\n^ Leland, Charles Godfrey (July 2, 1893). \"The English Gipsies and their language\". London : Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. – via Internet Archive.\n\n^ Leland, Charles Godfrey. \"The English Gipsies and Their Language\" – via Internet Archive.\n\n^ Leland, Charles Godfrey; Neumann, Karl Friedrich; Huishen, 5th cent; Kennon, Barclay; Bretschneider, E. (July 2, 1875). \"Fusang, or, The discovery of America by Chinese Buddhist priests in the fifth century\". New York : J.W. Bouton – via Internet Archive.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\n\n^ Leland, Charles Godfrey; Neumann, Karl Friedrich (July 2, 1875). \"Fusang : or, The discovery of America by Chinese Buddhist priests in the fifth century\". London : Trübner – via Internet Archive.\n\n^ Fusang, or, The discovery of America by Chinese Buddhist priests in the fifth century [microform]. London : Trübner. January 1, 1900. ISBN 9780665293535 – via Internet Archive.\n\n^ Leland, Charles Godfrey (July 2, 1882). \"The Gypsies\". Boston, New York, Houghton, Mifflin and company – via Internet Archive.\n\n^ Leland, Charles Godfrey. \"The Gypsies\" – via Internet Archive.\n\n^ Leland, Charles Godfrey (July 2, 1888). \"The gypsies\". Boston, Houghton – via Internet Archive.\n\n^ Leland, Charles Godfrey (July 2, 1882). \"The Gypsies\". Boston, New York : Houghton, Mifflin and company – via Internet Archive.\n\n^ \"The Gypsies\". Boston : Houghton, Mifflin and Co. July 2, 1882 – via Internet Archive.\n\n^ \"Gypsy sorcery and fortune telling : illustrated by numerous incantations, specimens of medical magic, anecdotes and tales\". London : T. Fisher Unwin. July 2, 1891 – via Internet Archive.\n\n^ Leland, Charles Godfrey (July 2, 1891). Gypsy sorcery and fortune telling, illustrated by numerous incantations, specimens of medical magic, anecdotes, and tales. New York, C. Scribner's sons. ISBN 9780486226835 – via Internet Archive.\n\n^ Charles G. Leland was late director of the Public Industrial Art School of Philadelphia, with many illustrations and original designs by the author. 1st edition, Whittaker & Co. (publisher), London, 1892. 2nd edition, Whittaker (publisher), London, 1901. 3rd edition published 1925, Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.\n\n^ A Manual of Mending and Repairing; with Diagrams.\n\n^ \"A dictionary of slang, jargon & cant embracing English, American, and Anglo-Indian slang, pidgin English, gypsies' jargon and other irregular phraseology\". London, G. Bell. July 2, 1897 – via Internet Archive.\n\n^ Leland, Charles Godfrey (July 2, 1904). The alternate sex: or, The female intellect in man, and the masculine in woman. Funk & Wagnalls company – via Hathi Trust.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weaving Ourselves into the Land: Charles Godfrey Leland, \"Indians\" and the Study of Native American Religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/weavingourselves0000park"},{"link_name":"The Charles G. Leland Collection of Romani Books and Manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//vll-minos.bl.uk/eblj/2016articles/article9.html"}],"text":"Pennell, Elizabeth Robbins (1906). Charles Godfrey Leland: a Biography. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co.\nVaresano, A.M.J., Angela-Marie (1979). Charles Godfrey Leland: The Eclectic Folklorist. Ph.D Dissertation. University of Pennsylvania.\nParkhill, Thomas (1997). Weaving Ourselves into the Land: Charles Godfrey Leland, \"Indians\" and the Study of Native American Religions. State University of New York Press.\nDi Fazio, Massimiliano (2003). \"Un esploratore di subculture: Charles Godfrey Leland\", in \"Archaeologiae\" 2,1.\nEdwards, Adrian S. (2016). \"The Charles G. Leland Collection of Romani Books and Manuscripts\". Electronic British Library Journal. 2016 (9): 1-23.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Title page of the original edition of Aradia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Aradia-title-page.jpg/220px-Aradia-title-page.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Leland, Charles Godfrey (1965). Hans Breitmann's Ballads. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pennell, Elizabeth Robins (1906). Charles Godfrey Leland: A Biography. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pennell, Elizabeth Robbins (1906). Charles Godfrey Leland: a Biography. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.87413","url_text":"Charles Godfrey Leland: a Biography"}]},{"reference":"Mathiesen, Robert (1998). \"Charles G. Leland and the Witches of Italy: The Origin of Aradia\". In Mario Pazzaglini (ed.). Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, A New Translation. Blaine, Washington: Phoenix Publishing, Inc. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-919345-34-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Mathiesen&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Mathiesen, Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919345-34-8","url_text":"978-0-919345-34-8"}]},{"reference":"Mathiesen, Robert (1998). \"Charles G. Leland and the Witches of Italy: The Origin of Aradia\". In Mario Pazzaglini (ed.). Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, A New Translation. Blaine, Washington: Phoenix Publishing, Inc. pp. 25–57. ISBN 978-0-919345-34-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Mathiesen&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Mathiesen, Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919345-34-8","url_text":"978-0-919345-34-8"}]},{"reference":"Farrar, Stewart (1998). \"Foreword\". In Mario Pazzaglini (ed.). Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, A New Translation. Blaine, Washington: Phoenix Publishing, Inc. pp. 13–21. ISBN 978-0-919345-34-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Farrar","url_text":"Farrar, Stewart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919345-34-8","url_text":"978-0-919345-34-8"}]},{"reference":"W. P. Trent, J. Erskine, S. P. Sherman & C. Van Doren (Eds.) (1907). Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Vol. XVIII Part III. Cambridge University. ISBN 978-1-58734-073-4.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bartleby.com/228/0817.html","url_text":"Cambridge History of English and American Literature, Vol. XVIII Part III"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58734-073-4","url_text":"978-1-58734-073-4"}]},{"reference":"Swann, Brian (2005-01-01). Algonquian spirit: contemporary translations of the Algonquian literatures of North America. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803243149.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_VJ0AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Algonquian spirit: contemporary translations of the Algonquian literatures of North America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803243149","url_text":"9780803243149"}]},{"reference":"\"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2024-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Charles+G.+Leland&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","url_text":"\"APS Member History\""}]},{"reference":"Leland, Charles Godfrey (1899). Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches. David Nutt.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Aradia%2C_or_the_Gospel_of_the_Witches","url_text":"Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Jeffrey (1982). A History of Witchcraft: Sorcerers, Heretics and Pagans. Thames and Hudson. pp. 148–53. ISBN 978-0-19-820744-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Burton_Russell","url_text":"Russell, Jeffrey"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/triumphofmoonhis00hutt/page/148","url_text":"A History of Witchcraft: Sorcerers, Heretics and Pagans"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/triumphofmoonhis00hutt/page/148","url_text":"148–53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820744-3","url_text":"978-0-19-820744-3"}]},{"reference":"Hutton, Ronald (2000). Triumph of the Moon. Oxford University Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-500-27242-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Hutton","url_text":"Hutton, Ronald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27242-8","url_text":"978-0-500-27242-8"}]},{"reference":"Magliocco, Sabina (2002). \"Who Was Aradia? The History and Development of a Legend\". The Pomegranate: The Journal of Pagan Studies. 18. Archived from the original on June 23, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabina_Magliocco","url_text":"Magliocco, Sabina"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060623012055/http://chass.colostate-pueblo.edu/natrel/pom/pom18/aradia.html","url_text":"\"Who Was Aradia? The History and Development of a Legend\""},{"url":"http://chass.colostate-pueblo.edu/natrel/pom/pom18/aradia.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Reviewed Work: Memoirs of a Good-for-Nothing. / From the German of Joseph Von Eichendorff by Charles Godfrey Leland\". The American Art Journal. 5 (10): 152–155. 28 June 1866. JSTOR 25306236.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25306236","url_text":"25306236"}]},{"reference":"Leland, Charles Godfrey (July 2, 1893). \"The English Gipsies and their language\". London : Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/englishgipsiesth00lelaiala","url_text":"\"The English Gipsies and their language\""}]},{"reference":"Leland, Charles Godfrey. \"The English Gipsies and Their Language\" – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/theenglishgipsie16358gut","url_text":"\"The English Gipsies and Their Language\""}]},{"reference":"Leland, Charles Godfrey; Neumann, Karl Friedrich; Huishen, 5th cent; Kennon, Barclay; Bretschneider, E. (July 2, 1875). \"Fusang, or, The discovery of America by Chinese Buddhist priests in the fifth century\". New York : J.W. Bouton – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/fusangdiscovery00lelarich","url_text":"\"Fusang, or, The discovery of America by Chinese Buddhist priests in the fifth century\""}]},{"reference":"Leland, Charles Godfrey; Neumann, Karl Friedrich (July 2, 1875). \"Fusang : or, The discovery of America by Chinese Buddhist priests in the fifth century\". London : Trübner – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/cu31924023242054","url_text":"\"Fusang : or, The discovery of America by Chinese Buddhist priests in the fifth century\""}]},{"reference":"Fusang, or, The discovery of America by Chinese Buddhist priests in the fifth century [microform]. London : Trübner. January 1, 1900. ISBN 9780665293535 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/cihm_29353","url_text":"Fusang, or, The discovery of America by Chinese Buddhist priests in the fifth century [microform]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780665293535","url_text":"9780665293535"}]},{"reference":"Leland, Charles Godfrey (July 2, 1882). \"The Gypsies\". Boston, New York, Houghton, Mifflin and company – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/gypsies00lela","url_text":"\"The Gypsies\""}]},{"reference":"Leland, Charles Godfrey. \"The Gypsies\" – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/thegypsies22939gut","url_text":"\"The Gypsies\""}]},{"reference":"Leland, Charles Godfrey (July 2, 1888). \"The gypsies\". 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July 2, 1891 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/b21534111","url_text":"\"Gypsy sorcery and fortune telling : illustrated by numerous incantations, specimens of medical magic, anecdotes and tales\""}]},{"reference":"Leland, Charles Godfrey (July 2, 1891). Gypsy sorcery and fortune telling, illustrated by numerous incantations, specimens of medical magic, anecdotes, and tales. New York, C. Scribner's sons. ISBN 9780486226835 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/gypsysorceryfort00lela","url_text":"Gypsy sorcery and fortune telling, illustrated by numerous incantations, specimens of medical magic, anecdotes, and tales"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486226835","url_text":"9780486226835"}]},{"reference":"A Manual of Mending and Repairing; with Diagrams.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/61786","url_text":"A Manual of Mending and Repairing; with Diagrams"}]},{"reference":"\"A dictionary of slang, jargon & cant embracing English, American, and Anglo-Indian slang, pidgin English, gypsies' jargon and other irregular phraseology\". London, G. Bell. July 2, 1897 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/dictionaryofslan02barrrich","url_text":"\"A dictionary of slang, jargon & cant embracing English, American, and Anglo-Indian slang, pidgin English, gypsies' jargon and other irregular phraseology\""}]},{"reference":"Leland, Charles Godfrey (July 2, 1904). The alternate sex: or, The female intellect in man, and the masculine in woman. Funk & Wagnalls company – via Hathi Trust.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001692776","url_text":"The alternate sex: or, The female intellect in man, and the masculine in woman"}]},{"reference":"Varesano, A.M.J., Angela-Marie (1979). Charles Godfrey Leland: The Eclectic Folklorist. Ph.D Dissertation. University of Pennsylvania.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Parkhill, Thomas (1997). Weaving Ourselves into the Land: Charles Godfrey Leland, \"Indians\" and the Study of Native American Religions. State University of New York Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/weavingourselves0000park","url_text":"Weaving Ourselves into the Land: Charles Godfrey Leland, \"Indians\" and the Study of Native American Religions"}]},{"reference":"Di Fazio, Massimiliano (2003). \"Un esploratore di subculture: Charles Godfrey Leland\", in \"Archaeologiae\" 2,1.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPIFB1
BPIFB1
["1 Superfamily","2 Function","3 References","4 External links","5 Further reading"]
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens BPIFB1IdentifiersAliasesBPIFB1, C20orf114, LPLUNC1, BPI fold containing family B member 1External IDsMGI: 2137431; HomoloGene: 50047; GeneCards: BPIFB1; OMA:BPIFB1 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 20 (human)Band20q11.21Start33,273,480 bpEnd33,309,871 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 2 (mouse)Band2|2 H1Start154,032,738 bpEnd154,062,289 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inbronchusbronchial epithelial celltracheaolfactory zone of nasal mucosanasal epitheliummucosa of paranasal sinusparotid glandepithelium of nasopharynxminor salivary glandsmucosa of pharynxTop expressed inepithelium of stomachmucous cell of stomachtrachearight lungright lung lobeolfactory epitheliumlumbar spinal ganglionexternal carotid arterysexually immature organisminternal carotid arteryMore reference expression dataBioGPSn/aGene ontologyMolecular function lipid binding molecular function Cellular component extracellular exosome extracellular region extracellular space Biological process innate immune response in mucosa innate immune response negative regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway immune system process antimicrobial humoral response Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez92747228801EnsemblENSG00000125999ENSMUSG00000027485UniProtQ8TDL5Q61114RefSeq (mRNA)NM_033197NM_001012392NM_153418RefSeq (protein)NP_149974NP_001012392NP_700467Location (UCSC)Chr 20: 33.27 – 33.31 MbChr 2: 154.03 – 154.06 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse BPI fold-containing family B member 1 (BPIFB1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BPIFB1 gene. BPIFB1 is a secreted protein, expressed at very high levels in mucosa of the airways (respiratory and olfactory epithelium) and salivary glands, and at moderate levels in the digestive tract (tongue, stomach, intestinal epithelium) and pancreas. Superfamily BPIFB1 is a member of a BPI fold protein superfamily defined by the presence of the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein fold (BPI fold) which is formed by two similar domains in a "boomerang" shape. This superfamily is also known as the BPI/LBP/PLUNC family or the BPI/LPB/CETP family. The BPI fold creates apolar binding pockets that can interact with hydrophobic and amphipathic molecules, such as the acyl carbon chains of lipopolysaccharide found on Gram-negative bacteria, but members of this family may have many other functions. BPIFB1 is a member of the BPI-fold gene family and the BPI/LBP/PLUNC protein superfamily Genes for the BPI/LBP/PLUNC superfamily are found in all vertebrate species, including distant homologs in non-vertebrate species such as insects, mollusks, and roundworms. Within that broad grouping is the BPIF gene family whose members encode the BPI fold structural motif and are found clustered on a single chromosome, e.g., Chromosome 20 in humans, Chromosome 2 in mouse, Chromosome 3 in rat, Chromosome 17 in pig, Chromosome 13 in cow. The BPIF gene family is split into two groupings, BPIFA and BPIFB. In humans, BIPFA consists of 3 protein encoding genes BPIFA1, BPIFA2, BPIFA3, and 1 pseudogene BPIFA4P; while BPIFB consists of 5 protein encoding genes BPIFB1, BPIFB2, BPIFB3, BPIFB4, BPIFB6 and 2 pseudogenes BPIFB5P, BPIFB9P. What appears as pseudogenes in humans may appear as fully functional genes in other species. BPIFB1 was also identified as the LPLUNC1 gene (long-palate lung and nasal epithelium clone 1) in mouse, but subsequently PLUNC proteins were classified as a subfamily of the BPI fold superfamily. In a systematic analysis of the chicken genome, the Lplunc1(Bpifb1) / Lplunc5(Bpifb5) branch of the gene family was determined to be absent, therefore BPIFB1 and BPIFB5 proteins likely arose only after the speciation of mammals. Function In mammals, the BPIFB1 protein is involved in the innate immune response to bacterial exposure in the mucosa of the mouth, nasal cavities, lungs, and digestive tract. It has a role in sensing and responding to Gram-negative bacteria and contributes to anti-bacterial activity. In humans it is abnormally expressed in a respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma. It is also differentially in tumors such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), gastric cancer, salivary gland tumors, and lung cancer therefore BPIFB1 has been considered to be a therapeutic target for these conditions. For example, BPIFB1 expression is suppressed in NPC but when the gene is over-expressed in cell cultures and in mice, tumor cell migration and invasion (metastases) is reduced. References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000125999 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000027485 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Entrez Gene: BPI fold containing family B, member 1". ^ "Gene : BPIFB1 - ENSG00000125999". bgee.org. The Bgee suite: integrated curated expression atlas and comparative transcriptomics in animals. Retrieved 15 February 2023. ^ Beamer LJ, Carroll SF, Eisenberg D (April 1998). "The BPI/LBP family of proteins: a structural analysis of conserved regions". Protein Science. 7 (4): 906–914. doi:10.1002/pro.5560070408. PMC 2143972. PMID 9568897. ^ "CDD Conserved Protein Domain Family: BPI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. ^ Beamer LJ, Fischer D, Eisenberg D (July 1998). "Detecting distant relatives of mammalian LPS-binding and lipid transport proteins". Protein Science. 7 (7): 1643–1646. doi:10.1002/pro.5560070721. PMC 2144061. PMID 9684900. ^ a b Bingle CD, Seal RL, Craven CJ (August 2011). "Systematic nomenclature for the PLUNC/PSP/BSP30/SMGB proteins as a subfamily of the BPI fold-containing superfamily". Biochemical Society Transactions. 39 (4): 977–983. doi:10.1042/BST0390977. PMC 3196848. PMID 21787333. ^ Hou J, Yashiro K, Okazaki Y, Saijoh Y, Hayashizaki Y, Hamada H (February 2004). "Identification of a novel left-right asymmetrically expressed gene in the mouse belonging to the BPI/PLUNC superfamily". Developmental Dynamics. 229 (2): 373–379. doi:10.1002/dvdy.10450. PMID 14745963. S2CID 21625082. ^ Chiang SC, Veldhuizen EJ, Barnes FA, Craven CJ, Haagsman HP, Bingle CD (March 2011). "Identification and characterisation of the BPI/LBP/PLUNC-like gene repertoire in chickens reveals the absence of a LBP gene". Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 35 (3): 285–295. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2010.09.013. PMC 3253384. PMID 20959152. ^ a b Li J, Xu P, Wang L, Feng M, Chen D, Yu X, Lu Y (May 2020). "Molecular biology of BPIFB1 and its advances in disease". Annals of Translational Medicine. 8 (10): 651. doi:10.21037/atm-20-3462. PMC 7290611. PMID 32566588. ^ Wei F, Wu Y, Tang L, He Y, Shi L, Xiong F, et al. (January 2018). "BPIFB1 (LPLUNC1) inhibits migration and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by interacting with VTN and VIM". British Journal of Cancer. 118 (2): 233–247. doi:10.1038/bjc.2017.385. PMC 5785741. PMID 29123267. External links Human BPIFB1 genome location and BPIFB1 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. Further reading Larocque RC, Sabeti P, Duggal P, Chowdhury F, Khan AI, Lebrun LM, et al. (April 2009). "A variant in long palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone 1 is associated with cholera in a Bangladeshi population". Genes and Immunity. 10 (3): 267–272. doi:10.1038/gene.2009.2. PMC 2672110. PMID 19212328. Zhang B, Nie X, Xiao B, Xiang J, Shen S, Gong J, et al. (September 2003). "Identification of tissue-specific genes in nasopharyngeal epithelial tissue and differentially expressed genes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by suppression subtractive hybridization and cDNA microarray". Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. 38 (1): 80–90. doi:10.1002/gcc.10247. PMID 12874788. S2CID 24805514. Bingle CD, Seal RL, Craven CJ (August 2011). "Systematic nomenclature for the PLUNC/PSP/BSP30/SMGB proteins as a subfamily of the BPI fold-containing superfamily". Biochemical Society Transactions. 39 (4): 977–983. doi:10.1042/BST0390977. PMC 3196848. PMID 21787333. Bingle CD, Craven CJ (April 2002). "PLUNC: a novel family of candidate host defence proteins expressed in the upper airways and nasopharynx". Human Molecular Genetics. 11 (8): 937–943. doi:10.1093/hmg/11.8.937. PMID 11971875. Bingle CD, Wilson K, Lunn H, Barnes FA, High AS, Wallace WA, et al. (May 2010). "Human LPLUNC1 is a secreted product of goblet cells and minor glands of the respiratory and upper aerodigestive tracts". Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 133 (5): 505–515. doi:10.1007/s00418-010-0683-0. PMC 2852594. PMID 20237794. Bingle L, Wilson K, Musa M, Araujo B, Rassl D, Wallace WA, et al. (November 2012). "BPIFB1 (LPLUNC1) is upregulated in cystic fibrosis lung disease". Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 138 (5): 749–758. doi:10.1007/s00418-012-0990-8. PMC 3470695. PMID 22767025. Shin OS, Uddin T, Citorik R, Wang JP, Della Pelle P, Kradin RL, et al. (November 2011). "LPLUNC1 modulates innate immune responses to Vibrio cholerae". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 204 (9): 1349–1357. doi:10.1093/infdis/jir544. PMC 3182310. PMID 21900486. This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
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The BPIF gene family is split into two groupings, BPIFA and BPIFB. In humans, BIPFA consists of 3 protein encoding genes BPIFA1, BPIFA2, BPIFA3, and 1 pseudogene BPIFA4P; while BPIFB consists of 5 protein encoding genes BPIFB1, BPIFB2, BPIFB3, BPIFB4, BPIFB6 and 2 pseudogenes BPIFB5P, BPIFB9P. What appears as pseudogenes in humans may appear as fully functional genes in other species.BPIFB1 was also identified as the LPLUNC1 gene (long-palate lung and nasal epithelium clone 1) in mouse,[11] but subsequently PLUNC proteins were classified as a subfamily of the BPI fold superfamily.[10] In a systematic analysis of the chicken genome, the Lplunc1(Bpifb1) / Lplunc5(Bpifb5) branch of the gene family was determined to be absent, therefore BPIFB1 and BPIFB5 proteins likely arose only after the speciation of mammals.[12]","title":"Superfamily"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mucosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucous_membrane"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Li-2020-13"},{"link_name":"cystic fibrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis"},{"link_name":"chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease"},{"link_name":"asthma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Li-2020-13"},{"link_name":"nasopharyngeal carcinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma"},{"link_name":"gastric cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach_cancer"},{"link_name":"lung cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In mammals, the BPIFB1 protein is involved in the innate immune response to bacterial exposure in the mucosa of the mouth, nasal cavities, lungs, and digestive tract.[13] It has a role in sensing and responding to Gram-negative bacteria and contributes to anti-bacterial activity.In humans it is abnormally expressed in a respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma.[13] It is also differentially in tumors such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), gastric cancer, salivary gland tumors, and lung cancer therefore BPIFB1 has been considered to be a therapeutic target for these conditions. For example, BPIFB1 expression is suppressed in NPC but when the gene is over-expressed in cell cultures and in mice, tumor cell migration and invasion (metastases) is reduced.[14]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"A variant in long palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone 1 is associated with cholera in a Bangladeshi 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nomenclature for the PLUNC/PSP/BSP30/SMGB proteins as a subfamily of the BPI fold-containing superfamily\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3196848"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1042/BST0390977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1042%2FBST0390977"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3196848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3196848"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21787333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21787333"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/hmg/11.8.937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F11.8.937"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11971875","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11971875"},{"link_name":"\"Human LPLUNC1 is a secreted product of goblet cells and minor glands of the respiratory and upper aerodigestive tracts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2852594"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s00418-010-0683-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00418-010-0683-0"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2852594","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2852594"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20237794","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20237794"},{"link_name":"\"BPIFB1 (LPLUNC1) is upregulated in cystic fibrosis lung disease\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470695"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s00418-012-0990-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00418-012-0990-8"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3470695","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470695"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"22767025","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22767025"},{"link_name":"\"LPLUNC1 modulates innate immune responses to Vibrio cholerae\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182310"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/infdis/jir544","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Finfdis%2Fjir544"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3182310","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182310"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21900486","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21900486"},{"link_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"}],"text":"Larocque RC, Sabeti P, Duggal P, Chowdhury F, Khan AI, Lebrun LM, et al. (April 2009). \"A variant in long palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone 1 is associated with cholera in a Bangladeshi population\". Genes and Immunity. 10 (3): 267–272. doi:10.1038/gene.2009.2. PMC 2672110. PMID 19212328.\nZhang B, Nie X, Xiao B, Xiang J, Shen S, Gong J, et al. (September 2003). \"Identification of tissue-specific genes in nasopharyngeal epithelial tissue and differentially expressed genes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by suppression subtractive hybridization and cDNA microarray\". Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. 38 (1): 80–90. doi:10.1002/gcc.10247. PMID 12874788. S2CID 24805514.\nBingle CD, Seal RL, Craven CJ (August 2011). \"Systematic nomenclature for the PLUNC/PSP/BSP30/SMGB proteins as a subfamily of the BPI fold-containing superfamily\". Biochemical Society Transactions. 39 (4): 977–983. doi:10.1042/BST0390977. PMC 3196848. PMID 21787333.\nBingle CD, Craven CJ (April 2002). \"PLUNC: a novel family of candidate host defence proteins expressed in the upper airways and nasopharynx\". Human Molecular Genetics. 11 (8): 937–943. doi:10.1093/hmg/11.8.937. PMID 11971875.\nBingle CD, Wilson K, Lunn H, Barnes FA, High AS, Wallace WA, et al. (May 2010). \"Human LPLUNC1 is a secreted product of goblet cells and minor glands of the respiratory and upper aerodigestive tracts\". Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 133 (5): 505–515. doi:10.1007/s00418-010-0683-0. PMC 2852594. PMID 20237794.\nBingle L, Wilson K, Musa M, Araujo B, Rassl D, Wallace WA, et al. (November 2012). \"BPIFB1 (LPLUNC1) is upregulated in cystic fibrosis lung disease\". Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 138 (5): 749–758. doi:10.1007/s00418-012-0990-8. PMC 3470695. PMID 22767025.\nShin OS, Uddin T, Citorik R, Wang JP, Della Pelle P, Kradin RL, et al. (November 2011). \"LPLUNC1 modulates innate immune responses to Vibrio cholerae\". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 204 (9): 1349–1357. doi:10.1093/infdis/jir544. PMC 3182310. PMID 21900486.This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"BPIFB1 is a member of the BPI-fold gene family and the BPI/LBP/PLUNC protein superfamily","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/BPIFfamily-BPIFB1.png/220px-BPIFfamily-BPIFB1.png"}]
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Retrieved 15 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000125999/","url_text":"\"Gene : BPIFB1 - ENSG00000125999\""}]},{"reference":"Beamer LJ, Carroll SF, Eisenberg D (April 1998). \"The BPI/LBP family of proteins: a structural analysis of conserved regions\". Protein Science. 7 (4): 906–914. doi:10.1002/pro.5560070408. PMC 2143972. 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S2CID 21625082.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fdvdy.10450","url_text":"\"Identification of a novel left-right asymmetrically expressed gene in the mouse belonging to the BPI/PLUNC superfamily\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fdvdy.10450","url_text":"10.1002/dvdy.10450"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14745963","url_text":"14745963"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21625082","url_text":"21625082"}]},{"reference":"Chiang SC, Veldhuizen EJ, Barnes FA, Craven CJ, Haagsman HP, Bingle CD (March 2011). \"Identification and characterisation of the BPI/LBP/PLUNC-like gene repertoire in chickens reveals the absence of a LBP gene\". Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 35 (3): 285–295. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2010.09.013. PMC 3253384. PMID 20959152.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3253384","url_text":"\"Identification and characterisation of the BPI/LBP/PLUNC-like gene repertoire in chickens reveals the absence of a LBP gene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dci.2010.09.013","url_text":"10.1016/j.dci.2010.09.013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3253384","url_text":"3253384"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20959152","url_text":"20959152"}]},{"reference":"Li J, Xu P, Wang L, Feng M, Chen D, Yu X, Lu Y (May 2020). \"Molecular biology of BPIFB1 and its advances in disease\". Annals of Translational Medicine. 8 (10): 651. doi:10.21037/atm-20-3462. PMC 7290611. 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PMID 29123267.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5785741","url_text":"\"BPIFB1 (LPLUNC1) inhibits migration and invasion of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by interacting with VTN and VIM\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fbjc.2017.385","url_text":"10.1038/bjc.2017.385"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5785741","url_text":"5785741"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29123267","url_text":"29123267"}]},{"reference":"Larocque RC, Sabeti P, Duggal P, Chowdhury F, Khan AI, Lebrun LM, et al. (April 2009). \"A variant in long palate, lung and nasal epithelium clone 1 is associated with cholera in a Bangladeshi population\". Genes and Immunity. 10 (3): 267–272. doi:10.1038/gene.2009.2. PMC 2672110. 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PMID 21787333.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3196848","url_text":"\"Systematic nomenclature for the PLUNC/PSP/BSP30/SMGB proteins as a subfamily of the BPI fold-containing superfamily\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1042%2FBST0390977","url_text":"10.1042/BST0390977"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3196848","url_text":"3196848"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21787333","url_text":"21787333"}]},{"reference":"Bingle CD, Craven CJ (April 2002). \"PLUNC: a novel family of candidate host defence proteins expressed in the upper airways and nasopharynx\". Human Molecular Genetics. 11 (8): 937–943. doi:10.1093/hmg/11.8.937. 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PMID 20237794.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2852594","url_text":"\"Human LPLUNC1 is a secreted product of goblet cells and minor glands of the respiratory and upper aerodigestive tracts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00418-010-0683-0","url_text":"10.1007/s00418-010-0683-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2852594","url_text":"2852594"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20237794","url_text":"20237794"}]},{"reference":"Bingle L, Wilson K, Musa M, Araujo B, Rassl D, Wallace WA, et al. (November 2012). \"BPIFB1 (LPLUNC1) is upregulated in cystic fibrosis lung disease\". Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 138 (5): 749–758. doi:10.1007/s00418-012-0990-8. PMC 3470695. PMID 22767025.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470695","url_text":"\"BPIFB1 (LPLUNC1) is upregulated in cystic fibrosis lung disease\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00418-012-0990-8","url_text":"10.1007/s00418-012-0990-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470695","url_text":"3470695"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22767025","url_text":"22767025"}]},{"reference":"Shin OS, Uddin T, Citorik R, Wang JP, Della Pelle P, Kradin RL, et al. (November 2011). \"LPLUNC1 modulates innate immune responses to Vibrio cholerae\". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 204 (9): 1349–1357. doi:10.1093/infdis/jir544. PMC 3182310. PMID 21900486.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182310","url_text":"\"LPLUNC1 modulates innate immune responses to Vibrio cholerae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Finfdis%2Fjir544","url_text":"10.1093/infdis/jir544"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182310","url_text":"3182310"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21900486","url_text":"21900486"}]}]
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population\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fgene.2009.2","external_links_name":"10.1038/gene.2009.2"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672110","external_links_name":"2672110"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19212328","external_links_name":"19212328"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fgcc.10247","external_links_name":"10.1002/gcc.10247"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12874788","external_links_name":"12874788"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24805514","external_links_name":"24805514"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3196848","external_links_name":"\"Systematic nomenclature for the PLUNC/PSP/BSP30/SMGB proteins as a subfamily of the BPI fold-containing superfamily\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1042%2FBST0390977","external_links_name":"10.1042/BST0390977"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3196848","external_links_name":"3196848"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21787333","external_links_name":"21787333"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2F11.8.937","external_links_name":"10.1093/hmg/11.8.937"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11971875","external_links_name":"11971875"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2852594","external_links_name":"\"Human LPLUNC1 is a secreted product of goblet cells and minor glands of the respiratory and upper aerodigestive tracts\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00418-010-0683-0","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00418-010-0683-0"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2852594","external_links_name":"2852594"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20237794","external_links_name":"20237794"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470695","external_links_name":"\"BPIFB1 (LPLUNC1) is upregulated in cystic fibrosis lung disease\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00418-012-0990-8","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00418-012-0990-8"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3470695","external_links_name":"3470695"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22767025","external_links_name":"22767025"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182310","external_links_name":"\"LPLUNC1 modulates innate immune responses to Vibrio cholerae\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Finfdis%2Fjir544","external_links_name":"10.1093/infdis/jir544"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182310","external_links_name":"3182310"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21900486","external_links_name":"21900486"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catocala_nagioides
Catocala nagioides
["1 References","2 External links"]
Species of moth Catocala nagioides Illustration Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Superfamily: Noctuoidea Family: Erebidae Genus: Catocala Species: C. nagioides Binomial name Catocala nagioides(Wileman, 1924) Synonyms Ephesia nagioides Wileman, 1924 Ephesia sancta Catocala sancta Butler, 1885 (preocc. Hulst, 1884) Catocala nagioides is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in Japan and eastern Russia. The wingspan is about 25 mm (0.98 inches). References ^ Yu, Dicky Sick Ki. "Catocala nagioides (Wileman 1924)". Home of Ichneumonoidea. Taxapad. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Catocala nagioides. Wikispecies has information related to Catocala nagioides. Image Species info Taxon identifiersCatocala nagioides Wikidata: Q4258613 Wikispecies: Catocala nagioides BOLD: 86935 CoL: 69FL4 EoL: 548238 GBIF: 1797358 iNaturalist: 918805 IRMNG: 10309355 LepIndex: 277518 NCBI: 423512 Open Tree of Life: 650237 This Catocalini article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Yu, Dicky Sick Ki. \"Catocala nagioides (Wileman 1924)\". Home of Ichneumonoidea. Taxapad. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160315165605/http://www.taxapad.com/local.php?taxonidLC=85997784","url_text":"\"Catocala nagioides (Wileman 1924)\""},{"url":"http://www.taxapad.com/local.php?taxonidLC=85997784","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Radio_Reader
The Radio Reader
["1 References"]
American radio program Radio show The Radio ReaderCountry of originUnited StatesLanguage(s)EnglishHome stationWKAROriginal release1934 (1934) –March 2016 (2016-03)This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Radio Reader" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Radio Reader is a daily half-hour radio program that was heard on 100 public radio stations in the United States. It was hosted and produced by Dick Estell from 1964 to 2016 and claimed an audience of 1.5 million listeners. Starting after Estell's retirement from Michigan State University in 1986, the show was recorded and produced in his home studio in Haslett, Michigan, near East Lansing. The program actually dated back to 1934 and was initially called The Radio Reading Circle at WKAR, Michigan State's public radio station. Broadcasts were 15 minutes and had no regular reader. Station manager Robert Coleman became the first regular reader and changed the name to its current one. Larry Frymire became the regular reader in 1944, and continued until he retired and was succeeded by Estell, hired by WKAR in 1952. Until the Estell era, it was heard only in Michigan markets and read an array of books ranging from classics such as Pride and Prejudice to modern works. With permission from authors, Estell only read recently released books, often selecting best-sellers. The shows began with a minimal introduction and brief summary of the book so far and the previous day's reading, transitioning into the direct reading of a portion of the book. As of May 2006, he had read over 500 books over the air. About 12 books were read each year. The show was first recorded on an Ampex 601, a practice that continued into the 1980s. The recordings were mailed by WKAR in Michigan to other stations for broadcast. In 1979 NPR stations became connected by satellite, and the show began to be distributed that way. Until the mid-1990s the show was recorded onto reel-to-reel tape, but as that became obsolete the switch was made to Digital Audio Tape and then Mini-Discs. In 2006, the recordings began to be distributed by FTP and e-mail and via streaming over the internet by certain radio stations. Due to failing health, Estell's final broadcast was in March 2016. He died two months later. References ^ a b c HILLINGER, CHARLES (5 February 1989). "'Radio Reader' Leaves 'Em Enthralled". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 22 October 2020. ^ "The History of WKAR Public Media". Archives @ MSU. Retrieved 22 October 2020. ^ Former Radio Reader on WKAR, Dick Estell, dies Lansing State Journal. May 6, 2016.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Podchlebnik
Mordechaï Podchlebnik
["1 Life","2 References","3 External links"]
Holocaust survivor Michał Podchlebnik in May 1945 Mordechaï Podchlebnik or Michał Podchlebnik (1907 – 1985) was a Polish Jew who managed to survive the Holocaust. He was a member of the Sonderkommando work detail for nearly two weeks at the Chełmno extermination camp in occupied Poland. Podchlebnik was one of at least three prisoners who escaped into the surrounding forest from the mass burial zone. Life He was born to a family of Jacob Podchlebnik and Sosia (Zosia) née Widawska from Koło, known also by the Polish equivalent of his first name, Michał. He witnessed the deportation of his father, mother, sister with her five children, and brother with his own wife and three children. Podchlebnik became a key witness in 1945 at the Chełmno Trials of the former SS men from the SS Special Detachment Kulmhof. Decades later in 1961 he gave testimony at the Eichmann trial in Jerusalem. Podchlebnik was also interviewed by Claude Lanzmann for the documentary film Shoah. References ^ Polen: Generalgouvernement August 1941 – 1945 (in German). Vol. 9. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 2014-01-01. p. 227. ISBN 978-3486735987. ^ a b "Museum of the former Extermination Camp in Chełmno-on-Ner". Archived from the original on 2012-09-03. Retrieved 2010-02-08. ^ Michal Podchlebnik, 1945 Chelmno Survivor Testimony. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team, 2008. See also: Mordechai (Michael) Podchlebnik Archived 2013-08-26 at the Wayback Machine at Steven Spielberg Archive. ^ Patrick Montague (Mar 15, 2012). Epilogue (Judge Władysław Bednarz). Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0807869413. Retrieved 2013-05-14. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ Yad Vashem "Diaries", footnote 12 ^ According to Yad Vashem Diaries the Grojanowski Report is available at the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw (copy in YVA, JM/2713), and it was also translated into Hebrew by Elisheva Shaul, "Taking of Testimony from the Forced Undertaker Jakob Grojanowski, Izbice-Kolo-Chelmno," Yalkut Moreshet 35 (April 1983), pp. 101-122. ^ Shoah outtake footage at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum External links Mordechai (Michael) Podchlebnik - Chelmno at United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) This Polish biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodfellas_(disambiguation)
Goodfellas (disambiguation)
[]
Goodfellas (stylized as GoodFellas) is a 1990 crime drama film directed by Martin Scorsese. Goodfellas may also refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Goodfellas (504 Boyz album), 2000 Goodfellas (Show and A.G. album), 1995 Goodfellas (soundtrack), the soundtrack to Scorsese's 1990 film Brands and enterprises Goodfella's, Irish frozen pizza brand Goodfellas, international sales company formerly known as Wild Bunch International Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Goodfellas.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Grignon
Augustin Grignon
["1 References"]
Augustin Grignon (June 27, 1780 – October 2, 1860) was a fur trader and general entrepreneur in the Fox River Valley in territorial Wisconsin, surviving into its early years of statehood. He was born in Green Bay, the third of nine children of Pierre Grignon Sr., and Domitelle Langlade Grignon. (His father also had three children by an earlier marriage.) His maternal grandfather was Métis Charles Langlade, widely considered to be the "father of Wisconsin." At the age of 25, he married Nancy McCrea, daughter of a Montreal fur trader and a Menominee woman. They had six children. He ran his father's store in Green Bay with his brother, Pierre Jr., from the time of his father's death in 1795 until 1805 when he moved to property his wife inherited near Kaukauna. He continued in general trade, farmed, and built a flourmill and gristmill in 1821. In 1832, he was granted the first private property in Columbia County, at strategic Fort Winnebago. In 1834 he went into semi-retirement, engaging in the fur trade at Butte des Morts. He died on October 2, 1860 at Butte des Morts. References ^ Grignon, Augustin. "Seventy-two years' recollections of Wisconsin." Wisconsin Historical Collections (Madison, Wis.: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1857), vol. 3, p. 243 (footnote by Lyman C. Draper). Available on line at "Turning Points in Wisconsin History".. ^ Grignon, p. 196 (introductory remarks by Draper). ^ Turner, Andrew Jackson The family tree of Columbia County (Portage, Wis.: Press of the Wisconsin State Register, 1904), pp. 67-69. ^ "Dictionary of Wisconsin History". 3 August 2012.. ^ a b "Death of an Old Pioneer of Wisconsin". Janesville Daily Gazette. October 18, 1860. p. 3. Retrieved March 25, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "County Historical Society to Make 1935 Pilgrimage". Oshkosh Daily Northwestern. June 13, 1935. p. 7. Retrieved March 25, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC This article about an American businessperson born in the 1780s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_Exposure_Compensation_Act
Radiation Exposure Compensation Act
["1 Origins, 1979","2 Implementation, 1990","3 Exclusion","4 Compensation","4.1 Eligibility","5 Amendments and expiration","6 Status of claims","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
US law Radiation Exposure Compensation ActLong titleAn Act to provide jurisdiction and procedures for claims for compassionate payments for injuries due to exposure to radiation from nuclear testing.Acronyms (colloquial)RECANicknamesRadiation Exposure Compensation Act of 1990Enacted bythe 101st United States CongressEffectiveOctober 15, 1990CitationsPublic law101-426Statutes at Large104 Stat. 920CodificationTitles amended42 U.S.C.: Public Health and Social WelfareU.S.C. sections amended42 U.S.C. ch. 23 § 2210 et seq.Legislative historyIntroduced in the House as H.R. 2372 by Wayne Owens (D–UT) on May 16, 1989Committee consideration by House JudiciaryPassed the House on June 5, 1990 (agreed voice vote)Passed the Senate on August 1, 1990 (passed voice vote) with amendmentHouse agreed to Senate amendment on September 27, 1990 (agreed voice vote)Signed into law by President George H.W. Bush on October 15, 1990 Areas covered by the Radiation Exposure Compensation Program The United States Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) is a federal statute implemented in 1990, set to expire in July 2024, providing for the monetary compensation of people, including atomic veterans, who contracted cancer and a number of other specified diseases as a direct result of their exposure to atmospheric nuclear testing undertaken by the United States during the Cold War as residents, or their exposure to radon gas and other radioactive isotopes while undertaking uranium mining, milling or the transportation of ore. The Act has been providing the following remunerations, unchanged since 1990 despite inflation: $50,000 to individuals residing or working "downwind" of the Nevada Test Site $75,000 for workers participating in atmospheric nuclear weapons tests $100,000 for uranium miners, millers, and ore transporters In all cases there are additional requirements which must be satisfied (proof of exposure, establishment of duration of employment, establishment of certain medical conditions, etc.). In 2022, the law was to expire, and President Joe Biden extended the filing deadline for another two years. Origins, 1979 Attempts to enact the legislation can be traced back to the late 1970s. In its fifth draft, a Bill entitled Radiation Exposure Compensation Act of 1979 was sponsored by Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts. The Bill intended to make compensation available to persons exposed to fallout from nuclear weapons testing and for living uranium miners (or their survivors) who had worked in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona between 1 January 1947 and 31 December 1961. The Bill proposed to pay compensation to persons who lived within prescribed areas for at least a year, to persons who "died from, has or has had, leukaemia, thyroid cancer, bone cancer or any other cancer identified by an advisory board on the health effects of radiation and uranium exposure". Fallout areas listed by the bill included counties in Utah and Nevada: Utah counties included Millard, Sevier, Beaver, Iron, Washington, Kane, Garfiend, Piute, Wayne, San Juan, Grand, Carbon, Emery, Duchesne, Uintah, San Pete and Juab. Nevada's "affected areas" were listed as the counties of White Pine, Nye, Lander, Lincoln and Eureka. The Bill as drafted, would have also compensated ranchers whose sheep died following nuclear weapons tests "Harry" (13 May 1959) and "Nancy" (24 May 1953). Ten years later, Wayne Owens (D–UT introduced H.R. 2372, which added uranium miners who worked in Wyoming to the list, and extended the eligible date rate for employed miners to between 1947 and 1971. Implementation, 1990 Twelve years transpired before the bill was finally enacted. The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act was passed by Congress on October 5, 1990, and signed into law by President George H. W. Bush on October 15, 1990. In the successful bill it was written that Congress "apologizes on behalf of the nation" to individuals who were "involuntarily subjected to increased risk of injury and disease to serve the national security interests of the United States." In some cases, it proved to be extremely difficult for people to receive their compensation, including cases filed by widows of uranium miners. Because many uranium miners were Native Americans, they did not have standard marriage licenses required to establish a legal connection to the deceased. In 1999, revisions were published in the Federal Register to assist in making award claims. Many mine workers and their families found the paperwork difficult and qualifications narrow and were declined compensation. Exclusion People living in the surrounding area near Trinity (the first nuclear test) site in New Mexico were, unlike the Nevada test site, unaware of the project and not included in the 1990 Radiation Exposure Compensation Act support for affected downwinders. Compensation The Act provides the following remunerations, as of 2023, unchanged since 1990 despite inflation: $50,000 to individuals residing or working "downwind" of the Nevada Test Site $75,000 for workers participating in atmospheric nuclear weapons tests $100,000 for uranium miners, millers, and ore transporters Eligibility In order to be eligible for compensation, an affected uranium industry worker must have developed lung cancer, fibrosis of the lung, pulmonary fibrosis, cor pulmonale related to fibrosis of the lung, silicosis or pneumoconiosis following their employment. In the case of uranium mill workers and ore transporters, renal cancer and chronic renal disease are also compensable conditions. Amendments and expiration In 2000, amendments were passed which added two new claimant categories like uranium mill and ore workers, both eligible to receive as much money as uranium miners, added additional geographic regions to the "downwinders" provisions, changed some of the recognized illnesses, and lowered the threshold radiation exposure for uranium miners. In 2002, additional amendments were passed as part of another bill, primarily fixing a number of draftsmanship errors in the previous amendments which had accidentally removed certain geographic areas from the original act and clarified a number of points. In 2019, H.R. 3783 was introduced to extend RECA to 2045, expand downwinder eligibility to include Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Guam, and Colorado, to expand uranium worker eligibility to those who worked after 1971, until 1990, also covering people involved in the cleanup of Enewetak Atoll of the Marshall Islands from 1977-1981, increase the compensation to $150,000 for all claimants, and to allow people exposed to atmospheric testing to receive the same medical benefits as Department of Energy workers, eligible under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program. In 2022, the law was to expire, but President Joe Biden extended the filing deadline for another two years until July 2024. For many years Senator Ben Ray Luján and other members of Congress have attempted to get compensation for those affected by the Trinity test. After the film Oppenheimer brought renewed attention to the test, the United States Senate approved the New Mexico downwinders' inclusion in the RECA amendment. To become law, the bill would also need to be passed by the United States House of Representatives. Status of claims It was initially expected that hundreds of compensation claims would be paid under the Act, a figure which later proved to be a gross underestimate. As of 15 July 2012, 25,804 claims under the act had been approved (with 9,869 denied), expending a total of $1,707,998,044. As of 19 November 2013, 43,068 claims were filed, 11,619 claims were denied, 748 claims were pending and 30,701 were awarded. These numbers did not include the Marshall Islands. As of 2 March 2015, over $2 billion in total compensation had been paid to 32,000 successful claimants under the Act. As of 16 March 2016, successful claims had been awarded to 19,555 downwinders, 3,963 onsite participants, 6,214 uranium miners, 1,673 uranium millers and 328 ore transporters. As of 20 April 2018, 34,372 claims in total had been approved with total compensation paid at $2,243,205,380. As of 12 January 2023, 40,274 claims have been approved with total compensation paid at $2,598,374,306. Successful claims include: 25,663 downwinders, 5,388 onsite participants, 6,896 uranium miners, 1,921 uranium millers and 406 ore transporters. See also Compensation scheme for radiation-linked diseases (United Kingdom) Uranium mining and the Navajo people Nuclear weapons and the United States Pacific Proving Grounds Radium and radon in the environment Uranium mining in the United States Uranium mining debate Anti-nuclear movement in the United States Nuclear labor issues References ^ "S.1865 - Radiation Exposure Compensation Act of 1979". www.congress.gov. The Library of Congress. Retrieved 2017-03-29. ^ "Senators prepare A-bill". Roswell Daily Record. 1979-10-04. Retrieved 2015-05-28 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. "George Bush: "Statement on Signing the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act," October 15, 1990". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara. ^ Hessler, Peter (September 13, 2010). "The Uranium Widows". The New Yorker. No. September 13, 2010. ^ U.S. Government Printing Office, Senate Hearing 108-883. "An Overview of the Radiation Exposure Compensation Program". www.gpo.gov. United States Senate and the U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2 June 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Johnston, Barbara Rose (2007). Half-Lives and Half-Truths: Confronting the Radioactive Legacies of the Cold War. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research. ISBN 978-1-930618-82-4. ^ Dawson, Susan E.; Madsen, Gary, E. (2007). "5". In Johnston, Barbara Rose (ed.). Uranium Mine Workers, Atomic Downwinders, and the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA): The Nuclear Legacy. Santa Fe, NM. ISBN 978-1-930618-82-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "U.S. lawmakers move urgently to recognize survivors of the first atomic bomb test. The 1945 Trinity test produced heat 10,000 times greater than the surface of the sun and spread fallout across the country". National Geographic. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2022. ^ "Radiation Compensation Exposure Act" (PDF). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2006-02-28. Retrieved 2015-12-09. ^ "Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) Geographic Areas". U.S. Department of Justice:Civil Division Compensation Programs. 20 October 2014. ^ Weiss, Benjamin S. "Senate passes bill expanding radiation compensation program". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved 18 April 2024. ^ "U.S. lawmakers move urgently to recognize survivors of the first atomic bomb test". History. 2021-09-21. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ Begay, Mesha (2023-07-30). "Senate approves New Mexico Downwinders' inclusion in RECA amendment". KOB.com. Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ Gorman, Steven J. (1990-10-16). "'Downwinders' to receive compensation in new law". Tyrone Daily Herald. Retrieved 2015-05-28 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) Awards to Date" (PDF). U.S. Department of Justice:Civil Division Compensation Programs. ^ United States Government Federal Department of Justice. "RECA Awards by Place of Residence (State/Country) as of ". Data.gov. RECA - Radiation Exposure Compensation Program. Retrieved 2 June 2015. ^ "Justice Department Surpasses $2 Billion in Awards Under the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act". United States Department of Justice. 2015-03-02. Retrieved 2015-04-11. ^ "Awards to Date 03/17/2016 - CIVIL - Department of Justice". 2016-03-18. Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved 2016-03-18. ^ "Awards to Date 04/19/2018 | CIVIL | Department of Justice". www.justice.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-04-21. Retrieved 2018-04-20. ^ "AWARDS TO DATE 01/13/2023". www.justice.gov. 2023-01-13. Archived from the original on 2023-01-17. Retrieved 2023-01-17. External links Radiation Exposure Compensation Program home page Radiation Exposure Compensation Act as amended (PDF/details) in the GPO Statute Compilations collection Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
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In its fifth draft, a Bill entitled Radiation Exposure Compensation Act of 1979 was sponsored by Senator Ted Kennedy[1] of Massachusetts. The Bill intended to make compensation available to persons exposed to fallout from nuclear weapons testing and for living uranium miners (or their survivors) who had worked in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona between 1 January 1947 and 31 December 1961.The Bill proposed to pay compensation to persons who lived within prescribed areas for at least a year, to persons who \"died from, has or has had, leukaemia, thyroid cancer, bone cancer or any other cancer identified by an advisory board on the health effects of radiation and uranium exposure\".Fallout areas listed by the bill included counties in Utah and Nevada:Utah counties included Millard, Sevier, Beaver, Iron, Washington, Kane, Garfiend, Piute, Wayne, San Juan, Grand, Carbon, Emery, Duchesne, Uintah, San Pete and Juab. \nNevada's \"affected areas\" were listed as the counties of White Pine, Nye, Lander, Lincoln and Eureka. The Bill as drafted, would have also compensated ranchers whose sheep died following nuclear weapons tests \"Harry\" (13 May 1959) and \"Nancy\" (24 May 1953).[2]Ten years later, Wayne Owens (D–UT introduced H.R. 2372, which added uranium miners who worked in Wyoming to the list, and extended the eligible date rate for employed miners to between 1947 and 1971.","title":"Origins, 1979"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Federal Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Register"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Twelve years transpired before the bill was finally enacted. The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act was passed by Congress on October 5, 1990, and signed into law by President George H. W. Bush on October 15, 1990.[3] In the successful bill it was written that Congress \"apologizes on behalf of the nation\" to individuals who were \"involuntarily subjected to increased risk of injury and disease to serve the national security interests of the United States.\"In some cases, it proved to be extremely difficult for people to receive their compensation, including cases filed by widows of uranium miners.[4] Because many uranium miners were Native Americans, they did not have standard marriage licenses required to establish a legal connection to the deceased. In 1999, revisions were published in the Federal Register to assist in making award claims. Many mine workers and their families found the paperwork difficult and qualifications narrow and were declined compensation.[5][6][7]","title":"Implementation, 1990"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trinity (the first nuclear test)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)"},{"link_name":"downwinders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downwinders"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Geographic-8"}],"text":"People living in the surrounding area near Trinity (the first nuclear test) site in New Mexico were, unlike the Nevada test site, unaware of the project and not included in the 1990 Radiation Exposure Compensation Act support for affected downwinders.[8]","title":"Exclusion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"downwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downwinders"},{"link_name":"Nevada Test Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Test_Site"}],"text":"The Act provides the following remunerations, as of 2023, unchanged since 1990 despite inflation:$50,000 to individuals residing or working \"downwind\" of the Nevada Test Site\n$75,000 for workers participating in atmospheric nuclear weapons tests\n$100,000 for uranium miners, millers, and ore transporters","title":"Compensation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lung cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer"},{"link_name":"pulmonary fibrosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis"},{"link_name":"cor pulmonale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_heart_disease"},{"link_name":"silicosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicosis"},{"link_name":"pneumoconiosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumoconiosis"},{"link_name":"renal cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_cancer"},{"link_name":"chronic renal disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Eligibility","text":"In order to be eligible for compensation, an affected uranium industry worker must have developed lung cancer, fibrosis of the lung, pulmonary fibrosis, cor pulmonale related to fibrosis of the lung, silicosis or pneumoconiosis following their employment. In the case of uranium mill workers and ore transporters, renal cancer and chronic renal disease are also compensable conditions.[9]","title":"Compensation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"downwinders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downwinders"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"H.R. 3783","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/3783"},{"link_name":"Enewetak Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enewetak_Atoll"},{"link_name":"Department of Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Energy"},{"link_name":"Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Employees_Occupational_Illness_Compensation_Program"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ben Ray Luján","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Ray_Luj%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Oppenheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppenheimer_(film)"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In 2000, amendments were passed which added two new claimant categories like uranium mill and ore workers, both eligible to receive as much money as uranium miners, added additional geographic regions to the \"downwinders\" provisions, changed some of the recognized illnesses, and lowered the threshold radiation exposure for uranium miners.In 2002, additional amendments were passed as part of another bill, primarily fixing a number of draftsmanship errors in the previous amendments which had accidentally removed certain geographic areas from the original act and clarified a number of points.[10]In 2019, H.R. 3783 was introduced to extend RECA to 2045, expand downwinder eligibility to include Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Guam, and Colorado, to expand uranium worker eligibility to those who worked after 1971, until 1990, also covering people involved in the cleanup of Enewetak Atoll of the Marshall Islands from 1977-1981, increase the compensation to $150,000 for all claimants, and to allow people exposed to atmospheric testing to receive the same medical benefits as Department of Energy workers, eligible under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program.In 2022, the law was to expire, but President Joe Biden extended the filing deadline for another two years until July 2024.[11]For many years Senator Ben Ray Luján and other members of Congress have attempted to get compensation for those affected by the Trinity test. [12] After the film Oppenheimer brought renewed attention to the test, the United States Senate approved the New Mexico downwinders' inclusion in the RECA amendment. To become law, the bill would also need to be passed by the United States House of Representatives.[13]","title":"Amendments and expiration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"It was initially expected that hundreds of compensation claims would be paid under the Act,[14] a figure which later proved to be a gross underestimate.As of 15 July 2012, 25,804 claims under the act had been approved (with 9,869 denied), expending a total of $1,707,998,044.[15]As of 19 November 2013, 43,068 claims were filed, 11,619 claims were denied, 748 claims were pending and 30,701 were awarded. These numbers did not include the Marshall Islands.[16]As of 2 March 2015, over $2 billion in total compensation had been paid to 32,000 successful claimants under the Act.[17]As of 16 March 2016, successful claims had been awarded to 19,555 downwinders, 3,963 onsite participants, 6,214 uranium miners, 1,673 uranium millers and 328 ore transporters.[18]As of 20 April 2018, 34,372 claims in total had been approved with total compensation paid at $2,243,205,380.[19]As of 12 January 2023, 40,274 claims have been approved with total compensation paid at $2,598,374,306. Successful claims include: 25,663 downwinders, 5,388 onsite participants, 6,896 uranium miners, 1,921 uranium millers and 406 ore transporters.[20]","title":"Status of claims"}]
[{"image_text":"Areas covered by the Radiation Exposure Compensation Program","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RECACoveredAreas.jpg/220px-RECACoveredAreas.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Compensation scheme for radiation-linked diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compensation_scheme_for_radiation-linked_diseases"},{"title":"Uranium mining and the Navajo people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_mining_and_the_Navajo_people"},{"title":"Nuclear weapons and the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_States"},{"title":"Pacific Proving Grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Proving_Grounds"},{"title":"Radium and radon in the environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment"},{"title":"Uranium mining in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_mining_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Uranium mining debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_mining_debate"},{"title":"Anti-nuclear movement in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Nuclear labor issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_labor_issues"}]
[{"reference":"\"S.1865 - Radiation Exposure Compensation Act of 1979\". www.congress.gov. The Library of Congress. Retrieved 2017-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/96th-congress/senate-bill/1865","url_text":"\"S.1865 - Radiation Exposure Compensation Act of 1979\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senators prepare A-bill\". Roswell Daily Record. 1979-10-04. Retrieved 2015-05-28 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2456047/senators_prepare_fifth_draft_of/","url_text":"\"Senators prepare A-bill\""}]},{"reference":"Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. \"George Bush: \"Statement on Signing the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act,\" October 15, 1990\". The American Presidency Project. University of California - Santa Barbara.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=18930","url_text":"\"George Bush: \"Statement on Signing the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act,\" October 15, 1990\""}]},{"reference":"Hessler, Peter (September 13, 2010). \"The Uranium Widows\". The New Yorker. No. September 13, 2010.","urls":[]},{"reference":"U.S. Government Printing Office, Senate Hearing 108-883. \"An Overview of the Radiation Exposure Compensation Program\". www.gpo.gov. United States Senate and the U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-108shrg25152/html/CHRG-108shrg25152.htm","url_text":"\"An Overview of the Radiation Exposure Compensation Program\""}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Barbara Rose (2007). Half-Lives and Half-Truths: Confronting the Radioactive Legacies of the Cold War. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research. ISBN 978-1-930618-82-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930618-82-4","url_text":"978-1-930618-82-4"}]},{"reference":"Dawson, Susan E.; Madsen, Gary, E. (2007). \"5\". In Johnston, Barbara Rose (ed.). Uranium Mine Workers, Atomic Downwinders, and the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA): The Nuclear Legacy. Santa Fe, NM. ISBN 978-1-930618-82-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930618-82-4","url_text":"978-1-930618-82-4"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. lawmakers move urgently to recognize survivors of the first atomic bomb test. The 1945 Trinity test produced heat 10,000 times greater than the surface of the sun and spread fallout across the country\". National Geographic. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210921194054/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/lawmakers-move-urgently-to-recognize-survivors-of-the-first-atomic-bomb-test","url_text":"\"U.S. lawmakers move urgently to recognize survivors of the first atomic bomb test. The 1945 Trinity test produced heat 10,000 times greater than the surface of the sun and spread fallout across the country\""},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/lawmakers-move-urgently-to-recognize-survivors-of-the-first-atomic-bomb-test","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Radiation Compensation Exposure Act\" (PDF). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2006-02-28. Retrieved 2015-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/pgms/worknotify/pdfs/RECA.pdf","url_text":"\"Radiation Compensation Exposure Act\""}]},{"reference":"\"Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) Geographic Areas\". U.S. Department of Justice:Civil Division Compensation Programs. 20 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/civil/common/reca.html","url_text":"\"Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) Geographic Areas\""}]},{"reference":"Weiss, Benjamin S. \"Senate passes bill expanding radiation compensation program\". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved 18 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.courthousenews.com/senate-passes-bill-expanding-radiation-compensation-program/","url_text":"\"Senate passes bill expanding radiation compensation program\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. lawmakers move urgently to recognize survivors of the first atomic bomb test\". History. 2021-09-21. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved 2023-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210921194054/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/lawmakers-move-urgently-to-recognize-survivors-of-the-first-atomic-bomb-test","url_text":"\"U.S. lawmakers move urgently to recognize survivors of the first atomic bomb test\""},{"url":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/lawmakers-move-urgently-to-recognize-survivors-of-the-first-atomic-bomb-test","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Begay, Mesha (2023-07-30). \"Senate approves New Mexico Downwinders' inclusion in RECA amendment\". KOB.com. Retrieved 2023-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kob.com/new-mexico/senate-approves-new-mexico-downwinders-inclusion-in-reca-amendment/","url_text":"\"Senate approves New Mexico Downwinders' inclusion in RECA amendment\""}]},{"reference":"Gorman, Steven J. (1990-10-16). \"'Downwinders' to receive compensation in new law\". Tyrone Daily Herald. Retrieved 2015-05-28 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2500537/radiation_exposure_compensation_act_is/","url_text":"\"'Downwinders' to receive compensation in new law\""}]},{"reference":"\"Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) Awards to Date\" (PDF). U.S. Department of Justice:Civil Division Compensation Programs.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/civil/omp/omi/Tre_SysClaimsToDateSum.pdf","url_text":"\"Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) Awards to Date\""}]},{"reference":"United States Government Federal Department of Justice. \"RECA Awards by Place of Residence (State/Country) as of [date]\". Data.gov. RECA - Radiation Exposure Compensation Program. Retrieved 2 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/reca-awards-by-place-of-residence-state-country-as-of-date","url_text":"\"RECA Awards by Place of Residence (State/Country) as of [date]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Justice Department Surpasses $2 Billion in Awards Under the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act\". United States Department of Justice. 2015-03-02. Retrieved 2015-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-surpasses-2-billion-awards-under-radiation-exposure-compensation-act","url_text":"\"Justice Department Surpasses $2 Billion in Awards Under the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act\""}]},{"reference":"\"Awards to Date 03/17/2016 - CIVIL - Department of Justice\". 2016-03-18. Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved 2016-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160318033248/https://www.justice.gov/civil/awards-date-03172016","url_text":"\"Awards to Date 03/17/2016 - CIVIL - Department of Justice\""},{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/civil/awards-date-03172016","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Awards to Date 04/19/2018 | CIVIL | Department of Justice\". www.justice.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-04-21. Retrieved 2018-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180421030451/https://www.justice.gov/civil/awards-date-04192018","url_text":"\"Awards to Date 04/19/2018 | CIVIL | Department of Justice\""},{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/civil/awards-date-04192018","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AWARDS TO DATE 01/13/2023\". www.justice.gov. 2023-01-13. Archived from the original on 2023-01-17. Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230117051652/https://www.justice.gov/civil/awards-date-01132023","url_text":"\"AWARDS TO DATE 01/13/2023\""},{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/civil/awards-date-01132023","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gernon_Bushes
Gernon Bushes
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 51°42′22″N 0°08′17″E / 51.706°N 0.138°E / 51.706; 0.138 Gernon BushesTypeNature reserveLocationEpping, EssexOS gridTL 478 030Area32 hectaresManaged byEssex Wildlife Trust Gernon Bushes is a 32 hectare nature reserve north-east of Epping in Essex. It is managed by the Essex Wildlife Trust. It is part of the Epping Forest Site of Special Scientific Interest and Nature Conservation Review site. This site is ancient coppice, with old hornbeam pollards, and many ponds which were formerly created for gravel extraction. There are areas of marsh with large patches of the unusual marsh fern, and other plants include marsh marigold and ragged robin. There is access to the site from Coopersale village. References ^ a b c "Gernon Bushes". Essex Wildlife Trust. Retrieved 3 November 2016. ^ "Epping Forest citation" (PDF). Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Natural England. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2016. ^ Ratcliffe, Derek (1977). A Nature Conservation Review. Vol. 2. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 60–61. ISBN 0521-21403-3. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gernon Bushes Nature Reserve. vteEssex Wildlife TrustBasildon Langdon Nature Reserve Braintree Brookes Nature Reserve Brentwood Thorndon Countryside Centre Warley Place Castle Point Little Haven Pound Wood Tile Wood Chelmsford Crowsheath Wood Danbury Ridge Hanningfield Reservoir Little Waltham Meadows Newland Grove Phyllis Currie Sandylay and Moat Woods Shotgate Thickets Thrift Wood Woodham Fen Colchester Abberton Reservoir Abbotts Hall Farm Fingringhoe Wick Iron Latch Lexden Gathering Grounds Roman River Valley Sergeants Orchard Tiptree Heath Westhouse Wood Epping Forest Gernon Bushes Roding Valley Meadows Harlow Hunsdon Mead Havering Bedfords Park Cranham Marsh Ingrebourne Valley Maldon Blue House Farm Bradwell Shell Bank Chigborough Lakes Maldon Wick Oxley Meadow Shut Heath Wood Stow Maries Halt Tollesbury Wick Rochford Lion Creek and Lower Raypits Southend-on-Sea Belfairs Gunners Park and Shoebury Ranges Two Tree Island Tendring Cockaynes Wood Colne Point Copperas Wood Great Holland Pits Howlands Marsh John Weston Nature Reserve The Naze Oakfield Wood Skipper's Island Wrabness Thurrock Grove House Wood Linford Wood Chafford Gorges Nature Park Fobbing Marsh Horndon Meadow Stanford Warren Thurrock Thameside Nature Park Uttlesford Aubrey Buxton Rushy Mead Sawbridgeworth Marsh Shadwell Wood Weeleyhall Wood West Wood 51°42′22″N 0°08′17″E / 51.706°N 0.138°E / 51.706; 0.138
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Epping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epping,_Essex"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"Essex Wildlife Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_Wildlife_Trust"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EWT-1"},{"link_name":"Epping Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epping_Forest"},{"link_name":"Site of Special Scientific Interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nature Conservation Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Conservation_Review"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"hornbeam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbeam"},{"link_name":"marsh fern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_fern"},{"link_name":"marsh marigold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_marigold"},{"link_name":"ragged robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragged_robin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EWT-1"},{"link_name":"Coopersale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coopersale"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EWT-1"}],"text":"Gernon Bushes is a 32 hectare nature reserve north-east of Epping in Essex. It is managed by the Essex Wildlife Trust.[1] It is part of the Epping Forest Site of Special Scientific Interest[2] and Nature Conservation Review site.[3]This site is ancient coppice, with old hornbeam pollards, and many ponds which were formerly created for gravel extraction. There are areas of marsh with large patches of the unusual marsh fern, and other plants include marsh marigold and ragged robin.[1]There is access to the site from Coopersale village.[1]","title":"Gernon Bushes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes%27_arc_measurement
Eratosthenes
["1 Life","2 Scholarly career","2.1 Measurement of Earth's circumference","2.2 Geography","2.3 Achievements","2.4 Number theory","3 Works","3.1 Titles","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Greek mathematician, geographer, poet (c. 276 – c. 195/194 BC) This article is about the Greek scholar of the third century BC. For other uses, see Eratosthenes (disambiguation). EratosthenesEtching of an ancient seal identified as Eratosthenes. Philipp Daniel Lippert , Dactyliothec, 1767.Born276 BCCyrene (in modern Libya)Died194 BC (around age 82)AlexandriaOccupationsScholarLibrarianPoetInventorKnown forSieve of EratosthenesFounder of Geography Eratosthenes of Cyrene (/ɛrəˈtɒsθəniːz/; Greek: Ἐρατοσθένης ; c. 276 BC – c. 195/194 BC) was a Greek polymath: a mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist. He was a man of learning, becoming the chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria. His work is comparable to what is now known as the study of geography, and he introduced some of the terminology still used today. He is best known for being the first person known to calculate the circumference of the Earth, which he did by using the extensive survey results he could access in his role at the Library. His calculation was remarkably accurate. He was also the first to calculate Earth's axial tilt, which has also proved to have remarkable accuracy. He created the first global projection of the world, incorporating parallels and meridians based on the available geographic knowledge of his era. Eratosthenes was the founder of scientific chronology; he used Egyptian and Persian records to estimate the dates of the main events of the Trojan War, dating the sack of Troy to 1183 BC. In number theory, he introduced the sieve of Eratosthenes, an efficient method of identifying prime numbers and composite numbers. He was a figure of influence in many fields who yearned to understand the complexities of the entire world. His devotees nicknamed him Pentathlos after the Olympians who were well rounded competitors, for he had proven himself to be knowledgeable in every area of learning. Yet, according to an entry in the Suda (a 10th-century encyclopedia), some critics scorned him, calling him Number 2 because he always came in second in all his endeavours. Life The son of Aglaos, Eratosthenes was born in 276 BC in Cyrene. Now part of modern-day Libya, Cyrene had been founded by Greeks centuries earlier and became the capital of Pentapolis (North Africa), a country of five cities: Cyrene, Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemias, and Apollonia. Alexander the Great conquered Cyrene in 332 BC, and following his death in 323 BC, its rule was given to one of his generals, Ptolemy I Soter, the founder of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Under Ptolemaic rule the economy prospered, based largely on the export of horses and silphium, a plant used for rich seasoning and medicine. Cyrene became a place of cultivation, where knowledge blossomed. Like any young Greek at the time, Eratosthenes would have studied in the local gymnasium, where he would have learned physical skills and social discourse as well as reading, writing, arithmetic, poetry, and music. Eratosthenes teaching in Alexandria by Bernardo Strozzi (1635) Eratosthenes went to Athens to further his studies. There he was taught Stoicism by its founder, Zeno of Citium, in philosophical lectures on living a virtuous life. He then studied under Aristo of Chios, who led a more cynical school of philosophy. He also studied under the head of the Platonic Academy, who was Arcesilaus of Pitane. His interest in Plato led him to write his first work at a scholarly level, Platonikos, inquiring into the mathematical foundation of Plato's philosophies. Eratosthenes was a man of many perspectives and investigated the art of poetry under Callimachus. He wrote poems: one in hexameters called Hermes, illustrating the god's life history; and another in elegiacs, called Erigone, describing the suicide of the Athenian maiden Erigone (daughter of Icarius). He wrote Chronographies, a text that scientifically depicted dates of importance, beginning with the Trojan War. This work was highly esteemed for its accuracy. George Syncellus was later able to preserve from Chronographies a list of 38 kings of the Egyptian Thebes. Eratosthenes also wrote Olympic Victors, a chronology of the winners of the Olympic Games. It is not known when he wrote his works, but they highlighted his abilities. These works and his great poetic abilities led the king Ptolemy III Euergetes to seek to place him as a librarian at the Library of Alexandria in the year 245 BC. Eratosthenes, then thirty years old, accepted Ptolemy's invitation and traveled to Alexandria, where he lived for the rest of his life. Within about fifty years he became Chief Librarian, a position that the poet Apollonius Rhodius had previously held. As head of the library Eratosthenes tutored the children of Ptolemy, including Ptolemy IV Philopator who became the fourth Ptolemaic pharaoh. He expanded the library's holdings: in Alexandria all books had to be surrendered for duplication. It was said that these were copied so accurately that it was impossible to tell if the library had returned the original or the copy. He sought to maintain the reputation of the Library of Alexandria against competition from the Library of Pergamum. Eratosthenes created a whole section devoted to the examination of Homer, and acquired original works of great tragic dramas of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. Eratosthenes made several important contributions to mathematics and science, and was a friend of Archimedes. Around 255 BC, he invented the armillary sphere. In On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies, Cleomedes credited him with having calculated the Earth's circumference around 240 BC, with high accuracy. Eratosthenes believed there was both good and bad in every nation and criticized Aristotle for arguing that humanity was divided into Greeks and barbarians, as well as for arguing that the Greeks should keep themselves racially pure. As he aged, he contracted ophthalmia, becoming blind around 195 BC. Losing the ability to read and to observe nature plagued and depressed him, leading him to voluntarily starve himself to death. He died in 194 BC at the age of 82 in Alexandria. Scholarly career Measurement of Earth's circumference Main article: Earth's circumference § Eratosthenes Measure of Earth's circumference according to Cleomedes' simplified version, based on the approximation that Syene is on the Tropic of Cancer and on the same meridian as Alexandria The measurement of Earth's circumference is the most famous among the results obtained by Eratosthenes, who estimated that the meridian has a length of 252,000 stadia (39,060 to 40,320 kilometres (24,270 to 25,050 mi)), with an error on the real value between −2.4% and +0.8% (assuming a value for the stadion between 155 and 160 metres (509 and 525 ft)). Eratosthenes described his arc measurement technique, in a book entitled On the measure of the Earth, which has not been preserved. However, a simplified version of the method has been preserved, as described by Cleomedes. The simplified method works by considering two cities along the same meridian and measuring both the distance between them and the difference in angles of the shadows cast by the sun on a vertical rod (a gnomon) in each city at noon on the summer solstice. The two cities used were Alexandria and Syene (modern Aswan), and the distance between the cities was measured by professional bematists. A geometric calculation reveals that the circumference of the Earth is the distance between the two cities divided by the difference in shadow angles expressed as a fraction of one turn. Geography 19th-century reconstruction of Eratosthenes' map of the (for the Greeks) known world, c. 194 BC See also: History of geodesy and history of longitude Eratosthenes now continued from his knowledge about the Earth. Using his discoveries and knowledge of its size and shape, he began to sketch it. In the Library of Alexandria he had access to various travel books, which contained various items of information and representations of the world that needed to be pieced together in some organized format. In his three-volume work Geography (Greek: Geographika), he described and mapped his entire known world, even dividing the Earth into five climate zones: two freezing zones around the poles, two temperate zones, and a zone encompassing the equator and the tropics. This book is the first recorded instance of many terms still in use today, including the name of the discipline geography. He placed grids of overlapping lines over the surface of the Earth. He used parallels and meridians to link together every place in the world. It was now possible to estimate one's distance from remote locations with this network over the surface of the Earth. In the Geography the names of over 400 cities and their locations were shown, which had never been achieved before. However, his Geography has been lost to history, although fragments of the work can be pieced together from other great historians like Pliny, Polybius, Strabo, and Marcianus. While this work is the earliest we can trace certain ideas, words, and concepts in the historical record, earlier contributions may have been lost to history. The first book was something of an introduction and gave a review of his predecessors, recognizing their contributions that he compiled in the library. In this book Eratosthenes denounced Homer as not providing any insight into what he now described as geography. His disapproval of Homer's topography angered many who believed the world depicted in the Odyssey to be legitimate. He also commented on the ideas of the nature and origin of the Earth: he thought of Earth as an immovable globe while its surface was changing. He hypothesized that at one time the Mediterranean had been a vast lake that covered the countries that surrounded it and that it only became connected to the ocean to the west when a passage opened up sometime in its history. The second book contains his calculation of the circumference of the Earth. This is where, according to Pliny, "The world was grasped." Here Eratosthenes described his famous story of the well in Syene, wherein at noon each summer solstice, the Sun's rays shone straight down into the city-center well. This book would now be considered a text on mathematical geography. His third book of the Geography contained political geography. He cited countries and used parallel lines to divide the map into sections, to give accurate descriptions of the realms. This was a breakthrough and can be considered the beginning of geography. For this, Eratosthenes was named the "Father of Modern Geography." According to Strabo, Eratosthenes argued against the Greek-Barbarian dichotomy. He says Alexander ignored his advisers by his regard for all people with law and government. Strabo says that Eratosthenes was wrong to claim that Alexander had disregarded the counsel of his advisers. Strabo argues it was Alexander's interpretation of their "real intent" in recognizing that "in some people there prevail the law-abiding and the political instinct, and the qualities associated with education and powers of speech". Achievements Eratosthenes was described by the Suda Lexicon as a Πένταθλος (Pentathlos) which can be translated as "All-Rounder", for he was skilled in a variety of things: He was a true polymath. He was nicknamed "Number 2" because he was great at many things and tried to get his hands on every bit of information but never achieved the highest rank in anything; Strabo accounts Eratosthenes as a mathematician among geographers and a geographer among mathematicians. Eusebius of Caesarea in his Preparatio Evangelica includes a brief chapter of three sentences on celestial distances (Book XV, Chapter 53). He states simply that Eratosthenes found the distance to the Sun to be "σταδίων μυριάδας τετρακοσίας καὶ ὀκτωκισμυρίας" (literally "of stadia myriads 400 and 80,000") and the distance to the Moon to be 780,000 stadia. The expression for the distance to the Sun has been translated either as 4,080,000 stadia (1903 translation by E. H. Gifford), or as 804,000,000 stadia (edition of Edouard des Places, dated 1974–1991). The meaning depends on whether Eusebius meant 400 myriad plus 80,000 or "400 and 80,000" myriad. With a stade of 185 m (607 ft), 804,000,000 stadia is 149,000,000 km (93,000,000 mi), approximately the distance from the Earth to the Sun. Eratosthenes also calculated the Sun's diameter. According to Macrobius, Eratosthenes made the diameter of the Sun to be about 27 times that of the Earth. The actual figure is approximately 109 times. During his time at the Library of Alexandria, Eratosthenes devised a calendar using his predictions about the ecliptic of the Earth. He calculated that there are 365 days in a year and that every fourth year there would be 366 days. He was also very proud of his solution for Doubling the Cube. His motivation was that he wanted to produce catapults. Eratosthenes constructed a mechanical line drawing device to calculate the cube, called the mesolabio. He dedicated his solution to King Ptolemy, presenting a model in bronze with it a letter and an epigram. Archimedes was Eratosthenes' friend and he, too, worked on the war instrument with mathematics. Archimedes dedicated his book The Method to Eratosthenes, knowing his love for learning and mathematics. Number theory Sieve of Eratosthenes: algorithm steps for primes below 121 (including optimization of starting from the prime's square). Main articles: Sieve of Eratosthenes and primality test Eratosthenes proposed a simple algorithm for finding prime numbers. This algorithm is known in mathematics as the Sieve of Eratosthenes. In mathematics, the sieve of Eratosthenes (Greek: κόσκινον Ἐρατοσθένους), one of a number of prime number sieves, is a simple, ancient algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to any given limit. It does so by iteratively marking as composite, i.e., not prime, the multiples of each prime, starting with the multiples of 2. The multiples of a given prime are generated starting from that prime, as a sequence of numbers with the same difference, equal to that prime, between consecutive numbers. This is the sieve's key distinction from using trial division to sequentially test each candidate number for divisibility by each prime. Works Eratosthenes was one of the most pre-eminent scholarly figures of his time, and produced works covering a vast area of knowledge before and during his time at the Library. He wrote on many topics – geography, mathematics, philosophy, chronology, literary criticism, grammar, poetry, and even old comedies. There are no documents left of his work after the destruction of the Library of Alexandria. Titles Platonikos (lost, quoted by Theon of Smyrna) Hermes Erigone Chronographies Olympic Victors Περὶ τῆς ἀναμετρήσεως τῆς γῆς (On the Measurement of the Earth) (lost, summarized by Cleomedes) Гεωγραϕικά (Geographika) (lost, criticized by Strabo) Arsinoe (a memoir of queen Arsinoe; lost; quoted by Athenaeus in the Deipnosophistae) Ariston (concerning Aristo of Chios' addiction to luxury; lost; quoted by Athenaeus in the Deipnosophistae) The Catasterismi (Katasterismoi), a lost collection of Hellenistic myths about the constellations See also Aristarchus of Samos (c. 310 – c. 230 BC), a Greek mathematician who calculated the distance from the Earth to the Sun. Eratosthenes (crater) on the Moon. Eratosthenian period in the lunar geologic timescale. Eratosthenes Seamount in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Eratosthenes Point in Antarctica. Hipparchus (c. 190 – c. 120 BC), a Greek mathematician who measured the radii of the Sun and the Moon as well as their distances from the Earth. Posidonius (c. 135 – c. 51 BC), a Greek astronomer and mathematician who calculated the circumference of the Earth. Notes ^ The Suda states that he was born in the 126th Olympiad, (276–272 BC). Strabo (Geography, i.2.2), though, states that he was a "pupil" (γνωριμος) of Zeno of Citium (who died in 262 BC), which would imply an earlier year of birth (c. 285 BC) since he is unlikely to have studied under him at the young age of 14. However, γνωριμος can also mean "acquaintance", and the year of Zeno's death is by no means definite. ^ The Suda states he died at the age of 80, Censorinus (De die natali, 15) at the age of 81, and Pseudo-Lucian (Makrobioi, 27) at the age of 82. References ^ a b c Roller, Duane W. Eratosthenes' Geography. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2010. ^ a b c Russo, Lucio (2004). The forgotten revolution : how science was born in 300 BC and why it had to be reborn. Berlin: Springer. pp. 273–277. ISBN 3-540-20396-6. OCLC 52945835. ^ "Imagine the Universe – The Earth". ^ "Eratosthenes (276–195 B.C.)" Archived 2021-02-24 at the Wayback Machine. Cornell University. Accessed 28 July 2019. ^ "Greek chronology". Britannica. ^ a b c d e Chambers, James T. "Eratosthenes of Cyrene." in Dictionary of World Biography: The Ancient World January 1998: 1–3. ^ "Entry ε 2898" ^ See also Asimov, Isaac. Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, new revised edition. 1975. Entry #42, "Eratosthenes", p. 29. Pan Books Ltd, London. ISBN 0330243233. This was also asserted by Carl Sagan 31 minutes into his Cosmos episode The Shores of the Cosmic Ocean ^ a b c Bailey, Ellen. 2006. "Eratosthenes of Cyrene." Eratosthenes Of Cyrene 1–3. Book Collection Nonfiction: High School Edition. ^ Rist, J.M. "Zeno and Stoic Consistency," in Phronesis. Vol. 22, No. 2, 1977. ^ "Aratus's "Phenomena," Cleomedes's "On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies," and Nichomachus's "Introduction to Arithmetic" – Viewer – World Digital Library". www.wdl.org. Retrieved 2021-02-24. ^ p. 439 Vol. 1 William Woodthorpe Tarn Alexander the Great. Vol. I, Narrative; Vol. II, Sources and Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948. (New ed., 2002 (paperback, ISBN 0521531373)). ^ Russo, Lucio (2004). The forgotten revolution : how science was born in 300 BC and why it had to be reborn. Berlin: Springer. p. 68. ISBN 3-540-20396-6. OCLC 52945835. ^ Torge, W.; Müller, J. (2012). Geodesy. De Gruyter Textbook. De Gruyter. p. 5. ISBN 978-3110250008. Retrieved 2021-05-02. ^ Cleomedes, Caelestia, i.7.49–52. ^ Martianus Capella, De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii, VI.598. ^ a b c Smith, Sir William. "Eratosthenes", in A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library, 2005. ^ Morris, Terry R. "Eratosthenes of Cyrene." in Encyclopedia Of The Ancient World. November 2001. ^ 2011. "Eratosthenes." Hutchinson's Biography Database 1. ^ Dahlman, Carl; Renwick, William (2014). Introduction to Geography: People, Places & Environment (6 ed.). Pearson. ISBN 9780137504510. Retrieved 28 August 2022. ^ Eckerman, Chris. Review of (D.W.) Roller 'Eratosthenes' Geography. Fragments Collected and Translated, with Commentary and Additional Material. The Classical Review. 2011. ^ "Eratosthenes of Cyrene". Khan Academy. Retrieved 2019-11-19. ^ Plutarch's similar discussion claiming that Alexander ignored Aristotle's advice in this matter may have been influenced by Eratosthenes, but Plutarch does not give us confirmation of his sources. ^ Isaac, Benjamin. Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. Princeton University Press, 2013. ^ a b c Dicks, D.R. "Eratosthenes", in Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971. ^ "Ask an Astronomer". Cool Cosmos. Archived from the original on 2014-07-30. ^ Greek Scholar's Work Shows Usefulness of Measurement." Manawatu Standard, June 19, 2012. 07, Newspaper Source Plus ^ Zhumud, Leonid. Plato as "Architect of Science". in Phonesis. Vol. 43 (3) 1998. 211–244. ^ Chondros, Thomas G. Archimedes Life Works and Machines. in Mechanism and Machine Theory. Vol. 45(11) 2010. 1766–1775. ^ Mentioned by Hero of Alexandria in his Dioptra. See p. 272, vol. 2, Selections Illustrating the History of Greek Mathematics, tr. Ivor Thomas, London: William Heinemann Ltd.; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1957. ^ Smith, Andrew. "Athenaeus: Deipnosophists – Book 7". www.attalus.org. ^ Eratosthenes entry in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography (1971) Further reading Aujac, G. (2001). Eratosthène de Cyrène, le pionnier de la géographie. Paris: Édition du CTHS. 224 p. Bulmer-Thomas, Ivor (1939–1940). Selections Illustlating the History of Greek Mathematics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Dicks, D. R. (1991). "Eratosthenes". Biographical Dictionary of Mathematicians. Vol. 2 (Dickson–Khwārizmī). New York: Scribner. pp. 681–686. Diller, A (1934). "Geographical Latitudes in Eratosthenes, Hipparchus and Posidonius". Klio. 27 (3): 258–269. doi:10.1524/klio.1934.27.27.258. S2CID 194449299. Dorofeeva, A. V. (1988). "Eratosthenes (ca. 276–194 B.C.)". Mat. V Shkole (in Russian) (4): i. Dutka, J. (1993). "Eratosthenes' measurement of the Earth reconsidered". Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 46 (1): 55–66. Bibcode:1993AHES...46...55D. doi:10.1007/BF00387726. S2CID 119522892. El'natanov, B. A. (1983). "A brief outline of the history of the development of the sieve of Eratosthenes". Istor.-Mat. Issled. (in Russian). 27: 238–259. Fischer, I (1975). "Another look at Eratosthenes' and Posidonius' determinations of the Earth's circumference". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 16: 152–167. Bibcode:1975QJRAS..16..152F. Fowler, D. H.; Rawlins, Dennis (1983). "Eratosthenes' ratio for the obliquity of the ecliptic". Isis. 74 (274): 556–562. doi:10.1086/353361. S2CID 144617495. Fraser, P. M. (1970). "Eratosthenes of Cyrene". Proceedings of the British Academy. 56: 175–207. Fraser, P. M. (1972). Ptolemaic Alexandria. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Fuentes González, P. P., "Ératosthène de Cyrène", in R. Goulet (ed.), Dictionnaire des Philosophes Antiques, vol. III, Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 2000, pp. 188–236. Geus K. (2002). Eratosthenes von Kyrene. Studien zur hellenistischen Kultur- und Wissenschaftgeschichte. München: Verlag C.H. Beck. (Münchener Beiträge zur Papyrusforschung und antiken Rechtsgeschichte. Bd. 92) X, 412 S. Goldstein, B. R. (1984). "Eratosthenes on the "measurement" of the Earth". Historia Math. 11 (4): 411–416. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(84)90025-9. Gulbekian, E. (1987). "The origin and value of the stadion unit used by Eratosthenes in the third century B.C". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 37 (4): 359–363. doi:10.1007/BF00417008. JSTOR 41133819. S2CID 115314003. Honigmann, E. (1929). Die sieben Klimata und die πολεις επισημοι. Eine Untersuchung zur Geschichte der Geographie und Astrologie in Altertum und Mittelalter. Heidelberg: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung. 247 S. Knaack, G. (1907). "Eratosthenes". Pauly–Wissowa VI: 358–388. Manna, F. (1986). "The Pentathlos of ancient science, Eratosthenes, first and only one of the "primes"". Atti Accad. Pontaniana. New Series (in Italian). 35: 37–44. Muwaf, A.; Philippou, A. N. (1981). "An Arabic version of Eratosthenes writing on mean proportionals". J. Hist. Arabic Sci. 5 (1–2): 147–175. Nicastro, Nicholas (2008). Circumference: Eratosthenes and the ancient quest to measure the globe. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312372477. O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Eratosthenes", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews Marcotte, D. (1998). "La climatologie d'Ératosthène à Poséidonios: genèse d'une science humaine". G. Argoud, J.Y. Guillaumin (eds.). Sciences exactes et sciences appliquées à Alexandrie (IIIe siècle av J.C. – Ier ap J.C.). Saint Etienne: Publications de l'Université de Saint Etienne: 263–277. McPhail, Cameron (2011). Reconstructing Eratosthenes' Map of the World: a Study in Source Analysis. A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Master of Arts at the University of Otago. Dunedin, New Zealand. Pfeiffer, Rudolf (1968). History of Classical Scholarship From the Beginnings to the End of the Hellenistic Age. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Rawlins, D. (1982). "Eratosthenes' geodesy unraveled : was there a high-accuracy Hellenistic astronomy". Isis. 73 (2): 259–265. doi:10.1086/352973. S2CID 120730515. Rawlins, D. (1982). "The Eratosthenes – Strabo Nile map. Is it the earliest surviving instance of spherical cartography? Did it supply the 5000 stades arc for Eratosthenes' experiment?". Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 26 (3): 211–219. doi:10.1007/BF00348500. S2CID 118004246. Rawlins, D. (2008). "Eratosthenes's large Earth and tiny universe" (PDF). DIO. 14: 3–12. Bibcode:2008DIO....14....3R. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-10-30. Roller, Duane W. (2010). Eratosthenes' Geography: Fragments collected and translated, with commentary and additional material. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691142678. Rosokoki, A. (1995), Die Erigone des Eratosthenes. Eine kommentierte Ausgabe der Fragmente, Heidelberg: C. Winter-Verlag Shcheglov, D.A. (2004/2006). "Ptolemy's System of Seven Climata and Eratosthenes' Geography". Geographia Antiqua 13: 21–37. Shcheglov, D.A. (2006). "Eratosthenes' Parallel of Rhodes and the History of the System of Climata". Klio. 88 (2): 351–359. doi:10.1524/klio.2006.88.2.351. S2CID 190529073. Strabo (1917). The Geography of Strabo. Horace Leonard Jones, trans. New York: Putnam. Taisbak, C. M. (1984). "Eleven eighty-thirds. Ptolemy's reference to Eratosthenes in Almagest I.12". Centaurus. 27 (2): 165–167. Bibcode:1984Cent...27..165T. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1984.tb00766.x. Thalamas, A. (1921). La géographe d'Ératosthène. Versailles. Wolfer, E. P. (1954). Eratosthenes von Kyrene als Mathematiker und Philosoph. Groningen-Djakarta. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eratosthenes. Wikiquote has quotations related to Eratosthenes. Wikisource has original works by or about:Eratosthenes Library resources about Eratosthenes Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Eratosthenes Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries English translation of the primary source for Eratosthenes and the size of the Earth at Roger Pearse. Bernhardy, Gottfried: Eratosthenica Berlin, 1822 (PDF) (Latin/Greek), Reprinted Osnabruck 1968 (German) Eratosthenes' sieve in Javascript Archived 2001-03-01 at the Wayback Machine About Eratosthenes' methods, including a Java applet How the Greeks estimated the distances to the Moon and Sun Measuring the Earth with Eratosthenes' method List of ancient Greek mathematicians and contemporaries of Eratosthenes New Advent Encyclopedia article on the Library of Alexandria Eratosthenes' sieve in classic BASIC all-web based interactive programming environment International pedagogical project Archived 2019-04-14 at the Wayback Machine : project fr:La main à la pâte. Open source Physics Computer Model about Eratosthenes estimation of radius and circumference of Earth Archived 2020-01-05 at the Wayback Machine Eratosthenes, video Eratosthenes, Katasterismoi (or Astrothesiae), original text Preceded byApollonius of Rhodes Head of the Library of Alexandria Succeeded byAristophanes of Byzantium vteAncient Greek astronomyAstronomers Aglaonice Agrippa Anaximander Andronicus Apollonius Aratus Aristarchus Aristyllus Attalus Autolycus Bion Callippus Cleomedes Cleostratus Conon Eratosthenes Euctemon Eudoxus Geminus Heraclides Hicetas Hipparchus Hippocrates of Chios Hypsicles Menelaus Meton Oenopides Philip of Opus Philolaus Posidonius Ptolemy Pytheas Seleucus Sosigenes of Alexandria Sosigenes the Peripatetic Strabo Thales Theodosius Theon of Alexandria Theon of Smyrna Timocharis Works Almagest (Ptolemy) Catasterismi (Eratosthenes) On Sizes and Distances (Hipparchus) On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus) On the Heavens (Aristotle) Instruments Antikythera mechanism Armillary sphere Astrolabe Dioptra Equatorial ring Gnomon Mural instrument Triquetrum Concepts Callippic cycle Celestial spheres Circle of latitude Counter-Earth Deferent and epicycle Equant Geocentrism Heliocentrism Hipparchic cycle Inferior and superior planets Metonic cycle Octaeteris Solstice Spherical Earth Sublunary sphere Zodiac Influences Babylonian astronomy Egyptian astronomy Influenced Medieval European science Indian astronomy Medieval Islamic astronomy vteAncient Greek mathematicsMathematicians(timeline) Anaxagoras Anthemius Archytas Aristaeus the Elder Aristarchus Aristotle Apollonius Archimedes Autolycus Bion Bryson Callippus Carpus Chrysippus Cleomedes Conon Ctesibius Democritus Dicaearchus Diocles Diophantus Dinostratus Dionysodorus Domninus Eratosthenes Eudemus Euclid Eudoxus Eutocius Geminus Heliodorus Heron Hipparchus Hippasus Hippias Hippocrates Hypatia Hypsicles Isidore of Miletus Leon Marinus Menaechmus Menelaus Metrodorus Nicomachus Nicomedes Nicoteles Oenopides Pappus Perseus Philolaus Philon Philonides Plato Porphyry Posidonius Proclus Ptolemy Pythagoras Serenus Simplicius Sosigenes Sporus Thales Theaetetus Theano Theodorus Theodosius Theon of Alexandria Theon of Smyrna Thymaridas Xenocrates Zeno of Elea Zeno of Sidon Zenodorus Treatises Almagest Archimedes Palimpsest Arithmetica Conics (Apollonius) Catoptrics Data (Euclid) Elements (Euclid) Measurement of a Circle On Conoids and Spheroids On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus) On Sizes and Distances (Hipparchus) On the Moving Sphere (Autolycus) Optics (Euclid) On Spirals On the Sphere and Cylinder Ostomachion Planisphaerium Spherics (Theodosius) Spherics (Menelaus) The Quadrature of the Parabola The Sand Reckoner Problems Constructible numbers Angle trisection Doubling the cube Squaring the circle Problem of Apollonius Conceptsand definitions Angle Central Inscribed Axiomatic system Axiom Chord Circles of Apollonius Apollonian circles Apollonian gasket Circumscribed circle Commensurability Diophantine equation Doctrine of proportionality Euclidean geometry Golden ratio Greek numerals Incircle and excircles of a triangle Method of exhaustion Parallel postulate Platonic solid Lune of Hippocrates Quadratrix of Hippias Regular polygon Straightedge and compass construction Triangle center ResultsIn Elements Angle bisector theorem Exterior angle theorem Euclidean algorithm Euclid's theorem Geometric mean theorem Greek geometric algebra Hinge theorem Inscribed angle theorem Intercept theorem Intersecting chords theorem Intersecting secants theorem Law of cosines Pons asinorum Pythagorean theorem Tangent-secant theorem Thales's theorem Theorem of the gnomon Apollonius Apollonius's theorem Other Aristarchus's inequality Crossbar theorem Heron's formula Irrational numbers Law of sines Menelaus's theorem Pappus's area theorem Problem II.8 of Arithmetica Ptolemy's inequality Ptolemy's table of chords Ptolemy's theorem Spiral of Theodorus Centers Cyrene Mouseion of Alexandria Platonic Academy Related Ancient Greek astronomy Attic numerals Greek numerals Latin translations of the 12th century Non-Euclidean geometry Philosophy of mathematics Neusis construction History of A History of Greek Mathematics by Thomas Heath algebra timeline arithmetic timeline calculus timeline geometry timeline logic timeline mathematics timeline numbers prehistoric counting numeral systems list Other cultures Arabian/Islamic Babylonian Chinese Egyptian Incan Indian Japanese Ancient Greece portal • Mathematics portal Portals: Biography Ancient Greece Astronomy Mathematics Geography Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Czech Republic Australia Greece Croatia Netherlands Poland Vatican Academics CiNii MathSciNet zbMATH People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eratosthenes (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"/ɛrəˈtɒsθəniːz/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Ἐρατοσθένης","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%98%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82"},{"link_name":"[eratostʰénɛːs]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek"},{"link_name":"polymath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath"},{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mathematics"},{"link_name":"geographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographer"},{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"},{"link_name":"astronomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer"},{"link_name":"music theorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_theory"},{"link_name":"Library of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography"},{"link_name":"terminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roller-3"},{"link_name":"circumference of the Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumference_of_the_Earth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-russo273277-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Earth's axial tilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_axial_tilt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cornell-6"},{"link_name":"first global projection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes%27_Map_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"parallels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_latitude"},{"link_name":"meridians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude"},{"link_name":"chronology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Trojan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War"},{"link_name":"Troy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy"},{"link_name":"number theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_theory"},{"link_name":"sieve of Eratosthenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes"},{"link_name":"prime numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chambers-8"},{"link_name":"the Olympians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Olympians"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epsilon-9"},{"link_name":"Suda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suda"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asimov-10"}],"text":"This article is about the Greek scholar of the third century BC. For other uses, see Eratosthenes (disambiguation).Eratosthenes of Cyrene (/ɛrəˈtɒsθəniːz/; Greek: Ἐρατοσθένης [eratostʰénɛːs]; c. 276 BC – c. 195/194 BC) was a Greek polymath: a mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist. He was a man of learning, becoming the chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria. His work is comparable to what is now known as the study of geography, and he introduced some of the terminology still used today.[1]He is best known for being the first person known to calculate the circumference of the Earth, which he did by using the extensive survey results he could access in his role at the Library. His calculation was remarkably accurate.[2][3] He was also the first to calculate Earth's axial tilt, which has also proved to have remarkable accuracy.[4] He created the first global projection of the world, incorporating parallels and meridians based on the available geographic knowledge of his era.Eratosthenes was the founder of scientific chronology;[5] he used Egyptian and Persian records to estimate the dates of the main events of the Trojan War, dating the sack of Troy to 1183 BC. In number theory, he introduced the sieve of Eratosthenes, an efficient method of identifying prime numbers and composite numbers.He was a figure of influence in many fields who yearned to understand the complexities of the entire world.[6] His devotees nicknamed him Pentathlos after the Olympians who were well rounded competitors, for he had proven himself to be knowledgeable in every area of learning. Yet, according to an entry[7] in the Suda (a 10th-century encyclopedia), some critics scorned him, calling him Number 2 because he always came in second in all his endeavours.[8]","title":"Eratosthenes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyrene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrene_(city)"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Pentapolis (North Africa)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentapolis_(North_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Arsinoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocra"},{"link_name":"Berenice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berenice"},{"link_name":"Ptolemias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica"},{"link_name":"Apollonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica"},{"link_name":"Alexander the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy I Soter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"silphium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silphium_(antiquity)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roller-3"},{"link_name":"gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bailey-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eratosthenes_Teaching_in_Alexandria_(Bernardo_Strozzi,_Montreal).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Strozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Strozzi"},{"link_name":"Stoicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicism"},{"link_name":"Zeno of Citium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rist-12"},{"link_name":"Aristo of Chios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristo_of_Chios"},{"link_name":"cynical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"Platonic Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_Academy"},{"link_name":"Arcesilaus of Pitane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcesilaus_of_Pitane"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chambers-8"},{"link_name":"art of poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry"},{"link_name":"Callimachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callimachus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bailey-11"},{"link_name":"hexameters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexameter"},{"link_name":"elegiacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elegiac"},{"link_name":"Erigone (daughter of Icarius)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erigone_(daughter_of_Icarius)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chambers-8"},{"link_name":"Trojan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War"},{"link_name":"George Syncellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Syncellus"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Thebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Thebes"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy III Euergetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes"},{"link_name":"Library of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Apollonius Rhodius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonius_Rhodius"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy IV Philopator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator"},{"link_name":"Library of Pergamum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Pergamum"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"Aeschylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus"},{"link_name":"Sophocles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophocles"},{"link_name":"Euripides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euripides"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chambers-8"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science"},{"link_name":"Archimedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes"},{"link_name":"armillary sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillary_sphere"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cleomedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleomedes"},{"link_name":"Earth's circumference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_circumference"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-russo273277-4"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"barbarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alexander-14"},{"link_name":"ophthalmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bailey-11"}],"text":"The son of Aglaos, Eratosthenes was born in 276 BC in Cyrene. Now part of modern-day Libya, Cyrene had been founded by Greeks centuries earlier and became the capital of Pentapolis (North Africa), a country of five cities: Cyrene, Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemias, and Apollonia. Alexander the Great conquered Cyrene in 332 BC, and following his death in 323 BC, its rule was given to one of his generals, Ptolemy I Soter, the founder of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Under Ptolemaic rule the economy prospered, based largely on the export of horses and silphium, a plant used for rich seasoning and medicine.[1] Cyrene became a place of cultivation, where knowledge blossomed. Like any young Greek at the time, Eratosthenes would have studied in the local gymnasium, where he would have learned physical skills and social discourse as well as reading, writing, arithmetic, poetry, and music.[9]Eratosthenes teaching in Alexandria by Bernardo Strozzi (1635)Eratosthenes went to Athens to further his studies. There he was taught Stoicism by its founder, Zeno of Citium, in philosophical lectures on living a virtuous life.[10] He then studied under Aristo of Chios, who led a more cynical school of philosophy. He also studied under the head of the Platonic Academy, who was Arcesilaus of Pitane. His interest in Plato led him to write his first work at a scholarly level, Platonikos, inquiring into the mathematical foundation of Plato's philosophies.[6] Eratosthenes was a man of many perspectives and investigated the art of poetry under Callimachus.[9] He wrote poems: one in hexameters called Hermes, illustrating the god's life history; and another in elegiacs, called Erigone, describing the suicide of the Athenian maiden Erigone (daughter of Icarius).[6] He wrote Chronographies, a text that scientifically depicted dates of importance, beginning with the Trojan War. This work was highly esteemed for its accuracy. George Syncellus was later able to preserve from Chronographies a list of 38 kings of the Egyptian Thebes. Eratosthenes also wrote Olympic Victors, a chronology of the winners of the Olympic Games. It is not known when he wrote his works, but they highlighted his abilities.These works and his great poetic abilities led the king Ptolemy III Euergetes to seek to place him as a librarian at the Library of Alexandria in the year 245 BC. Eratosthenes, then thirty years old, accepted Ptolemy's invitation and traveled to Alexandria, where he lived for the rest of his life. Within about fifty years he became Chief Librarian, a position that the poet Apollonius Rhodius had previously held. As head of the library Eratosthenes tutored the children of Ptolemy, including Ptolemy IV Philopator who became the fourth Ptolemaic pharaoh. He expanded the library's holdings: in Alexandria all books had to be surrendered for duplication. It was said that these were copied so accurately that it was impossible to tell if the library had returned the original or the copy.\nHe sought to maintain the reputation of the Library of Alexandria against competition from the Library of Pergamum. Eratosthenes created a whole section devoted to the examination of Homer, and acquired original works of great tragic dramas of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides.[6]Eratosthenes made several important contributions to mathematics and science, and was a friend of Archimedes. Around 255 BC, he invented the armillary sphere. In On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies,[11] Cleomedes credited him with having calculated the Earth's circumference around 240 BC, with high accuracy.[2]Eratosthenes believed there was both good and bad in every nation and criticized Aristotle for arguing that humanity was divided into Greeks and barbarians, as well as for arguing that the Greeks should keep themselves racially pure.[12] As he aged, he contracted ophthalmia, becoming blind around 195 BC. Losing the ability to read and to observe nature plagued and depressed him, leading him to voluntarily starve himself to death. He died in 194 BC at the age of 82 in Alexandria.[9]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Scholarly career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eratosthenes_measure_of_Earth_circumference.svg"},{"link_name":"Syene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syene"},{"link_name":"Tropic of Cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Earth's circumference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_circumference"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"stadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-russo273277-4"},{"link_name":"arc measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_measurement"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Torge_M%C3%BCller_2012_p._5-16"},{"link_name":"Cleomedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleomedes"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"meridian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_(geography)"},{"link_name":"gnomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnomon"},{"link_name":"solstice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstice"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Syene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syene"},{"link_name":"Aswan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan"},{"link_name":"bematists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bematist"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"one turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_(angle)"}],"sub_title":"Measurement of Earth's circumference","text":"Measure of Earth's circumference according to Cleomedes' simplified version, based on the approximation that Syene is on the Tropic of Cancer and on the same meridian as AlexandriaThe measurement of Earth's circumference is the most famous among the results obtained by Eratosthenes,[13] who estimated that the meridian has a length of 252,000 stadia (39,060 to 40,320 kilometres (24,270 to 25,050 mi)), with an error on the real value between −2.4% and +0.8% (assuming a value for the stadion between 155 and 160 metres (509 and 525 ft)).[2] Eratosthenes described his arc measurement technique,[14] in a book entitled On the measure of the Earth, which has not been preserved. However, a simplified version of the method has been preserved, as described by Cleomedes.[15]The simplified method works by considering two cities along the same meridian and measuring both the distance between them and the difference in angles of the shadows cast by the sun on a vertical rod (a gnomon) in each city at noon on the summer solstice. The two cities used were Alexandria and Syene (modern Aswan), and the distance between the cities was measured by professional bematists.[16] A geometric calculation reveals that the circumference of the Earth is the distance between the two cities divided by the difference in shadow angles expressed as a fraction of one turn.","title":"Scholarly career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mappa_di_Eratostene.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eratosthenes' map of the (for the Greeks) known world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes%27_Map_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"History of geodesy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geodesy"},{"link_name":"history of longitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_longitude"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith2005-19"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morris-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutchinson-21"},{"link_name":"geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intro1-22"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roller-3"},{"link_name":"Pliny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Polybius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybius"},{"link_name":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"Marcianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcianus"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chambers-8"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eckerman-23"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"mathematical geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_geography"},{"link_name":"political geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_geography"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith2005-19"},{"link_name":"Barbarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Geography","text":"19th-century reconstruction of Eratosthenes' map of the (for the Greeks) known world, c. 194 BCSee also: History of geodesy and history of longitudeEratosthenes now continued from his knowledge about the Earth. Using his discoveries and knowledge of its size and shape, he began to sketch it. In the Library of Alexandria he had access to various travel books, which contained various items of information and representations of the world that needed to be pieced together in some organized format.[17] In his three-volume work Geography (Greek: Geographika), he described and mapped his entire known world, even dividing the Earth into five climate zones:[18] two freezing zones around the poles, two temperate zones, and a zone encompassing the equator and the tropics.[19] This book is the first recorded instance of many terms still in use today, including the name of the discipline geography.[20] He placed grids of overlapping lines over the surface of the Earth. He used parallels and meridians to link together every place in the world. It was now possible to estimate one's distance from remote locations with this network over the surface of the Earth. In the Geography the names of over 400 cities and their locations were shown, which had never been achieved before.[1] However, his Geography has been lost to history, although fragments of the work can be pieced together from other great historians like Pliny, Polybius, Strabo, and Marcianus. While this work is the earliest we can trace certain ideas, words, and concepts in the historical record, earlier contributions may have been lost to history.The first book was something of an introduction and gave a review of his predecessors, recognizing their contributions that he compiled in the library. In this book Eratosthenes denounced Homer as not providing any insight into what he now described as geography. His disapproval of Homer's topography angered many who believed the world depicted in the Odyssey to be legitimate.[6][21] He also commented on the ideas of the nature and origin of the Earth: he thought of Earth as an immovable globe while its surface was changing. He hypothesized that at one time the Mediterranean had been a vast lake that covered the countries that surrounded it and that it only became connected to the ocean to the west when a passage opened up sometime in its history.\nThe second book contains his calculation of the circumference of the Earth. This is where, according to Pliny, \"The world was grasped.\" Here Eratosthenes described his famous story of the well in Syene, wherein at noon each summer solstice, the Sun's rays shone straight down into the city-center well.[22] This book would now be considered a text on mathematical geography.\nHis third book of the Geography contained political geography. He cited countries and used parallel lines to divide the map into sections, to give accurate descriptions of the realms. This was a breakthrough and can be considered the beginning of geography. For this, Eratosthenes was named the \"Father of Modern Geography.\"[17]According to Strabo, Eratosthenes argued against the Greek-Barbarian dichotomy. He says Alexander ignored his advisers by his regard for all people with law and government.[23] Strabo says that Eratosthenes was wrong to claim that Alexander had disregarded the counsel of his advisers. Strabo argues it was Alexander's interpretation of their \"real intent\" in recognizing that \"in some people there prevail the law-abiding and the political instinct, and the qualities associated with education and powers of speech\".[24]","title":"Scholarly career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suda Lexicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suda_Lexicon"},{"link_name":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dicks1971-27"},{"link_name":"Eusebius of Caesarea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea"},{"link_name":"Preparatio Evangelica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preparatio_Evangelica"},{"link_name":"Book XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_pe_15_book15.htm"},{"link_name":"stadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadia_(length)"},{"link_name":"myriads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriad"},{"link_name":"Macrobius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrobius"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith2005-19"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caltech-28"},{"link_name":"ecliptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecliptic"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manawatu-29"},{"link_name":"Doubling the Cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubling_the_Cube"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zhumud-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chondros-31"}],"sub_title":"Achievements","text":"Eratosthenes was described by the Suda Lexicon as a Πένταθλος (Pentathlos) which can be translated as \"All-Rounder\", for he was skilled in a variety of things: He was a true polymath. He was nicknamed \"Number 2\" because he was great at many things and tried to get his hands on every bit of information but never achieved the highest rank in anything; Strabo accounts Eratosthenes as a mathematician among geographers and a geographer among mathematicians.[25]Eusebius of Caesarea in his Preparatio Evangelica includes a brief chapter of three sentences on celestial distances (Book XV, Chapter 53). He states simply that Eratosthenes found the distance to the Sun to be \"σταδίων μυριάδας τετρακοσίας καὶ ὀκτωκισμυρίας\" (literally \"of stadia myriads 400 and 80,000\") and the distance to the Moon to be 780,000 stadia. The expression for the distance to the Sun has been translated either as 4,080,000 stadia (1903 translation by E. H. Gifford), or as 804,000,000 stadia (edition of Edouard des Places, dated 1974–1991). The meaning depends on whether Eusebius meant 400 myriad plus 80,000 or \"400 and 80,000\" myriad. With a stade of 185 m (607 ft), 804,000,000 stadia is 149,000,000 km (93,000,000 mi), approximately the distance from the Earth to the Sun.\nEratosthenes also calculated the Sun's diameter. According to Macrobius, Eratosthenes made the diameter of the Sun to be about 27 times that of the Earth.[17] The actual figure is approximately 109 times.[26]\nDuring his time at the Library of Alexandria, Eratosthenes devised a calendar using his predictions about the ecliptic of the Earth. He calculated that there are 365 days in a year and that every fourth year there would be 366 days.[27]\nHe was also very proud of his solution for Doubling the Cube. His motivation was that he wanted to produce catapults. Eratosthenes constructed a mechanical line drawing device to calculate the cube, called the mesolabio. He dedicated his solution to King Ptolemy, presenting a model in bronze with it a letter and an epigram.[28] Archimedes was Eratosthenes' friend and he, too, worked on the war instrument with mathematics. Archimedes dedicated his book The Method to Eratosthenes, knowing his love for learning and mathematics.[29]","title":"Scholarly career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sieve_of_Eratosthenes_animation.gif"},{"link_name":"algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm"},{"link_name":"prime numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_numbers"},{"link_name":"Sieve of Eratosthenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes"},{"link_name":"prime number sieves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number_sieve"}],"sub_title":"Number theory","text":"Sieve of Eratosthenes: algorithm steps for primes below 121 (including optimization of starting from the prime's square).Eratosthenes proposed a simple algorithm for finding prime numbers. This algorithm is known in mathematics as the Sieve of Eratosthenes.In mathematics, the sieve of Eratosthenes (Greek: κόσκινον Ἐρατοσθένους), one of a number of prime number sieves, is a simple, ancient algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to any given limit. It does so by iteratively marking as composite, i.e., not prime, the multiples of each prime, starting with the multiples of 2. The multiples of a given prime are generated starting from that prime, as a sequence of numbers with the same difference, equal to that prime, between consecutive numbers. This is the sieve's key distinction from using trial division to sequentially test each candidate number for divisibility by each prime.","title":"Scholarly career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"destruction of the Library of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Library_of_Alexandria"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dicks1971-27"}],"text":"Eratosthenes was one of the most pre-eminent scholarly figures of his time, and produced works covering a vast area of knowledge before and during his time at the Library. He wrote on many topics – geography, mathematics, philosophy, chronology, literary criticism, grammar, poetry, and even old comedies. There are no documents left of his work after the destruction of the Library of Alexandria.[25]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theon of Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theon_of_Smyrna"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hero-32"},{"link_name":"Cleomedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleomedes"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dicks1971-27"},{"link_name":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"Arsinoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsinoe_III_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Athenaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenaeus"},{"link_name":"Deipnosophistae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deipnosophistae"},{"link_name":"Aristo of Chios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristo_of_Chios"},{"link_name":"Athenaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenaeus"},{"link_name":"Deipnosophistae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deipnosophistae"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASmith-33"},{"link_name":"Catasterismi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catasterismi"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic"},{"link_name":"constellations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation"}],"sub_title":"Titles","text":"Platonikos (lost, quoted by Theon of Smyrna)\nHermes\nErigone\nChronographies\nOlympic Victors\nΠερὶ τῆς ἀναμετρήσεως τῆς γῆς (On the Measurement of the Earth)[30] (lost, summarized by Cleomedes)\nГεωγραϕικά (Geographika)[25] (lost, criticized by Strabo)\nArsinoe (a memoir of queen Arsinoe; lost; quoted by Athenaeus in the Deipnosophistae)\nAriston (concerning Aristo of Chios' addiction to luxury; lost; quoted by Athenaeus in the Deipnosophistae)[31]\nThe Catasterismi (Katasterismoi), a lost collection of Hellenistic myths about the constellations","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birth_1-0"},{"link_name":"Suda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suda"},{"link_name":"Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiad"},{"link_name":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"Zeno of Citium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-death_2-0"},{"link_name":"Suda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suda"},{"link_name":"Censorinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorinus"},{"link_name":"Pseudo-Lucian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Lucian"}],"text":"^ The Suda states that he was born in the 126th Olympiad, (276–272 BC). Strabo (Geography, i.2.2), though, states that he was a \"pupil\" (γνωριμος) of Zeno of Citium (who died in 262 BC), which would imply an earlier year of birth (c. 285 BC) since he is unlikely to have studied under him at the young age of 14. However, γνωριμος can also mean \"acquaintance\", and the year of Zeno's death is by no means definite.[32]\n\n^ The Suda states he died at the age of 80, Censorinus (De die natali, 15) at the age of 81, and Pseudo-Lucian (Makrobioi, 27) at the age of 82.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Eratosthenes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/biographicaldict0002unse_k8v0/page/681/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1524/klio.1934.27.27.258","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1524%2Fklio.1934.27.27.258"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"194449299","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194449299"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1993AHES...46...55D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993AHES...46...55D"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/BF00387726","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00387726"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"119522892","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119522892"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1975QJRAS..16..152F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975QJRAS..16..152F"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/353361","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F353361"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144617495","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144617495"},{"link_name":"Ératosthène de Cyrène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hdl.handle.net/10481/27536"},{"link_name":"Eratosthenes von Kyrene. Studien zur hellenistischen Kultur- und Wissenschaftgeschichte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/attachments/12860252/download_file"},{"link_name":"\"Eratosthenes on the \"measurement\" of the Earth\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0315-0860%2884%2990025-9"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0315-0860(84)90025-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0315-0860%2884%2990025-9"},{"link_name":"\"The origin and value of the stadion unit used by Eratosthenes in the third century B.C\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00417008"},{"link_name":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive_for_History_of_Exact_Sciences"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/BF00417008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00417008"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"41133819","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/41133819"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"115314003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:115314003"},{"link_name":"Circumference: Eratosthenes and the ancient quest to measure the globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9780312372477"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0312372477","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312372477"},{"link_name":"Robertson, Edmund F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson"},{"link_name":"\"Eratosthenes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Eratosthenes.html"},{"link_name":"MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive"},{"link_name":"University of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Reconstructing Eratosthenes' Map of the World: a Study in Source Analysis. A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Master of Arts at the University of Otago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//otago.ourarchive.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10523/1713/McPhailCameron2011MA.pdf?sequence=1"},{"link_name":"History of Classical Scholarship From the Beginnings to the End of the Hellenistic Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofclassic0000pfei_r5h8"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/352973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F352973"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"120730515","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120730515"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/BF00348500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00348500"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"118004246","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118004246"},{"link_name":"\"Eratosthenes's large Earth and tiny universe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dioi.org/vols/we0.pdf"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2008DIO....14....3R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008DIO....14....3R"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081030220751/http://www.dioi.org/vols/we0.pdf"},{"link_name":"Eratosthenes' Geography: Fragments collected and translated, with commentary and additional material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8peKyWK_SWsC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0691142678","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691142678"},{"link_name":"\"Eratosthenes' Parallel of Rhodes and the History of the System of Climata\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/191065"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1524/klio.2006.88.2.351","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1524%2Fklio.2006.88.2.351"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"190529073","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190529073"},{"link_name":"The Geography of Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographica"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1984Cent...27..165T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Cent...27..165T"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1600-0498.1984.tb00766.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0498.1984.tb00766.x"}],"text":"Aujac, G. (2001). Eratosthène de Cyrène, le pionnier de la géographie. Paris: Édition du CTHS. 224 p.\nBulmer-Thomas, Ivor (1939–1940). Selections Illustlating the History of Greek Mathematics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.\nDicks, D. R. (1991). \"Eratosthenes\". Biographical Dictionary of Mathematicians. Vol. 2 (Dickson–Khwārizmī). New York: Scribner. pp. 681–686.\nDiller, A (1934). \"Geographical Latitudes in Eratosthenes, Hipparchus and Posidonius\". Klio. 27 (3): 258–269. doi:10.1524/klio.1934.27.27.258. S2CID 194449299.\nDorofeeva, A. V. (1988). \"Eratosthenes (ca. 276–194 B.C.)\". Mat. V Shkole (in Russian) (4): i.\nDutka, J. (1993). \"Eratosthenes' measurement of the Earth reconsidered\". Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 46 (1): 55–66. Bibcode:1993AHES...46...55D. doi:10.1007/BF00387726. S2CID 119522892.\nEl'natanov, B. A. (1983). \"A brief outline of the history of the development of the sieve of Eratosthenes\". Istor.-Mat. Issled. (in Russian). 27: 238–259.\nFischer, I (1975). \"Another look at Eratosthenes' and Posidonius' determinations of the Earth's circumference\". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 16: 152–167. Bibcode:1975QJRAS..16..152F.\nFowler, D. H.; Rawlins, Dennis (1983). \"Eratosthenes' ratio for the obliquity of the ecliptic\". Isis. 74 (274): 556–562. doi:10.1086/353361. S2CID 144617495.\nFraser, P. M. (1970). \"Eratosthenes of Cyrene\". Proceedings of the British Academy. 56: 175–207.\nFraser, P. M. (1972). Ptolemaic Alexandria. Oxford: Clarendon Press.\nFuentes González, P. P., \"Ératosthène de Cyrène\", in R. Goulet (ed.), Dictionnaire des Philosophes Antiques, vol. III, Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 2000, pp. 188–236.\nGeus K. (2002). Eratosthenes von Kyrene. Studien zur hellenistischen Kultur- und Wissenschaftgeschichte. München: Verlag C.H. Beck. (Münchener Beiträge zur Papyrusforschung und antiken Rechtsgeschichte. Bd. 92) X, 412 S.\nGoldstein, B. R. (1984). \"Eratosthenes on the \"measurement\" of the Earth\". Historia Math. 11 (4): 411–416. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(84)90025-9.\nGulbekian, E. (1987). \"The origin and value of the stadion unit used by Eratosthenes in the third century B.C\". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 37 (4): 359–363. doi:10.1007/BF00417008. JSTOR 41133819. S2CID 115314003.\nHonigmann, E. (1929). Die sieben Klimata und die πολεις επισημοι. Eine Untersuchung zur Geschichte der Geographie und Astrologie in Altertum und Mittelalter. Heidelberg: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung. 247 S.\nKnaack, G. (1907). \"Eratosthenes\". Pauly–Wissowa VI: 358–388.\nManna, F. (1986). \"The Pentathlos of ancient science, Eratosthenes, first and only one of the \"primes\"\". Atti Accad. Pontaniana. New Series (in Italian). 35: 37–44.\nMuwaf, A.; Philippou, A. N. (1981). \"An Arabic version of Eratosthenes writing on mean proportionals\". J. Hist. Arabic Sci. 5 (1–2): 147–175.\nNicastro, Nicholas (2008). Circumference: Eratosthenes and the ancient quest to measure the globe. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312372477.\nO'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Eratosthenes\", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews\nMarcotte, D. (1998). \"La climatologie d'Ératosthène à Poséidonios: genèse d'une science humaine\". G. Argoud, J.Y. Guillaumin (eds.). Sciences exactes et sciences appliquées à Alexandrie (IIIe siècle av J.C. – Ier ap J.C.). Saint Etienne: Publications de l'Université de Saint Etienne: 263–277.\nMcPhail, Cameron (2011). Reconstructing Eratosthenes' Map of the World: a Study in Source Analysis. A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Master of Arts at the University of Otago. Dunedin, New Zealand.\nPfeiffer, Rudolf (1968). History of Classical Scholarship From the Beginnings to the End of the Hellenistic Age. Oxford: Clarendon Press.\nRawlins, D. (1982). \"Eratosthenes' geodesy unraveled : was there a high-accuracy Hellenistic astronomy\". Isis. 73 (2): 259–265. doi:10.1086/352973. S2CID 120730515.\nRawlins, D. (1982). \"The Eratosthenes – Strabo Nile map. Is it the earliest surviving instance of spherical cartography? Did it supply the 5000 stades arc for Eratosthenes' experiment?\". Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 26 (3): 211–219. doi:10.1007/BF00348500. S2CID 118004246.\nRawlins, D. (2008). \"Eratosthenes's large Earth and tiny universe\" (PDF). DIO. 14: 3–12. Bibcode:2008DIO....14....3R. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-10-30.\nRoller, Duane W. (2010). Eratosthenes' Geography: Fragments collected and translated, with commentary and additional material. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691142678.\nRosokoki, A. (1995), Die Erigone des Eratosthenes. Eine kommentierte Ausgabe der Fragmente, Heidelberg: C. Winter-Verlag\nShcheglov, D.A. (2004/2006). \"Ptolemy's System of Seven Climata and Eratosthenes' Geography\". Geographia Antiqua 13: 21–37.\nShcheglov, D.A. (2006). \"Eratosthenes' Parallel of Rhodes and the History of the System of Climata\". Klio. 88 (2): 351–359. doi:10.1524/klio.2006.88.2.351. S2CID 190529073.\nStrabo (1917). The Geography of Strabo. Horace Leonard Jones, trans. New York: Putnam.\nTaisbak, C. M. (1984). \"Eleven eighty-thirds. Ptolemy's reference to Eratosthenes in Almagest I.12\". Centaurus. 27 (2): 165–167. Bibcode:1984Cent...27..165T. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1984.tb00766.x.\nThalamas, A. (1921). La géographe d'Ératosthène. Versailles.\nWolfer, E. P. (1954). Eratosthenes von Kyrene als Mathematiker und Philosoph. Groningen-Djakarta.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Eratosthenes teaching in Alexandria by Bernardo Strozzi (1635)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Eratosthenes_Teaching_in_Alexandria_%28Bernardo_Strozzi%2C_Montreal%29.jpg/220px-Eratosthenes_Teaching_in_Alexandria_%28Bernardo_Strozzi%2C_Montreal%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Measure of Earth's circumference according to Cleomedes' simplified version, based on the approximation that Syene is on the Tropic of Cancer and on the same meridian as Alexandria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Eratosthenes_measure_of_Earth_circumference.svg/310px-Eratosthenes_measure_of_Earth_circumference.svg.png"},{"image_text":"19th-century reconstruction of Eratosthenes' map of the (for the Greeks) known world, c. 194 BC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mappa_di_Eratostene.jpg/220px-Mappa_di_Eratostene.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sieve of Eratosthenes: algorithm steps for primes below 121 (including optimization of starting from the prime's square).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes_animation.gif"}]
[{"title":"Aristarchus of Samos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos"},{"title":"c.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English"},{"title":"calculated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Sizes_and_Distances_(Aristarchus)"},{"title":"Eratosthenes (crater)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes_(crater)"},{"title":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"title":"Eratosthenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenian"},{"title":"lunar geologic timescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_geologic_timescale"},{"title":"Eratosthenes Seamount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes_Seamount"},{"title":"Eratosthenes Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes_Point"},{"title":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"title":"Hipparchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipparchus"},{"title":"c.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English"},{"title":"measured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Sizes_and_Distances_(Hipparchus)"},{"title":"Posidonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posidonius"},{"title":"c.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English"},{"title":"calculated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posidonius#Calculation_of_Earth's_circumference"}]
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Britannica.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/chronology/Greek","url_text":"\"Greek chronology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aratus's \"Phenomena,\" Cleomedes's \"On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies,\" and Nichomachus's \"Introduction to Arithmetic\" – Viewer – World Digital Library\". www.wdl.org. Retrieved 2021-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wdl.org/en/item/14757/view/1/1/","url_text":"\"Aratus's \"Phenomena,\" Cleomedes's \"On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies,\" and Nichomachus's \"Introduction to Arithmetic\" – Viewer – World Digital Library\""}]},{"reference":"Russo, Lucio (2004). The forgotten revolution : how science was born in 300 BC and why it had to be reborn. Berlin: Springer. p. 68. ISBN 3-540-20396-6. 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Retrieved 2021-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RcfmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6","url_text":"Geodesy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110250008","url_text":"978-3110250008"}]},{"reference":"Dahlman, Carl; Renwick, William (2014). Introduction to Geography: People, Places & Environment (6 ed.). Pearson. ISBN 9780137504510. Retrieved 28 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pearson.com/store/en-us/pearsonplus/p/9780137504510.html?creative=545445680380&keyword=&matchtype=&network=g&device=c&gclid=CjwKCAjwpKyYBhB7EiwAU2Hn2QPXxmu7Nqnx04A__xcaDqM3GuPh2cbR2wI7G7ihOs2cQpV7CUFAxxoCzLEQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds","url_text":"Introduction to Geography: People, Places & Environment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780137504510","url_text":"9780137504510"}]},{"reference":"\"Eratosthenes of Cyrene\". Khan Academy. Retrieved 2019-11-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/big-history-project/solar-system-and-earth/knowing-solar-system-earth/a/eratosthenes-of-cyrene","url_text":"\"Eratosthenes of Cyrene\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ask an Astronomer\". Cool Cosmos. Archived from the original on 2014-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140730214334/http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/ask/5-How-large-is-the-Sun-compared-to-Earth-","url_text":"\"Ask an Astronomer\""},{"url":"http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/ask/5-How-large-is-the-Sun-compared-to-Earth-","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Andrew. \"Athenaeus: Deipnosophists – Book 7\". www.attalus.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.attalus.org/old/athenaeus7.html#281","url_text":"\"Athenaeus: Deipnosophists – Book 7\""}]},{"reference":"Bulmer-Thomas, Ivor (1939–1940). Selections Illustlating the History of Greek Mathematics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dicks, D. R. (1991). \"Eratosthenes\". Biographical Dictionary of Mathematicians. Vol. 2 (Dickson–Khwārizmī). New York: Scribner. pp. 681–686.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0002unse_k8v0/page/681/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Eratosthenes\""}]},{"reference":"Diller, A (1934). \"Geographical Latitudes in Eratosthenes, Hipparchus and Posidonius\". Klio. 27 (3): 258–269. doi:10.1524/klio.1934.27.27.258. S2CID 194449299.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fklio.1934.27.27.258","url_text":"10.1524/klio.1934.27.27.258"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194449299","url_text":"194449299"}]},{"reference":"Dorofeeva, A. V. (1988). \"Eratosthenes (ca. 276–194 B.C.)\". Mat. V Shkole (in Russian) (4): i.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dutka, J. (1993). \"Eratosthenes' measurement of the Earth reconsidered\". Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 46 (1): 55–66. Bibcode:1993AHES...46...55D. doi:10.1007/BF00387726. S2CID 119522892.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993AHES...46...55D","url_text":"1993AHES...46...55D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00387726","url_text":"10.1007/BF00387726"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119522892","url_text":"119522892"}]},{"reference":"El'natanov, B. A. (1983). \"A brief outline of the history of the development of the sieve of Eratosthenes\". Istor.-Mat. Issled. (in Russian). 27: 238–259.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fischer, I (1975). \"Another look at Eratosthenes' and Posidonius' determinations of the Earth's circumference\". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 16: 152–167. Bibcode:1975QJRAS..16..152F.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975QJRAS..16..152F","url_text":"1975QJRAS..16..152F"}]},{"reference":"Fowler, D. H.; Rawlins, Dennis (1983). \"Eratosthenes' ratio for the obliquity of the ecliptic\". Isis. 74 (274): 556–562. doi:10.1086/353361. S2CID 144617495.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F353361","url_text":"10.1086/353361"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144617495","url_text":"144617495"}]},{"reference":"Fraser, P. M. (1970). \"Eratosthenes of Cyrene\". Proceedings of the British Academy. 56: 175–207.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fraser, P. M. (1972). Ptolemaic Alexandria. Oxford: Clarendon Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Goldstein, B. R. (1984). \"Eratosthenes on the \"measurement\" of the Earth\". Historia Math. 11 (4): 411–416. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(84)90025-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0315-0860%2884%2990025-9","url_text":"\"Eratosthenes on the \"measurement\" of the Earth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0315-0860%2884%2990025-9","url_text":"10.1016/0315-0860(84)90025-9"}]},{"reference":"Gulbekian, E. (1987). \"The origin and value of the stadion unit used by Eratosthenes in the third century B.C\". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 37 (4): 359–363. doi:10.1007/BF00417008. JSTOR 41133819. S2CID 115314003.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00417008","url_text":"\"The origin and value of the stadion unit used by Eratosthenes in the third century B.C\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive_for_History_of_Exact_Sciences","url_text":"Archive for History of Exact Sciences"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00417008","url_text":"10.1007/BF00417008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41133819","url_text":"41133819"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:115314003","url_text":"115314003"}]},{"reference":"Knaack, G. (1907). \"Eratosthenes\". Pauly–Wissowa VI: 358–388.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Manna, F. (1986). \"The Pentathlos of ancient science, Eratosthenes, first and only one of the \"primes\"\". Atti Accad. Pontaniana. New Series (in Italian). 35: 37–44.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Muwaf, A.; Philippou, A. N. (1981). \"An Arabic version of Eratosthenes writing on mean proportionals\". J. Hist. Arabic Sci. 5 (1–2): 147–175.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nicastro, Nicholas (2008). Circumference: Eratosthenes and the ancient quest to measure the globe. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312372477.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312372477","url_text":"Circumference: Eratosthenes and the ancient quest to measure the globe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312372477","url_text":"978-0312372477"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., \"Eratosthenes\", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson","url_text":"Robertson, Edmund F."},{"url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Eratosthenes.html","url_text":"\"Eratosthenes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive","url_text":"MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews","url_text":"University of St Andrews"}]},{"reference":"Pfeiffer, Rudolf (1968). History of Classical Scholarship From the Beginnings to the End of the Hellenistic Age. Oxford: Clarendon Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofclassic0000pfei_r5h8","url_text":"History of Classical Scholarship From the Beginnings to the End of the Hellenistic Age"}]},{"reference":"Rawlins, D. (1982). \"Eratosthenes' geodesy unraveled : was there a high-accuracy Hellenistic astronomy\". Isis. 73 (2): 259–265. doi:10.1086/352973. S2CID 120730515.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F352973","url_text":"10.1086/352973"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120730515","url_text":"120730515"}]},{"reference":"Rawlins, D. (1982). \"The Eratosthenes – Strabo Nile map. Is it the earliest surviving instance of spherical cartography? Did it supply the 5000 stades arc for Eratosthenes' experiment?\". Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 26 (3): 211–219. doi:10.1007/BF00348500. S2CID 118004246.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00348500","url_text":"10.1007/BF00348500"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118004246","url_text":"118004246"}]},{"reference":"Rawlins, D. (2008). \"Eratosthenes's large Earth and tiny universe\" (PDF). DIO. 14: 3–12. Bibcode:2008DIO....14....3R. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dioi.org/vols/we0.pdf","url_text":"\"Eratosthenes's large Earth and tiny universe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008DIO....14....3R","url_text":"2008DIO....14....3R"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081030220751/http://www.dioi.org/vols/we0.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roller, Duane W. (2010). Eratosthenes' Geography: Fragments collected and translated, with commentary and additional material. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691142678.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8peKyWK_SWsC","url_text":"Eratosthenes' Geography: Fragments collected and translated, with commentary and additional material"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691142678","url_text":"978-0691142678"}]},{"reference":"Shcheglov, D.A. (2006). \"Eratosthenes' Parallel of Rhodes and the History of the System of Climata\". Klio. 88 (2): 351–359. doi:10.1524/klio.2006.88.2.351. S2CID 190529073.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/191065","url_text":"\"Eratosthenes' Parallel of Rhodes and the History of the System of Climata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fklio.2006.88.2.351","url_text":"10.1524/klio.2006.88.2.351"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190529073","url_text":"190529073"}]},{"reference":"Strabo (1917). The Geography of Strabo. Horace Leonard Jones, trans. New York: Putnam.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographica","url_text":"The Geography of Strabo"}]},{"reference":"Taisbak, C. M. (1984). \"Eleven eighty-thirds. Ptolemy's reference to Eratosthenes in Almagest I.12\". Centaurus. 27 (2): 165–167. Bibcode:1984Cent...27..165T. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1984.tb00766.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Cent...27..165T","url_text":"1984Cent...27..165T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0498.1984.tb00766.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1600-0498.1984.tb00766.x"}]},{"reference":"Wolfer, E. P. (1954). Eratosthenes von Kyrene als Mathematiker und Philosoph. Groningen-Djakarta.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_for_Heroes
Time for Heroes
["1 Background","2 Reception","3 Track listing","3.1 7\"","3.2 CD 1","3.3 CD 2","3.4 Japanese EP","4 Chart performance","5 Certifications","6 References"]
This article is about the song Time For Heroes. For the Libertines album of the same name, see Time for Heroes - The Best of the Libertines. 2003 single by The Libertines"Time for Heroes"Single by The Libertinesfrom the album Up the Bracket Released13 January 2003GenreIndie rock, garage rock, post-punk revivalLength2:40LabelRough TradeProducer(s)Mick JonesThe Libertines singles chronology "Up the Bracket" (2002) "Time for Heroes" (2003) "Don't Look Back into the Sun" (2003) "Time for Heroes" is a song by English rock band the Libertines, featured on their debut album Up the Bracket. It was released on 13 January 2003 as the second single from that album, and reached No. 20 in the UK Singles Chart. The song is based on singer/guitarist Pete Doherty's experiences and on police brutality at the London May Day Riots of 2000. Background Writing under the name Heavyhorse to fans on the Libertines web forum about the song, Doherty explained the meaning behind the lyric "wombles bleed, truncheons and shields": "The 'wombles' were a revolutionary sect from the era of the Mayday riots in the year 2000. They were rioters who all dressed up like wombles from the t.v series, including tinfoil shields and wobbly truncheons, mimicking the riot police. There were about 12 of them, but they had many enthusiastic disciples." Reception The song was a fan favourite of the Libertines' live shows, and Pete Doherty's later band Babyshambles often play the song at their gigs. It is also widely acclaimed, coming in at number 2 (behind "Last Nite" by the Strokes) on NME's list of the best 50 songs of the previous decade. A music video for "Time for Heroes" was filmed in Madrid, featuring the city's Metro and Colon's Square. In May 2007, NME magazine placed "Time For Heroes" at number 6 in its list of the 50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever, one place below "Don't Look Back into The Sun," also by the Libertines. In 2011, NME placed it at number 10 on its list "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years". Later, they placed the song at no. 28 on their list of 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, writing that the song was "The Libs' crowning moment, it brilliantly captured the thrill of fighting for a cause." Peter Doherty recorded an acoustic version of the song in a 2019 Cardinal Sessions set. Graham Coxon performed a version of this song for Radio 1's Live Lounge. "Time for Heroes" also featured in the American film American Wedding. Track listing 7" "Time for Heroes" – 2:41 "7 Deadly Sins" (Demo) – 2:50 CD 1 "Time for Heroes" – 2:41 "General Smuts" (Demo) – 3:31 "Bangkok" (Demo) – 2:14 CD 2 "Time for Heroes" – 2:41 "Mr. Finnegan" (Demo) – 1:51 "Sally Brown" (Demo) – 2:54 Japanese EP "Time for Heroes" – 2:41 "I Get Along (Original Version)" – 2:54 "The Delaney" – 2:40 "Mayday" – 1:04 "Skag & Bone Man" – 1:48 "Bangkok" (Demo) – 2:12 Time For Heroes (Music Video) Chart performance Chart (2003) Peakposition UK Singles Chart 20 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales United Kingdom (BPI) Silver 200,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. References ^ "The Greatest Indie Anthem Ever revealed". NME. 3 May 2007. Retrieved 4 May 2007. ^ "150 Best Tracks Of The Past 15 Years". Nme.com. 6 October 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2021. ^ "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time: 100-1". NME. ^ "British single certifications – Libertines – Time For Heroes". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 25 February 2024. vteThe Libertines Carl Barât Peter Doherty John Hassall Gary Powell Anthony Rossomando Johnny Borrell Studio albums Up the Bracket (2002) The Libertines (2004) Anthems for Doomed Youth (2015) All Quiet on the Eastern Esplanade (2024) Extended plays Time for Heroes (2003) I Get Along (2003) Don't Look Back into the Sun/Death on the Stairs (2003) What Became of the Likely Lads (2004) Singles "What a Waster" "Up the Bracket" "Time for Heroes" "Don't Look Back into the Sun" "Can't Stand Me Now" "What Became of the Likely Lads" Compilations Time for Heroes - The Best of The Libertines DVDs Boys in the Band Related articles Discography Babyshambles Dirty Pretty Things Yeti The Libertines Bound Together Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work
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For the Libertines album of the same name, see Time for Heroes - The Best of the Libertines.2003 single by The Libertines\"Time for Heroes\" is a song by English rock band the Libertines, featured on their debut album Up the Bracket. It was released on 13 January 2003 as the second single from that album, and reached No. 20 in the UK Singles Chart. The song is based on singer/guitarist Pete Doherty's experiences and on police brutality at the London May Day Riots of 2000.","title":"Time for Heroes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wombles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOMBLES"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Writing under the name Heavyhorse to fans on the Libertines web forum about the song, Doherty explained the meaning behind the lyric \"wombles bleed, truncheons and shields\":\"The 'wombles' were a revolutionary sect from the era of the Mayday riots in the year 2000. They were rioters who all dressed up like wombles from the t.v series, including tinfoil shields and wobbly truncheons, mimicking the riot police. There were about 12 of them, but they had many enthusiastic disciples.\"[citation needed]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Babyshambles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyshambles"},{"link_name":"Last Nite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Nite"},{"link_name":"the Strokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Strokes"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"Don't Look Back into The Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Look_Back_into_The_Sun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Graham Coxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Coxon"},{"link_name":"American Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Wedding"}],"text":"The song was a fan favourite of the Libertines' live shows, and Pete Doherty's later band Babyshambles often play the song at their gigs. It is also widely acclaimed, coming in at number 2 (behind \"Last Nite\" by the Strokes) on NME's list of the best 50 songs of the previous decade.A music video for \"Time for Heroes\" was filmed in Madrid, featuring the city's Metro and Colon's Square.In May 2007, NME magazine placed \"Time For Heroes\" at number 6 in its list of the 50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever, one place below \"Don't Look Back into The Sun,\" also by the Libertines.[1] \nIn 2011, NME placed it at number 10 on its list \"150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years\".[2] Later, they placed the song at no. 28 on their list of 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, writing that the song was \"The Libs' crowning moment, it brilliantly captured the thrill of fighting for a cause.\"[3]Peter Doherty recorded an acoustic version of the song in a 2019 Cardinal Sessions set.Graham Coxon performed a version of this song for Radio 1's Live Lounge.\"Time for Heroes\" also featured in the American film American Wedding.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"7\"","text":"\"Time for Heroes\" – 2:41\n\"7 Deadly Sins\" (Demo) – 2:50","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"CD 1","text":"\"Time for Heroes\" – 2:41\n\"General Smuts\" (Demo) – 3:31\n\"Bangkok\" (Demo) – 2:14","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"CD 2","text":"\"Time for Heroes\" – 2:41\n\"Mr. Finnegan\" (Demo) – 1:51\n\"Sally Brown\" (Demo) – 2:54","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Japanese EP","text":"\"Time for Heroes\" – 2:41\n\"I Get Along (Original Version)\" – 2:54\n\"The Delaney\" – 2:40\n\"Mayday\" – 1:04\n\"Skag & Bone Man\" – 1:48\n\"Bangkok\" (Demo) – 2:12\nTime For Heroes (Music Video)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_D._Wheeler
Quentin D. Wheeler
["1 Education","2 Career","3 Research","4 Key works","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
American entomologist (born 1954) This article is about the American entomologist. For the American Olympic hurdler, see Quentin Wheeler. Quentin D. WheelerPresidentSUNY Environmental Science and ForestryIn officeJanuary 2014 (2014-01) – June 30, 2018 (2018-06-30)Preceded byCornelius B. Murphy, Jr.Succeeded byDavid C. AmbergVice-President and DeanASU College of Liberal Arts and SciencesIn office2007 (2007)–2011 (2011)Interim Dean ASU Division Of Natural SciencesIn office2006–2007 Personal detailsAlma materOhio State University (B.S.), (M.S.), (Ph.D.)FieldsEntomologyTaxonomyPhylogenetics Quentin Duane Wheeler (born January 31, 1954) is an American entomologist, taxonomist, author and newspaper columnist, and is the founding director of the International Institute for Species Exploration. He was the fourth President of the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, in Syracuse, New York until his retirement. Other positions have included: professor of entomology at Cornell University and Arizona State University; Keeper and Head of Entomology at the Natural History Museum in London; and Director of the Division of Environmental Biology at the National Science Foundation. Education Wheeler holds bachelor (1976), master's (1977) and Ph.D. (1980) degrees in entomology from Ohio State University. His Ph.D. dissertation is titled, "Comparative morphology, cladistics, and a revised classification of the genera Lymexylidae (Coleoptera), including descriptions of two new genera". Career Wheeler was a faculty member for 24 years at Cornell University, where he earned the rank of tenured full professor. He was chair of entomology and director of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium at Cornell. Wheeler also previously served as the Keeper and Head of Entomology at the Natural History Museum in London from 2004–2006, and was director of the Division of Environmental Biology at the National Science Foundation from 2001-2004.Quentin Wheeler, speaking at the annual meeting of the History of Science Society, Phoenix, Arizona, November 2009 (photo by Sage Ross) Wheeler joined Arizona State University in 2006. He was the Virginia M. Ullman Professor of Natural History and the Environment, and founding executive director of the International Institute for Species Exploration. Wheeler served as interim dean of the Division of Natural Sciences in 2006, and in 2007 was appointed to the position of vice president and dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, a position he held until 2011. He was President of the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry from January 2014 through June 2018. Research Wheeler's research career has focused on the role of species exploration and natural history collections in the exploration and conservation of biodiversity; theory and practice of phylogenetic systematics and cybertaxonomy; the evolution and classification of insects, especially beetles; and public science education. He has received a number of academic honors, including fellowships from the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Linnean Society of London and Royal Entomological Society. He has had three species of beetles named in his honor, such as Tonerus wheeleri, Eleodes wheeleri, and Agathisium wheeleri. He is the author of approximately 150 scientific articles and six books, including What on Earth? – 100 of Our Planet's Most Amazing New Species. He has named more than 100 new species and writes a periodic column on new species for The Guardian newspaper in London. Key works Articles Among Wheeler's most highly cited articles are: Watrous, Larry E.; Wheeler, Quentin D. (1981). "The out-group comparison method of character analysis". Systematic Biology. 30 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1093/sysbio/30.1.1. Nixon, Kevin C.; Wheeler, Quentin D. (1990). "An amplification of the phylogenetic species concept". Cladistics. 6 (3): 211–223. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00541.x. S2CID 84095773. Wheeler, Quentin D (2004). "Taxonomic triage and the poverty of phylogeny". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 359 (1444): 571–583. doi:10.1098/rstb.2003.1452. PMC 1693342. PMID 15253345. Wheeler, Quentin D.; Raven, Peter H.; Wilson, Edward O. (2004). "January 16). "Taxonomy: impediment or expedient" (editorial)". Science. 303 (5656): 285. doi:10.1126/science.303.5656.285. hdl:1808/295. PMID 14726557. Books Wheeler's most widely held books include: Wheeler, Quentin D., and Meredith Blackwell, eds. 1984. Fungus-insect relationships: perspectives in ecology and evolution. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231056946 Novacek, Michael J., and Quentin Wheeler, eds. 1992. Extinction and phylogeny. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231074384 Wheeler, Quentin D., and Rudolf Meier, eds. 2000. Species concepts and phylogenetic theory: a debate. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231101431 Wheeler, Quentin D., eds. 2008. The New Taxonomy. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0849390883 Knapp, Sandra, and Quentin D. Wheeler, eds. 2009. Letters to Linnaeus. London: Linnean Society of London. ISBN 978-0950620794 Wheeler, Quentin D., and Sara Pennak. 2013. What on Earth? 100 of our planet's most amazing new species. New York: Plume. ISBN 978-0452298149 Williams, David, Schmitt, Michael, and Quentin Wheeler, eds. 2016. "The future of phylogenetic systematics: The legacy of Willi Hennig". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107117648 See also List of heads of the New York State College of Forestry Phylogenetics Taxonomy References ^ Library of Congress Authority File. Accessed: June 4, 2014. ^ Catalfamo, Mary (28 August 2008). "SUNY-ESF President Quentin Wheeler's resignation, explained". The Daily Orange. Retrieved 16 August 2020. ^ a b "Quentin Wheeler Chosen as New President of SUNY-ESF," SUNY-ESF, November 15, 2013. Accessed: February 22, 2014. ^ "Quentin Wheeler," Archived 22 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University. Accessed: February 22, 2014. ^ "Quentin Wheeler," ResearchGate. Accessed: February 14, 2014. ^ Jackson, Nicholas (18 November 2011). "A Conversation With Quentin D. Wheeler, Sustainability Scientist". The Atlantic. Retrieved 15 November 2014. ^ Tobin, Dave (15 November 2013). "SUNY ESF's next president, Quentin Wheeler, is a bug expert". Syracuse.com. Retrieved 15 November 2014. ^ Willis, Scott; Farrell, Sean (12 September 2014). "Dr. Quentin Wheeler Inaugurated as SUNY ESF's Fourth President". WAER 795. Retrieved 15 November 2014. ^ Mulder, James T. (2018, June 14). "Upstate Medical VP to serve as interim president of SUNY ESF," Syracuse.com. Accessed: 1 July 2018. ^ Mulder, James T. (2018, March 21). "Controversial SUNY ESF president stepping down after feuding with faculty," Syracuse.com Accessed: 11 September 2018. ^ "Quentin Wheeler - Person". Global Institute of Sustainability and Innovation. Retrieved 28 October 2020. ^ Miller, Kelly B. (2009). "On the systematics of Noteridae (Coleoptera: Adephaga: Hydradephaga): Phylogeny, description of a new tribe, genus and species, and survey of female genital morphology". Systematics and Biodiversity. 7 (2): 191–214. Bibcode:2009SyBio...7..191M. doi:10.1017/S1477200008002946. S2CID 55800126. ^ Smith, Aaron; Dornburg, Rebecca; Wheeler, Quentin (2014). "Larvae of the genus Eleodes (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae): matrix-based descriptions, cladisticanalysis, and key to late instars". ZooKeys (415): 217–268. Bibcode:2014ZooK..415..217S. doi:10.3897/zookeys.415.5887. PMC 4089825. PMID 25009429. ^ Angelini, Fernando (1990). "New Species and Records of Agathidium from Malaysia (Malaya) and the Philippines (Coleoptera: Leiodidae)". The Coleopterists Bulletin. 44 (3): 241–254. JSTOR 4008726. ^ Google Scholar. Accessed: 27 September 2016. ^ "Quentin Wheeler," WorldCat. Accessed: 31 May 2015. Further reading “President Who Ousted 3 Chairs Will Step Down” Jackson, Nicholas. (2011, November 18). "A Conversation With Quentin D. Wheeler, Sustainability Scientist," The Atlantic Magazine. Tobin, Dave. (2013, November 15). "SUNY ESF's next president, Quentin Wheeler, is a bug expert," The Post-Standard. World Future Society. (n.d.). "The Futurist Interviews Quentin Wheeler, Biologist, on the Future of Biodiversity." External links Wheeler, Quentin. (2010 - ). "New to nature" (column), The Guardian, UK Wheeler, Quentin; Valdecasas, Antonio G. (2010). "Cybertaxonomy and Ecology". Nature Education Knowledge. 3 (10): 6. Academic offices Preceded byCornelius B. Murphy, Jr. President of SUNY Environmental Science & Forestry January 2014–June 2018 Succeeded byDavid C. Amberg (Interim) vteLeaders of the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and ForestryDeans William L. Bray (1911-1912) Hugh P. Baker (1912–1920) F. Franklin Moon (1920–1927) Nelson C. Brown (Acting) (1926–1930) Hugh P. Baker (1930–1933) Samuel N. Spring (1933–1944) Joseph S. Illick (1944–1951) Hardy L. Shirley (1952–1967) Edwin C. Jahn (1967–1969) Presidents Edward E. Palmer (1969–1983) Ross S. Whaley (1984–1999) Cornelius B. Murphy, Jr. (2000–2013) Quentin D. Wheeler (2014–2018) David C. Amberg (Interim) (2018–2020) Joanne M. Mahoney (November 4, 2020 – present) Officers in charge Joseph L. Rufo (June 1 – November 4, 2020) From 1911–13, the New York State College of Forestry was a unit of Syracuse University. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Academics CiNii Google Scholar Other IdRef
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For the American Olympic hurdler, see Quentin Wheeler.Quentin Duane Wheeler (born January 31, 1954)[1] is an American entomologist, taxonomist, author and newspaper columnist, and is the founding director of the International Institute for Species Exploration. He was the fourth President of the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, in Syracuse, New York until his retirement.[2] Other positions have included: professor of entomology at Cornell University and Arizona State University; Keeper and Head of Entomology at the Natural History Museum in London; and Director of the Division of Environmental Biology at the National Science Foundation.","title":"Quentin D. Wheeler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"entomology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomology"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-esf-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"cladistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics"},{"link_name":"Lymexylidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymexylidae"},{"link_name":"Coleoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Wheeler holds bachelor (1976), master's (1977) and Ph.D. (1980) degrees in entomology from Ohio State University.[3][4] His Ph.D. dissertation is titled, \"Comparative morphology, cladistics, and a revised classification of the genera Lymexylidae (Coleoptera), including descriptions of two new genera\".[5]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Hortorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbarium"},{"link_name":"Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Entomology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomology"},{"link_name":"Natural History Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London"},{"link_name":"Environmental Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Biology"},{"link_name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quentin-Wheeler-2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"History of Science Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Science_Society"},{"link_name":"Arizona State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University"},{"link_name":"International Institute for Species Exploration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Species_Exploration"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_College_of_Environmental_Science_and_Forestry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Wheeler was a faculty member for 24 years at Cornell University, where he earned the rank of tenured full professor. He was chair of entomology and director of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium at Cornell. Wheeler also previously served as the Keeper and Head of Entomology at the Natural History Museum in London from 2004–2006, and was director of the Division of Environmental Biology at the National Science Foundation from 2001-2004.Quentin Wheeler, speaking at the annual meeting of the History of Science Society, Phoenix, Arizona, November 2009 (photo by Sage Ross)Wheeler joined Arizona State University in 2006. He was the Virginia M. Ullman Professor of Natural History and the Environment, and founding executive director of the International Institute for Species Exploration.[6] Wheeler served as interim dean of the Division of Natural Sciences in 2006, and in 2007 was appointed to the position of vice president and dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, a position he held until 2011. He was President of the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry from January 2014 through June 2018.[7][8][9][10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species exploration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Species_exploration&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"natural history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history"},{"link_name":"biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"phylogenetic systematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics"},{"link_name":"cybertaxonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cybertaxonomy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"beetles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetles"},{"link_name":"science education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_education"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-esf-3"}],"text":"Wheeler's research career has focused on the role of species exploration and natural history collections in the exploration and conservation of biodiversity; theory and practice of phylogenetic systematics and cybertaxonomy; the evolution and classification of insects, especially beetles; and public science education. He has received a number of academic honors, including fellowships from the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Linnean Society of London and Royal Entomological Society.[11] He has had three species of beetles named in his honor, such as Tonerus wheeleri,[12] Eleodes wheeleri,[13] and Agathisium wheeleri.[14]He is the author of approximately 150 scientific articles and six books, including What on Earth? – 100 of Our Planet's Most Amazing New Species. He has named more than 100 new species and writes a periodic column on new species for The Guardian newspaper in London.[3]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Systematic Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_Biology"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/sysbio/30.1.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fsysbio%2F30.1.1"},{"link_name":"\"An amplification of the phylogenetic species concept\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-0031.1990.tb00541.x"},{"link_name":"Cladistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00541.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-0031.1990.tb00541.x"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84095773","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84095773"},{"link_name":"\"Taxonomic triage and the poverty of phylogeny\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693342"},{"link_name":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_of_London_B"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1098/rstb.2003.1452","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2003.1452"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1693342","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693342"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15253345","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15253345"},{"link_name":"Raven, Peter H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_H._Raven"},{"link_name":"Wilson, Edward O.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._O._Wilson"},{"link_name":"\"January 16). \"Taxonomy: impediment or expedient\" (editorial)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.303.5656.285"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1126/science.303.5656.285","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.303.5656.285"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1808/295","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/1808%2F295"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"14726557","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14726557"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0231056946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231056946"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0231074384","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231074384"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0231101431","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231101431"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0849390883","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0849390883"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0950620794","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0950620794"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0452298149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0452298149"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1107117648","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107117648"}],"text":"ArticlesAmong Wheeler's most highly cited articles are:[15]Watrous, Larry E.; Wheeler, Quentin D. (1981). \"The out-group comparison method of character analysis\". Systematic Biology. 30 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1093/sysbio/30.1.1.\nNixon, Kevin C.; Wheeler, Quentin D. (1990). \"An amplification of the phylogenetic species concept\". Cladistics. 6 (3): 211–223. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1990.tb00541.x. S2CID 84095773.\nWheeler, Quentin D (2004). \"Taxonomic triage and the poverty of phylogeny\". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 359 (1444): 571–583. doi:10.1098/rstb.2003.1452. PMC 1693342. PMID 15253345.\nWheeler, Quentin D.; Raven, Peter H.; Wilson, Edward O. (2004). \"January 16). \"Taxonomy: impediment or expedient\" (editorial)\". Science. 303 (5656): 285. doi:10.1126/science.303.5656.285. hdl:1808/295. PMID 14726557.BooksWheeler's most widely held books include:[16]Wheeler, Quentin D., and Meredith Blackwell, eds. 1984. Fungus-insect relationships: perspectives in ecology and evolution. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231056946\nNovacek, Michael J., and Quentin Wheeler, eds. 1992. Extinction and phylogeny. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231074384\nWheeler, Quentin D., and Rudolf Meier, eds. 2000. Species concepts and phylogenetic theory: a debate. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231101431\nWheeler, Quentin D., eds. 2008. The New Taxonomy. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0849390883\nKnapp, Sandra, and Quentin D. Wheeler, eds. 2009. Letters to Linnaeus. London: Linnean Society of London. ISBN 978-0950620794\nWheeler, Quentin D., and Sara Pennak. 2013. What on Earth? 100 of our planet's most amazing new species. New York: Plume. ISBN 978-0452298149\nWilliams, David, Schmitt, Michael, and Quentin Wheeler, eds. 2016. \"The future of phylogenetic systematics: The legacy of Willi Hennig\". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107117648","title":"Key works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"“President Who Ousted 3 Chairs Will Step Down”","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2018/03/22/president-who-ousted-3-chairs-will-step-down"},{"link_name":"Jackson, Nicholas. (2011, November 18). \"A Conversation With Quentin D. Wheeler, Sustainability Scientist,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2011/11/a-conversation-with-quentin-d-wheeler-sustainability-scientist/248376/"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Tobin, Dave. (2013, November 15). \"SUNY ESF's next president, Quentin Wheeler, is a bug expert,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2013/11/quentin_wheeler_chosen_as_new_president_of_suny-esf.html"},{"link_name":"The Post-Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Post-Standard"},{"link_name":"World Future Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Future_Society"},{"link_name":"\"The Futurist Interviews Quentin Wheeler, Biologist, on the Future of Biodiversity.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140227012510/http://www.wfs.org/futurist-interviews/futurist-interviews-quentin-wheeler-biologist-future-biodiversity"}],"text":"“President Who Ousted 3 Chairs Will Step Down”\nJackson, Nicholas. (2011, November 18). \"A Conversation With Quentin D. Wheeler, Sustainability Scientist,\" The Atlantic Magazine.\nTobin, Dave. (2013, November 15). \"SUNY ESF's next president, Quentin Wheeler, is a bug expert,\" The Post-Standard.\nWorld Future Society. (n.d.). \"The Futurist Interviews Quentin Wheeler, Biologist, on the Future of Biodiversity.\"","title":"Further reading"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaimiloa_(catamaran)
Éric de Bisschop
["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 China and the Fou Po","1.3 Hawaii and the Kaimiloa","1.4 France (1938-40)","1.5 The Kaimiloa-Wakea and Hawaii","1.6 French Polynesia and the Tahiti-Nui","1.7 Chile, the second Tahiti-Nui and the death","2 Bibliography","3 References"]
Éric de BisschopBornOctober 21, 1891Aire-sur-la-LysDiedAugust 30, 1958NationalityFrenchKnown forNavigation, Adventure booksScientific careerFieldsEthnographyAdventure Éric de Bisschop (October 21, 1891 – August 30, 1958) was a French seafarer, famous for his travel from Honolulu to France aboard the Polynesian sailboat Kaimiloa. He spent most of his adult life in the Pacific Ocean, notably in Honolulu (1935–1937 and 1941–1947) and in French Polynesia (1947–1956); he was not simply a sea adventurer but had a deep interest in the Pacific and its inhabitants, whose history he tried to study. Biography Early life He was born in Aire-sur-la-Lys (Pas-de-Calais). Trained in a Jesuite secondary school then as a sailor, he commanded a patrol boat in the English Channel in 1914–1915, then was transferred to the air force and sustained a serious plane accident (1917). China and the Fou Po After the War, he went to China in 1927. There in 1931 he met the man who was to be his teammate for the seven next years – Joseph Tatibouet. He built a Chinese junk, the Fou Po and from 1932 to 1935 sailed with Tatibouet in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. Fou Po was destroyed in a hurricane on Formosa (modern day Taiwan), but de Bisschop quickly built a new, smaller junk, Fou Po II in 1933. In July 1935, they were detained for two weeks by the Japanese in Jaluit (Marshall Islands) under suspicion of being spies and barely escaped, fleeing towards the Hawaiian Islands. On October 25, they reached, half starving, Molokai Island and were rescued at the Kalaupapa hospital. On the 27th, the Fou Po II was destroyed by a storm, along with all the scientific work done during these years of seafaring. After a while, they flew to Honolulu. Hawaii and the Kaimiloa During the year 1936, they built a Polynesian "double canoe" (a catamaran, but Eric de Bisschop always refused to use this word); he met a Hawaiian woman, Constance Constable, alias "Papaleaiaina", whom he married at the end of 1938. In March 1937 he and Tatibouet left Honolulu aboard the Kaimiloa, reaching Cape Town in September, Tanger in December, and after a long stay Cannes in May 1938. In 1939, he published his book Kaimiloa, which was translated in English in 1940. France (1938-40) During their stay in France, the de Bisschops frequently met Maréchal Pétain, notably in Pétain's estate in Villeneuve-Loubet on the Côte d'Azur. A notable episode was the hearing by Eric de Bisschop concerning Amelia Earhart, whom he had heard about while he was detained in Jaluit. The Kaimiloa-Wakea and Hawaii Eric de Bisschop then built a new boat, the Kaimiloa-Wakea, and on June 14, 1940, left Bordeaux with his wife, towards the Marquesas Islands. But the boat was destroyed in a collision in the port of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Financially helped by Pétain (since June 16, 1940 the chief of the Government, then of the State), they waited for judgment of the case ; in April 1941, Eric de Bisschop was appointed as Consular Agent in Honolulu, the office being vacant since Professor Pecker had resigned in September 1940. They traveled through the US and reached Hawaii at the beginning of August 1941. The couple lived in Constance's parents' house, which was ipso facto the place of the Consular Agency. They had some activity as Pétain propagandists (conferences, articles in the Honolulu Star-Bulletin), but on December 13, a few days after the Pearl Harbor attack, Eric de Bisschop was deprived of his diplomatic recognition by the State Department without explanation. In May 1942, the Constables' house was even thoroughly searched by Military Intelligence and the four people questioned; Eric de Bisschop was kept under arrest for three days. It seems that they had been denounced for imaginary crimes. In 1942 Constance de Bisschop wrote two letters to Sumner Welles to defend her husband. But the revocation had not been cancelled when on November 8 happened the diplomatic rupture between the US and the Vichy Government. French Polynesia and the Tahiti-Nui In 1956, he committed himself in a new "odyssey", a project he had had for some years: he built a Polynesian raft in order to cross the eastern Pacific Ocean from Tahiti to Chile (contrary to Thor Heyerdahl's crossing); the Tahiti-Nui left Papeete with a crew of five on November 8, 1956. He had recruited two experienced sailors from Tahiti for this challenge: Michel and Alain Brun. When near the Juan Fernández Islands (Chile) in May 1957, the raft was in a very poor state and they asked for a tow, but it was damaged during the operation and had to be abandoned, although they were able to keep all the equipment aboard. Chile, the second Tahiti-Nui and the death In Chile a second Tahiti-Nui was built in Constitucion; they left on April 13, 1958 towards Callao, then towards the Marquesas, but they missed their target and were swept along towards Cook Islands where on August 30 the raft went aground and was wrecked at Rakahanga atoll. Eric de Bisschop was the only person who died in this accident. He was buried in the island of Rurutu where he had had his house since 1951. Bibliography Books by Eric de Bisschop The Voyage of the Kaimiloa, London, 1940 (translated from French: Kaimiloa : D'Honolulu à Cannes par l'Australie et Le Cap, à bord d'une double pirogue polynésienne), Editions Plon, Paris, 1939 (Au delà des horizons lointains 1). Tahiti-Nui, New-York, 1959 (translated from French: Cap à l'Est : Première expédition du Tahiti-Nui, Paris, Plon, 1958) Vers Nousantara, ou l'énigme polynésienne, Editions La Table Ronde, Paris, 1963 (Collection L'ordre du jour). Other sources François de Pierrefeu : Les Confessions de Tatibouet, Editions Plon, Paris, 1939 (Au delà des horizons lointains 2) Bengt Danielsson: From Raft to Raft, 1961 (translated from Swedish) Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 3, 4, 5 September 1941 : "Honolulu Girl Defends Petain As True Patriot", by Baroness Constance de Bisschop. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, October 25, 1941, "UNFAIR TO MARSHAL PETAIN" (about a radiophonic commentary). Honolulu Advertiser, August 8, 1942, "OUR APOLOGIES EXTENDED, CONSTANCE" (about an editorial of the newspaper). Honolulu Advertiser, September 7, 1942, "AN ANSWER TO YOURS FOR JUSTICE" (about a letter published in the newspaper under the signature Yours For Justice). References ^ 21 instead of 23 : in Kaimiloa, chapter 1 (French edition, 1953: p. 9": "le 21 octobre, jour de mon anniversaire!" ^ Pierre Pierrard - Gens du Nord 1985 "Un grand navigateur méconnu : Éric de Bisschop" ^ Journal de la Société des Océanistes: Volumes 13–15 Musée de l'Homme (Muséum national d'histoire naturelle) - 1993 "Son corps fut ramené à Tahiti par le Lotus, stationnaire français de Papeete, après l'impressionnant adieu funèbre de cet îlot perdu. De toutes ces aventures Éric de Bisschop n'a laissé de traces littéraires que dans deux ouvrages .." ^ By MARSTON BATES; August 02, 1959, nytimes.com ^ Experimental Voyaging in the Pacific jstor.org ^ "stampsoftheworld.co.uk". Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2016-06-07. ^ Tony Wheeler, Jean-Bernard Carillet, Tahiti & French Polynesia ^ a b Source : Kaimiloa ^ West Australian, January 31, 1934, Story of a Chinese Junktrove.nla.gov.au ^ The Honolulu Star-Bulletin says that Pétain was a witness at the wedding ^ Wharram,James: ERIC DE BISSCHOP ^ Popular Science , September 1937 Google books ^ Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 3–5 September 1941, where it is very wrongly written Velleneune-Toubet ^ Amelia and the French connection ^ Kon-tiki in Reverse) ^ T. R. Pearson, Seaworthy: Adrift with William Willis in the Golden Age of Rafting GGbooks ^ Ben Finney , Voyage of Rediscovery: A Cultural Odyssey through Polynesia ^ Bengt Danielsson, From Raft to Raft, Chapter 9: "Rakahanga" ^ tahitiphilatelie.com ^ David StanleyTahiti-Polynesia Handbook GGoogle books Portals: Biography Sports Transport Oceania Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Belgium Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland People Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"French Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia"}],"text":"Éric de Bisschop (October 21,[1] 1891 – August 30, 1958) was a French seafarer, famous for his travel from Honolulu to France aboard the Polynesian sailboat Kaimiloa.[2][3][4][5][6]He spent most of his adult life in the Pacific Ocean, notably in Honolulu (1935–1937 and 1941–1947) and in French Polynesia (1947–1956); he was not simply a sea adventurer but had a deep interest in the Pacific and its inhabitants, whose history he tried to study.","title":"Éric de Bisschop"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aire-sur-la-Lys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aire-sur-la-Lys"},{"link_name":"Pas-de-Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas-de-Calais"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jesuite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuite"},{"link_name":"patrol boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrol_boat"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"He was born in Aire-sur-la-Lys (Pas-de-Calais).[7]\nTrained in a Jesuite secondary school then as a sailor, he commanded a patrol boat in the English Channel in 1914–1915, then was transferred to the air force and sustained a serious plane accident (1917).","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"junk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Formosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source_:_Kaimiloa-8"},{"link_name":"Jaluit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaluit"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Molokai Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molokai"},{"link_name":"Kalaupapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaupapa"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"China and the Fou Po","text":"After the War, he went to China in 1927. There in 1931 he met the man who was to be his teammate for the seven next years – Joseph Tatibouet.He built a Chinese junk, the Fou Po and from 1932 to 1935 sailed with Tatibouet in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. Fou Po was destroyed in a hurricane on Formosa (modern day Taiwan), but de Bisschop quickly built a new, smaller junk, Fou Po II in 1933. In July 1935,[8] they were detained for two weeks by the Japanese in Jaluit (Marshall Islands) under suspicion of being spies and barely escaped, fleeing towards the Hawaiian Islands. On October 25, they reached, half starving, Molokai Island and were rescued at the Kalaupapa hospital. On the 27th, the Fou Po II was destroyed by a storm, along with all the scientific work done during these years of seafaring. After a while, they flew to Honolulu.[9]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source_:_Kaimiloa-8"},{"link_name":"catamaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catamaran"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Tanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanger"},{"link_name":"Cannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Hawaii and the Kaimiloa","text":"During the year 1936,[8] they built a Polynesian \"double canoe\" (a catamaran, but Eric de Bisschop always refused to use this word); he met a Hawaiian woman, Constance Constable, alias \"Papaleaiaina\", whom he married at the end of 1938.[10]In March 1937 he and Tatibouet left Honolulu aboard the Kaimiloa, reaching Cape Town in September, Tanger in December, and after a long stay Cannes in May 1938. In 1939, he published his book Kaimiloa, which was translated in English in 1940.[11][12]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Villeneuve-Loubet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villeneuve-Loubet"},{"link_name":"Côte d'Azur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Amelia Earhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Earhart"}],"sub_title":"France (1938-40)","text":"During their stay in France, the de Bisschops frequently met Maréchal Pétain, notably in Pétain's estate in Villeneuve-Loubet on the Côte d'Azur.[13]A notable episode was the hearing by Eric de Bisschop[14] concerning Amelia Earhart, whom he had heard about while he was detained in Jaluit.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Marquesas Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquesas_Islands"},{"link_name":"Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Palmas_de_Gran_Canaria"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"State Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Department"},{"link_name":"Sumner Welles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumner_Welles"}],"sub_title":"The Kaimiloa-Wakea and Hawaii","text":"Eric de Bisschop then built a new boat, the Kaimiloa-Wakea, and on June 14, 1940, left Bordeaux with his wife, towards the Marquesas Islands. But the boat was destroyed in a collision in the port of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Financially helped by Pétain (since June 16, 1940 the chief of the Government, then of the State), they waited for judgment of the case ; in April 1941, Eric de Bisschop was appointed as Consular Agent in Honolulu, the office being vacant since Professor Pecker had resigned in September 1940. They traveled through the US and reached Hawaii at the beginning of August 1941.The couple lived in Constance's parents' house, which was ipso facto the place of the Consular Agency. They had some activity as Pétain propagandists (conferences, articles in the Honolulu Star-Bulletin), but on December 13, a few days after the Pearl Harbor attack, Eric de Bisschop was deprived of his diplomatic recognition by the State Department without explanation. In May 1942, the Constables' house was even thoroughly searched by Military Intelligence and the four people questioned; Eric de Bisschop was kept under arrest for three days. It seems that they had been denounced for imaginary crimes. In 1942 Constance de Bisschop wrote two letters to Sumner Welles to defend her husband. But the revocation had not been cancelled when on November 8 happened the diplomatic rupture between the US and the Vichy Government.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tahiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahiti"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Thor Heyerdahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Papeete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papeete"},{"link_name":"Juan Fernández Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands"}],"sub_title":"French Polynesia and the Tahiti-Nui","text":"In 1956, he committed himself in a new \"odyssey\", a project he had had for some years: he built a Polynesian raft in order to cross the eastern Pacific Ocean from Tahiti to Chile (contrary to Thor Heyerdahl's crossing);[15][16][17] the Tahiti-Nui left Papeete with a crew of five on November 8, 1956. He had recruited two experienced sailors from Tahiti for this challenge: Michel and Alain Brun. When near the Juan Fernández Islands (Chile) in May 1957, the raft was in a very poor state and they asked for a tow, but it was damaged during the operation and had to be abandoned, although they were able to keep all the equipment aboard.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constitucion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Callao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callao"},{"link_name":"Cook Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Rakahanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakahanga"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Chile, the second Tahiti-Nui and the death","text":"In Chile a second Tahiti-Nui was built in Constitucion; they left on April 13, 1958 towards Callao, then towards the Marquesas, but they missed their target and were swept along towards Cook Islands where on August 30[18] the raft went aground and was wrecked at Rakahanga atoll.[19]Eric de Bisschop was the only person who died in this accident. He was buried in the island of Rurutu where he had had his house since 1951.[20]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengt Danielsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengt_Danielsson"}],"text":"Books by Eric de BisschopThe Voyage of the Kaimiloa, London, 1940 (translated from French: Kaimiloa : D'Honolulu à Cannes par l'Australie et Le Cap, à bord d'une double pirogue polynésienne), Editions Plon, Paris, 1939 (Au delà des horizons lointains 1).\nTahiti-Nui, New-York, 1959 (translated from French: Cap à l'Est : Première expédition du Tahiti-Nui, Paris, Plon, 1958)\nVers Nousantara, ou l'énigme polynésienne, Editions La Table Ronde, Paris, 1963 (Collection L'ordre du jour).Other sourcesFrançois de Pierrefeu : Les Confessions de Tatibouet, Editions Plon, Paris, 1939 (Au delà des horizons lointains 2) [about the Fou Po]\nBengt Danielsson: From Raft to Raft, 1961 (translated from Swedish) [about the Tahiti-Nui II]\nHonolulu Star-Bulletin, 3, 4, 5 September 1941 : \"Honolulu Girl Defends Petain As True Patriot\", by Baroness Constance de Bisschop.\nHonolulu Star-Bulletin, October 25, 1941, \"UNFAIR TO MARSHAL PETAIN\" (about a radiophonic commentary).\nHonolulu Advertiser, August 8, 1942, \"OUR APOLOGIES EXTENDED, CONSTANCE\" (about an editorial of the newspaper).\nHonolulu Advertiser, September 7, 1942, \"AN ANSWER TO YOURS FOR JUSTICE\" (about a letter published in the newspaper under the signature Yours For Justice).","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Gold
List of Once Upon a Time characters
["1 Cast","1.1 Main cast","1.2 Recurring cast","2 Main cast","3 Recurring cast","4 References"]
Parts of this article (those related to series finale-related information) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2018) The characters of ABC's Once Upon a Time and its spin-off Once Upon a Time in Wonderland are related to classic fairy tale and fantasy characters, and often tie-in with other Disney media properties. Cast Main cast List indicator(s) This section includes characters who have appeared in the series as credited cast. An empty, dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the season.  O indicates an older version of the character.  Y indicates a younger version of the character.  D indicates that the character appeared with the use of a body double replacing the credited actor.   = Main cast (credited)   = Recurring cast (3+)   = Guest cast (1-2) Actor Counterpart Once Upon a Time W Original Cursed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Ginnifer Goodwin Snow White Mary Margaret Blanchard Main SG Does not appear Jennifer Morrison Emma Swan — Main SG D Lana Parrilla Regina Mills/Evil Queen Roni Main Does not appear Evil Queen (Serum) — Does not appear Main Does not appear Josh Dallas David/Prince Charming David Nolan Main SG Does not appear Jared S. Gilmore Henry Daniel Mills — Main RY Does not appear Andrew J. West Does not appear GO M Does not appear Raphael Sbarge Jiminy Cricket Dr. Archibald Hopper M R G Does not appear R G Does not appear Jamie Dornan Huntsman Sheriff Graham Humbert M G Does not appear Robert Carlyle Rumplestiltskin Mr. Gold/Det. Weaver Main Does not appear Eion Bailey Pinocchio August Wayne Booth M G Does not appear R Does not appear G Does not appear Emilie de Ravin Belle French Lacey R Main SG Does not appear Meghan Ory Red Lucas Ruby R M R Does not appear R Does not appear D Colin O'Donoghue Killian Jones/Hook — Does not appear Main Does not appear Hook (Wish Realm) Det. Rogers Does not appear Main Does not appear Michael Raymond-James Baelfire Neal Cassidy Does not appear R M Does not appear G Does not appear Michael Socha Will Scarlet/Knave of Hearts/White King — Does not appear M Does not appear M Rebecca Mader Zelena/Wicked Witch of the West Kelly West Does not appear R Main R Does not appear Tom Ellis Robin of Locksley/Robin Hood — Does not appear G Does not appear Sean Maguire — Does not appear R M R Guest Dania Ramirez Ella Jacinda Vidrio Does not appear M Does not appear Gabrielle Anwar Rapunzel Tremaine Victoria Belfrey Does not appear M Does not appear Alison Fernandez Lucy Mills Lucy Vidrio Does not appear G M Does not appear Mekia Cox Queen Tiana Sabine Does not appear M Does not appear Sophie Lowe Alice — Does not appear M Peter Gadiot Cyrus — Does not appear M Emma Rigby Anastasia/Red Queen/White Queen — Does not appear M Oded Fehr Jafar — Does not appear R Does not appear Naveen Andrews — Does not appear M John Lithgow Percy/White Rabbit — Does not appear M Notes ^ The serum version of the Evil Queen only appears in one episode of the fifth season. However, as she is portrayed by starring cast member Parrilla, she is billed as a main character regardless. ^ Dornan is credited as a guest star in the 22nd episode but as main in all of his other appearances. ^ Bailey is billed as recurring during the first half of the first season and is billed main in the second half of the season. ^ O’Donoghue is billed as recurring during the first half of the second season and is billed main in the second half of the season. ^ The Wish Realm version of Hook only appears in one episode of the sixth season. However, as he is portrayed by starring cast member O'Donoghue, he is billed as a main character regardless. ^ Anwar is billed as main for the first eleven episodes of the seventh season. ^ Cox is billed as recurring during the first three episodes of the seventh season and is billed main from the fifth episode of the season. Recurring cast   = Recurring cast (3+)   = Guest cast (1-2) Actor Counterpart Once Upon a Time W Original Cursed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Lee Arenberg Dreamy/Grumpy Leroy Recurring Guest Beverley Elliott Widow Lucas/Granny — Recurring G Does not appear Keegan Connor Tracy Reul Ghorm/Blue Fairy Mother Superior Recurring G R G Does not appear David Anders Dr. Victor Frankenstein Dr. Whale Recurring Does not appear Guest Does not appear Tony Amendola Geppetto Marco R Guest Does not appear Guest Does not appear Tony Perez Prince Henry Mills — R G Does not appear Guest Does not appear Giancarlo Esposito Magic Mirror/Genie Sidney Glass R Does not appear Guest Does not appear Alan Dale King George Albert Spencer R Does not appear G Does not appear Anastasia Griffith Princess Abigail Kathryn Nolan R Does not appear G Does not appear Sebastian Stan Jefferson/Mad Hatter — R Does not appear Sarah Bolger Princess Aurora — Does not appear R G Does not appear Julian Morris Prince Phillip — Does not appear R Does not appear Jamie Chung Mulan — Does not appear R G Does not appear G Does not appear Barbara Hershey Cora Mills/Queen of Hearts — G R Does not appear Guest Does not appear G Chris Gauthier William Smee — Does not appear R G Does not appear G Does not appear William Smee (Wish Realm) — Does not appear R Does not appear Ethan Embry Owen Flynn/Greg Mendell — Does not appear R G Does not appear Sonequa Martin-Green Tamara — Does not appear R G Parker Croft Felix — Does not appear G R Does not appear Robbie Kay Malcom/Peter Pan/Pied Piper — Does not appear R Does not appear R Does not appear Peter Pan (Wish Realm) — Does not appear G Does not appear Rose McIver Tinker Bell — Does not appear R Does not appear G Does not appear JoAnna Garcia Swisher Ariel — Does not appear R G Does not appear G Does not appear Queen Ariel (Wish Realm) — Does not appear G Does not appear Freya Tingley Wendy Darling — Does not appear G R Does not appear Georgina Haig Queen Elsa — Does not appear D R Does not appear Elizabeth Lail Princess Anna — Does not appear R Does not appear Christie Laing Marian — Does not appear Guest R Does not appear Scott Michael Foster Kristoff — Does not appear R Does not appear Elizabeth Mitchell Ingrid/Snow Queen Sarah Fisher Does not appear R Does not appear Timothy Webber Apprentice — Does not appear R G Does not appear Apprentice (Wish Realm) — Does not appear G Does not appear Kristin Bauer van Straten Maleficent — G D Does not appear R Does not appear G Merrin Dungey Ursula — Does not appear R Does not appear Victoria Smurfit Cruella De Vil Cruella Feinberg Does not appear R Does not appear Cruella De Vil (Wish Realm) — Does not appear G Does not appear Patrick Fischler Isaac Heller — Does not appear R Does not appear G Does not appear Agnes Bruckner Lilith Page Starla Does not appear R Does not appear Elliot Knight Merlin — Does not appear Does not appear R Does not appear Liam Garrigan King Arthur — Does not appear R Does not appear Amy Manson Queen Merida — Does not appear R Does not appear Joana Metrass Queen Guinevere — Does not appear R Does not appear Sinqua Walls Sir Lancelot — Does not appear G Does not appear R Does not appear Olivia Steele-Falconer Violet Morgan — Does not appear R Does not appear Emma Caulfield Blind Witch — G Does not appear R Does not appear Greg Germann Hades — Does not appear R Does not appear Hank Harris Dr. Henry Jekyll — Does not appear G R Does not appear Sam Witwer Mr. Hyde — Does not appear G R Does not appear Giles Matthey Gideon — Does not appear R G Does not appear Deniz Akdeniz Aladdin — Does not appear R Does not appear Karen David Princess Jasmine — Does not appear R Does not appear Jaime Murray Fiona/Black Fairy — Does not appear R Does not appear Sara Tomko Tiger Lily — Does not appear R G Does not appear Adelaide Kane Drizella Ivy Belfrey Does not appear R Does not appear Rose Reynolds Alice Tilly Does not appear R Does not appear Yael Yurman Anastasia — Does not appear R Does not appear Emma Booth Mother Gothel Eloise Gardener Does not appear R Does not appear Daniel Francis Dr. Facilier Mr. Baron Samdi Does not appear R Does not appear Nathan Parsons Hansel/Jack Nick Branson Does not appear R Does not appear Tiera Skovbye Robin Hood Margot Does not appear D R Does not appear Jeff Pierre Prince Naveen Drew Does not appear R Does not appear Shaun Smyth Edwin — Does not appear R Iggy Pop Caterpillar — Does not appear Does not appear R Brian George Sultan of Lower Agrabah — Does not appear R Lauren McKnight Elizabeth/Lizard — Does not appear R Zuleikha Robinson Amara — Does not appear R Heather Doerksen Sarah — Does not appear R Peta Sergeant Jabberwocky — Does not appear R Notes ^ Merlin was voiced by Jonathan Adams in the fourth season in a guest role. ^ The Caterpillar was originally voiced by Roger Daltrey in Once Upon a Time. The character was recast for the spin-off in a recurring role Main cast Emma Swan (seasons 1–7, Wonderland) portrayed by Jennifer Morrison, Abby Ross, and Mckenna Grace, is the daughter of Snow White and Prince David, sister of Prince Neal, wife of Killian Jones, mother of Henry Mills and Hope, and grandmother of Lucy Mills. Snow White/Mary Margaret Blanchard (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Ginnifer Goodwin and Bailee Madison, is the daughter of King Leopold and Queen Eva, step-daughter of Regina Mills, wife of Prince David, mother of Emma Swan and Prince Neal, grandmother of Henry Mills and Hope, and great-grandmother of Lucy Mills. As a child, she reveals a secret that results in Regina's transformation to the Evil Queen which subsequently leads to the casting of the curse. Separated from her daughter, she is reunited with Emma, and the rest of her family, after the curse breaks. Snow would then clash with Maleficent involving a secret past between them that is eventually resolved. After the merging of the realms, Snow crowns Regina as the Good Queen of the United Realms. Regina Mills/Evil Queen/Roni (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Lana Parrilla and Ava Acres, is the granddaughter of king Xavier, daughter of Cora Mills and Prince Henry, half-sister of Zelena "The Wicked Witch", adoptive mother of Henry Mills, adoptive grandmother of Lucy Mills, and mother-in-law to Cinderella. Regina is responsible for the casting of the original curse that ripped everyone to the Land Without Magic. However, with Emma's arrival and the curse breaking, Regina reforms her evil ways and seeks redemption for the sake of Henry. She later clashes with her half-sister, although the two patch things up eventually after the death of Regina's true love: Robin Hood. Regina is later swept by a new curse which eventually breaks and leads to the merger of all the realms, where she becomes the Good Queen. David/Prince Charming/David Nolan (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Josh Dallas and Luke Roessler, is the son of Ruth, twin brother of Prince James, husband of Snow White, father of Emma Swan and Prince Neal, grandfather of Henry Mills and Hope, and great-grandfather of Lucy Mills. In the Enchanted Forest, he falls in love with Snow White and gets engaged to her. Hoping to reclaim their realm, David becomes the leader of a war council. After winning the war, he marries Snow. After the curse is cast, he initially becomes a comatose John Doe, and is later to be revealed as David Nolan. After the curse breaks, he is reunited with his daughter Emma, and the rest of his family. With magic brought to Storybrooke, David and the other heroes protect their town from various dark forces; among them are Cora, the Wicked Witch of the West, the Snow Queen, the Queens of Darkness, and the Black Fairy. After the creation of the United Realms, he, alongside Snow, crowns Regina the Good Queen of their newly formed realm. Henry Daniel Mills (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Jared S. Gilmore and Andrew J. West, is the son of Emma Swan and Neal Cassidy, adopted son of Regina Mills, step-son of Killian Jones, the older half-brother of Hope Jones, husband of Ella "Cinderella", father of Lucy Mills, nephew of Prince Neal Nolan, Gideon Gold, and Zelena, grandson of Snow White, Prince David, Cora "The Queen of Hearts" Mills, Prince Henry, Rumplestiltskin "The Dark One" and Milah, step-grandson of Belle and great-grandson of King Leopold, Queen Eva, King Xavier, Ruth, Robert, Malcolm "Peter Pan", and Fiona "The Black Fairy". As a child, he was given up for adoption by his birth mother, Emma Swan and adopted a few weeks later by Regina "The Evil Queen" Mills, mayor of the town Storybrooke. Ten years later he brought Emma to Storybrooke as he believes the town inhabitants are fairy tale characters cursed by Regina. Emma's true love for him broke the curse and he is reunited with his family. He was later abducted by his own great-grandfather, straight to Neverland, because his own special heart would give immortality to "Peter Pan" himself. Still later, he wrote the Once Upon a Time book, where his job would be to witness and record stories of people from all parts of their realm. After his high school graduation, Henry decides to find his own story in another realm. Eventually reaching New Fairy Tale Land, he falls in love with Ella and becomes the father to Lucy. But a new curse is cast and Henry ends up in Hyperion Heights, separated from his wife and daughter. Once he breaks the curse via motherly love for Regina he is reunited with his family. After Regina merges all the realms, he attends her coronation with his entire family. Jiminy Cricket/Dr. Archibald Hopper (seasons 1–4, 6–7) portrayed by Raphael Sbarge, Morgan Roff, and Adam Young, is the son of con artists who desires to live an honest life but is too weak-willed to leave his family. In the Enchanted Forest, after accidentally turning a couple into puppets, Jiminy gains the help of the Blue Fairy to make amends with the couple's son, Geppetto. The Blue Fairy turns him into a cricket and he serves as Geppetto's conscience. After the curse is cast, he becomes Dr. Archibald Hopper, Storybrooke's psychotherapist. He also owns a dalmatian dog named Pongo. After the curse breaks, he is reunited with his former friends. He later officiates Emma and Killian's wedding, and many more to come, as it was mentioned in 7th season by Regina. The Huntsman/Sheriff Graham Humbert (seasons 1–2) portrayed by Jamie Dornan, is a nameless hunter who is a solitary recluse. In the Enchanted Forest, he is raised by wolves. He is recruited by the Evil Queen to kill Snow White. However, he has a change of heart and spares her, angering the Evil Queen who rips his heart and keeps it in her vault. He then becomes one of her Black Knights as punishment. He is transported to Storybrooke by the Evil Queen's curse where he is Sheriff Graham Humbert, the town's sheriff. He was also involved in numerous flings with Madame Mayor, Regina. However, after Emma Swan's arrival, he begins to remember his former life, but is killed by Regina before he could reveal it to Emma. Rumplestiltskin/Mr. Gold/Det. Weaver (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Robert Carlyle and Wyatt Oleff, is the son of Malcolm "Peter Pan" and Fiona "The Black Fairy", a widower after first wife Milah, Belle's husband, Baelfire's and Gideon's father, Henry Mills' grandfather, and great-grandfather of Lucy Mills. To save his son from war with ogres, he becomes the powerful wizard, the Dark One, controlled only by a specific dagger, the peak part of Excalibur, with his name written on it. His son Bealfire noticed that he become evil, so he left Rumplestiltskin and went to The Land Without Magic. Rumple made a plan to cast a powerful curse to get there. He was given the nickname ”The Crocodile”, because of his skin as a dark one, by Killian "Hook" Jones, after Rumple killed Milah and took the hand of Killian. Rumpelstiltskin is responsible for the majority of the evil-doings throughout the characters' histories including Cora's quest for power, Ingrid becoming "the Snow Queen", and teaming up "the Queens of Darkness" (Maleficent, Ursula, and Cruella). Most of all, Regina's transformation into the Evil Queen leads to her casting the Dark Curse. After breaking the Dark Curse by Emma Swan, Rumple found Baelfire but he died because of "The Wicked Witch of The West". Because of his love for Belle, Rumplestiltskin would constantly battle between light and dark. Eventually, he settles down with Belle, with whom he has a second son, Gideon. After Belle dies of old age, Rumple seeks the Guardian to rid himself of his Dark One powers and reunite with Belle. Sacrificing his heart to save Hook from Wish Realm, Rumplestiltskin died and reunited with Belle in the afterlife. Pinocchio/August Wayne Booth (seasons 1–2, 4, 6–7) portrayed by Eion Bailey, Rustin Gresiuk, Jakob Davies, and Jack Davies, is a puppet that Geppetto carved from an enchanted tree. In the Enchanted Forest, as a boy, he gives his life to save Geppetto from drowning, though the Blue Fairy restores him into a real boy. After Geppetto makes a magical wardrobe to save Emma from the Evil Queen's curse, he sends Pinocchio in it along with her, sending them both to the Land Without Magic. After transporting, Pinocchio and Emma live in an orphanage until he runs away with other members of the home. Seventeen years later, Pinocchio, as August Wayne Booth, travels to Portland and confronts Neal Cassidy, a thief who has fallen in love with Emma. He convinces him to leave Emma to allow her to fulfill her destiny. August goes through several transformations during his time in Storybrooke, especially when the heroes were on the hunt for the Author. Belle French/Lacey (seasons 1–7), portrayed by Emilie de Ravin, is the daughter of Sir Maurice and Colette, second wife of Rumplestiltskin, mother of Gideon Gold, step-mother of Baelfire, and step-grandmother of Henry Mills. Taken as a prisoner by Rumplestiltskin as part of a deal to save her kingdom from the Ogre War, Belle ends up falling in love with him, but the two fail to express their feelings for each other. She is then captured and declared dead by the Evil Queen, and once the Dark Curse is cast, she remains in Regina's confinement in Storybrooke's General Hospital's mental ward beneath the town. Shortly before the Dark Curse was broken, Jefferson "Mad Hatter" freed her and reunites with Rumplestiltskin. While having an on-and-off relationship with him, Belle eventually marries him and has a son. As her dream is to realm hop, Rumplestiltskin takes her and their son to see the realms, where they eventually settle down at the Edge of Realms. She later dies of old age due to the time difference in the Edge of Realms. Killian Jones/Hook (seasons 2–7) portrayed by Colin O'Donoghue and Oliver Bell, is the son of Brennan Jones, brother to Liam Jones, half brother to Liam, husband of Emma Swan, step-father of Henry Mills, and father of Hope Jones. Abandoned as a child, Killian and his brother end up with the navy, working for a king. However, after his brother's death, he chooses to rebel against the king and becomes a pirate. After falling in love with and stealing Rumplestiltskin's wife Milah, he loses his hand, earning the name "Hook.” Vowing vengeance against Rumplestiltskin, he spends two centuries in the Neverland and—after the Dark Curse was broken—he travels to Storybrooke with Cora. His vengeance is long forgotten after he falls in love with Emma Swan. They two eventually get married and gain a daughter: Hope. During Regina's coronation after the merger of the realms, Hook, Emma, and baby Hope arrives slightly late, interrupting the ceremony, but are greeted with happiness by Regina. Red Lucas/Ruby (seasons 1–3, 5, 7 Wonderland) portrayed by Meghan Ory, is the daughter of Anita, granddaughter of Widow "Granny" Lucas, and Dorothy Gale's lover. In the Enchanted Forest, Red didn't know that she is a werewolf which has been terrorizing her village. Her grandmother got her a red cloak to prevent Red from turning during the half-moon. After meeting Snow White, Red discovers the truth after unwillingly killing her boyfriend, Peter. Red then becomes close friends with Snow White. She is transported to Storybrooke when the Evil Queen casts her curse. In Storybrooke, She become Ruby, a rebellious yet insecure and loving young woman who wants to leave town but is held back by her grandmother's ill health and works at Granny's Diner as a waitress. Once the curse breaks, after "The Wicked Witch" was defeated, Ruby returned to Fairy Tale Land, where she eventually finds her way to the Land of Oz and begins a romantic relationship with Dorothy Gale. "Neal Cassidy" redirects here. For Beat Generation and countercultural figure, see Neal Cassady. Baelfire/Neal Cassidy (seasons 1–3, 5–6) portrayed by Michael Raymond-James, Dylan Schmid, Brandon Spink, Sebastian Wilkinson, and Dean Petriw, is the son of Rumplestiltskin and Milah, step-son of Belle, half-brother of Gideon Gold, grandson of Malcolm "Peter Pan" and Fiona "The Black Fairy", Emma Swan's first love, Henry Mills father, Lucy Mills grandfather, and Emma's brother's namesake. As a child, Baelfire lives with his father after his unhappy mother Milah left them. Saved by his father from war with ogres, he never accepted how Rumple became evil as the Dark One and chose to live in the Land Without Magic via a magic bean. Abandoned by his father, which chooses power, becomes Neal Cassidy. He met 18-year-old Emma Swan while unintentionally crossing paths with Pinocchio as August Wayne Booth. He convinced him to push Emma on a new path, to break the Dark Curse. Eventually, he engaged Tamara, but the relationship never develops. Ten years later after an awful breakup with Emma, he again met his father and discovered that he has a son, Henry Mills. They brought him and Tamara to Storybrooke after "Hook" successfully attack Rumple in New York, to save "the Dark One" in Storybrooke. Baelfire fought in Neverland with his great-grandfather to get back Henry. After returning to the Enchanted Forest via the reversal curse, he sacrifices himself, against Zelena "The Wicked Witch of the West" to bring back his father and becomes conjoined with him. Following a new curse, Emma separates him from his father, allowing him to peacefully pass on to Mount Olympus. He later briefly visits Emma in the Dreamscape to warn her about the Underworld and its dangers. Will Scarlet/Knave of Hearts/White King (season 4, Wonderland) portrayed by Michael Socha, is the brother of Penelope and lover of Anastasia. He witnesses the death of his sister, Penelope. in Oz, he wanted to get a potion that heals broken hearts and met Robin Hood. He then moves to the Enchanted Forest and falls in love with Anastasia. Together, they escape to Wonderland for a better life, but Anastasia betrays him to become the Red Queen. Heartbroken, Will gives his heart to Cora, becoming her Knave of Hearts. With Alice's help, Will eventually regains his heart. After the Dark Curse is cast, Will was sent to the Land Without Magic. In Storybrooke, Will is sought by the White Rabbit after the curse breaks and is brought back to Wonderland with Alice to help find Cyrus. After Will's heart is inserted back into his chest, he is able to feel love again. After Jafar's defeat, he reunites with Anastasia and rules alongside her as the White King of Wonderland. Zelena/Wicked Witch of the West/Kelly West (seasons 3–7) portrayed by Rebecca Mader and Isabella Blake-Thomas, is the older daughter of Cora Mills and a gardener, Jonathan, half-sister of Regina "The Evil Queen" Mills, mother of Robin, and Chad's fiancée. Abandoned as a child, Zelena wishes for family love but grows envious of her half-sister Regina for getting everything she ever wanted. After she was trained by Rumplestilstkin, in hopes to change the past, Zelena collects ingredients to activate a time portal, but her plan has evolved. Zelena later chooses to mend her sisterly bond with Regina after the birth of Robin. After a new curse is cast, Zelana becomes Kelly West and is engaged to Chad, but regains her memories from Regina. After the United Realms is created, Zelena chooses to remain with Chad. Robin of Locksley/Robin Hood (seasons 2–7, Wonderland) portrayed by Sean Maguire and Tom Ellis, is the widower of Marian, father of their son Roland, and father of his and Zelena's daughter Robin. Second true love of Regina "The Evil Queen". Robbing from the rich for the poor, Robin ends up with Marian because of his honor code, but his actions angers the Sheriff of Nottingham, who threatens to close down Robin's bar, prompting him to make a deal with Rumplestiltskin. Over the years, he gains a son, but loses Marian, but eventually finds a new love: Regina. However, he dies protecting Regina from Hades via annihilation from the Olympian Crystal. Evil Queen (Serum) (seasons 5–6) portrayed by Lana Parrilla, is the separated former counterpart of Regina Mills at the very end of fifth season, thanks to potion of Dr Jekyll. The Serum Evil Queen wages war on Mary Margaret and heads to Storybrooke. She then begins manipulating events to turn Regina dark, but her priorities shift to avenging Daniel's death by destroying Snow White's happiness. She places a switchable sleeping curse on Mary Margaret and David, making it impossible to break. Regina, however, wishes to make peace with the Evil Queen. While dueling, Regina rips the Evil Queen's heart but refused to crush it. Instead, she shared her own love and embraced back the darkness from her, making her exact, redeemed copy of herself. The Serum Evil Queen finally made amends with Mary Margaret and was sent by Henry "The Author" to Wish Realm. The villagers believed that she is responsible for the death of King David and Queen Snow White from Wish Realm, made by Regina from Storybrooke. It forced them both to retreat to the Enchanted Forest to Regina's former palace. During the Black Fairy's curse, as all the realms began to crumble, the former Evil Queen works alongside Regina and Zelena to find a way to get back to Storybrooke to reunite with Emma and Henry to stop the destruction of their world. When all fails, the Queen helps halt the curse as Regina gathers everyone at the center of her palace. The curse engulfs the Queen into nothingness. However, once the curse breaks, the Queen reforms. Sometime afterward, Robin of Locksley proposes to her. Hook (Wish Realm)/Det. Rogers (seasons 6–7) portrayed by Colin O'Donoghue, is a pirate captain and father of Alice via Gothel. While in the New Enchanted Forest, Hook is deceived by Gothel, resulting in the birth of Alice. As Alice is entrapped in a tower via Gothel's magic, Hook decides to raise her by forgetting his former grudges with Rumplestiltskin and moves into the tower. However, Gothel curses his heart, forcing him to stay away from Alice. When the curse is cast, Hook becomes Det. Rogers in Hyperion Heights, working alongside Det. Weaver. During his time as a detective, he becomes close to Tilly, and the two forms a close father-daughter bond, not knowing that they are related. When the curse breaks, Hook reunites with his daughter after Gothel is defeated. He also gives his blessings to Robin to marry Alice. Once the realms are merged, Hook and Alice relocate to Storybrooke and attend Regina's coronation day. Ella/Jacinda Vidrio (season 7) portrayed by Dania Ramirez and Alejandra Pérez, is the daughter of Cecelia, step-daughter of Marcus Tremaine and Rapunzel Tremaine, step-sister of Anastasia and Drizella (Clorinda and Tisbe in Season 6), wife of Henry Mills, and mother of Lucy Mills. As a child, her mother remarries and she gains a step-family. However, after the return of her step-father's first wife: Rapunzel, the family relations become complicated, as Rapunzel becomes jealous of the new family. Once both her mother and stepfather was eliminated, Ella ends up as a maid. Years later, she falls in love with Henry Mills and gives birth to Lucy. However, after the Dark Curse is cast, Ella is sent to the Land Without Magic but is reunited with her family after the curse breaks. She later attends Regina's coronation once the realms had been merged. Rapunzel Tremaine/Victoria Belfrey (season 7) portrayed by Gabrielle Anwar and Meegan Warner, is the first wife of Marcus Tremaine, mother of Anastasia and Drizella, step-mother of Ella, step-mother-in-law of Henry, and step-grandmother of Lucy Mills. In order to save her family, Rapunzel makes a deal with Mother Gothel and ends up locked away in a tower for six years. After freeing herself, she learns that her husband had remarried with a family of his own. Desperate to reunite herself with her family, she curses Cecelia. However, after Anastasia's apparent death, Rapunzel decides to kill Marcus and takes over the manor. She treats Drizella and Ella cruelly, prompting Drizella to conspire with Gothel to cast the Dark Curse which sends Rapunzel to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, Rapunzel becomes Victoria Belfrey. Remembering her past life, she has Gothel locked away in her tower. After removing Lucy's belief, she awakens Anastasia. She sacrifices herself to save Ivy and trades her life for Lucy. Lucy Mills/Lucy Vidrio (seasons 6–7) portrayed by Alison Fernandez, is the daughter of Ella and Henry Mills. Born in the New Enchanted Forest to Henry and Ella, Lucy is a catalyst in the curse's prophecy. Fearing for Lucy's life, Henry brings her deep into the forest with the intent to build a magical wardrobe that will send her to the new world, but she loses him when he battles a beast sent by the Coven of the Eight. After the Dark Curse is cast, Lucy is sent to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, she is known as Lucy Vidrio and believes that most of its inhabitants are fairy tale characters. She brings Henry to Hyperion Heights and tries to make him believe in the curse. She eventually ends up in a coma after Victoria awakens Anastasia. Lucy is awakened when Victoria sacrifices herself to save her. When all the realms are merged, she joins her family for Regina's coronation. Queen Tiana/Sabine (season 7) portrayed by Mekia Cox, is the daughter of Queen Eudora and a King. Forced to auction her items, Princess Tiana seeks help from Dr. Facilier to find a Prince but finds out that it was a ruse, and decides to form a resistance against the King of the realm. As the resistance leader, she recruits Ella, Henry, Regina, and Hook to help their cause. During this time, she meets Prince Naveen but loses him to Dr. Facilier. Eventually, she becomes Queen of her kingdom when her mother steps down. When the Dark Curse is cast, Tiana is sent to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, Tiana is known as Sabine. Her interest in making beignets causes her to open a food truck, unintentionally reuniting with Drew. After the merger of the realms, Tiana attends Regina's coronation to the Good Queen of the United Realms. Alice (Wonderland) portrayed by Sophie Lowe and Millie Brown, is the daughter of Edwin, stepdaughter of Sarah, half-sister of Millie, wife of Cyrus, and mother to her daughter. In Victorian England, Alice accidentally stumbles upon a rabbit hole that leads her to Wonderland, where she interacts with the White Rabbit, Cora, Anastasia, and Will Scarlet. She also finds a genie named Cyrus and falls for him. After his apparent death, Alice is sent back to Victorian England and locked away in an asylum for a delusional belief in Wonderland. Spending a year in the asylum, Alice is freed by Will and the White Rabbit and is taken to Wonderland to face off Jafar and Anastasia in a quest to rescue Cyrus. After Jafar is defeated, Alice and Cyrus return to Victorian England for their wedding. Alice then gives birth to a baby girl. Several years later, Alice tells her daughter of her adventures in Wonderland, naming the White King and Queen as the true rulers of Wonderland. Cyrus (Wonderland) portrayed by Peter Gadiot, is the son of Amara, brother to Taj and Rafi, lover of Alice and later father to his daughter. In Agrabah, Cyrus and his brothers are turned into genies after stealing magical waters from the Well of Wonders, and Cyrus' genie bottle eventually ends up in Wonderland. When Alice comes to Wonderland, he falls in love with her. He is then "killed" by the Red Queen and captured by Jafar. Twenty-eight years later, upon the revelation that Cyrus is alive, Alice is brought back to Wonderland and she rescues Cyrus. After Jafar's defeat, Cyrus goes to Victorian England to wed Alice. Years later, both Cyrus and Alice have a daughter as they tell their daughter about their adventures in Wonderland. Anastasia/Red Queen/White Queen (Wonderland) portrayed by Emma Rigby, is the daughter of an unnamed women, step-sister of an unnamed girl, and lover of Will Scarlet. In the Enchanted Forest, Anastasia meets Will Scarlet and falls in love with him. For a better life, she and Will escape to Wonderland, but she betrays him to become the Red Queen. As the Red Queen, she learns magic from Cora to ascend power over her realm. However, Anastasia eventually regrets her actions and wishes to reunite with Will, forming an alliance with Jafar to change the laws of magic. Using the White Rabbit, she gets Alice and Will back in Wonderland to gain Cyrus' genie bottle. However, her love for Will interrupts Jafar's plan, which shatters their alliance. She patches things with Will but is killed by Jafar and eventually resurrected after his defeat. She and Will are briefly separated by unknown means, but they eventually reunite and rule Wonderland as the White Queen and King. Jafar (season 6, Wonderland) portrayed by Naveen Andrews, Oded Fehr, and Anthony Keyvan, is the son of Ulima, the bastard son of the Sultan, and half-brother of Mirza. After his mother's death, Jafar wishes to be acknowledged as the son of the Sultan, but being the bastard son, the Sultan refuses. Hoping to use three genie lamps to change the laws of magic, he kidnaps the Sultan and makes an alliance with the Red Queen of Wonderland, but betrays her once their goals no longer aligned. Using any means necessary to gain all three genies, Jafar, along with Amara becomes the most powerful sorcerer in all the realms, but his wrongdoing is undone by Nyx when he unintentionally steals the magical waters of the Well of Wonders, and he is turned into a genie and is sent to the Enchanted Forest. Discovered by Princess Jasmine in his genie form, he is killed via transformation to a staff. Percy/White Rabbit (Wonderland) voiced by John Lithgow, is the husband of Mrs. Rabbit, and father of his son and daughter. As the White Rabbit of Wonderland, Percy is able to create rabbit-hole portals to any realm. During his time in Victorian England, Alice follows Percy through a rabbit hole to Wonderland. Twenty-eight years later, he retrieves the Knave of Hearts from Storybrooke and help rescue Alice from an asylum, bringing them both to Wonderland to help find Cyrus. To defeat Jafar, he recruits an army to defeat Jafar's undead army. Following Jafar's defeat, he opens a portal for Alice, Cyrus and many of their Wonderland friends to Victorian England for preparation of Alice and Cyrus' wedding. After the wedding, he sends his family, Anastasia, and Wille back to Wonderland. Years later, he can be seen looking from behind some tall grasses when Alice and Cyrus are seen with their child. Recurring cast Dreamy/Grumpy/Leroy (seasons 1–7, Wonderland) portrayed by Lee Arenberg, is a dwarf and mine digger. Born in the mines after his egg was accidentally sprinkled with fairy dust by the fairy Nova, he falls in love with her. The Blue Fairy tells Dreamy that if he and Nova run away together, she will lose her wings. Dreamy ends their relationship and returns to the mines, being renamed Grumpy. He then becomes friends with Snow White while she's on a run from the Evil Queen, inviting her to stay at the Dwarfs cottage. Together with the other dwarves, he helps Snow defeat King George and the Evil Queen, taking back the realm. He later ends up in Storybrooke – after the Dark Curse is cast – as a janitor at the Storybrooke General Hospital and the town drunk. He remains in Storybrooke for the subsequent curses until the merger of all the realms. Widow Lucas/Granny (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Beverley Elliott, is the mother of Anita and grandmother of Red Lucas. In the Enchanted Forest, a wolf killed her father and brothers and then transformed her into a wolf. Most aspects of the curse faded with age, but her heightened senses remain. Red inherited the curse, though Granny received an enchanted red cloak to prevent her transformation. When her granddaughter begins a relationship with a man called Peter, she disapproves. As news of a wolf killing villagers becomes known, Granny warns the others not to fight the monster. In Storybrooke, she is the owner of Granny's Bed and breakfast and Diner. Her health problems prevent Ruby from leaving town, who assists her grandmother as a waitress. Granny's memories are returned when the curse is broken and is then sent back to the Enchanted Forest when the curse is undone by Regina. When Snow White cast a new curse, Granny is brought back to Storybrooke, resuming her role as the owner of her Bed and Breakfast and Diner. She remains in Storybrooke for the subsequent curses until the merger of all the realms. Reul Ghorm/Blue Fairy/Mother Superior (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Keegan Connor Tracy, is a high-ranking fairy godmother who uses her magic to help others. In the Enchanted Forest, she is the leader of the fairies and sets the rules among her kind, and would go as far as expulsion to those that breaks her rules. When the curse is cast, she becomes the leader of a group of nuns in Storybrooke. She becomes a catalyst in the Final Battle after the arrival of the Black Fairy, as the Blue Fairy herself was partially responsible for the Black Fairy's dark turn. Dr. Victor Frankenstein/Dr. Whale (seasons 1–3, 5–6) portrayed by David Anders, is a scientist who believes magic to be inferior to science. He is the older brother of Gerhardt and son of Alphonse. In the Land Without Color, Victor originally seeks a way to restore life to the dead, but has his funding pulled by his father and instead he makes a deal with Rumplestiltskin. However, when his brother dies Victor successfully resurrects him, but not all is as it seems. When the Evil Queen cast her curse, Victor is sent to the Land Without Magic. In Storybrooke, he is Dr. Whale, a doctor working in Storybrooke General Hospital. After the curse is broken, he leads a mob to Regina's home intending to kill her. He later successfully reanimates Daniel's corpse with a magical heart, turning him into a monster who savagely rips off Whale's arm. Mr. Gold later reattaches his arm. Dr. Whale later helps Dr. Jekyll with his experiments to create a new serum to defeat the Evil Queen but it is crashed by the Evil Queen and Mr. Hyde. Geppetto/Marco (seasons 1–4, 6) portrayed by Tony Amendola and Michael Strusievici, is an elderly carpenter and father to his puppet turned boy Pinocchio. In the Enchanted Forest, he became orphaned when Jiminy Cricket accidentally transformed his parents into puppets. He carves himself a son named Pinocchio out of magical wood. During their adventures, Pinocchio sacrifices his life for Geppetto's. For this act, the Blue Fairy turns him into a real boy. She asks him to carve a magical wardrobe with the ability to save the pregnant Snow White and Prince Charming from the Evil Queen's curse. However, the curse would send everyone to a land without magic and Pinocchio, a real boy because of magic, could turn back into a puppet. Geppetto bargains with the fairy to use the second spot for Pinocchio, ultimating in her lying to the other inhabitants, claiming the wardrobe can only save one. Geppetto sends his son to the real world, telling him to protect the child and get them to break the curse. In Storybrooke, he is Marco, the town's handyman. His memories as Geppetto are restored when the curse is broken. Marco later takes in August, who is reverted to Pinocchio by Mother Superior. He is sent back to the Enchanted Forest after Regina undoes the curse and is brought back when Snow White casts a new one. Marco takes August in again after the latter is reverted back from his younger form by Mr. Gold while in pursuit of the Author. Prince Henry Mills (seasons 1–2, 4–6) portrayed by Tony Perez and Zak Santiago, is the son of King Xavier, husband of Cora Mills and the father of Regina Mills. In the Enchanted Forest, he marries Cora after she demonstrates the ability to spin straw into gold. He loves his daughter very much and would constantly try to protect her from Cora. However, after Regina banishes Cora and becomes the Evil Queen, he becomes her valet. His heart is the used to cast the Dark Curse and his soul ends up in the Underworld. He moves on to Mount Olympus after settling his unfinished business with Regina. Genie/Magic Mirror/Sidney Glass (seasons 1, 3–6) portrayed by Giancarlo Esposito, is a man who grants wishes for people who find his bottle that he is stored within. From Agrabah, the Genie is washed away to the Enchanted Forest and was found by King Leopold, who, being extremely wealthy, simply wishes to free the Genie and invite him to live in his castle to help him find true love. There, he falls in love with the King's wife Queen Regina, who fools him to kill Leopold for her to become sole ruler of his kingdom. Realizing the Queen never loved him, he uses his final wish to remain with her forever; thus trapping him in her mirror. As a spirit in the Magic Mirror, he is able to move between and see through other mirrors in the Enchanted Forest, acting as a spy to Regina. In Storybrooke, he is Sidney Glass, a reporter for Storybrooke's local newspaper The Daily Mirror. On Regina's request, he researches Emma Swan's past to help Regina expel her from Storybrooke. After Graham's death, Regina attempts to appoint him sheriff, but he loses the position to Emma. Sidney later secretly works with Regina to gain leverage over Emma. Emma later learns of his deception realizing that he is in love with Regina. Regina uses Mr. Gold to kidnap Kathryn Nolan, framing Mary Margaret (Snow White) for her alleged murder. However, after Kathryn is found alive, Sidney falsely confesses to kidnapping Kathryn to use as an article and become famous. He is then placed into Storybrooke's asylum underneath the hospital. Sidney was later freed by Regina for her quest to remove Maid Marian from Storybrooke, Regina again places Sidney in a mirror. Sidney then allies himself with the Snow Queen, who frees him in exchange for the mirror he was stored in. King George/Albert Spencer (seasons 1–2, 6) portrayed by Alan Dale, is the adoptive father of Prince James and his twin Prince David. In the Enchanted Forest, King George and his wife are unable to bear children of their own, leading George to strike a deal with Rumplestiltskin for an heir: James. When James is killed in a duel against Behemoth, his twin brother David is recruited to carry out the task. The task is completed and Midas deems the Prince worthy of marrying his daughter and uniting the kingdoms. George reneges on his promise to return David home and forces him to marry, otherwise he will kill David's mother and burn his home. However, the wedding never happens as David falls in-love with Snow White. After David's engagement with Snow, they lead an army against King George, dethroning him. After the curse is cast, he is the cold-hearted District Attorney Albert Spencer who leads the prosecution for the Kathryn Nolan murder case, against Mary Margaret Blanchard. Following the curse being broken, Spencer murders Billy, framing Ruby in an attempt to show the town that David's incapable of control and is arrested. Spencer is briefly confronted again by David following the latter's discovery of the former's role in the death of David's father Robert. Princess Abigail/Kathryn Nolan (seasons 1, 3) portrayed by Anastasia Griffith, is the daughter of King Midas and lover of Fredrick. In the Enchanted Forest, she was to marry Prince David, but when he falls in love with Snow White, Abigail helps him run away. She is in love with Frederick, a knight she was to marry until he was turned into gold while protecting her father. Charming later retrieves water from Lake Nostos that revives Frederick, and he reunites with Abigail. In Storybrooke, she is Kathryn Nolan, the wife of David Nolan. David however is in love with Mary Margaret Blanchard, and starts an affair with her. She is later accepted into a law school in Boston, though David refuses to relocate and suggests they end their marriage. Kathryn then learns about David's affair, deciding to move to Boston alone. However, her car is found abandoned at the town's limits, and a missing persons case becomes a murder trial when a heart proven to be Kathryn's is found in Mary Margaret's jewelry box. It is later revealed that Regina worked with Mr. Gold to attempt to frame Mary Margaret for Kathryn's murder, when Mr. Gold in fact kidnapped Kathryn. She is later found alive, though she does not remember her disappearance. Sidney Glass falsely takes the blame for her kidnapping. After the curse is broken, Kathryn and Frederick find each other and live happily together in her home. Jefferson/Mad Hatter (seasons 1–2) portrayed by Sebastian Stan, is a thief who is able to jump from world to world with the aid of portals opened by a magic hat he possesses. On a thieving journey to Camelot, he meets a fellow thief named Priscilla with whom he falls in love and has a daughter named Grace. Priscilla is eventually killed while trying to rescue Jefferson from the clutches of the March Hare, who then trapped him in a never-ending tea party, leading Jefferson to give up his life as thief and eke out a meager living as a mushroom seller. He is eventually tempted back into thieving by Regina, who tricks him into going with her to Wonderland, where she leaves him stranded. After the first curse, Jefferson is one of the few residents of Storybrooke to retain his old memories, made all the more painful because he is separated from his daughter in this new reality. After the arrival of the Savior, Jefferson strikes a new deal with Regina in hopes of starting a new life with his daughter, but is again double crossed. However, after the curse is broken, Jefferson is able to reunite with his daughter, now known as Paige and gets his happy ending. Princess Aurora (seasons 2–4) portrayed by Sarah Bolger, is the daughter of King Stefan and Queen Leah, Prince Phillip's lover and mother of Phillip Jr. In the Enchanted Forest, she is placed upon a sleeping curse by Maleficent against the crimes of her parents and her soul is sent to the Netherworld. When the Evil Queen cast her curse, Aurora is spared as her kingdom is within the protective barrier done by Cora. Instead, Aurora is frozen for 28 years, with her soul trapped in the Netherworld. After the curse is broken, she is awoken from her deep sleep by Prince Phillip, accompanied by Mulan. Following Phillip's death, Mulan tells Aurora that part of the Enchanted Forest had been spared from the Evil Queen's curse, as Emma Swan and Mary Margaret Blanchard are transported from Storybrooke to the area, after falling into a portal with the wraith. At first, she blames them for Phillip's death, but eventually, she helps them get back to Storybrooke. She and Mulan later successfully recover Phillip's soul and find a wounded Neal Cassidy after he is transported from a portal in Storybrooke, assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry. It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a baby, much to Mulan's dismay as she secretly has romantic feelings for her. Aurora and Phillip later greet the inhabitants of Storybrooke in the Enchanted Forest upon their transportation, after Regina undid her curse. It is later revealed that they were under the protection of Zelena, the Wicked Witch of the West, though she transforms them into flying monkeys when they reveal her intentions of stealing Snow White and Prince Charming's baby. After Zelena's defeat, the two are restored to human form and begin to live in Storybrooke, where along with Mary Margaret and Ashley, attends parenting classes with her newborn child. Prince Phillip (seasons 2–3) portrayed by Julian Morris, is the lover of Princess Aurora. In the Enchanted Forest, the evil witch Maleficent turned Phillip into a monster called the Yaoguai. Belle uses fairy dust to return Phillip to his human form, who then teams with Mulan to find Aurora. Prince Phillip then teams up with Mulan in search of Princess Aurora. When the curse is cast, they both are frozen for 28 years. Twenty-eight years later, when the curse is weakened, Phillip and Mulan awaken from their frozen state and resume their search for Aurora. They find her some time after the curse officially breaks. He wakes Aurora from her sleeping curse. However, a wraith marks Phillip and the creature sucks out his soul. It is later revealed by Cora that Phillip's soul was merely transported to another world and Aurora and Mulan later restore Phillip's soul. The three then find a wounded Neal Cassidy (Baelfire), assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry. It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a child. Aurora and Phillip later greet the inhabitants of Storybrooke in the Enchanted Forest upon their transportation, after Peter Pan's curse took them back to their original worlds. Prior to the curse's reversal, they were under the protection of Zelena, the Wicked Witch of the West, though she transforms them into flying monkeys when they reveal her intentions of stealing Snow White and Prince Charming's baby. After Zelena's defeat, the two are restored to human form and begin to live in Storybrooke. Mulan (seasons 2–3, 5) portrayed by Jamie Chung, is a warrior who assists best friend Prince Phillip during his search to rescue his love Princess Aurora. In the Enchanted Forest, Mulan meets Belle and teams up to hunt down a fearsome creature known as the Yaoguai. After finding out that it was Prince Phillip, cursed by a witch, she teams up with him to find Princess Aurora. Due to the casting of the Evil Queen's curse, they both are unable to continue their search as they were frozen for 28 years. Twenty-eight years later, when the curse is weakened, Mulan and Phillip awakens from their frozen state and resume their search for Aurora. They find her some time after the curse officially breaks. After she is rescued, the trio encounter a wraith, who sucks out Phillip's soul. When Emma Swan and Mary Margaret appear in the area, Mulan believes that they were responsible for unleashing the wraith, and for Phillip's death. Mulan later trusts Mary Margaret and Emma, helping them return to Storybrooke. Later, Mulan and Aurora successfully recover Phillip's soul and find a wounded Neal Cassidy after he is transported from a portal in Storybrooke, assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry. It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a baby, much to Mulan's dismay as she secretly has romantic feelings for her, though she leaves to join Robin Hood's Merry Men. Mulan later ends up in DunBroch, where she teaches Merida in combat and archery. Then she later teams up with Ruby after she freed her from the Witch and both begin a journey to find Ruby's family of lycans which leads them to the Land of Oz. The two of them later help revive Dorothy after she was placed under a sleeping curse by Zelena. Cora Mills/Queen of Hearts (seasons 1–5, Wonderland) portrayed by Barbara Hershey, Rose McGowan, and Jennifer Koenig, is the daughter of an unnamed miller, wife of Prince Henry Mills, mother of Zelena and Regina Mills, grandmother of Henry Mills and Robin, and the great-grandmother of Lucy Mills. In the Enchanted Forest, Cora gives birth to Zelena after being trick by a gardener believed to be a Prince and abandons the child. She becomes a Princess with Rumplestiltskin's help, marrying Prince Henry and gives birth to Regina. Controlling Regina to become Queen, Cora is sent to Wonderland where she becomes the Queen of Hearts and teaches Anastasia magic. When Killian is sent to kill her, Cora returns to the Enchanted Forest with him, shielding a corner of the realm from Regina's Dark Curse. Once the curse broke, Cora follows Emma and Snow to Storybrooke with Hook after they ended up in the Enchanted Forest. In Storybrooke, she turns a rehabilitating Regina back to evil but is unintentionally killed by Regina. In the Underworld, Cora is the Mayor of Underbrooke. Per Hades' command, Cora tries to get Regina out of the land, but fails and is demoted to the mills. She is then rescued by Killian and Regina and decides to make amends with Zelena. After healing the broken bond between Zelena and Regina, Cora is granted entrance into Mount Olympus. William Smee (seasons 2–4, 6) portrayed by Chris Gauthier, is a man capable of procuring objects that are hard to find. In the Enchanted Forest, he makes a deal with Rumplestiltskin to get his life extended; Smee trades him a magic bean for his age reversal. Captain Hook manages to intervene and kidnaps Smee to obtain the bean, later appointing him as a crewman on his ship, the Jolly Roger. Hook uses the bean to create a portal that takes the ship to Neverland where he and his crew will never age. In Neverland, Smee serves as an adviser to Hook, assisting in his murderous aspirations to kill Rumplestiltskin and to raise the newly arrived Baelfire. In Storybrooke, Smee appears as a homeless man who kidnaps Belle under the orders of her father Moe French. Mr. Gold later uses him as an experiment for his spell that would enable anyone to cross the border to Storybrooke without losing their memories. When Hook arrives in Storybrooke, Smee immediately begins following orders, retrieving Mr. Gold's most prized possession – Baelfire's shawl. In retaliation, Gold turns Smee into a rat. He is later reformed to his human body when the Dark Curse is reversed and returns to serving Captain Hook. Owen Flynn/Greg Mendell (seasons 2–3) portrayed by Ethan Embry and Benjamin Stockham, is the son of Kurt Flynn. In the Land Without Magic, as a young boy, he camped out in the woods of Maine in 1983 with his father. On that night, the Dark Curse took everyone to this new world that becomes Storybrooke. Owen enjoys Regina's company. However, this only leads her trying to keep him and his father in Storybrooke. Owen escapes after Kurt is falsely arrested by Regina, vowing to return to his father. More than 28 years later, a man crashes his car into Storybrooke. His name is later revealed to be Greg Mendell, an alias of Owen. When Greg is brought to the hospital, the residents debate whether to save his life and risk the truth of Storybrooke being revealed to the outside world. He is ultimately saved, and remains in the town to investigate the strange happenings of Storybrooke. Regina eventually learns of Greg's identity, telling him to leave the town. Greg ignores her, as it is revealed he is in alliance with Neal Cassidy's fiancée, Tamara. The two kidnap Regina and torture her to reveal his father's whereabouts. She eventually tells him that she killed his father. A hurt Greg plans to kill Regina but escapes when David Nolan tracks him down. Greg and Tamara later obtain a trigger to obliterate Storybrooke, though it is foiled. The two instead kidnap Henry Mills, travelling to Neverland. Upon their arrival, Greg and Tamara realize that they had been fooled. When confronted by the Lost Boys, the pair refuse to hand Henry to them, causing Peter Pan's Shadow to rip out Greg's shadow from his body, killing him instantly. Tamara (seasons 2–3) portrayed by Sonequa Martin-Green, is Neal's fiancé and Greg Mendell's lover. Her hatred of magic makes her determined to remove magic from the Land Without Magic, seeing it as unholy. Tracking the Dragon in Hong Kong, she crosses paths with August Booth. After the Dragon reveals himself, Tamara seemingly kills him. Since then, she joins the Home Office, an organisation involved believed to fight magical creatures and gets involved with Greg Mendell. She then tracks down August and finds out about Storybrooke. To get closer, she "accidentally" bumps into Neal Cassidy and gets into a relationship with him. After the curse breaks, Tamara comes to Storybrooke and reunites with Greg. During her time in Storybrooke, she tries to kill August to prevent him from warning the others. After finding a tigger that can eliminate Storybrooke, she and Greg triggers it as a distraction to kidnap Henry to Neverland, where Tamara finds out that the Home Office is fake. As she attempts to escape the Lost Boys, she is struck by an arrow. Mr. Gold later inquires her for Henry's whereabouts before taking her heart out and crushing it. Felix (seasons 2–3) portrayed by Parker Croft, is a member of the Lost Boys and Peter Pan's right-hand boy. In Neverland, he leads the group into searching Captain Hook's ship for Baelfire, whom he eventually finds and delivers to Peter Pan, though he is not the boy wanted – Henry Mills. When Neal arrives in Neverland to save his son Henry, Felix captures him until being knocked out after he breaks free. Upon his capture of the group from Storybrooke, Felix is taken to the town and placed in jail, until Peter Pan breaks him free, explaining his plot to make the town "The New Neverland" with possession of the original Dark Curse. However, Pan reveals he needs the heart of the thing he loves most to enact it. As Felix was the most loyal to him, Pan uses his heart to enact the curse, thus killing him as a sacrifice. Malcolm/Peter Pan/Pied Piper (seasons 3, 5–6) portrayed by Robbie Kay and Stephen Lord, is the father of Rumplestiltskin, a former lover of the Black Fairy, the grandfather of Baelfire and Gideon, the great-grandfather of Henry Mills, and the great-great grandfather of Lucy Mills. In the Enchanted Forest, Malcolm leaves his son in the care of two spinners, who give Rumplestiltskin a magical bean to create a portal to leave his careless father. Using the magic bean, Malcolm and Rumplestiltskin travel to Neverland, a place which Malcolm envisions in his dreams. He decides to stay in Neverland, abandoning Rumplestilskin. Malcolm transforms into his younger self, adopting the name of Peter Pan. The Shadow informs Pan that his youth is limited, and he will die when the hourglass of Skull Rock is complete. Some time later, Pan visits Hamelin in the Enchanted Forest posing as the Pied Piper to expand what would later become the Lost Boys. He also blackmails John and Michael Darling to help him with his tasks, in exchange for their sister Wendy's life, who had been lured back to Neverland, sending them to the Land Without Magic before the Queen's curse to retrieve a boy soon-to-be-born. After Henry is brought to Neverland, he tricks him by being a fugitive boy. He later reveals to Henry that he has the Heart of the Truest Believer. Pan falsely claims to Henry that magic is dying in Neverland, persuading him to give him his heart, leading Henry to temporarily die. After Pan traps Gold inside Pandora's Box, Regina successfully reclaims Henry's heart and revives him, before Pan swaps his and Henry's souls. Once in Storybrooke, he steals the Dark Curse's scroll from Regina's vault and casts a new curse, but is eventually killed by Rumplestilskin and regresses back to Malcolm in the process and his curse was undone by Regina. After death, Malcolm's Peter Pan form ends up in the Underworld. When the heroes arrive in the Underworld, Pan plans to return to the living by exchanging one of their lives. Mr. Gold later enlists Pan as part of a loophole for a deal with Hades that involves abducting Zelena before the two of them can have dinner together. After the contract for Gold and Belle's baby is ripped up by Hades, Pan and Mr. Gold then plan to use Robin's heart to revive Pan. However, it was a trick by Mr. Gold as the heart he has put into Pan's body is actually a wineskin he had filled with water from the River of Lost Souls and glamoured as a heart sending him into the River of Lost Souls. Tinker Bell (seasons 3, 6) portrayed by Rose McIver, is a fairy who began training under the guidance of the Blue Fairy. In the Enchanted Forest, after she breaks some fairy rules, including interacting with the Evil Queen and stealing pixie dust, Tinker Bell is stripped of her wings and made human by the Blue Fairy. Tinker Bell later travels to Neverland. Some years later, she forgives Regina and helps to find her son Henry who had been kidnapped by the sinister Peter Pan. She successfully arrives in Storybrooke with the rest of Storybrooke's residents, where she manages to kill Peter Pan's shadow. Her actions result in saving Mother Superior whose shadow was ripped from her body by Peter Pan's. Mother Superior restores Tinker Bell to fairy status. After returning to the Enchanted Forest and with Snow's baby threaten to be taken by the Wicked Witch, she and Blue and the other fairies search the woods for enchanted objects to defeat Zelena. She later returns to Storybrooke with everyone and encourages Regina to be with Robin Hood after finding out he's her soulmate. She then helps her friends search for answers about a way to stop Zelena when she challenges Regina to a fight. Ariel (seasons 3–4, 6) portrayed by JoAnna Garcia Swisher, is a mermaid who is first seen saving Snow White, after she escapes from the Evil Queen Regina's knights by diving into waters from a high cliff. Ariel reveals that she can bear legs upon land for 12 hours according to the sea goddess Ursula's legend. To repay Ariel, Snow takes Ariel to a ball where she meets Prince Eric, a man whom Ariel saved a year prior after a shipwreck. Eric invites Ariel to travel with him, though Regina poses as Ursula to trick Ariel into giving Snow a bracelet that makes her a mermaid, for her to fulfill her wishes and escape to travel the world. However, Ariel discovers Ursula's true identity and stabs Regina after she attempts to kill Snow. Ariel returns to Eric's castle, only to have her voice stolen by Regina, being unable to communicate with him. Regina later summons Ariel to Neverland, revealing that mermaids can travel through realms. After restoring Ariel's voice, she promises to return her legs if she retrieves Pandora's Box from Mr. Gold's shop to defeat Peter Pan. After she completes the quest, Regina gives her the ability to use both her legs and fins with a special bracelet, allowing her to continue her search for Eric in Storybrooke. With help from Belle, she finds Eric as a fisherman and the two reconcile. After Pan enacts his curse, Ariel, along with the other inhabitants, are returned to their original worlds. It is later revealed that Eric was kidnapped by the pirate Blackbeard and sent to Hangman's Island. Ariel eventually reunites with Eric and settles on the island, which was spared from the effects of Snow White's curse. Sometime later, Ariel gets accidentally trapped inside a bottle with the Jolly Roger by Elsa and is later freed by Hook and then helps him by bringing King Poseidon to Storybrooke. Wendy Darling (seasons 2–3) portrayed by Freya Tingley, is the eldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Darling, and sister to John and Michael. When Baelfire breaks into her house, she takes him in and hides him in her room. Every day, secretly, she would bring him food, but is caught one day by her parents whom lets Baelfire stay with the family. One night, she tells Baelfire about the Shadow who possesses magic. She is warned by Baelfire to never associate herself with magic, but she ignores his warning and goes with the Shadow to Neverland. The next day, she tells Baelfire that the Shadow is coming for her brothers. Together, they fight off the Shadow, but Baelfire lets the Shadow takes him to protect Wendy and her family. When Baelfire fails to return, Wendy and her brothers goes to Neverland to save him, but gets caught by Peter Pan. Wendy is kept a prisoner for over a century while her brothers do Pan's bidding to keep her alive. A year after the curse broke, Wendy is still a prisoner of Pan, who is using an adult John and Michael to head to Storybrooke to prevent Belle and Ariel from giving Mr. Gold Pandora's box, which he and Regina are seeking to defeat Pan in exchange for Wendy's freedom. Pan later forces Wendy to pretend to be ill for Henry to harness his belief in magic, before she is returned to her cage. Mr. Gold is instructed by Ariel to attempt to save Wendy on his quest to kill Pan. Wendy is later saved by Baelfire, this time known as Neal, and in return she informs him and the rest of the group of Pan's intentions to kill Henry. She is then rescued and escapes Neverland and reunites with her brothers in Storybrooke. Queen Elsa (seasons 3–4) portrayed by Georgina Haig, is the elder daughter of the King of Arendelle and Queen Gerda, older sister of Anna and the older niece of Ingrid and Helga. In Arendelle, with Anna away in the Enchanted Forest, Elsa meets her long forgotten aunt Ingrid and learns part of her mother's secret past. However, her relationship with Ingrid strains after Anna's return. As Ingrid wishes to form a new family with Elsa, and after finding Anna unfit, Elsa is entrapped in an urn by Anna, who was cursed by Ingrid. The urn ends up in Rumplestiltskin's possession and because of Emma and Hook, it ends up in present-day Storybrooke via time travel. Elsa's complicated past with Ingrid is revealed as she and Emma bands together to stop Ingrid from succeeding with her spell. Elsa is reunited with Anna, and after witnessing Ingrid's sacrifice, she returns to Arendelle with Anna and Kristoff to reclaim the kingdom from Hans and his brothers, and to prepare for her sister's wedding. Princess Anna (season 4) portrayed by Elizabeth Lail, is the second daughter of the King and Queen of Arendelle, younger sister of Elsa, younger niece of Ingrid and Helga and the fiancé, later wife of Kristoff. When she was a teenager, her and Elsa's parents travel on a mission to the Enchanted Forest, searching for a cure to her sister's powers. However, they are involved in a storm and die in a shipwreck. Elsa discovers this years later, leading Anna to venture to the Enchanted Forest to fulfill their parents' last mission, delaying her wedding to Kristoff. Returning to Arendelle with questions outstanding, Anna becomes suspicious of Ingrid (the Snow Queen) who claims to be her aunt. Ingrid imprisons Anna, using a spell to have her turn on Elsa, resulting in Anna trapping Elsa in the urn. Before Anna can register what has occurred and attempting to get Elsa back, Ingrid then freezes Anna and Kristoff and the kingdom of Arendelle. Thirty years later, Arendelle thaws and Anna and Kristoff escape from Anna's sinister previous lover Prince Hans. With help from Blackbeard, Prince Hans captures the pair who then are placed in a trunk and thrown off the ship. In Storybrooke, Elsa discovers Anna's necklace in Mr. Gold's pawn shop and vows to find her. When Elsa wishes for Anna to return using her Wishing Star necklace, she inadvertently brings Anna from Arendelle to Storybrooke. Anna discovers her mother's letter, leading Ingrid to destroy herself and be with her sisters once more. Anna, along with Elsa and Kristoff, return to Arendelle and reclaim the kingdom from Hans and his brothers just in time for her wedding. Marian (seasons 2–4) portrayed by Christie Laing, is the wife of Robin Hood and mother of Roland. Initially the target for the affection of the Sheriff of Nottingham, she runs away with Robin after falling in love with him. Sometime later, Marian is pregnant and falls ill, causing Robin Hood to obtain a magic wand from Rumplestiltskin's castle to heal her. Marian later gives birth to a son named Roland, though she ends up wanted by the Evil Queen and is sentenced to death. Years later, after Zelena opens a time-travel portal, Emma and Hook are dragged into it and sent to the Enchanted Forest of the past. Emma decides to rescue Marian, but she is later killed by Zelena. Kristoff (season 4) portrayed by Scott Michael Foster, is the lover and later husband of Princess Anna. Originally set to marry Anna, she puts the wedding on hold to find the truth behind her parents' deaths. After Ingrid attempts to harm Anna, Kristoff attempts to save her, only for the couple to be frozen solid by Ingrid. Thirty years later, Arendelle thaws and Anna and Kristoff escape from the sinister Prince Hans, having now taken over the kingdom. With help from Blackbeard, Prince Hans capture Anna and Kristoff, who are thrown from his ship inside a trunk. In Storybrooke, Elsa using Anna's necklace to unintentionally save Anna and Kristoff from drowning in the trunk and brings them to the town. After Ingrid destroys herself, Kristoff returns to Arendelle with Anna and Elsa and reclaims the kingdom just in time for his and Anna's wedding. Ingrid/Snow Queen/Sarah Fisher (season 4) portrayed by Elizabeth Mitchell and Brighton Sharbino, the oldest daughter of King Harald and Queen Sonja, elder sister of Helga and Gerda, and the aunt of Elsa and Anna. As a child, Ingrid discovers that she has inherited ice magic and unintentionally kills her sister Helga, forcing Gerda to entrap Ingrid in an urn. Now as the Snow Queen, Ingrid is freed reunites with her nieces Elsa and Anna. However, as Anna is unfit to be family, Ingrid, with the help of the Apprentice, goes to the Land Without Magic to find the yet-to-be-born Emma. Hoping that she will be reunited with both Elsa and Emma, she moves to Storybrooke as Sarah Fisher. When Elsa is brought to the town, Ingrid sees her opportunity to finally complete her family. She casts the Spell of Shattered Sight to remove the rest of Storybrooke's residents, but upon realizing that she has always had her sisters' love, she sacrifices herself to undo the spell. The Apprentice (seasons 4–5) portrayed by Timothy Webber and Graham Verchere, is an elderly man who works for the sorcerer Merlin in Camelot and later the Enchanted Forest. He protects his teacher's creation, a box capable of transforming into a hat for absorbing and accumulating magic, from each person that takes on the Dark One's powers. A Dark One, Rumplestiltskin, later manages to steal the hat, but it is then taken by Princess Anna of Arendelle. Some time later, Ingrid obtains the hat and gives it back to the Apprentice in exchange for a portal to the real world for Ingrid to complete her family. Snow White and Prince Charming also cross paths with the Apprentice, offering them a spell to remove any potential darkness from their expected baby. After they obtain Maleficent's egg, the Apprentice places the darkness inside and transports it to the real world. The Apprentice later confronts the Author for manipulating the transportation of Maleficent's egg and imprisons him for his irresponsibility. In Storybrooke, the Apprentice is visited by Mr. Gold, who uses the hat to place the Apprentice inside and use its power to be cleaved of the Dark One's dagger's control. Mother Superior later frees the Apprentice from the hat. He later helps to save Mr. Gold's life by placing the Dark One's dark powers into the hat. Unfortunately, the darkness escapes and enters the Apprentice's body which weakens him. While in a weakened state, he reveals that Merlin is the only one who can stop the darkness forever after it is taken in by Emma Swan. He then procures a wand to assist the residents in their transport to Camelot to find him. Afterward, the Apprentice takes his last breath and dies. Henry later encounters the Apprentice in the Underworld where he learns that the Apprentice's unfinished business is to make sure Henry does the right thing if he happens to get the key to the Sorcerer's Mansion from Sheriff James where the Magic Quill is contained. Maleficent (seasons 1–2, 4, 7, Wonderland) portrayed by Kristin Bauer van Straten, is the mother of Lilith Page via Zorro. Failed to curse Queen Briar Rose, Maleficent curses both Princess Aurora and Prince Phillip after gaining strength from Regina. In dragon form, Maleficent become pregnant after intimacy with Zorro. After this, Prince David places a true love potion into Maleficent's dragon form. Some time later, Regina visits Maleficent and steals the Dark Curse from her. After laying her egg, it is stolen by Snow White and Prince David and unintentionally send to the Land Without Magic by the Apprentice. When the Dark Curse is cast, Maleficent is sent to the Land Without Magic. In Storybrooke, Regina traps Maleficent in her dragon form beneath Storybrooke's abandoned library and is slain by Emma to retrieve the true love potion, leaving her in an undead form. When Cruella and Ursula arrive in Storybrooke with Rumplestiltskin, they resurrect Maleficent to get even with the heroes. Maleficent then reunites with her daughter Lilith and together they locate Lilith's father, Zorro. After the creation of the United Realms, Maleficent is invited for Regina's coronation, but does not RSVP. Ursula (season 4) portrayed by Merrin Dungey and Tiffany Boone, is the daughter of King Poseidon. In the Oceanic Realm, as a mermaid, she is forced by her father to sing and lure pirates to their death. Hoping for a better life, Ursula joins Killian to travel far from her realm. But with interruptions from her father, she loses her voice to Killian. Out for vengeance, she turns herself into a sea witch and takes over the Oceanic Realm. She then befriends Maleficent and Cruella and works to escape Regina's curse. Unintentionally, she is sent to the Land Without Magic with Cruella and Maleficent's egg where she uses the egg to keep herself from aging. Many years later, Ursula works as an aquarium worker in New York. Rumplestiltskin finds her and offers her a happy ending if she works with him, Cruella and Maleficent. Entering Storybrooke, Killian makes a deal with Ursula for information regarding Rumplestiltskin's plan in-exchange for her singing voice. When this fails, Killian retrieves King Poseidon with Ariel's help, who apologises to Ursula for his past actions. Reconciling with her father upon having her singing voice returned, Ursula leaves with him to return to the Oceanic Realm. Cruella De Vil/Cruella Feinberg (seasons 4–5) portrayed by Victoria Smurfit and Milli Wilkinson, is the daughter of Madeline. In 1920s England, Cruella kills her father, stepfathers, and later her mother and her dalmatian dogs. To prevent her from taking another soul, Isaac uses his author abilities and seals her fate. Cruella later teams up with Maleficent and Ursula to stop the casting of the Dark Curse, but is accidentally sent to the Land Without Magic. Cruella marries a rich man, Mr. Feinberg and takes on the identity of Cruella Feinberg. Years later, Rumplestiltskin brings her and Ursula to Storybrooke where they resurrect Maleficent to find the Author to rewrite their endings but is killed by Emma, ending up in the Underworld. When the heroes ends up in the Underworld to save Killian, she tries to prevent them from leaving, but fails. In Sir Mordred's bar, she expresses her dissatisfaction of the Underworld, but refuses to move on. Isaac Heller (seasons 4, 6) portrayed by Patrick Fischler, is an author. Working as a television sales person in the Land Without Magic, Isaac is offered the position of being an author by the Apprentice who takes him to Fairy Tale Land to record stories of its inhabitants. During his time as the author, he manipulates his power to alter the life of many, including Cruella De Vil, Snow White, Prince Charming, Maleficent, Ursula, and Lilith, prompting the Apprentice to trap Isaac in the Once Upon a Time book as punishment. Despite being trapped, the book is constantly updated until the Dark Curse is cast, and Isaac's writing comes to a halt. Years later, he is sought by many wanting to alter their fate for a happy ending. Isaac is freed from the book and aligns himself with Rumplestiltskin as he too wishes to alter his own fate. Once obtaining ink for his quill, Isaac alters the Storybrooke inhabitants’ fate, sucking everyone but Henry into the World Within the Book. His wrongdoing is then undone by Henry and he is imprisoned by David and Snow. He is later freed by Regina in exchange for information about the ending of the Once Upon a Time book. After revealing the fate of the Savior and the Final Battle, Isaac leaves Storybrooke and returns to the Land Without Magic. Lilith Page/Starla (season 4) portrayed by Agnes Bruckner and Nicole Munoz, is the daughter of Maleficent. Born inside an egg, she is transported from the Enchanted Forest to the Land Without Magic after Snow White and Prince Charming attempt to rid their daughter Emma Swan of any potential darkness. As an orphan, Lilith is adopted into the Page Family in Hopkins, Minnesota, though she runs away after feeling alone. She meets a similar-aged Emma who befriends her after realizing their supposed similar orphan situation but parts ways after Emma finds out that Lilith has a family of her own. Lilith later tracks Emma down at her new foster family and after unintentionally destroying Emma's life with them, Lilith decides to part ways with Emma for good. Aboard a bus, she is approached by the Apprentice who tells her about her origin and how Emma's parents are responsible for the damage of her family. Lilith later begins plotting a way to Storybrooke to get even. Years later, per Maleficent's request, Emma tracks Lilith, who goes by the name of Starla, down and convinces her to go back with her to Storybrooke. Lilith lies to her and convinces Emma that her life turned out fine, but later steals Emma's car with the Sorcerer's scroll to get into Storybrooke. The two eventually make amends and Lilith is reunited with Maleficent in Storybrooke. She convinces Maleficent to get revenge on Prince Charming and Snow White, but Maleficent chooses to let it go, causing her to down the revenge pay on her own by turning into a dragon. Eventually, she listens to Maleficent by giving up on revenge. Briefly, Lilith, along the other Storybrooke inhabitants, is sent to the Alternate World after Isaac Heller rewrites the Once Upon a Time book, but is returned shortly afterward. Following Isaac's defeat, Lilith decides to stay in Storybrooke permanently with Maleficent, at the same time, to locate her father. By the end of the series, it was revealed that Maleficent reunited with the father of Lily who turns out to be Zorro. Merlin (seasons 4–5) portrayed by Elliot Knight and voiced by Jonathan Adams is a powerful sorcerer. Running in a desert, Merlin is gifted water in the form of a Holy Grail due to thirst by the Gods which gives him magical ability. Merlin uses his magic to help others in-need in Camelot. One day, he is approached by Nimue who needed help from Vortigan, a man who attacked her village. Eventually, Nimue becomes power hungry after drinking the water from the Holy Grail and Merlin is forced to tender her to a dagger, making her the first Dark One. Some time later, Nimue gets even with Merlin and turns him into a tree. Trapped in the tree, Merlin prophecies the future of Camelot, where Arthur would become the King of the realm. In the Land Without Magic, briefly by unknown means, Merlin appears as an usher to a young Emma Swan, warning her to never pull Excalibur from its stone in the future. Years later, he is freed from his imprisonment by Regina and Emma, causing King Arthur and his knights to rebel against him for aiding Regina and Emma. Merlin tried to remove the darkness from Emma, but Emma refused as it would result in the death of Hook. When Hook becomes a Dark One as well, Merlin records a message for the heroes on how to defeat the darkness, but is interrupted by Hook, who wishes to cast the Dark Curse to send everyone back to Storybrooke to get revenge on Mr. Gold. Hook, as Nimue, rips Merlin's heart and crushes it into a pot with the curse's ingredients which enacts the curse. King Arthur (season 5) portrayed by Liam Garrigan and Webb Baker Hayes, is the ruler of Camelot. As a young boy, it was prophesied by Merlin that he will become the King of Camelot. Sometime later, he pulls Excalibur out from the stone, but notices that half of the sword is missing. He then marries Guinevere and makes her Queen of Camelot. Later on, using the Sands of Avalon, he turns his tower into a castle. Years later, he greets the inhabitants of Storybrooke into Camelot, who are seeking Merlin. While there are in Camelot, he discovers the missing piece of Excalibur—the dagger of the Dark One. He manipulates events to get the dagger, eventually working with Zelena and binding Merlin to Excalibur, forcing him to kill the heroes. Emma intervenes, forcing Arthur and Zelena to retreat. He later works with Zelena to get an Enchanted Helm from DunBroch, but is defeated by Merida and her clans. Later, when Hook—the newest Dark One cast another curse, Arthur is sent to Storybrooke. In Storybrooke, Arthur reunites with the other inhabitants of Camelot and forms a camp nearby. He also works with the heroes to find out what happened back in Camelot, due to everyone's memories of their time in Camelot being erased by the curse. He is later arrested by David for deceiving the heroes but escapes some time later. He then crosses paths with Hades, who ends up killing him, thus sending him to the Underworld. There, he helps Hook in sending a message to Emma of a way to defeat Hades. After succeeding, a portal to Mount Olympus opened for both of them, but Arthur chose to stay behind and repair his new "broken kingdom", the Underworld. This worked as he has overthrown Cruella and ruled over the Underworld for over 50 years. Queen Merida (season 5) portrayed by Amy Manson, is the daughter of King Fergus and Queen Elinor and sister to her triplet brothers. When her mother is transformed into a bear by the Witch of DunBroch, she helps transform her back to human form. Years later, she witness the death of her father, resulting in her being the next Queen of DunBroch. When the United Clans claims that she's unfit to rule, they kidnaps her triplet brothers in a form of protest. While searching for her brothers, she meets Emma, the new Dark One. At first, she was willing to help Emma, but eventually betrays her after a misunderstanding. She is later jailed by Arthur, but is freed by Merlin. Kidnapping Belle, she makes her help in the search of her brothers, eventually rescuing them. She also finds out that Arthur was responsible for the death of her father. On a horseback ride to Camelot, she is swept away to Storybrooke by the curse cast by Hook. In Storybrooke upon being brought there by the Dark Curse, Merida became a minion for Emma as she has her heart to train Mr. Gold to become heroic enough to release Excalibur and at the same time use him to kill Emma. Mr. Gold passed this event by defeating Merida's bear form. Upon releasing Mr. Gold and Merida from her clutches, Emma then tells Merida that her three brothers are safe with their mother in DunBroch. She is then asked by Regina to guard Emma but ends up being knocked out by Hook. Merida then receives her memories back along with everyone else by Emma, and is later asked to watch Arthur in his jail cell while they travel to Underworld to bring Hook back. Eventually, the heroes open a portal for her, the Camelot inhabitants, and the Merry Men to return to the Enchanted Forest where she later returns home to DunBroch. Queen Guinevere (season 5) portrayed by Joana Metrass and Dalila Bela, is the wife of King Arthur who resides in Camelot. As a young girl, she believed in Arthur's dreams of becoming a king, and that upon returning with Excalibur she became his wife. Unfortunately, she would become neglected by Arthur's obsession with Excalibur, resulting in her falling for Lancelot. The two even went on a mission to seek out the Dark One's dagger. Thanks to a deal made by Rumplestiltskin, she traded the gauntlet in exchange for the magical sands that came from the sap of a tree that is found on Avalon. When Arthur finds out about her feelings for Lancelot, he takes the sands and uses it on Guinevere to make her follow his orders and then they both use it to fix Camelot and make it into a castle. She then uses the sand on David and Mary Margaret so they can follow Arthur's orders but they are later free from it thanks to Merlin. Guinevere is among those that ended up in Storybrooke with her memory of the last six weeks erased, thanks to a new curse cast by Hook as the new Dark One. She is later sent to the Enchanted Forest and then back to Camelot, alongside her people, the Merry Men and Merida. Sir Lancelot (seasons 2, 5) portrayed by Sinqua Walls, is the son of the Lady of the Lake, and one of King Arthur's knights of the round table. During his tenure, Lancelot witnesses Arthur free Excalibur from its stone, though abandons his place on the Round Table after falling in love with Arthur's wife Guinevere. After leaving Camelot, he became a servant of King George under the alias of Leviathan. Under the orders of King George, Lancelot captures Snow White and brings her to him, unintentionally allowing King George to curse her with water that makes her barren forever. Lancelot revisits Snow, mentioning that he had no knowledge of the water's content. Using the remnants of the water in Lake Nostos, Lancelot is able to undo the curse on Snow White. At some point, he returns to Camelot and sneaks into King Arthur's castle. During the night where David is bestowed the Siege Perilous seat by Arthur, Snow White goes out to the hallway to calm down her crying baby son where she sees a shadowy figure walk past. When she calls out to the person, Lancelot steps out much to her astonishment. He assures her it is truly him. After putting aside the story of his struggles, Lancelot warns her about a villain that is currently in the castle. At first, Snow assumes he is speaking about Emma. Instead, Lancelot reveals that King Arthur is the villain and Camelot is not what it seems. When Arthur found out that Lancelot was alive and confronted him and Mary Margaret in the Dark One's Vault, David found out where the suspicions towards King Arthur were confirmed. When the rest of the Knights arrive at Granny's to help King Arthur, Lancelot also discovered that Guinevere was under Arthur's command thanks to the sand dust that was used on her by King Arthur. Lancelot is locked up in the dungeon where he meets Merida as they both plan to find a way to defeat King Arthur. Both of them are freed by David's group with the help of Merlin. Following Captain Hook being tethered to Excalibur and becoming the new Dark One in the process, Merlin sends Sir Lancelot to his mother, the Lady of the Lake; his status from here onwards is unknown. Violet Morgan (seasons 5–6) portrayed by Olivia Steele-Falconer, is the daughter of Sir Morgan. She hopes to follow her late mother's footsteps as a champion horseback rider. When the Storybrooke inhabitants comes to Camelot, she and Henry grow close over their shared passion for music. Emma manipulates their burgeoning relationship to break Henry's heart and obtain his teardrop as a spell component to free Merlin. Later, the Dark Curse sends Violet and her father to the Land Without Magic, along with much of Camelot's population. With their memories erased, she and Henry are again attracted to each other. After Henry recovers Violet's missing horse, Nicodemus, they share a kiss. Violet accompanies Henry to New York City in his quest to destroy magic, and returns to Storybrooke with him. When the other Camelot residents leave, Violet tells Henry that she and her father will be staying because Sir Morgan is originally from Connecticut in Henry's world. Violet becomes a student at Storybrooke High. When Henry realizes the Evil Queen is impersonating Regina, Violet invents an excuse to help Henry escape during their date. She continues to date Henry after the Final Battle, but eventually they break up. The Blind Witch (seasons 1, 5) portrayed by Emma Caulfield, is a witch who resides at her Gingerbread Home made completely out of candy deep in the woods. Her house and the treats lure in children, whom she would cook and eat. At some point, the Blind Witch comes to possess the Evil Queen's poisoned apple. One day, the Evil Queen bargains with two young children, named Hansel and Gretel, to find their lost father, in return for stealing a poisoned apple from the witch. However, despite the Queen's warning not to eat anything, Hansel licks some frosting off a cupcake, awakening the witch. She tries to eat Hansel and Gretel but they trick her and lock her in her own oven. The Queen, who was watching the events through her mirror, sends a bolt of fire through the mirror and sets the oven alight. Since her death, the Blind Witch works at the Underworld's version of Granny's Diner when she encounters Mary Margaret. She hasn't forgiven Regina for sending Hansel and Gretel to retrieve the apple and for burning her alive. Mary Margaret gets the Blind Witch to tell them where they can find Hercules. She tips them off by stating that he comes in from the shipyards during his lunch hour. The Blind Witch later informs Emma, Regina, and Red about where they can find Auntie Em stating that where she works is the competition to her business. She later acquired powers from Hades to keep the outsiders from escaping the Underworld in exchange for taking over the realm with Cruella when Hades leaves, this after Regina discovered that she wasn't supposed to have any ability to obtain magic. After the heroes escape the Underworld, she continues her work in the Underbrooke diner at the time of King Arthur's arrival after he was killed by Hades. Hades (season 5) portrayed by Greg Germann, is the God of the Underworld. He is the son of Kronos, brother of Zeus and the uncle of Hercules. After his father Cronus appoints Zeus as the next ruler of Mount Olympus, he kills him. Zeus then stops his heart from beating and banishes him to the Underworld to be its ruler. One day, he appeared before Liam Jones and offered to let the ship sink in exchange that Liam and Killain be spared and the Eye of the Storm will be in their possession. Years later, he meets Zelena in the Land of Oz and was interested in her time travelling spell. He fell in love with her but Zelena saw it as a trick and asked him to go back to the Underworld. When Emma and her allies arrive in the Underworld, he forces Cora to get rid of the heroes from his land. Failing, he turns Cora back into a miller and forces her to work at an underground mill for her failure. After Hercules and Megara ascend to Mount Olympus, Hades decides to trap the heroes in the Underworld by forcing Hook to write a new name on a gravestone for each soul that leaves. When Hook refuses, he hangs Hook over the River of Lost Souls. He also sends Captain Silver to the Worst Place and tries sending Hook, later Liam, there but fails. He also buys the contract made by Rumplestiltskin years ago with Fendrake, threatening to take Mr. Gold's second unborn child with Belle. He is later reunited with Zelena, who falls in love with him. When she is kidnapped, he asks Emma's help to get her back. Later, after his heart starts beating again due to true love's kiss, a portal is opened. He turns over the Underworld to Cruella as he leaves for Storybrooke with Zelena and her child. There, he kills King Arthur and hopes to take over Storybrooke. Using the Olympian Crystal, he kills Robin Hood. Zelena then kills him with the Crystal. Dr. Henry Jekyll (seasons 5–6) portrayed by Hank Harris, is a physician. In Victorian England, he tries to join the Academy of Sciences run by Dr. Lydgate but he turns him down, claiming that his experiments are too dangerous. With Rumplestiltskin's help, Dr. Jekyll uses a serum to change his personality, along with his looks and shows up uninvited at a party hosted by Dr. Lydgate. He also ends up in a relationship with Mary while as Mr. Hyde. When Mary finds out that he used the serum to pose as Mr. Hyde, they both engage in a rough fight, leading to Dr. Jekyll accidentally pushing her from her bedroom window, falling to her death. He later goes to the Land of Untold Stories. When David, Snow, Zelena and Hook accidentally get sent there through a portal, Dr. Jekyll meets them but is afraid to help them because of what the Warden might do to him. Later, he finishes the serum he developed to separate his good side and his evil side and Hyde separates from him. He is later rescued by David, Snow, Zelena and Hook and is taken along with them to Storybrooke to live a better life. He later works with Dr. Whale in his garage to make a new serum to defeat the Serum Evil Queen. He later tries to hurt Belle, resulting in Hook killing him. The side effect also kills Mr. Hyde. Mr. Hyde (seasons 5–6) portrayed by Sam Witwer, is Dr. Jekyll's alter ego. In Victorian England, after Dr. Jekyll, with the help of Rumplestiltskin, creates a serum, he uses it to transform himself to Mr. Hyde. He threatens to expose Dr. Lydgate's affair with his assistant if he does not give a place in the academy for Dr. Jekyll. He then ends up in a relationship with Mary, but she is later killed by Dr. Jekyll. He later confronts Rumplestiltskin about the incident and makes his way to the Land of Untold Stories. Years later in the Land of Untold Stories, Hyde steals the Pandora's Box containing Belle and her unborn child from Gold by using the Apprentice's Wand after he is told the Dark One has found love. After he is separated from Dr. Jekyll, Mr. Hyde makes a deal with Gold telling him where to travel to find a way to free Belle from her sleeping curse. In return, he travels to Storybrooke with his fellow Land of Untold Stories inhabitants. After a dirigible from the Land of Untold Stories arrives, Dr. Jekyll, David and Regina were able to subdue Mr. Hyde with special shackles despite Emma having some hand tremors at the time. While locked up in the psychiatric ward of the Storybrooke Hospital, Mr. Hyde states that Emma should follow a red bird if she wants to find the answers to her hand tremors. He is later freed by the Serum Evil Queen. When Hook kills Dr. Jekyll, he also dies as he is Dr. Jekyll's alter ego. Gideon (seasons 6–7) portrayed by Giles Matthey and Anton Starkman, is the son of Rumplestiltskin and Belle, half-brother of Baelfire, and grandson of Malcolm and Fiona. Kidnapped by the Black Fairy upon birth in Storybrooke, he is brought to the Dark Realm. Due to the time difference, he grows a full 28 years and is forced to return to Storybrooke when the Black Fairy rips his heart and controls it. In Storybrooke, he manipulates events to open a portal from the Dark Realm to bring over the Black Fairy, something which he successfully does with the blood of Emma. During the Black Fairy's curse, he is led into thinking that his mother left him and his father and is later commanded by the Black Fairy to kill Emma. As the two duel, Emma is struck, and Gideon disappears, turning back into a baby for Mr. Gold and Belle to have a second chance in raising him. During a victorious dinner at Granny's Diner, Belle and Mr. Gold bring Gideon to join the others. Eventually, after his first birthday, he is taken to various worlds by Mr. Gold and Belle. In one of those worlds, Gideon gets accepted into Elphame Academy and bids farewell to his parents to attend his lessons. While his parents spend time in the Edge of Realms, Gideon occasionally visits them, with each time, Belle is older than before due to the time difference in that world. After Belle dies, Gideon visits her grave with his father to say his goodbyes to her. Aladdin (season 6) portrayed by Deniz Akdeniz, is a thief and the Savior before Emma Swan. As a thief, Aladdin is hired by Princess Jasmine to locate the Diamond in the Rough at the Cave of Wonders, but Jasmine afterward reveals that she had been looking for Aladdin as the Savior of Agrabah. When the Capital Palace is attacked by Jafar, Aladdin saves the Sultan and Jasmine by breaking Jafar's staff. After Jafar escapes, Aladdin hunts him down, but is gifted a pair of scissors which can cut his fate of being the Savior, which Aladdin uses. Knowing that Jasmine is looking for him to save Agrabah, Aladdin retreats to the Enchanted Forest and is swept by the Dark Curse to the Land Without Magic. Years later, Emma finds Aladdin in an underground cemetery. He gives her the scissors as a backup plan for her as she is the current Savior. He then reunites with Princess Jasmine and becomes a genie to help locate Agrabah's whereabouts. However, he is captured by the Evil Queen and becomes her slave. When she is temporarily defeated, Aladdin is freed. Together with Jasmine, they return to the Enchanted Forest to locate Agrabah. With help from Hook and Ariel, they find Jafar's genie lamp and discover that Agrabah is inside the Crown Jewel. After freeing their realm, Aladdin rules Agrabah with Jasmine but is threatened with the Black Fairy's curse, which destroys all of Agrabah, forcing Aladdin, Jasmine, and a few of their citizens to retreat back to the Enchanted Forest. After the curse is lifted and all the realms are restored, Aladdin and Jasmine return home. Princess Jasmine (season 6) portrayed by Karen David, is the daughter of the Sultan of Agrabah, and Aladdin's lover. When Jafar began residing at the Capital of Agrabah, she tries to get Aladdin to help her free the realm from his tyranny. However, Aladdin frees himself from his savior state and Jafar entraps the capital into a jewel, forcing Jasmine to retreat to the Land of Untold Stories. Thirty years later, ending up in Storybrooke, she reunites with Aladdin and continues their mission to save their home. Confronting Jafar, now a genie, they get the upper hand and kills him, restoring the capital. During the Black Fairy's curse, Jasmine helps Snow locate David with her magic carpet. After the curse is lifted and all the realms are restored, she and Aladdin return home. Fiona/Black Fairy (season 6) portrayed by Jaime Murray, is the former lover of Malcolm, mother of Rumplestiltskin, grandmother of Baelfire and Gideon, great-grandmother of Henry Mills, and great-great-grandmother of Lucy. With Malcolm, Fiona gives birth to a son, but grows obsessed in protecting him after his fairy godmother, Tiger Lily, reveals that her son is destined to die as the Savior in the far future. She tricks Tiger Lily into breaking into the Sacred Vault of the Fairies to create a curse to banish all the children of their land to the Land Without Magic, however, the Blue Fairy banishes her to the Dark Realm where she becomes the cruel Black Fairy and kidnaps children from various realms and forces them to mine dark fairy dust. About 30 years later, the Black Fairy arrives in Storybrooke after the birth of her grandson, Gideon, and kidnaps him to the Dark Realm and raises him. After 28 years, according to the time in the Dark Realm, the Black Fairy rips his heart out and commands him to return to Storybrooke to kill the Savior. Since then, the Black Fairy has been manipulating events from her domain and eventually frees herself from the Dark Realm with Gideon's help. She arrives in Storybrooke and prepares for the final battle between her and Emma, and eventually casting the curse to separate Emma's love ones before the battle. The curse reverts Storybrooke back to its original self during the first curse and sets off the destruction of all the realms, however, after Mr. Gold kills her, her curse comes to an end. Tiger Lily (seasons 6–7) portrayed by Sara Tomko, is a fairy. After the birth of Fiona's son, Tiger Lily and the Blue Fairy visit Fiona and Tiger Lily is revealed as the child's fairy godmother. Later on, after Fiona learned of her son's fate as the Savior, Tiger Lily helps her to find the child destined to kill Fiona's son in the far future. Breaking into the Sacred Vault of the Fairies, Tiger Lily is tricked by Fiona, who intends to create a curse to banish all the children of their land to the Land Without Magic. With the Blue Fairy's help, Fiona is banished to the Dark Realm, and Tiger Lily and the Blue Fairy reveal Fiona's fate to her husband, Malcolm. Since then, Tiger Lily removes her fairy status and relocates to Neverland. Years later, she comes across Captain Hook and teams up with him to send word to the current savior, Emma, that Fiona, now known as the Black Fairy, intends to kill her during the Final Battle. Tiger Lily helps Hook escape from the Lost Boys into a portal back to Storybrooke. Tiger Lily eventually regains her fairy status and helps Henry and his daughter Lucy in the far future to locate a magical wardrobe in the New Enchanted Forest. After Henry is captured by the Coven of the Eight, Tiger Lily brings Lucy to her mother at Tiana's palace. Drizella/Ivy Belfrey (season 7) portrayed by Adelaide Kane, Anna Cathcart, and Lula Mae Melench, is the daughter of Marcus and Rapunzel Tremaine, sister of Anastasia, step-daughter of Cecelia, step-sister of Ella, and step-aunt of Lucy. As a child, Drizella had a strong bond with her sister, promising to always be there for one another. After her mother's disappearance, Drizella loses hope on ever reuniting with her and replaces Cecelia as her motherly figure, despite Rapunzel's return six years later. Drizella refuses to acknowledge Rapunzel as her mother, and after Anastasia's death, her mother began despising her. Drizella, hoping to make her mother suffer, joins the Coven of the Eight and together with Gothel and six other witches, cast the Dark Curse which sends everyone to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, she is Ivy Belfrey, an assistant to her mother Victoria at Belfrey Towers. Ivy pretends that her memories are wiped by the curse as a ploy to make her mother believe that she is in-charge. Ivy works alongside Eloise and gets Victoria arrested in-order to make her suffer. However, Eloise betrays her and entraps both Victoria and herself at the bottom of a well. When her mother sacrifices herself to save her, Ivy begins to realize her wrongdoings and makes amends with Henry, Jacinda, and Roni. She then saves Anastasia from Eloise and Mr. Samdi. After making amends, Ivy and Anastasia use a magic bean to return to the New Enchanted Forest. Alice/Tilly (season 7) portrayed by Rose Reynolds, is the daughter of Hook and Gothel and Robin's fiancée. Born in a tower, Alice is used by Gothel to escape the tower, replacing Alice as its prisoner. Hoping to not abandon her, Hook stays behind to take care of her. However, Gothel separates them with the Curse of the Poisoned Heart. Eventually, a giant troll frees Alice from the tower on her 17th birthday. Her freedom leads to a romantic relationship with Robin after crossing paths with her. When the Dark Curse is cast, Alice is sent to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, she is Tilly, who works with Detective Weaver and frequents the statue site that the Troll became. Tilly is forced into taking pills, which prevents her from remembering her past life. Once, when she refuses, she remembers Rumplestiltskin and shoots Detective Weaver. She later becomes a suspect in the murders of Dr. Sage and Hilda, but Detective Rogers proved that she had an alibi and was being framed. Gothel later orchestrated events that would bring Tilly to the Coven of Eights. During the final battle with Gothel where Henry's kiss on an unconscious Roni breaks the spell, Tilly regains her memory and turns Gothel into a tree. While apologizing to Gothel for her action, Tilly grows Lupinus pilosus at the base of the tree. Afterwards, she and Margot embrace each other. Eventually with Rogers' blessing, Robin proposes to her and after the creation of the United Realms, they both attend Regina's coronation. Anastasia (season 7) portrayed by Yael Yurman and Sophia Reid-Gant, is the daughter of Marcus and Rapunzel Tremaine, sister of Drizella, step-daughter of Cecelia, and step-sister of Ella. Despite her mother's disappearance, Anastasia refuses to give up hope, unlike Drizella. After six years, Anastasia lures her mother back by using lanterns, an idea Drizella gave. However, one winter, Anastasia falls into thin ice along with Ella. As Marcus dove in to rescue Ella first, Anastasia was at the brink of death. Rapunzel brings her to Gothel, who preserves her last breath until she can be awoken. Her mother places her in a coffin and vows to do what it takes to awake her. When the Dark Curse is cast, Anastasia and her coffin are sent to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, she is awaken by Victoria but is manipulated by Eloise, who plans to use Anastasia's guardian powers for her own means. She is saved by Ivy, and together they return to the New Enchanted Forest. Mother Gothel/Eloise Gardener/Mother Nature (season 7) portrayed by Emma Booth, is the daughter of Flora (a.k.a.) and the mother of Alice. As a tree nymph in the Land Without Magic, Gothel befriends a group of human women. However, they betray her and slaughter her family, with Gothel inheriting her mother's title of Mother Nature. Angered with mankind, Gothel and Seraphina wipe the realm clean and escape to New Fairy Tale Land where she forms the Coven of the Eight with hopes of returning to the Land Without Magic to reclaim the realm. Gothel also sexually assaults Hook, resulting in the birth of Alice. Eventually, pawning Drizella, the Dark Curse is cast, returning Gothel to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, Gothel ends up as a prisoner of Victoria Belfrey as Eloise Gardener and maintains her memories. With help from Ivy and a tricked Detective Rogers, Eloise escapes Victoria and begins her plot to reclaim the Land Without Magic from the humans. She also seeks out the Guardian's magic. Eventually reforming her coven and purging the realm, the destruction stops after the curse breaks and Gothel is turned into a tree by Alice. Dr. Facilier/Mr. Baron Samdi (season 7) portrayed by Daniel Francis, is a voodoo magician who has a history with the Evil Queen. His intentions with Tiana's family is never clear, but he tries to bring fear by threatening Tiana on her coronation day and later keeping Prince Naveen apart from her. When the curse is cast, he becomes Mr. Baron Samdi and for an unclear reason, wants the Dark One's dagger. However, he is later killed by the Wish Realm version of Rumplestiltskin. Hansel/Jack/Nick Branson (season 7) portrayed by Nathan Parsons and Seth Isaac Johnson, is the son of Ivo and brother of Gretel. As a child, he and his sister were kidnapped by a Witch who wanted to eat them. He also sees Zelena as a wicked witch and harbors a grudge against witches. After his sister's death, he assumes the identity of Jack to hunt down the witches. Once the curse is cast and he is awaken by Mr. Samdi, he continues his witch hunt. But he is arrested and then killed by Mr. Samdi as collateral damage. Robin Hood/Margot (season 7) portrayed by Tiera Skovbye, is the daughter of Robin and Zelena, half-sister of Roland, and Alice's fiancée. Robin is born out of wedlock because of Zelena's trickery towards Robin Hood. As a baby, Zelena raises her in Storybrooke after the town once again found peace after the Final Battle was won. Shortly afterward, Robin is brought to the New Enchanted Forest, where due to the time difference, grows into a 25-year-old woman who specializes in archery. She also engages in a relationship with Alice. After the Dark Curse is cast, Robin ends up in the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, Robin is now Margot and is Kelly's daughter. However, she goes to Amsterdam with tickets from Roni. She afterward ends up in Phuket for a foam party and never returns home. She eventually comes back to Hyperion Heights and reconnects with her mother. She unknowingly re-meets her lover Alice and they continue their relationship. Once the curse breaks, they're reunited. With Rogers' blessing, Robin proposes to Alice and after the creation of the United Realms, they attend Regina's coronation. Prince Naveen/Drew (season 7) portrayed by Jeff Pierre, is the Prince of Maldonia. After his brother died from an alligator attack, Prince Naveen tracks the beast from Maldonia to the New Enchanted Forest. He teams up with Princess Tiana to kill it, but due to a misunderstanding, he is attacked by the alligator. Once it's dead, Tiana brings him to Dr. Facilier, who fixes Naveen but send some him someplace hard to reach until he can pay is debt. Eventually, Naveen is sent to the Land Without Magic after the Dark Curse is cast. In Hyperion Heights, he is Drew, a food truck operator and forced to do Mr. Samdi's bidding. After the curse breaks, he reunites with Tiana. Edwin (Wonderland) portrayed by Shaun Smyth, is the husband to his second wife Sarah and father to Alice and Millie. In Victorian England, he is briefly seen when a young Alice returns from Wonderland. He is saddened of his wife's death and Alice's disappearance. While Alice is in Wonderland, Edwin remarries to a woman named Sarah and they have a daughter named Millie. When Alice returns from Wonderland, Edwin reveals to her that as she had been gone for so long, everyone assumed she was dead. He does not believe that Alice is lying, though Dr. Lydgate tells him that his daughter is delusional. After hearing that Alice had escaped from Bethlem Asylum, he is visited by Jafar under the alias of Dr. Sheffield. He takes Edwin to Wonderland, keeping him prisoner in his tower and posing as him to reconnect and gain sympathy from Alice. Jafar eventually brings Edwin before Alice, threatening to throw him into the sea to force Alice to use another of her wishes. Alice originally declines and Edwin is thrown to his doom, only to be returned to England as Alice uses her second wish to return her father back to his home. Edwin is unsure if he is delusional of the visit or if it was real. Following Jafar's defeat, he is seen welcoming Cyrus to the family as he and Alice are married in London. The Caterpillar (seasons 1, 6, Wonderland) voiced by Roger Daltrey and Iggy Pop, is an inhabitant of Wonderland who resides on a mushroom where he is always smoking. The Caterpillar is the boss of a group of warriors called Collectors who are sent to collect the debts to the Caterpillar from anyone. The Knave of Hearts is in debt to the Caterpillar. Cyrus once traded his compass to the Caterpillar in exchange for an invisible tent at the edge of the Outlands. Sometime later, when Jefferson and the Evil Queen comes to Wonderland, they are greeted by the Caterpillar. Years later, when the Knave of Hearts and Alice travel to Underland to take possession of the Forget-Me-Knot, the Caterpillar accepts the Knave's deal of obtaining the item from the Grendel for him, in exchange that the Caterpillar erases his debt. The Knave instead keeps the Forget-Me-Knot to help Alice on their quest to find Cyrus. Jafar later visits the Caterpillar so that he can tell him about the Knave of Hearts. When in the presence of Jafar, Caterpillar tells him about the Jabberwocky and where she was imprisoned. Cyrus later visits the Caterpillar to get his compass back. The Sultan of Lower Agrabah (Wonderland) portrayed by Brian George and Amir Arison, is the father of Mirza and Jafar and ruler of a kingdom in Agrabah. In Agrabah, Jafar is brought to the Sultan for theft. Before enacting the punishment upon Jafar, he notices a ring on Jafar's hand, learning that Jafar is his bastard son. Finding out that Jafar's mother is dead, he makes Jafar work at the Palace as a servant but never acknowledging him as his son. One day, during a diplomatic meeting, Jafar over speaks when the Sultan's son, Prince Mirza, couldn't answer a question. Later, the Sultan makes Mirza slap Jafar for overstepping. The Sultan eventually drowns and kills Jafar, although Jafar is later revived. As an adult, Jafar kills Mirza and imprisons the Sultan. Years later, the Sultan appears as an old prisoner in a cage of Jafar's tower on a floating island. When the genie Cyrus makes his escape and offers to have the ex-Sultan accompany him, he declines claiming he would only slow Cyrus down. Jafar later visits his father, telling him that once Alice uses her final wish, he will control the laws of magic, thus forcing his father to acknowledge him as his son. Regretting that he had not killed Jafar when he had the chance, the ex-Sultan purposely falls into the pit that his cage hangs over. Though Jafar spares him upon having his magic carpet catch him so that he can witness his final move on Alice. During Alice's raid on the palace, she managed to free the Sultan. When Jafar attains great magical power, he makes his father feel true love for him. The Sultan is happy to have Jafar as his son, but it turns out that Jafar only wants him to feel this way so the Sultan knows what it's like to have someone who loves him kill him and drowns the Sultan with magic by making water appear within him. Elizabeth (Wonderland) portrayed by Lauren McKnight, is a young woman who is one of the Caterpillar's Collectors. Alice meets her upon attempting to locate the Knave of Hearts after the two split up. She tells Alice that she and the Knave were great friends in his earlier days, assisting him with many battles in Wonderland. She also reveals of his love for Anastasia, and this being the real reason that he escaped Wonderland....to forget her abandonment of him. Lizard later attempts to help Alice rescue the Knave, though she is knocked out by Jafar. She does regain consciousness where she sees Anastasia looking at the Knave's petrified form. Later after bathing in the river, Elizabeth finds Cyrus' lamp where the Knave of Hearts is now residing. She does make some wishes which improves a nearby town. Elizabeth then admits to the Knave of Hearts that she has feelings for him. After unwittingly making her third wish for the Knave of Hearts to feel something for her, Elizabeth falls dead. The Jabberwocky later finds Elizabeth's dead body and takes her eyes so that Jafar can track down Cyrus' lamp. Amara (Wonderland) portrayed by Zuleikha Robinson, is the mother of Taj, Cyrus and Rafi. She is a powerful healer and sorceress who is feared amongst the residents of Agrabah. After Amara was badly injured in a house fire, her sons steals the healing waters of the Well of Wonders to cure her, but her sons are turned into genies by Nyx, the guardian of the well and are scattered across Agrabah. Since then, she became a powerful sorcerer in Agrabah in a bit to find her sons. She is approached by Jafar who wishes to learn magic from her to enact revenge on the Sultan. Years later, after much training, she gets involved in a romantic relationship with Jafar. Eventually, she tells Jafar on changing the laws of magic which requires the power of three genies but leaves out details of the genies origin, being her sons. After helping Jafar to retrieve two of the bottles, she is eventually betrayed by him after Jafar pins the final bottle's whereabout. Jafar poisons her and turns her into a serpent staff which he uses to channel her magic and uses it to his wish. As a staff, she is briefly destroyed by Aladdin after he snapped the staff into half but eventually restored by Jafar. Many years later, the Jabberwocky helps Alice and Cyrus turn Amara back to human form to fight against Jafar in Wonderland. In the fight, Cyrus is brutally injured, leaving Amara with no choice but to join forces with Jafar to change the laws of magic. Amara then escapes with Cyrus and Alice on a magic carpet to the White Rabbit's house where she heals Cyrus. She later joins Cyrus on their trip to the Well of Wonders to return the stolen water to Nyx to break the genie curse. Amara sacrifices herself to Nyx, causing her to turn into a pool of water. Despite Jafar's interference, the water is eventually returned to Nyx. The Jabberwocky (Wonderland) portrayed by Peta Sergeant, is an ancient human-like creature who can enter the minds of anyone. In Wonderland, she is stronger than an entire army and it took one army to imprison her with a blade in her chest. Many years later, she is freed by Jafar who requires her help. After finding Elizabeth's dead body, she takes her eyes for Jafar to locate the third genie's lamp. Learning that the Red Queen has it, the Jabberwocky hunts down the Red Queen and steals the bottle from her. She brings the Red Queen to Jafar as a prisoner and later taunts the Red Queen on her past history, as requested by Jafar. Eventually, the Jabberwocky successfully makes the Red Queen use all of her wishes. Later, after Jafar changed the laws of magic, he uses the Vorpal Blade to pin the Jabberwocky to the dungeon walls upon her serving her purpose. The Jabberwocky is later freed. References ^ a b c d e f g Orlando, Christine (October 23, 2011). "Once Upon a Time Review: Believe in Magic". TV Fanatic. Retrieved January 21, 2013. ^ a b c d Ratcliffe, Amy (January 30, 2012). "Once Upon a Time: "Fruit of the Poisonous Tree" Review". IGN. Retrieved January 30, 2012. ^ "'Once Upon a Time' recap: The 'Snare Witch' Project" from Entertainment Weekly (March 16, 2014) ^ a b c Murphy, Shaunna (November 7, 2011). "'Once Upon a Time' recap: The Woods Are Lovely, Dark, And Deep". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 18, 2012. ^ Jeffery, Morgan (October 20, 2011). "'Once Upon a Time': Meet the cast of ABC's new fantasy drama". Digital Spy. Retrieved October 7, 2015. ^ Nededog, Jethro (October 30, 2011). "'Once Upon a Time' Stars Lana Parrilla and Josh Dallas Talk Show Creators' Secretive Ways (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 7, 2015. ^ Goldman, Eric (December 5, 2011). "Once Upon a Time: "The Shepherd" Review". IGN. Retrieved October 7, 2015. ^ a b Busis, Hilary (January 15, 2012). "'Once Upon a Time' recap: It Takes Two". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 16, 2012. ^ a b c Ratcliffe, Amy (December 12, 2011). "Once Upon a Time: "The Heart is a Lonely Hunter" Review". IGN. Retrieved April 16, 2012. ^ a b c "'Once Upon a Time' season finale recap: Now I'm a Believer" by Hilary Busis, from Entertainment Weekly (May 13, 2012) ^ a b c d e f Prudom, Laura (September 30, 2012). "'Once Upon A Time' Season Premiere Recap: Magic Returns And Brings New Danger In 'Broken'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved October 17, 2012. ^ a b Busis, Hilary (January 23, 2012). "'Once Upon a Time' recap: When Doves Fly". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 23, 2012. ^ a b Busis, Hillary (January 9, 2012). "'Once Upon a Time' recap: The Dark One Rises". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 9, 2012. ^ "Homecoming". www.disneyabcpress.com. Retrieved May 10, 2018. ^ Busis, Hillary (March 5, 2012). "Once Upon a Time' recap: A Fairy Tale – Literally". Retrieved March 2, 2014. ^ "'Once Upon a Time' recap: Oh Brother" from Entertainment Weekly (December 2, 2012) ^ Howard, Rachel (March 19, 2012). "WonderCon 2012: ONCE UPON A TIME Panel Recap; Plus Highlights from Q&A with Creators Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz". Collider.com. Retrieved March 20, 2012. ^ a b c "'Once Upon a Time' recap: Dead Wood" from Entertainment Weekly (March 24, 2013) ^ Kirkland, Justin (March 5, 2017). "'Once Upon a Time' Recap: Magic Isn't Nearly as Cool as This Impossible Return to Storybrooke". EW.com. Retrieved July 8, 2022. ^ a b Shaunna, Murphy (October 31, 2011). "'Once Upon a Time' recap: This Town Ain't Big Enough". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 2, 2013. ^ a b c "'Once Upon a Time' recap: Snow White meets 'Black Swan'" by Hilary Busis, from Entertainment Weekly (April 2, 2012) ^ a b Sava, Oliver (April 22, 2012). "The Return". The A.V. Club. Retrieved April 22, 2012. ^ a b Sava, Oliver (December 4, 2011). "Once Upon A Time: 'The Shepherd'". The A.V. Club. Retrieved January 30, 2014. ^ "'Once Upon a Time' recap: There's a She-Wolf in the Freezer" from Entertainment Weekly (November 11, 2012) ^ Kirkland, Justin (March 12, 2017). "'Once Upon a Time' Recap: Regina Finds Out More About Robin's Return". EW.com. Retrieved July 8, 2022. ^ Lightning Round 5: Once Upon a Time Bosses Answer Your Burning Questions, TV Guide, February 6, 2013 ^ a b c d "'Once Upon a Time' recap: Little Boy Lost" from Entertainment Weekly (May 12, 2013) ^ a b c d e f Busis, Hillary (September 29, 2013). "'Once Upon a Time' recap: Season 3 premiere". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 29, 2013. ^ a b c d e 'Once Upon a Time' recap: Faith, Hope and Fairy Dust by Hilary Busis, from Entertainment Weekly (October 13, 2013) ^ a b Hillary, Busis (March 9, 2014). "'Once Upon a Time' recap: Monkey Business". Entertainment Weekly. ^ "'Once Upon a Time' recap: Fare Thee Belle" from Entertainment Weekly (January 13, 2013) ^ "'Once Upon a Time' recap: There and Back Again" from Entertainment Weekly (December 2, 2012) ^ a b 'Once Upon a Time' recap: O Captain! My Captain! by Hilary Busis from Entertainment Weekly (October 21, 2012) ^ "'Once Upon a Time' recap: That '80s Show" from Entertainment Weekly (March 17, 2013) ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "'Once Upon a Time' recap: Dark Shadows" from Entertainment Weekly (April 28, 2013) ^ a b Busis, Hillary (December 8, 2013). "'Once Upon a Time' recap: Pain and Pan-ic". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 8, 2013. ^ a b c Busis, Hilary (December 15, 2013). "'Once Upon a Time' recap: The End Is the Beginning Is the End". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 16, 2013. ^ a b Busis, Hillary (November 17, 2013). "'Once Upon a Time' recap: A Family Affair". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 17, 2013. ^ a b "'Once Upon a Time' recap: Freaky Sunday". Entertainment Weekly. December 1, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2013. ^ a b c 'Once Upon a Time' recap: Secrets, Secrets Are No Fun by Hilary Busis, from Entertainment Weekly (November 3, 2013) ^ "'Once Upon a Time' recap: Boat Show" from Entertainment Weekly (April 13, 2014) ^ Busis, Hillary (November 10, 2013). "'Once Upon a Time' recap: 'Dark Hollow'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 10, 2013. ^ Milan Cheylov, Writ. Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz (April 21, 2013). "Lacey". Once Upon a Time. Season 2. Episode 19. ABC. ^ Gwyneth Horder-Payton, Writ. Jane Espenson and Christine Boylan (April 28, 2013). "The Evil Queen". Once Upon a Time. Season 2. Episode 20. ABC. ^ "Comic-Con 2015: 'Once Upon a Time' introducing Merida in season 5" from Entertainment Weekly (July 11, 2015) ^ "Adam Horowitz on Twitter". Twitter. vteOnce Upon a TimeEpisodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Related Characters Emma Swan Awards and nominations Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Category
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However, as she is portrayed by starring cast member Parrilla, she is billed as a main character regardless.\n\n^ Dornan is credited as a guest star in the 22nd episode but as main in all of his other appearances.\n\n^ Bailey is billed as recurring during the first half of the first season and is billed main in the second half of the season.\n\n^ O’Donoghue is billed as recurring during the first half of the second season and is billed main in the second half of the season.\n\n^ The Wish Realm version of Hook only appears in one episode of the sixth season. However, as he is portrayed by starring cast member O'Donoghue, he is billed as a main character regardless.\n\n^ Anwar is billed as main for the first eleven episodes of the seventh season.\n\n^ Cox is billed as recurring during the first three episodes of the seventh season and is billed main from the fifth episode of the season.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Recurring cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurring_character"},{"link_name":"Guest cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_appearance"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Adams_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Roger Daltrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Daltrey"}],"sub_title":"Recurring cast","text":"= Recurring cast (3+)\n  = Guest cast (1-2)Notes^ Merlin was voiced by Jonathan Adams in the fourth season in a guest role.\n\n^ The Caterpillar was originally voiced by Roger Daltrey in Once Upon a Time. The character was recast for the spin-off in a recurring role","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emma Swan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Swan"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Mckenna Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mckenna_Grace"},{"link_name":"Snow White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White"},{"link_name":"Ginnifer Goodwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginnifer_Goodwin"},{"link_name":"Bailee Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailee_Madison"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E01-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E11-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E01-10"},{"link_name":"Evil Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Queen"},{"link_name":"Lana Parrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Parrilla"},{"link_name":"Ava Acres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_Acres"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E11-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E13-12"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince_and_the_Pauper"},{"link_name":"Prince Charming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Charming"},{"link_name":"Josh Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Dallas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E03-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season1CastBio-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JohnDoe-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheShepherdIGNReview-16"},{"link_name":"Jared S. 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Ory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghan_Ory"},{"link_name":"werewolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werewolf"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E01-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E10-21"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E08-22"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E01-10"},{"link_name":"Neal Cassady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Cassady"},{"link_name":"Michael Raymond-James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Raymond-James"},{"link_name":"Will Scarlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Scarlet"},{"link_name":"Knave of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knave_of_Hearts_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"White King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_King_(Through_the_Looking-Glass)"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Michael Socha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Socha"},{"link_name":"Wicked Witch of the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicked_Witch_of_the_West"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Mader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Mader"},{"link_name":"Isabella Blake-Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Blake-Thomas"},{"link_name":"Robin of Locksley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Sean Maguire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Maguire"},{"link_name":"Tom Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Ellis_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Evil Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina_Mills#Alternate_form"},{"link_name":"Lana Parrilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Parrilla"},{"link_name":"Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Hook"},{"link_name":"Colin O'Donoghue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_O%27Donoghue"},{"link_name":"Ella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_(Disney_character)"},{"link_name":"Dania Ramirez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dania_Ramirez"},{"link_name":"Rapunzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapunzel"},{"link_name":"Tremaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Tremaine"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle Anwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Anwar"},{"link_name":"Meegan Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meegan_Warner"},{"link_name":"Alison Fernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Fernandez"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Queen Tiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiana_(The_Princess_and_the_Frog)"},{"link_name":"Mekia Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekia_Cox"},{"link_name":"Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Sophie Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Millie Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millie_Bobby_Brown"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Peter Gadiot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gadiot"},{"link_name":"Red Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Queen_(Through_the_Looking-Glass)"},{"link_name":"White Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Queen_(Through_the_Looking-Glass)"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Emma Rigby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Rigby"},{"link_name":"Jafar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafar_(Aladdin)"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Naveen Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naveen_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Oded Fehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oded_Fehr"},{"link_name":"White Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Rabbit"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"John Lithgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lithgow"}],"text":"Emma Swan (seasons 1–7, Wonderland) portrayed by Jennifer Morrison, Abby Ross, and Mckenna Grace, is the daughter of Snow White and Prince David, sister of Prince Neal, wife of Killian Jones, mother of Henry Mills and Hope, and grandmother of Lucy Mills.\nSnow White/Mary Margaret Blanchard (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Ginnifer Goodwin and Bailee Madison, is the daughter of King Leopold and Queen Eva, step-daughter of Regina Mills,[1][2] wife of Prince David, mother of Emma Swan and Prince Neal, grandmother of Henry Mills and Hope, and great-grandmother of Lucy Mills.[1] As a child, she reveals a secret that results in Regina's transformation to the Evil Queen which subsequently leads to the casting of the curse. Separated from her daughter, she is reunited with Emma, and the rest of her family, after the curse breaks. Snow would then clash with Maleficent involving a secret past between them that is eventually resolved. After the merging of the realms, Snow crowns Regina as the Good Queen of the United Realms.\nRegina Mills/Evil Queen/Roni (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Lana Parrilla and Ava Acres, is the granddaughter of king Xavier, daughter of Cora Mills and Prince Henry, half-sister of Zelena \"The Wicked Witch\", adoptive mother of Henry Mills,[2][3] adoptive grandmother of Lucy Mills, and mother-in-law to Cinderella. Regina is responsible for the casting of the original curse that ripped everyone to the Land Without Magic. However, with Emma's arrival and the curse breaking, Regina reforms her evil ways and seeks redemption for the sake of Henry. She later clashes with her half-sister, although the two patch things up eventually after the death of Regina's true love: Robin Hood. Regina is later swept by a new curse which eventually breaks and leads to the merger of all the realms, where she becomes the Good Queen.\nDavid/Prince Charming/David Nolan (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Josh Dallas and Luke Roessler, is the son of Ruth, twin brother of Prince James, husband of Snow White, father of Emma Swan and Prince Neal, grandfather of Henry Mills and Hope, and great-grandfather of Lucy Mills.[4] In the Enchanted Forest, he falls in love with Snow White and gets engaged to her. Hoping to reclaim their realm, David becomes the leader of a war council. After winning the war, he marries Snow. After the curse is cast, he initially becomes a comatose John Doe, and is later to be revealed as David Nolan.[5][6][7] After the curse breaks, he is reunited with his daughter Emma, and the rest of his family. With magic brought to Storybrooke, David and the other heroes protect their town from various dark forces; among them are Cora, the Wicked Witch of the West, the Snow Queen, the Queens of Darkness, and the Black Fairy. After the creation of the United Realms, he, alongside Snow, crowns Regina the Good Queen of their newly formed realm.\nHenry Daniel Mills (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Jared S. Gilmore and Andrew J. West, is the son of Emma Swan and Neal Cassidy, adopted son of Regina Mills,[1][8] step-son of Killian Jones, the older half-brother of Hope Jones, husband of Ella \"Cinderella\", father of Lucy Mills, nephew of Prince Neal Nolan, Gideon Gold, and Zelena, grandson of Snow White, Prince David, Cora \"The Queen of Hearts\" Mills, Prince Henry, Rumplestiltskin \"The Dark One\" and Milah, step-grandson of Belle and great-grandson of King Leopold, Queen Eva, King Xavier, Ruth, Robert, Malcolm \"Peter Pan\", and Fiona \"The Black Fairy\". As a child, he was given up for adoption by his birth mother, Emma Swan and adopted a few weeks later by Regina \"The Evil Queen\" Mills, mayor of the town Storybrooke. Ten years later he brought Emma to Storybrooke as he believes the town inhabitants are fairy tale characters cursed by Regina. Emma's true love for him broke the curse and he is reunited with his family. He was later abducted by his own great-grandfather, straight to Neverland, because his own special heart would give immortality to \"Peter Pan\" himself. Still later, he wrote the Once Upon a Time book, where his job would be to witness and record stories of people from all parts of their realm. After his high school graduation, Henry decides to find his own story in another realm. Eventually reaching New Fairy Tale Land, he falls in love with Ella and becomes the father to Lucy. But a new curse is cast and Henry ends up in Hyperion Heights, separated from his wife and daughter. Once he breaks the curse via motherly love for Regina he is reunited with his family. After Regina merges all the realms, he attends her coronation with his entire family.\nJiminy Cricket/Dr. Archibald Hopper (seasons 1–4, 6–7) portrayed by Raphael Sbarge, Morgan Roff, and Adam Young, is the son of con artists who desires to live an honest life but is too weak-willed to leave his family. In the Enchanted Forest, after accidentally turning a couple into puppets, Jiminy gains the help of the Blue Fairy to make amends with the couple's son, Geppetto. The Blue Fairy turns him into a cricket and he serves as Geppetto's conscience. After the curse is cast, he becomes Dr. Archibald Hopper, Storybrooke's psychotherapist.[1] He also owns a dalmatian dog named Pongo. After the curse breaks, he is reunited with his former friends. He later officiates Emma and Killian's wedding, and many more to come, as it was mentioned in 7th season by Regina.\nThe Huntsman/Sheriff Graham Humbert (seasons 1–2) portrayed by Jamie Dornan, is a nameless hunter who is a solitary recluse. In the Enchanted Forest, he is raised by wolves. He is recruited by the Evil Queen to kill Snow White. However, he has a change of heart and spares her, angering the Evil Queen who rips his heart and keeps it in her vault.[9] He then becomes one of her Black Knights as punishment.[10] He is transported to Storybrooke by the Evil Queen's curse where he is Sheriff Graham Humbert, the town's sheriff. He was also involved in numerous flings with Madame Mayor, Regina.[1] However, after Emma Swan's arrival, he begins to remember his former life, but is killed by Regina before he could reveal it to Emma.[9]\nRumplestiltskin/Mr. Gold/Det. Weaver (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Robert Carlyle and Wyatt Oleff, is the son of Malcolm \"Peter Pan\" and Fiona \"The Black Fairy\", a widower after first wife Milah, Belle's husband, Baelfire's and Gideon's father, Henry Mills' grandfather, and great-grandfather of Lucy Mills. To save his son from war with ogres, he becomes the powerful wizard, the Dark One, controlled only by a specific dagger, the peak part of Excalibur, with his name written on it. His son Bealfire noticed that he become evil, so he left Rumplestiltskin and went to The Land Without Magic. Rumple made a plan to cast a powerful curse to get there. He was given the nickname ”The Crocodile”, because of his skin as a dark one, by Killian \"Hook\" Jones, after Rumple killed Milah and took the hand of Killian. Rumpelstiltskin is responsible for the majority of the evil-doings throughout the characters' histories including Cora's quest for power, Ingrid becoming \"the Snow Queen\", and teaming up \"the Queens of Darkness\" (Maleficent, Ursula, and Cruella). Most of all, Regina's transformation into the Evil Queen leads to her casting the Dark Curse. After breaking the Dark Curse by Emma Swan, Rumple found Baelfire but he died because of \"The Wicked Witch of The West\". Because of his love for Belle, Rumplestiltskin would constantly battle between light and dark. Eventually, he settles down with Belle, with whom he has a second son, Gideon. After Belle dies of old age, Rumple seeks the Guardian to rid himself of his Dark One powers and reunite with Belle. Sacrificing his heart to save Hook from Wish Realm, Rumplestiltskin died and reunited with Belle in the afterlife.\nPinocchio/August Wayne Booth (seasons 1–2, 4, 6–7) portrayed by Eion Bailey, Rustin Gresiuk, Jakob Davies, and Jack Davies, is a puppet that Geppetto carved from an enchanted tree. In the Enchanted Forest, as a boy, he gives his life to save Geppetto from drowning, though the Blue Fairy restores him into a real boy. After Geppetto makes a magical wardrobe to save Emma from the Evil Queen's curse, he sends Pinocchio in it along with her, sending them both to the Land Without Magic. After transporting, Pinocchio and Emma live in an orphanage until he runs away with other members of the home. Seventeen years later, Pinocchio, as August Wayne Booth, travels to Portland and confronts Neal Cassidy, a thief who has fallen in love with Emma. He convinces him to leave Emma to allow her to fulfill her destiny.[11] August goes through several transformations during his time in Storybrooke, especially when the heroes were on the hunt for the Author.\nBelle French/Lacey (seasons 1–7), portrayed by Emilie de Ravin, is the daughter of Sir Maurice and Colette, second wife of Rumplestiltskin, mother of Gideon Gold, step-mother of Baelfire, and step-grandmother of Henry Mills. Taken as a prisoner by Rumplestiltskin as part of a deal to save her kingdom from the Ogre War, Belle ends up falling in love with him, but the two fail to express their feelings for each other. She is then captured and declared dead by the Evil Queen, and once the Dark Curse is cast, she remains in Regina's confinement in Storybrooke's General Hospital's mental ward beneath the town. Shortly before the Dark Curse was broken, Jefferson \"Mad Hatter\" freed her and reunites with Rumplestiltskin. While having an on-and-off relationship with him, Belle eventually marries him and has a son. As her dream is to realm hop, Rumplestiltskin takes her and their son to see the realms, where they eventually settle down at the Edge of Realms. She later dies of old age due to the time difference in the Edge of Realms.\nKillian Jones/Hook (seasons 2–7) portrayed by Colin O'Donoghue and Oliver Bell, is the son of Brennan Jones, brother to Liam Jones, half brother to Liam, husband of Emma Swan, step-father of Henry Mills, and father of Hope Jones. Abandoned as a child, Killian and his brother end up with the navy, working for a king. However, after his brother's death, he chooses to rebel against the king and becomes a pirate. After falling in love with and stealing Rumplestiltskin's wife Milah, he loses his hand, earning the name \"Hook.” Vowing vengeance against Rumplestiltskin, he spends two centuries in the Neverland and—after the Dark Curse was broken—he travels to Storybrooke with Cora. His vengeance is long forgotten after he falls in love with Emma Swan. They two eventually get married and gain a daughter: Hope. During Regina's coronation after the merger of the realms, Hook, Emma, and baby Hope arrives slightly late, interrupting the ceremony, but are greeted with happiness by Regina.\nRed Lucas/Ruby (seasons 1–3, 5, 7 Wonderland) portrayed by Meghan Ory, is the daughter of Anita, granddaughter of Widow \"Granny\" Lucas, and Dorothy Gale's lover. In the Enchanted Forest, Red didn't know that she is a werewolf which has been terrorizing her village. Her grandmother got her a red cloak to prevent Red from turning during the half-moon. After meeting Snow White, Red discovers the truth after unwillingly killing her boyfriend, Peter. Red then becomes close friends with Snow White. She is transported to Storybrooke when the Evil Queen casts her curse. In Storybrooke, She become Ruby, a rebellious yet insecure and loving young woman who wants to leave town but is held back by her grandmother's ill health[1] and works at Granny's Diner as a waitress.[12][13][1] Once the curse breaks, after \"The Wicked Witch\" was defeated, Ruby returned to Fairy Tale Land, where she eventually finds her way to the Land of Oz and begins a romantic relationship with Dorothy Gale.\"Neal Cassidy\" redirects here. For Beat Generation and countercultural figure, see Neal Cassady.Baelfire/Neal Cassidy (seasons 1–3, 5–6) portrayed by Michael Raymond-James, Dylan Schmid, Brandon Spink, Sebastian Wilkinson, and Dean Petriw, is the son of Rumplestiltskin and Milah, step-son of Belle, half-brother of Gideon Gold, grandson of Malcolm \"Peter Pan\" and Fiona \"The Black Fairy\", Emma Swan's first love, Henry Mills father, Lucy Mills grandfather, and Emma's brother's namesake. As a child, Baelfire lives with his father after his unhappy mother Milah left them. Saved by his father from war with ogres, he never accepted how Rumple became evil as the Dark One and chose to live in the Land Without Magic via a magic bean. Abandoned by his father, which chooses power, becomes Neal Cassidy. He met 18-year-old Emma Swan while unintentionally crossing paths with Pinocchio as August Wayne Booth. He convinced him to push Emma on a new path, to break the Dark Curse. Eventually, he engaged Tamara, but the relationship never develops. Ten years later after an awful breakup with Emma, he again met his father and discovered that he has a son, Henry Mills. They brought him and Tamara to Storybrooke after \"Hook\" successfully attack Rumple in New York, to save \"the Dark One\" in Storybrooke. Baelfire fought in Neverland with his great-grandfather to get back Henry. After returning to the Enchanted Forest via the reversal curse, he sacrifices himself, against Zelena \"The Wicked Witch of the West\" to bring back his father and becomes conjoined with him. Following a new curse, Emma separates him from his father, allowing him to peacefully pass on to Mount Olympus. He later briefly visits Emma in the Dreamscape to warn her about the Underworld and its dangers.\nWill Scarlet/Knave of Hearts/White King (season 4, Wonderland) portrayed by Michael Socha, is the brother of Penelope and lover of Anastasia. He witnesses the death of his sister, Penelope. in Oz, he wanted to get a potion that heals broken hearts and met Robin Hood. He then moves to the Enchanted Forest and falls in love with Anastasia. Together, they escape to Wonderland for a better life, but Anastasia betrays him to become the Red Queen. Heartbroken, Will gives his heart to Cora, becoming her Knave of Hearts. With Alice's help, Will eventually regains his heart. After the Dark Curse is cast, Will was sent to the Land Without Magic. In Storybrooke, Will is sought by the White Rabbit after the curse breaks and is brought back to Wonderland with Alice to help find Cyrus. After Will's heart is inserted back into his chest, he is able to feel love again. After Jafar's defeat, he reunites with Anastasia and rules alongside her as the White King of Wonderland.\nZelena/Wicked Witch of the West/Kelly West (seasons 3–7) portrayed by Rebecca Mader and Isabella Blake-Thomas, is the older daughter of Cora Mills and a gardener, Jonathan, half-sister of Regina \"The Evil Queen\" Mills, mother of Robin, and Chad's fiancée. Abandoned as a child, Zelena wishes for family love but grows envious of her half-sister Regina for getting everything she ever wanted. After she was trained by Rumplestilstkin, in hopes to change the past, Zelena collects ingredients to activate a time portal, but her plan has evolved. Zelena later chooses to mend her sisterly bond with Regina after the birth of Robin. After a new curse is cast, Zelana becomes Kelly West and is engaged to Chad, but regains her memories from Regina. After the United Realms is created, Zelena chooses to remain with Chad.\nRobin of Locksley/Robin Hood (seasons 2–7, Wonderland) portrayed by Sean Maguire and Tom Ellis, is the widower of Marian, father of their son Roland, and father of his and Zelena's daughter Robin. Second true love of Regina \"The Evil Queen\". Robbing from the rich for the poor, Robin ends up with Marian because of his honor code, but his actions angers the Sheriff of Nottingham, who threatens to close down Robin's bar, prompting him to make a deal with Rumplestiltskin. Over the years, he gains a son, but loses Marian, but eventually finds a new love: Regina. However, he dies protecting Regina from Hades via annihilation from the Olympian Crystal.\nEvil Queen (Serum) (seasons 5–6) portrayed by Lana Parrilla, is the separated former counterpart of Regina Mills at the very end of fifth season, thanks to potion of Dr Jekyll. The Serum Evil Queen wages war on Mary Margaret and heads to Storybrooke. She then begins manipulating events to turn Regina dark, but her priorities shift to avenging Daniel's death by destroying Snow White's happiness. She places a switchable sleeping curse on Mary Margaret and David, making it impossible to break. Regina, however, wishes to make peace with the Evil Queen. While dueling, Regina rips the Evil Queen's heart but refused to crush it. Instead, she shared her own love and embraced back the darkness from her, making her exact, redeemed copy of herself. The Serum Evil Queen finally made amends with Mary Margaret and was sent by Henry \"The Author\" to Wish Realm. The villagers believed that she is responsible for the death of King David and Queen Snow White from Wish Realm, made by Regina from Storybrooke. It forced them both to retreat to the Enchanted Forest to Regina's former palace. During the Black Fairy's curse, as all the realms began to crumble, the former Evil Queen works alongside Regina and Zelena to find a way to get back to Storybrooke to reunite with Emma and Henry to stop the destruction of their world. When all fails, the Queen helps halt the curse as Regina gathers everyone at the center of her palace. The curse engulfs the Queen into nothingness. However, once the curse breaks, the Queen reforms. Sometime afterward, Robin of Locksley proposes to her.\nHook (Wish Realm)/Det. Rogers (seasons 6–7) portrayed by Colin O'Donoghue, is a pirate captain and father of Alice via Gothel. While in the New Enchanted Forest, Hook is deceived by Gothel, resulting in the birth of Alice. As Alice is entrapped in a tower via Gothel's magic, Hook decides to raise her by forgetting his former grudges with Rumplestiltskin and moves into the tower. However, Gothel curses his heart, forcing him to stay away from Alice. When the curse is cast, Hook becomes Det. Rogers in Hyperion Heights, working alongside Det. Weaver. During his time as a detective, he becomes close to Tilly, and the two forms a close father-daughter bond, not knowing that they are related. When the curse breaks, Hook reunites with his daughter after Gothel is defeated. He also gives his blessings to Robin to marry Alice. Once the realms are merged, Hook and Alice relocate to Storybrooke and attend Regina's coronation day.\nElla/Jacinda Vidrio (season 7) portrayed by Dania Ramirez and Alejandra Pérez, is the daughter of Cecelia, step-daughter of Marcus Tremaine and Rapunzel Tremaine, step-sister of Anastasia and Drizella (Clorinda and Tisbe in Season 6), wife of Henry Mills, and mother of Lucy Mills. As a child, her mother remarries and she gains a step-family. However, after the return of her step-father's first wife: Rapunzel, the family relations become complicated, as Rapunzel becomes jealous of the new family. Once both her mother and stepfather was eliminated, Ella ends up as a maid. Years later, she falls in love with Henry Mills and gives birth to Lucy. However, after the Dark Curse is cast, Ella is sent to the Land Without Magic but is reunited with her family after the curse breaks. She later attends Regina's coronation once the realms had been merged.\nRapunzel Tremaine/Victoria Belfrey (season 7) portrayed by Gabrielle Anwar and Meegan Warner, is the first wife of Marcus Tremaine, mother of Anastasia and Drizella, step-mother of Ella, step-mother-in-law of Henry, and step-grandmother of Lucy Mills. In order to save her family, Rapunzel makes a deal with Mother Gothel and ends up locked away in a tower for six years. After freeing herself, she learns that her husband had remarried with a family of his own. Desperate to reunite herself with her family, she curses Cecelia. However, after Anastasia's apparent death, Rapunzel decides to kill Marcus and takes over the manor. She treats Drizella and Ella cruelly, prompting Drizella to conspire with Gothel to cast the Dark Curse which sends Rapunzel to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, Rapunzel becomes Victoria Belfrey. Remembering her past life, she has Gothel locked away in her tower. After removing Lucy's belief, she awakens Anastasia. She sacrifices herself to save Ivy and trades her life for Lucy.\nLucy Mills/Lucy Vidrio (seasons 6–7) portrayed by Alison Fernandez, is the daughter of Ella and Henry Mills. Born in the New Enchanted Forest to Henry and Ella, Lucy is a catalyst in the curse's prophecy. Fearing for Lucy's life, Henry brings her deep into the forest with the intent to build a magical wardrobe that will send her to the new world, but she loses him when he battles a beast sent by the Coven of the Eight. After the Dark Curse is cast, Lucy is sent to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, she is known as Lucy Vidrio[14] and believes that most of its inhabitants are fairy tale characters. She brings Henry to Hyperion Heights and tries to make him believe in the curse. She eventually ends up in a coma after Victoria awakens Anastasia. Lucy is awakened when Victoria sacrifices herself to save her. When all the realms are merged, she joins her family for Regina's coronation.\nQueen Tiana/Sabine (season 7) portrayed by Mekia Cox, is the daughter of Queen Eudora and a King. Forced to auction her items, Princess Tiana seeks help from Dr. Facilier to find a Prince but finds out that it was a ruse, and decides to form a resistance against the King of the realm. As the resistance leader, she recruits Ella, Henry, Regina, and Hook to help their cause. During this time, she meets Prince Naveen but loses him to Dr. Facilier. Eventually, she becomes Queen of her kingdom when her mother steps down. When the Dark Curse is cast, Tiana is sent to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, Tiana is known as Sabine. Her interest in making beignets causes her to open a food truck, unintentionally reuniting with Drew. After the merger of the realms, Tiana attends Regina's coronation to the Good Queen of the United Realms.\nAlice (Wonderland) portrayed by Sophie Lowe and Millie Brown, is the daughter of Edwin, stepdaughter of Sarah, half-sister of Millie, wife of Cyrus, and mother to her daughter. In Victorian England, Alice accidentally stumbles upon a rabbit hole that leads her to Wonderland, where she interacts with the White Rabbit, Cora, Anastasia, and Will Scarlet. She also finds a genie named Cyrus and falls for him. After his apparent death, Alice is sent back to Victorian England and locked away in an asylum for a delusional belief in Wonderland. Spending a year in the asylum, Alice is freed by Will and the White Rabbit and is taken to Wonderland to face off Jafar and Anastasia in a quest to rescue Cyrus. After Jafar is defeated, Alice and Cyrus return to Victorian England for their wedding. Alice then gives birth to a baby girl. Several years later, Alice tells her daughter of her adventures in Wonderland, naming the White King and Queen as the true rulers of Wonderland.\nCyrus (Wonderland) portrayed by Peter Gadiot, is the son of Amara, brother to Taj and Rafi, lover of Alice and later father to his daughter. In Agrabah, Cyrus and his brothers are turned into genies after stealing magical waters from the Well of Wonders, and Cyrus' genie bottle eventually ends up in Wonderland. When Alice comes to Wonderland, he falls in love with her. He is then \"killed\" by the Red Queen and captured by Jafar. Twenty-eight years later, upon the revelation that Cyrus is alive, Alice is brought back to Wonderland and she rescues Cyrus. After Jafar's defeat, Cyrus goes to Victorian England to wed Alice. Years later, both Cyrus and Alice have a daughter as they tell their daughter about their adventures in Wonderland.\nAnastasia/Red Queen/White Queen (Wonderland) portrayed by Emma Rigby, is the daughter of an unnamed women, step-sister of an unnamed girl, and lover of Will Scarlet. In the Enchanted Forest, Anastasia meets Will Scarlet and falls in love with him. For a better life, she and Will escape to Wonderland, but she betrays him to become the Red Queen. As the Red Queen, she learns magic from Cora to ascend power over her realm. However, Anastasia eventually regrets her actions and wishes to reunite with Will, forming an alliance with Jafar to change the laws of magic. Using the White Rabbit, she gets Alice and Will back in Wonderland to gain Cyrus' genie bottle. However, her love for Will interrupts Jafar's plan, which shatters their alliance. She patches things with Will but is killed by Jafar and eventually resurrected after his defeat. She and Will are briefly separated by unknown means, but they eventually reunite and rule Wonderland as the White Queen and King.\nJafar (season 6, Wonderland) portrayed by Naveen Andrews, Oded Fehr, and Anthony Keyvan, is the son of Ulima, the bastard son of the Sultan, and half-brother of Mirza. After his mother's death, Jafar wishes to be acknowledged as the son of the Sultan, but being the bastard son, the Sultan refuses. Hoping to use three genie lamps to change the laws of magic, he kidnaps the Sultan and makes an alliance with the Red Queen of Wonderland, but betrays her once their goals no longer aligned. Using any means necessary to gain all three genies, Jafar, along with Amara becomes the most powerful sorcerer in all the realms, but his wrongdoing is undone by Nyx when he unintentionally steals the magical waters of the Well of Wonders, and he is turned into a genie and is sent to the Enchanted Forest. Discovered by Princess Jasmine in his genie form, he is killed via transformation to a staff.\nPercy/White Rabbit (Wonderland) voiced by John Lithgow, is the husband of Mrs. Rabbit, and father of his son and daughter. As the White Rabbit of Wonderland, Percy is able to create rabbit-hole portals to any realm. During his time in Victorian England, Alice follows Percy through a rabbit hole to Wonderland. Twenty-eight years later, he retrieves the Knave of Hearts from Storybrooke and help rescue Alice from an asylum, bringing them both to Wonderland to help find Cyrus. To defeat Jafar, he recruits an army to defeat Jafar's undead army. Following Jafar's defeat, he opens a portal for Alice, Cyrus and many of their Wonderland friends to Victorian England for preparation of Alice and Cyrus' wedding. After the wedding, he sends his family, Anastasia, and Wille back to Wonderland. Years later, he can be seen looking from behind some tall grasses when Alice and Cyrus are seen with their child.","title":"Main cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grumpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Dwarfs"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Lee Arenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Arenberg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E14-24"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E03-13"},{"link_name":"Granny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood"},{"link_name":"Bed and breakfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed_and_breakfast"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E22-19"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E01-20"},{"link_name":"Reul Ghorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_with_Turquoise_Hair"},{"link_name":"Blue Fairy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_with_Turquoise_Hair"},{"link_name":"Keegan Connor Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keegan_Connor_Tracy"},{"link_name":"fairy godmother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_godmother"},{"link_name":"Dr. Victor Frankenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein"},{"link_name":"David Anders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Anders"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E12-25"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E03-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E01-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ColliderWonderCon-26"},{"link_name":"Geppetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geppetto"},{"link_name":"Tony Amendola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Amendola"},{"link_name":"handyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handyman"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E18-27"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Tony Perez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Perez_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Zak Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zak_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Genie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn"},{"link_name":"Magic Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Mirror_(Snow_White)"},{"link_name":"Giancarlo Esposito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giancarlo_Esposito"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E11-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E09-17"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E07-18"},{"link_name":"reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E02-29"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E08-22"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E11-11"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E18-30"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E19-31"},{"link_name":"King George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince_and_the_Pauper#Plot"},{"link_name":"Alan Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Dale"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E06-32"},{"link_name":"District Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Attorney"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E18-30"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E07-33"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Anastasia Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_Griffith"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E06-32"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E10-21"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E18-30"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E19-31"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Mad Hatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatter_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Stan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Stan"},{"link_name":"Camelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelot"},{"link_name":"March Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Hare"},{"link_name":"Princess Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(Sleeping_Beauty)"},{"link_name":"Sarah Bolger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Bolger"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E01-20"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E22-36"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E01-37"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E03-38"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E12-39"},{"link_name":"Prince Phillip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Phillip_(Disney)"},{"link_name":"Julian Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Morris"},{"link_name":"Yaoguai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoguai"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E11-40"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E01-20"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E01-37"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E03-38"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E12-39"},{"link_name":"Mulan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hua_Mulan"},{"link_name":"Jamie Chung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Chung"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E01-20"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E22-36"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E01-37"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E03-38"},{"link_name":"Cora Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpelstiltskin#Plot"},{"link_name":"Queen of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Hearts_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Barbara Hershey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Hershey"},{"link_name":"Rose McGowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_McGowan"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E09-41"},{"link_name":"William Smee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Smee"},{"link_name":"Chris Gauthier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Gauthier"},{"link_name":"Neverland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neverland"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E04-42"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E04-42"},{"link_name":"Ethan Embry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Embry"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Stockham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Stockham"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E17-43"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E18-27"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E21-45"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E22-36"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E01-37"},{"link_name":"Sonequa Martin-Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonequa_Martin-Green"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E18-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E01-37"},{"link_name":"Felix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Boys_(Peter_Pan)"},{"link_name":"Parker Croft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_Croft"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S02E22-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E10-46"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E11-47"},{"link_name":"Peter Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pan"},{"link_name":"Pied Piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pied_Piper_of_Hamelin"},{"link_name":"Robbie Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Kay"},{"link_name":"Stephen Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Lord"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E08-48"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E01-37"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E08-48"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E09-49"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E11-47"},{"link_name":"Tinker Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinker_Bell"},{"link_name":"Rose McIver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_McIver"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E03-38"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E03-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E10-46"},{"link_name":"Ariel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_(The_Little_Mermaid)"},{"link_name":"JoAnna Garcia Swisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JoAnna_Garcia_Swisher"},{"link_name":"mermaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mermaid"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E06-50"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E06-50"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E11-47"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E17-51"},{"link_name":"Wendy Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Darling"},{"link_name":"Freya Tingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freya_Tingley"},{"link_name":"Pandora's box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora%27s_box"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E07-52"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E09-49"},{"link_name":"Queen Elsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa_(Frozen)"},{"link_name":"Georgina Haig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgina_Haig"},{"link_name":"Princess Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_(Frozen)"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Lail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Lail"},{"link_name":"Marian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maid_Marian"},{"link_name":"Christie Laing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie_Laing"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lacey-53"},{"link_name":"Kristoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristoff_(Frozen)"},{"link_name":"Scott Michael Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Michael_Foster"},{"link_name":"Snow Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Snow_Queen"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Brighton Sharbino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Sharbino"},{"link_name":"Apprentice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sorcerer%27s_Apprentice"},{"link_name":"Timothy Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Webber"},{"link_name":"Graham Verchere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Verchere"},{"link_name":"Maleficent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleficent"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Kristin Bauer van Straten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristin_Bauer_van_Straten"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E22-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S01E02-29"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheEvilQueen-54"},{"link_name":"Ursula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_(The_Little_Mermaid)#Once_Upon_a_Time"},{"link_name":"Merrin Dungey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrin_Dungey"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S03E06-50"},{"link_name":"Cruella De Vil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruella_de_Vil#Once_Upon_a_Time"},{"link_name":"Victoria Smurfit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Smurfit"},{"link_name":"Patrick Fischler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Fischler"},{"link_name":"Agnes Bruckner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Bruckner"},{"link_name":"Nicole Munoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Mu%C3%B1oz"},{"link_name":"Hopkins, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin"},{"link_name":"Elliot Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_Knight"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Adams_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"sorcerer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sorcerer%27s_Apprentice"},{"link_name":"King Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur"},{"link_name":"Liam Garrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Garrigan"},{"link_name":"Queen Merida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merida_(Brave)"},{"link_name":"Amy Manson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Manson"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comiccon2015-55"},{"link_name":"Queen Guinevere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinevere"},{"link_name":"Sir Lancelot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot"},{"link_name":"Sinqua Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinqua_Walls"},{"link_name":"knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"},{"link_name":"Blind Witch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_and_Gretel"},{"link_name":"Emma Caulfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Caulfield"},{"link_name":"Hades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades_(Disney)"},{"link_name":"Greg Germann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Germann"},{"link_name":"Dr. Henry Jekyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Mr._Hyde_(character)"},{"link_name":"Hank Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Harris"},{"link_name":"Mr. Hyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Jekyll_and_Mr._Hyde_(character)"},{"link_name":"Sam Witwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Witwer"},{"link_name":"Giles Matthey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Matthey"},{"link_name":"Aladdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin"},{"link_name":"Deniz Akdeniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz_Akdeniz"},{"link_name":"Princess Jasmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Jasmine"},{"link_name":"Karen David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_David"},{"link_name":"Black Fairy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy"},{"link_name":"Jaime Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Murray"},{"link_name":"Tiger Lily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Lily_(Peter_Pan)"},{"link_name":"Sara Tomko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Tomko"},{"link_name":"Drizella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drizella_Tremaine"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Kane"},{"link_name":"Anna Cathcart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Cathcart"},{"link_name":"Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"Rose Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Lupinus pilosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus_pilosus"},{"link_name":"Anastasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_Tremaine"},{"link_name":"Mother Gothel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Gothel#Once_Upon_a_Time"},{"link_name":"Mother Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Nature"},{"link_name":"Emma Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Booth_(actress)"},{"link_name":"nymph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymph"},{"link_name":"Dr. Facilier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Princess_and_the_Frog_characters"},{"link_name":"Hansel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansel_and_Gretel"},{"link_name":"Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_(hero)"},{"link_name":"Nathan Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Seth Isaac Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Isaac_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood"},{"link_name":"Tiera Skovbye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiera_Skovbye"},{"link_name":"Prince Naveen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Princess_and_the_Frog_characters"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Caterpillar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Iggy Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iggy_Pop"},{"link_name":"Sultan of Lower Agrabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Brian George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_George"},{"link_name":"Amir Arison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Arison"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_the_Lizard"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Lauren McKnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_McKnight"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Zuleikha Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuleikha_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Jabberwocky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabberwocky"},{"link_name":"Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Peta Sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peta_Sergeant"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jabby-56"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"}],"text":"Dreamy/Grumpy/Leroy (seasons 1–7, Wonderland) portrayed by Lee Arenberg, is a dwarf and mine digger. Born in the mines after his egg was accidentally sprinkled with fairy dust by the fairy Nova, he falls in love with her. The Blue Fairy tells Dreamy that if he and Nova run away together, she will lose her wings. Dreamy ends their relationship and returns to the mines, being renamed Grumpy.[15] He then becomes friends with Snow White while she's on a run from the Evil Queen, inviting her to stay at the Dwarfs cottage. Together with the other dwarves, he helps Snow defeat King George and the Evil Queen, taking back the realm. He later ends up in Storybrooke – after the Dark Curse is cast – as a janitor at the Storybrooke General Hospital and the town drunk.[4] He remains in Storybrooke for the subsequent curses until the merger of all the realms.\nWidow Lucas/Granny (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Beverley Elliott, is the mother of Anita and grandmother of Red Lucas. In the Enchanted Forest, a wolf killed her father and brothers and then transformed her into a wolf. Most aspects of the curse faded with age, but her heightened senses remain. Red inherited the curse, though Granny received an enchanted red cloak to prevent her transformation. When her granddaughter begins a relationship with a man called Peter, she disapproves. As news of a wolf killing villagers becomes known, Granny warns the others not to fight the monster. In Storybrooke, she is the owner of Granny's Bed and breakfast and Diner. Her health problems prevent Ruby from leaving town, who assists her grandmother as a waitress. Granny's memories are returned when the curse is broken and is then sent back to the Enchanted Forest when the curse is undone by Regina. When Snow White cast a new curse, Granny is brought back to Storybrooke, resuming her role as the owner of her Bed and Breakfast and Diner. She remains in Storybrooke for the subsequent curses until the merger of all the realms.[10][11]\nReul Ghorm/Blue Fairy/Mother Superior (seasons 1–7) portrayed by Keegan Connor Tracy, is a high-ranking fairy godmother who uses her magic to help others. In the Enchanted Forest, she is the leader of the fairies and sets the rules among her kind, and would go as far as expulsion to those that breaks her rules. When the curse is cast, she becomes the leader of a group of nuns in Storybrooke. She becomes a catalyst in the Final Battle after the arrival of the Black Fairy, as the Blue Fairy herself was partially responsible for the Black Fairy's dark turn.\nDr. Victor Frankenstein/Dr. Whale (seasons 1–3, 5–6) portrayed by David Anders, is a scientist who believes magic to be inferior to science. He is the older brother of Gerhardt and son of Alphonse. In the Land Without Color, Victor originally seeks a way to restore life to the dead, but has his funding pulled by his father and instead he makes a deal with Rumplestiltskin. However, when his brother dies Victor successfully resurrects him, but not all is as it seems.[16] When the Evil Queen cast her curse, Victor is sent to the Land Without Magic. In Storybrooke, he is Dr. Whale, a doctor working in Storybrooke General Hospital.[4] After the curse is broken, he leads a mob to Regina's home intending to kill her.[11][17] He later successfully reanimates Daniel's corpse with a magical heart, turning him into a monster who savagely rips off Whale's arm. Mr. Gold later reattaches his arm. Dr. Whale later helps Dr. Jekyll with his experiments to create a new serum to defeat the Evil Queen but it is crashed by the Evil Queen and Mr. Hyde.\nGeppetto/Marco (seasons 1–4, 6) portrayed by Tony Amendola and Michael Strusievici, is an elderly carpenter and father to his puppet turned boy Pinocchio. In the Enchanted Forest, he became orphaned when Jiminy Cricket accidentally transformed his parents into puppets. He carves himself a son named Pinocchio out of magical wood. During their adventures, Pinocchio sacrifices his life for Geppetto's. For this act, the Blue Fairy turns him into a real boy. She asks him to carve a magical wardrobe with the ability to save the pregnant Snow White and Prince Charming from the Evil Queen's curse. However, the curse would send everyone to a land without magic and Pinocchio, a real boy because of magic, could turn back into a puppet. Geppetto bargains with the fairy to use the second spot for Pinocchio, ultimating in her lying to the other inhabitants, claiming the wardrobe can only save one. Geppetto sends his son to the real world, telling him to protect the child and get them to break the curse. In Storybrooke, he is Marco, the town's handyman. His memories as Geppetto are restored when the curse is broken. Marco later takes in August, who is reverted to Pinocchio by Mother Superior.[18] He is sent back to the Enchanted Forest after Regina undoes the curse and is brought back when Snow White casts a new one. Marco takes August in again after the latter is reverted back from his younger form by Mr. Gold while in pursuit of the Author.[19]\nPrince Henry Mills (seasons 1–2, 4–6) portrayed by Tony Perez and Zak Santiago, is the son of King Xavier, husband of Cora Mills and the father of Regina Mills. In the Enchanted Forest, he marries Cora after she demonstrates the ability to spin straw into gold. He loves his daughter very much and would constantly try to protect her from Cora. However, after Regina banishes Cora and becomes the Evil Queen, he becomes her valet. His heart is the used to cast the Dark Curse and his soul ends up in the Underworld. He moves on to Mount Olympus after settling his unfinished business with Regina.\nGenie/Magic Mirror/Sidney Glass (seasons 1, 3–6) portrayed by Giancarlo Esposito, is a man who grants wishes for people who find his bottle that he is stored within. From Agrabah, the Genie is washed away to the Enchanted Forest and was found by King Leopold, who, being extremely wealthy, simply wishes to free the Genie and invite him to live in his castle to help him find true love. There, he falls in love with the King's wife Queen Regina, who fools him to kill Leopold for her to become sole ruler of his kingdom. Realizing the Queen never loved him, he uses his final wish to remain with her forever; thus trapping him in her mirror.[2] As a spirit in the Magic Mirror, he is able to move between and see through other mirrors in the Enchanted Forest, acting as a spy to Regina.[8][9] In Storybrooke, he is Sidney Glass, a reporter for Storybrooke's local newspaper The Daily Mirror. On Regina's request, he researches Emma Swan's past to help Regina expel her from Storybrooke.[20] After Graham's death, Regina attempts to appoint him sheriff, but he loses the position to Emma.[13] Sidney later secretly works with Regina to gain leverage over Emma.[2] Emma later learns of his deception realizing that he is in love with Regina. Regina uses Mr. Gold to kidnap Kathryn Nolan, framing Mary Margaret (Snow White) for her alleged murder.[21] However, after Kathryn is found alive, Sidney falsely confesses to kidnapping Kathryn to use as an article and become famous.[22] He is then placed into Storybrooke's asylum underneath the hospital. Sidney was later freed by Regina for her quest to remove Maid Marian from Storybrooke, Regina again places Sidney in a mirror. Sidney then allies himself with the Snow Queen, who frees him in exchange for the mirror he was stored in.\nKing George/Albert Spencer (seasons 1–2, 6) portrayed by Alan Dale, is the adoptive father of Prince James and his twin Prince David. In the Enchanted Forest, King George and his wife are unable to bear children of their own, leading George to strike a deal with Rumplestiltskin for an heir: James. When James is killed in a duel against Behemoth, his twin brother David is recruited to carry out the task. The task is completed and Midas deems the Prince worthy of marrying his daughter and uniting the kingdoms. George reneges on his promise to return David home and forces him to marry, otherwise he will kill David's mother and burn his home.[23] However, the wedding never happens as David falls in-love with Snow White. After David's engagement with Snow, they lead an army against King George, dethroning him. After the curse is cast, he is the cold-hearted District Attorney Albert Spencer who leads the prosecution for the Kathryn Nolan murder case, against Mary Margaret Blanchard.[21] Following the curse being broken, Spencer murders Billy, framing Ruby in an attempt to show the town that David's incapable of control and is arrested.[24] Spencer is briefly confronted again by David following the latter's discovery of the former's role in the death of David's father Robert.[25]\nPrincess Abigail/Kathryn Nolan (seasons 1, 3) portrayed by Anastasia Griffith, is the daughter of King Midas and lover of Fredrick. In the Enchanted Forest, she was to marry Prince David, but when he falls in love with Snow White, Abigail helps him run away. She is in love with Frederick, a knight she was to marry until he was turned into gold while protecting her father. Charming later retrieves water from Lake Nostos that revives Frederick, and he reunites with Abigail. In Storybrooke, she is Kathryn Nolan, the wife of David Nolan. David however is in love with Mary Margaret Blanchard, and starts an affair with her.[23][12] She is later accepted into a law school in Boston, though David refuses to relocate and suggests they end their marriage. Kathryn then learns about David's affair, deciding to move to Boston alone. However, her car is found abandoned at the town's limits, and a missing persons case becomes a murder trial when a heart proven to be Kathryn's is found in Mary Margaret's jewelry box. It is later revealed that Regina worked with Mr. Gold to attempt to frame Mary Margaret for Kathryn's murder, when Mr. Gold in fact kidnapped Kathryn. She is later found alive, though she does not remember her disappearance.[21] Sidney Glass falsely takes the blame for her kidnapping.[22] After the curse is broken, Kathryn and Frederick find each other and live happily together in her home.[26]\nJefferson/Mad Hatter (seasons 1–2) portrayed by Sebastian Stan, is a thief who is able to jump from world to world with the aid of portals opened by a magic hat he possesses. On a thieving journey to Camelot, he meets a fellow thief named Priscilla with whom he falls in love and has a daughter named Grace. Priscilla is eventually killed while trying to rescue Jefferson from the clutches of the March Hare, who then trapped him in a never-ending tea party, leading Jefferson to give up his life as thief and eke out a meager living as a mushroom seller. He is eventually tempted back into thieving by Regina, who tricks him into going with her to Wonderland, where she leaves him stranded. After the first curse, Jefferson is one of the few residents of Storybrooke to retain his old memories, made all the more painful because he is separated from his daughter in this new reality. After the arrival of the Savior, Jefferson strikes a new deal with Regina in hopes of starting a new life with his daughter, but is again double crossed. However, after the curse is broken, Jefferson is able to reunite with his daughter, now known as Paige and gets his happy ending.\nPrincess Aurora (seasons 2–4) portrayed by Sarah Bolger, is the daughter of King Stefan and Queen Leah, Prince Phillip's lover and mother of Phillip Jr. In the Enchanted Forest, she is placed upon a sleeping curse by Maleficent against the crimes of her parents and her soul is sent to the Netherworld. When the Evil Queen cast her curse, Aurora is spared as her kingdom is within the protective barrier done by Cora. Instead, Aurora is frozen for 28 years, with her soul trapped in the Netherworld. After the curse is broken, she is awoken from her deep sleep by Prince Phillip, accompanied by Mulan. Following Phillip's death, Mulan tells Aurora that part of the Enchanted Forest had been spared from the Evil Queen's curse, as Emma Swan and Mary Margaret Blanchard are transported from Storybrooke to the area, after falling into a portal with the wraith.[11] At first, she blames them for Phillip's death, but eventually, she helps them get back to Storybrooke. She and Mulan later successfully recover Phillip's soul and find a wounded Neal Cassidy after he is transported from a portal in Storybrooke,[27] assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry.[28] It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a baby, much to Mulan's dismay as she secretly has romantic feelings for her.[29] Aurora and Phillip later greet the inhabitants of Storybrooke in the Enchanted Forest upon their transportation, after Regina undid her curse.[30] It is later revealed that they were under the protection of Zelena, the Wicked Witch of the West, though she transforms them into flying monkeys when they reveal her intentions of stealing Snow White and Prince Charming's baby. After Zelena's defeat, the two are restored to human form and begin to live in Storybrooke, where along with Mary Margaret and Ashley, attends parenting classes with her newborn child.\nPrince Phillip (seasons 2–3) portrayed by Julian Morris, is the lover of Princess Aurora. In the Enchanted Forest, the evil witch Maleficent turned Phillip into a monster called the Yaoguai. Belle uses fairy dust to return Phillip to his human form, who then teams with Mulan to find Aurora. Prince Phillip then teams up with Mulan in search of Princess Aurora. When the curse is cast, they both are frozen for 28 years.[31] Twenty-eight years later, when the curse is weakened, Phillip and Mulan awaken from their frozen state and resume their search for Aurora. They find her some time after the curse officially breaks. He wakes Aurora from her sleeping curse. However, a wraith marks Phillip and the creature sucks out his soul.[11] It is later revealed by Cora that Phillip's soul was merely transported to another world and Aurora and Mulan later restore Phillip's soul. The three then find a wounded Neal Cassidy (Baelfire), assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry.[28] It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a child.[29] Aurora and Phillip later greet the inhabitants of Storybrooke in the Enchanted Forest upon their transportation, after Peter Pan's curse took them back to their original worlds.[30] Prior to the curse's reversal, they were under the protection of Zelena, the Wicked Witch of the West, though she transforms them into flying monkeys when they reveal her intentions of stealing Snow White and Prince Charming's baby. After Zelena's defeat, the two are restored to human form and begin to live in Storybrooke.\nMulan (seasons 2–3, 5) portrayed by Jamie Chung, is a warrior who assists best friend Prince Phillip during his search to rescue his love Princess Aurora. In the Enchanted Forest, Mulan meets Belle and teams up to hunt down a fearsome creature known as the Yaoguai. After finding out that it was Prince Phillip, cursed by a witch, she teams up with him to find Princess Aurora. Due to the casting of the Evil Queen's curse, they both are unable to continue their search as they were frozen for 28 years. Twenty-eight years later, when the curse is weakened, Mulan and Phillip awakens from their frozen state and resume their search for Aurora. They find her some time after the curse officially breaks. After she is rescued, the trio encounter a wraith, who sucks out Phillip's soul. When Emma Swan and Mary Margaret appear in the area, Mulan believes that they were responsible for unleashing the wraith, and for Phillip's death.[11] Mulan later trusts Mary Margaret and Emma, helping them return to Storybrooke. Later, Mulan and Aurora successfully recover Phillip's soul and find a wounded Neal Cassidy after he is transported from a portal in Storybrooke,[27] assisting him on his quest to find Emma and Henry.[28] It is later revealed that Aurora and Phillip are expecting a baby, much to Mulan's dismay as she secretly has romantic feelings for her, though she leaves to join Robin Hood's Merry Men.[29] Mulan later ends up in DunBroch, where she teaches Merida in combat and archery. Then she later teams up with Ruby after she freed her from the Witch and both begin a journey to find Ruby's family of lycans which leads them to the Land of Oz. The two of them later help revive Dorothy after she was placed under a sleeping curse by Zelena.\nCora Mills/Queen of Hearts (seasons 1–5, Wonderland) portrayed by Barbara Hershey, Rose McGowan, and Jennifer Koenig, is the daughter of an unnamed miller, wife of Prince Henry Mills, mother of Zelena and Regina Mills, grandmother of Henry Mills and Robin, and the great-grandmother of Lucy Mills. In the Enchanted Forest, Cora gives birth to Zelena after being trick by a gardener believed to be a Prince and abandons the child. She becomes a Princess with Rumplestiltskin's help, marrying Prince Henry and gives birth to Regina. Controlling Regina to become Queen, Cora is sent to Wonderland where she becomes the Queen of Hearts and teaches Anastasia magic. When Killian is sent to kill her, Cora returns to the Enchanted Forest with him, shielding a corner of the realm from Regina's Dark Curse. Once the curse broke, Cora follows Emma and Snow to Storybrooke with Hook after they ended up in the Enchanted Forest.[32] In Storybrooke, she turns a rehabilitating Regina back to evil but is unintentionally killed by Regina. In the Underworld, Cora is the Mayor of Underbrooke. Per Hades' command, Cora tries to get Regina out of the land, but fails and is demoted to the mills. She is then rescued by Killian and Regina and decides to make amends with Zelena. After healing the broken bond between Zelena and Regina, Cora is granted entrance into Mount Olympus.\nWilliam Smee (seasons 2–4, 6) portrayed by Chris Gauthier, is a man capable of procuring objects that are hard to find. In the Enchanted Forest, he makes a deal with Rumplestiltskin to get his life extended; Smee trades him a magic bean for his age reversal. Captain Hook manages to intervene and kidnaps Smee to obtain the bean, later appointing him as a crewman on his ship, the Jolly Roger. Hook uses the bean to create a portal that takes the ship to Neverland where he and his crew will never age.[33] In Neverland, Smee serves as an adviser to Hook, assisting in his murderous aspirations to kill Rumplestiltskin and to raise the newly arrived Baelfire. In Storybrooke, Smee appears as a homeless man who kidnaps Belle under the orders of her father Moe French.[33] Mr. Gold later uses him as an experiment for his spell that would enable anyone to cross the border to Storybrooke without losing their memories. When Hook arrives in Storybrooke, Smee immediately begins following orders, retrieving Mr. Gold's most prized possession – Baelfire's shawl. In retaliation, Gold turns Smee into a rat. He is later reformed to his human body when the Dark Curse is reversed and returns to serving Captain Hook.\nOwen Flynn/Greg Mendell (seasons 2–3) portrayed by Ethan Embry and Benjamin Stockham, is the son of Kurt Flynn. In the Land Without Magic, as a young boy, he camped out in the woods of Maine in 1983 with his father. On that night, the Dark Curse took everyone to this new world that becomes Storybrooke. Owen enjoys Regina's company. However, this only leads her trying to keep him and his father in Storybrooke. Owen escapes after Kurt is falsely arrested by Regina, vowing to return to his father.[34] More than 28 years later, a man crashes his car into Storybrooke. His name is later revealed to be Greg Mendell, an alias of Owen.[35] When Greg is brought to the hospital, the residents debate whether to save his life and risk the truth of Storybrooke being revealed to the outside world. He is ultimately saved, and remains in the town to investigate the strange happenings of Storybrooke. Regina eventually learns of Greg's identity, telling him to leave the town. Greg ignores her, as it is revealed he is in alliance with Neal Cassidy's fiancée, Tamara.[18] The two kidnap Regina and torture her to reveal his father's whereabouts. She eventually tells him that she killed his father. A hurt Greg plans to kill Regina but escapes when David Nolan tracks him down. Greg and Tamara later obtain a trigger to obliterate Storybrooke, though it is foiled.[36] The two instead kidnap Henry Mills, travelling to Neverland. Upon their arrival, Greg and Tamara realize that they had been fooled. When confronted by the Lost Boys, the pair refuse to hand Henry to them, causing Peter Pan's Shadow to rip out Greg's shadow from his body, killing him instantly.[27][28]\nTamara (seasons 2–3) portrayed by Sonequa Martin-Green, is Neal's fiancé and Greg Mendell's lover. Her hatred of magic makes her determined to remove magic from the Land Without Magic, seeing it as unholy. Tracking the Dragon in Hong Kong, she crosses paths with August Booth. After the Dragon reveals himself, Tamara seemingly kills him. Since then, she joins the Home Office, an organisation involved believed to fight magical creatures and gets involved with Greg Mendell. She then tracks down August and finds out about Storybrooke. To get closer, she \"accidentally\" bumps into Neal Cassidy and gets into a relationship with him.[18] After the curse breaks, Tamara comes to Storybrooke and reunites with Greg. During her time in Storybrooke, she tries to kill August to prevent him from warning the others. After finding a tigger that can eliminate Storybrooke, she and Greg triggers it as a distraction to kidnap Henry to Neverland, where Tamara finds out that the Home Office is fake. As she attempts to escape the Lost Boys, she is struck by an arrow. Mr. Gold later inquires her for Henry's whereabouts before taking her heart out and crushing it.[28]\nFelix (seasons 2–3) portrayed by Parker Croft, is a member of the Lost Boys and Peter Pan's right-hand boy. In Neverland, he leads the group into searching Captain Hook's ship for Baelfire, whom he eventually finds and delivers to Peter Pan, though he is not the boy wanted – Henry Mills.[27] When Neal arrives in Neverland to save his son Henry, Felix captures him until being knocked out after he breaks free. Upon his capture of the group from Storybrooke, Felix is taken to the town and placed in jail, until Peter Pan breaks him free, explaining his plot to make the town \"The New Neverland\" with possession of the original Dark Curse.[37] However, Pan reveals he needs the heart of the thing he loves most to enact it. As Felix was the most loyal to him, Pan uses his heart to enact the curse, thus killing him as a sacrifice.[38]\nMalcolm/Peter Pan/Pied Piper (seasons 3, 5–6) portrayed by Robbie Kay and Stephen Lord, is the father of Rumplestiltskin, a former lover of the Black Fairy, the grandfather of Baelfire and Gideon, the great-grandfather of Henry Mills, and the great-great grandfather of Lucy Mills. In the Enchanted Forest, Malcolm leaves his son in the care of two spinners, who give Rumplestiltskin a magical bean to create a portal to leave his careless father. Using the magic bean, Malcolm and Rumplestiltskin travel to Neverland, a place which Malcolm envisions in his dreams. He decides to stay in Neverland, abandoning Rumplestilskin. Malcolm transforms into his younger self, adopting the name of Peter Pan. The Shadow informs Pan that his youth is limited, and he will die when the hourglass of Skull Rock is complete.[39] Some time later, Pan visits Hamelin in the Enchanted Forest posing as the Pied Piper to expand what would later become the Lost Boys. He also blackmails John and Michael Darling to help him with his tasks, in exchange for their sister Wendy's life, who had been lured back to Neverland, sending them to the Land Without Magic before the Queen's curse to retrieve a boy soon-to-be-born. After Henry is brought to Neverland, he tricks him by being a fugitive boy. He later reveals to Henry that he has the Heart of the Truest Believer.[28] Pan falsely claims to Henry that magic is dying in Neverland, persuading him to give him his heart, leading Henry to temporarily die. After Pan traps Gold inside Pandora's Box,[39] Regina successfully reclaims Henry's heart and revives him, before Pan swaps his and Henry's souls.[40] Once in Storybrooke, he steals the Dark Curse's scroll from Regina's vault and casts a new curse, but is eventually killed by Rumplestilskin and regresses back to Malcolm in the process and his curse was undone by Regina.[38] After death, Malcolm's Peter Pan form ends up in the Underworld. When the heroes arrive in the Underworld, Pan plans to return to the living by exchanging one of their lives. Mr. Gold later enlists Pan as part of a loophole for a deal with Hades that involves abducting Zelena before the two of them can have dinner together. After the contract for Gold and Belle's baby is ripped up by Hades, Pan and Mr. Gold then plan to use Robin's heart to revive Pan. However, it was a trick by Mr. Gold as the heart he has put into Pan's body is actually a wineskin he had filled with water from the River of Lost Souls and glamoured as a heart sending him into the River of Lost Souls.\nTinker Bell (seasons 3, 6) portrayed by Rose McIver, is a fairy who began training under the guidance of the Blue Fairy. In the Enchanted Forest, after she breaks some fairy rules, including interacting with the Evil Queen and stealing pixie dust, Tinker Bell is stripped of her wings and made human by the Blue Fairy.[29] Tinker Bell later travels to Neverland. Some years later, she forgives Regina and helps to find her son Henry who had been kidnapped by the sinister Peter Pan.[29] She successfully arrives in Storybrooke with the rest of Storybrooke's residents, where she manages to kill Peter Pan's shadow. Her actions result in saving Mother Superior whose shadow was ripped from her body by Peter Pan's. Mother Superior restores Tinker Bell to fairy status. After returning to the Enchanted Forest and with Snow's baby threaten to be taken by the Wicked Witch, she and Blue and the other fairies search the woods for enchanted objects to defeat Zelena. She later returns to Storybrooke with everyone and encourages Regina to be with Robin Hood after finding out he's her soulmate. She then helps her friends search for answers about a way to stop Zelena when she challenges Regina to a fight.[37]\nAriel (seasons 3–4, 6) portrayed by JoAnna Garcia Swisher, is a mermaid who is first seen saving Snow White, after she escapes from the Evil Queen Regina's knights by diving into waters from a high cliff. Ariel reveals that she can bear legs upon land for 12 hours according to the sea goddess Ursula's legend. To repay Ariel, Snow takes Ariel to a ball where she meets Prince Eric, a man whom Ariel saved a year prior after a shipwreck. Eric invites Ariel to travel with him, though Regina poses as Ursula to trick Ariel into giving Snow a bracelet that makes her a mermaid, for her to fulfill her wishes and escape to travel the world. However, Ariel discovers Ursula's true identity and stabs Regina after she attempts to kill Snow. Ariel returns to Eric's castle, only to have her voice stolen by Regina, being unable to communicate with him.[41] Regina later summons Ariel to Neverland, revealing that mermaids can travel through realms. After restoring Ariel's voice, she promises to return her legs if she retrieves Pandora's Box from Mr. Gold's shop to defeat Peter Pan.[41] After she completes the quest, Regina gives her the ability to use both her legs and fins with a special bracelet, allowing her to continue her search for Eric in Storybrooke. With help from Belle, she finds Eric as a fisherman and the two reconcile. After Pan enacts his curse, Ariel, along with the other inhabitants, are returned to their original worlds.[38] It is later revealed that Eric was kidnapped by the pirate Blackbeard and sent to Hangman's Island. Ariel eventually reunites with Eric and settles on the island, which was spared from the effects of Snow White's curse. Sometime later, Ariel gets accidentally trapped inside a bottle with the Jolly Roger by Elsa and is later freed by Hook and then helps him by bringing King Poseidon to Storybrooke.[42]\nWendy Darling (seasons 2–3) portrayed by Freya Tingley, is the eldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Darling, and sister to John and Michael. When Baelfire breaks into her house, she takes him in and hides him in her room. Every day, secretly, she would bring him food, but is caught one day by her parents whom lets Baelfire stay with the family. One night, she tells Baelfire about the Shadow who possesses magic. She is warned by Baelfire to never associate herself with magic, but she ignores his warning and goes with the Shadow to Neverland. The next day, she tells Baelfire that the Shadow is coming for her brothers. Together, they fight off the Shadow, but Baelfire lets the Shadow takes him to protect Wendy and her family. When Baelfire fails to return, Wendy and her brothers goes to Neverland to save him, but gets caught by Peter Pan. Wendy is kept a prisoner for over a century while her brothers do Pan's bidding to keep her alive. A year after the curse broke, Wendy is still a prisoner of Pan, who is using an adult John and Michael to head to Storybrooke to prevent Belle and Ariel from giving Mr. Gold Pandora's box, which he and Regina are seeking to defeat Pan in exchange for Wendy's freedom. Pan later forces Wendy to pretend to be ill for Henry to harness his belief in magic, before she is returned to her cage. Mr. Gold is instructed by Ariel to attempt to save Wendy on his quest to kill Pan.[43] Wendy is later saved by Baelfire, this time known as Neal, and in return she informs him and the rest of the group of Pan's intentions to kill Henry. She is then rescued and escapes Neverland and reunites with her brothers in Storybrooke.[40]\nQueen Elsa (seasons 3–4) portrayed by Georgina Haig, is the elder daughter of the King of Arendelle and Queen Gerda, older sister of Anna and the older niece of Ingrid and Helga. In Arendelle, with Anna away in the Enchanted Forest, Elsa meets her long forgotten aunt Ingrid and learns part of her mother's secret past. However, her relationship with Ingrid strains after Anna's return. As Ingrid wishes to form a new family with Elsa, and after finding Anna unfit, Elsa is entrapped in an urn by Anna, who was cursed by Ingrid. The urn ends up in Rumplestiltskin's possession and because of Emma and Hook, it ends up in present-day Storybrooke via time travel. Elsa's complicated past with Ingrid is revealed as she and Emma bands together to stop Ingrid from succeeding with her spell. Elsa is reunited with Anna, and after witnessing Ingrid's sacrifice, she returns to Arendelle with Anna and Kristoff to reclaim the kingdom from Hans and his brothers, and to prepare for her sister's wedding.\nPrincess Anna (season 4) portrayed by Elizabeth Lail, is the second daughter of the King and Queen of Arendelle, younger sister of Elsa, younger niece of Ingrid and Helga and the fiancé, later wife of Kristoff. When she was a teenager, her and Elsa's parents travel on a mission to the Enchanted Forest, searching for a cure to her sister's powers. However, they are involved in a storm and die in a shipwreck. Elsa discovers this years later, leading Anna to venture to the Enchanted Forest to fulfill their parents' last mission, delaying her wedding to Kristoff. Returning to Arendelle with questions outstanding, Anna becomes suspicious of Ingrid (the Snow Queen) who claims to be her aunt. Ingrid imprisons Anna, using a spell to have her turn on Elsa, resulting in Anna trapping Elsa in the urn. Before Anna can register what has occurred and attempting to get Elsa back, Ingrid then freezes Anna and Kristoff and the kingdom of Arendelle. Thirty years later, Arendelle thaws and Anna and Kristoff escape from Anna's sinister previous lover Prince Hans. With help from Blackbeard, Prince Hans captures the pair who then are placed in a trunk and thrown off the ship. In Storybrooke, Elsa discovers Anna's necklace in Mr. Gold's pawn shop and vows to find her. When Elsa wishes for Anna to return using her Wishing Star necklace, she inadvertently brings Anna from Arendelle to Storybrooke. Anna discovers her mother's letter, leading Ingrid to destroy herself and be with her sisters once more. Anna, along with Elsa and Kristoff, return to Arendelle and reclaim the kingdom from Hans and his brothers just in time for her wedding.\nMarian (seasons 2–4) portrayed by Christie Laing, is the wife of Robin Hood and mother of Roland. Initially the target for the affection of the Sheriff of Nottingham, she runs away with Robin after falling in love with him. Sometime later, Marian is pregnant and falls ill, causing Robin Hood to obtain a magic wand from Rumplestiltskin's castle to heal her.[44] Marian later gives birth to a son named Roland, though she ends up wanted by the Evil Queen and is sentenced to death. Years later, after Zelena opens a time-travel portal, Emma and Hook are dragged into it and sent to the Enchanted Forest of the past. Emma decides to rescue Marian, but she is later killed by Zelena.\nKristoff (season 4) portrayed by Scott Michael Foster, is the lover and later husband of Princess Anna. Originally set to marry Anna, she puts the wedding on hold to find the truth behind her parents' deaths. After Ingrid attempts to harm Anna, Kristoff attempts to save her, only for the couple to be frozen solid by Ingrid. Thirty years later, Arendelle thaws and Anna and Kristoff escape from the sinister Prince Hans, having now taken over the kingdom. With help from Blackbeard, Prince Hans capture Anna and Kristoff, who are thrown from his ship inside a trunk. In Storybrooke, Elsa using Anna's necklace to unintentionally save Anna and Kristoff from drowning in the trunk and brings them to the town. After Ingrid destroys herself, Kristoff returns to Arendelle with Anna and Elsa and reclaims the kingdom just in time for his and Anna's wedding.\nIngrid/Snow Queen/Sarah Fisher (season 4) portrayed by Elizabeth Mitchell and Brighton Sharbino, the oldest daughter of King Harald and Queen Sonja, elder sister of Helga and Gerda, and the aunt of Elsa and Anna. As a child, Ingrid discovers that she has inherited ice magic and unintentionally kills her sister Helga, forcing Gerda to entrap Ingrid in an urn. Now as the Snow Queen, Ingrid is freed reunites with her nieces Elsa and Anna. However, as Anna is unfit to be family, Ingrid, with the help of the Apprentice, goes to the Land Without Magic to find the yet-to-be-born Emma. Hoping that she will be reunited with both Elsa and Emma, she moves to Storybrooke as Sarah Fisher. When Elsa is brought to the town, Ingrid sees her opportunity to finally complete her family. She casts the Spell of Shattered Sight to remove the rest of Storybrooke's residents, but upon realizing that she has always had her sisters' love, she sacrifices herself to undo the spell.\nThe Apprentice (seasons 4–5) portrayed by Timothy Webber and Graham Verchere, is an elderly man who works for the sorcerer Merlin in Camelot and later the Enchanted Forest. He protects his teacher's creation, a box capable of transforming into a hat for absorbing and accumulating magic, from each person that takes on the Dark One's powers. A Dark One, Rumplestiltskin, later manages to steal the hat, but it is then taken by Princess Anna of Arendelle. Some time later, Ingrid obtains the hat and gives it back to the Apprentice in exchange for a portal to the real world for Ingrid to complete her family. Snow White and Prince Charming also cross paths with the Apprentice, offering them a spell to remove any potential darkness from their expected baby. After they obtain Maleficent's egg, the Apprentice places the darkness inside and transports it to the real world. The Apprentice later confronts the Author for manipulating the transportation of Maleficent's egg and imprisons him for his irresponsibility. In Storybrooke, the Apprentice is visited by Mr. Gold, who uses the hat to place the Apprentice inside and use its power to be cleaved of the Dark One's dagger's control. Mother Superior later frees the Apprentice from the hat. He later helps to save Mr. Gold's life by placing the Dark One's dark powers into the hat. Unfortunately, the darkness escapes and enters the Apprentice's body which weakens him. While in a weakened state, he reveals that Merlin is the only one who can stop the darkness forever after it is taken in by Emma Swan. He then procures a wand to assist the residents in their transport to Camelot to find him. Afterward, the Apprentice takes his last breath and dies. Henry later encounters the Apprentice in the Underworld where he learns that the Apprentice's unfinished business is to make sure Henry does the right thing if he happens to get the key to the Sorcerer's Mansion from Sheriff James where the Magic Quill is contained.\nMaleficent (seasons 1–2, 4, 7, Wonderland) portrayed by Kristin Bauer van Straten, is the mother of Lilith Page via Zorro. Failed to curse Queen Briar Rose, Maleficent curses both Princess Aurora and Prince Phillip after gaining strength from Regina. In dragon form, Maleficent become pregnant after intimacy with Zorro. After this, Prince David places a true love potion into Maleficent's dragon form.[10] Some time later, Regina visits Maleficent and steals the Dark Curse from her.[20] After laying her egg, it is stolen by Snow White and Prince David and unintentionally send to the Land Without Magic by the Apprentice. When the Dark Curse is cast, Maleficent is sent to the Land Without Magic. In Storybrooke, Regina traps Maleficent in her dragon form beneath Storybrooke's abandoned library and is slain by Emma to retrieve the true love potion, leaving her in an undead form.[45] When Cruella and Ursula arrive in Storybrooke with Rumplestiltskin, they resurrect Maleficent to get even with the heroes. Maleficent then reunites with her daughter Lilith and together they locate Lilith's father, Zorro. After the creation of the United Realms, Maleficent is invited for Regina's coronation, but does not RSVP.\nUrsula (season 4) portrayed by Merrin Dungey and Tiffany Boone, is the daughter of King Poseidon.[41] In the Oceanic Realm, as a mermaid, she is forced by her father to sing and lure pirates to their death. Hoping for a better life, Ursula joins Killian to travel far from her realm. But with interruptions from her father, she loses her voice to Killian. Out for vengeance, she turns herself into a sea witch and takes over the Oceanic Realm. She then befriends Maleficent and Cruella and works to escape Regina's curse. Unintentionally, she is sent to the Land Without Magic with Cruella and Maleficent's egg where she uses the egg to keep herself from aging. Many years later, Ursula works as an aquarium worker in New York. Rumplestiltskin finds her and offers her a happy ending if she works with him, Cruella and Maleficent. Entering Storybrooke, Killian makes a deal with Ursula for information regarding Rumplestiltskin's plan in-exchange for her singing voice. When this fails, Killian retrieves King Poseidon with Ariel's help, who apologises to Ursula for his past actions. Reconciling with her father upon having her singing voice returned, Ursula leaves with him to return to the Oceanic Realm.\nCruella De Vil/Cruella Feinberg (seasons 4–5) portrayed by Victoria Smurfit and Milli Wilkinson, is the daughter of Madeline. In 1920s England, Cruella kills her father, stepfathers, and later her mother and her dalmatian dogs. To prevent her from taking another soul, Isaac uses his author abilities and seals her fate. Cruella later teams up with Maleficent and Ursula to stop the casting of the Dark Curse, but is accidentally sent to the Land Without Magic. Cruella marries a rich man, Mr. Feinberg and takes on the identity of Cruella Feinberg. Years later, Rumplestiltskin brings her and Ursula to Storybrooke where they resurrect Maleficent to find the Author to rewrite their endings but is killed by Emma, ending up in the Underworld. When the heroes ends up in the Underworld to save Killian, she tries to prevent them from leaving, but fails. In Sir Mordred's bar, she expresses her dissatisfaction of the Underworld, but refuses to move on.\nIsaac Heller (seasons 4, 6) portrayed by Patrick Fischler, is an author. Working as a television sales person in the Land Without Magic, Isaac is offered the position of being an author by the Apprentice who takes him to Fairy Tale Land to record stories of its inhabitants. During his time as the author, he manipulates his power to alter the life of many, including Cruella De Vil, Snow White, Prince Charming, Maleficent, Ursula, and Lilith, prompting the Apprentice to trap Isaac in the Once Upon a Time book as punishment. Despite being trapped, the book is constantly updated until the Dark Curse is cast, and Isaac's writing comes to a halt. Years later, he is sought by many wanting to alter their fate for a happy ending. Isaac is freed from the book and aligns himself with Rumplestiltskin as he too wishes to alter his own fate. Once obtaining ink for his quill, Isaac alters the Storybrooke inhabitants’ fate, sucking everyone but Henry into the World Within the Book. His wrongdoing is then undone by Henry and he is imprisoned by David and Snow. He is later freed by Regina in exchange for information about the ending of the Once Upon a Time book. After revealing the fate of the Savior and the Final Battle, Isaac leaves Storybrooke and returns to the Land Without Magic.\nLilith Page/Starla (season 4) portrayed by Agnes Bruckner and Nicole Munoz, is the daughter of Maleficent. Born inside an egg, she is transported from the Enchanted Forest to the Land Without Magic after Snow White and Prince Charming attempt to rid their daughter Emma Swan of any potential darkness. As an orphan, Lilith is adopted into the Page Family in Hopkins, Minnesota, though she runs away after feeling alone. She meets a similar-aged Emma who befriends her after realizing their supposed similar orphan situation but parts ways after Emma finds out that Lilith has a family of her own. Lilith later tracks Emma down at her new foster family and after unintentionally destroying Emma's life with them, Lilith decides to part ways with Emma for good. Aboard a bus, she is approached by the Apprentice who tells her about her origin and how Emma's parents are responsible for the damage of her family. Lilith later begins plotting a way to Storybrooke to get even. Years later, per Maleficent's request, Emma tracks Lilith, who goes by the name of Starla, down and convinces her to go back with her to Storybrooke. Lilith lies to her and convinces Emma that her life turned out fine, but later steals Emma's car with the Sorcerer's scroll to get into Storybrooke. The two eventually make amends and Lilith is reunited with Maleficent in Storybrooke. She convinces Maleficent to get revenge on Prince Charming and Snow White, but Maleficent chooses to let it go, causing her to down the revenge pay on her own by turning into a dragon. Eventually, she listens to Maleficent by giving up on revenge. Briefly, Lilith, along the other Storybrooke inhabitants, is sent to the Alternate World after Isaac Heller rewrites the Once Upon a Time book, but is returned shortly afterward. Following Isaac's defeat, Lilith decides to stay in Storybrooke permanently with Maleficent, at the same time, to locate her father. By the end of the series, it was revealed that Maleficent reunited with the father of Lily who turns out to be Zorro.\nMerlin (seasons 4–5) portrayed by Elliot Knight and voiced by Jonathan Adams is a powerful sorcerer. Running in a desert, Merlin is gifted water in the form of a Holy Grail due to thirst by the Gods which gives him magical ability. Merlin uses his magic to help others in-need in Camelot. One day, he is approached by Nimue who needed help from Vortigan, a man who attacked her village. Eventually, Nimue becomes power hungry after drinking the water from the Holy Grail and Merlin is forced to tender her to a dagger, making her the first Dark One. Some time later, Nimue gets even with Merlin and turns him into a tree. Trapped in the tree, Merlin prophecies the future of Camelot, where Arthur would become the King of the realm. In the Land Without Magic, briefly by unknown means, Merlin appears as an usher to a young Emma Swan, warning her to never pull Excalibur from its stone in the future. Years later, he is freed from his imprisonment by Regina and Emma, causing King Arthur and his knights to rebel against him for aiding Regina and Emma. Merlin tried to remove the darkness from Emma, but Emma refused as it would result in the death of Hook. When Hook becomes a Dark One as well, Merlin records a message for the heroes on how to defeat the darkness, but is interrupted by Hook, who wishes to cast the Dark Curse to send everyone back to Storybrooke to get revenge on Mr. Gold. Hook, as Nimue, rips Merlin's heart and crushes it into a pot with the curse's ingredients which enacts the curse.\nKing Arthur (season 5) portrayed by Liam Garrigan and Webb Baker Hayes, is the ruler of Camelot. As a young boy, it was prophesied by Merlin that he will become the King of Camelot. Sometime later, he pulls Excalibur out from the stone, but notices that half of the sword is missing. He then marries Guinevere and makes her Queen of Camelot. Later on, using the Sands of Avalon, he turns his tower into a castle. Years later, he greets the inhabitants of Storybrooke into Camelot, who are seeking Merlin. While there are in Camelot, he discovers the missing piece of Excalibur—the dagger of the Dark One. He manipulates events to get the dagger, eventually working with Zelena and binding Merlin to Excalibur, forcing him to kill the heroes. Emma intervenes, forcing Arthur and Zelena to retreat. He later works with Zelena to get an Enchanted Helm from DunBroch, but is defeated by Merida and her clans. Later, when Hook—the newest Dark One cast another curse, Arthur is sent to Storybrooke. In Storybrooke, Arthur reunites with the other inhabitants of Camelot and forms a camp nearby. He also works with the heroes to find out what happened back in Camelot, due to everyone's memories of their time in Camelot being erased by the curse. He is later arrested by David for deceiving the heroes but escapes some time later. He then crosses paths with Hades, who ends up killing him, thus sending him to the Underworld. There, he helps Hook in sending a message to Emma of a way to defeat Hades. After succeeding, a portal to Mount Olympus opened for both of them, but Arthur chose to stay behind and repair his new \"broken kingdom\", the Underworld. This worked as he has overthrown Cruella and ruled over the Underworld for over 50 years.\nQueen Merida (season 5) portrayed by Amy Manson, is the daughter of King Fergus and Queen Elinor and sister to her triplet brothers.[46] When her mother is transformed into a bear by the Witch of DunBroch, she helps transform her back to human form. Years later, she witness the death of her father, resulting in her being the next Queen of DunBroch. When the United Clans claims that she's unfit to rule, they kidnaps her triplet brothers in a form of protest. While searching for her brothers, she meets Emma, the new Dark One. At first, she was willing to help Emma, but eventually betrays her after a misunderstanding. She is later jailed by Arthur, but is freed by Merlin. Kidnapping Belle, she makes her help in the search of her brothers, eventually rescuing them. She also finds out that Arthur was responsible for the death of her father. On a horseback ride to Camelot, she is swept away to Storybrooke by the curse cast by Hook. In Storybrooke upon being brought there by the Dark Curse, Merida became a minion for Emma as she has her heart to train Mr. Gold to become heroic enough to release Excalibur and at the same time use him to kill Emma. Mr. Gold passed this event by defeating Merida's bear form. Upon releasing Mr. Gold and Merida from her clutches, Emma then tells Merida that her three brothers are safe with their mother in DunBroch. She is then asked by Regina to guard Emma but ends up being knocked out by Hook. Merida then receives her memories back along with everyone else by Emma, and is later asked to watch Arthur in his jail cell while they travel to Underworld to bring Hook back. Eventually, the heroes open a portal for her, the Camelot inhabitants, and the Merry Men to return to the Enchanted Forest where she later returns home to DunBroch.\nQueen Guinevere (season 5) portrayed by Joana Metrass and Dalila Bela, is the wife of King Arthur who resides in Camelot. As a young girl, she believed in Arthur's dreams of becoming a king, and that upon returning with Excalibur she became his wife. Unfortunately, she would become neglected by Arthur's obsession with Excalibur, resulting in her falling for Lancelot. The two even went on a mission to seek out the Dark One's dagger. Thanks to a deal made by Rumplestiltskin, she traded the gauntlet in exchange for the magical sands that came from the sap of a tree that is found on Avalon. When Arthur finds out about her feelings for Lancelot, he takes the sands and uses it on Guinevere to make her follow his orders and then they both use it to fix Camelot and make it into a castle. She then uses the sand on David and Mary Margaret so they can follow Arthur's orders but they are later free from it thanks to Merlin. Guinevere is among those that ended up in Storybrooke with her memory of the last six weeks erased, thanks to a new curse cast by Hook as the new Dark One. She is later sent to the Enchanted Forest and then back to Camelot, alongside her people, the Merry Men and Merida.\nSir Lancelot (seasons 2, 5) portrayed by Sinqua Walls, is the son of the Lady of the Lake, and one of King Arthur's knights of the round table. During his tenure, Lancelot witnesses Arthur free Excalibur from its stone, though abandons his place on the Round Table after falling in love with Arthur's wife Guinevere. After leaving Camelot, he became a servant of King George under the alias of Leviathan. Under the orders of King George, Lancelot captures Snow White and brings her to him, unintentionally allowing King George to curse her with water that makes her barren forever. Lancelot revisits Snow, mentioning that he had no knowledge of the water's content. Using the remnants of the water in Lake Nostos, Lancelot is able to undo the curse on Snow White. At some point, he returns to Camelot and sneaks into King Arthur's castle. During the night where David is bestowed the Siege Perilous seat by Arthur, Snow White goes out to the hallway to calm down her crying baby son where she sees a shadowy figure walk past. When she calls out to the person, Lancelot steps out much to her astonishment. He assures her it is truly him. After putting aside the story of his struggles, Lancelot warns her about a villain that is currently in the castle. At first, Snow assumes he is speaking about Emma. Instead, Lancelot reveals that King Arthur is the villain and Camelot is not what it seems. When Arthur found out that Lancelot was alive and confronted him and Mary Margaret in the Dark One's Vault, David found out where the suspicions towards King Arthur were confirmed. When the rest of the Knights arrive at Granny's to help King Arthur, Lancelot also discovered that Guinevere was under Arthur's command thanks to the sand dust that was used on her by King Arthur. Lancelot is locked up in the dungeon where he meets Merida as they both plan to find a way to defeat King Arthur. Both of them are freed by David's group with the help of Merlin. Following Captain Hook being tethered to Excalibur and becoming the new Dark One in the process, Merlin sends Sir Lancelot to his mother, the Lady of the Lake; his status from here onwards is unknown.\nViolet Morgan (seasons 5–6) portrayed by Olivia Steele-Falconer, is the daughter of Sir Morgan. She hopes to follow her late mother's footsteps as a champion horseback rider. When the Storybrooke inhabitants comes to Camelot, she and Henry grow close over their shared passion for music. Emma manipulates their burgeoning relationship to break Henry's heart and obtain his teardrop as a spell component to free Merlin. Later, the Dark Curse sends Violet and her father to the Land Without Magic, along with much of Camelot's population. With their memories erased, she and Henry are again attracted to each other. After Henry recovers Violet's missing horse, Nicodemus, they share a kiss. Violet accompanies Henry to New York City in his quest to destroy magic, and returns to Storybrooke with him. When the other Camelot residents leave, Violet tells Henry that she and her father will be staying because Sir Morgan is originally from Connecticut in Henry's world. Violet becomes a student at Storybrooke High. When Henry realizes the Evil Queen is impersonating Regina, Violet invents an excuse to help Henry escape during their date. She continues to date Henry after the Final Battle, but eventually they break up.\n The Blind Witch (seasons 1, 5) portrayed by Emma Caulfield, is a witch who resides at her Gingerbread Home made completely out of candy deep in the woods. Her house and the treats lure in children, whom she would cook and eat. At some point, the Blind Witch comes to possess the Evil Queen's poisoned apple. One day, the Evil Queen bargains with two young children, named Hansel and Gretel, to find their lost father, in return for stealing a poisoned apple from the witch. However, despite the Queen's warning not to eat anything, Hansel licks some frosting off a cupcake, awakening the witch. She tries to eat Hansel and Gretel but they trick her and lock her in her own oven. The Queen, who was watching the events through her mirror, sends a bolt of fire through the mirror and sets the oven alight. Since her death, the Blind Witch works at the Underworld's version of Granny's Diner when she encounters Mary Margaret. She hasn't forgiven Regina for sending Hansel and Gretel to retrieve the apple and for burning her alive. Mary Margaret gets the Blind Witch to tell them where they can find Hercules. She tips them off by stating that he comes in from the shipyards during his lunch hour. The Blind Witch later informs Emma, Regina, and Red about where they can find Auntie Em stating that where she works is the competition to her business. She later acquired powers from Hades to keep the outsiders from escaping the Underworld in exchange for taking over the realm with Cruella when Hades leaves, this after Regina discovered that she wasn't supposed to have any ability to obtain magic. After the heroes escape the Underworld, she continues her work in the Underbrooke diner at the time of King Arthur's arrival after he was killed by Hades.\nHades (season 5) portrayed by Greg Germann, is the God of the Underworld. He is the son of Kronos, brother of Zeus and the uncle of Hercules. After his father Cronus appoints Zeus as the next ruler of Mount Olympus, he kills him. Zeus then stops his heart from beating and banishes him to the Underworld to be its ruler. One day, he appeared before Liam Jones and offered to let the ship sink in exchange that Liam and Killain be spared and the Eye of the Storm will be in their possession. Years later, he meets Zelena in the Land of Oz and was interested in her time travelling spell. He fell in love with her but Zelena saw it as a trick and asked him to go back to the Underworld. When Emma and her allies arrive in the Underworld, he forces Cora to get rid of the heroes from his land. Failing, he turns Cora back into a miller and forces her to work at an underground mill for her failure. After Hercules and Megara ascend to Mount Olympus, Hades decides to trap the heroes in the Underworld by forcing Hook to write a new name on a gravestone for each soul that leaves. When Hook refuses, he hangs Hook over the River of Lost Souls. He also sends Captain Silver to the Worst Place and tries sending Hook, later Liam, there but fails. He also buys the contract made by Rumplestiltskin years ago with Fendrake, threatening to take Mr. Gold's second unborn child with Belle. He is later reunited with Zelena, who falls in love with him. When she is kidnapped, he asks Emma's help to get her back. Later, after his heart starts beating again due to true love's kiss, a portal is opened. He turns over the Underworld to Cruella as he leaves for Storybrooke with Zelena and her child. There, he kills King Arthur and hopes to take over Storybrooke. Using the Olympian Crystal, he kills Robin Hood. Zelena then kills him with the Crystal.\nDr. Henry Jekyll (seasons 5–6) portrayed by Hank Harris, is a physician. In Victorian England, he tries to join the Academy of Sciences run by Dr. Lydgate but he turns him down, claiming that his experiments are too dangerous. With Rumplestiltskin's help, Dr. Jekyll uses a serum to change his personality, along with his looks and shows up uninvited at a party hosted by Dr. Lydgate. He also ends up in a relationship with Mary while as Mr. Hyde. When Mary finds out that he used the serum to pose as Mr. Hyde, they both engage in a rough fight, leading to Dr. Jekyll accidentally pushing her from her bedroom window, falling to her death. He later goes to the Land of Untold Stories. When David, Snow, Zelena and Hook accidentally get sent there through a portal, Dr. Jekyll meets them but is afraid to help them because of what the Warden might do to him. Later, he finishes the serum he developed to separate his good side and his evil side and Hyde separates from him. He is later rescued by David, Snow, Zelena and Hook and is taken along with them to Storybrooke to live a better life. He later works with Dr. Whale in his garage to make a new serum to defeat the Serum Evil Queen. He later tries to hurt Belle, resulting in Hook killing him. The side effect also kills Mr. Hyde.\nMr. Hyde (seasons 5–6) portrayed by Sam Witwer, is Dr. Jekyll's alter ego. In Victorian England, after Dr. Jekyll, with the help of Rumplestiltskin, creates a serum, he uses it to transform himself to Mr. Hyde. He threatens to expose Dr. Lydgate's affair with his assistant if he does not give a place in the academy for Dr. Jekyll. He then ends up in a relationship with Mary, but she is later killed by Dr. Jekyll. He later confronts Rumplestiltskin about the incident and makes his way to the Land of Untold Stories. Years later in the Land of Untold Stories, Hyde steals the Pandora's Box containing Belle and her unborn child from Gold by using the Apprentice's Wand after he is told the Dark One has found love. After he is separated from Dr. Jekyll, Mr. Hyde makes a deal with Gold telling him where to travel to find a way to free Belle from her sleeping curse. In return, he travels to Storybrooke with his fellow Land of Untold Stories inhabitants. After a dirigible from the Land of Untold Stories arrives, Dr. Jekyll, David and Regina were able to subdue Mr. Hyde with special shackles despite Emma having some hand tremors at the time. While locked up in the psychiatric ward of the Storybrooke Hospital, Mr. Hyde states that Emma should follow a red bird if she wants to find the answers to her hand tremors. He is later freed by the Serum Evil Queen. When Hook kills Dr. Jekyll, he also dies as he is Dr. Jekyll's alter ego.\nGideon (seasons 6–7) portrayed by Giles Matthey and Anton Starkman, is the son of Rumplestiltskin and Belle, half-brother of Baelfire, and grandson of Malcolm and Fiona. Kidnapped by the Black Fairy upon birth in Storybrooke, he is brought to the Dark Realm. Due to the time difference, he grows a full 28 years and is forced to return to Storybrooke when the Black Fairy rips his heart and controls it. In Storybrooke, he manipulates events to open a portal from the Dark Realm to bring over the Black Fairy, something which he successfully does with the blood of Emma. During the Black Fairy's curse, he is led into thinking that his mother left him and his father and is later commanded by the Black Fairy to kill Emma. As the two duel, Emma is struck, and Gideon disappears, turning back into a baby for Mr. Gold and Belle to have a second chance in raising him. During a victorious dinner at Granny's Diner, Belle and Mr. Gold bring Gideon to join the others. Eventually, after his first birthday, he is taken to various worlds by Mr. Gold and Belle. In one of those worlds, Gideon gets accepted into Elphame Academy and bids farewell to his parents to attend his lessons. While his parents spend time in the Edge of Realms, Gideon occasionally visits them, with each time, Belle is older than before due to the time difference in that world. After Belle dies, Gideon visits her grave with his father to say his goodbyes to her.\nAladdin (season 6) portrayed by Deniz Akdeniz, is a thief and the Savior before Emma Swan. As a thief, Aladdin is hired by Princess Jasmine to locate the Diamond in the Rough at the Cave of Wonders, but Jasmine afterward reveals that she had been looking for Aladdin as the Savior of Agrabah. When the Capital Palace is attacked by Jafar, Aladdin saves the Sultan and Jasmine by breaking Jafar's staff. After Jafar escapes, Aladdin hunts him down, but is gifted a pair of scissors which can cut his fate of being the Savior, which Aladdin uses. Knowing that Jasmine is looking for him to save Agrabah, Aladdin retreats to the Enchanted Forest and is swept by the Dark Curse to the Land Without Magic. Years later, Emma finds Aladdin in an underground cemetery. He gives her the scissors as a backup plan for her as she is the current Savior. He then reunites with Princess Jasmine and becomes a genie to help locate Agrabah's whereabouts. However, he is captured by the Evil Queen and becomes her slave. When she is temporarily defeated, Aladdin is freed. Together with Jasmine, they return to the Enchanted Forest to locate Agrabah. With help from Hook and Ariel, they find Jafar's genie lamp and discover that Agrabah is inside the Crown Jewel. After freeing their realm, Aladdin rules Agrabah with Jasmine but is threatened with the Black Fairy's curse, which destroys all of Agrabah, forcing Aladdin, Jasmine, and a few of their citizens to retreat back to the Enchanted Forest. After the curse is lifted and all the realms are restored, Aladdin and Jasmine return home.\nPrincess Jasmine (season 6) portrayed by Karen David, is the daughter of the Sultan of Agrabah, and Aladdin's lover. When Jafar began residing at the Capital of Agrabah, she tries to get Aladdin to help her free the realm from his tyranny. However, Aladdin frees himself from his savior state and Jafar entraps the capital into a jewel, forcing Jasmine to retreat to the Land of Untold Stories. Thirty years later, ending up in Storybrooke, she reunites with Aladdin and continues their mission to save their home. Confronting Jafar, now a genie, they get the upper hand and kills him, restoring the capital. During the Black Fairy's curse, Jasmine helps Snow locate David with her magic carpet. After the curse is lifted and all the realms are restored, she and Aladdin return home.\nFiona/Black Fairy (season 6) portrayed by Jaime Murray, is the former lover of Malcolm, mother of Rumplestiltskin, grandmother of Baelfire and Gideon, great-grandmother of Henry Mills, and great-great-grandmother of Lucy. With Malcolm, Fiona gives birth to a son, but grows obsessed in protecting him after his fairy godmother, Tiger Lily, reveals that her son is destined to die as the Savior in the far future. She tricks Tiger Lily into breaking into the Sacred Vault of the Fairies to create a curse to banish all the children of their land to the Land Without Magic, however, the Blue Fairy banishes her to the Dark Realm where she becomes the cruel Black Fairy and kidnaps children from various realms and forces them to mine dark fairy dust. About 30 years later, the Black Fairy arrives in Storybrooke after the birth of her grandson, Gideon, and kidnaps him to the Dark Realm and raises him. After 28 years, according to the time in the Dark Realm, the Black Fairy rips his heart out and commands him to return to Storybrooke to kill the Savior. Since then, the Black Fairy has been manipulating events from her domain and eventually frees herself from the Dark Realm with Gideon's help. She arrives in Storybrooke and prepares for the final battle between her and Emma, and eventually casting the curse to separate Emma's love ones before the battle. The curse reverts Storybrooke back to its original self during the first curse and sets off the destruction of all the realms, however, after Mr. Gold kills her, her curse comes to an end.\nTiger Lily (seasons 6–7) portrayed by Sara Tomko, is a fairy. After the birth of Fiona's son, Tiger Lily and the Blue Fairy visit Fiona and Tiger Lily is revealed as the child's fairy godmother. Later on, after Fiona learned of her son's fate as the Savior, Tiger Lily helps her to find the child destined to kill Fiona's son in the far future. Breaking into the Sacred Vault of the Fairies, Tiger Lily is tricked by Fiona, who intends to create a curse to banish all the children of their land to the Land Without Magic. With the Blue Fairy's help, Fiona is banished to the Dark Realm, and Tiger Lily and the Blue Fairy reveal Fiona's fate to her husband, Malcolm. Since then, Tiger Lily removes her fairy status and relocates to Neverland. Years later, she comes across Captain Hook and teams up with him to send word to the current savior, Emma, that Fiona, now known as the Black Fairy, intends to kill her during the Final Battle. Tiger Lily helps Hook escape from the Lost Boys into a portal back to Storybrooke. Tiger Lily eventually regains her fairy status and helps Henry and his daughter Lucy in the far future to locate a magical wardrobe in the New Enchanted Forest. After Henry is captured by the Coven of the Eight, Tiger Lily brings Lucy to her mother at Tiana's palace.\nDrizella/Ivy Belfrey (season 7) portrayed by Adelaide Kane, Anna Cathcart, and Lula Mae Melench, is the daughter of Marcus and Rapunzel Tremaine, sister of Anastasia, step-daughter of Cecelia, step-sister of Ella, and step-aunt of Lucy. As a child, Drizella had a strong bond with her sister, promising to always be there for one another. After her mother's disappearance, Drizella loses hope on ever reuniting with her and replaces Cecelia as her motherly figure, despite Rapunzel's return six years later. Drizella refuses to acknowledge Rapunzel as her mother, and after Anastasia's death, her mother began despising her. Drizella, hoping to make her mother suffer, joins the Coven of the Eight and together with Gothel and six other witches, cast the Dark Curse which sends everyone to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, she is Ivy Belfrey, an assistant to her mother Victoria at Belfrey Towers. Ivy pretends that her memories are wiped by the curse as a ploy to make her mother believe that she is in-charge. Ivy works alongside Eloise and gets Victoria arrested in-order to make her suffer. However, Eloise betrays her and entraps both Victoria and herself at the bottom of a well. When her mother sacrifices herself to save her, Ivy begins to realize her wrongdoings and makes amends with Henry, Jacinda, and Roni. She then saves Anastasia from Eloise and Mr. Samdi. After making amends, Ivy and Anastasia use a magic bean to return to the New Enchanted Forest.\nAlice/Tilly (season 7) portrayed by Rose Reynolds, is the daughter of Hook and Gothel and Robin's fiancée. Born in a tower, Alice is used by Gothel to escape the tower, replacing Alice as its prisoner. Hoping to not abandon her, Hook stays behind to take care of her. However, Gothel separates them with the Curse of the Poisoned Heart. Eventually, a giant troll frees Alice from the tower on her 17th birthday. Her freedom leads to a romantic relationship with Robin after crossing paths with her. When the Dark Curse is cast, Alice is sent to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, she is Tilly, who works with Detective Weaver and frequents the statue site that the Troll became. Tilly is forced into taking pills, which prevents her from remembering her past life. Once, when she refuses, she remembers Rumplestiltskin and shoots Detective Weaver. She later becomes a suspect in the murders of Dr. Sage and Hilda, but Detective Rogers proved that she had an alibi and was being framed. Gothel later orchestrated events that would bring Tilly to the Coven of Eights. During the final battle with Gothel where Henry's kiss on an unconscious Roni breaks the spell, Tilly regains her memory and turns Gothel into a tree. While apologizing to Gothel for her action, Tilly grows Lupinus pilosus at the base of the tree. Afterwards, she and Margot embrace each other. Eventually with Rogers' blessing, Robin proposes to her and after the creation of the United Realms, they both attend Regina's coronation.\nAnastasia (season 7) portrayed by Yael Yurman and Sophia Reid-Gant, is the daughter of Marcus and Rapunzel Tremaine, sister of Drizella, step-daughter of Cecelia, and step-sister of Ella. Despite her mother's disappearance, Anastasia refuses to give up hope, unlike Drizella. After six years, Anastasia lures her mother back by using lanterns, an idea Drizella gave. However, one winter, Anastasia falls into thin ice along with Ella. As Marcus dove in to rescue Ella first, Anastasia was at the brink of death. Rapunzel brings her to Gothel, who preserves her last breath until she can be awoken. Her mother places her in a coffin and vows to do what it takes to awake her. When the Dark Curse is cast, Anastasia and her coffin are sent to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, she is awaken by Victoria but is manipulated by Eloise, who plans to use Anastasia's guardian powers for her own means. She is saved by Ivy, and together they return to the New Enchanted Forest.\nMother Gothel/Eloise Gardener/Mother Nature (season 7) portrayed by Emma Booth, is the daughter of Flora (a.k.a.) and the mother of Alice. As a tree nymph in the Land Without Magic, Gothel befriends a group of human women. However, they betray her and slaughter her family, with Gothel inheriting her mother's title of Mother Nature. Angered with mankind, Gothel and Seraphina wipe the realm clean and escape to New Fairy Tale Land where she forms the Coven of the Eight with hopes of returning to the Land Without Magic to reclaim the realm. Gothel also sexually assaults Hook, resulting in the birth of Alice. Eventually, pawning Drizella, the Dark Curse is cast, returning Gothel to the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, Gothel ends up as a prisoner of Victoria Belfrey as Eloise Gardener and maintains her memories. With help from Ivy and a tricked Detective Rogers, Eloise escapes Victoria and begins her plot to reclaim the Land Without Magic from the humans. She also seeks out the Guardian's magic. Eventually reforming her coven and purging the realm, the destruction stops after the curse breaks and Gothel is turned into a tree by Alice.\nDr. Facilier/Mr. Baron Samdi (season 7) portrayed by Daniel Francis, is a voodoo magician who has a history with the Evil Queen. His intentions with Tiana's family is never clear, but he tries to bring fear by threatening Tiana on her coronation day and later keeping Prince Naveen apart from her. When the curse is cast, he becomes Mr. Baron Samdi and for an unclear reason, wants the Dark One's dagger. However, he is later killed by the Wish Realm version of Rumplestiltskin.\nHansel/Jack/Nick Branson (season 7) portrayed by Nathan Parsons and Seth Isaac Johnson, is the son of Ivo and brother of Gretel. As a child, he and his sister were kidnapped by a Witch who wanted to eat them. He also sees Zelena as a wicked witch and harbors a grudge against witches. After his sister's death, he assumes the identity of Jack to hunt down the witches. Once the curse is cast and he is awaken by Mr. Samdi, he continues his witch hunt. But he is arrested and then killed by Mr. Samdi as collateral damage.\nRobin Hood/Margot (season 7) portrayed by Tiera Skovbye, is the daughter of Robin and Zelena, half-sister of Roland, and Alice's fiancée. Robin is born out of wedlock because of Zelena's trickery towards Robin Hood. As a baby, Zelena raises her in Storybrooke after the town once again found peace after the Final Battle was won. Shortly afterward, Robin is brought to the New Enchanted Forest, where due to the time difference, grows into a 25-year-old woman who specializes in archery. She also engages in a relationship with Alice. After the Dark Curse is cast, Robin ends up in the Land Without Magic. In Hyperion Heights, Robin is now Margot and is Kelly's daughter. However, she goes to Amsterdam with tickets from Roni. She afterward ends up in Phuket for a foam party and never returns home. She eventually comes back to Hyperion Heights and reconnects with her mother. She unknowingly re-meets her lover Alice and they continue their relationship. Once the curse breaks, they're reunited. With Rogers' blessing, Robin proposes to Alice and after the creation of the United Realms, they attend Regina's coronation.\nPrince Naveen/Drew (season 7) portrayed by Jeff Pierre, is the Prince of Maldonia. After his brother died from an alligator attack, Prince Naveen tracks the beast from Maldonia to the New Enchanted Forest. He teams up with Princess Tiana to kill it, but due to a misunderstanding, he is attacked by the alligator. Once it's dead, Tiana brings him to Dr. Facilier, who fixes Naveen but send some him someplace hard to reach until he can pay is debt. Eventually, Naveen is sent to the Land Without Magic after the Dark Curse is cast. In Hyperion Heights, he is Drew, a food truck operator and forced to do Mr. Samdi's bidding. After the curse breaks, he reunites with Tiana.\nEdwin (Wonderland) portrayed by Shaun Smyth, is the husband to his second wife Sarah and father to Alice and Millie. In Victorian England, he is briefly seen when a young Alice returns from Wonderland. He is saddened of his wife's death and Alice's disappearance. While Alice is in Wonderland, Edwin remarries to a woman named Sarah and they have a daughter named Millie. When Alice returns from Wonderland, Edwin reveals to her that as she had been gone for so long, everyone assumed she was dead. He does not believe that Alice is lying, though Dr. Lydgate tells him that his daughter is delusional. After hearing that Alice had escaped from Bethlem Asylum, he is visited by Jafar under the alias of Dr. Sheffield. He takes Edwin to Wonderland, keeping him prisoner in his tower and posing as him to reconnect and gain sympathy from Alice. Jafar eventually brings Edwin before Alice, threatening to throw him into the sea to force Alice to use another of her wishes. Alice originally declines and Edwin is thrown to his doom, only to be returned to England as Alice uses her second wish to return her father back to his home. Edwin is unsure if he is delusional of the visit or if it was real. Following Jafar's defeat, he is seen welcoming Cyrus to the family as he and Alice are married in London.\nThe Caterpillar (seasons 1, 6, Wonderland) voiced by Roger Daltrey and Iggy Pop, is an inhabitant of Wonderland who resides on a mushroom where he is always smoking. The Caterpillar is the boss of a group of warriors called Collectors who are sent to collect the debts to the Caterpillar from anyone. The Knave of Hearts is in debt to the Caterpillar. Cyrus once traded his compass to the Caterpillar in exchange for an invisible tent at the edge of the Outlands. Sometime later, when Jefferson and the Evil Queen comes to Wonderland, they are greeted by the Caterpillar. Years later, when the Knave of Hearts and Alice travel to Underland to take possession of the Forget-Me-Knot, the Caterpillar accepts the Knave's deal of obtaining the item from the Grendel for him, in exchange that the Caterpillar erases his debt. The Knave instead keeps the Forget-Me-Knot to help Alice on their quest to find Cyrus. Jafar later visits the Caterpillar so that he can tell him about the Knave of Hearts. When in the presence of Jafar, Caterpillar tells him about the Jabberwocky and where she was imprisoned. Cyrus later visits the Caterpillar to get his compass back.\nThe Sultan of Lower Agrabah (Wonderland) portrayed by Brian George and Amir Arison, is the father of Mirza and Jafar and ruler of a kingdom in Agrabah. In Agrabah, Jafar is brought to the Sultan for theft. Before enacting the punishment upon Jafar, he notices a ring on Jafar's hand, learning that Jafar is his bastard son. Finding out that Jafar's mother is dead, he makes Jafar work at the Palace as a servant but never acknowledging him as his son. One day, during a diplomatic meeting, Jafar over speaks when the Sultan's son, Prince Mirza, couldn't answer a question. Later, the Sultan makes Mirza slap Jafar for overstepping. The Sultan eventually drowns and kills Jafar, although Jafar is later revived. As an adult, Jafar kills Mirza and imprisons the Sultan. Years later, the Sultan appears as an old prisoner in a cage of Jafar's tower on a floating island. When the genie Cyrus makes his escape and offers to have the ex-Sultan accompany him, he declines claiming he would only slow Cyrus down. Jafar later visits his father, telling him that once Alice uses her final wish, he will control the laws of magic, thus forcing his father to acknowledge him as his son. Regretting that he had not killed Jafar when he had the chance, the ex-Sultan purposely falls into the pit that his cage hangs over. Though Jafar spares him upon having his magic carpet catch him so that he can witness his final move on Alice. During Alice's raid on the palace, she managed to free the Sultan. When Jafar attains great magical power, he makes his father feel true love for him. The Sultan is happy to have Jafar as his son, but it turns out that Jafar only wants him to feel this way so the Sultan knows what it's like to have someone who loves him kill him and drowns the Sultan with magic by making water appear within him.\nElizabeth (Wonderland) portrayed by Lauren McKnight, is a young woman who is one of the Caterpillar's Collectors. Alice meets her upon attempting to locate the Knave of Hearts after the two split up. She tells Alice that she and the Knave were great friends in his earlier days, assisting him with many battles in Wonderland. She also reveals of his love for Anastasia, and this being the real reason that he escaped Wonderland....to forget her abandonment of him. Lizard later attempts to help Alice rescue the Knave, though she is knocked out by Jafar. She does regain consciousness where she sees Anastasia looking at the Knave's petrified form. Later after bathing in the river, Elizabeth finds Cyrus' lamp where the Knave of Hearts is now residing. She does make some wishes which improves a nearby town. Elizabeth then admits to the Knave of Hearts that she has feelings for him. After unwittingly making her third wish for the Knave of Hearts to feel something for her, Elizabeth falls dead. The Jabberwocky later finds Elizabeth's dead body and takes her eyes so that Jafar can track down Cyrus' lamp.\nAmara (Wonderland) portrayed by Zuleikha Robinson, is the mother of Taj, Cyrus and Rafi. She is a powerful healer and sorceress who is feared amongst the residents of Agrabah. After Amara was badly injured in a house fire, her sons steals the healing waters of the Well of Wonders to cure her, but her sons are turned into genies by Nyx, the guardian of the well and are scattered across Agrabah. Since then, she became a powerful sorcerer in Agrabah in a bit to find her sons. She is approached by Jafar who wishes to learn magic from her to enact revenge on the Sultan. Years later, after much training, she gets involved in a romantic relationship with Jafar. Eventually, she tells Jafar on changing the laws of magic which requires the power of three genies but leaves out details of the genies origin, being her sons. After helping Jafar to retrieve two of the bottles, she is eventually betrayed by him after Jafar pins the final bottle's whereabout. Jafar poisons her and turns her into a serpent staff which he uses to channel her magic and uses it to his wish. As a staff, she is briefly destroyed by Aladdin after he snapped the staff into half but eventually restored by Jafar. Many years later, the Jabberwocky helps Alice and Cyrus turn Amara back to human form to fight against Jafar in Wonderland. In the fight, Cyrus is brutally injured, leaving Amara with no choice but to join forces with Jafar to change the laws of magic. Amara then escapes with Cyrus and Alice on a magic carpet to the White Rabbit's house where she heals Cyrus. She later joins Cyrus on their trip to the Well of Wonders to return the stolen water to Nyx to break the genie curse. Amara sacrifices herself to Nyx, causing her to turn into a pool of water. Despite Jafar's interference, the water is eventually returned to Nyx.\nThe Jabberwocky (Wonderland) portrayed by Peta Sergeant, is an ancient human-like creature who can enter the minds of anyone. In Wonderland, she is stronger than an entire army and it took one army to imprison her with a blade in her chest. Many years later, she is freed by Jafar who requires her help. After finding Elizabeth's dead body, she takes her eyes for Jafar to locate the third genie's lamp. Learning that the Red Queen has it, the Jabberwocky hunts down the Red Queen and steals the bottle from her. She brings the Red Queen to Jafar as a prisoner and later taunts the Red Queen on her past history, as requested by Jafar. Eventually, the Jabberwocky successfully makes the Red Queen use all of her wishes. Later, after Jafar changed the laws of magic, he uses the Vorpal Blade to pin the Jabberwocky to the dungeon walls upon her serving her purpose. The Jabberwocky is later freed.[47][non-primary source needed]","title":"Recurring cast"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Orlando, Christine (October 23, 2011). \"Once Upon a Time Review: Believe in Magic\". TV Fanatic. Retrieved January 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvfanatic.com/2011/10/once-upon-a-time-review-pilot/","url_text":"\"Once Upon a Time Review: Believe in Magic\""}]},{"reference":"Ratcliffe, Amy (January 30, 2012). \"Once Upon a Time: \"Fruit of the Poisonous Tree\" Review\". IGN. Retrieved January 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.ign.com/articles/2012/01/30/once-upon-a-time-fruit-of-the-poisonous-tree-review/","url_text":"\"Once Upon a Time: \"Fruit of the Poisonous Tree\" Review\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Shaunna (November 7, 2011). \"'Once Upon a Time' recap: The Woods Are Lovely, Dark, And Deep\". Entertainment Weekly. 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Entertainment Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-3-episode-12/","url_text":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Monkey Business\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved August 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201234332/http://www.datgpodcast.abc.com/podcast/a_onceuponatime/OUT_CHAPTER18_S2.mp3","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.datgpodcast.abc.com/podcast/a_onceuponatime/OUT_CHAPTER18_S2.mp3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Busis, Hillary (December 8, 2013). \"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Pain and Pan-ic\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-3-episode-10/","url_text":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Pain and Pan-ic\""}]},{"reference":"Busis, Hilary (December 15, 2013). \"'Once Upon a Time' recap: The End Is the Beginning Is the End\". Entertainment Weekly. 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Retrieved November 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-3-episode-7/","url_text":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: 'Dark Hollow'\""}]},{"reference":"Milan Cheylov, Writ. Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz (April 21, 2013). \"Lacey\". Once Upon a Time. Season 2. Episode 19. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Cheylov","url_text":"Milan Cheylov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacey_(Once_Upon_a_Time)","url_text":"Lacey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)","url_text":"Once Upon a Time"}]},{"reference":"Gwyneth Horder-Payton, Writ. Jane Espenson and Christine Boylan (April 28, 2013). \"The Evil Queen\". Once Upon a Time. Season 2. Episode 20. ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyneth_Horder-Payton","url_text":"Gwyneth Horder-Payton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Espenson","url_text":"Jane Espenson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Boylan","url_text":"Christine Boylan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evil_Queen_(Once_Upon_a_Time)","url_text":"The Evil Queen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)","url_text":"Once Upon a Time"}]},{"reference":"\"Adam Horowitz on Twitter\". Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/AdamHorowitzLA/status/513359366129340416","url_text":"\"Adam Horowitz on Twitter\""}]}]
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Plus Highlights from Q&A with Creators Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-2-episode-18/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Dead Wood\""},{"Link":"https://ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-6-episode-11/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' Recap: Magic Isn't Nearly as Cool as This Impossible Return to Storybrooke\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-1-episode-2/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: This Town Ain't Big Enough\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-1-episode-18/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Snow White meets 'Black Swan'\""},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/articles/the-return,72583/","external_links_name":"\"The Return\""},{"Link":"https://www.avclub.com/review/once-upon-a-time-the-shepherd-65911","external_links_name":"\"Once Upon A Time: 'The Shepherd'\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-2-episode-7/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: There's a She-Wolf in the Freezer\""},{"Link":"https://ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-6-episode-12/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' Recap: Regina Finds Out More About Robin's Return\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/News/Once-Upon-Time-Spoilers-Kitsis-Horowitz-ABC-1060428.aspx","external_links_name":"Lightning Round 5: Once Upon a Time Bosses Answer Your Burning Questions"},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-2-finale/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Little Boy Lost\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-3-premiere/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Season 3 premiere\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-3-episode-3/","external_links_name":"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Faith, Hope and Fairy Dust"},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-3-episode-12/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Monkey Business\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-2-episode-11/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: Fare Thee Belle\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-season-9-winter-finale/","external_links_name":"\"'Once Upon a Time' recap: There and Back Again\""},{"Link":"http://tvrecaps.ew.com/recap/once-upon-a-time-captain-hook/","external_links_name":"'Once Upon a Time' recap: O Captain! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816_Virginia%27s_23rd_congressional_district_special_election
1816–17 United States House of Representatives elections
["1 Election summaries","2 Special elections","2.1 14th Congress","2.2 15th Congress","3 Connecticut","4 Delaware","5 Georgia","6 Illinois Territory","7 Indiana","7.1 14th Congress","7.2 15th Congress","8 Kentucky","9 Louisiana","10 Maryland","11 Massachusetts","12 Mississippi","13 Missouri Territory","14 New Hampshire","15 New Jersey","16 New York","17 North Carolina","18 Ohio","19 Pennsylvania","20 Rhode Island","21 South Carolina","22 Tennessee","23 Vermont","24 Virginia","25 Non-voting delegates","26 See also","27 Notes","28 References","29 Bibliography","30 External links"]
House elections for the 15th U.S. Congress 1816–17 United States House of Representatives elections ← 1814 & 1815 April 30, 1816 – August 14, 1817 1818 & 1819 → All 184 seats in the United States House of Representatives93 seats needed for a majority   Majority party Minority party   Leader Henry Clay Timothy Pitkin Party Democratic-Republican Federalist Leader's seat Kentucky 2nd Connecticut at-large Last election 119 seats 64 seats Seats won 144 40 Seat change 25 24 Speaker before election Henry Clay Democratic-Republican Elected Speaker Henry Clay Democratic-Republican The 1816–17 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between April 30, 1816 and August 14, 1817. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 15th United States Congress convened on December 1, 1817. The size of the House increased to 184 after Indiana and Mississippi achieved statehood. The Democratic-Republican Party entered the election with a large majority, yet made sizable gains, helping trigger the virtually nonpartisan Era of Good Feelings under new President James Monroe, elected in 1816. Two major events combined to help eliminate the declining Federalist Party from meaningful contention. First, the War of 1812 had concluded in 1815 with a feeling of national pride and relief, with the small American military fighting the much more powerful British forces to a draw punctuated by General Andrew Jackson's dramatic victory at the Battle of New Orleans. Federalists had opposed the risky but ultimately successful war, with some New England Federalists advocating radical measures at the Hartford Convention. Second, the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in present-day Indonesia, itself the most powerful in recorded history and following other major eruptions, temporarily disrupted global climate. The effects severely damaged the agricultural economy of New England, where Federalist support was strongest, causing privation, popular discontent, and mass emigration westward. Election summaries Mississippi was admitted as a state in 1817 during the 15th Congress, adding one seat. ↓ 144 40 Democratic-Republican Federalist State Type Date Totalseats Democratic-Republican Federalist Seats Change Seats Change New York Districts April 30 – May 2, 1816 27 22 1 5 1 Louisiana At-large July 1–3, 1816 1 1 0 Kentucky Districts August 5, 1816 10 10 0 New Hampshire At-large August 26, 1816 6 6 6 0 6 Rhode Island At-large August 27, 1816 2 0 2 Vermont At-large September 3, 1816 6 6 6 0 6 Connecticut At-large September 16, 1816 7 0 7 Maryland Districts October 6, 1816 9 5 1 4 1 Delaware At-large October 7, 1816 2 1 1 1 1 Georgia At-large 6 6 0 Ohio Districts October 8, 1816 6 5 1 1 1 Pennsylvania Districts 23 19 1 4 1 South Carolina Districts October 14–15, 1816 9 9 1 0 1 Massachusetts Districts November 4, 1816 20 9 7 11 7 New Jersey At-large November 4–5, 1816 6 6 0 Late elections (after the March 4, 1817 beginning of the term) Virginia Districts April 1817 23 20 1 3 1 Indiana At-large August 4, 1817 1 1 0 Mississippi At-large August 4–5, 1817 1 1 1 0 Tennessee Districts August 7–8, 1817 6 6 0 North Carolina Districts August 14, 1817 13 11 2 Total 184 14478.3% 25 4021.7% 24 House seats Dem-Republican   78.26% Federalist   21.74% Special elections See also: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives There were special elections in 1816 and 1817 to the 14th United States Congress and 15th United States Congress. Special elections are sorted by date then district. 14th Congress District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates North Carolina 6 Nathaniel Macon Democratic-Republican 1791 Incumbent resigned December 15, 1815 when elected U.S. Senator.New member elected January 22, 1816.Democratic-Republican hold.Successor seated February 7, 1816.Winner was later re-elected to the next term; see below. ▌Y Weldon Edwards (Democratic-Republican) 60.7% ▌William P. Little (Unknown) 39.3% Maryland 5(Seat A) Nicholas R. Moore Democratic-Republican 18031810 (lost)1812 Incumbent resigned in 1815.New member elected January 27, 1816.Democratic-Republican hold.Successor seated February 4, 1816.Successor was later re-elected to the next term; see below. ▌Y Samuel Smith (Democratic-Republican) 70.1% ▌Peter Little (Democratic-Republican) 29.8% New York 21 Peter B. Porter Democratic-Republican 18081812 (retired)1814 Incumbent resigned January 23, 1816New member elected April 30 – May 2, 1816.Democratic-Republican hold.Successor seated December 2, 1816.Winner was not elected to the next term; see below. ▌Y Archibald S. Clarke (Democratic-Republican) ▌Daniel W. Lewis (Federalist) 41.3% North Carolina 5 William R. King Democratic-Republican 1810 Incumbent resigned, effective November 4, 1816.New member elected before August 16, 1816.Democratic-Republican hold.Successor seated December 2, 1816.Winner later lost re-election to the next term; see below. ▌Y Charles Hooks (Democratic-Republican) "Rev. S. Stanford" "by a majority of 343 votes" North Carolina 8 Richard Stanford Democratic-Republican 1796 Incumbent died April 16, 1816.New member elected before August 22, 1816.Democratic-Republican hold.Successor seated December 2, 1816.Winner later lost re-election to the next term; see below. ▌Y Samuel Dickens (Democratic-Republican) 52.2% ▌John Craig (Democratic-Republican) 47.8% New York 20 Enos T. Throop Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent resigned June 4, 1816 after losing re-election.New member elected August 27–29, 1816.Democratic-Republican hold.Successor seated December 3, 1816.Winner was not elected to the next term; see below. ▌Y Daniel Avery (Democratic-Republican) 52.8% ▌Charles Kellogg (Democratic-Republican) 45.2% Maryland 5(Seat B) William Pinkney Democratic-Republican 17901791 (Resigned)1814 Incumbent resigned April 18, 1816 to become Minister to Russia.New member elected September 3, 1816.Democratic-Republican hold.Successor seated December 2, 1816.Successor was later re-elected to the next term; see below. ▌Y Peter Little (Democratic-Republican) 54.4% ▌Tobias Stansbury (Democratic-Republican) 45.6% Maryland 3 Alexander C. Hanson Federalist 1812 Incumbent resigned after being elected to the Senate.New member elected October 6, 1816.Federalist hold.Successor seated December 2, 1816.Successor also elected the same day to the next term; see below. ▌Y George Peter (Federalist) 45.5% ▌Charles Kilgour (Federalist) 30.9% ▌Nicholas Snethen (Democratic-Republican) 23.5% Ohio 1 John McLean Democratic-Republican 1812 Incumbent resigned in April 1816 after being appointed to the Supreme Court of Ohio.New member elected October 8, 1816.Democratic-Republican hold.Successor seated December 2, 1816.Winner also elected, the same day, to the next term; see below. ▌Y William H. Harrison (Democratic-Republican) 58.6% ▌Thomas R. Ross (Democratic-Republican) 31.0% ▌William C. Schenck (Federalist) 6.1% ▌William Corry (Federalist) 1.9% ▌Matthias Ross (Democratic-Republican) 1.6% Pennsylvania 9 Thomas Burnside Democratic-Republican 1815 (special) Incumbent resigned in April 1816 to accept judicial appointment.New member elected October 8, 1816.Democratic-Republican hold.Successor seated December 3, 1816.Successor also elected, the same day, to the next term; see below. ▌Y William P. Maclay (Democratic-Republican) Virginia 18 Thomas Gholson Jr. Democratic-Republican 1808 (special) Incumbent died July 4, 1816.New member elected October 10–28, 1816.Democratic-Republican hold.Successor seated December 4, 1816. ▌Y Thomas M. Nelson (Democratic-Republican) South Carolina 9"Sumter or Camden district" William Mayrant Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent resigned October 21, 1816, having just lost re-election.New member elected November 25 & 26, 1816, who had also won the general election, see below.Democratic-Republican hold.Successor seated January 2, 1817. ▌Y Stephen Decatur Miller (Democratic-Republican) Georgia at-large Alfred Cuthbert Democratic-Republican 1813 (special)1814 Incumbent resigned November 9, 1816.New member elected December 1816.Democratic-Republican hold.Successor seated January 23, 1817. ▌Y Zadock Cook (Democratic-Republican) 39.5% ▌Thomas U. P. Charlton (Unknown) 38.3% ▌Moore (Unknown) 12.6% ▌Walker (Unknown) 9.6% Kentucky 1 James Clark Democratic-Republican 1812 Incumbent resigned April 8, 1816 when appointed circuit court judge.New member elected in 1816.Democratic-Republican hold.Successor seated December 2, 1816.Successor was not elected to the next term; see below. ▌Y Thomas Fletcher (Democratic-Republican) Massachusetts 11 Elijah Brigham Federalist 1810 Incumbent died February 22, 1816.New member elected in 1816.Federalist hold.Successor seated December 2, 1816. ▌Y Benjamin Adams (Federalist) Virginia 23 John Clopton Democratic-Republican 17951799 (lost)1801 Incumbent died September 11, 1816New member elected in 1816.Democratic-Republican hold.Successor seated December 17, 1816. ▌Y John Tyler (Democratic-Republican) ▌Andrew Stevenson (Democratic-Republican) ▌John Clopton Jr. (Democratic-Republican) 15th Congress District Incumbent This race Member / Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates Pennsylvania 10 David Scott Democratic-Republican 1816 Incumbent resigned to become president and judge of the court of common pleas.New member elected October 14, 1817.Democratic-Republican hold.Successor seated with the rest of the House December 1, 1817. ▌Y John Murray (Democratic-Republican) 71.0% ▌Abram Light (Federalist) 29.0% Connecticut at-large2 seats on a general ticket Sylvanus Backus Federalist 1816 Member-elect died February 15, 1817.New member elected in 1817.Federalist hold.Successor seated with the rest of the House December 1, 1817. ▌Y Ebenezer Huntington (Federalist) 29.2% ▌Y Nathaniel Terry (Federalist) 22.5% ▌Sylvester Gilbert (Federalist) 16.7% ▌Lyman Law (Federalist) 12.0% ▌Lewis B. Sturges (Federalist) 9.8% ▌Epaphroditus Champion (Federalist) 6.7% ▌Asa Bacon Jr. (Federalist) 3.2% Charles Dennison Federalist 1816 Member-elect declined the seat.New member elected in 1817.Federalist hold.Successor seated with the rest of the House December 1, 1817. New York 4 Henry B. Lee Democratic-Republican 1816 Member-elect died February 18, 1817.New member elected in 1817.Democratic-Republican hold.Successor seated with the rest of the House December 1, 1817. ▌Y James Tallmadge Jr. (Democratic-Republican) 47.7% ▌Lemuel Clift (Federalist) 38.5% ▌Abraham Adriance (Democratic-Republican) 13.8% Missouri Territory at-large John Scott Democratic-Republican 1816 Incumbent's re-election declared illegal and seat vacated since March 4, 1817.Incumbent re-elected in 1817.Successor seated August 4, 1817. ▌Y John Scott (Democratic-Republican) Connecticut Main article: 1816 United States House of Representatives election in Connecticut See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut and 1817 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special election Connecticut elected its members September 16, 1816. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Connecticut at-large7 seats on a general ticket Benjamin Tallmadge Federalist 1801 (special) Incumbent retired.New member elected.Federalist hold.Successor (Backus) died February 15, 1817, leading to a special election. ▌Y Sylvanus Backus (Federalist) 13.7% ▌Y Samuel B. Sherwood (Federalist) 9.0% ▌Y Charles Dennison (Federalist) 8.9% ▌Y Timothy Pitkin (Federalist) 8.8% ▌Y Thomas Scott Williams (Federalist) 7.1% ▌Y Jonathan O. Moseley (Federalist) 7.0% ▌Y Uriel Holmes (Federalist) 6.7% ▌Ebenezer Huntington (Federalist) 6.6% ▌Lyman Law (Federalist) 6.4% ▌Lewis B. Sturges (Federalist) 6.2% ▌Epaphroditus Champion (Federalist) 5.9% ▌Asa Bacon Jr. (Federalist) 5.4% ▌Nathaniel Terry (Federalist) 4.4% ▌Sylvester Gilbert (Democratic-Republican) 4.2% Epaphroditus Champion Federalist 1806 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Federalist hold. Lewis B. Sturges Federalist 1805 (special) Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Federalist hold.Successor (Dennison) declined to serve, leading to a special election. Timothy Pitkin Federalist 1805 (special) Incumbent re-elected. John Davenport Federalist 1798 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Federalist hold. Jonathan O. Moseley Federalist 1804 Incumbent re-elected. Lyman Law Federalist 1810 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Federalist hold. Delaware Main article: 1816 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware Delaware elected its members October 7, 1816. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Delaware at-large2 seats on a general ticket Thomas Clayton Federalist 1814 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Federalist hold. ▌Y Louis McLane (Federalist) 24.0% ▌Y Willard Hall (Democratic-Republican) 23.6% ▌Caesar A. Rodney (Democratic-Republican) 23.5% ▌Caleb Rodney (Federalist) 23.0% ▌Thomas Clayton (Federalist) 3.3% ▌Thomas Cooper (Federalist) 2.6% Thomas Cooper Federalist 1812 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. Georgia Main article: 1816 United States House of Representatives election in Georgia See also: 1816 Georgia's at-large congressional district special election and List of United States representatives from Georgia Georgia elected its members October 7, 1816. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Georgia at-large6 seats on a general ticket Wilson Lumpkin Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y William Terrell (Democratic-Republican) 10.9% ▌Y Joel Crawford (Democratic-Republican) 10.5% ▌Y Joel Abbot (Democratic-Republican) 9.6% ▌Y Zadock Cook (Democratic-Republican) 8.4% ▌Y Thomas W. Cobb (Democratic-Republican) 8.2% ▌Y John Forsyth (Democratic-Republican) 7.9% ▌John Dooly (Unknown) 7.3% ▌Richard Henry Wilde (Democratic-Republican) 7.0% ▌Homer Virgil Milton (Unknown) 6.8% ▌Wilson Lumpkin (Democratic-Republican) 6.8% ▌Alfred Cuthbert (Democratic-Republican) 6.4% ▌Allen Daniel (Unknown) 6.3% ▌Thomas Telfair (Democratic-Republican) 2.3% ▌James Wood (Unknown) 1.6% Richard Henry Wilde Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. Bolling Hall Democratic-Republican 1810 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. Zadock Cook Democratic-Republican 1816 (special) Incumbent re-elected. Thomas Telfair Democratic-Republican 1812 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. John Forsyth Democratic-Republican 1812 Incumbent re-elected. Illinois Territory See Non-voting delegates, below. Indiana Main article: 1817 United States House of Representatives election in Indiana See also: 1816 United States House of Representatives election in Indiana and List of United States representatives from Indiana Indiana elected its member August 4, 1817, having just elected him just the year before to the new seat. 14th Congress District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Indiana at-large None (District created) Indiana was admitted as a state of the Union on December 11, 1816.New member elected in 1816.Democratic-Republican gain.New member seated December 11, 1816. ▌Y William Hendricks (Democratic-Republican) 80.2% ▌Allen Thom (Unknown) 19.7% 15th Congress District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Indiana at-large William Hendricks Democratic-Republican 1816 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William Hendricks (Democratic-Republican) 60.1% ▌Thomas Posey (Democratic-Republican) 39.9% Kentucky Main article: 1816 United States House of Representatives elections in Kentucky See also: 1816 Kentucky's 1st congressional district special election and List of United States representatives from Kentucky Kentucky elected its members August 5, 1816. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Kentucky 1 James Clark Democratic-Republican 1812 Incumbent resigned April 8, 1816 when appointed circuit court judge.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold.Successor was not elected to finish the current term. ▌Y David Trimble (Democratic-Republican) 55.3% ▌George Stockton (Unknown) 44.7% Kentucky 2 Henry Clay Democratic-Republican 18101814 (Resigned)18141815 (Seat declared vacant)1815 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Henry Clay (Democratic-Republican) 57.6% ▌John Pope (Democratic-Republican) 42.4% Kentucky 3 Richard M. Johnson Democratic-Republican 1806 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Richard M. Johnson (Democratic-Republican) 56.6% ▌Benjamin Taylor (Federalist) 43.4% Kentucky 4 Joseph Desha Democratic-Republican 1806 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Joseph Desha (Democratic-Republican) 56.1% ▌William Garrard (Unknown) 43.9% Kentucky 5 Alney McLean Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Anthony New (Democratic-Republican) 64.4% ▌Benjamin W. Patton (Unknown) 35.6% Kentucky 6 Solomon P. Sharp Democratic-Republican 1812 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y David Walker (Democratic-Republican) 54.2% ▌William Thompson (Unknown) 37.7% ▌Solomon P. Sharp (Democratic-Republican) 8.2% Kentucky 7 Samuel McKee Democratic-Republican 1808 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y George Robertson (Democratic-Republican) 62.3% ▌Robert Caldwell (Unknown) 37.7% Kentucky 8 Stephen Ormsby Democratic-Republican 18101812 (lost)1813 (special) Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Richard Anderson (Democratic-Republican) 56.8% ▌Edward George (Unknown) 34.6% ▌Stephen Ormsby (Democratic-Republican) 8.6% Kentucky 9 Micah Taul Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Tunstal Quarles (Democratic-Republican) Rife Kentucky 10 Benjamin Hardin Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Thomas Speed (Democratic-Republican) 42.3% ▌James Crutcher (Unknown) 31.2% ▌John Lancaster (Unknown) 26.5% Louisiana Main article: 1816 United States House of Representatives election in Louisiana See also: List of United States representatives from Louisiana Louisiana elected its members July 1–3, 1816. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Louisiana at-large Thomas B. Robertson Democratic-Republican 1812 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thomas B. Robertson (Democratic-Republican) 100% Maryland Main article: 1816 United States House of Representatives elections in Maryland See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland Maryland elected its members October 6, 1816. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Maryland 1 Philip Stuart Federalist 1810 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Philip Stuart (Federalist) 99.1% Maryland 2 John C. Herbert Federalist 1814 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John C. Herbert (Federalist) 50.6% ▌Joshua Barney (Democratic-Republican) 49.2% Maryland 3 Alexander C. Hanson Federalist 1812 Incumbent resigned in 1816 when elected U.S. Senator.Winner was also elected to finish the term, see above.Federalist hold. ▌Y George Peter (Federalist) 46.0% ▌Charles Kilgour (Federalist) 30.4% ▌Nicholas Snethen (Democratic-Republican) 23.6% Maryland 4 George Baer Jr. Federalist 17961801 (retired)1814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. ▌Y Samuel Ringgold (Democratic-Republican) 53.6% ▌Matthew Van Lear (Federalist) 46.3% Maryland 5Plural district with 2 seats Samuel Smith Democratic-Republican 17921802 (retired)1816 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Samuel Smith (Democratic-Republican) 42.0% ▌Y Peter Little (Democratic-Republican) 31.4% ▌Tobias Stansbury (Democratic-Republican) 26.6% Peter Little Democratic-Republican 1816 (special) Incumbent re-elected. Maryland 6 Stevenson Archer Democratic-Republican 1811 (special) Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Philip Reed (Democratic-Republican) 51.5% ▌Stevenson Archer (Democratic-Republican) 48.5% Maryland 7 Robert Wright Democratic-Republican 1810 (special) Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Thomas Culbreth (Democratic-Republican) 50.8% ▌William Potter (Federalist) 49.2% Maryland 8 Charles Goldsborough Federalist 1804 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Federalist hold. ▌Y Thomas Bayly (Federalist) 51.7% ▌Ephraim King Wilson (Federalist) 46.6% ▌Thomas Williams (Democratic-Republican) 1.8% Massachusetts Main article: 1816–1817 United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts Massachusetts's electoral law required a majority for election. In five districts this was not met on the first election, requiring additional trials to be held. Massachusetts elected its members November 4, 1816. District numbers differed between source used and elsewhere on Wikipedia; district numbers used elsewhere on Wikipedia used here. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Massachusetts 1"Suffolk district" Artemas Ward Jr. Federalist 1812 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Federalist hold.Winner declined to serve and was replaced in a special election. ▌Y James Lloyd (Federalist) 98.0% ▌Benjamin Austin (Democratic-Republican) 2.0% Massachusetts 2"Essex South district" Timothy Pickering Federalist 1812 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. ▌Y Nathaniel Silsbee (Democratic-Republican) 50.5% ▌Thomas Stevens (Federalist) 49.5% Massachusetts 3"Essex North district" Jeremiah Nelson Federalist 18041806 (retired)1814 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (November 4, 1816): ▌William B. Banister (Federalist) 44.0% ▌Thomas Kitteridge (Democratic-Republican) 39.4% ▌Samuel L. Knapp (Federalist) 9.7% ▌Ebenezer Moseley (Federalist) 5.7% ▌Jeremiah Nelson (Federalist) 1.2% Second ballot (January 27, 1817): ▌William B. Banister (Federalist) 46.0% ▌Thomas Kitteridge (Democratic-Republican) 39.0% ▌Jeremiah Nelson (Federalist) 11.8% Others 3.2% Third ballot (May 1, 1817): ▌Y Jeremiah Nelson (Federalist) 57.7% ▌Thomas Kitteridge (Democratic-Republican) 33.9% Others 8.4% Massachusetts 4"Middlesex district" Asahel Stearns Federalist 1814 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. ▌Y Timothy Fuller (Democratic-Republican) 55.0% ▌Asahel Stearns (Federalist) 45.0% Massachusetts 5"Hampshire South district" Elijah H. Mills Federalist 1814 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Elijah H. Mills (Federalist) 81.0% ▌Enos Foot (Democratic-Republican) 9.9% ▌Lewis Strong (Federalist) 6.7% Others 2.5% Massachusetts 6"Hampshire North district" Samuel Taggart Federalist 1803 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Federalist hold. ▌Y Samuel C. Allen (Federalist) 67.7% ▌Noah Webster (Independent) 15.6% ▌Elihu Lyman (Democratic-Republican) 13.6% Others 3.2% Massachusetts 7"Berkshire district" John W. Hulbert Federalist 1812 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. ▌Y Henry Shaw (Democratic-Republican) 52.2% ▌Daniel Noble (Federalist) 46.0% Others 1.8% Massachusetts 8"Plymouth district" William Baylies Federalist 1812 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. First ballot (November 4, 1816): ▌Zabdiel Sampson (Democratic-Republican) 49.2% ▌Wilkes Wood (Federalist) 46.2% Others 4.6% Second ballot (January 27, 1817): ▌Y Zabdiel Sampson (Democratic-Republican) 51.8% ▌Wilkes Wood (Federalist) 47.0% Others 1.2% Massachusetts 9"Barnstable district" John Reed Jr. Federalist 1812 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. First ballot (November 4, 1816): ▌Walter Folger Jr. (Democratic-Republican) 49.7% ▌John Reed Jr. (Federalist) 36.4% ▌Elijah Cobb (Federalist) 10.4% Others 3.5% Second ballot (January 27, 1817): ▌Walter Folger Jr. (Democratic-Republican) 46.9% ▌John Reed Jr. (Federalist) 30.2% ▌Thadeus Coffin (Federalist) 21.4% ▌Elijah Cobb (Federalist) 1.5% Third ballot (May 1, 1817): ▌Y Walter Folger Jr. (Democratic-Republican) 52.8% ▌John Reed Jr. (Federalist) 39.5% ▌William Wills (Federalist) 6.2% Others 1.6% Massachusetts 10"Bristol district" Laban Wheaton Federalist 1808 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. ▌Y Marcus Morton (Democratic-Republican) 50.6% ▌Samuel Crocker (Federalist) 46.3% Others 3.1% Massachusetts 11"Worcester South district" Elijah Brigham Federalist 1810 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Federalist hold. ▌Y Benjamin Adams (Federalist) 66.3% ▌Abraham Lincoln (Democratic-Republican) 30.6% ▌Levi Lincoln Sr. (Democratic-Republican) 3.1% Massachusetts 12"Worcester North district" Solomon Strong Federalist 1814 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Solomon Strong (Federalist) 69.4% ▌Edmund Cushing (Democratic-Republican) 30.6% Massachusetts 13"Norfolk district" Nathaniel Ruggles Federalist 1812 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Nathaniel Ruggles (Federalist) 50.4% ▌Ebenezer Seaver (Democratic-Republican) 46.9% Others 2.7% Massachusetts 14"1st Eastern district,District of Maine" Cyrus King Federalist 1812 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. ▌Y John Holmes (Democratic-Republican) 58.9% ▌Cyrus King (Federalist) 38.0% Others 3.1% Massachusetts 15"2nd Eastern district,District of Maine" George Bradbury Federalist 1812 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Federalist hold. ▌Y Ezekiel Whitman (Federalist) 51.5% ▌Mark Harris (Democratic-Republican) 48.5% Massachusetts 16"3rd Eastern district,District of Maine" Benjamin Brown Federalist 1812 Ran for re-election in the 18th districtFederalist hold. ▌Y Benjamin Orr (Federalist) 63.3% ▌Erastus Foote (Democratic-Republican) 36.7% Massachusetts 17"4th Eastern district,District of Maine" James Carr Democratic-Republican 1815 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Federalist gain. ▌Y John Wilson (Federalist) 55.2% ▌Martin Kinsley (Democratic-Republican) 44.8% Massachusetts 18"5th Eastern district,District of Maine" Thomas Rice Federalist 1814 Incumbent re-elected. First ballot (November 4, 1816): ▌Benjamin Brown (Federalist) 41.2% ▌Nathan Cutler (Democratic-Republican) 31.6% ▌Samuel S. Conner (Democratic-Republican) 27.2% Second ballot (January 27, 1817): ▌Benjamin Brown (Federalist) 45.0% ▌Samuel S. Conner (Democratic-Republican) 22.5% ▌Nathan Cutler (Democratic-Republican) 21.9% Others 10.6% Third ballot (May 1, 1817): ▌Benjamin Brown (Federalist) 39.4% ▌Samuel S. Conner (Democratic-Republican) 31.4% ▌Nathan Cutler (Democratic-Republican) 15.9% ▌Obed Wilson (Democratic-Republican) 7.0% ▌Joshua Cushman (Democratic-Republican) 3.1% Others 3.2% Fourth ballot (July 21, 1817): ▌Thomas Rice (Federalist) 48.7% ▌Samuel S. Conner (Democratic-Republican) 37.8% ▌Obed Wilson (Democratic-Republican) 7.5% ▌Joshua Cushman (Democratic-Republican) 2.5% Others 3.5% Fifth ballot (September 29, 1817): ▌Joshua Cushman (Democratic-Republican) 47.2% ▌Thomas Rice (Federalist) 40.4% Others 12.4% Sixth ballot (December 1, 1817): ▌Y Thomas Rice (Federalist) 51.0% ▌Joshua Cushman (Democratic-Republican) 45.6% Others 3.4% Samuel S. ConnerFormerly served in the 19th district. Democratic-Republican 1815 Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic-Republican loss. Massachusetts 19"6th Eastern district,District of Maine" Vacant Incumbent ran in the 18th district.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. First ballot (November 4, 1816): ▌James Parker (Democratic-Republican) 42.9% ▌Thomas Rice (Federalist) 41.2% ▌John Chandler (Democratic-Republican) 15.0% Others 0.9% Second ballot (January 27, 1817): ▌Thomas Rice (Federalist) 38.2% ▌John Chandler (Democratic-Republican) 31.7% ▌James Parker (Democratic-Republican) 30.1% Third ballot (May 1, 1817): ▌James Parker (Democratic-Republican) 43.8% ▌Peter Grant (Federalist) 39.0% ▌Thomas Rice (Federalist) 6.5% ▌Joshua Gage (Democratic-Republican) 5.6% ▌John Chandler (Democratic-Republican) 5.1% Fourth ballot (July 21, 1817): ▌Peter Grant (Federalist) 50.0% ▌James Parker (Democratic-Republican) 32.2% ▌Joshua Gage (Democratic-Republican) 11.9% Others 5.9% Fifth ballot (September 29, 1817): ▌Y Joshua Gage (Democratic-Republican) 60.4% ▌Peter Grant (Federalist) 39.6% Massachusetts 20"7th Eastern district,District of Maine" Albion K. Parris Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Albion K. Parris (Democratic-Republican) 58.2% ▌Samuel A. Bradley (Federalist) 35.8% ▌Levi Hubbard (Democratic-Republican) 6.0% Mississippi Main article: 1817 United States House of Representatives election in Mississippi See also: List of United States representatives from Mississippi Mississippi was admitted as a state on December 10, 1817 from the western half of the former Mississippi Territory (the eastern half became Alabama Territory) It elected its first representative to Congress August 4–5, 1817. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Mississippi at-large None (District created) New seat.Democratic-Republican gain. ▌Y George Poindexter (Democratic-Republican) 99.8% ▌Christopher Rankin (Democratic-Republican) 0.2% Missouri Territory See Non-voting delegates, below. New Hampshire Main article: 1816 United States House of Representatives election in New Hampshire See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire New Hampshire elected its members August 26, 1816. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates New Hampshire at-large6 seats on a general ticket Bradbury Cilley Federalist 1812 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. ▌Y Josiah Butler (Democratic-Republican) 8.9% ▌Y Nathaniel Upham (Democratic-Republican) 8.9% ▌Y Clifton Clagett (Democratic-Republican) 8.9% ▌Y Salma Hale (Democratic-Republican) 8.9% ▌Y John F. Parrott (Democratic-Republican) 8.7% ▌Y Arthur Livermore (Democratic-Republican) 8.7% ▌William Hale (Federalist) 7.8% ▌Jeremiah Smith (Federalist) 7.8% ▌Jeduthun Wilcox (Federalist) 7.8% ▌Roger Vose (Federalist) 7.8% ▌Bradbury Cilley (Federalist) 7.7% ▌Parker Noyes (Federalist) 7.7% Charles Humphrey Atherton Federalist 1814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. William Hale Federalist 18081810 (lost)1812 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. Roger Vose Federalist 1812 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. Daniel Webster Federalist 1812 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. Jeduthun Wilcox Federalist 1812 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. New Jersey Main article: 1816 United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey In 1816, the Democratic-Republican candidates ran unopposed. New Jersey elected its members November 4–5, 1816. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates New Jersey at-large6 seats on a general ticket Lewis Condict Democratic-Republican 1810 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y John Linn (Democratic-Republican) 17.1% ▌Y Charles Kinsey (Democratic-Republican) 16.8% ▌Y Henry Southard (Democratic-Republican) 16.7% ▌Y Joseph Bloomfield (Democratic-Republican) 16.6% ▌Y Benjamin Bennet (Democratic-Republican) 16.5% ▌Y Ephraim Bateman (Democratic-Republican) 16.4% Thomas Ward Democratic-Republican 1813 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. Henry Southard Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent re-elected. Ephraim Bateman Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent re-elected. Ezra Baker Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. Benjamin Bennet Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent re-elected. New York Main article: 1816 United States House of Representatives elections in New York See also: 1816 New York's 21st congressional district special election, 1816 New York's 20th congressional district special election, 1817 New York's 4th congressional district special election, and List of United States representatives from New York New York elected its members April 23 to 25, 1816. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates New York 1Plural district with 2 seats George Townsend Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y George Townsend (Democratic-Republican) 26.9% ▌Y Tredwell Scudder (Democratic-Republican) 26.8% ▌Nathaniel Smith (Federalist) 23.2% ▌Samuel Jones (Federalist) 23.2% Henry Crocheron Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. New York 2Plural district with 2 seats William Irving Democratic-Republican 1813 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William Irving (Democratic-Republican) 29.0% ▌Y Peter H. Wendover (Democratic-Republican) 28.9% ▌Josiah Ogden Hoffman Sr. (Federalist) 21.1% ▌Isaac Ely (Federalist) 21.0% Peter H. Wendover Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent re-elected. New York 3 Jonathan Ward Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Caleb Tompkins (Democratic-Republican) 56.8% ▌Abraham Odell (Federalist) 42.8% New York 4 Abraham H. Schenck Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold.Winner died February 18, 1817, leading to a special election. ▌Y Henry B. Lee (Democratic-Republican) 52.6% ▌Henry A. Livingston (Federalist) 47.2% New York 5 Thomas P. Grosvenor Federalist 1812 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Federalist hold. ▌Y Philip J. Schuyler (Federalist) 58.8% ▌James I. Van Alen (Democratic-Republican) 41.1% New York 6 James W. Wilkin Democratic-Republican 1815 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James W. Wilkin (Democratic-Republican) 55.4% ▌James Burt (Federalist) 44.6% New York 7 Samuel Betts Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Josiah Hasbrouck (Democratic-Republican) 51.7% ▌John Sudam (Federalist) 48.2% New York 8 Erastus Root Democratic-Republican 18021804 (lost)18081810 (retired)1815 (Won contest) Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Dorrance Kirtland (Democratic-Republican) 56.2% ▌Samuel Sherwood (Federalist) 43.7% New York 9 John Lovett Federalist 1812 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Federalist hold. ▌Y Rensselaer Westerlo (Federalist) 56.2% ▌Elisha Jenkins (Democratic-Republican) 36.6% ▌John Lovett (Federalist) 7.1% New York 10 Hosea Moffitt Federalist 1812 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Federalist hold. ▌Y John P. Cushman (Federalist) 54.9% ▌Thomas Turner (Democratic-Republican) 44.9% New York 11 John W. Taylor Democratic-Republican 1812 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John W. Taylor (Democratic-Republican) 53.4% ▌Elisha Powell (Federalist) 46.6% New York 12Plural district with 2 seats John Savage Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Savage (Democratic-Republican) 27.2% ▌Y John Palmer (Democratic-Republican) 24.5% ▌Henry H. Ross (Federalist) 24.3% ▌Zebulon R. Shipherd (Federalist) 24.1% Asa Adgate Democratic-Republican 1815 (special) Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. New York 13 John B. Yates Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Thomas Lawyer (Democratic-Republican) 54.9% ▌William Beekman (Federalist) 45.1% New York 14 Daniel Cady Federalist 1814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. ▌Y John Herkimer (Democratic-Republican) 50.8% ▌Richard Van Horn (Federalist) 49.2% New York 15Plural district with 2 seats Jabez D. Hammond Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Isaac Williams Jr. (Democratic-Republican) 26.6% ▌Y John R. Drake (Democratic-Republican) 26.6% ▌James Clapp (Federalist) 23.4% ▌James Hyde (Federalist) 23.4% James Birdsall Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. New York 16 Thomas R. Gold Federalist 18081814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Federalist hold. ▌Y Henry R. Storrs (Federalist) 52.5% ▌Nathan Williams (Democratic-Republican) 47.3% New York 17 Westel Willoughby Jr. Federalist 1814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. ▌Y Thomas H. Hubbard (Democratic-Republican) 51.5% ▌Simeon Ford (Federalist) 48.4% New York 18 Moss Kent Federalist 1812 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Federalist hold. ▌Y David A. Ogden (Federalist) 50.4% ▌Ela Collins (Democratic-Republican) 49.5% New York 19 Victory Birdseye Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y James Porter (Democratic-Republican) 55.3% ▌James Geddes (Federalist) 44.5% New York 20Plural district with 2 seats Enos T. Throop Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold.Incumbent then resigned June 4, 1816, leading to a special election. ▌Y Daniel Cruger (Democratic-Republican) 35.5% ▌Y Oliver C. Comstock (Democratic-Republican) 25.7% ▌Elijah Miller (Federalist) 14.5% ▌Benjamin Johnson (Federalist) 10.1% ▌Enos T. Throop (Democratic-Republican) 7.1% ▌Eleazer Lindsley (Federalist) 4.0% Oliver C. Comstock Democratic-Republican 1812 Incumbent re-elected. New York 21Plural district with 2 seats Micah Brooks Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Benjamin Ellicott (Democratic-Republican) 29.4% ▌Y John C. Spencer (Democratic-Republican) 27.0% ▌Phillip Church (Federalist) 20.6% ▌Graham Newell (Federalist) 20.4% ▌Micah Brooks (Democratic-Republican) 2.2% Peter B. Porter Democratic-Republican 18081812 (retired)1814 Incumbent resigned January 23, 1816 to become Commissioner under the Treaty of Ghent.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold.Winner was not elected to finish the term, see above. North Carolina Main article: 1817 United States House of Representatives elections in North Carolina See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina North Carolina elected its members August 14, 1817. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates North Carolina 1 William H. Murfree Democratic-Republican 1813 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Lemuel Sawyer (Democratic-Republican) 38.0% ▌Joseph Ferebee (Democratic-Republican) 33.1% ▌Henry Skinner (Federalist) 28.9% North Carolina 2 Joseph H. Bryan Democratic-Republican 1815 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Joseph H. Bryan (Democratic-Republican) North Carolina 3 James W. Clark Democratic-Republican 1815 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Thomas H. Hall (Democratic-Republican) 100% North Carolina 4 William Gaston Federalist 1813 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Federalist hold. ▌Y Jesse Slocumb (Federalist) 54.0% ▌Henry J. G. Ruffin (Democratic-Republican) 46.0% North Carolina 5 Charles Hooks Democratic-Republican 1816 (special) Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y James Owen (Democratic-Republican) 55.4% ▌Charles Hooks (Democratic-Republican) 44.6% North Carolina 6 Weldon N. Edwards Democratic-Republican 1816 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Weldon N. Edwards (Democratic-Republican) 80.5% ▌Solomon Green (Federalist) 19.5% North Carolina 7 John Culpepper Federalist 18061808 (Contested election)1808 (special)1813 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Federalist hold.Successor died before being seated, leading to a special election. ▌Y Alexander McMillan (Federalist) 58.7% ▌John Culpepper (Federalist) 41.3% North Carolina 8 Samuel Dickens Democratic-Republican 1816 (special) Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y James S. Smith (Democratic-Republican) 52.3% ▌Samuel Dickens (Democratic-Republican) 46.9% North Carolina 9 Bartlett Yancey Democratic-Republican 1813 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Thomas Settle (Democratic-Republican) 78.4% ▌Romulus M. Saunders (Democratic-Republican) 21.6% North Carolina 10 William C. Love Democratic-Republican 1815 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y George Mumford (Democratic-Republican) 53.9% ▌John L. Henderson (Federalist) 46.1% North Carolina 11 Daniel M. Forney Democratic-Republican 1815 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Daniel M. Forney (Democratic-Republican) North Carolina 12 Israel Pickens Democratic-Republican 1810 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Felix Walker (Democratic-Republican) 42.8% ▌John Paxton (Democratic-Republican) 38.5% ▌William Porter (Democratic-Republican) 18.7% North Carolina 13 Lewis Williams Democratic-Republican 1815 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Lewis Williams Ohio Main article: 1816 United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio Ohio elected its members October 8, 1816. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Ohio 1 John McLean Democratic-Republican 1812 Incumbent resigned in April 1816 become Associate Judge of Ohio Supreme Court.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold.Winner also elected, the same day, to finish the current next term. ▌Y William Henry Harrison (Democratic-Republican) 57.2% ▌Thomas R. Ross (Democratic-Republican) 24.0% ▌William Corry (Federalist) 10.4% ▌William C. Schenck (Federalist) 6.0% ▌Matthias Ross (Democratic-Republican) 1.5% Ohio 2 John Alexander Democratic-Republican 1812 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y John W. Campbell (Democratic-Republican) 55.9% ▌Isaiah Morris (Democratic-Republican) 23.0% ▌Thomas Morris (Democratic-Republican) 17.4% ▌John Alexander (Democratic-Republican) 1.8% ▌Thomas Foote (Democratic-Republican) 1.2% Ohio 3 William Creighton Jr. Democratic-Republican 1813 (special) Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Levi Barber (Democratic-Republican) 40.7% ▌Henry Brush (Democratic-Republican) 31.5% ▌Joseph Kerr (Democratic-Republican) 12.8% ▌Samuel Monett (Democratic-Republican) 10.8% ▌John A. Fulton (Democratic-Republican) 4.1% Ohio 4 James Caldwell Democratic-Republican 1812 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold.Election was later unsuccessfully contested. ▌Y Samuel Herrick (Democratic-Republican) 57.7% ▌John C. Wright (Democratic-Republican) 41.9% Ohio 5 James Kilbourne Democratic-Republican 1812 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Federalist gain. ▌Y Philemon Beecher (Federalist) 19.6% ▌Joseph Vance (Democratic-Republican) 18.6% ▌Joseph Foos (Democratic-Republican) 13.9% ▌Daniel C. Cooper (Federalist) 13.6% ▌William Ludlow (Democratic-Republican) 9.1% ▌Daniel Smith (Democratic-Republican) 8.7% ▌Fielding Lowry (Democratic-Republican) 8.2% ▌Robert F. Slaughter (Democratic-Republican) 4.7% ▌Chester Griswold (Democratic-Republican) 3.6% Ohio 6 David Clendenin Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Peter Hitchcock (Democratic-Republican) 57.5% ▌Joseph Richardson (Democratic-Republican) 28.0% ▌John G. Young (Democratic-Republican) 8.5% ▌David Clendenin (Democratic-Republican) 5.9% Pennsylvania Main article: 1816 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania See also: 1816 Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district special election, 1817 Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district special election, and List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania Pennsylvania elected its members October 8, 1816. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Pennsylvania 1Plural district with 4 seats John Sergeant Federalist 1815 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Adam Seybert (Democratic-Republican) 13.9% ▌Y William Anderson (Democratic-Republican) 13.8% ▌Y John Sergeant (Federalist) 12.5% ▌Y Joseph Hopkinson (Federalist) 12.3% ▌William Milnor (Federalist) 12.2% ▌Samuel Edwards (Federalist) 12.1% ▌Jacob Summer (Democratic-Republican) 8.8% ▌John Conard (Democratic-Republican) 8.1% ▌William J. Duane (Democratic-Republican) 6.3% Joseph Hopkinson Federalist 1814 Incumbent re-elected. William Milnor Federalist 18061810 (lost)1814 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. Thomas Smith Federalist 1814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. Pennsylvania 2Plural district with 2 seats William Darlington Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Federalist gain. ▌Y Levi Pawling (Federalist) 25.5% ▌Y Isaac Darlington (Federalist) 25.1% ▌William Darlington (Democratic-Republican) 25.1% ▌John Hahn (Unknown) 24.3% John Hahn Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Federalist gain. Pennsylvania 3Plural district with 2 seats John Whiteside Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Whiteside (Democratic-Republican) 39.4% ▌Y James M. Wallace (Democratic-Republican) 39.0% ▌Amos Slaymaker (Federalist) 21.6% James M. Wallace Democratic-Republican 1815 (special) Incumbent re-elected. Pennsylvania 4 Hugh Glasgow Democratic-Republican 1812 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Jacob Spangler (Democratic-Republican) 67.1% ▌Jacob Hay (Federalist) 32.9% Pennsylvania 5Plural district with 2 seats William Maclay Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William Maclay (Democratic-Republican) 31.0% ▌Y Andrew Boden (Democratic-Republican) 27.8% ▌James McSherry (Federalist) 19.8% ▌John McClelland (Federalist) 18.1% ▌William Crawford (Democratic-Republican) 3.3% William Crawford Democratic-Republican 1808 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. Pennsylvania 6Plural district with 2 seats Samuel D. Ingham Democratic-Republican 1812 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Ross (Democratic-Republican) 50.8% ▌Y Samuel D. Ingham (Democratic-Republican) 49.2% John Ross Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent re-elected. Pennsylvania 7 Joseph Hiester Democratic-Republican 17981804 (retired)1814 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Joseph Hiester (Democratic-Republican) 85.0% ▌Charles Shoemaker (Democratic-Republican) 8.6% ▌Daniel Udree (Democratic-Republican) 6.4% Pennsylvania 8 William Piper Democratic-Republican 1810 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Alexander Ogle (Democratic-Republican) 99.7% Pennsylvania 9 Thomas Burnside Democratic-Republican 1815 (special) Incumbent resigned in April 1816 to accept judicial appointment.New member elected October 8, 1816.Democratic-Republican hold.Successor also elected, the same day, to finish the term. ▌Y William P. Maclay (Democratic-Republican) 75.7% ▌James A. Banks (Federalist) 24.3% Pennsylvania 10Plural district with 2 seats William Wilson Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William Wilson (Democratic-Republican) 32.5% ▌Y David Scott (Democratic-Republican) 31.5% ▌William Buyers (Federalist) 14.8 ▌George Kremer (Democratic-Republican) 8.8% ▌Roswell Wells (Federalist) 8.8% ▌Charles Maus (Unknown) 3.5% Jared Irwin Democratic-Republican 1812 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold.Successor resigned before Congress started, leading to a special election. Pennsylvania 11 William Findley Democratic-Republican 1802 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y David Marchand (Democratic-Republican) 52.8% ▌George Armstrong (Federalist) 47.2% Pennsylvania 12 Aaron Lyle Democratic-Republican 1808 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Thomas Patterson (Democratic-Republican) 87.2% ▌John Hughes (Federalist) 12.8% Pennsylvania 13 Isaac Griffin Democratic-Republican 1813 (special) Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Christian Tarr (Democratic-Republican) 50.8% ▌Presley C. Lane (Democratic-Republican) 19.7% ▌Henry Heaton (Democratic-Republican) 14.2% ▌Thomas McKibben (Democratic-Republican) 11.7% ▌Thomas Hersey (Democratic-Republican) 3.6% Pennsylvania 14 John Woods Federalist 1814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. ▌Y Henry Baldwin (Democratic-Republican) 61.6% ▌Walter Lowrie (Democratic-Republican) 38.4% Pennsylvania 15 Thomas Wilson Democratic-Republican 1813 (special) Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Robert Moore (Democratic-Republican) 51.1% ▌William Clark (Federalist) 48.9% Rhode Island Main article: 1816 United States House of Representatives election in Rhode Island See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island Rhode Island elected its members August 27, 1816. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Rhode Island at-large2 seats on a general ticket John L. Boss Jr. Federalist 1814 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John L. Boss Jr. (Federalist) 50.1% ▌Y James B. Mason (Federalist) 49.9% James B. Mason Federalist 1814 Incumbent re-elected. South Carolina Main article: 1816 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina See also: 1816 South Carolina's 9th congressional district special election and List of United States representatives from South Carolina South Carolina elected its members October 14–15, 1816. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates South Carolina 1"Charleston district" Henry Middleton Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Henry Middleton (Democratic-Republican) 56.4% ▌William Crafts Jr. (Federalist) 43.6% South Carolina 2"Beaufort district" William Lowndes Democratic-Republican 1810 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William Lowndes (Democratic-Republican) 92.5% Others 7.5% South Carolina 3"Georgetown district" Benjamin Huger Federalist 17981804 (retired)1814 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain ▌Y James Ervin (Democratic-Republican) 54.8% ▌Benjamin Huger (Federalist) 45.2% South Carolina 4"Orangeburgh district" John J. Chappell Democratic-Republican 1812 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Joseph Bellinger (Democratic-Republican) 47.2% ▌John J. Chappell (Democratic-Republican) 31.6% ▌John C. Allen (Democratic-Republican) 21.2% South Carolina 5"Newberry district" William Woodward Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Starling Tucker (Democratic-Republican) ▌William Woodward (Democratic-Republican) South Carolina 6"Abbeville district" John C. Calhoun Democratic-Republican 1810 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John C. Calhoun (Democratic-Republican) 43.2% ▌Edmund Bacon (Federalist) 31.5% ▌William Butler (Democratic-Republican) 25.3% South Carolina 7"Pendleton district" John Taylor Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Elias Earle (Democratic-Republican) 50.7% ▌Andrew Pickens (Democratic-Republican) 26.7% ▌John Taylor (Democratic-Republican) 22.6% South Carolina 8"Chester district" Thomas Moore Democratic-Republican 18001812 (retired)1814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Wilson Nesbitt (Democratic-Republican) 41.4% ▌James MacKibben (Democratic-Republican) 32.3% ▌William Smith (Democratic-Republican) 20.3% ▌William Rice (Democratic-Republican) 5.9% South Carolina 9"Sumter district" William Mayrant Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold.Incumbent then resigned October 21, 1816, leading to a special election, won by the winner of the general election. ▌Y Stephen D. Miller (Democratic-Republican) 73.6% ▌William Mayrant (Democratic-Republican) 26.4% Tennessee Main article: 1817 United States House of Representatives elections in Tennessee See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee Tennessee elected its members August 7–8, 1817. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Tennessee 1 Samuel Powell Democratic-Republican 1815 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y John Rhea (Democratic-Republican) 63.9% ▌Alexander Sevier (Democratic-Republican) 36.1% Tennessee 2 William G. Blount Democratic-Republican 1815 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William G. Blount (Democratic-Republican) 61.8% ▌John Cocke (Democratic-Republican) 38.2% Tennessee 3 Isaac Thomas Democratic-Republican 1815 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Francis Jones (Democratic-Republican) 35.2% ▌James Rogers (Unknown) 24.7% ▌Joseph Pickens (Unknown) 24.1% ▌Queen Morton (Unknown) 16.0% Tennessee 4 Bennett H. Henderson Democratic-Republican 1815 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Samuel Hogg (Democratic-Republican) 63.5% ▌Archibald Overton (Democratic-Republican) 36.5% Tennessee 5 Newton Cannon Democratic-Republican 1814 (special) Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Thomas Claiborne (Democratic-Republican) 47.6% ▌Newton Cannon (Democratic-Republican) 28.5% ▌Robert Weakley (Democratic-Republican) 23.9% Tennessee 6 James B. Reynolds Democratic-Republican 1815 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y George W. L. Marr (Democratic-Republican) 46.5% ▌Peter R. Booker (Unknown) 26.8% ▌Thomas Johnson (Unknown) 19.3% ▌James B. Reynolds (Democratic-Republican) 4.2% ▌Samuel Goodridge (Unknown) 3.1% Vermont Main article: 1816 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont Vermont elected its members September 3, 1816, replacing its six Federalists with six Democratic-Republicans. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Vermont at-large6 seats on a general ticket Daniel Chipman Federalist 1814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. ▌Y Mark Richards (Democratic-Republican) 9.2% ▌Y William Hunter (Democratic-Republican) 9.2% ▌Y Heman Allen (of Colchester) (Democratic-Republican) 9.1% ▌Y Orsamus Cook Merrill (Democratic-Republican) 9.1% ▌Y Samuel C. Crafts (Democratic-Republican) 9.1% ▌Y Charles Rich (Democratic-Republican) 9.1% ▌Chauncey Langdon (Federalist) 7.6% ▌Jonathan H. Hubbard (Federalist) 7.6% ▌Phineas White (Federalist) 7.6% ▌Asa Lyon (Federalist) 7.6% ▌David Edmonds (Federalist) 7.6% ▌Samuel Prentiss (Federalist) 7.5% Luther Jewett Federalist 1814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. Chauncey Langdon Federalist 1814 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. Asa Lyon Federalist 1814 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. Charles Marsh Federalist 1814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. John Noyes Federalist 1814 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. Virginia Main article: 1817 United States House of Representatives elections in Virginia See also: 1816 Virginia's 18th congressional district special election, 1816 Virginia's 23rd congressional district special election, and List of United States representatives from Virginia Virginia elected its members in April 1817. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Virginia 1 John G. Jackson Democratic-Republican 18031810 (Resigned)1813 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Federalist gain. ▌Y James Pindall (Federalist) 100% Virginia 2 Magnus Tate Federalist 1815 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Federalist hold. ▌Y Edward Colston (Federalist) 61.2% ▌Daniel Morgan (Democratic-Republican) 30.9% ▌Robert Bailey (Democratic-Republican) 7.9% Virginia 3 Henry S. Tucker Democratic-Republican 1815 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Henry S. Tucker (Democratic-Republican) 67.8% ▌William Carson (Democratic-Republican) 32.2% Virginia 4 William McCoy Democratic-Republican 1811 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William McCoy (Democratic-Republican) Virginia 5 James Breckinridge Federalist 1809 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain. ▌Y John Floyd (Democratic-Republican) 57.6 ▌Elijah MacClannahan (Federalist) 42.4% Virginia 6 Daniel Sheffey Federalist 1809 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican gain ▌Y Alexander Smyth (Democratic-Republican) 67.0% ▌Benjamin Estill (Federalist) 33.0% Virginia 7 Ballard Smith Democratic-Republican 1815 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Ballard Smith (Democratic-Republican) 94.7% ▌John Gray (Federalist) 5.3% Virginia 8 Joseph Lewis Jr. Federalist 1803 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Federalist hold. ▌Y Charles F. Mercer (Federalist) 52.6% ▌Armistead Mason (Democratic-Republican) 47.4% Virginia 9 John P. Hungerford Democratic-Republican 1813 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y William Lee Ball (Democratic-Republican) 44.6% ▌John P. Hungerford (Democratic-Republican) 40.9% ▌Henry Lee Jr. (Federalist) 14.5% Virginia 10 Aylett Hawes Democratic-Republican 1811 Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y George Strother (Democratic-Republican) 51.3% ▌John Shackleford (Federalist) 48.7% Virginia 11 Philip P. Barbour Democratic-Republican 1814 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Philip P. Barbour (Democratic-Republican) Virginia 12 William H. Roane Democratic-Republican 1815 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Robert S. Garnett (Democratic-Republican) ▌Edwin Upshaw (Democratic-Republican) ▌William H. Roane (Democratic-Republican) Virginia 13 Burwell Bassett Democratic-Republican 1815 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Burwell Bassett (Democratic-Republican) 73.3% ▌John Eyre (Federalist) 24.8% ▌M. S. Pitts (Federalist) 1.9% Virginia 14 William A. Burwell Democratic-Republican 1813 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y William A. Burwell (Democratic-Republican) Virginia 15 John Kerr Democratic-Republican 1815 (special) Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y William J. Lewis (Democratic-Republican) 100% Virginia 16 John Randolph Democratic-Republican 17991813 (lost)1815 Incumbent lost-re-election.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Archibald Austin (Democratic-Republican) 61.5% ▌John Randolph (Democratic-Republican) 38.5% Virginia 17 James Pleasants Democratic-Republican 1811 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James Pleasants (Democratic-Republican) 100% Virginia 18 Thomas M. Nelson Democratic-Republican 1816 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thomas M. Nelson (Democratic-Republican) 100% Virginia 19 Peterson Goodwyn Democratic-Republican 1803 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Peterson Goodwyn (Democratic-Republican) 96.9% ▌John Pegram (Democratic-Republican) 3.1% Virginia 20 James Johnson Democratic-Republican 1813 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y James Johnson (Democratic-Republican) 100% Virginia 21 Thomas Newton Jr. Democratic-Republican 1797 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Thomas Newton Jr. (Democratic-Republican) 93.5% ▌Littleton W. Tazewell (Democratic-Republican) 6.5% Virginia 22 Hugh Nelson Democratic-Republican 1811 Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y Hugh Nelson (Democratic-Republican) 72.7% ▌Thomas W. Maury (Democratic-Republican) 27.3% Virginia 23 John Tyler Democratic-Republican 1816 (special) Incumbent re-elected. ▌Y John Tyler (Democratic-Republican) 53.7% ▌Andrew Stevenson (Democratic-Republican) 46.3% Non-voting delegates See also: Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives There were three territories with the right to send delegates during at least part of the 15th Congress. Illinois Territory also only existed during the 1st Session, as it was admitted to the Union as the State of Illinois on December 3, 1818. Mississippi Territory only existed during the first few months of the 15th Congress, but did not elect a delegate, since it was admitted to the Union as a state a few days into the 1st Session of the 15th Congress. There were two elections held for the delegate from Missouri Territory. The first was contested by Rufus Easton on the grounds of electoral fraud. This election was declared void, and a second election was held on August 4, 1817. It was won without controversy by John Scott, who took his seat on December 8, 1817. District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Illinois Territory at-large Benjamin Stephenson Democratic-Republican 1814 Incumbent retired.New delegate elected September 5, 1816.Democratic-Republican hold. ▌Y Nathaniel Pope (Democratic-Republican) ▌John Caldwell (Unknown) Missouri Territory at-large Rufus Easton None 1814 Incumbent lost re-election.New delegate elected September 10, 1816 but challenged the result.Election was declared void January 13, 1817. ▌Y John Scott 49.8% Rufus Easton 49.4% See also 14th United States Congress 15th United States Congress 1816 United States elections List of United States House of Representatives elections (1789–1822) 1816 United States presidential election 1816–17 United States Senate elections Notes ^ Regular elections only ^ a b c d Figures are at variance with both Dubin (p. 62, which includes "140 Republicans, 1 Independent Republican, and 2 vacancies", in addition to "41 Federalists"), and Martis (p. 84) and "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* ▌1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. (which both report 146 Democrat-Republicans, and 39 Federalists). But Dubin appears to incorrectly list Lewis Williams of NC-13 as a "Federalist" (see pg. 60 and 55, etc.) instead of a "Democrat-Republican", while Martis lists Philemon Beecher of OH-05 as a "Democrat-Republican" instead of a "Federalist", which if accounted for would revise both Dubin's and Martis's totals to 40 Federalists (and therefore 144 Democrat-Republicans). ^ A majority was required for election, which was not met in the initial election for 5 districts requiring additional trials to be held on January 27, May 1, July 21, September 29, and December 1, 1817. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Only candidates with at least 1% of the vote listed. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Numbers of votes missing or incomplete in source ^ a b Full name unknown. ^ Exactly 50%. References ^ 3 Stat. 349 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Fourteenth Congress March 4, 1815, to March 3, 1817". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved October 22, 2018. ^ "North Carolina 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 6, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 5, 2018. ^ "Maryland 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 5, Special, January". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 5, 2018. ^ "New York 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 21, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 5, 2018. ^ "North Carolina 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 5, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 5, 2018. ^ "North Carolina 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 8, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 5, 2018. ^ "New York 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 20, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 5, 2018. ^ "Maryland 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 5, Special, September". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 5, 2018. ^ "Maryland 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 3, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 5, 2018. ^ "Ohio 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 1, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 12, 2018. ^ "by a majority of 200 votes" "South Carolina 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 9, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 5, 2018. ^ "Georgia 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 5, 2018. ^ "Virginia 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 23, Special". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 5, 2018. ^ a b c d e f "Fifteenth Congress March 4, 1817, to March 3, 1819". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved November 2, 2018 – via History.house.gov. ^ "Indiana 1816 U.S. House of Representatives". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 16, 2018. ^ "Maryland 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 5". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved December 17, 2018. ^ Cox, Harold (January 31, 2007). "Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682–2006". The Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University. ^ "Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress - Retro Member details". ^ a b "Our Campaigns - MO Territorial Delegate Race - Sep 10, 1816". Bibliography "A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825". Tufts Digital Library, Tufts University. Retrieved January 17, 2015. Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). 1788–1997 United States Congressional Elections: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830. Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789–1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701. "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015. External links Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives) vteUnited States House of Representatives electionsElections spanningtwo years(through 1879) 1788–89 1790–91 1792–93 1794–95 1796–97 1798–99 1800–01 1802–03 1804–05 1806–07 1808–09 1810–11 1812–13 1814–15 1816–17 1818–19 1820–21 1822–23 1824–25 1826–27 1828–29 1830–31 1832–33 1834–35 1836–37 1838–39 1840–41 1842–43 1844–45 1846–47 1848–49 1850–51 1852–53 1854–55 1856–57 1858–59 1860–61 1862–63 1864–65 1866–67 1868–69 1870–71 1872–73 1874–75 1876–77 1878–79 Elections heldin a single year(starting 1880)Regularsandeven-yearspecials 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 Odd-yearspecials 1881 1883 1885 1887 1889 1891 1893 1895 1897 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 1939 1941 1943 1945 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Seat ratings 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Speaker elections Full list 1855–56 1923 2011 January 2015 October 2015 2017 2019 2021 January 2023 October 2023 Summaries 1789–1822 1824–1854 1856–present Special elections Third party performances Senate elections Presidential elections Gubernatorial elections
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"15th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Democratic-Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"Era of Good Feelings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings"},{"link_name":"James Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe"},{"link_name":"Federalist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Andrew Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Battle of New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"Hartford Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Convention"},{"link_name":"1815 eruption of Mount Tambora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1815_eruption_of_Mount_Tambora"},{"link_name":"other major eruptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_Without_a_Summer"},{"link_name":"severely damaged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_Without_a_Summer"}],"text":"The 1816–17 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between April 30, 1816 and August 14, 1817. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 15th United States Congress convened on December 1, 1817. The size of the House increased to 184 after Indiana and Mississippi achieved statehood.The Democratic-Republican Party entered the election with a large majority, yet made sizable gains, helping trigger the virtually nonpartisan Era of Good Feelings under new President James Monroe, elected in 1816.Two major events combined to help eliminate the declining Federalist Party from meaningful contention. First, the War of 1812 had concluded in 1815 with a feeling of national pride and relief, with the small American military fighting the much more powerful British forces to a draw punctuated by General Andrew Jackson's dramatic victory at the Battle of New Orleans. Federalists had opposed the risky but ultimately successful war, with some New England Federalists advocating radical measures at the Hartford Convention. Second, the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in present-day Indonesia, itself the most powerful in recorded history and following other major eruptions, temporarily disrupted global climate. The effects severely damaged the agricultural economy of New England, where Federalist support was strongest, causing privation, popular discontent, and mass emigration westward.","title":"1816–17 United States House of Representatives elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Mississippi was admitted as a state in 1817 during the 15th Congress, adding one seat.[1]","title":"Election summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_special_elections_to_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"14th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"15th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_United_States_Congress"}],"text":"See also: List of special elections to the United States House of RepresentativesThere were special elections in 1816 and 1817 to the 14th United States Congress and 15th United States Congress.Special elections are sorted by date then district.","title":"Special elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"14th Congress","title":"Special elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"15th Congress","title":"Special elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"1817 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1817_Connecticut%27s_at-large_congressional_district_special_election"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut and 1817 Connecticut's at-large congressional district special electionConnecticut elected its members September 16, 1816.","title":"Connecticut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Delaware"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from DelawareDelaware elected its members October 7, 1816.","title":"Delaware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1816 Georgia's at-large congressional district special election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816_Georgia%27s_at-large_congressional_district_special_election"},{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia"}],"text":"See also: 1816 Georgia's at-large congressional district special election and List of United States representatives from GeorgiaGeorgia elected its members October 7, 1816.","title":"Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Non-voting delegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Non-voting_delegates"}],"text":"See Non-voting delegates, below.","title":"Illinois Territory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1816 United States House of Representatives election in Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Indiana"},{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Indiana"},{"link_name":"just elected him just the year before","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Indiana"}],"text":"See also: 1816 United States House of Representatives election in Indiana and List of United States representatives from IndianaIndiana elected its member August 4, 1817, having just elected him just the year before to the new seat.","title":"Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"14th Congress","title":"Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"15th Congress","title":"Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1816 Kentucky's 1st congressional district special election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816_Kentucky%27s_1st_congressional_district_special_election"},{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Kentucky"}],"text":"See also: 1816 Kentucky's 1st congressional district special election and List of United States representatives from KentuckyKentucky elected its members August 5, 1816.","title":"Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Louisiana"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from LouisianaLouisiana elected its members July 1–3, 1816.","title":"Louisiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from MarylandMaryland elected its members October 6, 1816.","title":"Maryland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from MassachusettsMassachusetts's electoral law required a majority for election. In five districts this was not met on the first election, requiring additional trials to be held.Massachusetts elected its members November 4, 1816.District numbers differed between source used and elsewhere on Wikipedia; district numbers used elsewhere on Wikipedia used here.","title":"Massachusetts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15thRoster-19"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Territory"},{"link_name":"Alabama Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Territory"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from MississippiMississippi was admitted as a state on December 10, 1817[15] from the western half of the former Mississippi Territory (the eastern half became Alabama Territory) It elected its first representative to Congress August 4–5, 1817.","title":"Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Non-voting delegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Non-voting_delegates"}],"text":"See Non-voting delegates, below.","title":"Missouri Territory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Hampshire"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New HampshireNew Hampshire elected its members August 26, 1816.","title":"New Hampshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Democratic-Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from New JerseyIn 1816, the Democratic-Republican candidates ran unopposed.New Jersey elected its members November 4–5, 1816.","title":"New Jersey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1816 New York's 21st congressional district special election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816_New_York%27s_21st_congressional_district_special_election"},{"link_name":"1816 New York's 20th congressional district special election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816_New_York%27s_20th_congressional_district_special_election"},{"link_name":"1817 New York's 4th congressional district special election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1817_New_York%27s_4th_congressional_district_special_election"},{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York"}],"text":"See also: 1816 New York's 21st congressional district special election, 1816 New York's 20th congressional district special election, 1817 New York's 4th congressional district special election, and List of United States representatives from New YorkNew York elected its members April 23 to 25, 1816.","title":"New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_North_Carolina"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from North CarolinaNorth Carolina elected its members August 14, 1817.","title":"North Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Ohio"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from OhioOhio elected its members October 8, 1816.","title":"Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1816 Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district special election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816_Pennsylvania%27s_9th_congressional_district_special_election"},{"link_name":"1817 Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district special election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1817_Pennsylvania%27s_10th_congressional_district_special_election"},{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"See also: 1816 Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district special election, 1817 Pennsylvania's 10th congressional district special election, and List of United States representatives from PennsylvaniaPennsylvania elected its members October 8, 1816.","title":"Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Rhode_Island"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode IslandRhode Island elected its members August 27, 1816.","title":"Rhode Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1816 South Carolina's 9th congressional district special election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816_South_Carolina%27s_9th_congressional_district_special_election"},{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_South_Carolina"}],"text":"See also: 1816 South Carolina's 9th congressional district special election and List of United States representatives from South CarolinaSouth Carolina elected its members October 14–15, 1816.","title":"South Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from TennesseeTennessee elected its members August 7–8, 1817.","title":"Tennessee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont"}],"text":"See also: List of United States representatives from VermontVermont elected its members September 3, 1816, replacing its six Federalists with six Democratic-Republicans.","title":"Vermont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1816 Virginia's 18th congressional district special election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816_Virginia%27s_18th_congressional_district_special_election"},{"link_name":"1816 Virginia's 23rd congressional district special election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816_Virginia%27s_23rd_congressional_district_special_election"},{"link_name":"List of United States representatives from Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Virginia"}],"text":"See also: 1816 Virginia's 18th congressional district special election, 1816 Virginia's 23rd congressional district special election, and List of United States representatives from VirginiaVirginia elected its members in April 1817.","title":"Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"delegates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegate_(United_States_Congress)"},{"link_name":"Illinois Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Territory"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Territory"},{"link_name":"Missouri Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Territory"},{"link_name":"Rufus Easton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Easton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14thRoster-6"},{"link_name":"John Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scott_(Missouri)"}],"text":"See also: Non-voting members of the United States House of RepresentativesThere were three territories with the right to send delegates during at least part of the 15th Congress.Illinois Territory also only existed during the 1st Session, as it was admitted to the Union as the State of Illinois on December 3, 1818.Mississippi Territory only existed during the first few months of the 15th Congress, but did not elect a delegate, since it was admitted to the Union as a state a few days into the 1st Session of the 15th Congress.There were two elections held for the delegate from Missouri Territory. The first was contested by Rufus Easton on the grounds of electoral fraud. This election was declared void, and a second election was held on August 4, 1817.[2] It was won without controversy by John Scott, who took his seat on December 8, 1817.","title":"Non-voting delegates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-discrepancy_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-discrepancy_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-discrepancy_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-discrepancy_2-3"},{"link_name":"Lewis Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Williams_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Philemon Beecher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philemon_Beecher"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m1_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m1_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m1_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m1_5-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m1_5-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m1_5-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m1_5-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m1_5-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m1_5-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-m1_5-9"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nr_21-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nr_21-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nr_21-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nr_21-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nr_21-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nr_21-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nr_21-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nr_21-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nr_21-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nr_21-9"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn_22-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-sp_24-0"}],"text":"^ Regular elections only\n\n^ a b c d Figures are at variance with both Dubin (p. 62, which includes \"140 Republicans, 1 Independent Republican, and 2 vacancies\", in addition to \"41 Federalists\"), and Martis (p. 84) and \"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* ▌1789–Present\". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. (which both report 146 Democrat-Republicans, and 39 Federalists). But Dubin appears to incorrectly list Lewis Williams of NC-13 as a \"Federalist\" (see pg. 60 and 55, etc.) instead of a \"Democrat-Republican\", while Martis lists Philemon Beecher of OH-05 as a \"Democrat-Republican\" instead of a \"Federalist\", which if accounted for would revise both Dubin's and Martis's totals to 40 Federalists (and therefore 144 Democrat-Republicans).\n\n^ A majority was required for election, which was not met in the initial election for 5 districts requiring additional trials to be held on January 27, May 1, July 21, September 29, and December 1, 1817.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Only candidates with at least 1% of the vote listed.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Numbers of votes missing or incomplete in source\n\n^ a b Full name unknown.\n\n^ Exactly 50%.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/tufts:de.uscongress.1789"},{"link_name":"1788–1997 United States Congressional Elections: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9ElyQgAACAAJ&q=United+States+Congressional+Elections,+1788-1997:+The+Official+Results"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0786402830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786402830"},{"link_name":"The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789–1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=q0hyQgAACAAJ&q=The+Historical+Atlas+of+Political+Parties+in+the+United+States+Congress,+1789-1989"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0029201701","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0029201701"},{"link_name":"\"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//history.house.gov/Institution/Party-Divisions/Party-Divisions/"}],"text":"\"A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825\". Tufts Digital Library, Tufts University. Retrieved January 17, 2015.\nDubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). 1788–1997 United States Congressional Elections: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.\nMartis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789–1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.\n\"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present\". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
[{"title":"14th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_United_States_Congress"},{"title":"15th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_United_States_Congress"},{"title":"1816 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816_United_States_elections"},{"title":"List of United States House of Representatives elections (1789–1822)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_(1789%E2%80%931822)"},{"title":"1816 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election"},{"title":"1816–17 United States Senate elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1816%E2%80%9317_United_States_Senate_elections"}]
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Tufts University. Retrieved November 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/pk02cc18r","url_text":"\"Maryland 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 5, Special, January\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University","url_text":"Tufts University"}]},{"reference":"\"New York 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 21, Special\". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/r781wh65m","url_text":"\"New York 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 21, Special\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University","url_text":"Tufts University"}]},{"reference":"\"North Carolina 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 5, Special\". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/3r074v063","url_text":"\"North Carolina 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 5, Special\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University","url_text":"Tufts University"}]},{"reference":"\"North Carolina 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 8, Special\". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/vh53ww159","url_text":"\"North Carolina 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 8, Special\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University","url_text":"Tufts University"}]},{"reference":"\"New York 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 20, Special\". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/z029p5350","url_text":"\"New York 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 20, Special\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University","url_text":"Tufts University"}]},{"reference":"\"Maryland 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 5, Special, September\". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/t148fj505","url_text":"\"Maryland 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 5, Special, September\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University","url_text":"Tufts University"}]},{"reference":"\"Maryland 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 3, Special\". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/qr46r149x","url_text":"\"Maryland 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 3, Special\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University","url_text":"Tufts University"}]},{"reference":"\"Ohio 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 1, Special\". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/5425kb45p","url_text":"\"Ohio 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 1, Special\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University","url_text":"Tufts University"}]},{"reference":"\"South Carolina 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 9, Special\". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/9s161623j","url_text":"\"South Carolina 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 9, Special\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University","url_text":"Tufts University"}]},{"reference":"\"Georgia 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, Special\". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/hq37vp62p","url_text":"\"Georgia 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, Special\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University","url_text":"Tufts University"}]},{"reference":"\"Virginia 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 23, Special\". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/5m60qs00d","url_text":"\"Virginia 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 23, Special\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University","url_text":"Tufts University"}]},{"reference":"\"Fifteenth Congress March 4, 1817, to March 3, 1819\". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved November 2, 2018 – via History.house.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://historycms2.house.gov/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=40205","url_text":"\"Fifteenth Congress March 4, 1817, to March 3, 1819\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indiana 1816 U.S. House of Representatives\". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved November 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/q811kk16v","url_text":"\"Indiana 1816 U.S. House of Representatives\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University","url_text":"Tufts University"}]},{"reference":"\"Maryland 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 5\". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Retrieved December 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/44558f80m","url_text":"\"Maryland 1816 U.S. House of Representatives, District 5\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University","url_text":"Tufts University"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Harold (January 31, 2007). \"Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682–2006\". The Wilkes University Election Statistics Project. Wilkes University.","urls":[{"url":"http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox","url_text":"\"Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682–2006\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes_University","url_text":"Wilkes University"}]},{"reference":"\"Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress - Retro Member details\".","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguideretro.congress.gov/Home/MemberDetails?memIndex=P000432","url_text":"\"Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress - Retro Member details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - MO Territorial Delegate Race - Sep 10, 1816\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=296672","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - MO Territorial Delegate Race - Sep 10, 1816\""}]},{"reference":"\"A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825\". Tufts Digital Library, Tufts University. 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Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q0hyQgAACAAJ&q=The+Historical+Atlas+of+Political+Parties+in+the+United+States+Congress,+1789-1989","url_text":"The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789–1989"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0029201701","url_text":"978-0029201701"}]},{"reference":"\"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present\". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://history.house.gov/Institution/Party-Divisions/Party-Divisions/","url_text":"\"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_III_Nelipac
Ivaniš Nelipić
["1 Biography","2 Family","3 See also","4 External links","5 References"]
Croatian nobleman Ivaniš NelipićDuke of OmišDuke of Dalmatian citiesDuke of CetinaBornbefore 1379Died1435Noble familyNelipić noble familySpouse(s)Elizabeth BubekIssueCatherine NelipićMargarethe NelipičFatherIvan II Nelipić Ivaniš Nelipić or Ivan III Nelipić (before 1379–1435) was a Croatian nobleman who was prince of Cetina and Omiš. He was also titular Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia in 1419 and was a member of one of the most powerful Croatian noble families at the time. At the peak of his power, he ruled areas in inner Croatia from the mountain of Velebit to the Cetina river. From 1401 to 1435, he ruled over Klis Fortress, although his main seat was at Knin in Knin Fortress. During his reign, he was greatly involved in conflicts over Bosnia. Later, he was also recognized as duke of the Dalmatian cities, specifically Trogir, Split and Skradin. Biography Ivaniš was born before 1379 to Ivan II Nelipić and his wife Margarethe, who from the Split noble family Merini. He inherited the territories held by the family around the river Cetina. He is mentioned as Duke of Trogir in 1393 and as Duke of Split in 1403. During the dynastic wars he was initially supportive of Ladislaus of Naples, from who he received Skradin and Klis. From 1406, he sided with Sigismund and lost Skradin, but kept Klis. In 1415, he is mentioned to be in a conflict with the Ottomans. In 1416, he also acquired the town of Omiš. He married Elizabeth Bubek, daughter of the Palatine of Hungary Detrik Bubek. From this point on, he is self-titled as Ban of Dalmatia and Croatia in the charters he issues. He died in 1435. Family Ivaniš, grandson of powerful Croatian nobleman Ivan Nelipić, was the last male member of the Nelipić noble family. According to his will, his daughter Princess Catherine Nelipić was to inherit all of his extensive possessions from the Velebit ranges to the Cetina river. She married Ivan Frankopan, who ruled as Ban of Croatia from 1432 to 1436. The Prince's other daughter, Margarita Nelipić, married Prince Kurjaković. His sister, Jelena Nelipčić, was married firstly to the most powerful Croatian nobleman in Bosnia, Duke Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić, and later to Stephen Ostoja, the King of Bosnia. See also Ivan Nelipić Jelena Nelipić External links Grad Drniš References ^ Mrgić, Jelena (2002). Donji Kraji, krajina srednjovekovne Bosne. Beograd: Filozofski fakultet Banja Luka. pp. 83 ^ Dubravko Lovrenović; Jelena Nelipčić, splitska vojvotkinja i bosanska kraljica, Filozofski fakultet Zagreb (1987) pp. 183-4 ^ Housley, Norman (2016-06-17). The Crusade in the Fifteenth Century: Converging and competing cultures. ISBN 9781317036876. ^ "Nelipčići | Hrvatska enciklopedija". ^ Birin, Ante (2009-12-16). "Cetinski knez Ivaniš Nelipčić – " ban naših Kraljevstava Dalmacije i Hrvatske"". Humanitas et Litterae: Ad Honorem Franjo Šanjek (Zbornik u Čast Franje Šanjeka): 289–302. ^ Ćirković, Sima (1964). Istorija srednjovekovne bosanske države. Beograd: Srpska književna zadruga. Ivaniš Nelipić Born: 1379 Died: 1434 Political offices Preceded byJohn Albeni Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia 1419 Succeeded byAlbert Nagymihályi This Croatian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article of a European noble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cetina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetina"},{"link_name":"Omiš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omi%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_of_Croatia_and_Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Velebit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velebit"},{"link_name":"Cetina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetina"},{"link_name":"Klis Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klis_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Knin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knin"},{"link_name":"Knin Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knin_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia"},{"link_name":"the Dalmatian cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_city-states"},{"link_name":"Trogir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogir"},{"link_name":"Split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_(city)"},{"link_name":"Skradin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skradin"}],"text":"Ivaniš Nelipić or Ivan III Nelipić (before 1379–1435) was a Croatian nobleman who was prince of Cetina and Omiš. He was also titular Ban of Croatia and Dalmatia in 1419 and was a member of one of the most powerful Croatian noble families at the time. At the peak of his power, he ruled areas in inner Croatia from the mountain of Velebit to the Cetina river. From 1401 to 1435, he ruled over Klis Fortress, although his main seat was at Knin in Knin Fortress. During his reign, he was greatly involved in conflicts over Bosnia. Later, he was also recognized as duke of the Dalmatian cities, specifically Trogir, Split and Skradin.","title":"Ivaniš Nelipić"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivan II Nelipić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_II_Nelipi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ladislaus of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislaus_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Skradin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skradin"},{"link_name":"Klis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klis"},{"link_name":"Sigismund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Sigismund"},{"link_name":"Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Palatine of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Ivaniš was born before 1379 to Ivan II Nelipić and his wife Margarethe, who from the Split noble family Merini.[1] He inherited the territories held by the family around the river Cetina.[2] He is mentioned as Duke of Trogir in 1393 and as Duke of Split in 1403. During the dynastic wars he was initially supportive of Ladislaus of Naples, from who he received Skradin and Klis. From 1406, he sided with Sigismund and lost Skradin, but kept Klis. In 1415, he is mentioned to be in a conflict with the Ottomans.[3] In 1416, he also acquired the town of Omiš. He married Elizabeth Bubek, daughter of the Palatine of Hungary Detrik Bubek. From this point on, he is self-titled as Ban of Dalmatia and Croatia in the charters he issues.[4][5] He died in 1435.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivan Nelipić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Nelipi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Nelipić noble family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelipi%C4%87_noble_family"},{"link_name":"Velebit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velebit"},{"link_name":"Cetina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetina"},{"link_name":"Ivan Frankopan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Frankopan"},{"link_name":"Ban of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Jelena Nelipčić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Nelip%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvoje_Vuk%C4%8Di%C4%87_Hrvatini%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stephen Ostoja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Ostoja"}],"text":"Ivaniš, grandson of powerful Croatian nobleman Ivan Nelipić, was the last male member of the Nelipić noble family. According to his will, his daughter Princess Catherine Nelipić was to inherit all of his extensive possessions from the Velebit ranges to the Cetina river. She married Ivan Frankopan, who ruled as Ban of Croatia from 1432 to 1436. The Prince's other daughter, Margarita Nelipić, married Prince Kurjaković. His sister, Jelena Nelipčić, was married firstly to the most powerful Croatian nobleman in Bosnia, Duke Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić, and later to Stephen Ostoja, the King of Bosnia.","title":"Family"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Hatchet
Order of the Hatchet
["1 Origin","2 Rights and Privileges","3 Status of the Order","4 See also","5 Sources","6 Notes"]
Defunct Spanish female honorific order Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Emblem of the Order of the Hatchet in the stone of the cloister of the Cathedral of Tortosa, (c. 14th century) The Order of the Hatchet (Catalan: Orde de l'Atxa; Spanish: Orden del Hacha) is a female honorific order supposedly founded in 1149, bestowed upon the women of the town of Tortosa, in Catalonia (Spain). This order was founded during the Reconquista to honor women combatants in the site of Tortosa against Muslims. During that year, amid heavy fighting between the two fronts, Muslims besieged Tortosa after a withdrawal of Berenguer. In the absence of men to defend the city, women joined the fight, dressing as men and attacking with hatchets and anything else they could lay their hands on. They successfully repelled the attackers. Their participation was essential to the defense of Tortosa. In appreciation of these facts, Count Ramon Berenguer instituted the order of the hatchet for women who participated in that defense, which brought them privileges and tax exemptions, among other things. This was not a military order, but it was one of the few female honorific orders. Origin The city of Tortosa, in northeastern Spain, was held by Islamic Moors until the Second Crusade. In 1148, Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona led his forces to wrest control of the city. The crusading armies then moved on to attack other places. This left the city open to counter-attack in 1149. Moorish armies found the city well-defended, though, for the ladies of the town donned men's clothing and fought with whatever weapon was closest to hand, including hatchets. Berenguer was so impressed with the spirited defense that he created the Order of the Hatchet and bestowed it upon the women soldiers. Rights and Privileges They were styled thus, according to Ashmole, The Institution, Laws, and Ceremony of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (1672), Ch. 3, sect. 3: "The example is of the Noble Women of Tortosa in Aragon, and recorded by Josef Micheli Marquez, who plainly calls them Cavalleros or Knights, or may I not rather say Cavalleras, seeing I observe the words Equitissae and Militissae (formed from the Latin Equites and Milites) heretofore applied to Women, and sometimes used to express Madams or Ladies,though now these Titles are not known.", Those in the Order were exempt from all taxes, and received precedence ahead of men in the public assemblies of the town. Furthermore, it was granted "that all the Apparel and Jewels, though of never so great value, left by their dead Husbands, should be their own." Status of the Order No other members were admitted to the order, and it is presumed that the order went defunct when the last member died. Modern-day Tortosa See also Spanish military orders Sources Toton, Sir Edward III. Modern Chivalry (2013) "The Order of the Hatchet". Retrieved December 14, 2013. Velde, Francois. "Women Knights of the Middle Ages". Retrieved December 14, 2013. Zoltack, Nicole. "Female Knights and the Order of the Hatchet". Retrieved December 14, 2013. Notes ^ a b "Women Knights". www.heraldica.org. Retrieved 2016-04-08. ^ "Hacha" dibujoheraldico.blogspot.com (in Spanish) ^ Velde, para. 3 ^ Zoltack, para. 2 ^ Ashmole, as cited by Velde, para. 5
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During that year, amid heavy fighting between the two fronts, Muslims besieged Tortosa after a withdrawal of Berenguer. In the absence of men to defend the city, women joined the fight, dressing as men[1] and attacking with hatchets and anything else they could lay their hands on. They successfully repelled the attackers. Their participation was essential to the defense of Tortosa. In appreciation of these facts, Count Ramon Berenguer instituted the order of the hatchet for women who participated in that defense, which brought them privileges and tax exemptions, among other things.This was not a military order, but it was one of the few female honorific orders. [1][2]","title":"Order of the Hatchet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tortosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortosa"},{"link_name":"Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors"},{"link_name":"Second Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Berenguer_IV,_Count_of_Barcelona"}],"text":"The city of Tortosa, in northeastern Spain, was held by Islamic Moors until the Second Crusade. In 1148, Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona led his forces to wrest control of the city. The crusading armies then moved on to attack other places. This left the city open to counter-attack in 1149. Moorish armies found the city well-defended, though, for the ladies of the town donned men's clothing and fought with whatever weapon was closest to hand, including hatchets. Berenguer was so impressed with the spirited defense that he created the Order of the Hatchet and bestowed it upon the women soldiers.","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"They were styled thus, according to Ashmole, The Institution, Laws, and Ceremony of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (1672), Ch. 3, sect. 3:\"The example is of the Noble Women of Tortosa in Aragon, and recorded by Josef Micheli Marquez, who plainly calls them Cavalleros or Knights, or may I not rather say Cavalleras, seeing I observe the words Equitissae and Militissae (formed from the Latin Equites and Milites) heretofore applied to Women, and sometimes used to express Madams or Ladies,though now these Titles are not known.\",[3]Those in the Order were exempt from all taxes, and received precedence ahead of men in the public assemblies of the town.[4] Furthermore, it was granted \"that all the Apparel and Jewels, though of never so great value, left by their dead Husbands, should be their own.\"[5]","title":"Rights and Privileges"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tortosa_(town_view).jpg"}],"text":"No other members were admitted to the order, and it is presumed that the order went defunct when the last member died.Modern-day Tortosa","title":"Status of the Order"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Order of the Hatchet\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//modernchivalry.org/forum/index.php?topic=1279.0"},{"link_name":"\"Women Knights of the Middle Ages\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.heraldica.org/topics/orders/wom-kn.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Female Knights and the Order of the Hatchet\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.themedievalchronicle.com/SEPTOCT01/Female%20Knights.html"}],"text":"Toton, Sir Edward III. Modern Chivalry (2013) \"The Order of the Hatchet\". Retrieved December 14, 2013.Velde, Francois. \"Women Knights of the Middle Ages\". Retrieved December 14, 2013.Zoltack, Nicole. \"Female Knights and the Order of the Hatchet\". Retrieved December 14, 2013.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Women Knights\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.heraldica.org/topics/orders/wom-kn.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Hacha\" dibujoheraldico.blogspot.com (in Spanish)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dibujoheraldico.blogspot.com/2015/03/hacha.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ a b \"Women Knights\". www.heraldica.org. Retrieved 2016-04-08.\n\n^ \"Hacha\" dibujoheraldico.blogspot.com (in Spanish)\n\n^ Velde, para. 3\n\n^ Zoltack, para. 2\n\n^ Ashmole, as cited by Velde, para. 5","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Emblem of the Order of the Hatchet in the stone of the cloister of the Cathedral of Tortosa, (c. 14th century)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/TortosaOrdeAtxa.JPG/220px-TortosaOrdeAtxa.JPG"},{"image_text":"Modern-day Tortosa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tortosa_%28town_view%29.jpg/300px-Tortosa_%28town_view%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Spanish military orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_military_orders"}]
[{"reference":"\"Women Knights\". www.heraldica.org. Retrieved 2016-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldica.org/topics/orders/wom-kn.htm","url_text":"\"Women Knights\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://modernchivalry.org/forum/index.php?topic=1279.0","external_links_name":"\"The Order of the Hatchet\""},{"Link":"http://www.heraldica.org/topics/orders/wom-kn.htm","external_links_name":"\"Women Knights of the Middle Ages\""},{"Link":"http://www.themedievalchronicle.com/SEPTOCT01/Female%20Knights.html","external_links_name":"\"Female Knights and the Order of the Hatchet\""},{"Link":"http://www.heraldica.org/topics/orders/wom-kn.htm","external_links_name":"\"Women Knights\""},{"Link":"http://dibujoheraldico.blogspot.com/2015/03/hacha.html","external_links_name":"\"Hacha\" dibujoheraldico.blogspot.com (in Spanish)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Vial
François de Vial
["1 Biography","1.1 Education","1.2 Diplomatic career","1.3 Rome Holy See 1942–1944","2 Distinctions","3 References","4 Sources","5 See also","6 External links"]
Francois de Vial François de Vial (October 4, 1904 – May 16, 1984) was a diplomat and a Minister Plenipotentiary of France. Biography François de Vial Prague 1933 Born at Château Lynch-Bages, Pauillac, he was the son of general Félix de Vial . Education He attended the Lycée Saint-Joseph de Tivoli  from 1910 to 1918. He received his BA and law degree in Paris. Diplomatic career The French Embassy to the Holy See before a state visit to Pope Pius XII Le Prieuré Castle: his French residence Attached to the Consulate of France in Berlin in 1932 Seconded to the Embassy of France Prague 1933 Embassy of France in Berne from 1934 to 1935 Embassy of France in Budapest from 1935 to 1938 Vice-consul in Naples from 1938 to 1939, he did not join the mobilization center Attached to the Embassy of France to the Holy See from 1940 to 1944: Palazzo Taverna Orsini, founded by the Orsini family. French embassy to the Holy See Consul in Firenze from 1944 to 1949 French Patrotic day when in Firenze General consul in Quebec from 1953 to 1960 General consul in Liverpool François de Vial meeting with the Lord Mayor Plenipotentiary Minister Embassy of France in Madrid Member of NATO Defense College Plenipotentiary Minister in London Rome Holy See 1942–1944 Sir D'Arcy Osborne, was a British diplomat. He was Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Holy See 1936–1947. He was one of the group, led by Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty and a French diplomat François de Vial who both helped conceal some 4,000 escapees, both Allied soldiers and Jews, from the Nazis; 3,925 survived the war. United Kingdom: Sir Perceval d'Arcy Osborne 12th Duke of Leeds, KCMG (1936–1947) Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiar United States: Myron Charles Taylor (1939-1950) "Peace Ambassador" and "personal envoy" Myron Charles Taylor Distinctions Righteous Among the Nations 2020 1956 Rev le Craurer, Marchioness de Miramon, Madam de Vial, the French general consul of France François de Vial diplomatic dinner at Savoy hotel Officier of the Legion of Honour Commander of National Order of Merit (France) Médaille de la Résistance Order of the British Empire Knight of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary References ^ Registre d'état civil de Pauillac N° 88-1904 ^ Annuaire des anciens élèves de Tivoli. 1929 ^ a b c d e f Annuaire du corps diplomatique 1978 ^ Nicholas Horth, Miklós Horthy, Andrew L. Simon, Nicholas Roosevelt, Admiral Nicholas Horthy Memoirs, Simon Publications LLC, 1957 ^ The Battle for Rome: The Germans, The Allies, The Partisans, and The Pope, September 1943-June 1944. New York: Simon and Schuster. ^ Office Québécois de la langue francaise. "Status of the French language". Government of Quebec. Retrieved November 10, 2010. ^ THE LONDON GAZETTE FOREIGN OFFICE JUNE 1956: The QUEEN has been pleased to approve of:—Monsieur Francois de Vial, as Consul-General of France at Liverpool, for the counties of Anglesey,Caernarvon, Chester, Cumberland, Denbigh, Flint, Lancaster, Merioneth, Montgomery and Westmorland; the West Riding of the county of York;the Isle of Man, and Northern Ireland; ^ 2470 THE LONDON GAZETTE, APRIL 1960 : FOREIGN OFFICE 29th February 1960. The QUEEN has been pleased to approve of: Monsieur Francois de Vial, as Consul-General of France in London, for the City and County of London and the Counties of Bedford, Berks, Buckingham, Cambridge, Essex, Hertford, Huntingdon, Kent, Middlesex, Norfolk, Oxford, Suffolk, Surrey and Sussex ; the Island of St. Helena and the Falkland Islands ; ^ La Course pour Rome : comment la ville éternelle fut sauvée de la destruction nazie, Dan Kurzman, Éditions Elsevier 1977 ^ O'Reilly, Charles T (2001). Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945. Lexington Books. p. 244. ISBN 0-7391-0195-1. ^ "Hugh O'Flaherty Memorial web page". Permanent Memorial. Hugh O'Flaherty Memorial Society. Retrieved February 23, 2013. ^ Michaelis, Meir "Fascist Policy Toward Italian Jews: Tolerance and Persecution," ed. Ivo Hertzer, Ivo The Italian Refuge: Rescue of Jews During the Holocaust Chicago: The Catholic University Press, 1989. Sources Defense Lines South of Rome 1943 La Course pour Rome : comment la ville éternelle fut sauvée de la destruction nazie, Dan Kurzman, Éditions Elsevier 1977 French Diplomatic Diary 1950 Edition, 1968 Edition. Chadwick, Owen Britain and the Vatican During the Second World War, 1988, Cambridge University Paperback Library, p. 86 et seq. Clark, Mark (2007) . Calculated Risk. New York: Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1-929631-59-9. D'Este, Carlo (1990). World War II in the Mediterranean (1942-1945 Major Battles and Campaigns). Algonquin Books. ISBN 978-0-945575-04-7. Ellis, John (1993). The World War II Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for all the combatants. BCA. ISBN 978-1-85410-254-6. French general consuls List in Québec : "Réception du docteur L.P. Roy" chronicle from Quebec newspaper "la Patrie" Economical links with Québec and federal Government 1953 Page 117, 121, 135: letters written by François de Vial to Maurice Schumann, French Foreign Office minister. Moseley, Ray. 2004. Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce. Dallas: Taylor Trade Publishing. " War souvenirs; Pierre Peteul" French Canadian diplomatic relationship : Mac Gill University Montréal. folio 191,192,205,206 "Réactions du Québec à l' américanisation de la culture". Atkinson, Rick (2007). The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943-1944 (vol. 2 of The Liberation Trilogy). ISBN 978-0-8050-8861-8. "Alphonse Juin (1888-1967)" (in French). Académie française. 2009. Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-18. Tardini, Domenico. 1960. Pio XII. Roma: Poliglotta Vaticana. Mgr Martin, le Vatican inconnu, Fayard, 1988 Jean Neuvecelle, Église, capitale Vatican, coll. L'Air du temps, Paris, Gallimard, 1954, Charles Pichon, Le Vatican hier et aujourd'hui, Fayard, 1968 Paul Poupard, Connaissance du Vatican : histoire, organisation, activité, éd. Beauchesne, 1967, extraits en ligne Sergio Romano, La Foi et le Pouvoir : Le Vatican et l'Italie de Pie IX à Benoît XVI, Buchet-Chastel, 2007 Résumé en ligne Jean-Jacques Thierry :Andrea Lazzarini, Paolo VI, Profilo di Montini, quoted from Papst Paul VI Herder Freiburg, 1964 Morris, Terry; Murphy, Derrick. Europe 1870–1991. Nicholas Horth, Miklós Horthy, Andrew L. Simon, Nicholas Roosevelt, Admiral Nicholas Horthy Memoirs, Simon Publications LLC, 1957 Raiber, Richard (2008). Anatomy of Perjury: Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, Via Rasella, and the GINNY mission. Newark: University of Delaware Press. OCLC 171287684. Boyle, Peter G., ed. (2005). The Eden–Eisenhower correspondence, 1955–1957 University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2935-8 Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1948). Crusade in Europe, his war memoirs. Clausson, M. I. (2006). NATO: Status, Relations, and Decision-Making. Nova Publishers. ISBN 1-60021-098-8. Garthoff, Raymond L. (1994). Détente and confrontation: American-Soviet relations from Nixon to Reagan. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0-8157-3041-1. Le Blévennec, François (25 October 2011). "The Big Move". NATO Review. Retrieved 19 December 2011. a b Cody, Edward (12 March 2009). "After 43 Years, France to Rejoin NATO as Full Member". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 December 2011. (es) Jesús Palacios et Stanley G. Payne, Franco, mi padre : Testimonio de Carmen Franco, hija del caudillo, Madrid, La Esfera de los Libros, 2008, 791 p. ISBN 978-84-9734-783-9 O'Reilly, Charles T (2001). Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945. Lexington Books. p. 244. ISBN 0-7391-0195-1. Dalin, David G. The Myth of Hitler's Pope: How Pope Pius XII Rescued Jews from the Nazis. Regnery Publishing: Washington, D.C. 2005; ISBN 0-89526-034-4; p. 76 Minutes of 7 August 1941. British Public Records Office FO 371/30175 Cf. The Holy See's official journal Acta Apostolicae Sedis Volume 51, p. 271. The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican". Stephen Walker (4 March 2011), "The Priest who Outfoxed the Nazis", Irish Times, retrieved 4 March 2011 "Hugh O'Flaherty Memorial web page". Permanent Memorial. Hugh O'Flaherty Memorial Society. Retrieved February 23, 2013. Linteau, Paul-André (1989). Histoire du Québec contemporain; Volume 1; De la Confédération à la crise (1867–1929). Montréal: Les Éditions du Boréal. ISBN 978-2-89052-297-8. Linteau, Paul-André (1989). Histoire du Québec contemporain; Volume 2; Le Québec depuis 1930. Montréal: Les Éditions du Boréal. ISBN 978-2-89052-298-5. Horthy:, Admiral Nicholas (2000). Admiral Nicholas Horthy Memoirs. Nicholas Horthy, Miklós Horthy, Andrew L. Simon, Nicholas Roosevelt (illustrated ed.). Simon Publications LLC. p. 348. ISBN 0-9665734-3-9. 1919 speech of Horthy The Battle for Rome: The Germans, The Allies, The Partisans, and The Pope, September 1943-June 1944. New York: Simon and Schuster. Portelli, Alessandro (2003). The Order Has Been Carried Out: : History, Memory, and Meaning of a Nazi Massacre in Rome. Macmillan. List des consuls généraux français à Québec Liens économiques et échanges avec le Québec et le gouvernement fédéral 1953 Pages 117, 121, 135: lettres de François de Vial à Maurice Schumann, ministre des Affaires étrangères. Relations France Canada : Archives de l' université .Mac Gill Montréal. Strange Allies: Canada-Quebec-France Triangular Relations, 1944-1970 Park, William (1986). Defending the West: a history of NATO. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-0408-3. Katz, Robert (2003). The Battle for Rome. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-1642-5. The Peerage : Sir Percy Godolphin Osborne, 11° duc de Leeds. See also France portal Legion of Honour List of Legion of Honour recipients by name (V) Legion of Honour Museum External links fr: Jean-Népomucène de Vial fr:Félix de Vial Léon Bérard Pious Establishments of France Massacre in Rome Ardeatine massacre Benito Mussolini Bombing of Rome in World War II Bombing of the Vatican Italian Campaign (World War II) Père Marie-Benoît Operation Shingle Charles de Gaulle Maurice Couve de Murville NATO ww2gravestoneoflaherty-hugh-scarlet-pimpernel- Hugh-o-Flaherty
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He was Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Holy See 1936–1947. He was one of the group, led by Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty and a French diplomat[9] François de Vial[10] who both helped conceal[11] some 4,000 escapees, both Allied soldiers and Jews,[12] from the Nazis; 3,925 survived the war.United Kingdom: Sir Perceval d'Arcy Osborne 12th Duke of Leeds, KCMG (1936–1947) Envoy Extraordinary and Minister PlenipotentiarUnited States: Myron Charles Taylor (1939-1950) \"Peace Ambassador\" and \"personal envoy\" Myron Charles Taylor","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Righteous Among the Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dinner_de_gala_au_chateau_frontenac.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_Officier_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ordre_national_du_Merite_Commandeur_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"National Order of Merit 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Médaille de la Résistance\n Order of the British Empire\n Knight of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary","title":"Distinctions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ItalyDefenseLinesSouthofRome1943_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chadwick, 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ligne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//assr.revues.org/index15923.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8078-2935-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2935-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-60021-098-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-60021-098-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8157-3041-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8157-3041-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-84-9734-783-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9734-783-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7391-0195-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-0195-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89526-034-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89526-034-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-89052-297-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-89052-297-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-89052-298-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-89052-298-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9665734-3-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9665734-3-9"},{"link_name":"Defending the West: a history of NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/defendingwesthis0000park"},{"link_name":"Westview Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westview_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8133-0408-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-0408-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7432-1642-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1642-5"}],"text":"Defense Lines South of Rome 1943La Course pour Rome : comment la ville éternelle fut sauvée de la destruction nazie, Dan Kurzman, Éditions Elsevier 1977\nFrench Diplomatic Diary 1950 Edition, 1968 Edition.\nChadwick, Owen Britain and the Vatican During the Second World War, 1988, Cambridge University Paperback Library, p. 86 et seq.\nClark, Mark (2007) [1950]. Calculated Risk. New York: Enigma Books. ISBN 978-1-929631-59-9.\nD'Este, Carlo (1990). World War II in the Mediterranean (1942-1945 Major Battles and Campaigns). Algonquin Books. ISBN 978-0-945575-04-7.\nEllis, John (1993). The World War II Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for all the combatants. BCA. ISBN 978-1-85410-254-6.\nFrench general consuls List in Québec :[1]\n\"Réception du docteur L.P. Roy\" chronicle from Quebec newspaper \"la Patrie\" [2]\nEconomical links with Québec and federal Government 1953 Page 117, 121, 135: letters written by François de Vial to Maurice Schumann, French Foreign Office minister.\nMoseley, Ray. 2004. Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce. Dallas: Taylor Trade Publishing.\n\" War souvenirs; Pierre Peteul\" [3]\nFrench Canadian diplomatic relationship : Mac Gill University Montréal. folio 191,192,205,206 \"Réactions du Québec à l' américanisation de la culture\".\nAtkinson, Rick (2007). The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943-1944 (vol. 2 of The Liberation Trilogy). ISBN 978-0-8050-8861-8.\n\"Alphonse Juin (1888-1967)\" (in French). Académie française. 2009. Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-18.\nTardini, Domenico. 1960. Pio XII. Roma: Poliglotta Vaticana.\nMgr Martin, le Vatican inconnu, Fayard, 1988\nJean Neuvecelle, Église, capitale Vatican, coll. L'Air du temps, Paris, Gallimard, 1954,\nCharles Pichon, Le Vatican hier et aujourd'hui, Fayard, 1968\nPaul Poupard, Connaissance du Vatican : histoire, organisation, activité, éd. Beauchesne, 1967, extraits en ligne\nSergio Romano, La Foi et le Pouvoir : Le Vatican et l'Italie de Pie IX à Benoît XVI, Buchet-Chastel, 2007 Résumé en ligne\nJean-Jacques Thierry :Andrea Lazzarini, Paolo VI, Profilo di Montini, quoted from Papst Paul VI Herder Freiburg, 1964\nMorris, Terry; Murphy, Derrick. Europe 1870–1991.\nNicholas Horth, Miklós Horthy, Andrew L. Simon, Nicholas Roosevelt, Admiral Nicholas Horthy Memoirs, Simon Publications LLC, 1957\nRaiber, Richard (2008). Anatomy of Perjury: Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, Via Rasella, and the GINNY mission. Newark: University of Delaware Press. OCLC 171287684.\nBoyle, Peter G., ed. (2005). The Eden–Eisenhower correspondence, 1955–1957 University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2935-8\nEisenhower, Dwight D. (1948). Crusade in Europe, his war memoirs.\nClausson, M. I. (2006). NATO: Status, Relations, and Decision-Making. Nova Publishers. ISBN 1-60021-098-8.\nGarthoff, Raymond L. (1994). Détente and confrontation: American-Soviet relations from Nixon to Reagan. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0-8157-3041-1.\nLe Blévennec, François (25 October 2011). \"The Big Move\". NATO Review. Retrieved 19 December 2011.\na b Cody, Edward (12 March 2009). \"After 43 Years, France to Rejoin NATO as Full Member\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 December 2011.\n(es) Jesús Palacios et Stanley G. Payne, Franco, mi padre : Testimonio de Carmen Franco, hija del caudillo, Madrid, La Esfera de los Libros, 2008, 791 p. ISBN 978-84-9734-783-9\nO'Reilly, Charles T (2001). Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945. Lexington Books. p. 244. ISBN 0-7391-0195-1.\nDalin, David G. The Myth of Hitler's Pope: How Pope Pius XII Rescued Jews from the Nazis. Regnery Publishing: Washington, D.C. 2005; ISBN 0-89526-034-4; p. 76\nMinutes of 7 August 1941. British Public Records Office FO 371/30175\nCf. The Holy See's official journal Acta Apostolicae Sedis Volume 51, p. 271.\nThe Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican\".\nStephen Walker (4 March 2011), \"The Priest who Outfoxed the Nazis\", Irish Times, retrieved 4 March 2011\n\"Hugh O'Flaherty Memorial web page\". Permanent Memorial. Hugh O'Flaherty Memorial Society. Retrieved February 23, 2013.\nLinteau, Paul-André (1989). Histoire du Québec contemporain; Volume 1; De la Confédération à la crise (1867–1929). Montréal: Les Éditions du Boréal. ISBN 978-2-89052-297-8.\nLinteau, Paul-André (1989). Histoire du Québec contemporain; Volume 2; Le Québec depuis 1930. Montréal: Les Éditions du Boréal. ISBN 978-2-89052-298-5.\nHorthy:, Admiral Nicholas (2000). Admiral Nicholas Horthy Memoirs. Nicholas Horthy, Miklós Horthy, Andrew L. Simon, Nicholas Roosevelt (illustrated ed.). Simon Publications LLC. p. 348. ISBN 0-9665734-3-9.\n1919 speech of Horthy\nThe Battle for Rome: The Germans, The Allies, The Partisans, and The Pope, September 1943-June 1944. New York: Simon and Schuster.\nPortelli, Alessandro (2003). The Order Has Been Carried Out: : History, Memory, and Meaning of a Nazi Massacre in Rome. Macmillan.\nList des consuls généraux français à Québec\nLiens économiques et échanges avec le Québec et le gouvernement fédéral 1953 Pages 117, 121, 135: lettres de François de Vial à Maurice Schumann, ministre des Affaires étrangères.\nRelations France Canada : Archives de l' université .Mac Gill Montréal.\nStrange Allies: Canada-Quebec-France Triangular Relations, 1944-1970\nPark, William (1986). Defending the West: a history of NATO. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-0408-3.\nKatz, Robert (2003). The Battle for Rome. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-1642-5.\nThe Peerage : Sir Percy Godolphin Osborne, 11° duc de Leeds.","title":"Sources"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Y-chromosome_haplogroups_in_populations_of_the_world
List of Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
["1 See also","2 External links"]
Part of a series onGenetic genealogy Concepts Population genetics Haplogroup / Haplotype / Subclade Most recent common ancestor DNA haplogroups(Human mitochondrial,Human Y-chromosome) Genomics Related topics Y-chromosome haplogroups by population Genealogical DNA test Surname DNA project Personal genomics Genographic Project ISOGG vte The following articles are lists of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found in populations around the world. Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of North Africa Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Central and North Asia Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Oceania Y-DNA haplogroups in indigenous peoples of the Americas List of haplogroups of historic people See also Recent African origin of modern humans Genetic history of the Middle East Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia Genetic history of Europe Genetic history of Italy Genetic history of North Africa Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas Genetic history of the Iberian Peninsula Genetic history of the British Isles Genetic studies on Jews vtePhylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2021) "Y-chromosomal Adam" A00 A0-T  A0 A1  A1a A1b A1b1 BT B CT DE CF D E C F F1  F-Y27277   F3  GHIJK G HIJK IJK H IJ K I   J     LT        K2  I1   I2  J1   J2  L     T  K2e K2d K2c K2b   K2a K2b1    P  K-M2313  S   M     P1   NO1 P1c P1b P1a N O R Q Y-DNA by population Y-DNA haplogroups of historic people Footnotes ^ Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. S2CID 23291764. ^ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.) ^ Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4). ^ Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4. ^ F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89. ^ Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1. ^ Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT. ^ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. ^ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure. ^ Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2. ^ K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017) ^ Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.) ^ Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.) External links ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree Map of Y Haplogroups Y-DNA Ethnographic and Genographic Atlas and Open-Source Data Compilation vteY-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the worldY-DNA haplogroupsin populations of...World World Europe Europe Caucasus Africa North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Asia Near East Caucasus Central and North Asia (Kazakhs) South Asia East and Southeast Asia Oceania Oceania Americas Americas Famous haplotypes List of haplogroups of historical and famous figures Genetic history of... Africa North Africa Americas British Isles Europe African admixture in Europe Italy Iberian Peninsula Middle East South Asia Main articles Y-chromosomal Adam Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup List of Y-DNA single-nucleotide polymorphisms Paternal mtDNA transmission
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroups"},{"link_name":"Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_by_ethnic_group"},{"link_name":"Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_populations_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_populations_of_the_Near_East"},{"link_name":"Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_populations_of_North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_populations_of_Sub-Saharan_Africa"},{"link_name":"Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_populations_of_the_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_populations_of_South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_populations_of_East_and_Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Central and North Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_populations_of_Central_and_North_Asia"},{"link_name":"Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_populations_of_Oceania"},{"link_name":"Y-DNA haplogroups in indigenous peoples of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"List of haplogroups of historic people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_haplogroups_of_historic_people"}],"text":"The following articles are lists of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups found in populations around the world.Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group\nY-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe\nY-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East\nY-DNA haplogroups in populations of North Africa\nY-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa\nY-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Caucasus\nY-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia\nY-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia\nY-DNA haplogroups in populations of Central and North Asia\nY-DNA haplogroups in populations of Oceania\nY-DNA haplogroups in indigenous peoples of the Americas\nList of haplogroups of historic people","title":"List of Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world"}]
[]
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Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula"},{"title":"Genetic history of the British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles"},{"title":"Genetic studies on Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Y-DNA"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Y-DNA"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Y-DNA"},{"title":"Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup"},{"title":"[χ 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vanOven2014-1"},{"title":"[χ 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISOGG2015-2"},{"title":"Y-chromosomal Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Adam"},{"title":"A00","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_A00"},{"title":"A0-T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_A-L1085"},{"title":"[χ 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A0-T-3"},{"title":"A0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_A0"},{"title":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_A-P305"},{"title":"[χ 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A1-4"},{"title":"A1a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_A1a_(Y-DNA)"},{"title":"A1b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_A1b_(Y-DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"A1b1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_A1b1_(Y-DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"BT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_BT"},{"title":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_B_(Y-DNA)"},{"title":"CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_CT"},{"title":"DE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_DE"},{"title":"CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_CF"},{"title":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_D-CTS3946"},{"title":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M96"},{"title":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_C-M130"},{"title":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_F-M89_(Y-DNA)"},{"title":"F1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_F1_(Y-DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"F-Y27277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_F-Y27277&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"[χ 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F-Y27277-5"},{"title":"F3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_F3_(Y-DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"GHIJK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_GHIJK"},{"title":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_G-M201"},{"title":"HIJK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_HIJK"},{"title":"IJK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_IJK"},{"title":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)"},{"title":"IJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_IJ"},{"title":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_K_(Y-DNA)"},{"title":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M170"},{"title":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)"},{"title":"LT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_LT_(Y-DNA)"},{"title":"[χ 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LT-6"},{"title":"K2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_K2"},{"title":"[χ 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K2-7"},{"title":"I1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I1"},{"title":"I2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438"},{"title":"J1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J1"},{"title":"J2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J2"},{"title":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_L_(Y-DNA)"},{"title":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_T-M184"},{"title":"K2e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_K-M147&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"K2d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_K-P402&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"K2c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_K-P261&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"K2b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_K2b_(Y-DNA)"},{"title":"[χ 8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K2b-8"},{"title":"K2a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_K2a_(Y-DNA)"},{"title":"K2b1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_K2b1_(Y-DNA)"},{"title":"[χ 9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K2b1-9"},{"title":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_P_(Y-DNA)"},{"title":"[χ 10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P-10"},{"title":"K-M2313","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_K-M2313"},{"title":"[χ 11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-K-M2313-11"},{"title":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_S-B254"},{"title":"[χ 12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S-12"},{"title":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_M-P256"},{"title":"[χ 13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M-13"},{"title":"P1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_P1_(Y-DNA)"},{"title":"NO1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_NO1"},{"title":"P1c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_P-M45"},{"title":"P1b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_P1b&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"P1a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_P1a&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_N_(Y-DNA)"},{"title":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M175"},{"title":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M207"},{"title":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_Q-M242"},{"title":"Y-DNA by population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Y-DNA haplogroups of historic people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_haplogroups_of_historic_people"},{"title":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vanOven2014_1-0"},{"title":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"title":"10.1002/humu.22468","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fhumu.22468"},{"title":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"title":"24166809","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24166809"},{"title":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"title":"23291764","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23291764"},{"title":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ISOGG2015_2-0"},{"title":"International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_YDNATreeTrunk.html"},{"title":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A0-T_3-0"},{"title":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-A1_4-0"},{"title":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-F-Y27277_5-0"},{"title":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LT_6-0"},{"title":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-K2_7-0"},{"title":"Haplogroup T-M184","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_T-M184"},{"title":"K-M526","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_K2"},{"title":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-K2b_8-0"},{"title":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-K2b1_9-0"},{"title":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-P_10-0"},{"title":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-K-M2313_11-0"},{"title":"YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, \"K-M2335\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.yfull.com/tree/K-M2335/"},{"title":"PhyloTree, 2017, \"Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.phylotree.org/Y/marker_list.htm"},{"title":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-S_12-0"},{"title":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-M_13-0"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Clark
Robert L. Clark
["1 Biography","2 Career","3 References"]
American politician For others of a similar name, see Robert Clark. Robert L. Clark was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly. Biography Clark was born on January 31, 1872, in St. Joseph, Missouri. He attended Whitewater Normal School. Career Clark was elected to the Assembly in 1910. He was a Republican. References ^ J. D. Beck, ed. (1911). The Blue Book: The State of Wisconsin. Madison: Democrat Printing Company. Retrieved 2016-03-14.
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[]
null
[{"reference":"J. D. Beck, ed. (1911). The Blue Book: The State of Wisconsin. Madison: Democrat Printing Company. Retrieved 2016-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/WI/WI-idx?type=turn&id=WI.WIBlueBk1911&entity=WI.WIBlueBk1911.p0874&isize=L","url_text":"The Blue Book: The State of Wisconsin"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McDonald_(disambiguation)
Joseph McDonald
["1 See also"]
Joseph or Joe McDonald may refer to: Joseph A. McDonald (1866–1930), American businessman influential in the steel industry Joseph E. McDonald (1819–1891), U.S. Representative and Senator from Indiana Joseph P. McDonald (1919–1994), U.S. Army Air Corps private instrumental in the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service's attack on Pearl Harbor Country Joe McDonald (born 1942), lead singer of the 1960s psychedelic rock group Country Joe & the Fish Joe McDonald (baseball executive) (born 1929), former front office executive in American Major League Baseball Joe McDonald (footballer) (1929–2003), Scottish footballer who played for Sunderland and the Scotland national football team Joe McDonald (politician) (born 1966), Minnesota state representative and master photographer Joe McDonald (third baseman) (1888–1963), Major League Baseball third baseman who played in 1910 with the St. Louis Browns Joe McDonald (mobster) (1917–1997), Irish-American gangster of the Winter Hill Gang See also Joseph Macdonald (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Portugal
Vehicle registration plates of Portugal
["1 Colours","2 Special licence plates","3 Plates from the US Forces in Portugal (Lajes AFB, Azores)","4 District codes","5 History","5.1 1901–1911","5.2 1911–1936","5.3 1937–1992","5.4 1992–2020","5.5 2020-present","6 Former Portuguese overseas territories plates","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Portugal vehicle registration plates This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Vehicle registration plates of Portugal" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Portuguese RepublicCurrent regular legal standard number plate from PortugalCountry PortugalCountry codePCurrent seriesSize520 mm × 110 mm20.5 in × 4.3 inSerial formatNot standardColour (front)Black on WhiteColour (rear)Black on Whitevte 2005-2020 licence plate (for a January 2006 registered vehicle) Type of licence plate used between 1992 and 1997 Type of licence plate used until 1992 (white on black) The Portuguese vehicle registration plate system for automobiles and motorcycles is simple and sequential. The system has no link to geographical locations or similar. It is an incremental numbering system consisting of three groups of two characters, separated by dashes. This system started in 1937 with AA–10–00, which ran out on 29 February 1992. This then went on to 00–01–AA and changed to 00–AA–01 in 2005. This last sequence was exhausted early in 2020, and it was announced on 3 March that it had been replaced by the sequence AA–00–AA. (The first registration issued was actually AA–01–AA, the 00 having been reserved.) Moreover, the letters W and Y, never before used, and the letter K, used only for a short-lived series for imported vehicles in 1997 (see below), are being employed in the new system, meaning that this sequence should last more than six-and-a-half times as long as the previous. At current rates that it would not need replacing at least until the end of the 21st century, but the expected lifetime of the series is stated as being forty-five years. In 2020 with the change to the AA–01–AA, the yellow ribbon containing the date of first registration is being discontinued due to authorities in other countries mistaking the registration date as an expiration date. In addition, the dashes that separate each block of numbers or letters have been removed from the new plate format. Owners of vehicles that need replacement plates will be able to choose whether such plates are produced according to either the old or new format. Colours License plate formats from 1932 to 2020 Initially there were white characters on a black background. In 1992, the design was changed to one of black characters on a white background in metal or fibreglass; in that same year, the European blue ribbon was added with the Portuguese 'P' denominator. In 1998, a yellow ribbon on the right side was added with the month and year in which the car was first registered (e.g. 99/12 for December 1999; the year comes on top of the month). This was different from systems such as in Germany (where the numbers indicate the start and end month of the vehicle's registration) and more similar to systems such as in Italy (where the date indicates the year of vehicle registration). Note that the date is that of first-ever registration of the vehicle, not the date the vehicle was registered in Portugal. Some vehicles carry plates that have a year and month seemingly out of tune with the alphanumeric sequence, and the reason for this is that these are imported used vehicles. The yellow ribbon has been discontinued with the introduction of the new format in 2020. Special licence plates Diplomatic plate Portuguese National Republican Guard Trailer plate The sequences MG–00–00, ME–00–00 and MX–00–00 are only used by Portuguese Army vehicles. Tactical vehicles continue to use the old model of plates with black background and white letters and numbers. The sequence AP–00–00 is only used by Portuguese Navy vehicles. The sequence AM–00–00 is only used by Portuguese Air Force vehicles. The sequence 00–01–KA to 80–79–KF was used for second hand imported vehicles in 1997. The letters K, Y and W were not used before as they were not part of the Portuguese alphabet at the time. The Portuguese National Republican Guard uses the special sequence GNR A–01 to GNR Z–9999 in which the letter after the GNR identifies the type of vehicle (e.g. B for armoured vehicle, J for off-roader, L for patrol vehicle, T for traffic, etc.) Diplomatic vehicles use the sequences 000–CD000 (diplomats), 000–CC000 (consular personnel) and 000–FM000 (non-diplomatic embassy personnel) in which the first group of three numbers identify the country, with red characters on white and without the European blue ribbon. New, unregistered vehicles for sale use special plates with the name of the dealer followed by an identification number, with white characters on red and without the European blue ribbon. Trailers use another sequence which consist of two groups of characters separated by a dash. The first with one or two letters is the code of the regional registering office. The second is a sequential registration number with up to six digits. Vehicles for exportation use an inverse sequence of the trailers, first the registration number and second the office code. In this vehicles the letters "EXP" are placed in the yellow ribbon above the date. Industrial machines use the same sequence as cars and motorcycles but with black characters on red. These vehicles have a symbol indicating commercial class in the yellow ribbon rather than the year and month of registration. Duty unpaid vehicles use two groups of characters separated by a dash. The first is a sequential number up to five digits while the second is a letter. The year band is white, the colour is yellow like Netherlands vehicle registration plates. Iberlant NATO Base plates had a blue background with a yellow font and the sequence IBL–00–00. NATO plates start with NATO and followed by four numbers. Plates from the US Forces in Portugal (Lajes AFB, Azores) Plates used by the US forces in Portugal, specifically in Lajes (Terceira), Autonomous Region of the Azores. Unlike other countries on the European continent with US forces on their soil, US forces in Portugal do not use regular Portuguese plates. Instead, servicemembers and other US military personnel are issued unique plate series, with a A1-23-BC format. Additionally, rather than the international road code 'P', these plates display a unique 'U' on the blue Euroband, joined by the EU flag on top. District codes Trailers and vehicles for export have the following district code letters in their licence plates: A – Ponta Delgada (Azores) AN – Angra do Heroismo AV – Aveiro BE – Beja BG – Bragança BR – Braga C – Coimbra CB – Castelo Branco E – Évora FA – Faro GD – Guarda H – Horta L – Lisbon LE – Leiria M – Funchal (Madeira) P – Porto (Oporto) PT – Portalegre SA – Santarém SE – Setúbal VC – Viana do Castelo VR – Vila Real VI – Viseu Until the 1970s only the codes A, AN, C, H, L, M and P were used. After that, other registration offices were created with new codes. The following special codes are also used for trailers: D – Diplomatic F – non-diplomatic embassy. History 1901–1911 Local licence plates were issued from 1901 onwards by the districts civil governors offices and usually consisted of the full name or the abbreviation for the district followed by a serial number. (e.g. "LISBOA 123" or "L.XA 123" for a vehicle registered in Lisbon). 1911–1936 A national car registration system was established in 1911. The country was divided into zones (North, Centre, South, and, from 1918, the Azores and Madeira), each having an identification number sequence for the licence plates, which was N–000, C–000, S–000, A–000 and M–000 respectively. Hire cars had a letter A added after the registration (e.g. S–4226–A) and provisionally registered vehicles had WW added (e.g. S–1703–WW). The plates had a black background with white letters and numbers. By the mid-1930s so many vehicles had already been registered, especially in the South Zone (which included Lisbon), that the identification numbers have already reached five digits. As this represented a challenge for the identification of vehicles by the authorities, the system was changed. However, in the Azores and Madeira it persisted until 1962. 1937–1992 Type of licence plate issued between 1937 and 1992 On 1 January 1937, the second national car registration system came into force. This consisted of the sequence AA–10–00 to ZZ–99–99. The sequencing by zones was maintained, with the letters AA to LZ reserved for the South (Lisbon), MA to TZ for the North (Oporto) and UA to ZZ for the Center (Coimbra). The plates continued to have a black background with white letters and numbers. Vehicles registered under the previous system had to change to the new one. In Lisbon, the vehicles of series S–000 and S–1000 changed to series AA–00–00, those of S–10000 to AB–00–00, those of S–20000 to AC–00–00 and those of S–30000 to AD–00–00. In Oporto, the changes were from N–000 and N–1000 to MM–00–00 and from N–10000 to MN–00–00. In Coimbra, all vehicles changed to the series UU–00–00. In doing so, re-registered vehicles kept the last four digits that they had had under the old system so that e.g. C–123 changed to UU–01–23, N–1234 to MM–12–34 and S–12345 to AB–23–45. The letters MG, and later, ME and MX were reserved for the Army, AP for the Navy, AM for the Air Force and EP for government ministries. The letters CD, CC and FM were reserved for diplomatic vehicles (respectively for diplomatic, consular and non-diplomatic personnel), but with red characters on a white background. The letters TA, TB and TC, in red plates with white characters were reserved for temporary licences respectively in Lisbon, Oporto and Coimbra. National Republican Guard and the former Fiscal Guard had special sequences beginning respectively with the letters GNR and GF. In the Azores and Madeira the new system was only adopted in 1962. The Azores were divided into three registration districts: Ponta Delgada, Angra do Heroísmo and Horta. The letters AN were reserved for Angra, AR and AS for Ponta Delgada and HO for Horta. For Madeira the groups MA and MD were reserved. The white letters on red TD, TG, TH and TF were for temporary licences respectively in Ponta Delgada, Angra, Horta and Madeira. In the 1970s, new district registration offices were opened, and letters reserved for them: EM and EV for Évora, ZA and ZB for Braga, ZC and ZD for Vila Real, ZE and ZF for Aveiro, ZG and ZH for Guarda, ZI and ZL for Santarém, ZM and ZN for Setúbal and ZO and ZP for Faro. As Évora was considered a central office it also had a temporary licence code: TE. However, as the zonal registration system was abandoned relatively soon afterwards, most of these sequences were not used as zonal identifiers. In the early 1980s the reservation of letter sequences by zone was discontinued, and vehicles were registered sequentially at a national level, so that letter combinations previously reserved for Oporto and Coimbra might be seen on vehicles registered in the Lisbon offices of the National Registration Office. Sequences with the letters CU, FD and OO, were originally not used, the first two because they coincided with taboo slang words (CU – "arse", FD – Portuguese abbreviation for "fuck") and the last to avoid confusion with 00 (zero, zero). Later, however, The CU sequence was used in 1982 on Lisbon registered vehicles and OO in 1966, 1967, 1978, 1979 and 1982 on Oporto registered vehicles. In 1985, diplomatic plates adopted the format 000–CD000, 000–CC000 or 000–FM000, with the first three numbers a country identifier, and the last three sequential. 1992–2020 Type of licence plate issued between 1992 and 2005, before the introduction of the yellow ribbon in 1998. Type of licence plate with yellow ribbon (for a June 2004 registered vehicle) issued between 1998 and 2020. In March 1992, the AA–00–00 format came to an end and was succeeded by the genuinely national-level 00–00–AA sequence. The type of plate also changed to black characters on a reflective white background, with the blue ribbon, with the emblem of the European Communities (now Union) on the left-hand side and the letter P as a country identifier. Under this new sequence no combination of letters was reserved for specific entities or areas. However, in 1997 the combinations KA to KZ, the first letter of which sequence does not occur in the Portuguese alphabet and so had not previously been used, were given over to preregistered imported vehicles. The groups WA to WZ and YA to YZ were likewise reserved for this purpose, but the system was abandoned before these groups being used. In 1998 a yellow ribbon with the date of the first registration of the vehicle was introduced, placed on the right-hand side of the plate. This was mandatory for all newly registered vehicles, whether new or second-hand imports. In 2005, the 00–00–AA sequence ended, and 00–AA–00 was introduced. The last of the old sequence was 99–ZZ–99 and ended in March 2020. A comprehensive list of the history of sequences from 1956 to mid-2015, in Portuguese, can be found here Archived 2016-06-23 at the Wayback Machine. 2020-present Type of licence plate issued from March 2020. When it ran out, the 00-AA-00 sequency would be followed by the AA-00-AA sequency. This occurred in March 2020. The change of sequency was however also accompanied by a decision to implement a change in the layout of the plates. The first change was the elimination of the right-hand side yellow ribbon with the date of the vehicle registration. This was justified by the issues Portuguese drivers had to face in some foreign countries, when local police authorities confounded the registration date of their vehicle's plates with a supposed circulation period limit date. The second change was the elimination of the traditional dashes between the groups of letters and numbers. This was justified by the lack of space in the plates for all the characters if some combinations occur. It is technically incorrect to say that licence plates are issued. The authorities issue a registration number, and it is then the owner's responsibility to have a standardized plate made up, either of plastic or metal, on production of the appropriate documentation. In the case of new car sales, this is done by the dealer. Former Portuguese overseas territories plates Pre-1950s type Cape Verde plate from the Sotavento registration zone Post 1950s type Mozambique plate, the initial "M" identified the Mozambique overseas province, while the block "BE" was assigned to its Beira registration zone Angolan plate, 1972 The Portuguese models of car plates were adopted - with the necessary local adaptations - by the then existing overseas territories of Portugal. At the beginning, the model of 1911 was followed, with each licence plate number consisting of an initial letter or group of letters identifying the registration zone followed by a serial number (e.g. G–1234 for a car registered in Portuguese Guinea or CVS–1235 for one registered in the south-east zone of Cape Verde). While smaller colonies (e.g. Portuguese Guinea) constituted a single registration zone, larger ones (e.g. Angola) were divided in several zones. In the 1950s and 1960s, the licensing systems of all overseas territories were changed to systems based on the Portuguese one of 1937. By territory the sequences used were: Angola: Axx–00–00 – the second and third letters were reserved by district Cape Verde: CVx–00–00 – the third letter identified the island group (S: Sotavento, B: Barlavento) Portuguese Guinea: G–00–00 Portuguese India: Ixx–00–00 – the second and third letters were reserved by district (IGA to IGZ for Goa district) Macau: M–00–00 and later Mx–00–00 – the second letter was sequential (ME–00–00 numbers did not cause problems as Portugal withdrew its armed forces in the 1970s) Mozambique: Mxx–00–00 – the second and third letters were reserved by district São Tomé and Príncipe: STP–00–00 Portuguese Timor: T–00–00 and later TP–00–00 With some minor differences, these systems are still in use in São Tomé and Príncipe, Macau, and Angola. Cape Verde has adapted the system to use different two-letter codes for each island. See also Vehicle registration plates of Europe References ^ "FAQ´s – Perguntas e Respostas - Regulamento da Matrícula". ^ Trailers in Portugal at the end of the site Archived 2014-05-19 at the Wayback Machine ^ http://www.bmw2002ti.eu/matriculas.htm Car Registration Plates in Portugal - Letter Sequences by Year External links Media related to License plates of Portugal at Wikimedia Commons vteVehicle registration plates of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies andother entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Sovereign Military Order of Malta
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chapa98.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chapa92-98.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portugallicenseplate.jpg"},{"link_name":"vehicle registration plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"2005-2020 licence plate (for a January 2006 registered vehicle)Type of licence plate used between 1992 and 1997Type of licence plate used until 1992 (white on black)The Portuguese vehicle registration plate system for automobiles and motorcycles is simple and sequential. The system has no link to geographical locations or similar. It is an incremental numbering system consisting of three groups of two characters, separated by dashes. This system started in 1937 with AA–10–00, which ran out on 29 February 1992. This then went on to 00–01–AA and changed to 00–AA–01 in 2005. This last sequence was exhausted early in 2020, and it was announced on 3 March that it had been replaced by the sequence AA–00–AA. (The first registration issued was actually AA–01–AA, the 00 having been reserved.) Moreover, the letters W and Y, never before used, and the letter K, used only for a short-lived series for imported vehicles in 1997 (see below), are being employed in the new system, meaning that this sequence should last more than six-and-a-half times as long as the previous. At current rates that it would not need replacing at least until the end of the 21st century, but the expected lifetime of the series is stated as being forty-five years.In 2020 with the change to the AA–01–AA, the yellow ribbon containing the date of first registration is being discontinued due to authorities in other countries mistaking the registration date as an expiration date.[1] In addition, the dashes that separate each block of numbers or letters have been removed from the new plate format. Owners of vehicles that need replacement plates will be able to choose whether such plates are produced according to either the old or new format.","title":"Vehicle registration plates of Portugal"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sistema_de_numera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_matr%C3%ADculas.svg"}],"text":"License plate formats from 1932 to 2020Initially there were white characters on a black background. In 1992, the design was changed to one of black characters on a white background in metal or fibreglass; in that same year, the European blue ribbon was added with the Portuguese 'P' denominator. In 1998, a yellow ribbon on the right side was added with the month and year in which the car was first registered (e.g. 99/12 for December 1999; the year comes on top of the month). This was different from systems such as in Germany (where the numbers indicate the start and end month of the vehicle's registration) and more similar to systems such as in Italy (where the date indicates the year of vehicle registration). Note that the date is that of first-ever registration of the vehicle, not the date the vehicle was registered in Portugal. Some vehicles carry plates that have a year and month seemingly out of tune with the alphanumeric sequence, and the reason for this is that these are imported used vehicles. The yellow ribbon has been discontinued with the introduction of the new format in 2020.","title":"Colours"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portugal_diplomatic_license_plate_200-CD530.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LicencseplateGNR.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portugal_licence_plate_trailer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Army"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Navy"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Portuguese National Republican Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_National_Republican_Guard"}],"text":"Diplomatic platePortuguese National Republican GuardTrailer plateThe sequences MG–00–00, ME–00–00 and MX–00–00 are only used by Portuguese Army vehicles. Tactical vehicles continue to use the old model of plates with black background and white letters and numbers.\nThe sequence AP–00–00 is only used by Portuguese Navy vehicles.\nThe sequence AM–00–00 is only used by Portuguese Air Force vehicles.\nThe sequence 00–01–KA to 80–79–KF was used for second hand imported vehicles in 1997. The letters K, Y and W were not used before as they were not part of the Portuguese alphabet at the time.\nThe Portuguese National Republican Guard uses the special sequence GNR A–01 to GNR Z–9999 in which the letter after the GNR identifies the type of vehicle (e.g. B for armoured vehicle, J for off-roader, L for patrol vehicle, T for traffic, etc.)\nDiplomatic vehicles use the sequences 000–CD000 (diplomats), 000–CC000 (consular personnel) and 000–FM000 (non-diplomatic embassy personnel) in which the first group of three numbers identify the country, with red characters on white and without the European blue ribbon.\nNew, unregistered vehicles for sale use special plates with the name of the dealer followed by an identification number, with white characters on red and without the European blue ribbon.\nTrailers use another sequence which consist of two groups of characters separated by a dash. The first with one or two letters is the code of the regional registering office. The second is a sequential registration number with up to six digits.\nVehicles for exportation use an inverse sequence of the trailers, first the registration number and second the office code. In this vehicles the letters \"EXP\" are placed in the yellow ribbon above the date.\nIndustrial machines use the same sequence as cars and motorcycles but with black characters on red. These vehicles have a symbol indicating commercial class in the yellow ribbon rather than the year and month of registration.\nDuty unpaid vehicles use two groups of characters separated by a dash. The first is a sequential number up to five digits while the second is a letter. The year band is white, the colour is yellow like Netherlands vehicle registration plates.\nIberlant NATO Base plates had a blue background with a yellow font and the sequence IBL–00–00.\nNATO plates start with NATO and followed by four numbers.","title":"Special licence plates"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_forces_in_Portugal_license_plates_(Lajes_Air_Force_Base,_Azores).png"},{"link_name":"EU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"}],"text":"Plates used by the US forces in Portugal, specifically in Lajes (Terceira), Autonomous Region of the Azores.Unlike other countries on the European continent with US forces on their soil, US forces in Portugal do not use regular Portuguese plates. Instead, servicemembers and other US military personnel are issued unique plate series, with a A1-23-BC format. Additionally, rather than the international road code 'P', these plates display a unique 'U' on the blue Euroband, joined by the EU flag on top.","title":"Plates from the US Forces in Portugal (Lajes AFB, Azores)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ponta Delgada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponta_Delgada"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"Angra do Heroismo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angra_do_Heroismo"},{"link_name":"Aveiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveiro,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Beja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beja_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"Bragança","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bragan%C3%A7a_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braga"},{"link_name":"Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra"},{"link_name":"Castelo Branco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelo_Branco,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Évora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vora"},{"link_name":"Faro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Guarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarda,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Horta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horta_(Azores)"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Leiria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiria"},{"link_name":"Funchal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funchal"},{"link_name":"Madeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira"},{"link_name":"Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto"},{"link_name":"Portalegre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portalegre,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Santarém","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Setúbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set%C3%BAbal"},{"link_name":"Viana do Castelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viana_do_Castelo_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Vila Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_Real_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Viseu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viseu"}],"text":"Trailers and vehicles for export have the following district code letters in their licence plates:[2]A – Ponta Delgada (Azores)\nAN – Angra do Heroismo\nAV – Aveiro\nBE – Beja\nBG – Bragança\nBR – Braga\nC – Coimbra\nCB – Castelo Branco\nE – Évora\nFA – Faro\nGD – Guarda\nH – Horta\nL – Lisbon\nLE – Leiria\nM – Funchal (Madeira)\nP – Porto (Oporto)\nPT – Portalegre\nSA – Santarém\nSE – Setúbal\nVC – Viana do Castelo\nVR – Vila Real\nVI – ViseuUntil the 1970s only the codes A, AN, C, H, L, M and P were used. After that, other registration offices were created with new codes.The following special codes are also used for trailers:D – Diplomatic\nF – non-diplomatic embassy.","title":"District codes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"civil governors offices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Government"}],"sub_title":"1901–1911","text":"Local licence plates were issued from 1901 onwards by the districts civil governors offices and usually consisted of the full name or the abbreviation for the district followed by a serial number. (e.g. \"LISBOA 123\" or \"L.XA 123\" for a vehicle registered in Lisbon).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1911–1936","text":"A national car registration system was established in 1911. The country was divided into zones (North, Centre, South, and, from 1918, the Azores and Madeira), each having an identification number sequence for the licence plates, which was N–000, C–000, S–000, A–000 and M–000 respectively. Hire cars had a letter A added after the registration (e.g. S–4226–A) and provisionally registered vehicles had WW added (e.g. S–1703–WW). The plates had a black background with white letters and numbers.By the mid-1930s so many vehicles had already been registered, especially in the South Zone (which included Lisbon), that the identification numbers have already reached five digits. As this represented a challenge for the identification of vehicles by the authorities, the system was changed. However, in the Azores and Madeira it persisted until 1962.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portugal_license_plate_1937-1992.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Oporto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oporto"},{"link_name":"Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"Madeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira"},{"link_name":"Ponta Delgada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponta_Delgada"},{"link_name":"Angra do Heroísmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo"},{"link_name":"Horta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horta_(Azores)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"1937–1992","text":"Type of licence plate issued between 1937 and 1992On 1 January 1937, the second national car registration system came into force. This consisted of the sequence AA–10–00 to ZZ–99–99. The sequencing by zones was maintained, with the letters AA to LZ reserved for the South (Lisbon), MA to TZ for the North (Oporto) and UA to ZZ for the Center (Coimbra). The plates continued to have a black background with white letters and numbers.Vehicles registered under the previous system had to change to the new one. In Lisbon, the vehicles of series S–000 and S–1000 changed to series AA–00–00, those of S–10000 to AB–00–00, those of S–20000 to AC–00–00 and those of S–30000 to AD–00–00. In Oporto, the changes were from N–000 and N–1000 to MM–00–00 and from N–10000 to MN–00–00. In Coimbra, all vehicles changed to the series UU–00–00. In doing so, re-registered vehicles kept the last four digits that they had had under the old system so that e.g. C–123 changed to UU–01–23, N–1234 to MM–12–34 and S–12345 to AB–23–45.The letters MG, and later, ME and MX were reserved for the Army, AP for the Navy, AM for the Air Force and EP for government ministries. The letters CD, CC and FM were reserved for diplomatic vehicles (respectively for diplomatic, consular and non-diplomatic personnel), but with red characters on a white background. The letters TA, TB and TC, in red plates with white characters were reserved for temporary licences respectively in Lisbon, Oporto and Coimbra. National Republican Guard and the former Fiscal Guard had special sequences beginning respectively with the letters GNR and GF.In the Azores and Madeira the new system was only adopted in 1962. The Azores were divided into three registration districts: Ponta Delgada, Angra do Heroísmo and Horta. The letters AN were reserved for Angra, AR and AS for Ponta Delgada and HO for Horta. For Madeira the groups MA and MD were reserved. The white letters on red TD, TG, TH and TF were for temporary licences respectively in Ponta Delgada, Angra, Horta and Madeira.In the 1970s, new district registration offices were opened, and letters reserved for them: EM and EV for Évora, ZA and ZB for Braga, ZC and ZD for Vila Real, ZE and ZF for Aveiro, ZG and ZH for Guarda, ZI and ZL for Santarém, ZM and ZN for Setúbal and ZO and ZP for Faro. As Évora was considered a central office it also had a temporary licence code: TE. However, as the zonal registration system was abandoned relatively soon afterwards, most of these sequences were not used as zonal identifiers.In the early 1980s the reservation of letter sequences by zone was discontinued, and vehicles were registered sequentially at a national level, so that letter combinations previously reserved for Oporto and Coimbra might be seen on vehicles registered in the Lisbon offices of the National Registration Office.Sequences with the letters CU, FD and OO, were originally not used, the first two because they coincided with taboo slang words (CU – \"arse\", FD – Portuguese abbreviation for \"fuck\") and the last to avoid confusion with 00 (zero, zero). Later, however, The CU sequence was used in 1982 on Lisbon registered vehicles and OO in 1966, 1967, 1978, 1979 and 1982 on Oporto registered vehicles. [3]In 1985, diplomatic plates adopted the format 000–CD000, 000–CC000 or 000–FM000, with the first three numbers a country identifier, and the last three sequential.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chapa92-98.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Placapt2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.comofazer.pt/series-mensais-de-matriculas-saber-o-mes-e-ano-de-determinada-matricula-automovel/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160623052802/http://www.comofazer.pt/series-mensais-de-matriculas-saber-o-mes-e-ano-de-determinada-matricula-automovel/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"sub_title":"1992–2020","text":"Type of licence plate issued between 1992 and 2005, before the introduction of the yellow ribbon in 1998.Type of licence plate with yellow ribbon (for a June 2004 registered vehicle) issued between 1998 and 2020.In March 1992, the AA–00–00 format came to an end and was succeeded by the genuinely national-level 00–00–AA sequence. The type of plate also changed to black characters on a reflective white background, with the blue ribbon, with the emblem of the European Communities (now Union) on the left-hand side and the letter P as a country identifier. Under this new sequence no combination of letters was reserved for specific entities or areas. However, in 1997 the combinations KA to KZ, the first letter of which sequence does not occur in the Portuguese alphabet and so had not previously been used, were given over to preregistered imported vehicles. The groups WA to WZ and YA to YZ were likewise reserved for this purpose, but the system was abandoned before these groups being used.In 1998 a yellow ribbon with the date of the first registration of the vehicle was introduced, placed on the right-hand side of the plate. This was mandatory for all newly registered vehicles, whether new or second-hand imports. In 2005, the 00–00–AA sequence ended, and 00–AA–00 was introduced. The last of the old sequence was 99–ZZ–99 and ended in March 2020. A comprehensive list of the history of sequences from 1956 to mid-2015, in Portuguese, can be found here Archived 2016-06-23 at the Wayback Machine.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portuguese_licence_plate.png"}],"sub_title":"2020-present","text":"Type of licence plate issued from March 2020.When it ran out, the 00-AA-00 sequency would be followed by the AA-00-AA sequency. This occurred in March 2020.The change of sequency was however also accompanied by a decision to implement a change in the layout of the plates. The first change was the elimination of the right-hand side yellow ribbon with the date of the vehicle registration. This was justified by the issues Portuguese drivers had to face in some foreign countries, when local police authorities confounded the registration date of their vehicle's plates with a supposed circulation period limit date.The second change was the elimination of the traditional dashes between the groups of letters and numbers. This was justified by the lack of space in the plates for all the characters if some combinations occur.It is technically incorrect to say that licence plates are issued. The authorities issue a registration number, and it is then the owner's responsibility to have a standardized plate made up, either of plastic or metal, on production of the appropriate documentation. In the case of new car sales, this is done by the dealer.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CV-CVS-7840.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:License_plate_of_Mozambique.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira,_Mozambique"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matr%C3%ADcula_de_Angola.jpg"},{"link_name":"overseas territories of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau"},{"link_name":"Portuguese India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"armed forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_forces"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Timor"},{"link_name":"Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Cape_Verde"}],"text":"Pre-1950s type Cape Verde plate from the Sotavento registration zonePost 1950s type Mozambique plate, the initial \"M\" identified the Mozambique overseas province, while the block \"BE\" was assigned to its Beira registration zoneAngolan plate, 1972The Portuguese models of car plates were adopted - with the necessary local adaptations - by the then existing overseas territories of Portugal.At the beginning, the model of 1911 was followed, with each licence plate number consisting of an initial letter or group of letters identifying the registration zone followed by a serial number (e.g. G–1234 for a car registered in Portuguese Guinea or CVS–1235 for one registered in the south-east zone of Cape Verde). While smaller colonies (e.g. Portuguese Guinea) constituted a single registration zone, larger ones (e.g. Angola) were divided in several zones.In the 1950s and 1960s, the licensing systems of all overseas territories were changed to systems based on the Portuguese one of 1937. By territory the sequences used were:Angola: Axx–00–00 – the second and third letters were reserved by district\nCape Verde: CVx–00–00 – the third letter identified the island group (S: Sotavento, B: Barlavento)\nPortuguese Guinea: G–00–00\nPortuguese India: Ixx–00–00 – the second and third letters were reserved by district (IGA to IGZ for Goa district)\nMacau: M–00–00 and later Mx–00–00 – the second letter was sequential (ME–00–00 numbers did not cause problems as Portugal withdrew its armed forces in the 1970s)\nMozambique: Mxx–00–00 – the second and third letters were reserved by district\nSão Tomé and Príncipe: STP–00–00\nPortuguese Timor: T–00–00 and later TP–00–00With some minor differences, these systems are still in use in São Tomé and Príncipe, Macau, and Angola. Cape Verde has adapted the system to use different two-letter codes for each island.","title":"Former Portuguese overseas territories plates"}]
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[{"title":"Vehicle registration plates of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Europe"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
["1 History","2 References"]
Islamic title of later Abbasid era used by Ayyubid, Ottoman and Saudi dynasties Custodian of the Two Holy Mosquesخَادِمُ ٱلْحَرَمَيْنِ ٱلشَّرِيفَيْنِ Khādim al-Ḥaramayn aš-Šarīfayn (in Arabic)IncumbentSalman bin Abdulaziz Al Saudsince 23 January 2015 DetailsStyleCustodian of the Two Holy Mosques (formal) or His Majesty (diplomatic relations)First monarchSaladinFormation12th century CE (de facto)November 1986 (de jure)ResidenceAl-Yamamah Palace (Riyadh) Al-Salam Palace (Jeddah)Websitehttps://www.alharamain.gov.sa/ Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques (abbreviation CTHM; Arabic: خَادِمُ ٱلْحَرَمَيْنِ ٱلشَّرِيفَيْنِ, romanized: Khādim al-Ḥaramayn aš-Šarīfayn, lit. 'Servant of the Two Noble Sanctuaries'), or Protector of the Two Holy Cities, is a royal style that has been used officially by the monarchs of Saudi Arabia since 1986. The title has historically been used by many Muslim rulers in the past, including the Ayyubids, the Mamluks, the Ottomans and the Sharifain rulers of Hejaz. The title was sometimes regarded to denote the de facto Caliph of Islam, but it mainly refers to the ruler taking the responsibility of guarding and maintaining the two holiest mosques in Islam: Al-Haram Mosque (Arabic: اَلْمَسْجِدُ ٱلْحَرَامُ, romanized: Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām, "The Sacred Mosque") in Mecca and the Prophet's Mosque (Arabic: اَلْمَسْجِدُ ٱلنَّبَوِيُّ, romanized: Al-Masjid an-Nabawī) in Medina, both of which are in the Hejazi region of Saudi Arabia. The Custodian has been named the most powerful and influential person in Islam and the Sunni branch of Islam by The Muslim 500, as well as the most powerful Muslim and Arab ruler in the world. Styles ofThe Custodian of the Two Holy MosquesReference styleCustodian of the Two Holy MosquesSpoken styleHis Majesty History The holy mosques of Mecca (left) and Medina (right), illustrated in an 18th-century religious manuscript It is believed that the first person to use the title was Saladin. After defeating the Mamluks and gaining control of the Mecca and Medina in 1517, the Ottoman sultan Selim I adopted the title. Rather than style himself the Ḥākimü'l-Ḥaremeyn (Arabic: حَاكِمُ الْحَرَمَيْن, Ruler of the Two Sanctuaries), he accepted the title Ḫādimü'l-Ḥaremeyn (Arabic: خَادِمُ الْحَرَمَيْن, Servant of the Two Sanctuaries). The first King of Saudi Arabia to assume the title was Faisal bin Abdul Aziz (1906–1975). His successor Khalid did not use the title, but the latter's successor Fahd did, replacing the term "His Majesty" with it. The current king, Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, took the same title after the death of King Abdullah, his half brother, on 23 January 2015. References ^ a b Wood, Paul (1 August 2005). "Life and legacy of King Fahd". BBC News. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2011. ^ a b "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz". The Saudi Embassy in Tokyo, Japan. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011. ^ Hopkins, Daniel J.; 편집부 (2001). Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary. p. 479. ISBN 0-87779-546-0. Retrieved 17 March 2013. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ a b Fakkar, Galal (27 January 2015). "Story behind the king's title". Arab News. Jeddah. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2016. ^ Emecen, Feridun (2009). "Selim I". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 413–414. ISBN 978-975-389-566-8. ^ İlber Ortaylı, "Yavuz Sultan Selim" Archived 14 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Milliyet (In Turkish) ^ "İlber Ortaylı, "Surre alayı Topkapı Sarayı'ndan geçiyor"" . Milliyet (in Turkish). 20 April 2008. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016. ^ "Fahad played pivotal role in development". Gulf Daily News. 2 August 2005. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013. vteSaudi Arabia articlesHistory Pre-Islamic Arabia Early Islamic State Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Emirate of Diriyah Emirate of Nejd Kingdom of Hejaz Unification Modern history Geography Borders Cities and towns Climate Earthquakes Governorates Mountains Provinces Wadis Wildlife Politics Allegiance Council Cabinet Consultative Assembly Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Foreign relations King Mabahith (secret police) National Security Council Nuclear program Prime Minister Law Basic Law Capital punishment Elections Freedom of religion Human rights LGBT Rape Women Judiciary Mutaween (religious police) Passport Visa policy Military Army Navy Air Force Air Defense Strategic Missile Force National Guard Chairman of the General Staff General Staff Presidency General Intelligence Presidency Military ranks Economy Agriculture Companies Capital Market Authority Council of Economic and Development Affairs Energy Oil reserves History of the oil industry Foreign workers Irrigation OPEC Riyal (currency) Saudi Central Bank Supreme Economic Council Tadawul (stock exchange) Telecommunications Tourism Transport rail Society Abortion Censorship Crime Demographics youth Discrimination Education libraries universities Health care Human trafficking Obesity Polygamy Prostitution Terrorism response to ISIL Water supply and sanitation Culture Art Visual arts Cinema Cuisine Language Media television Music Public holidays Religion Islam Sport football Theatre Heritage Symbols Anthem Dance Emblem Flag Motto OutlineIndex Category Portal vteOttoman EmpireHistory Osman's Dream Rise Ghaza thesis Interregnum Constantinople Classical Age Sultanate of Women Transformation Decline thesis Köprülü Stagnation and reform Tulip Decline and modernization Tanzimat 1st Constitutional Dissolution 2nd Constitutional Partition Abolition Persecution of Ottoman Muslims Politics Foreign relations Foreign Affairs Ministry Safavid United States Treaties Law Constitution Armenian Constitution Electoral Family law Düstur Civil codes Mecelle Halakha Translation Office GovernmentHouse of Osman Ottoman dynasty List of Ottoman sultans Roman succession claim Ottoman Caliphate Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Imperial Harem Valide sultan Haseki sultan Kadınefendi Hanımefendi List of Ottoman sultans' mothers List of Ottoman sultans' consorts Kizlar Agha Inner Palace Service Kapi Agha Palace Schools Central (Porte)Imperial Council (classic period) Grand Vizier Viziers Kazaskers Defterdars/Ministers of Finance Nişancı Reis ül-Küttab Dragoman of the Porte Outer Palace Service Imperial Government(reform and constitutional period) Assembly Senate Chamber of Deputies Millets Islam Shaykh al-Islām Christianity Rūm Ullah Bulgarian Armenian Judaism Hakham Bashi Provincial Eyalets Beylerbeys Vilayets Sanjaks Sanjakbeys Mutasarrifates Kazas/Kadiluks Vassal and tributary states MilitaryArmy Classic period army: Janissaries Agha of the Janissaries Six Divisions of Cavalry Timariots Reform period: Nizam-i Djedid Sekban-i Djedid Mansure Army Hamidieh Modernized army Navy Kapudan Pasha List Dragoman of the Fleet Imperial Arsenal Admirals Naval battles Ships Other Aviation Conscription Weapons Economy By era Enlargement Reformation Agriculture Central bank Currency Akçe Para Sultani Kuruş Lira Science and technology Taxation Transport Society Social structure Devshirme Ottomanism Ottoman court Languages Ottoman Turkish Slavery Culture Architecture Mosques Art Miniature Music Shadow play Clothing Cuisine Literature Prose Poetry Education Schools Media Demographics Armenians Greeks Jews Women Religion Islam Christianity Judaism Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Flag Tughra Star and crescent Outline Bibliography Category vteImperial, royal, and noble stylesForms of address for popes, royalty, and nobilityAfrica Nəgusä Nägäst Nkosi Pharaoh Western Holiness Imperial and Royal Majesty (HI&RM) Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty Imperial Majesty (HIM) Apostolic Majesty (HAM) Catholic Monarchs Catholic Majesty (HCM) Most Christian Majesty (HMCM) Most Faithful Majesty (HFM) Orthodox Majesty (HOM) Britannic Majesty (HBM) Most Excellent Majesty Most Gracious Majesty Royal Majesty (HRM) Majesty (HM) Grace (HG) Royal Highness (HRH) Monseigneur (Msgr) Most Eminent Highness (HMEH) Exalted Highness (HEH) Highness (HH) Serene Highness (HSH) Illustrious Highness (HIll.H) Excellency (HE) Most Excellent Most Illustrious Hochgeboren Hochwohlgeboren Wohlgeboren Much Honoured (The Much Hon.) Milord (Millourt) AntiquityAncient Rome Pater Patriae Augustus Sebastos Dominus Georgia Mepe Middle Ages Imperial and Royal Highness (HI&RH) Imperial Highness (HIH) Royal Highness (HRH) Grand Ducal Highness (HGDH) Highness (HH) Ducal Serene Highness (HDSH) Serene Highness (HSH) Serenity (HS) Illustrious Highness (HIll.H) Grace (HG) Excellency (HE) Specific culture Don Senhor Asian Baghatur Duli Yang Maha Mulia Great king Khan Khagan King of Kings Maharaja Mikado Shah Shogun Son of Heaven Islamic Amir al-Mu'minin Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Hadrat Sharif Sultanic Highness Countries France Georgia Netherlands Portugal Serbia Sweden United Kingdom Canada Scotland See also By the Grace of God Divine right of kings Defender of the Faith (Fidei defensor) Defender of the Holy Sepulchre Great Catholic Monarch List of current sovereign monarchs List of current constituent monarchs Sacred king Translatio imperii Victory title Wikipedia:WikiProject Royalty and Nobility
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"royal style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles"},{"link_name":"monarchs of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"Ayyubids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mamluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sharifain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca"},{"link_name":"Hejaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"Caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-1"},{"link_name":"holiest mosques in Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam"},{"link_name":"Al-Haram Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"Prophet's Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emjap-2"},{"link_name":"Hejazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MWGD2001-3"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Sunni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni"},{"link_name":"The Muslim 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muslim_500"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques (abbreviation CTHM; Arabic: خَادِمُ ٱلْحَرَمَيْنِ ٱلشَّرِيفَيْنِ, romanized: Khādim al-Ḥaramayn aš-Šarīfayn, lit. 'Servant of the Two Noble Sanctuaries'), or Protector of the Two Holy Cities, is a royal style that has been used officially by the monarchs of Saudi Arabia since 1986. The title has historically been used by many Muslim rulers in the past, including the Ayyubids, the Mamluks, the Ottomans and the Sharifain rulers of Hejaz. The title was sometimes regarded to denote the de facto Caliph of Islam,[1] but it mainly refers to the ruler taking the responsibility of guarding and maintaining the two holiest mosques in Islam: Al-Haram Mosque (Arabic: اَلْمَسْجِدُ ٱلْحَرَامُ, romanized: Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām, \"The Sacred Mosque\") in Mecca and the Prophet's Mosque (Arabic: اَلْمَسْجِدُ ٱلنَّبَوِيُّ, romanized: Al-Masjid an-Nabawī) in Medina,[1][2] both of which are in the Hejazi region[3] of Saudi Arabia. The Custodian has been named the most powerful and influential person in Islam and the Sunni branch of Islam by The Muslim 500, as well as the most powerful Muslim and Arab ruler in the world.[4]","title":"Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_mss_0381_fol_133b-134a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArabNews-5"},{"link_name":"defeating the Mamluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Mamluk_War_(1516%E2%80%9317)"},{"link_name":"Selim I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_I"},{"link_name":"Ḥaremeyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haram_(site)"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emecun,_Islamansiklopedisi-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Faisal bin Abdul Aziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_bin_Abdul_Aziz"},{"link_name":"Khalid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArabNews-5"},{"link_name":"Fahd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GDN2005Fahad-9"},{"link_name":"Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud"},{"link_name":"Abdullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emjap-2"}],"text":"The holy mosques of Mecca (left) and Medina (right), illustrated in an 18th-century religious manuscriptIt is believed that the first person to use the title was Saladin.[5]After defeating the Mamluks and gaining control of the Mecca and Medina in 1517, the Ottoman sultan Selim I adopted the title. Rather than style himself the Ḥākimü'l-Ḥaremeyn (Arabic: حَاكِمُ الْحَرَمَيْن, Ruler of the Two Sanctuaries), he accepted the title Ḫādimü'l-Ḥaremeyn (Arabic: خَادِمُ الْحَرَمَيْن, Servant of the Two Sanctuaries).[6][7][8]The first King of Saudi Arabia to assume the title was Faisal bin Abdul Aziz (1906–1975). His successor Khalid did not use the title,[5] but the latter's successor Fahd did, replacing the term \"His Majesty\" with it.[9] The current king, Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, took the same title after the death of King Abdullah, his half brother, on 23 January 2015.[2]","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"The holy mosques of Mecca (left) and Medina (right), illustrated in an 18th-century religious manuscript","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_mss_0381_fol_133b-134a.jpg/220px-Khalili_Collection_Hajj_and_Arts_of_Pilgrimage_mss_0381_fol_133b-134a.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Wood, Paul (1 August 2005). \"Life and legacy of King Fahd\". BBC News. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4734505.stm","url_text":"\"Life and legacy of King Fahd\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083530/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4734505.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz\". The Saudi Embassy in Tokyo, Japan. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110120070401/http://www.saudiembassy.or.jp/En/SA/custodian2.htm","url_text":"\"Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz\""},{"url":"http://www.saudiembassy.or.jp/En/SA/custodian2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hopkins, Daniel J.; 편집부 (2001). Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary. p. 479. ISBN 0-87779-546-0. Retrieved 17 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA479","url_text":"Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-546-0","url_text":"0-87779-546-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishmuslim-magazine.com/2022/11/the-five-most-influential-muslims-in-the-world/","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230728061055/https://www.britishmuslim-magazine.com/2022/11/the-five-most-influential-muslims-in-the-world/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fakkar, Galal (27 January 2015). \"Story behind the king's title\". Arab News. Jeddah. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/695351","url_text":"\"Story behind the king's title\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_News","url_text":"Arab News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah","url_text":"Jeddah"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160804084234/http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/695351","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Emecen, Feridun (2009). \"Selim I\". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 413–414. ISBN 978-975-389-566-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/arama/?q=Selim+I","url_text":"\"Selim I\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Religious_Affairs","url_text":"Turkiye Diyanet Foundation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-389-566-8","url_text":"978-975-389-566-8"}]},{"reference":"\"İlber Ortaylı, \"Surre alayı Topkapı Sarayı'ndan geçiyor\"\" [İlber Ortaylı, \"The Surre procession passes through Topkapı Palace\"]. Milliyet (in Turkish). 20 April 2008. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milliyet.com.tr/-/ilber-ortayli/pazar/yazardetay/20.04.2008/519055/default.htm","url_text":"\"İlber Ortaylı, \"Surre alayı Topkapı Sarayı'ndan geçiyor\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milliyet","url_text":"Milliyet"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306110500/http://www.milliyet.com.tr/-/ilber-ortayli/pazar/yazardetay/20.04.2008/519055/default.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fahad played pivotal role in development\". Gulf Daily News. 2 August 2005. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=118446","url_text":"\"Fahad played pivotal role in development\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Daily_News","url_text":"Gulf Daily News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131005035939/http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=118446","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sparkes
Robert Sparkes
["1 References"]
Australian politician This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Robert Sparkes" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sir Robert Lyndley Sparkes (31 May 1929 – 6 August 2006) was President of the Queensland National Party from 1970 to 1990 and the mayor of the Shire of Wambo for over 30 years. Sparkes was born in Dalby, Queensland, the son of Sir Jim Sparkes. Most of his term was served during the period of the Bjelke-Petersen-led National Party state government. He was knighted in the 1979 New Year's Honours for services to local government. References ^ Wambo Mayor pays tribute to Sir Robert Sparkes ^ It's an Honour This article about an Australian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Shire of Wambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_of_Wambo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dalby, Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalby,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Jim Sparkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Sparkes"},{"link_name":"Bjelke-Petersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joh_Bjelke-Petersen"},{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Sir Robert Lyndley Sparkes (31 May 1929 – 6 August 2006) was President of the Queensland National Party from 1970 to 1990 and the mayor of the Shire of Wambo for over 30 years.[1]Sparkes was born in Dalby, Queensland, the son of Sir Jim Sparkes.Most of his term was served during the period of the Bjelke-Petersen-led National Party state government.He was knighted in the 1979 New Year's Honours for services to local government.[2]","title":"Robert Sparkes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek_women%27s_football_championship
Uzbekistan Women's League
["1 Teams","2 Format","3 Champions","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Football leagueUzbekistan Women's LeagueFounded1995CountryUzbekistanConfederationAFCNumber of teams10Level on pyramid1Domestic cup(s)Uzbekistan Women's CupInternational cup(s)AFC Women's Club ChampionshipCurrent championsSevinch Qarshi (14th title)Most championshipsSevinch Qarshi (14 titles)WebsiteUFF The Uzbekistan Women's League, also the Uzbek women's national football championship, is top division of women's football in Uzbekistan. The league is organized by the Uzbekistan Football Federation. Before 1991, some Uzbek women's clubs had competed in the Soviet Union women's league system, but after the collapse of the Soviet Union most women's teams left for Russia or simply dissolved. Teams The 2022 season was played by the following 10 teams: Metallurg Bekobod Neftchi Farg'ona Sogdiyona Jizzak Navbahor Namangan FK OKMK Olmaliq (Olmaliq Kon-metallurgiya Kombinati) PFC Sevinch Qarshi (FC Nasaf) Bunyodkor Toshkent Lokomotiv Toshkent Paxtakor Toshkent Qizilqum Zarafshon Format The league features 10 teams that play a double round-robin to decide the champion. The season is held on several matchweeks, within one matchweek which lasts five days each team plays one game per day in the matchweek's city. Champions The champions so far are: 1995: Chehra Toshkent 1996: Baho Toshkent 1997: Andijanka Andijon 1998: Dilnoza Toshkent 1999: Andijanka Andijon 2000: Andijanka Andijon 2001: Gulbahor Namangan 2002: Andijanka Andijon 2003: Andijanka Andijon 2004: Sevinch Qarshi (Севинч) 2005: Andijanka Andijon 2006: Sevinch Qarshi 2007: Sevinch Qarshi 2008: Sevinch Qarshi 2009: Sevinch Qarshi 2010: Sevinch Qarshi 2011: Sevinch Qarshi 2012: Sevinch Qarshi 2013: Sevinch Qarshi 2014: Sevinch Qarshi 2015: Sevinch Qarshi 2016: Sevinch Qarshi 2017: Metallurg Bekobod 2018: Bunyodkor Tashkent 2019: Sevinch Qarshi 2020: Bunyodkor Tashkent 2021: Sogdiyona Jizzak 2022: Sevinch Qarshi See also AFC Women's Club Championship References ^ "Uzbekistan (Women) 2022". RSSSF. Retrieved 25 November 2022. ^ "Uzbekistan - List of Women Champions". RSSSF. Retrieved 9 November 2011. ^ "Champion remains the same, 2009 season results" (in Russian). Uzbek Football Federation. 9 October 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2011. ^ "Sevinch Team achievements" (in Uzbek). pfcsevinch.uz. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2017. Sevinch professional football club became the country's champion for the 12th time in the 2016 season and the Uzbekistan Cup for the ninth time in its history. ^ "Чемпионский аккорд "Бунёдкор-Women"!" (in Russian). .com. Retrieved 9 November 2021. ^ Gani, Abdul (21 November 2022). "Footballer Dangmei Grace of Manipur wins two trophies with Sevinch Karshi in Uzbekistan". The Assam Tribune. External links Official website of the UFF (in Uzbek) 2017 standings at Sevinch website vte Football in UzbekistanUzbekistan Football Federation * Uzbekistan Professional Football LeagueNational association Uzbekistan Football Federation National teams (2024)Men Senior results players managers U-23 results players managers U-20 U-17 Futsal U-23 U-20 Beach soccer FIFAe / Esports Women Senior results players managers U-23 results players managers U-20 U-17 Futsal U-23 U-20 Beach soccer Leagues(2024)Men Uzbekistan PFL Super League Pro League Pro-B League Second League Regional Leagues Women Women's Super League First League Cups(2024)Men Uzbekistan Cup Uzbekistan Super Cup Uzbekistan League Cup Women Women's Cup Uzbekistan Women's PFL Cup Lists Clubs Venues History Men's players Women's players Expatriate players Managers Referees Venues Seasons Records Competitions Champions Uzbekistan Footballer of the Year vteTop-level women's football leagues of Asia (AFC) Afghanistan Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China East Timor Guam Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Northern Mariana Islands Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen vteTop level women's association football leagues around the worldAfricaNorth Africa Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Tunisia West AfricaZone A Cape Verde Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Senegal Sierra Leone Zone B Benin Burkina Faso Côte d'Ivoire Ghana Niger Nigeria Togo Central Africa Cameroon Chad Congo DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon East Africa Burundi Djibouti Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Southern Africa Angola Botswana Comoros Eswatini Lesotho Malawi Mozambique Namibia Seychelles South Africa Zambia AsiaWest Asia Bahrain Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Qatar Saudi Arabia Central Asia Iran Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan South Asia Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan East Asia China PR Hong Kong Japan Korea DPR Korea Republic Mongolia Taiwan Southeast Asia Australia Indonesia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Europe Albania Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales North and Central America,and the CaribbeanNorth America Canada Mexico United States NWSL USLS Central America Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Nicaragua Caribbean Puerto Rico Oceania New Zealand Solomon Islands Tuvalu South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Geography of women's association football
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"women's league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_women%27s_football_championship"}],"text":"The Uzbekistan Women's League, also the Uzbek women's national football championship, is top division of women's football in Uzbekistan. The league is organized by the Uzbekistan Football Federation. Before 1991, some Uzbek women's clubs had competed in the Soviet Union women's league system, but after the collapse of the Soviet Union most women's teams left for Russia or simply dissolved.","title":"Uzbekistan Women's League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 2022 season was played by the following 10 teams:[1]Metallurg Bekobod\nNeftchi Farg'ona\nSogdiyona Jizzak\nNavbahor Namangan\nFK OKMK Olmaliq (Olmaliq Kon-metallurgiya Kombinati)\nPFC Sevinch Qarshi (FC Nasaf)\nBunyodkor Toshkent\nLokomotiv Toshkent\nPaxtakor Toshkent\nQizilqum Zarafshon","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"round-robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-robin_tournament"}],"text":"The league features 10 teams that play a double round-robin to decide the champion. The season is held on several matchweeks, within one matchweek which lasts five days each team plays one game per day in the matchweek's city.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The champions so far are:[2]1995: Chehra Toshkent\n1996: Baho Toshkent\n1997: Andijanka Andijon\n1998: Dilnoza Toshkent\n1999: Andijanka Andijon\n2000: Andijanka Andijon\n2001: Gulbahor Namangan\n2002: Andijanka Andijon\n2003: Andijanka Andijon\n2004: Sevinch Qarshi (Севинч)\n2005: Andijanka Andijon\n2006: Sevinch Qarshi\n2007: Sevinch Qarshi\n2008: Sevinch Qarshi\n2009: Sevinch Qarshi[3]\n2010: Sevinch Qarshi\n2011: Sevinch Qarshi\n2012: Sevinch Qarshi\n2013: Sevinch Qarshi\n2014: Sevinch Qarshi\n2015: Sevinch Qarshi\n2016: Sevinch Qarshi[4]\n2017: Metallurg Bekobod\n2018: Bunyodkor Tashkent\n2019: Sevinch Qarshi\n2020: Bunyodkor Tashkent[5]\n2021: Sogdiyona Jizzak\n2022: Sevinch Qarshi[6]","title":"Champions"}]
[]
[{"title":"AFC Women's Club Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Women%27s_Club_Championship"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_Nine
Deck Nine
["1 History","2 Games developed","2.1 As Idol Minds","2.2 As Deck Nine","3 References","4 External links"]
American video game developer Idol Minds, LLCTrade nameDeck Nine (2017–present)Company typePrivateIndustryVideo gamesFoundedApril 1, 1997; 27 years ago (1997-04-01) in Boulder, Colorado, USFoundersMark LyonsScott AtkinsHeadquartersWestminster, Colorado, USKey peopleMark Lyons (president, CTO)Jeff Litchford (COO)Websitedeckninegames.com Idol Minds, LLC (doing business as Deck Nine or Deck Nine Games since 2017) is an American video game developer based in Westminster, Colorado. The studio was founded in April 1997 by Mark Lyons and Scott Atkins and developed games exclusively for PlayStation consoles until 2012. Subsequently, it shifted to mobile games among other things before rebranding as "Deck Nine" in May 2017 to develop narrative-driven games. Lyons serves as president and chief technology officer of the company. History Idol Minds was founded by programmer Mark Lyons and artist Scott Atkins. They had previously worked for Sony Interactive Studios America in San Diego and, after Lyons moved to Colorado with his family, established Idol Minds on April 1, 1997, in Boulder, Colorado. It developed sports games under 989 Studios. In November 2007, the studio released ragdoll physics-based game Pain, which was among the most-downloaded games on PlayStation Network of 2008. In October 2009, Idol Minds reportedly made 26 of its 46 employees redundant. One source attributed the layoffs to budget cuts by Pain publisher Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE), which was Idol Minds' only source of funding. At E3 2011, SCE announced Ruin, a "Diablo-style action role-playing game" developed by Idol Minds and SCE's San Diego Studio. After the game was renamed Warrior's Lair, Idol Minds was taken off the project in April 2012 (Warrior's Lair was canceled by Sony in July 2013). Later in 2012, Idol Minds shifted its focus onto mobile free-to-play games. In August 2015, Idol Minds launched a crowdfunding campaign via Kickstarter for photo safari game Shutterbug, seeking US$400,000 in funding (The project was canceled after raising $2,973 in ten days). On May 31, 2017, Idol Minds announced that it would focus on narrative-driven games with brand and trade name "Deck Nine", an homage to 1983 video game Planetfall. It built toolset StoryForge for creating these and was developing a project in a "critically acclaimed franchise". During E3 2017, publisher Square Enix announced Deck Nine was developing Life Is Strange: Before the Storm, a prequel to 2015's Life Is Strange. The game's first episode was announced for release in August 2017. In September 2018, Deck Nine announced it was working with Square Enix on a new project. In March 2021, Square Enix announced Life Is Strange: True Colors and the Life Is Strange Remastered Collection (containing remasters of Before the Storm and the original Life Is Strange), both remastered by Deck Nine, for release in September 2021. The Colorado Office of Economic Development and International Trade (OEDIT) supported Deck Nine with $2.5 million job-growth incentive tax credits and via the Colorado Office of Film, Television and Media (COFTM), the production of True Colors with $150,000 phased film incentives in 2017 and 2018. In December 2021, Telltale Games announced to be co-developing The Expanse: A Telltale Series with Deck Nine during The Game Awards 2021. Life Is Strange Remastered Collection was released in February 2022. In May 2023, Deck Nine reportedly laid off 30 employees. In February 2024, Deck Nine confirmed that it would lay off 20% of its staff. In April 2024, IGN reported on a toxic workplace culture based on employee testimonials and suspected Nazi symbolism found in a game by staff during development. Games developed As Idol Minds Year Title Platform(s) Publisher(s) Ref. 1998 Cool Boarders 3 PlayStation 989 Studios Rally Cross 2 1999 Cool Boarders 4 Supercross Circuit 989 Sports 2000 Cool Boarders 2001 PlayStation, PlayStation 2 Sony Computer Entertainment 2003 My Street PlayStation 2 2005 Neopets: The Darkest Faerie 2007 Pain PlayStation 3 2008 Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa PlayStation 2 Activision 2012 Ratchet & Clank Collection PlayStation 3 Sony Computer Entertainment Linked Together iOS Idol Minds 2013 Ratchet: Deadlocked (HD Edition) PlayStation 3 Sony Computer Entertainment Phrazzle iOS, Android GameFly 2014 Tales of Honor: The Secret Fleet Mobage Qube Kingdom As Deck Nine Year Title Platform(s) Publisher(s) 2017 Life Is Strange: Before the Storm Android, iOS, Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One Square Enix 2021 Life Is Strange: True Colors Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Stadia, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S 2022 Life Is Strange Remastered Collection Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Stadia, Xbox One 2023 The Expanse: A Telltale Series Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S Telltale Games 2024 Life is Strange: Double Exposure Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X/S Square Enix References ^ "Summary: Deck Nine". Colorado Secretary of State. Retrieved March 7, 2021. ^ "Summary: Deck Nine Games". Colorado Secretary of State. Retrieved March 7, 2021. ^ "info". Idol Minds. Archived from the original on May 29, 1998. ^ Thomas, David (March 10, 2003). "Preteens may follow 'My Street' online Louisville's Idol Minds aims to expand appeal of Internet gaming". The Denver Post. Digital First Media. Archived from the original on October 10, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ Mook, Bob (November 20, 2005). "Louisville company tries to leave mark in video game world". Denver Business Journal. American City Business Journals. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ Roper, Chris (November 7, 2007). "Pain is Coming". IGN. IGN Entertainment. Archived from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ Caron, Frank (November 30, 2007). "Pain brings pleasure on the PlayStation Network". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ Cavalli, Earnest (December 30, 2012). "Pain Tops 2008 PSN Download List". Wired. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ Plunkett, Luke (January 26, 2009). "Open Up For A Strong Dose Of PSN Stats". Kotaku. Gizmodo Media Group. Archived from the original on November 12, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ Yoon, Andrew (October 21, 2009). "Rumor: PAIN developer Idol Minds lays off more than half of staff". Engadget. AOL Tech. Archived from the original on November 4, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ Crecente, Brian (October 21, 2009). "PS3 PAIN Developers Hit With Lay-Offs?". Kotaku. Gizmodo Media Group. Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ Schramm, Mike (June 7, 2011). "Ruin preview: Hack and social". Engadget. AOL Tech. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ Welsh, Oli (June 7, 2011). "Ruin announced for Vita and PS3". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ Lien, Tracey (July 3, 2013). "Sony cancels Warrior's Lair on PS Vita and PS3". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ Moriarty, Colin (July 3, 2013). "Warrior's Lair on PS3 and Vita Has Been Cancelled". IGN. IGN Entertainment. Archived from the original on August 6, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ Dutton, Fred (January 13, 2012). "Vita/PS3 RPG Ruin gets a new name". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ Brightman, James (April 2, 2012). "Sony pulls Pain studio Idol Minds off Warrior's Lair project". GamesIndustry.biz. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on August 31, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ "Idol Minds thinking mobile for gaming's future". BizWest. August 2, 2013. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2021. ^ "Games — Idol Minds Game Development". June 16, 2016. Archived from the original on June 16, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2018. Unfortunately, the title was not completed and in 2012 we shifted into mobile F2P gaming. ^ "Colorado team's video game project a fantastical photo safari". The Pueblo Chieftain. August 17, 2015. Archived from the original on August 18, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2018. ^ a b Wawro, Alex (May 31, 2017). "Pain dev Idol Minds rebrands and shifts focus to 'narrative-driven' games". Gamasutra. UBM TechWeb. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ "Our Story". Deck Nine. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved July 18, 2021. ^ Dring, Christopher (June 1, 2017). "Pain developer Idol Minds rebrands to focus on narrative". GamesIndustry.biz. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ O'Connor, James (June 11, 2017). "Life is Strange's three-part prequel, Before The Storm, announced". VG247. Videogaming247. Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ Davenport, James (June 11, 2017). "Life is Strange: Before the Storm is releasing its first episode this August". PC Gamer. Future US. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ O'Connor, Alice (June 12, 2017). "Life Is Strange: Before the Storm starts in August". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on December 20, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ Sarkar, Samit (June 11, 2017). "Life is Strange prequel Before the Storm debuts this summer (update)". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on June 12, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017. ^ Fogel, Stefanie (September 20, 2018). "'Life Is Strange: Before the Storm' Dev Making New Square Enix Game". Variety. Archived from the original on March 6, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2018. ^ McWhertor, Michael (March 18, 2021). "'Life is Strange: True Colors stars an Asian-American lead in an all-new adventure". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on June 3, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ^ McWhertor, Michael (March 18, 2021). "'Life is Strange and Before the Storm getting remastered re-releases". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021. ^ Sealover, Ed (November 19, 2020). "Colorado EDC offers incentives to 3 companies for a combined 655 jobs". Denver Business Journal. Archived from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2021. ^ "Deck Nine Games is set to release All-New Game "Life is Strange: True Colors" adventure with Asian American lead". oedit.colorado.gov. Colorado Office of Economic Development and International Trade. April 13, 2021. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 17, 2021. ^ Holt, Kris (December 10, 2021). "'The Expanse' is getting the Telltale Games treatment". Engadget. Archived from the original on February 18, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023. ^ Carter, Justin (May 22, 2023). "Life is Strange dev Deck Nine Games hit with staff layoffs". Game Developer. Archived from the original on December 5, 2023. Retrieved December 5, 2023. ^ @DeckNineGames (February 27, 2024). "Deck Nine Games on X: "Today we made the difficult decision to lay off 20% of our staff."" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ Valentine, Rebekah (April 5, 2024). "How Hidden Nazi Symbols Were the Tip of a Toxic Iceberg at Life Is Strange Developer Deck Nine". IGN. Retrieved April 5, 2024. ^ "Linked Together". Metacritic. Archived from the original on August 22, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021. ^ Garnett, Lee (November 15, 2013). "Phrazzle is GameFly's second mobile game, lets you build phrases". Shacknews. Retrieved March 11, 2023. ^ a b "Qube Kingdom: difendete il regno di Qubria con tanti soldati...cubici!". AndroidWorld (in Italian). September 22, 2014. Archived from the original on April 10, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2021. External links Official website vteLife Is StrangeVideo games Life Is Strange Before the Storm The Awesome Adventures of Captain Spirit Life Is Strange 2 True Colors Characters Max Caulfield Chloe Price Rachel Amber Alex Chen Companies Deck Nine Don't Nod Square Enix Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doing business as","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doing_business_as"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"video game developer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_developer"},{"link_name":"Westminster, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation"},{"link_name":"mobile games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_game"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(corporate_title)"},{"link_name":"chief technology officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_technology_officer"}],"text":"Idol Minds, LLC (doing business as Deck Nine[1] or Deck Nine Games[2] since 2017) is an American video game developer based in Westminster, Colorado. The studio was founded in April 1997 by Mark Lyons and Scott Atkins and developed games exclusively for PlayStation consoles until 2012. Subsequently, it shifted to mobile games among other things before rebranding as \"Deck Nine\" in May 2017 to develop narrative-driven games. Lyons serves as president and chief technology officer of the company.","title":"Deck Nine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"programmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_programmer"},{"link_name":"artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_artist"},{"link_name":"Sony Interactive Studios America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Studios_America"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Boulder, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"989 Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/989_Studios"},{"link_name":"ragdoll physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragdoll_physics"},{"link_name":"Pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Network"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sony Computer Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"E3 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2011"},{"link_name":"Diablo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diablo_(series)"},{"link_name":"action role-playing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"San Diego Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Studio"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Warrior's Lair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrior%27s_Lair"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_game"},{"link_name":"free-to-play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-to-play"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"crowdfunding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding"},{"link_name":"Kickstarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"trade name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_name"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamasutra_rebrand-21"},{"link_name":"Planetfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetfall"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"toolset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_tool"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gamasutra_rebrand-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"E3 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3_2017"},{"link_name":"Square Enix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Enix"},{"link_name":"Life Is Strange: Before the Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Is_Strange:_Before_the_Storm"},{"link_name":"Life Is Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Is_Strange_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episodic_video_game"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Life Is Strange: True Colors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Is_Strange:_True_Colors"},{"link_name":"Life Is Strange Remastered Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Is_Strange_Remastered_Collection"},{"link_name":"remasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_remaster"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Telltale Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telltale_Games_(2018-present)"},{"link_name":"The Expanse: A Telltale Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Expanse:_A_Telltale_Series"},{"link_name":"The Game Awards 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Game_Awards_2021"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"Nazi symbolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_symbolism"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Idol Minds was founded by programmer Mark Lyons and artist Scott Atkins. They had previously worked for Sony Interactive Studios America in San Diego and, after Lyons moved to Colorado with his family, established Idol Minds on April 1, 1997, in Boulder, Colorado.[3][4][5] It developed sports games under 989 Studios. In November 2007, the studio released ragdoll physics-based game Pain,[6][7] which was among the most-downloaded games on PlayStation Network of 2008.[8][9] In October 2009, Idol Minds reportedly made 26 of its 46 employees redundant. One source attributed the layoffs to budget cuts by Pain publisher Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE), which was Idol Minds' only source of funding.[10][11]At E3 2011, SCE announced Ruin, a \"Diablo-style action role-playing game\" developed by Idol Minds and SCE's San Diego Studio.[12][13] After the game was renamed Warrior's Lair, Idol Minds was taken off the project in April 2012 (Warrior's Lair was canceled by Sony in July 2013[14][15]).[16][17] Later in 2012, Idol Minds shifted its focus onto mobile free-to-play games.[18][19] In August 2015, Idol Minds launched a crowdfunding campaign via Kickstarter for photo safari game Shutterbug, seeking US$400,000 in funding (The project was canceled after raising $2,973 in ten days).[20]On May 31, 2017, Idol Minds announced that it would focus on narrative-driven games with brand and trade name \"Deck Nine\",[21] an homage to 1983 video game Planetfall.[22] It built toolset StoryForge for creating these and was developing a project in a \"critically acclaimed franchise\".[21][23] During E3 2017, publisher Square Enix announced Deck Nine was developing Life Is Strange: Before the Storm, a prequel to 2015's Life Is Strange.[24][25] The game's first episode was announced for release in August 2017.[26][27] In September 2018, Deck Nine announced it was working with Square Enix on a new project.[28]In March 2021, Square Enix announced Life Is Strange: True Colors and the Life Is Strange Remastered Collection (containing remasters of Before the Storm and the original Life Is Strange), both remastered by Deck Nine, for release in September 2021.[29][30] The Colorado Office of Economic Development and International Trade (OEDIT) supported Deck Nine with $2.5 million job-growth incentive tax credits and via the Colorado Office of Film, Television and Media (COFTM), the production of True Colors with $150,000 phased film incentives in 2017 and 2018.[31][32] In December 2021, Telltale Games announced to be co-developing The Expanse: A Telltale Series with Deck Nine during The Game Awards 2021.[33] Life Is Strange Remastered Collection was released in February 2022.In May 2023, Deck Nine reportedly laid off 30 employees.[34] In February 2024, Deck Nine confirmed that it would lay off 20% of its staff.[35] In April 2024, IGN reported on a toxic workplace culture based on employee testimonials and suspected Nazi symbolism found in a game by staff during development.[36]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Games developed"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As Idol Minds","title":"Games developed"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"As Deck Nine","title":"Games developed"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Summary: Deck Nine\". Colorado Secretary of State. Retrieved March 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sos.state.co.us/biz/TradeNameSummary.do?quitButtonDestination=BusinessEntityResults&nameTyp=TRDNM&masterFileId=20171312209&entityId2=20171312209&fileId=20171312209&srchTyp=TRDNM","url_text":"\"Summary: Deck Nine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Secretary_of_State","url_text":"Colorado Secretary of State"}]},{"reference":"\"Summary: Deck Nine Games\". Colorado Secretary of State. Retrieved March 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sos.state.co.us/biz/TradeNameSummary.do?quitButtonDestination=BusinessEntityResults&nameTyp=TRDNM&masterFileId=20171312234&entityId2=20171312234&fileId=20171312234&srchTyp=TRDNM","url_text":"\"Summary: Deck Nine Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Secretary_of_State","url_text":"Colorado Secretary of State"}]},{"reference":"\"info\". Idol Minds. Archived from the original on May 29, 1998.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19980529180624/http://www.idolminds.com/info.html","url_text":"\"info\""},{"url":"http://www.idolminds.com/info.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, David (March 10, 2003). \"Preteens may follow 'My Street' online Louisville's Idol Minds aims to expand appeal of Internet gaming\". The Denver Post. Digital First Media. Archived from the original on October 10, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives","url_text":"\"Preteens may follow 'My Street' online Louisville's Idol Minds aims to expand appeal of Internet gaming\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Denver_Post","url_text":"The Denver Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_First_Media","url_text":"Digital First Media"},{"url":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20111010010211/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mook, Bob (November 20, 2005). \"Louisville company tries to leave mark in video game world\". Denver Business Journal. American City Business Journals. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/denver/stories/2005/11/21/story3.html","url_text":"\"Louisville company tries to leave mark in video game world\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Business_Journal","url_text":"Denver Business Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_City_Business_Journals","url_text":"American City Business Journals"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210126144057/http://www.bizjournals.com/denver/stories/2005/11/21/story3.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roper, Chris (November 7, 2007). \"Pain is Coming\". IGN. IGN Entertainment. Archived from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2007/11/07/pain-is-coming","url_text":"\"Pain is Coming\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN_Entertainment","url_text":"IGN Entertainment"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210406061505/https://www.ign.com/articles/2007/11/07/pain-is-coming","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Caron, Frank (November 30, 2007). \"Pain brings pleasure on the PlayStation Network\". Ars Technica. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2007/11/pain-brings-the-pleasure/","url_text":"\"Pain brings pleasure on the PlayStation Network\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_Technica","url_text":"Ars Technica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast","url_text":"Condé Nast"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190602150806/https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2007/11/pain-brings-the-pleasure/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cavalli, Earnest (December 30, 2012). \"Pain Tops 2008 PSN Download List\". Wired. Condé Nast. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2008/12/pain-tops-2008/","url_text":"\"Pain Tops 2008 PSN Download List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)","url_text":"Wired"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast","url_text":"Condé Nast"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040032/https://www.wired.com/2008/12/pain-tops-2008","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Plunkett, Luke (January 26, 2009). \"Open Up For A Strong Dose Of PSN Stats\". Kotaku. Gizmodo Media Group. Archived from the original on November 12, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/5139807/open-up-for-a-strong-dose-of-psn-stats","url_text":"\"Open Up For A Strong Dose Of PSN Stats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizmodo_Media_Group","url_text":"Gizmodo Media Group"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181112192120/https://kotaku.com/5139807/open-up-for-a-strong-dose-of-psn-stats","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yoon, Andrew (October 21, 2009). \"Rumor: PAIN developer Idol Minds lays off more than half of staff\". Engadget. AOL Tech. Archived from the original on November 4, 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Gymnasium_in_Zagreb
Classical Gymnasium in Zagreb
["1 History","1.1 WWII Ustaše transit camp for Jews","1.2 Damage during the war in the 90s","2 Programme","2.1 400th anniversary","3 Notable students","3.1 17th century","3.2 18th century","3.3 19th century","3.4 20th century","4 Notable professors","5 Sources","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 45°48′31″N 15°59′17″E / 45.808534°N 15.988084°E / 45.808534; 15.988084Public school in Zagreb, CroatiaClassical Gymnasium in ZagrebKlasična gimnazija u ZagrebuGymnasium Classicum ZagrabienseClassical Gymnasium in ZagrebLocation4a Križanićeva StreetZagrebCroatiaCoordinates45°48′31″N 15°59′17″E / 45.808534°N 15.988084°E / 45.808534; 15.988084InformationTypePublicMottoPatria, Humanitas, Officium, FidesEstablished1607; 417 years ago (1607)HeadmasterZdravka Martinić-Jerčić, prof.Age rangeAged 15 to 19EnrollmentAround 500LanguageCroatianSongGaudeamusNickname"Klasična"Websitewww.gimnazija-klasicna-zg.skole.hr The Classical Gymnasium (Croatian: Klasična gimnazija) is a gymnasium high school (similar to a grammar school in England and Wales) situated in Zagreb, Croatia. It was founded by the Society of Jesus in 1607. In its first year it had 260 students and it operated on the basis of the Jesuit programme "Ratio atque institutio studiorum societatis Jesu". History It was founded in 1607 by the Jesuits, who had recently settled in the Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg) and Slavonia within the Habsburg monarchy. The gymnasium began operation on the initiative of the Zagreb City Council, with the approval of the Croatian Parliament (Sabor) and strong support of Ban of Croatia Ivan Drašković. Jesuit Ivan Žanić became its first rector, with 260 students enrolling in its first year. The gymnasium official opened on June 3, 1607, in a ceremony attended by Bishop of Zagreb Šimun Bratulić, ban Ivan Drašković and others. On the day of the opening ceremony, a Latin Language drama "Actio comica" was staged, in which the young actors celebrated the beauties of their homeland, with the tradition being kep continuously to this day. The philosophy department was established in 1662, and opened on 3 November. The department was given university privileges by Emperor Leopold in Ebersdorf on 23 October 1669, which saw the founding of the University of Zagreb. WWII Ustaše transit camp for Jews In August 1942, the Zagreb police of the Croatian fascist, ultranationalist Ustaše regime arrested 1,200 Jews and held them in the Classical Gymnasium which was them empty because of Summer holidays. Some of the Jews tried to commit suicide in the school. The Ustaše later took them to the Main Zagreb Railway Station, from where they were shipped to the Auschwitz concentration camp Damage during the war in the 90s The school's back yard was hit by an Orkan rocket on 2 May 1995 during the rocket attack on Zagreb in the Croatian War of Independence. The attack was noted in the trial judgement in the Martic case at the ICTY. The attack occurred during class-time which prevented many casualties which would have occurred had it been break-time, during which students roam the back yard on warm May days. The damage was soon repaired. Programme The school The program, lasting four years, is based on combining classical education, with emphasis on humanities (namely languages including Latin and Ancient Greek, philosophy, literature, history, fine arts, music and theatre), with sciences and extracurricular activities. Pupils study five languages: Latin, Ancient Greek, Croatian, English and one additional foreign language. They also study Croatian and World Literature, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geography, IT, History, Fine Arts, Music, Philosophy, Logic, Politics and Economy, Sociology, Psychology and attend exercise classes. Most of these subjects are taught for 4 years. Pupils are free to choose additional subjects on top of the compulsory ones, such as Religious studies, Ethics, and additional foreign languages. The school has additional classes on alternate Saturdays. Pupils take on extra-curricular activities including ancient drama, choir singing, pottery, educational travel, and public speaking. The school's drama group stage one classic ancient play each year which usually premières in a Zagreb theatre. Anniversary opening celebration Although originally following a Christian educational model, today's school is a completely secular institution comparable to English grammar schools. During the communist Yugoslav regime, in 1977 the name "gymnasium" was banned and the school became the Educational Language Center, but it preserved its spirit and the classical programme (including tuition of Latin and Ancient Greek languages). 400th anniversary During the 2006/2007 school year, the school celebrated its 400th anniversary with educational, historical, and entertaining festivities which include symposia and speeches, charity rock concerts, three Greek plays and open days. Notable students 17th century Fran Krsto Frankopan Juraj Habdelić Pavao Ritter Vitezović Ivan III Drašković Petar Petretić Ivan Zakmardi 18th century Ivan Franjo Čikulin Baltazar Adam Krčelić Mihalj Šilobod Bolšić Tituš Brezovački 19th century Dimitrija Demeter August Šenoa Janko Drašković Ante Starčević Vatroslav Jagić Vatroslav Lisinski Ivo Vojnović 20th century Stjepan Radić Miroslav Krleža Antun Gustav Matoš Josip Stadler Notable professors Juraj Habdelić Maksimilijan Vrhovac Matija Petar Katančić Milan Ogrizović Sources ^ Povodom otkrivanja spomen ploče Paulu Ritteru V. page 13 ^ Goldstein, Ivo; Goldstein, Slavko (2016). The Holocaust in Croatia. University of Pittsburgh Press, published. pp. 365–6. ISBN 978-0-8229-4451-5. ^ Prosecutor v. Milan Martić Judgment, paragraph 305 ^ "Ogrizović, Milan". Hrvatska enciklopedija, mrežno izdanje (in Croatian). Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža. 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2023. Povijest (in Croatian) External links Official website vteHigh schools in ZagrebPublic Classical Gymnasium Electrotehnic School Grafička škola I Gymnasium IV Gymnasium V Gymnasium XI Gymnasium XV Gymnasium Religious Archdiocesan Classical Gymnasium Islamic Secondary School Serbian Orthodox Secondary School Private American International School vteGymnasiums in CroatiaPublicZagreb I Gymnasium IV Gymnasium V Gymnasium XI Gymnasium XV Gymnasium Classical Gymnasium in Zagreb Pannonian Croatia Karlovac Gymnasium Vinkovci Gymnasium Vukovar Gymnasium Županja Gymnasium I Gymnasium Osijek II Gymnasium Osijek III Gymnasium Osijek Adriatic Croatia II Gymnasium Split Antun Vrančić High School, Šibenik Classical Gymnasium in Split ReligiousCatholic Archdiocesan Classical Gymnasium Diocesan Classical Gymnasium "Ruđer Bošković" in Dubrovnik Jesuit Classical Gymnasium in Osijek Other Islamic Secondary School Kantakuzina Katarina Branković Serbian Orthodox Secondary School vteAssembly buildings of Yugoslav BanovinasAutonomous Banovina Sabor Palace (Banovina of Croatia) Banovina in Novi SadBanovinas Banski Dvor (Vrbas Banovina) Banovina Palace (Danube Banovina) Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Drina Banovina) City Administration Building, Split (Littoral Banovina) Classical Gymnasium in Zagreb (Sava Banovina) Government Building and President's Office (Drava Banovina) Old district offices (Morava Banovina) Sobranie Palace (Vardar Banovina) Town Assembly, Cetinje (Zeta Banovina) Belgrade City Administration
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In its first year it had 260 students and it operated on the basis of the Jesuit programme \"Ratio atque institutio studiorum societatis Jesu\".","title":"Classical Gymnasium in Zagreb"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(Habsburg)"},{"link_name":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Zagreb City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Croatian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Ban of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Ivan Drašković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Dra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Latin Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Language"},{"link_name":"Emperor Leopold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Ebersdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebersdorf,_Austria"},{"link_name":"University of Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"It was founded in 1607 by the Jesuits, who had recently settled in the Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg) and Slavonia within the Habsburg monarchy. 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The department was given university privileges by Emperor Leopold in Ebersdorf on 23 October 1669, which saw the founding of the University of Zagreb.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ustaše","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ustaše","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e"},{"link_name":"Auschwitz concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp"}],"sub_title":"WWII Ustaše transit camp for Jews","text":"In August 1942, the Zagreb police of the Croatian fascist, ultranationalist Ustaše regime arrested 1,200 Jews and held them in the Classical Gymnasium which was them empty because of Summer holidays.[2] Some of the Jews tried to commit suicide in the school. The Ustaše later took them to the Main Zagreb Railway Station, from where they were shipped to the Auschwitz concentration camp","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-87_Orkan"},{"link_name":"rocket attack on Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb_rocket_attacks"},{"link_name":"Croatian War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Martic case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_Milan_Marti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Damage during the war in the 90s","text":"The school's back yard was hit by an Orkan rocket on 2 May 1995 during the rocket attack on Zagreb in the Croatian War of Independence. The attack was noted in the trial judgement in the Martic case at the ICTY.[3] The attack occurred during class-time which prevented many casualties which would have occurred had it been break-time, during which students roam the back yard on warm May days. The damage was soon repaired.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klasicnagimnazija_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"classical education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classics"},{"link_name":"humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_literature"},{"link_name":"World Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Literature"},{"link_name":"Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Arts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zagrebgymnasiumcelebration.png"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"}],"text":"The schoolThe program, lasting four years, is based on combining classical education, with emphasis on humanities (namely languages including Latin and Ancient Greek, philosophy, literature, history, fine arts, music and theatre), with sciences and extracurricular activities.Pupils study five languages: Latin, Ancient Greek, Croatian, English and one additional foreign language. They also study Croatian and World Literature, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geography, IT, History, Fine Arts, Music, Philosophy, Logic, Politics and Economy, Sociology, Psychology and attend exercise classes. Most of these subjects are taught for 4 years. Pupils are free to choose additional subjects on top of the compulsory ones, such as Religious studies, Ethics, and additional foreign languages.The school has additional classes on alternate Saturdays. Pupils take on extra-curricular activities including ancient drama, choir singing, pottery, educational travel, and public speaking. The school's drama group stage one classic ancient play each year which usually premières in a Zagreb theatre.Anniversary opening celebrationAlthough originally following a Christian educational model, today's school is a completely secular institution comparable to English grammar schools. During the communist Yugoslav regime, in 1977 the name \"gymnasium\" was banned and the school became the Educational Language Center, but it preserved its spirit and the classical programme (including tuition of Latin and Ancient Greek languages).","title":"Programme"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"400th anniversary","text":"During the 2006/2007 school year, the school celebrated its 400th anniversary with educational, historical, and entertaining festivities which include symposia and speeches, charity rock concerts, three Greek plays and open days.","title":"Programme"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fran Krsto Frankopan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Krsto_Frankopan"},{"link_name":"Juraj Habdelić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juraj_Habdeli%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Pavao Ritter Vitezović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavao_Ritter_Vitezovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ivan III Drašković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_III_Dra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Petar Petretić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Petreti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ivan Zakmardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Zakmardi"}],"sub_title":"17th century","text":"Fran Krsto Frankopan\nJuraj Habdelić\nPavao Ritter Vitezović\nIvan III Drašković\nPetar Petretić\nIvan Zakmardi","title":"Notable students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivan Franjo Čikulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Franjo_%C4%8Cikulin"},{"link_name":"Baltazar Adam Krčelić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltazar_Adam_Kr%C4%8Deli%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Mihalj Šilobod Bolšić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihalj_%C5%A0ilobod_Bol%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Tituš Brezovački","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titu%C5%A1_Brezova%C4%8Dki"}],"sub_title":"18th century","text":"Ivan Franjo Čikulin\nBaltazar Adam Krčelić\nMihalj Šilobod Bolšić\nTituš Brezovački","title":"Notable students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dimitrija Demeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrija_Demeter"},{"link_name":"August Šenoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_%C5%A0enoa"},{"link_name":"Janko Drašković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janko_Dra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ante Starčević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante_Star%C4%8Devi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Vatroslav Jagić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatroslav_Jagi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Vatroslav Lisinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatroslav_Lisinski"},{"link_name":"Ivo Vojnović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Vojnovi%C4%87"}],"sub_title":"19th century","text":"Dimitrija Demeter\nAugust Šenoa\nJanko Drašković\nAnte Starčević\nVatroslav Jagić\nVatroslav Lisinski\nIvo Vojnović","title":"Notable students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stjepan Radić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjepan_Radi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Miroslav Krleža","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_Krle%C5%BEa"},{"link_name":"Antun Gustav Matoš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antun_Gustav_Mato%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Josip Stadler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Stadler"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"Stjepan Radić\nMiroslav Krleža\nAntun Gustav Matoš\nJosip Stadler","title":"Notable students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juraj Habdelić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juraj_Habdeli%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Maksimilijan Vrhovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksimilijan_Vrhovac"},{"link_name":"Matija Petar Katančić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matija_Petar_Katan%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Milan Ogrizović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Ogrizovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ogr-4"}],"text":"Juraj Habdelić\nMaksimilijan Vrhovac\nMatija Petar Katančić\nMilan Ogrizović[4]","title":"Notable professors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Povodom otkrivanja spomen ploče Paulu Ritteru V.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/33565063/Pavao_Ritter_Vitezovic_-_Prigodom_otkrivanja_spomen-ploc_e_u_Bec_u_Scho_nlaterngasse_13_27._VI._2017_"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"The Holocaust in Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ehVSjgEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8229-4451-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4451-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Prosecutor v. Milan Martić Judgment, paragraph 305","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.icty.org/x/cases/martic/tjug/en/070612.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ogr_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Ogrizović, Milan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=44853"},{"link_name":"Povijest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gimnazija-klasicna-zg.skole.hr/skola/povijest"}],"text":"^ Povodom otkrivanja spomen ploče Paulu Ritteru V. page 13\n\n^ Goldstein, Ivo; Goldstein, Slavko (2016). The Holocaust in Croatia. University of Pittsburgh Press, published. pp. 365–6. ISBN 978-0-8229-4451-5.\n\n^ Prosecutor v. Milan Martić Judgment, paragraph 305\n\n^ \"Ogrizović, Milan\". Hrvatska enciklopedija, mrežno izdanje (in Croatian). Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža. 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2023.Povijest (in Croatian)","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"The school","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Klasicnagimnazija_2.jpg/220px-Klasicnagimnazija_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Anniversary opening celebration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Zagrebgymnasiumcelebration.png/220px-Zagrebgymnasiumcelebration.png"},{"image_text":"Banovina in Novi Sad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%2C_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg/120px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B7%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%2C_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Goldstein, Ivo; Goldstein, Slavko (2016). The Holocaust in Croatia. University of Pittsburgh Press, published. pp. 365–6. ISBN 978-0-8229-4451-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ehVSjgEACAAJ","url_text":"The Holocaust in Croatia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4451-5","url_text":"978-0-8229-4451-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Ogrizović, Milan\". Hrvatska enciklopedija, mrežno izdanje (in Croatian). Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža. 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=44853","url_text":"\"Ogrizović, Milan\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Classical_Gymnasium_in_Zagreb&params=45.808534_N_15.988084_E_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"45°48′31″N 15°59′17″E / 45.808534°N 15.988084°E / 45.808534; 15.988084"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Classical_Gymnasium_in_Zagreb&params=45.808534_N_15.988084_E_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"45°48′31″N 15°59′17″E / 45.808534°N 15.988084°E / 45.808534; 15.988084"},{"Link":"http://www.gimnazija-klasicna-zg.skole.hr/","external_links_name":"www.gimnazija-klasicna-zg.skole.hr"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/33565063/Pavao_Ritter_Vitezovic_-_Prigodom_otkrivanja_spomen-ploc_e_u_Bec_u_Scho_nlaterngasse_13_27._VI._2017_","external_links_name":"Povodom otkrivanja spomen ploče Paulu Ritteru V."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ehVSjgEACAAJ","external_links_name":"The Holocaust in Croatia"},{"Link":"http://www.icty.org/x/cases/martic/tjug/en/070612.pdf","external_links_name":"Prosecutor v. Milan Martić Judgment, paragraph 305"},{"Link":"https://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=44853","external_links_name":"\"Ogrizović, Milan\""},{"Link":"http://gimnazija-klasicna-zg.skole.hr/skola/povijest","external_links_name":"Povijest"},{"Link":"http://www.gimnazija-klasicna-zg.skole.hr/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_County_Courthouse_(Staten_Island)
Richmond County Courthouse (Staten Island)
["1 History","2 Design","3 See also","4 References"]
Coordinates: 40°38′33″N 74°4′35″W / 40.64250°N 74.07639°W / 40.64250; -74.07639United States historic placeRichmond County CourthouseU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesNew York City Landmark No. 1206 Northeast or harbor-side facadeInteractive map showing the Richmond County CourthouseLocation18 Richmond Terrace, Staten Island, New YorkCoordinates40°38′33″N 74°4′35″W / 40.64250°N 74.07639°W / 40.64250; -74.07639Area5 acres (2.0 ha) (incl. neighboring Borough Hall)Built1919ArchitectCarrere & HastingsArchitectural styleLate 19th and 20th Century RevivalsNRHP reference No.83004150NYCL No.1206Significant datesAdded to NRHPOctober 6, 1983 (as Staten Island Borough Hall and Richmond County Courthouse)Designated NYCLMarch 23, 1982 The Richmond County Courthouse is a 1919 municipal courthouse in the civic center of St. George on Staten Island in New York City. It serves Richmond County, which is coextensive with the borough of Staten Island. The neoclassical style courthouse is on Richmond Terrace next to Staten Island's Borough Hall and across the street from the St. George Terminal of the Staten Island Ferry. Richmond County Surrogate's Court is located in the building. The building also houses the Matrimonial Parts of State Supreme Court for the state's 13th Judicial District. It housed some other civil parts and the Criminal Parts of that court, as well as the office of its administrative judge, until they moved to a new courthouse at 26 Central Avenue, nearby, which opened on September 28, 2015. History Construction of the Richmond County Courthouse was begun on December 27, 1913, but was delayed by the advent of World War I. The building finally opened on November 3, 1919, to replace the 1837 Third County Courthouse several miles away. In 1919 the building housed one Supreme Court justice and one Surrogate who also acted as a justice of City Court, as well as the County Clerk and the District Attorney. County records were placed in the building and a law library was established the following year. The District Attorney moved out in 1979. The County Clerk, with the county records, moved across the street to 130 Stuyvesant Place in 1999, with the law library following in 2000. The Supreme Court, with the exception of the Matrimonial Parts, moved to the new fifth County Courthouse in late 2015. The building is a New York City Landmark and is on the National Register of Historic Places. Design Designed by the well-known architectural firm of Carrere and Hastings, who had earlier designed the neighboring 1906 Borough Hall, the building's architectural style has been variously described as Roman-inspired neoclassical, or Renaissance Revival with a Greek Revival portico. The L-shaped building is built on a hill sloping upwards from the harbor and shares the block with Borough Hall, from which it is separated on its front or harbor side by a formal French garden. A sweeping flight of stairs leads up from Richmond Terrace to a temple front pediment supported by six large Corinthian columns. See also List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Staten Island National Register of Historic Places listings in Richmond County, New York References ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ Supreme Court, 13th Judicial District, accessed July 7, 2011 ^ a b 13th Judicial District - N.Y. State Courts, accessed December 21, 2015 ^ a b c Philip Klingle, Supreme Court, 13th Judicial District – History, accessed July 7, 2011 ^ Landmark designation ^ a b Staten Island Supreme Courthouse, DCAS Managed Public Buildings, accessed July 7, 2011 vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in New YorkTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Listsby county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings (Brooklyn) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York (Manhattan) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond (Staten Island) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Listsby city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St. 14th–59th St. 59th–110th St. Above 110th St. Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category List National Register of Historic Places Portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courthouse"},{"link_name":"St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George,_Staten_Island"},{"link_name":"Staten Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Borough Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island_Borough_Hall"},{"link_name":"St. George Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George_Terminal"},{"link_name":"Staten Island Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island_Ferry"},{"link_name":"Surrogate's Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Surrogate%27s_Court"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-courts-2"},{"link_name":"State Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-courts2-3"}],"text":"United States historic placeThe Richmond County Courthouse is a 1919 municipal courthouse in the civic center of St. George on Staten Island in New York City. It serves Richmond County, which is coextensive with the borough of Staten Island. The neoclassical style courthouse is on Richmond Terrace next to Staten Island's Borough Hall and across the street from the St. George Terminal of the Staten Island Ferry.Richmond County Surrogate's Court is located in the building.[2] The building also houses the Matrimonial Parts of State Supreme Court for the state's 13th Judicial District. It housed some other civil parts and the Criminal Parts of that court, as well as the office of its administrative judge, until they moved to a new courthouse at 26 Central Avenue, nearby, which opened on September 28, 2015.[3]","title":"Richmond County Courthouse (Staten Island)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Third County Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_County_Courthouse_(Staten_Island,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klingle-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klingle-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-courts2-3"},{"link_name":"New York City Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"}],"text":"Construction of the Richmond County Courthouse was begun on December 27, 1913, but was delayed by the advent of World War I. The building finally opened on November 3, 1919, to replace the 1837 Third County Courthouse several miles away.[4]In 1919 the building housed one Supreme Court justice and one Surrogate who also acted as a justice of City Court, as well as the County Clerk and the District Attorney. County records were placed in the building and a law library was established the following year. The District Attorney moved out in 1979. The County Clerk, with the county records, moved across the street to 130 Stuyvesant Place in 1999, with the law library following in 2000.[4] The Supreme Court, with the exception of the Matrimonial Parts, moved to the new fifth County Courthouse in late 2015.[3]The building is a New York City Landmark[5] and is on the National Register of Historic Places.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"architectural firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_firm"},{"link_name":"Carrere and Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrere_and_Hastings"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCAS-6"},{"link_name":"Renaissance Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Revival"},{"link_name":"Greek Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Revival"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Klingle-4"},{"link_name":"the harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Corinthian columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_order"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCAS-6"}],"text":"Designed by the well-known architectural firm of Carrere and Hastings, who had earlier designed the neighboring 1906 Borough Hall, the building's architectural style has been variously described as Roman-inspired neoclassical,[6] or Renaissance Revival with a Greek Revival portico.[4] The L-shaped building is built on a hill sloping upwards from the harbor and shares the block with Borough Hall, from which it is separated on its front or harbor side by a formal French garden. A sweeping flight of stairs leads up from Richmond Terrace to a temple front pediment supported by six large Corinthian columns.[6]","title":"Design"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Staten Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Designated_Landmarks_in_Staten_Island"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Richmond County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Richmond_County,_New_York"}]
[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster_Hill
Doncaster Hill
["1 Government planning strategies","1.1 Eastern Golf Club","1.2 Doncaster Tower Reconstruction","2 Precincts","2.1 Precinct 1","3 References","4 External links"]
Hill in Melbourne, Australia Doncaster HillEastern side of Doncaster Hill viewed from North Balwyn in July 2017Highest pointElevation120 m (390 ft)AHD ProminenceLowGeographyLocationVictoria, AustraliaClimbingEasiest routeCar, Bus (sealed road) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Doncaster Hill" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2022) Doncaster Hill is one of the highest points in the metropolitan area of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is in the suburb of Doncaster, it is 120 metres above sea level and has uninterrupted views of the city, Port Phillip, Macedon Ranges, the You Yang Ranges and Dandenong Ranges. The hill experienced extensive low-density urban development during the 1960s and 70s, consisting of typical detached suburban dwellings. The surrounding transport infrastructure is heavily reliant on private automobiles. The City of Manningham has enacted policies to encourage high-density development atop the hill, however it lacks a holistic policy and incentives scheme to properly encourage sustainable urban development and transit-oriented development. As a result, the housing available is generally marketed to higher income earners and are of low practical quality. Government planning strategies Doncaster Hill in January 2022 Central Melbourne as seen from atop Doncaster Hill The Doncaster Hill Precinct strategy is a 20-year, A$2 billion proposal created by the City of Manningham for the area. The 58-hectare (140-acre) precinct identified by the strategy is located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from Melbourne's central business district. It is situated close to main arterial roads, including the Eastern Freeway, but is poorly served by public transport, with access to only buses. The strategy aims to create an urban village which reduces urban sprawl that would otherwise place pressure on natural environments in the green wedges to the precinct's east. The proposal includes both residential and commercial developments. Streetscapes, parks, transport and planning schemes are all being improved and amended as part of the proposal. Previous developments in the area include the Westfield Doncaster shopping centre, built in 1970 on a site previously occupied by a grocer shop as well as a few medium-density residential buildings. A few projects have already begun on Doncaster Hill, which has so far been limited to residential towers and flats that are built to take advantage of the views. In spite of expensive council promotion, investors are shying away from committing to a proposal that does not include upgraded public transport and parking requirements as well as the difficult topography. The Hill Strategy does not comply with the ideals of the State Planning Department because of its inability to provide walking and bicycling paths. Some investors want to undertake developments like that of Council House 2 in Melbourne's CBD and argue that the Manningham City council's proposal for the Doncaster Hill precinct is dated and should focus more on sustainability to entice investors. Eastern Golf Club Slightly down the hill towards the city is the Eastern Golf Club, a golf course which has been proposed to be sold. Although three preservation groups advocate rezoning the land to prevent any redevelopment, if the sale goes through, it could be used to construct a medium-density sustainable urban precinct treating its own waste, collecting its own water and generating its own electricity. Many suggest coupling this potential sustainable land development with the Doncaster Hill precinct to create one of the largest car-free areas in the world in an existing urban environment. However, this is unlikely as it would require large political support. The group Retain Eastern At Doncaster (READ) attempted to present the alternative to relocation which would keep The Eastern Golf Club in its location at Doncaster. Neighbourhood gatherings to show support to the members were held, local government and expert consultation was made and support gained especially from Manningham City Council, MP Mary Wooldridge and Councillors. Provision for water was explored and planned for—water was the significant resource needed to build a sustainable future for the club. As of 2011 the club's land has been sold to Mirvac. For information regarding the alternative to relocation, also discussion & support messages. http://easternsupport.bravehost.com/index.html Doncaster Tower Reconstruction Many local residents and historical societies have suggested constructing a replica of the original Doncaster Tower atop Doncaster Hill. The proposal suggests it be constructed of reinforced concrete clad in timber to replicate the original construction. This would provide another man-made drawcard to the area, providing 360-degree views of Melbourne and its surrounding environment as well as increased telecommunication installation opportunities. Precincts There are seven proposed precincts in the Doncaster Hill planning strategy. Five of the precincts are residential, one is retail and the other is for civic purposes. Precinct 1 Precinct 1, or the Civic Precinct, covers the non-residential area off Doncaster Road, near the municipal offices. References ^ Crowe, Danielle (September 10, 2008), "Push to save golf course", The Manningham Leader, Box Hill, Victoria, p. 5, archived from the original on September 19, 2008 External links Doncaster Hill official website
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_Australia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Doncaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"the city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_central_business_district"},{"link_name":"Port Phillip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Phillip"},{"link_name":"Macedon Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Macedon,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"You Yang Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Yangs"},{"link_name":"Dandenong Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandenong_Ranges"},{"link_name":"City of Manningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Manningham"},{"link_name":"transit-oriented development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit-oriented_development"}],"text":"Doncaster Hill is one of the highest points in the metropolitan area of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is in the suburb of Doncaster, it is 120 metres above sea level and has uninterrupted views of the city, Port Phillip, Macedon Ranges, the You Yang Ranges and Dandenong Ranges. The hill experienced extensive low-density urban development during the 1960s and 70s, consisting of typical detached suburban dwellings.The surrounding transport infrastructure is heavily reliant on private automobiles. The City of Manningham has enacted policies to encourage high-density development atop the hill, however it lacks a holistic policy and incentives scheme to properly encourage sustainable urban development and transit-oriented development. As a result, the housing available is generally marketed to higher income earners and are of low practical quality.","title":"Doncaster Hill"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doncaster_Hill._Shot_on_Jan_2022.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melbourne_From_Doncaster_Hill.JPG"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"City of Manningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Manningham"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Eastern Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Freeway,_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy"},{"link_name":"urban village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_village"},{"link_name":"urban sprawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawl"},{"link_name":"green wedges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_belt"},{"link_name":"Westfield Doncaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_Doncaster"},{"link_name":"Council House 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_House_2"},{"link_name":"CBD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_business_district"}],"text":"Doncaster Hill in January 2022Central Melbourne as seen from atop Doncaster HillThe Doncaster Hill Precinct strategy is a 20-year, A$2 billion proposal created by the City of Manningham for the area. The 58-hectare (140-acre) precinct identified by the strategy is located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from Melbourne's central business district. It is situated close to main arterial roads, including the Eastern Freeway, but is poorly served by public transport, with access to only buses.The strategy aims to create an urban village which reduces urban sprawl that would otherwise place pressure on natural environments in the green wedges to the precinct's east. The proposal includes both residential and commercial developments. Streetscapes, parks, transport and planning schemes are all being improved and amended as part of the proposal.Previous developments in the area include the Westfield Doncaster shopping centre, built in 1970 on a site previously occupied by a grocer shop as well as a few medium-density residential buildings. A few projects have already begun on Doncaster Hill, which has so far been limited to residential towers and flats that are built to take advantage of the views. In spite of expensive council promotion, investors are shying away from committing to a proposal that does not include upgraded public transport and parking requirements as well as the difficult topography.\nThe Hill Strategy does not comply with the ideals of the State Planning Department because of its inability to provide walking and bicycling paths.Some investors want to undertake developments like that of Council House 2 in Melbourne's CBD and argue that the Manningham City council's proposal for the Doncaster Hill precinct is dated and should focus more on sustainability to entice investors.","title":"Government planning strategies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doncaster_Hill&action=edit"},{"link_name":"http://easternsupport.bravehost.com/index.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//easternsupport.bravehost.com/index.html"}],"sub_title":"Eastern Golf Club","text":"Slightly down the hill towards the city is the Eastern Golf Club, a golf course which has been proposed to be sold. Although three preservation groups advocate rezoning the land to prevent any redevelopment,[1] if the sale goes through, it could be used to construct a medium-density sustainable urban precinct treating its own waste, collecting its own water and generating its own electricity. Many[who?] suggest coupling this potential sustainable land development with the Doncaster Hill precinct to create one of the largest car-free areas in the world in an existing urban environment. However, this is unlikely as it would require large political support.The group Retain Eastern At Doncaster (READ) attempted to present the alternative to relocation which would keep The Eastern Golf Club in its location at Doncaster. Neighbourhood gatherings to show support to the members were held, local government and expert consultation was made and support gained especially from Manningham City Council, MP Mary Wooldridge and Councillors. Provision for water was explored and planned for—water was the significant resource needed to build a sustainable future for the club. As of 2011[update] the club's land has been sold to Mirvac.For information regarding the alternative to relocation, also discussion & support messages. http://easternsupport.bravehost.com/index.html","title":"Government planning strategies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"}],"sub_title":"Doncaster Tower Reconstruction","text":"Many local residents and historical societies[who?] have suggested constructing a replica of the original Doncaster Tower atop Doncaster Hill. The proposal suggests it be constructed of reinforced concrete clad in timber to replicate the original construction. This would provide another man-made drawcard to the area, providing 360-degree views of Melbourne and its surrounding environment as well as increased telecommunication installation opportunities.","title":"Government planning strategies"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are seven proposed precincts in the Doncaster Hill planning strategy. Five of the precincts are residential, one is retail and the other is for civic purposes.","title":"Precincts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Precinct 1","text":"Precinct 1, or the Civic Precinct, covers the non-residential area off Doncaster Road, near the municipal offices.","title":"Precincts"}]
[{"image_text":"Doncaster Hill in January 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Doncaster_Hill._Shot_on_Jan_2022.jpg/250px-Doncaster_Hill._Shot_on_Jan_2022.jpg"},{"image_text":"Central Melbourne as seen from atop Doncaster Hill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Melbourne_From_Doncaster_Hill.JPG/250px-Melbourne_From_Doncaster_Hill.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Crowe, Danielle (September 10, 2008), \"Push to save golf course\", The Manningham Leader, Box Hill, Victoria, p. 5, archived from the original on September 19, 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080919182204/http://manningham-leader.whereilive.com.au/news/story/push-to-save-golf-course/","url_text":"\"Push to save golf course\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Hill,_Victoria","url_text":"Box Hill, Victoria"},{"url":"http://manningham-leader.whereilive.com.au/news/story/push-to-save-golf-course/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus_cup
Dionysus Cup
["1 Description","2 Context","3 Innovation","4 History","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]
Kylix made by potter-painter Exekias Inside of the cup The Dionysus Cup is the modern name for one of the best known works of ancient Greek vase painting, a kylix (drinking cup) dating to 540–530 BC. It is one of the masterpieces of the Attic black-figure potter Exekias and one of the most significant works in the Staatliche Antikensammlungen in Munich. Description Outside of the cup The cup is 13.6 cm high and has a diameter of 30.5 cm. It is complete and composed of only a few large sherds. The inside image, the tondo, takes up almost the entire interior of the cup. In the centre, a sailing ship is depicted, travelling from right to left. The prow of the ship is decorated like an animal's head, while the rudder is clearly discernable at the rear. Within the ship is a well over life sized figure, the god Dionysus. The sail, unlike the rest of the image, is painted white, a common stylistic element in the black figure style. Vines grow from the mast, with three large clusters of grapes on the right and four on the left. Dolphins swim below the ship—two towards the right, three towards the left—and a further dolphin is found on the right and the left hand sides of it. Although this is not realistic perspective, it could indicate that the dolphins are swimming around the ship. Like the vine, dolphins are symbols of Dionysus. In addition to this broad outline of the image, there are many detailed features. Two small dolphins are incised on the side of the ship. The long-haired, bearded god wears an ivy crown and holds a cornucopia in his hand. His tunic bears a fine pattern. On the outside, around each of the handles, six warriors stand over a corpse. The space between the handles is decorated with a stylised face with large eyes and a small nose. Context Sideview of the cup, focussing on the stylised face Two meanings have been suggested for the interior image. Most common is the suggestion that is a reference to the seventh Homeric Hymn, in which it is explained how Dionysus was kidnapped by Etruscan pirates, who were unaware of his identity. The god confuses their thoughts and causes them to jump into the water, where they transform into dolphins. A second possibility is that the arrival of Dionysus at the Athenian Anthesteria is depicted. The images around the handles probably depict the battles for the corpses of Patroclus and Achilles, with the naked corpse being Patroclus. Innovation The cup shows numerous technical innovations. As a potter, Exekias took older forms and reshaped them into a completely new one. This form, the so-called Cup type A with a thicker foot, a ring around the stem, and a deep, broad bowl, would quickly become the dominant form. The "eye-cup" motif was originally introduced by Exekias, possibly with this piece. Later on the nose in between the eyes grew rarer. The decoration around the handles was similarly new, but unlike the other innovations it did not catch on. Neither did the tondo nearly completely filling the inside of the cup, which was notably imitated later on by the Penthesilea Painter, but is otherwise rather uncommon. Hitherto it had been common in general for the interior of a cup to be decorated with a small tondo depicting a gorgoneion. Also new, but only employed experimentally for a few years and then only rarely was the technique of Intentional Red, in which the background was made an intense, dark red clay. For this too, the cup is the earliest example. Inside of the cup, the decoration has no horizon line or specific orientation other than the ship and the grapes. History Signature It is known that Exekias was the potter, since he signed the foot with an inscription reading EΞΣΕΚΙΑΣ ΕΠΟΕΣΕ ("Exsekias made this"). The attribution of the painting to him derives from stylistic comparisons. Although the internal chronology of Exekias' works is still not fully understood, the cup is generally placed among his later works. The exact date varies between 540 and 530 BC. The cup was found during Lucien Bonaparte's excavations at Vulci and acquired for Ludwig I of Bavaria in 1841. References ^ Inventory number 8729 (formerly 2044); evaluation of worth by John Boardman, Schwarzfigurige Vasen aus Athen. Mainz 1977, p. 64 and Thomas Mannack: Griechische Vasenmalerei. Stuttgart 2002, p. 121 ^ Description follows Matthias Steinhart, "Exekias" in Künstlerlexikon der Antike. Vol. 1. München, Leipzig 2001, pp. 249–252. ^ Context after Matthias Steinhart, "Exekias" in Künstlerlexikon der Antike. Vol. 1. München, Leipzig 2001, pp. 249–252. ^ Artstor. "Artstor". library.artstor.org. Retrieved 2017-10-01. Bibliography John Beazley. Attic Black-figure Vase-painters. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1956, p. 146 No. 21. John Boardman. Schwarzfigurige Vasen aus Athen. Ein Handbuch. Zabern, Mainz 1977, ISBN 3-8053-0233-9, p. 64. Matthias Steinhart. "Exekias" in Künstlerlexikon der Antike. Vol. 1. Saur, München, Leipzig 2001, pp. 249–252. Thomas Mannack. Griechische Vasenmalerei. Eine Einführung. Theiss, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8062-1743-2, p. 121. Berthold Fellmann. München, Antikensammlungen, ehemals Museum antiker Kleinkunst. Vol. 13: Attische schwarzfigurige Augenschalen (= Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum Deutschland. Vol. 77). C. H. Beck, München 2004, ISBN 3-406-51960-1, pp. 14–19 tbl. 1–4. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dionysos Cup (Exekias). Attic Black-figure Eye cup of Exekias (München, Staatliche Antikensammlung) in the archaeological database Arachne vteKylikesEye-cups Chalcidianising cup Dionysus Cup Little-master cups Band cup Droop cup Gordion cup Kassel cup Lip cup Other Typology of shapes Arkesilas Cup Berlin Foundry Cup Brygos cup of Würzburg Komast cup Merrythought cup Oxford Palmette Class Siana cup
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Greek vase painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_vase_painting"},{"link_name":"kylix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylix_(drinking_cup)"},{"link_name":"Attic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica"},{"link_name":"black-figure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-figure"},{"link_name":"Exekias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exekias"},{"link_name":"Staatliche Antikensammlungen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatliche_Antikensammlungen"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Inside of the cupThe Dionysus Cup is the modern name for one of the best known works of ancient Greek vase painting, a kylix (drinking cup) dating to 540–530 BC. It is one of the masterpieces of the Attic black-figure potter Exekias and one of the most significant works in the Staatliche Antikensammlungen in Munich.[1]","title":"Dionysus Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_M%C3%BCnchen_119.JPG"},{"link_name":"sherds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherds"},{"link_name":"tondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondo_(art)"},{"link_name":"Dionysus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus"},{"link_name":"Vines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine"},{"link_name":"Dionysus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus"},{"link_name":"ivy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy"},{"link_name":"cornucopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornucopia"},{"link_name":"tunic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Outside of the cupThe cup is 13.6 cm high and has a diameter of 30.5 cm. It is complete and composed of only a few large sherds. The inside image, the tondo, takes up almost the entire interior of the cup. In the centre, a sailing ship is depicted, travelling from right to left. The prow of the ship is decorated like an animal's head, while the rudder is clearly discernable at the rear. Within the ship is a well over life sized figure, the god Dionysus. The sail, unlike the rest of the image, is painted white, a common stylistic element in the black figure style. Vines grow from the mast, with three large clusters of grapes on the right and four on the left. Dolphins swim below the ship—two towards the right, three towards the left—and a further dolphin is found on the right and the left hand sides of it. Although this is not realistic perspective, it could indicate that the dolphins are swimming around the ship. Like the vine, dolphins are symbols of Dionysus. In addition to this broad outline of the image, there are many detailed features. Two small dolphins are incised on the side of the ship. The long-haired, bearded god wears an ivy crown and holds a cornucopia in his hand. His tunic bears a fine pattern. On the outside, around each of the handles, six warriors stand over a corpse. The space between the handles is decorated with a stylised face with large eyes and a small nose.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dionysos-Schale_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Homeric Hymn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeric_Hymn"},{"link_name":"Etruscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscans"},{"link_name":"Anthesteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthesteria"},{"link_name":"Patroclus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patroclus"},{"link_name":"Achilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Sideview of the cup, focussing on the stylised faceTwo meanings have been suggested for the interior image. Most common is the suggestion that is a reference to the seventh Homeric Hymn, in which it is explained how Dionysus was kidnapped by Etruscan pirates, who were unaware of his identity. The god confuses their thoughts and causes them to jump into the water, where they transform into dolphins. A second possibility is that the arrival of Dionysus at the Athenian Anthesteria is depicted. The images around the handles probably depict the battles for the corpses of Patroclus and Achilles, with the naked corpse being Patroclus.[3]","title":"Context"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eye-cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye-cup"},{"link_name":"Penthesilea Painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penthesilea_Painter"},{"link_name":"gorgoneion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgoneion"},{"link_name":"Intentional Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intentional_Red&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The cup shows numerous technical innovations. As a potter, Exekias took older forms and reshaped them into a completely new one. This form, the so-called Cup type A with a thicker foot, a ring around the stem, and a deep, broad bowl, would quickly become the dominant form. The \"eye-cup\" motif was originally introduced by Exekias, possibly with this piece. Later on the nose in between the eyes grew rarer. The decoration around the handles was similarly new, but unlike the other innovations it did not catch on. Neither did the tondo nearly completely filling the inside of the cup, which was notably imitated later on by the Penthesilea Painter, but is otherwise rather uncommon. Hitherto it had been common in general for the interior of a cup to be decorated with a small tondo depicting a gorgoneion. Also new, but only employed experimentally for a few years and then only rarely was the technique of Intentional Red, in which the background was made an intense, dark red clay. For this too, the cup is the earliest example. Inside of the cup, the decoration has no horizon line or specific orientation other than the ship and the grapes.[4]","title":"Innovation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exekias_-_ABV_146_21_-_Dionysos_reclining_in_a_ship_-_fight_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_8729_-_11.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lucien Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Vulci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulci"},{"link_name":"Ludwig I of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria"}],"text":"SignatureIt is known that Exekias was the potter, since he signed the foot with an inscription reading EΞΣΕΚΙΑΣ ΕΠΟΕΣΕ (\"Exsekias made this\"). The attribution of the painting to him derives from stylistic comparisons. Although the internal chronology of Exekias' works is still not fully understood, the cup is generally placed among his later works. The exact date varies between 540 and 530 BC.The cup was found during Lucien Bonaparte's excavations at Vulci and acquired for Ludwig I of Bavaria in 1841.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Beazley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beazley"},{"link_name":"John Boardman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-8053-0233-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8053-0233-9"},{"link_name":"Matthias Steinhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Steinhart"},{"link_name":"Künstlerlexikon der Antike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C3%BCnstlerlexikon_der_Antike&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Mannack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mannack"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-8062-1743-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8062-1743-2"},{"link_name":"Berthold Fellmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berthold_Fellmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum Deutschland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus_Vasorum_Antiquorum_Deutschland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-406-51960-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-51960-1"}],"text":"John Beazley. Attic Black-figure Vase-painters. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1956, p. 146 No. 21.\nJohn Boardman. Schwarzfigurige Vasen aus Athen. Ein Handbuch. Zabern, Mainz 1977, ISBN 3-8053-0233-9, p. 64.\nMatthias Steinhart. \"Exekias\" in Künstlerlexikon der Antike. Vol. 1. Saur, München, Leipzig 2001, pp. 249–252.\nThomas Mannack. Griechische Vasenmalerei. Eine Einführung. Theiss, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8062-1743-2, p. 121.\nBerthold Fellmann. München, Antikensammlungen, ehemals Museum antiker Kleinkunst. Vol. 13: Attische schwarzfigurige Augenschalen (= Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum Deutschland. Vol. 77). C. H. Beck, München 2004, ISBN 3-406-51960-1, pp. 14–19 tbl. 1–4.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Inside of the cup","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg/220px-Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Outside of the cup","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_M%C3%BCnchen_119.JPG/220px-Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_M%C3%BCnchen_119.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sideview of the cup, focussing on the stylised face","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Dionysos-Schale_2.jpg/220px-Dionysos-Schale_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Signature","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Exekias_-_ABV_146_21_-_Dionysos_reclining_in_a_ship_-_fight_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_8729_-_11.jpg/220px-Exekias_-_ABV_146_21_-_Dionysos_reclining_in_a_ship_-_fight_-_M%C3%BCnchen_AS_8729_-_11.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Artstor. \"Artstor\". library.artstor.org. Retrieved 2017-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.artstor.org/#/asset/LESSING_ART_10310483784","url_text":"\"Artstor\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://library.artstor.org/#/asset/LESSING_ART_10310483784","external_links_name":"\"Artstor\""},{"Link":"http://arachne.uni-koeln.de/item/objekt/214449","external_links_name":"Attic Black-figure Eye cup of Exekias (München, Staatliche Antikensammlung)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_Party_of_British_Columbia
Provincial Party of British Columbia
["1 External links","2 Sources","3 References"]
The Provincial Party of British Columbia (PROV) was a political party in British Columbia, Canada. It was formed by a group of British Columbia Conservative Party dissidents known as the "Committee of 100", led and funded by the wealthy General Alexander McRae and political elements from the United Farmers of British Columbia. The United Farmers had little influence over the merged party. The party was formed at a convention in Vernon on January 13, 1923. Sir Charles Hibbert Tupper, another Conservative dissident at the time, was involved to oppose the wild-cat schemes of McBride and Bowser and the unscrupulous government of Oliver. The party platform sought freight rate equalization, cooperation with the federal government in the development of a northern railway, the elimination of Oriental labour, abolition of patronage, hiring of veterans, the elimination of income tax which had been introduced as a temporary measure during the war. The party nominated candidates only once, for the 1924 election. In that election, McRae claimed that the Liberal government of John Oliver and the previous administrations of Conservative Premier William John Bowser, then the opposition leader, were corrupt. Many of his allegations were related to the funding of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway plan to reach Prince George in the Northern interior of the province, which was not achieved until many years later. He claimed that there were kickbacks, patronage and various wrongdoings. His allegations were never proven. The election was bitterly fought with sensational allegations against all three leaders. Although the party achieved 24% of the popular vote in the 1924 election, McRae was not elected. Both Bowser and Oliver lost their seats but Oliver continued to lead his Liberal Party as Premier of a minority government after the election. McRae reconciled with his former Conservative allies after the election and went on to federal politics. The Provincial Party disappeared. External links Elections BC Sources Betty O'Keefe and Ian Macdonald (2001). Merchant Prince. Heritage House: Surrey, BC. ISBN 1-894384-30-X. Margaret A. Ormsby (1958). British Columbia: A History. MacMillan: Vancouver. References ^ Ormsby, p. 420
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Columbia Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Conservative_Party"},{"link_name":"General Alexander McRae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Duncan_McRae"},{"link_name":"United Farmers of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Farmers_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Charles Hibbert Tupper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hibbert_Tupper"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1924 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_British_Columbia_general_election"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Liberal_Party"},{"link_name":"John Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Oliver_(British_Columbia_politician)"},{"link_name":"William John Bowser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_John_Bowser"}],"text":"It was formed by a group of British Columbia Conservative Party dissidents known as the \"Committee of 100\", led and funded by the wealthy General Alexander McRae and political elements from the United Farmers of British Columbia. The United Farmers had little influence over the merged party. The party was formed at a convention in Vernon on January 13, 1923. Sir Charles Hibbert Tupper, another Conservative dissident at the time, was involved to oppose the wild-cat schemes of McBride and Bowser and the unscrupulous government of Oliver.[1]The party platform sought freight rate equalization, cooperation with the federal government in the development of a northern railway, the elimination of Oriental labour, abolition of patronage, hiring of veterans, the elimination of income tax which had been introduced as a temporary measure during the war.The party nominated candidates only once, for the 1924 election. In that election, McRae claimed that the Liberal government of John Oliver and the previous administrations of Conservative Premier William John Bowser, then the opposition leader, were corrupt. Many of his allegations were related to the funding of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway plan to reach Prince George in the Northern interior of the province, which was not achieved until many years later. He claimed that there were kickbacks, patronage and various wrongdoings. His allegations were never proven. The election was bitterly fought with sensational allegations against all three leaders.Although the party achieved 24% of the popular vote in the 1924 election, McRae was not elected. Both Bowser and Oliver lost their seats but Oliver continued to lead his Liberal Party as Premier of a minority government after the election.McRae reconciled with his former Conservative allies after the election and went on to federal politics. The Provincial Party disappeared.","title":"Provincial Party of British Columbia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-894384-30-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-894384-30-X"}],"text":"Betty O'Keefe and Ian Macdonald (2001). Merchant Prince. Heritage House: Surrey, BC. ISBN 1-894384-30-X.\nMargaret A. Ormsby (1958). British Columbia: A History. MacMillan: Vancouver.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Betty O'Keefe and Ian Macdonald (2001). Merchant Prince. Heritage House: Surrey, BC. ISBN 1-894384-30-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-894384-30-X","url_text":"1-894384-30-X"}]},{"reference":"Margaret A. Ormsby (1958). British Columbia: A History. MacMillan: Vancouver.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071025011113/http://www.elections.bc.ca/elections/electoral_history/part1-4.html","external_links_name":"Elections BC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterol_14-demethylase
Sterol 14-demethylase
["1 Nomenclature","2 Function","3 Structure","4 References","5 Further reading"]
Class of enzymes sterol 14-demethylaseIdentifiersEC no.1.14.13.70DatabasesIntEnzIntEnz viewBRENDABRENDA entryExPASyNiceZyme viewKEGGKEGG entryMetaCycmetabolic pathwayPRIAMprofilePDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsumGene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGOSearchPMCarticlesPubMedarticlesNCBIproteins In enzymology, a sterol 14-demethylase (EC 1.14.13.70) is an enzyme of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily. It is any member of the CYP51 family. It catalyzes a chemical reaction such as: obtusifoliol + 3 O2 + 3 NADPH + 3 H+ ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } 4alpha-methyl-5alpha-ergosta-8,14,24(28)-trien-3beta-ol + formate + 3 NADP+ + 4 H2O The 4 substrates here are obtusifoliol, O2, NADPH, and H+, whereas its 4 products are 4alpha-methyl-5alpha-ergosta-8,14,24(28)-trien-3beta-ol, formate, NADP+, and H2O. Ergosterol Although the lanosterol 14α-demethylase is present in a wide variety of organisms, the enzyme is studied primarily in the context of fungi, where it plays an essential role in mediating membrane permeability. In fungi, CYP51 catalyzes the demethylation of lanosterol to create an important precursor that is eventually converted into ergosterol. This steroid then makes its way throughout the cell, where it alters the permeability and rigidity of plasma membranes much as cholesterol does in animals. Because ergosterol constitutes a fundamental component of fungal membranes, many antifungal medications have been developed to inhibit 14α-demethylase activity and prevent the production of this key compound. Nomenclature This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is sterol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (14-methyl cleaving). Other names in common use include obtusufoliol 14-demethylase, lanosterol 14-demethylase, lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase, and sterol 14alpha-demethylase. This enzyme participates in biosynthesis of steroids. These are not the typical CYP subfamilies, but only one subfamily is created for each major taxonomic group. CYP51A for Animals, CYP51B for Bacteria. CYP51C for Chromista, CYP51D for Dictyostelium, CYP51E for Euglenozoa, CYP51F for Fungi. Those groups with only one CYP51 per species are all called by one name: CYP51A1 is for all animal CYP51s since they are orthologous. The same is true for CYP51B, C, D, E and F. CYP51G (green plants) and CYP51Hs (monocots only so far) have individual sequence numbers. CYP subfamily etymology kingdom CYP51A Animals Metazoa CYP51B Bacteria Bacteria CYP51C Chromista Chromista CYP51D Dictyostelium Amoebozoa CYP51E Euglenozoa Excavata CYP51F Fungi Fungus CYP51G Green plants Archaeplastida CYP51H monocots in Archaeplastida Function The biological role of this protein is also well understood. The demethylated products of the CYP51 reaction are vital intermediates in pathways leading to the formation of cholesterol in humans, ergosterol in fungi, and other types of sterols in plants. These sterols localize to the plasma membrane of cells, where they play an important structural role in the regulation of membrane fluidity and permeability and also influence the activity of enzymes, ion channels, and other cell components that are embedded within. With the proliferation of immuno-suppressive diseases such as HIV/AIDS and cancer, patients have become increasingly vulnerable to opportunistic fungal infections (Richardson et al.). Seeking new means to treat such infections, drug researchers have begun targeting the 14α-demethylase enzyme in fungi; destroying the fungal cell's ability to produce ergosterol causes a disruption of the plasma membrane, thereby resulting in cellular leakage and ultimately the death of the pathogen (DrugBank). Azoles are currently the most popular class of antifungals used in both agricultural and medical settings. These compounds bind as the sixth ligand to the heme group in CYP51, thereby altering the structure of the active site and acting as noncompetitive inhibitors. The effectiveness of imidazoles and triazoles (common azole subclasses) as inhibitors of 14α-demethylase have been confirmed through several experiments. Some studies test for changes in the production of important downstream ergosterol intermediates in the presence of these compounds. Other studies employ spectrophotometry to quantify azole-CYP51 interactions. Coordination of azoles to the prosthetic heme group in the enzyme's active site causes a characteristic shift in CYP51 absorbance, creating what is commonly referred to as a type II difference spectrum. Prolonged use of azoles as antifungals has resulted in the emergence of drug resistance among certain fungal strains. Mutations in the coding region of CYP51 genes, overexpression of CYP51, and overexpression of membrane efflux transporters can all lead to resistance to these antifungals. Consequently, the focus of azole research is beginning to shift towards identifying new ways to circumvent this major obstacle. Structure This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2022) As of late 2007, 6 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1H5Z, 1U13, 1X8V, 2BZ9, 2CI0, and 2CIB. References ^ a b Daum G, Lees ND, Bard M, Dickson R (December 1998). "Biochemistry, cell biology and molecular biology of lipids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Yeast. 14 (16): 1471–510. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0061(199812)14:16<1471::AID-YEA353>3.0.CO;2-Y. PMID 9885152. ^ a b Lepesheva GI, Waterman MR (March 2007). "Sterol 14alpha-demethylase cytochrome P450 (CYP51), a P450 in all biological kingdoms". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 1770 (3): 467–77. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.07.018. PMC 2324071. PMID 16963187. ^ a b c d e f Becher R, Wirsel SG (August 2012). "Fungal cytochrome P450 sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) and azole resistance in plant and human pathogens". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 95 (4): 825–40. doi:10.1007/s00253-012-4195-9. PMID 22684327. S2CID 17688962. ^ Lepesheva GI, Waterman MR (January 2011). "Structural basis for conservation in the CYP51 family". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics. 1814 (1): 88–93. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.06.006. PMC 2962772. PMID 20547249. ^ Abe F, Usui K, Hiraki T (September 2009). "Fluconazole modulates membrane rigidity, heterogeneity, and water penetration into the plasma membrane in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Biochemistry. 48 (36): 8494–504. doi:10.1021/bi900578y. PMID 19670905. ^ "Itraconazole (DB01167)". DrugBank. ^ Mullins JG, Parker JE, Cools HJ, Togawa RC, Lucas JA, Fraaije BA, Kelly DE, Kelly SL (2011). "Molecular modelling of the emergence of azole resistance in Mycosphaerella graminicola". PLOS ONE. 6 (6): e20973. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...620973M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020973. PMC 3124474. PMID 21738598. ^ Tuck SF, Patel H, Safi E, Robinson CH (June 1991). "Lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase (P45014DM): effects of P45014DM inhibitors on sterol biosynthesis downstream of lanosterol". Journal of Lipid Research. 32 (6): 893–902. doi:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)41987-X. PMID 1940622. ^ Vanden Bossche H, Marichal P, Gorrens J, Bellens D, Verhoeven H, Coene MC, Lauwers W, Janssen PA (1987). "Interaction of azole derivatives with cytochrome P-450 isozymes in yeast, fungi, plants and mammalian cells". Pesticide Science. 21 (4): 289–306. doi:10.1002/ps.2780210406. ^ Yoshida Y, Aoyama Y (January 1987). "Interaction of azole antifungal agents with cytochrome P-45014DM purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae microsomes". Biochemical Pharmacology. 36 (2): 229–35. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(87)90694-0. PMID 3545213. ^ Vanden Bossche H, Dromer F, Improvisi I, Lozano-Chiu M, Rex JH, Sanglard D (1998). "Antifungal drug resistance in pathogenic fungi". Medical Mycology. 36 (Suppl 1): 119–28. PMID 9988500. ^ Leroux P, Albertini C, Gautier A, Gredt M, Walker AS (July 2007). "Mutations in the CYP51 gene correlated with changes in sensitivity to sterol 14 alpha-demethylation inhibitors in field isolates of Mycosphaerella graminicola". Pest Management Science. 63 (7): 688–98. doi:10.1002/ps.1390. PMID 17511023. ^ Sanglard D, Ischer F, Koymans L, Bille J (February 1998). "Amino acid substitutions in the cytochrome P-450 lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51A1) from azole-resistant Candida albicans clinical isolates contribute to resistance to azole antifungal agents". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 42 (2): 241–53. doi:10.1128/AAC.42.2.241. PMC 105395. PMID 9527767. ^ Cannon RD, Lamping E, Holmes AR, Niimi K, Baret PV, Keniya MV, Tanabe K, Niimi M, Goffeau A, Monk BC (April 2009). "Efflux-mediated antifungal drug resistance". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 22 (2): 291–321, Table of Contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.00051-08. PMC 2668233. PMID 19366916. ^ Nash A, Rhodes J (2018). "Simulations of CYP51A from Aspergillus fumigatus in a model bilayer provide insights into triazole drug resistance". Medical Mycology. 56 (3): 361–373. doi:10.1093/mmy/myx056. PMC 5895076. PMID 28992260. Further reading Bak S, Kahn RA, Olsen CE, Halkier BA (1997). "Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the obtusifoliol 14 alpha-demethylase of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, a cytochrome P450 orthologous to the sterol 14 alpha-demethylases (CYP51) from fungi and mammals". Plant J. 11 (2): 191–201. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313X.1997.11020191.x. PMID 9076987. Aoyama Y, Yoshida Y (1991). "Different substrate specificities of lanosterol 14a-demethylase (P-45014DM) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and rat liver for 24-methylene-24,25-dihydrolanosterol and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 178 (3): 1064–71. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(91)91000-3. PMID 1872829. Aoyama Y, Yoshida Y (1992). "The 4 beta-methyl group of substrate does not affect the activity of lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase (P-450(14)DM) of yeast: difference between the substrate recognition by yeast and plant sterol 14 alpha-demethylases". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 183 (3): 1266–72. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(05)80327-4. PMID 1567403. Alexander K, Akhtar M, Boar RB, McGhie JF, Barton DH (1972). "The removal of the 32-carbon atom as formic acid in cholesterol biosynthesis". Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (7): 383. doi:10.1039/C39720000383. vteOxidoreductases: dioxygenases, including steroid hydroxylases (EC 1.14)1.14.11: 2-oxoglutarate Prolyl hydroxylase HIF prolyl-hydroxylase EGLN1 EGLN2 EGLN3 P4HTM Lysyl hydroxylase AlkB ALKBH1 FTO 1.14.13: NADH or NADPH Flavin-containing monooxygenase FMO1 FMO2 FMO3 FMO4 FMO5 Nitric oxide synthase NOS1 NOS2 NOS3 Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase Methane monooxygenase 3A4 14α-demethylase 24-hydroxycholesterol 7α-hydroxylase 1.14.14: reduced flavin or flavoprotein 19A1 2D6 2E1 1.14.15: reduced iron–sulfur protein 11B1 11B2 11A1 1.14.16: reduced pteridine (BH4 dependent) Phenylalanine hydroxylase Tyrosine hydroxylase Tryptophan hydroxylase 1.14.17: reduced ascorbate Dopamine beta-hydroxylase 1.14.18-19: other Tyrosinase Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 1.14.99 - miscellaneous Cyclooxygenase Heme oxygenase (HMOX1) Squalene monooxygenase 17A1 21A2 Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase Deoxyhypusine monooxygenase vteCytochromes, oxygenases: cytochrome P450 (Most belong to EC 1.14)CYP1 A1 A2 A5 B1 CYP2 A6 A7 A13 B6 C8 C9 C18 C19 D6 E1 F1 J2 R1 S1 U1 W1 CYP3 (CYP3A) A4 A5 A7 A37 A43 CYP4 A11 A22 B1 F2 F3 F8 F11 F12 F22 V2 X1 Z1 CYP5-20 CYP5 (A1) CYP6 (G1, M2) CYP7 (A1, B1) CYP8 (A1, B1) CYP9 CYP10 CYP11 (A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, C1) CYP12 CYP13 CYP14 CYP15 CYP16 CYP17 (A1) CYP18 CYP19 (A1) CYP20 (A1) CYP21-49 CYP21 (A2) CYP22 (A1) CYP23 CYP24 (A1) CYP25 CYP26 (A1, B1, C1) CYP27 (A1, B1, C1) CYP28 (A1) CYP29 CYP35 (B1) CYP39 (A1) CYP46 (A1) CYP51-69 CYP51 (A1, F1) CYP52 CYP53 A1 CYP55 A1 CYP56 A1 CYP61 CYP71-99 CYP71 (C1, C2, C3, C4, Z6, AJ4, AV1, BA1) CYP72A1 CYP73A1 CYP74 (D1) CYP75 (A1, B1) CYP76 (B6, M7) CYP79 (A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, D1, D2, D3, D4) CYP80 (A1, B1, G2) CYP81 (E1, E3, E7, E9) CYP88D6 CYP90C1 CYP93E1 CYP97C1 CYP99A3 CYP101-281 CYP101A1 CYP102A1 CYP105 A1 D7 CYP106A2 CYP107 A1 G1 CYP109 B1 E1 CYP111 CYP113A1 CYP119A1 CYP123 CYP125A1 CYP139 CYP147 CYP152 A1 B1 CYP154C3 CYP158A CYP161C CYP170 A1 B1 CYP176A1 CYP183A CYP197 CYP199A2 CYP255A CYP301-499 CYP303A1 CYP305 M2 Halloween genes ( CYP302A1, CYP306A1, CYP307A1, CYP307A2, CYP314A1, CYP315A1) CYP318A1 CYP501-699 CYP503 CYP504B1 CYP701-999 CYP704B22 CYP710 CYP720A1 Portal: Biology
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enzymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymology"},{"link_name":"EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number"},{"link_name":"1.14.13.70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//enzyme.expasy.org/EC/1.14.13.70"},{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"cytochrome P450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450"},{"link_name":"catalyzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis"},{"link_name":"chemical reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction"},{"link_name":"obtusifoliol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obtusifoliol"},{"link_name":"substrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"obtusifoliol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obtusifoliol"},{"link_name":"O2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"NADPH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate"},{"link_name":"H+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_ion"},{"link_name":"products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"4alpha-methyl-5alpha-ergosta-8,14,24(28)-trien-3beta-ol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4alpha-methyl-5alpha-ergosta-8,14,24(28)-trien-3beta-ol&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"formate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formate"},{"link_name":"NADP+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate"},{"link_name":"H2O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ergosterol_structure.svg"},{"link_name":"lanosterol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanosterol"},{"link_name":"fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daum_1998-1"},{"link_name":"fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi"},{"link_name":"ergosterol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergosterol"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lepesheva_2007-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Becher_2012-3"},{"link_name":"antifungal medications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungal_medications"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Becher_2012-3"}],"text":"In enzymology, a sterol 14-demethylase (EC 1.14.13.70) is an enzyme of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily. It is any member of the CYP51 family. It catalyzes a chemical reaction such as:obtusifoliol + 3 O2 + 3 NADPH + 3 H+ \n \n \n \n ⇌\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rightleftharpoons }\n \n 4alpha-methyl-5alpha-ergosta-8,14,24(28)-trien-3beta-ol + formate + 3 NADP+ + 4 H2OThe 4 substrates here are obtusifoliol, O2, NADPH, and H+, whereas its 4 products are 4alpha-methyl-5alpha-ergosta-8,14,24(28)-trien-3beta-ol, formate, NADP+, and H2O.ErgosterolAlthough the lanosterol 14α-demethylase is present in a wide variety of organisms, the enzyme is studied primarily in the context of fungi, where it plays an essential role in mediating membrane permeability.[1] In fungi, CYP51 catalyzes the demethylation of lanosterol to create an important precursor that is eventually converted into ergosterol.[2] This steroid then makes its way throughout the cell, where it alters the permeability and rigidity of plasma membranes much as cholesterol does in animals.[3] Because ergosterol constitutes a fundamental component of fungal membranes, many antifungal medications have been developed to inhibit 14α-demethylase activity and prevent the production of this key compound.[3]","title":"Sterol 14-demethylase"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oxidoreductases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidoreductase"},{"link_name":"systematic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes"},{"link_name":"biosynthesis of steroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosynthesis_of_steroids"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lepesheva_2007-2"},{"link_name":"Chromista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromista"},{"link_name":"Dictyostelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictyostelium"},{"link_name":"monocots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocot"}],"text":"This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is sterol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (14-methyl cleaving). Other names in common use include obtusufoliol 14-demethylase, lanosterol 14-demethylase, lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase, and sterol 14alpha-demethylase. This enzyme participates in biosynthesis of steroids.[2]These are not the typical CYP subfamilies, but only one subfamily is created for each major taxonomic group. CYP51A for Animals, CYP51B for Bacteria. CYP51C for Chromista, CYP51D for Dictyostelium, CYP51E for Euglenozoa, CYP51F for Fungi. Those groups with only one CYP51 per species are all called by one name: CYP51A1 is for all animal CYP51s since they are orthologous. The same is true for CYP51B, C, D, E and F. CYP51G (green plants) and CYP51Hs (monocots only so far) have individual sequence numbers.","title":"Nomenclature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"demethylated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demethylated"},{"link_name":"cholesterol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol"},{"link_name":"ergosterol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergosterol"},{"link_name":"sterols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterols"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lepesheva_2011-4"},{"link_name":"sterols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterols"},{"link_name":"plasma membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membrane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daum_1998-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abe_2009-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"HIV/AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"fungal infections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungal_infections"},{"link_name":"Azoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azole"},{"link_name":"antifungals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungals"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Becher_2012-3"},{"link_name":"heme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme"},{"link_name":"active site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_site"},{"link_name":"noncompetitive inhibitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncompetitive_inhibitors"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mullins_2011-7"},{"link_name":"imidazoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidazoles"},{"link_name":"triazoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triazoles"},{"link_name":"azole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azole"},{"link_name":"ergosterol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergosterol"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tuck_1991-8"},{"link_name":"spectrophotometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrophotometry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Becher_2012-3"},{"link_name":"azoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azoles"},{"link_name":"heme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme"},{"link_name":"absorbance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorbance"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vanden_Bossche_1987-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yoshida_1987-10"},{"link_name":"azoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azoles"},{"link_name":"antifungals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungals"},{"link_name":"drug resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_resistance"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Becher_2012-3"},{"link_name":"coding region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding_region"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vanden_Bossche_1998b-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leroux_2007-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sanglard_1998-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cannon_2009-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nash_2018-15"},{"link_name":"azole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azole"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Becher_2012-3"}],"text":"The biological role of this protein is also well understood. The demethylated products of the CYP51 reaction are vital intermediates in pathways leading to the formation of cholesterol in humans, ergosterol in fungi, and other types of sterols in plants.[4] These sterols localize to the plasma membrane of cells, where they play an important structural role in the regulation of membrane fluidity and permeability and also influence the activity of enzymes, ion channels, and other cell components that are embedded within.[1][5][6] With the proliferation of immuno-suppressive diseases such as HIV/AIDS and cancer, patients have become increasingly vulnerable to opportunistic fungal infections (Richardson et al.). Seeking new means to treat such infections, drug researchers have begun targeting the 14α-demethylase enzyme in fungi; destroying the fungal cell's ability to produce ergosterol causes a disruption of the plasma membrane, thereby resulting in cellular leakage and ultimately the death of the pathogen (DrugBank).Azoles are currently the most popular class of antifungals used in both agricultural and medical settings.[3] These compounds bind as the sixth ligand to the heme group in CYP51, thereby altering the structure of the active site and acting as noncompetitive inhibitors.[7] The effectiveness of imidazoles and triazoles (common azole subclasses) as inhibitors of 14α-demethylase have been confirmed through several experiments. Some studies test for changes in the production of important downstream ergosterol intermediates in the presence of these compounds.[8] Other studies employ spectrophotometry to quantify azole-CYP51 interactions.[3] Coordination of azoles to the prosthetic heme group in the enzyme's active site causes a characteristic shift in CYP51 absorbance, creating what is commonly referred to as a type II difference spectrum.[9][10]Prolonged use of azoles as antifungals has resulted in the emergence of drug resistance among certain fungal strains.[3] Mutations in the coding region of CYP51 genes, overexpression of CYP51, and overexpression of membrane efflux transporters can all lead to resistance to these antifungals.[11][12][13][14][15] Consequently, the focus of azole research is beginning to shift towards identifying new ways to circumvent this major obstacle.[3]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_structure"},{"link_name":"PDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank"},{"link_name":"1H5Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=1H5Z"},{"link_name":"1U13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=1U13"},{"link_name":"1X8V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=1X8V"},{"link_name":"2BZ9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=2BZ9"},{"link_name":"2CI0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=2CI0"},{"link_name":"2CIB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPage.pl?pdbcode=2CIB"}],"text":"As of late 2007, 6 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1H5Z, 1U13, 1X8V, 2BZ9, 2CI0, and 2CIB.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the obtusifoliol 14 alpha-demethylase of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, a cytochrome P450 orthologous to the sterol 14 alpha-demethylases (CYP51) from fungi and mammals\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-313X.1997.11020191.x"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1046/j.1365-313X.1997.11020191.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-313X.1997.11020191.x"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9076987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9076987"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0006-291X(91)91000-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-291X%2891%2991000-3"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1872829","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1872829"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0006-291X(05)80327-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-291X%2805%2980327-4"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1567403","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1567403"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1039/C39720000383","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1039%2FC39720000383"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dioxygenases"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Dioxygenases"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dioxygenases"},{"link_name":"Oxidoreductases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidoreductase"},{"link_name":"dioxygenases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenase"},{"link_name":"steroid hydroxylases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_hydroxylases"},{"link_name":"EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number"},{"link_name":"1.14.11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.11_With_2-oxoglutarate_as_one_donor.2C_and_incorporation_of_one_atom_each_of_oxygen_into_both_donors"},{"link_name":"2-oxoglutarate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Ketoglutaric_acid"},{"link_name":"Prolyl hydroxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolyl_hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"HIF prolyl-hydroxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIF_prolyl-hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"EGLN1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGLN1"},{"link_name":"EGLN2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGLN2"},{"link_name":"EGLN3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGLN3"},{"link_name":"P4HTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P4HTM"},{"link_name":"Lysyl hydroxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysyl_hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"AlkB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlkB"},{"link_name":"ALKBH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkb_homolog_1,_histone_h2a_dioxygenase"},{"link_name":"FTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTO_gene"},{"link_name":"1.14.13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.13_With_NADH_or_NADPH_as_one_donor.2C_and_incorporation_of_one_atom_of_oxygen"},{"link_name":"NADH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NADH"},{"link_name":"NADPH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NADPH"},{"link_name":"Flavin-containing monooxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin-containing_monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"FMO1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMO1"},{"link_name":"FMO2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMO2"},{"link_name":"FMO3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin-containing_monooxygenase_3"},{"link_name":"FMO4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMO4"},{"link_name":"FMO5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMO5"},{"link_name":"Nitric oxide synthase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide_synthase"},{"link_name":"NOS1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOS1"},{"link_name":"NOS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide_synthase_2_(inducible)"},{"link_name":"NOS3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial_NOS"},{"link_name":"Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol_7_alpha-hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"Methane monooxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"3A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP3A4"},{"link_name":"14α-demethylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14%CE%B1-demethylase"},{"link_name":"24-hydroxycholesterol 7α-hydroxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24-hydroxycholesterol_7alpha-hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"1.14.14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.14_With_reduced_flavin_or_flavoprotein_as_one_donor.2C_and_incorporation_of_one_atom_of_oxygen"},{"link_name":"flavin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_group"},{"link_name":"flavoprotein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavoprotein"},{"link_name":"19A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatase"},{"link_name":"2D6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2D6"},{"link_name":"2E1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2E1"},{"link_name":"1.14.15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.15_With_reduced_iron%E2%80%93sulfur_protein_as_one_donor.2C_and_incorporation_of_one_atom_of_oxygen"},{"link_name":"iron–sulfur protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_protein"},{"link_name":"11B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_11-beta-hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"11B2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterone_synthase"},{"link_name":"11A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol_side-chain_cleavage_enzyme"},{"link_name":"1.14.16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.16_With_reduced_pteridine_as_one_donor.2C_and_incorporation_of_one_atom_of_oxygen"},{"link_name":"pteridine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridine"},{"link_name":"BH4 dependent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrobiopterin"},{"link_name":"Phenylalanine hydroxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine_hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"Tyrosine hydroxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"Tryptophan hydroxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan_hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"1.14.17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.17_With_reduced_ascorbate_as_one_donor.2C_and_incorporation_of_one_atom_of_oxygen"},{"link_name":"ascorbate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascorbate"},{"link_name":"Dopamine beta-hydroxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_beta-hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"1.14.18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.18_With_another_compound_as_one_donor.2C_and_incorporation_of_one_atom_of_oxygen"},{"link_name":"19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.19_With_oxidation_of_a_pair_of_donors_resulting_in_the_reduction_of_molecular_oxygen_to_two_molecules_of_water"},{"link_name":"Tyrosinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosinase"},{"link_name":"Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stearoyl-CoA_desaturase-1"},{"link_name":"1.14.99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.14.99_Miscellaneous"},{"link_name":"Cyclooxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclooxygenase"},{"link_name":"Heme oxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme_oxygenase"},{"link_name":"HMOX1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMOX1"},{"link_name":"Squalene monooxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squalene_monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"17A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP17A1"},{"link_name":"21A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21-Hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysone_20-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"Deoxyhypusine monooxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyhypusine_monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cytochrome_P450"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cytochrome_P450"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cytochrome_P450"},{"link_name":"Cytochromes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome"},{"link_name":"oxygenases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenase"},{"link_name":"cytochrome P450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450"},{"link_name":"EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP1A1"},{"link_name":"A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP1A2"},{"link_name":"A5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CYP1A5&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP1B1"},{"link_name":"A6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2A6"},{"link_name":"A7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2A7"},{"link_name":"A13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2A13"},{"link_name":"B6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2B6"},{"link_name":"C8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2C8"},{"link_name":"C9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2C9"},{"link_name":"C18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2C18"},{"link_name":"C19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2C19"},{"link_name":"D6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2D6"},{"link_name":"E1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2E1"},{"link_name":"F1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2F1"},{"link_name":"J2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2J2"},{"link_name":"R1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2R1"},{"link_name":"S1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2S1"},{"link_name":"U1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2U1"},{"link_name":"W1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2W1"},{"link_name":"CYP3A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP3A"},{"link_name":"A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP3A4"},{"link_name":"A5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP3A5"},{"link_name":"A7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP3A7"},{"link_name":"A37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CYP3A37&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"A43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP3A43"},{"link_name":"A11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP4A11"},{"link_name":"A22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP4A22"},{"link_name":"B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP4B1"},{"link_name":"F2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP4F2"},{"link_name":"F3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP4F3"},{"link_name":"F8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP4F8"},{"link_name":"F11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP4F11"},{"link_name":"F12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP4F12"},{"link_name":"F22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP4F22"},{"link_name":"V2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP4V2"},{"link_name":"X1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP4X1"},{"link_name":"Z1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP4Z1"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thromboxane-A_synthase"},{"link_name":"CYP6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP6_family"},{"link_name":"G1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP6G1"},{"link_name":"M2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP6M2"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol_7_alpha-hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP7B1"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP8A1"},{"link_name":"B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP8B1"},{"link_name":"CYP9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP9_family"},{"link_name":"CYP10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP10_family"},{"link_name":"CYP11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP11_family"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol_side-chain_cleavage_enzyme"},{"link_name":"A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP11A2"},{"link_name":"B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_11-beta-hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"B2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosterone_synthase"},{"link_name":"B3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP11B3"},{"link_name":"C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP11C1"},{"link_name":"CYP12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP12_family"},{"link_name":"CYP13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP13_family"},{"link_name":"CYP14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP14_family"},{"link_name":"CYP15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP15_family"},{"link_name":"CYP16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP16_family"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP17A1"},{"link_name":"CYP18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP18_family"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatase"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP20A1"},{"link_name":"A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21-Hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daf-9"},{"link_name":"CYP23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP23_family"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP24A1"},{"link_name":"CYP25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP25_family"},{"link_name":"CYP26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP26_family"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP26A1"},{"link_name":"B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP26B1"},{"link_name":"C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP26C1"},{"link_name":"CYP27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP27_family"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP27A1"},{"link_name":"B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25-Hydroxyvitamin_D3_1-alpha-hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP27C1"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP28A1"},{"link_name":"CYP29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CYP29_family&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP35B1"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP39A1"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP46A1"},{"link_name":"CYP51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanosterol_14_alpha-demethylase"},{"link_name":"F1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERG11"},{"link_name":"CYP52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP52_family"},{"link_name":"CYP53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP53_family"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoate_4-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"CYP55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP55_family"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide_reductase_(NAD(P),_nitrous_oxide-forming)"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP56A1"},{"link_name":"CYP61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERG5"},{"link_name":"C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-hydroxyindolin-2-one_monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"C2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indolin-2-one_monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"C3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-Hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one_monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"C4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indole-2-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"Z6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent-isokaurene_C2-hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"AJ4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelicin_synthase"},{"link_name":"AV1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorpha-4,11-diene_12-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"BA1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-humulene_10-hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"CYP72A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secologanin_synthase"},{"link_name":"CYP73A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-cinnamate_4-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"CYP74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP74_family"},{"link_name":"D1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colneleate_synthase"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoid_3%27,5%27-hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoid_3%27-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"CYP76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP76_family"},{"link_name":"B6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraniol_8-hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"M7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent-cassa-12,15-diene_11-hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_N-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine_N-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan_N-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"B2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan_N-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"B3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan_N-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"D1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valine_N-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"D2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valine_N-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"D3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoleucine_N-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"D4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoleucine_N-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbamunine_synthase"},{"link_name":"B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-methylcoclaurine_3%27-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"G2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(S)-corytuberine_synthase"},{"link_name":"E1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflavone_2%27-hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"E3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%27-methoxyisoflavone_2%27-hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"E7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%27-methoxyisoflavone_2%27-hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"E9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoflavone_3%27-hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"CYP88D6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-amyrin_11-oxidase"},{"link_name":"CYP90C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Epi-6-deoxocathasterone_23-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"CYP93E1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-amyrin_24-hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"CYP97C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotene_epsilon-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"CYP99A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9beta-pimara-7,15-diene_oxidase"},{"link_name":"CYP101A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphor_5-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"CYP102A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_BM3"},{"link_name":"CYP105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP105_family"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D3_dihydroxylase"},{"link_name":"D7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentalenic_acid_synthase"},{"link_name":"CYP106A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid_15beta-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"CYP107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP107_family"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_eryF"},{"link_name":"G1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP107G1"},{"link_name":"CYP109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP109_family"},{"link_name":"B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP109B1"},{"link_name":"E1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP109E1"},{"link_name":"CYP111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linalool_8-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"CYP113A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycin_12_hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"CYP119A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP119A1"},{"link_name":"CYP123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP123_family"},{"link_name":"CYP125A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholest-4-en-3-one_26-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"CYP139","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP139_family"},{"link_name":"CYP147","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP147_family"},{"link_name":"CYP152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty-acid_peroxygenase"},{"link_name":"CYP154C3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP154C3"},{"link_name":"CYP158A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biflaviolin_synthase"},{"link_name":"CYP161C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentalenolactone_synthase"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epi-isozizaene_5-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP170B1"},{"link_name":"CYP176A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,8-Cineole_2-endo-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"CYP183A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentalenene_oxygenase"},{"link_name":"CYP197","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP197_family"},{"link_name":"CYP199A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-methoxybenzoate_monooxygenase_(O-demethylating)"},{"link_name":"CYP255A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450_aromatic_O-demethylase"},{"link_name":"CYP303A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP303A1"},{"link_name":"CYP305","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP305_family"},{"link_name":"M2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP305M2"},{"link_name":"Halloween genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween_genes"},{"link_name":"CYP314A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecdysone_20-monooxygenase"},{"link_name":"CYP318A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP318A1"},{"link_name":"CYP503","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent-kaurene_oxidase"},{"link_name":"CYP504B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-hydroxyphenylacetate_6-hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"CYP704B22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP704B22"},{"link_name":"CYP710","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP710_family"},{"link_name":"CYP720A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abietadienol_hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biology"}],"text":"Bak S, Kahn RA, Olsen CE, Halkier BA (1997). \"Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the obtusifoliol 14 alpha-demethylase of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, a cytochrome P450 orthologous to the sterol 14 alpha-demethylases (CYP51) from fungi and mammals\". Plant J. 11 (2): 191–201. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313X.1997.11020191.x. PMID 9076987.\nAoyama Y, Yoshida Y (1991). \"Different substrate specificities of lanosterol 14a-demethylase (P-45014DM) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and rat liver for 24-methylene-24,25-dihydrolanosterol and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 178 (3): 1064–71. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(91)91000-3. PMID 1872829.\nAoyama Y, Yoshida Y (1992). \"The 4 beta-methyl group of substrate does not affect the activity of lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase (P-450(14)DM) of yeast: difference between the substrate recognition by yeast and plant sterol 14 alpha-demethylases\". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 183 (3): 1266–72. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(05)80327-4. PMID 1567403.\nAlexander K, Akhtar M, Boar RB, McGhie JF, Barton DH (1972). \"The removal of the 32-carbon atom as formic acid in cholesterol biosynthesis\". Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (7): 383. doi:10.1039/C39720000383.vteOxidoreductases: dioxygenases, including steroid hydroxylases (EC 1.14)1.14.11: 2-oxoglutarate\nProlyl hydroxylase\nHIF prolyl-hydroxylase\nEGLN1\nEGLN2\nEGLN3\nP4HTM\nLysyl hydroxylase\nAlkB\nALKBH1\nFTO\n1.14.13: NADH or NADPH\nFlavin-containing monooxygenase\nFMO1\nFMO2\nFMO3\nFMO4\nFMO5\nNitric oxide synthase\nNOS1\nNOS2\nNOS3\nCholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase\nMethane monooxygenase\n3A4\n14α-demethylase\n24-hydroxycholesterol 7α-hydroxylase\n1.14.14: reduced flavin or flavoprotein\n19A1\n2D6\n2E1\n1.14.15: reduced iron–sulfur protein\n11B1\n11B2\n11A1\n1.14.16: reduced pteridine (BH4 dependent)\nPhenylalanine hydroxylase\nTyrosine hydroxylase\nTryptophan hydroxylase\n1.14.17: reduced ascorbate\nDopamine beta-hydroxylase\n1.14.18-19: other\nTyrosinase\nStearoyl-CoA desaturase-1\n1.14.99 - miscellaneous\nCyclooxygenase\nHeme oxygenase (HMOX1)\nSqualene monooxygenase\n17A1\n21A2\nEcdysone 20-monooxygenase\nDeoxyhypusine monooxygenasevteCytochromes, oxygenases: cytochrome P450 (Most belong to EC 1.14)CYP1\nA1\nA2\nA5\nB1\nCYP2\nA6\nA7\nA13\nB6\nC8\nC9\nC18\nC19\nD6\nE1\nF1\nJ2\nR1\nS1\nU1\nW1\nCYP3 (CYP3A)\nA4\nA5\nA7\nA37\nA43\nCYP4\nA11\nA22\nB1\nF2\nF3\nF8\nF11\nF12\nF22\nV2\nX1\nZ1\nCYP5-20\nCYP5 (A1)\nCYP6 (G1, M2)\nCYP7 (A1, B1)\nCYP8 (A1, B1)\nCYP9\nCYP10\nCYP11 (A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, C1)\nCYP12\nCYP13\nCYP14\nCYP15\nCYP16\nCYP17 (A1)\nCYP18\nCYP19 (A1)\nCYP20 (A1)\nCYP21-49\nCYP21 (A2)\nCYP22 (A1)\nCYP23\nCYP24 (A1)\nCYP25\nCYP26 (A1, B1, C1)\nCYP27 (A1, B1, C1)\nCYP28 (A1)\nCYP29\nCYP35 (B1)\nCYP39 (A1)\nCYP46 (A1)\nCYP51-69\nCYP51 (A1, F1)\nCYP52\nCYP53\nA1\nCYP55\nA1\nCYP56\nA1\nCYP61\nCYP71-99\nCYP71 (C1, C2, C3, C4, Z6, AJ4, AV1, BA1)\nCYP72A1\nCYP73A1\nCYP74 (D1)\nCYP75 (A1, B1)\nCYP76 (B6, M7)\nCYP79 (A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, D1, D2, D3, D4)\nCYP80 (A1, B1, G2)\nCYP81 (E1, E3, E7, E9)\nCYP88D6\nCYP90C1\nCYP93E1\nCYP97C1\nCYP99A3\nCYP101-281\nCYP101A1\nCYP102A1\nCYP105\nA1\nD7\nCYP106A2\nCYP107\nA1\nG1\nCYP109\nB1\nE1\nCYP111\nCYP113A1\nCYP119A1\nCYP123\nCYP125A1\nCYP139\nCYP147\nCYP152\nA1\nB1\nCYP154C3\nCYP158A\nCYP161C\nCYP170\nA1\nB1\nCYP176A1\nCYP183A\nCYP197\nCYP199A2\nCYP255A \nCYP301-499\nCYP303A1\nCYP305\nM2\nHalloween genes ( CYP302A1, CYP306A1, CYP307A1, CYP307A2, CYP314A1, CYP315A1)\nCYP318A1\nCYP501-699\nCYP503\nCYP504B1\nCYP701-999\nCYP704B22\nCYP710\nCYP720A1Portal: Biology","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Ergosterol","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ergosterol_structure.svg/220px-Ergosterol_structure.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Daum G, Lees ND, Bard M, Dickson R (December 1998). \"Biochemistry, cell biology and molecular biology of lipids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae\". Yeast. 14 (16): 1471–510. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0061(199812)14:16<1471::AID-YEA353>3.0.CO;2-Y. PMID 9885152.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0061%28199812%2914%3A16%3C1471%3A%3AAID-YEA353%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Y","url_text":"10.1002/(SICI)1097-0061(199812)14:16<1471::AID-YEA353>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9885152","url_text":"9885152"}]},{"reference":"Lepesheva GI, Waterman MR (March 2007). \"Sterol 14alpha-demethylase cytochrome P450 (CYP51), a P450 in all biological kingdoms\". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 1770 (3): 467–77. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.07.018. PMC 2324071. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramore
Paramore
["1 History","1.1 2002–2004: Formation and early years","1.2 2005–2006: All We Know Is Falling","1.3 2007–2008: Riot!","1.4 2009–2011: Brand New Eyes, departure of the Farros, and Singles Club","1.5 2012–2015: Paramore and Davis' third exit","1.6 2016–2019: Zac Farro's return and After Laughter","1.7 2020–present: This Is Why","2 Musical style and influences","3 Live appearances","4 Appearances in films and video games","5 Band members","6 Discography","7 Tours","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"]
American rock band For other uses, see Paramore (disambiguation). ParamoreParamore performing in 2023. Left to right: Zac Farro (drummer), Taylor York (lead guitarist), and Hayley Williams (lead vocalist)Background informationOriginFranklin, Tennessee, U.S.Genres Pop-punk emo pop rock alternative rock power pop new wave DiscographyParamore discographyYears active2004–presentLabels Fueled by Ramen Atlantic Members Hayley Williams Zac Farro Taylor York Past members Josh Farro Jeremy Davis Jason Bynum John Hembree Hunter Lamb Websiteparamore.net Paramore is an American rock band formed in Franklin, Tennessee, in 2004. Since 2017, the band's members include lead vocalist Hayley Williams, lead guitarist Taylor York, and drummer Zac Farro. Williams and Farro are founding members of the group, while York, a high school friend of the original lineup, joined in 2007. Williams is the only member to appear on all six of Paramore's studio albums. The band was signed to Fueled by Ramen, a subsidiary of Atlantic Records. (Both are owned by Warner Music Group.) Williams was signed to Atlantic separately, as she was scouted when she was a teenager. They were the only label to let her stay in the band instead of going solo, but Atlantic said the rest of the band had to sign to Fueled by Ramen. The group's debut album, All We Know Is Falling (2005), reached number 30 on Billboard's Heatseekers Chart in 2006 and number four on the UK Rock Chart in 2009. The band's second album, Riot! (2007) became a mainstream success thanks to the success of the singles "Misery Business", "Crushcrushcrush", and "That's What You Get". The album was certified Platinum in the US and the band received a Best New Artist nomination at the 2008 Grammy Awards. Their 2009 follow-up, Brand New Eyes, reached number two on the Billboard 200 and became the band's second-highest-charting album to date. It produced the top-forty single "The Only Exception" and went platinum in Ireland and the UK. Following the departure of Zac and Josh Farro in 2010, the band released their self-titled fourth album in 2013. Paramore gave the band their first number one song on the US Billboard 200 and was also the number one album in the UK, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Argentina and Mexico. It included the singles "Still Into You" and "Ain't It Fun", with the latter winning the Grammy Award for Best Rock Song for Williams and York as songwriters, making it Paramore's first Grammy win. The band's lineup changed once again after this album, with bassist Jeremy Davis leaving the band near the end of 2015 and former drummer Zac Farro rejoining the band in 2017. Their fifth and sixth studio albums, After Laughter and This Is Why, were released in May 2017 and February 2023, respectively, to critical acclaim. History 2002–2004: Formation and early years In 2002, at age 13, vocalist Hayley Williams moved from her hometown Meridian, Mississippi, to Franklin, Tennessee, where she met brothers Josh Farro and Zac Farro at a weekly supplemental program for home-schooled students. Shortly after arriving, she began taking vocal lessons with Brett Manning. Prior to forming Paramore, Williams and bassist Jeremy Davis, along with friend Kimee Read, took part in a funk cover band called the Factory, while Josh and Zac Farro had practiced together after school. The other members of what was soon to be Paramore had been "edgy about the whole female thing" of having Williams as vocalist, but, because they were good friends, she started writing for them. Williams said of the members when she first met them, "They were the first people I met who were as passionate about music as I was." Williams was originally signed to Atlantic Records as a solo artist in 2003. She had been introduced to Atlantic A&R Tom Storms by Kent Marcus and Jim Zumwalt, lawyers of managers Dave Steunebrink and Richard Williams, and then eventually signed to Atlantic by Jason Flom. Steunebrink and Richard Williams had originally discovered and signed her to a production deal that was later bought out by Atlantic. The original plan of the label was to turn her into a pop singer, but Williams resisted, saying that she wanted to play alternative rock music with a band. In an interview with HitQuarters the band's A&R at Atlantic, Steve Robertson, said, "She wanted to make sure that we didn't look at her as some straight to Top 40 pop princess. She wanted to make sure that she and her band got the chance to show what they can do as a rock band writing their own songs." Label president Julie Greenwald and the label staff decided to go with her wishes. The original management team for the band was Dave Steunebrink, Creed manager Jeff Hanson, and Hanson's assistant Mark Mercado. The band was officially formed by Josh Farro (lead guitar/backing vocals), Zac Farro (drums), Davis (bass guitar) and Williams (lead vocals) in 2004, with the later addition of Williams' neighbor Jason Bynum (rhythm guitar). When Davis showed up, he was stunned to find out the drummer was only fourteen years old. He admitted "I had very, very, very, little faith in everyone in the band because of their age. I remember thinking, 'This is not going to work because this kid is way too young,' but that first day of practice was amazing. I knew we were on to something." According to Williams, the name "Paramore" came from the maiden name of the mother of one of their first bass players. Once the group learned the meaning of the homophone paramour ('secret lover'), they decided to adopt the name, using the Paramore spelling. Paramore was originally supposed to release their music on Atlantic Records, but the label's marketing department decided it would be better for the image of the band to not have them attached to a major label. Instead, they released their music through the niche label Fueled by Ramen. Lyor Cohen, the head of Warner Music Group, had already identified Fueled by Ramen as a label they should partner with. It was decided the rock label would make an ideal match for Paramore. According to Robertson, when the band was presented to Fueled by Ramen's CEO John Janick, "he got the vision of the band immediately." Janick went to a Taste of Chaos performance in Orlando, Florida, to see the band perform live. In April 2005, after a smaller private performance at a warehouse, the band was signed to Atlantic Records and Fueled By Ramen. The band's first song written together was "Conspiracy", which was later used on their debut album. At this time, they were touring the Southeast, usually being driven by Williams' parents. She commented that "Back then, I guess we were all thinking, after school, we'll go to the house and practice. It was what we loved to do for fun, and still do! I don't think any of us really knew this would turn out to be what it's become." 2005–2006: All We Know Is Falling Main article: All We Know Is Falling Paramore performing in Portland, Oregon, in January 2006 Paramore traveled back to Orlando, Florida, but shortly after arriving, Jeremy Davis left the band, citing personal reasons. The remaining four members of Paramore continued with the album, writing "All We Know" about his departure, and later deciding to base All We Know Is Falling around the concept. The album artwork also reflected Paramore's grief, as Hayley Williams explains, "The couch on the cover of All We Know is Falling with no one there and the shadow walking away; it's all about Jeremy leaving us and us feeling like there's an empty space." Before touring, the band added John Hembree (bass) to their lineup to replace Davis. During that summer, Paramore was featured on the Shiragirl stage of the 2005 Warped Tour. After being asked by the band, Jeremy Davis returned to Paramore after five months apart, replacing Hembree. All We Know Is Falling was released on July 26, 2005, and reached No. 30 on Billboard's Heatseekers Chart. Paramore released "Pressure" as its first single, with a video directed by Shane Drake, but the song failed to chart. The video featured the band performing in a warehouse, eventually getting sprayed with water sprinklers as the storyline of a conflicted couple occurs. In July, "Emergency" was released as the second single, the video again reuniting the band with director Shane Drake and featuring Hunter Lamb (rhythm guitar), who replaced Jason Bynum in December 2005. The video for "Emergency" showcased Paramore in another performance, this time fixing the members' bloody costumes. The third single, "All We Know", was released with limited airtime, with the video consisting of a collection of live performances and backstage footage. After the band's later success, All We Know Is Falling and "Pressure" were certified Gold by the RIAA. In January 2006, the band took part in the Winter Go West tour, where they played alongside Seattle bands Amber Pacific and the Lashes. In February, Hayley Williams was featured on "Keep Dreaming Upside Down" by October Fall. In spring of 2006, Paramore was an opening act on tours for both Bayside and the Rocket Summer. The band then covered Foo Fighters' "My Hero" for the Sound of Superman soundtrack. During the summer of 2006, Paramore played a portion of Warped Tour, primarily on the Volcom and Hurley Stages. During the band's time at Warped Tour, they released The Summer Tic EP, which was sold exclusively during the tour. Paramore's first US headlining tour began on August 2, 2006, to a sold-out audience with support from This Providence, Cute Is What We Aim For, and Hit the Lights. That year they were voted "Best New Band", and Hayley Williams was voted as No. 2 "Sexiest Female", by readers of the British magazine Kerrang!. In 2007, Lamb left the group to get married, and Paramore continued onward as a quartet. Paramore was then named by British magazine NME as one of ten bands to watch out for in their "New Noise 2007" feature. Paramore was featured in Kerrang! magazine once more; however, Hayley Williams believed the article was an untrue portrayal of the band, particularly because it focused on her as the main component. Afterwards, Williams addressed the issue in the band's LiveJournal, with a post saying, "we could've done without a cover piece. sorry, if it offends anyone at Kerrang! but I don't think there was one bit of truth in that article." In April, Hayley Williams' vocals were featured in "Then Came To Kill" by the Chariot. They headlined a tour in April through May 2007 with This Providence, the Almost, and Love Arcade. The Almost and Love Arcade were replaced by Quietdrive for the second half of the tour. 2007–2008: Riot! Main article: Riot! Paramore performing at the 2007 Vans Warped Tour in Camden, New Jersey Before work began on the band's next album, Davis was expelled from the band due to "his lack of work ethic and participation in things that Zac, Hayley and I didn't agree with", according to Josh Farro. After an agreement involving the remaining three members, Davis was reinstated as bassist, and Taylor York became the band's new guitarist. York had been in a band with the Farro brothers before the two met Williams. After being courted by producers Neal Avron and Howard Benson, Paramore opted to record the album with producer David Bendeth in New Jersey, who had previously worked with Your Vegas and Breaking Benjamin. The album, titled Riot!, was released on June 12, 2007, entering the Billboard 200 at number 20 and the UK charts at number 24. The album sold 44,000 units its first week in the United States. The name Riot! had been chosen because it meant "a sudden outburst of uncontrolled emotion", and it was a word that "summed it all up". "Misery Business" was released as the first single from the album. According to when discussing what Misery Business was about, Williams stated, "When I was 13 or 14 and I had a crush on Josh, he didn't like me back," Williams said. "He would go hang out with his girlfriend, who I wrote 'Misery Business' about because I was a dick." In the summer of 2007, Paramore participated in their third Warped Tour, and they posted journals of their experiences on yourhereblog for MTV. On October 11, 2007, the music video for "Crushcrushcrush" debuted on the United States television as the next single from Riot!. The video for "Crushcrushcrush" featured the band playing a performance in a barren desert, being spied upon, and later destroying their equipment. The single was released in the United States on November 19 and made available in the United Kingdom on November 12, 2007. Hayley Williams recorded guest vocals for the tracks "The Church Channel" and "Plea" for the Say Anything concept album In Defense of the Genre, released on October 23, 2007. The group performed live in an acoustic style in Boston on November 29, 2007, for FNX Radio. On December 31, 2007, Paramore performed on the MTV New Year's Eve program which ran from 11:30 p.m. to 1:00 a.m. Paramore at the Social in Orlando, Florida, on April 23, 2007 Paramore was featured on the cover of February 2008 issue of Alternative Press magazine and voted "Best Band Of 2007" by the readers. The band was nominated for "Best New Artist" at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards, presented on February 10, 2008. Early 2008 saw Paramore touring the United Kingdom, supporting their album Riot!, along with New Found Glory. In early February 2008, the band began a tour in Europe; however, on February 21, 2008, the band announced that they had canceled six shows due to personal issues. Williams wrote on the band's web site that "the break will give that band 'a chance to get away and work out our personal issues'". MTV.com reported that fans of Paramore were speculating about the future of the band and reported rumors of trouble had begun earlier in the month, when Josh Farro expressed his anger against the media's focus on Hayley Williams. The band, however, returned to their hometown to record the music video for the fourth single "That's What You Get", which was then released on March 24, 2008. The band toured with Jimmy Eat World in the United States in April and May 2008. The band headlined the Give it a Name festival in the United Kingdom on May 10 and 11, 2008. Paramore played their first Ireland show at the RDS in Dublin on June 2, 2008, followed by the 2008 Vans Warped Tour from July 1–6. Starting on July 28, Paramore embarked on a tour named "The Final Riot!". They were joined by Jack's Mannequin, Phantom Planet, and Paper Route on the tour. The band released a live album named The Final Riot! on November 25, 2008. The album includes a bonus DVD with a full concert recorded in Chicago, as well as a behind the scenes documentary. As of April 9, 2009, The Final Riot! is certified gold in the United States. 2009–2011: Brand New Eyes, departure of the Farros, and Singles Club Main article: Brand New Eyes In September 2008, Williams announced that the band were planning on releasing their third studio album in summer 2009. On November 18, 2008, the band announced they were in the process of writing their next album. Josh Farro in Vancouver on the Summer Tour 2009 Paramore spent six weeks in pre-production at Emac Studios in their hometown of Franklin, the first time they had undergone pre-production without the guidance of a producer. The band was visited by record producer Rob Cavallo who reassured the band that they were on the right track. The band subsequently felt that the album and that their new material had the potential to surpass the success of their previous work. The band originally planned to record in Nashville, but ended up recording in Calabasas, California, with Cavallo in March 2009. The first single from the album was "Ignorance" and was released July 7, 2009. Paramore was the special guest with Bedouin Soundclash, The Sounds and Janelle Monáe at the No Doubt Summer Tour 2009, starting in May 2009 in outdoor amphitheaters and arenas across the US and Canada. The official music video for "Ignorance" aired on all MTV platforms, networks, and websites on August 13, 2009. Paramore, along with Paper Route and The Swellers, toured in support of Brand New Eyes in the fall of 2009. Some tour dates were postponed due to Hayley Williams becoming infected with laryngitis. "Brick By Boring Brick", "The Only Exception", "Careful" and "Playing God" were the album's following singles. To promote the album, the band recorded a performance for MTV Unplugged. Paramore then played a sold out 15-date European tour with You Me At Six, Paper Route and Now Now Every Children. Their stadium tour culminated at London's Wembley Arena, to an audience of 12,500. The band performed in 2010 in the Australian Soundwave Festival along with bands such as Faith No More, AFI, You Me at Six, All Time Low, A Day to Remember, and Taking Back Sunday. Shortly before the tour, lead guitarist Josh Farro announced that he was engaged and stayed behind to plan his wedding. Justin York, brother of Taylor York, filled in for him on the tour. The band, with Farro returned, embarked on a spring tour of the U.S. in late April. The band headlined the 2010 Honda Civic Tour, which began on July 23 in Raleigh, NC and closed on September 19 in Anaheim, CA. After a short United Kingdom tour in November 2010, the band announced, on December 2, 2010, the official dates for a South American tour to take place during February and March 2011. The band were set to take a break after their South American Tour in 2011 to write for their fourth studio album. Paramore in the Brand New Eyes World Tour at the Warfield in San Francisco On December 18, 2010, a message was released through Paramore.net stating that Josh and Zac Farro were leaving the band. The band also confirmed the scheduled South American tour would still happen. Josh Farro wrote a statement on the departure on his Blogger, claiming that the band was "a manufactured product of a major-label". He accused Hayley Williams of being manipulated by her management, treating the rest of the group as her solo project, and claimed she was the only member of the band who was signed to Atlantic Records, while her bandmates were simply "riding on the coattails of her dream". On December 30, 2010, MTV News interviewed Williams, York and Davis in Franklin, Tennessee, regarding their reactions to Farro's response. The band members confirmed many of Farro's statements, notably that Williams was indeed the only member of the band actually signed to Atlantic. They added that they felt the statement was irrelevant, and claimed they had addressed many of the Farro's critiques already throughout the course of their career. On January 10, 2011, in an interview with MTV, Hayley Williams said that despite the band losing two of its founding members, they would release new music in 2011, although they had not confirmed if it would be a full album for release or just a small number of songs. The singer also admitted that Paramore's style was likely to change with the new lineup, but clarified that the band would still retain their core signature sound. Paramore later confirmed they were entering a studio in Los Angeles with producer Rob Cavallo to record what would be the Singles Club. On June 3, 2011, Paramore released the single "Monster", featured on the Transformers: Dark of the Moon soundtrack. This is the first song that the band released without the Farro brothers. On June 9, 2011, Hayley Williams announced that the band had started to write their fourth album, which they hoped to start recording at the end of the year, with an early 2012 release. On October 11, 2011, Paramore announced that they would release a new song for each of the remaining months of 2011. The band set up the Singles Club on their website which gave fans the chance to purchase the singles when they were released, as they were released exclusively through the Singles Club and were therefore not sold elsewhere. A song called "Renegade", premiered the day of the announcement, with "Hello Cold World" following on November 7, and "In the Mourning" on December 5. In 2011, former member, Josh Farro, formed Novel American, with Zac Farro later joining the band. 2012–2015: Paramore and Davis' third exit Main article: Paramore (album) On April 18, 2012, Williams announced that the producer for their fourth album was Justin Meldal-Johnsen. Former Lostprophets and current Angels & Airwaves and Nine Inch Nails drummer Ilan Rubin was confirmed to be the session drummer for the recording of the album. Paramore was officially released on April 5, 2013, and a #1 at US albums chart Billboard 200. The first single from the album, titled "Now", was released online on January 22, 2013, and the album's second single, "Still Into You", was released on March 14, 2013, achieving commercial success. The third single, "Daydreaming", was released on December 2, 2013. The album's fourth single, "Ain't It Fun", was released on February 4, 2014, eventually becoming the band's highest-charting song in the United States and a winner for Best Rock Song at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards. On November 24, 2014, Paramore: Self-Titled Deluxe was released, which includes a remake of "Hate to See Your Heart Break", a song originally on Paramore, featuring Joy Williams; this is the band's first collaboration on a song. The band embarked on an intimate tour with Copeland, they said in a blog post that "It feels right to bring the Self-Titled era to a close. We've had a very personal and hugely triumphant journey with this one. What wouldn't feel right is saying goodbye to this time in the band's career and not celebrating it with our fans in some special way." On December 14, 2015, bassist Jeremy Davis left the band. In March 2016, Davis was involved in a legal battle with Paramore, claiming to be eligible to enjoy the benefits of a business partnership with Hayley Williams as a co-owner of the band. This was quickly dismissed and he was again involved in a legal battle with Hayley Williams and Taylor York over a breach of contract entitling him to ownership and authorship of songs on their self-titled record, including "Ain't It Fun", and again, claiming to be eligible to enjoy the benefits of the earnings the two received from these songs and album. Davis reached a settlement with the band in May 2017. During this period, lead singer Williams later revealed that she suffered from depression and mental health issues following the departure of Davis as well as a divorce with her ex-husband Chad Gilbert. In an interview with Zane Lowe on Beats 1 Radio, shes described it as "torment" and mentioned that she "didn't laugh for a long time". As a result, Williams privately left the band for a short period in 2015, briefly leaving York as the only remaining member of the group. 2016–2019: Zac Farro's return and After Laughter Main article: After Laughter Paramore at the Royal Albert Hall in London, June 2017 On January 19, 2016, Williams announced that the band was in the process of writing their fifth album. On June 8, 2016, the band posted a short video of themselves in the studio to their social media. This was preceded by a number of images which all included both former drummer Zac Farro and producer Justin Meldal-Johnsen, leading fans and various media outlets to speculate the return of Farro. On June 17, Farro was featured yet again in a picture uploaded to social media, this time behind a drum set, confirming that he would be recording drums for the album, though he later clarified that he was only recording drums for the album and that he had not rejoined the band as a full member. Despite this, on February 2, 2017, the band announced that Farro would return as the official drummer of the band. On April 19, 2017, Paramore released "Hard Times" as the lead single from their album After Laughter, which they announced would be released on May 12, 2017. On May 3, a second single was released, titled "Told You So". A music video for the song "Fake Happy" was released on November 17, 2017. On February 5, 2018, a music video for "Rose-Colored Boy" was released, which is also the album's fourth single. The music video for "Caught in the Middle", the album's fifth single, was released on June 26, 2018. On September 7, 2018, Hayley Williams announced during a concert that the band will play the song "Misery Business" "for the last time for a really long time", mainly due to a line from the second verse that was perceived to be sexist, though this decision was reversed in 2022. 2020–present: This Is Why Main article: This Is Why On May 11, 2020, Williams teased a potential return to a more guitar-driven sound on the band's sixth album, commenting, "We've found ourselves listening to a lot of older music that we grew up being inspired by." In January 2022, it was confirmed that the band had entered the studio to work on their upcoming sixth studio album. The band described the album as more "guitar heavy". On January 18, the band was announced to headline the newly founded Las Vegas–based When We Were Young festival alongside My Chemical Romance on October 22, 2022, which was one of the first live performances the band had played since September 2018. On May 10, it was announced that the band would headline the Austin City Limits Festival in Austin, Texas, during October on the 9th and 16th of the same year, alongside Red Hot Chili Peppers, P!nk and Lil Nas X. On July 15, 2022, it was announced that Paramore would be embarking on a tour in October and November 2022. On September 28, 2022, the band released the song "This Is Why" as the lead single from This Is Why, released on February 10, 2023. In November 2022, the band changed the album cover for their 2013 self-titled album to a picture of Hayley Williams from behind. On December 8, 2022, the band released the second single, "The News". On January 12, 2023, the band released the third single, "C'est Comme Ça". Paramore was nominated for Favorite Music Group at the 2023 Kids' Choice Awards. On February 6, 2023, the band debuted the song "Running Out of Time" at their album release show in Nashville. On February 16, 2023, the band released a music video for the album's fourth single, "Running Out of Time". The band's song, "This is Why", was nominated for "Best Alternative" at the 2023 MTV Video Music Awards. The band began teasing an upcoming remix album, Re: This Is Why in late September 2023, posting audio snippets from the album on their official Discord server. The album was officially announced on October 2. The album is set for release on October 6. Described as "almost a remix album", Re: This Is Why features reworked, remixed, and rewritten versions of songs from the band's 2023 album This Is Why, as well as an unreleased B-side demo. For the 66th Annual Grammy Awards, This Is Why was nominated for Best Rock Album and the album's title track was nominated for Best Alternative Music Performance. On December 27, 2023, Paramore wiped their social media accounts and the band's website became inaccessible. A week later, they canceled a co-headlining appearance in Anaheim at iHeartRadio's Alter Ego festival scheduled for January 13, 2024, "due to unforeseen circumstances". In their place, Fall Out Boy was announced. Stereogum said that Paramore's label contract had expired. On January 10, 2024, A24 announced a tribute album for the Talking Heads concert film Stop Making Sense, which will feature a cover of "Burning Down The House" by Paramore as the leading track. In January 2024, the band were nominated for Best International Group at the 2024 BRIT Awards. On January 31, their cover of "Burning Down The House" was released as a single. On February 4, 2024, the band won two Grammy awards at the 66th Annual Grammy Awards with their album, This Is Why winning Best Rock Album and the title track winning Best Alternative Music Performance. On February 10, 2024, Paramore were announced as the ambassador for Record Store Day 2024 and confirmed that they would continue as an independent band after the end of their contract with Atlantic Records. On March 1, 2024, a music video for "Thick Skull" was released. Musical style and influences Paramore in Vancouver 2009 "Now" 17 second sample from Paramore's "Now" Problems playing this file? See media help. Paramore's music style has generally been regarded as pop-punk, emo, pop rock, alternative rock, power pop, emo pop, new wave, punk rock, pop, grunge, electropop, and synth-pop. Joshua Martin had written after an interview with Hayley Williams, "The band isn't just a short pop-punk girl with red hair and a spunky attitude. Their music is like them, it's aged differently. It's sped up, and slowed down. It's emo without being whiny, or bratty. Almost a very literal anti-Avril Lavigne." Alternative Press magazine had commented that the band was "young-sounding", while consistently being "honest". Paramore's first album All We Know is Falling had an arguably more "formulaic pop-punk" sound that was "delivered particularly well" and the combination of the two had created a "refined rock infused pop/punk album". The band's second release, Riot! was said to explore a 'diverse range of styles," however, not straying far from "their signature sound". The band's later albums, such as Paramore and After Laughter, included more of a new wave and synth-pop sound. The band's sixth studio album, This Is Why went for more of a post-punk and dance-punk sound. Williams and Taylor York performing with Paramore, 2013 Alternative Press and various other reviewers have noted that the band's stage performances have helped boost them to larger fame. Alternative Press states that Williams "has more charisma than singers twice her age, and her band aren't far behind in their chops, either." Singer-songwriter John Mayer had praised Williams' voice in a blog in October 2007, calling her "The great orange hope"; "orange" in reference to her hair color. Due to the female-fronted aspect of the band, Paramore has gained comparisons to Kelly Clarkson and the aforementioned Avril Lavigne, to which one reviewer said was "sorely unfounded". Reviewer Jonathan Bradley noted that "Paramore attacks its music with infectious enthusiasm." However, he also explained that "there isn't a whole lot of difference between Riot! and the songs from Kelly Clarkson or Avril Lavigne." A reviewer at NME had likened Paramore's sound to that of "No Doubt (stripped of all the ska bollocks)" and "Kelly Clarkson's wildest dreams". Hayley Williams has gone on to comment about the female aspect of the band saying that Paramore is not "this girl-fronted band" and it makes "music for people to enjoy music, not so people can talk about my sexuality." Paramore has expressed appreciation for Weezer, Hum, Failure, Far, No Doubt, Deftones, the Smiths, Blink-182, Death Cab for Cutie, Jimmy Eat World, Sunny Day Real Estate, and New Found Glory. Hayley Williams has cited her personal influences as MewithoutYou, Elvis Presley, the Shirelles, the Angels, the Ramones, Jawbreaker, Freddie Mercury, Karen O, Josh Scogin, Blondie, Bloc Party, NSYNC, Aaliyah, the Smiths, Siouxsie and the Banshees, the Cure, and Etta James. Williams named many singers as heroines: "I love Debbie Harry and Siouxsie Sioux. I grew up listening to The Distillers Girl groups are really important to me, but the Shangri-Las especially". Williams also explained that bands such as U2, "who are massive, and do whatever they want, write whatever they want and they stand for something," Jimmy Eat World, "who I don't think ever disappoint their fans," and No Doubt, who "have done amazing things", act as a pattern for the path in which Paramore would like to take their career. In 2012, Williams contributed vocals to MewithoutYou's fifth studio album, Ten Stories. The band members identified themselves as Christians in the past and in an interview with the BBC, Josh Farro stated "Our faith is very important to us. It's obviously going to come out in our music because if someone believes something, then their worldview is going to come out in anything they do. But we're not out here to preach to kids, we're out here because we love music." Farro later cited differing views on Christianity between him, his brother and Williams as one of the reasons for their departure in 2010. In a 2022 interview, Williams described herself, York, and Zac Farro as being "at different stages of unravelling their relationship to faith". Live appearances Paramore performing at a concert during the Monumentour In 2007, the band played an acoustic set for the grand opening of a Warped Tour exhibit at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and the dress Hayley Williams wore in the video for "Emergency" was also put on display in the exhibit. In June 2007, they were declared by Rolling Stone as "Ones to Watch". In August 2007, Paramore was featured in television spots on MTV, performing acoustic versions of their songs or acting in short accompaniments to MTV program commercials. As "MTV Artists of the Week", the band filmed the faux camping-themed spots in Queens, New York, all written and directed by Evan Silver and Gina Fortunato. MTV.com also has a collection of short videos with the band to promote Riot! as well. For weeks in August 2007, the "Misery Business" video was the number one streamed video at MTV.com. On October 8, Paramore played "Misery Business" live on Late Night with Conan O'Brien. In August, Paramore participated in New Found Glory's music video for their cover of Sixpence None the Richer's song "Kiss Me". From September 29 to November 1, 2009, the band held a tour in North America to support Brand New Eyes. The tour for their self-titled fourth album, known as The Self-Titled Tour, took place in North America from October 15 to November 27, 2013. From June 19 through August 17, 2014, the band also supported the album with the Monumentour. Appearances in films and video games In 2005, Paramore made its first video game appearance with the song "Pressure" being featured in the console versions of the video game The Sims 2. In March 2008, Paramore made its first rhythm game appearance with "Crushcrushcrush" as a downloadable track in the Rock Band games and later being a playable song in Guitar Hero On Tour: Decades. Later that year, Rock Band 2 was released with the song "That's What You Get" included as a playable track. The video game Guitar Hero World Tour featured the song "Misery Business" along with Hayley Williams participating in motion capture sessions for the game. She is featured as an unlockable character in the game as well. "Misery Business" was also featured as a playable track on Rock Band 3, while "Pressure", "The Only Exception", "Brick by Boring Brick", and "Ignorance" are available as DLC for the game. In 2015, the song "Still Into You" was featured as an on-disc song for Rock Band 4. Paramore's song "Decode" was the lead single for the novel-based Twilight film. Another song called "I Caught Myself" is also featured on the film's soundtrack. "Decode" was released on October 1, 2008, on the Paramore Fan Club site as well as Stephenie Meyer's website. The music video premiered on November 3. Hot Topic hosted listening parties for the soundtrack on October 24, 2008, and the album was released on November 4, 2008. "Misery Business" is also featured in Saints Row 2, and the soundtrack for EA Sports NHL 08. The music video for "Decode", along with the Twilight film trailer, was shown in the North American Home Theater of PlayStation Home from December 11, 2008, to December 18, 2008. The video premiered in full through MTV and its subsidiaries on November 3, 2008, one day ahead of the release of the soundtrack on which the song is featured. Paramore's song "Now" is featured as a song for the game Rocksmith 2014. In March 2024, "Misery Business" was added as a playable track to Fortnite Festival. Band members Current members Hayley Williams – lead vocals (2004–present), keyboards (2006, 2012–present) Zac Farro – drums, percussion (2004–2010, 2017–present), keyboards (2017–present), backing vocals (2007, 2017–present) Taylor York – guitar (2009–present; touring 2007–2009), keyboards (2012–present), backing vocals (2017–present) Current touring musicians Joey Howard – bass, backing vocals (2015–present) Logan MacKenzie – keyboards, guitar (2017–present) Joseph Mullen – percussion, drums (2017–present) Brian Robert Jones – guitar, backing vocals (2022–present) Former members Josh Farro – guitar, backing vocals (2004–2010) Jason Bynum – guitar, backing vocals (2004–2005) Jeremy Davis – bass (2004–2005, 2005–2006, 2007–2015), backing vocals (2007) John Hembree – bass (2005) Hunter Lamb – guitar (2005–2007) Former touring musicians Jon Howard – guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2010–2016) Justin York – guitar, backing vocals (2010–2022) Josh Freese – drums (2010–2011) Jason Pierce – drums (2011–2012) Hayden Scott – drums (2012–2013) Miles McPherson – drums (2013) Aaron Gillespie – drums (2013–2017) Timeline Discography Main article: Paramore discography All We Know Is Falling (2005) Riot! (2007) Brand New Eyes (2009) Paramore (2013) After Laughter (2017) This Is Why (2023) Tours Headlining tours The Final Riot! Tour (2008) Brand New Eyes World Tour (2009–2012) The Self-Titled Tour (2013–2015) After Laughter Tour (2017–2018) This Is Why Tour (2022–2023) Co-headlining tours Honda Civic Tour (2010) Monumentour (2014) Opening acts Summer Tour 2009 (2009) 21st Century Breakdown World Tour (2010) The Eras Tour (2023–2024) See also List of awards and nominations received by Paramore List of songs recorded by Paramore List of alternative rock artists Notes ^ Williams left the band for a short period of time in 2015, though the exact window has never been specified. ^ Musical styles: "pop-punk" "emo" "pop rock" "alternative rock" "power pop" "emo pop" "new wave" "punk rock" "pop" "grunge" "electropop" "synth-pop" References ^ Frank, Alex (June 29, 2017). "Adult Emotions". The Fader. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. 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"Paramore and Fall Out Boy Plan Summer 'Monumentour' - Rolling Stone". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2015. ^ Maicki, Salvatore (June 24, 2019). "The best Simlish songs of all time, from Snail Mail to Soulja Boy". The Fader. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. Retrieved January 9, 2024. ^ "RockBand.com". March 28, 2008. Archived from the original on March 14, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2008. ^ Harris, Craig (August 14, 2008). "Guitar Hero On Tour Decades Hands-on". IGN. Archived from the original on June 2, 2023. Retrieved January 9, 2024. ^ Snow, Jean (July 14, 2008). "The Complete Rock Band Track list". Wired. Archived from the original on June 20, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2018. ^ "Official Rock Band 2 Set List!". Harmonix. July 14, 2008. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved July 14, 2008. ^ Goldstein, Maarten (July 14, 2008). "New Rock Band 2 Bands, Details Announced". Shacknews. Archived from the original on July 15, 2008. Retrieved July 14, 2008. ^ "20 things you should know about Paramore". NME. October 5, 2009. Archived from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017. ^ Qualls, Eric (July 31, 2020). "Guitar Hero World Tour Full Song List". Lifewire. Archived from the original on June 30, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017. ^ "Hayley Williams Guitar Hero World Tour Behind The Scenes". Rockdirt. October 26, 2008. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved December 30, 2008. ^ "Rock Band 3 Full Setlist! Including 83 Songs from Jimi Hendrix, Avenged Sevenfold, Paramore, Ozzy Osbourne, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and Many More!". Harmonix. August 25, 2010. Archived from the original on August 16, 2011. Retrieved May 29, 2011. ^ "DLC Week of 5/15 - Paramore 3 Pack!". IGN. May 11, 2012. Archived from the original on February 18, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018. ^ Workman, Robert (May 10, 2012). "Paramore Returns With Another Three Pack For Rock Band 3 This Tuesday". Prima Games. Archived from the original on February 18, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018. ^ "Paramore, Foo Fighters and more to feature in Rock Band 4". Upset Magazine. July 13, 2015. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017. ^ a b Montgomery, James (October 6, 2008). "'Twilight' Soundtrack To Include Muse, Linkin Park And, Of Course, Robert Pattinson". MTV. Archived from the original on December 17, 2008. Retrieved February 22, 2018. ^ "Stephenie Meyer - The Official website". Stephenie Meyer. October 1, 2008. Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. Retrieved February 22, 2018. ^ Montgomery, James (October 1, 2008). "Paramore's 'Twilight' Song 'Decode' Premieres On Stephenie Meyer's Web Site". MTV. Archived from the original on March 15, 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2017. ^ Fitzmaurice, Larry (October 30, 2008). "First Look: Paramore's 'Twilight' Music Video". Spin. 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Retrieved January 2, 2017. ^ Martin, Liam (October 17, 2013). "'Rocksmith 2014' 55-song tracklist unveiled in full". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017. ^ Sarkar, Samit (October 16, 2013). "Ubisoft reveals 55-song Rocksmith 2014 track list". Polygon. Archived from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved December 24, 2022. ^ Bevan, Rhiannon (March 5, 2024). "New Fortnite Festival Tracks Include Paramore, Linkin Park, And Gorillaz". TheGamer. Archived from the original on March 5, 2024. Retrieved March 9, 2024. ^ "In Review: Paramore At Spark Arena". Tearaway. February 14, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2018. ^ "Paramore announce mammoth North American tour". NME. May 23, 2008. Archived from the original on February 18, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018. ^ Montgomery, James (May 23, 2008). "Paramore Iinstigate The Final Riot! (Tour)". MTV. Archived from the original on February 18, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018. ^ Yancey, Bryne (August 14, 2009). "Tours: Paramore / The Swellers / Paper Route". Punknews.org. Archived from the original on August 17, 2009. Retrieved August 14, 2009. ^ "Paramore: The Self-Titled Tour ticket giveaway!". Alternative Press. October 15, 2013. Archived from the original on February 18, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018. ^ Dandridge-Lemco, Ben (May 15, 2017). "Paramore Announce European And North American Tour Dates". The Fader. Archived from the original on February 18, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018. ^ Wang, Steffanee (July 15, 2022). "Paramore To Play A Run Of Intimate Shows This Fall". Nylon. Archived from the original on July 15, 2022. Retrieved July 15, 2022. ^ Kreps, Daniel (March 22, 2010). "Paramore Announce Honda Civic Tour Dates With Tegan and Sara". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on November 15, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2011. ^ Grow, Kory (January 9, 2014). "Paramore and Fall Out Boy Plot Summer 'Monumentour'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014. ^ Montgomery, James (January 9, 2014). "Fall Out Boy And Paramore Join Forces On 'Monumentour'". MTV. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014. ^ Crane, Matt (April 14, 2014). "Fall Out Boy, Paramore begin Monumentour". Alternative Press. Archived from the original on June 27, 2014. Retrieved June 26, 2014. ^ Vena, Jocelyn (January 21, 2009). "No Doubt Announce Summer Tour With Paramore". MTV. Archived from the original on March 22, 2009. Retrieved March 8, 2009. ^ Goodman, William (March 22, 2010). "Green Day Announce Summer Tour". Spin. Archived from the original on February 18, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018. ^ Kenneally, Cerys (November 1, 2022). "Taylor Swift announces US Eras tour dates with Paramore, Phoebe Bridgers, Haim, MUNA and more as support". The Line of Best Fit. Archived from the original on November 1, 2022. Retrieved December 27, 2022. ^ Nolfi, Joey (November 4, 2022). "Taylor Swift unites Paramore, HAIM, Phoebe Bridgers, more for the Eras tour". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 4, 2022. Retrieved December 27, 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paramore. Official website Paramore at AllMusic Paramore discography at Discogs Paramore discography at MusicBrainz vteParamore Hayley Williams Zac Farro Taylor York Josh Farro Jeremy Davis Jason Bynum John Hembree Hunter Lamb Studio albums All We Know Is Falling Riot! Brand New Eyes Paramore After Laughter This Is Why Extended plays The Summer Tic EP 2010 Summer Tour EP The Only Exception EP Singles Club The Holiday Sessions Live albums Live in the UK 2008 The Final Riot! Remix albums Re: This Is Why Singles "Pressure" "Emergency" "All We Know" "Misery Business" "Hallelujah" "Crushcrushcrush" "That's What You Get" "Decode" "Ignorance" "Brick by Boring Brick" "The Only Exception" "Careful" "Playing God" "Monster" "Now" "Still Into You" "Daydreaming" "Ain't It Fun" "Hard Times" "Told You So" "Fake Happy" "Rose-Colored Boy" "Caught in the Middle" "This Is Why" "The News" "Running Out of Time" Other songs "Renegade" "In the Mourning" "Grow Up" "Anklebiters" "Hate to See Your Heart Break" Tours Brand New Eyes World Tour Self-Titled Tour Monumentour After Laughter Tour This Is Why Tour Related articles Discography Songs Awards and nominations The Eras Tour Category Awards for Paramore vteGrammy Award for Best Rock Album1990s Voodoo Lounge – The Rolling Stones (1994) Jagged Little Pill – Alanis Morissette (1995) Sheryl Crow – Sheryl Crow (1996) Blue Moon Swamp – John Fogerty (1997) The Globe Sessions – Sheryl Crow (1998) Supernatural – Santana (1999) 2000s There Is Nothing Left to Lose – Foo Fighters (2000) All That You Can't Leave Behind – U2 (2001) The Rising – Bruce Springsteen (2002) One by One – Foo Fighters (2003) American Idiot – Green Day (2004) How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb – U2 (2005) Stadium Arcadium – Red Hot Chili Peppers (2006) Echoes, Silence, Patience & Grace – Foo Fighters (2007) Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends – Coldplay (2008) 21st Century Breakdown – Green Day (2009) 2010s The Resistance – Muse (2010) Wasting Light – Foo Fighters (2011) El Camino – The Black Keys (2012) Celebration Day – Led Zeppelin (2013) Morning Phase – Beck (2014) Drones – Muse (2015) Tell Me I'm Pretty – Cage the Elephant (2016) A Deeper Understanding – The War on Drugs (2017) From the Fires – Greta Van Fleet (2018) Social Cues – Cage the Elephant (2019) 2020s The New Abnormal – The Strokes (2020) Medicine at Midnight – Foo Fighters (2021) Patient Number 9 – Ozzy Osbourne (2022) This Is Why – Paramore (2023) vteEurope Music Award for Best Alternative The Prodigy (1997) Muse (2004) System of a Down (2005) Muse (2006) Placebo (2009) Paramore (2010) Thirty Seconds to Mars (2011) Lana Del Rey (2012) Thirty Seconds to Mars (2013) Thirty Seconds to Mars (2014) Lana Del Rey (2015) Twenty One Pilots (2016) Thirty Seconds to Mars (2017) Panic! at the Disco (2018) FKA Twigs (2019) Hayley Williams (2020) Yungblud (2021) Gorillaz (2022) Lana Del Rey (2023) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Germany United States Czech Republic Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paramore (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramore_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Franklin, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Hayley Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayley_Williams"},{"link_name":"Taylor York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_York"},{"link_name":"Zac Farro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zac_Farro"},{"link_name":"Fueled by Ramen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fueled_by_Ramen"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"Warner Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"scouted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"All We Know Is Falling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_We_Know_Is_Falling"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Heatseekers Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Heatseekers"},{"link_name":"UK Rock Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Rock_Chart"},{"link_name":"Riot!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot!"},{"link_name":"Misery Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misery_Business"},{"link_name":"Crushcrushcrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crushcrushcrush"},{"link_name":"That's What You Get","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_What_You_Get"},{"link_name":"certified Platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_platinum"},{"link_name":"Best New Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_New_Artist"},{"link_name":"2008 Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best_New_Artist1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best_New_Artist2-3"},{"link_name":"Brand New Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_New_Eyes"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"The Only Exception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Only_Exception"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Josh Farro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Farro"},{"link_name":"self-titled fourth album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramore_(album)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Still Into You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Into_You"},{"link_name":"Ain't It Fun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_It_Fun_(Paramore_song)"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Rock Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Song"},{"link_name":"Grammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best_Rock_Song1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best_Rock_Song2-7"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Davis"},{"link_name":"After Laughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Laughter"},{"link_name":"This Is Why","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Why"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"American rock bandFor other uses, see Paramore (disambiguation).Paramore is an American rock band formed in Franklin, Tennessee, in 2004. Since 2017, the band's members include lead vocalist Hayley Williams, lead guitarist Taylor York, and drummer Zac Farro. Williams and Farro are founding members of the group, while York, a high school friend of the original lineup, joined in 2007. Williams is the only member to appear on all six of Paramore's studio albums.The band was signed to Fueled by Ramen, a subsidiary of Atlantic Records. (Both are owned by Warner Music Group.) Williams was signed to Atlantic separately, as she was scouted when she was a teenager. They were the only label to let her stay in the band instead of going solo, but Atlantic said the rest of the band had to sign to Fueled by Ramen.[1] The group's debut album, All We Know Is Falling (2005), reached number 30 on Billboard's Heatseekers Chart in 2006 and number four on the UK Rock Chart in 2009.The band's second album, Riot! (2007) became a mainstream success thanks to the success of the singles \"Misery Business\", \"Crushcrushcrush\", and \"That's What You Get\". The album was certified Platinum in the US and the band received a Best New Artist nomination at the 2008 Grammy Awards.[2][3] Their 2009 follow-up, Brand New Eyes, reached number two on the Billboard 200 and became the band's second-highest-charting album to date. It produced the top-forty single \"The Only Exception\" and went platinum in Ireland and the UK.[4]Following the departure of Zac and Josh Farro in 2010, the band released their self-titled fourth album in 2013. Paramore gave the band their first number one song on the US Billboard 200 and was also the number one album in the UK, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Argentina and Mexico.[5] It included the singles \"Still Into You\" and \"Ain't It Fun\", with the latter winning the Grammy Award for Best Rock Song for Williams and York as songwriters, making it Paramore's first Grammy win.[6][7] The band's lineup changed once again after this album, with bassist Jeremy Davis leaving the band near the end of 2015 and former drummer Zac Farro rejoining the band in 2017. Their fifth and sixth studio albums, After Laughter and This Is Why, were released in May 2017[8] and February 2023, respectively, to critical acclaim.","title":"Paramore"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hayley Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayley_Williams"},{"link_name":"Meridian, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Franklin, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grunge_bio-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grunge_bio-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grunge_bio-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ten_Things_About..._Paramore-12"},{"link_name":"funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grunge_bio-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP_08-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-funk-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euro-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography_Today-16"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grunge_bio-9"},{"link_name":"Jason Flom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Flom"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hitquarters-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hitquarters-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hitquarters-17"},{"link_name":"HitQuarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HitQuarters"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hitquarters.com-18"},{"link_name":"Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creed_(band)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Hanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hanson_(music_executive)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hitquarters-17"},{"link_name":"Josh Farro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Farro"},{"link_name":"lead guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_guitar"},{"link_name":"backing vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backing_vocals"},{"link_name":"Zac Farro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zac_Farro"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"lead vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_vocals"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grunge_bio-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-10"},{"link_name":"rhythm guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_guitar"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP_08-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography_Today-16"},{"link_name":"maiden name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_name"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ten_Things_About..._Paramore-12"},{"link_name":"paramour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paramour"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Euro-15"},{"link_name":"Fueled by Ramen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fueled_by_Ramen"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hitquarters-17"},{"link_name":"Lyor Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyor_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Warner Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hitquarters.com-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hitquarters.com-18"},{"link_name":"Taste of Chaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste_of_Chaos"},{"link_name":"Orlando, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hitquarters.com-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trades-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biography_Today-16"}],"sub_title":"2002–2004: Formation and early years","text":"In 2002, at age 13, vocalist Hayley Williams moved from her hometown Meridian, Mississippi, to Franklin, Tennessee,[9][10] where she met brothers Josh Farro and Zac Farro at a weekly supplemental program for home-schooled students.[9][10][11] Shortly after arriving, she began taking vocal lessons with Brett Manning.[9][12] Prior to forming Paramore, Williams and bassist Jeremy Davis, along with friend Kimee Read, took part in a funk cover band called the Factory, while Josh and Zac Farro had practiced together after school.[9][13][14] The other members of what was soon to be Paramore had been \"edgy about the whole female thing\" of having Williams as vocalist, but, because they were good friends, she started writing for them.[15] Williams said of the members when she first met them, \"They were the first people I met who were as passionate about music as I was.\"[16]Williams was originally signed to Atlantic Records as a solo artist in 2003.[9] She had been introduced to Atlantic A&R Tom Storms by Kent Marcus and Jim Zumwalt, lawyers of managers Dave Steunebrink and Richard Williams, and then eventually signed to Atlantic by Jason Flom.[17] Steunebrink and Richard Williams had originally discovered and signed her to a production deal that was later bought out by Atlantic.[17] The original plan of the label was to turn her into a pop singer, but Williams resisted, saying that she wanted to play alternative rock music with a band.[17] In an interview with HitQuarters the band's A&R at Atlantic, Steve Robertson, said, \"She wanted to make sure that we didn't look at her as some straight to Top 40 pop princess. She wanted to make sure that she and her band got the chance to show what they can do as a rock band writing their own songs.\"[18] Label president Julie Greenwald and the label staff decided to go with her wishes. The original management team for the band was Dave Steunebrink, Creed manager Jeff Hanson, and Hanson's assistant Mark Mercado.[17]The band was officially formed by Josh Farro (lead guitar/backing vocals), Zac Farro (drums), Davis (bass guitar) and Williams (lead vocals) in 2004,[9][10] with the later addition of Williams' neighbor Jason Bynum (rhythm guitar).[13] When Davis showed up, he was stunned to find out the drummer was only fourteen years old. He admitted \"I had very, very, very, little faith in everyone in the band because of their age. I remember thinking, 'This is not going to work because this kid is way too young,' but that first day of practice was amazing. I knew we were on to something.\"[16] According to Williams, the name \"Paramore\" came from the maiden name of the mother of one of their first bass players.[12] Once the group learned the meaning of the homophone paramour ('secret lover'), they decided to adopt the name, using the Paramore spelling.[15]Paramore was originally supposed to release their music on Atlantic Records, but the label's marketing department decided it would be better for the image of the band to not have them attached to a major label. Instead, they released their music through the niche label Fueled by Ramen.[17] Lyor Cohen, the head of Warner Music Group, had already identified Fueled by Ramen as a label they should partner with. It was decided the rock label would make an ideal match for Paramore.[18] According to Robertson, when the band was presented to Fueled by Ramen's CEO John Janick, \"he got the vision of the band immediately.\"[18] Janick went to a Taste of Chaos performance in Orlando, Florida, to see the band perform live. In April 2005, after a smaller private performance at a warehouse, the band was signed to Atlantic Records and Fueled By Ramen.[18][19]The band's first song written together was \"Conspiracy\", which was later used on their debut album. At this time, they were touring the Southeast, usually being driven by Williams' parents. She commented that \"Back then, I guess we were all thinking, after school, we'll go to the house and practice. It was what we loved to do for fun, and still do! I don't think any of us really knew this would turn out to be what it's become.\"[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winter_Go_West_Tour_-_Portland,OR_-_Paramore.jpg"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-altpress.com-20"},{"link_name":"All We Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_We_Know_(Paramore_song)"},{"link_name":"All We Know Is Falling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_We_Know_Is_Falling"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trades-19"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Shiragirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiragirl"},{"link_name":"Warped Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warped_Tour"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trades-19"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_(Paramore_song)"},{"link_name":"Shane Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Drake"},{"link_name":"Emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_(Paramore_song)"},{"link_name":"rhythm guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_guitar"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-10"},{"link_name":"Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_certification"},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riaa-2-25"},{"link_name":"Amber Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Pacific"},{"link_name":"the Lashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lashes"},{"link_name":"October Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Fall"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oct_Fall-26"},{"link_name":"Bayside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayside_(band)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"the Rocket Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rocket_Summer"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Foo Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_Fighters"},{"link_name":"My Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Hero_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sound of Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_of_Superman"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Volcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcom"},{"link_name":"Hurley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurley_International"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"The Summer Tic EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Summer_Tic_EP"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paramore_Album_Guide-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrt-summertic-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV-33"},{"link_name":"This Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Providence"},{"link_name":"Cute Is What We Aim For","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cute_Is_What_We_Aim_For"},{"link_name":"Hit the Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_the_Lights_(band)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Kerrang!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang!"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBR-35"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-10"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBR-35"},{"link_name":"LiveJournal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveJournal"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"the Chariot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chariot_(band)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kill-37"},{"link_name":"This Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Providence"},{"link_name":"the Almost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Almost"},{"link_name":"Quietdrive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quietdrive"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spring07UStour-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"2005–2006: All We Know Is Falling","text":"Paramore performing in Portland, Oregon, in January 2006Paramore traveled back to Orlando, Florida,[20] but shortly after arriving, Jeremy Davis left the band, citing personal reasons. The remaining four members of Paramore continued with the album, writing \"All We Know\" about his departure, and later deciding to base All We Know Is Falling around the concept. The album artwork also reflected Paramore's grief, as Hayley Williams explains, \"The couch on the cover of All We Know is Falling with no one there and the shadow walking away; it's all about Jeremy leaving us and us feeling like there's an empty space.\"[19]Before touring, the band added John Hembree (bass) to their lineup to replace Davis.[21] During that summer, Paramore was featured on the Shiragirl stage of the 2005 Warped Tour.[19] After being asked by the band, Jeremy Davis returned to Paramore after five months apart, replacing Hembree.[22] All We Know Is Falling was released on July 26, 2005,[23] and reached No. 30 on Billboard's Heatseekers Chart.[24] Paramore released \"Pressure\" as its first single, with a video directed by Shane Drake, but the song failed to chart. The video featured the band performing in a warehouse, eventually getting sprayed with water sprinklers as the storyline of a conflicted couple occurs. In July, \"Emergency\" was released as the second single, the video again reuniting the band with director Shane Drake and featuring Hunter Lamb (rhythm guitar), who replaced Jason Bynum in December 2005.[10] The video for \"Emergency\" showcased Paramore in another performance, this time fixing the members' bloody costumes. The third single, \"All We Know\", was released with limited airtime, with the video consisting of a collection of live performances and backstage footage. After the band's later success, All We Know Is Falling and \"Pressure\" were certified Gold by the RIAA.[25]In January 2006, the band took part in the Winter Go West tour, where they played alongside Seattle bands Amber Pacific and the Lashes. In February, Hayley Williams was featured on \"Keep Dreaming Upside Down\" by October Fall.[26] In spring of 2006, Paramore was an opening act on tours for both Bayside[27] and the Rocket Summer.[28] The band then covered Foo Fighters' \"My Hero\" for the Sound of Superman soundtrack.[29]During the summer of 2006, Paramore played a portion of Warped Tour, primarily on the Volcom and Hurley Stages.[30] During the band's time at Warped Tour, they released The Summer Tic EP, which was sold exclusively during the tour.[31][32] Paramore's first US headlining tour began on August 2, 2006, to a sold-out audience[33] with support from This Providence, Cute Is What We Aim For, and Hit the Lights.[34] That year they were voted \"Best New Band\", and Hayley Williams was voted as No. 2 \"Sexiest Female\", by readers of the British magazine Kerrang!.[35]In 2007, Lamb left the group to get married, and Paramore continued onward as a quartet.[10] Paramore was then named by British magazine NME as one of ten bands to watch out for in their \"New Noise 2007\" feature.[35] Paramore was featured in Kerrang! magazine once more; however, Hayley Williams believed the article was an untrue portrayal of the band, particularly because it focused on her as the main component. Afterwards, Williams addressed the issue in the band's LiveJournal, with a post saying, \"we could've done without a cover piece. sorry, if it offends anyone at Kerrang! but I don't think there was one bit of truth in that article.\"[36] In April, Hayley Williams' vocals were featured in \"Then Came To Kill\" by the Chariot.[37] They headlined a tour in April through May 2007 with This Providence, the Almost, and Love Arcade. The Almost and Love Arcade were replaced by Quietdrive for the second half of the tour.[38][39]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paramore_Hayley_Williams03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vans Warped Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vans_Warped_Tour"},{"link_name":"Taylor York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_York"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-altpress.com-20"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV-33"},{"link_name":"Howard Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Benson"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-girl-40"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Your Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Breaking 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Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paramore2_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Alternative Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Press_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Best New Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50th_Grammy_Awards#Best_New_Artist"},{"link_name":"50th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50th_Annual_Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best_New_Artist1-2"},{"link_name":"New Found Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Found_Glory"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"That's What You Get","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_What_You_Get"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Eat World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Eat_World"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Give it a Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_it_a_Name"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"RDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Society"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Final_Riot!_tour-60"},{"link_name":"Vans Warped Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vans_Warped_Tour"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Final_Riot!_tour-60"},{"link_name":"Jack's Mannequin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%27s_Mannequin"},{"link_name":"Phantom Planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_Planet"},{"link_name":"Paper Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Route_(band)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Final_Riot!_tour-60"},{"link_name":"The Final Riot!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Final_Riot!"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"sub_title":"2007–2008: Riot!","text":"Paramore performing at the 2007 Vans Warped Tour in Camden, New JerseyBefore work began on the band's next album, Davis was expelled from the band due to \"his lack of work ethic and participation in things that Zac, Hayley and I didn't agree with\", according to Josh Farro. After an agreement involving the remaining three members, Davis was reinstated as bassist, and Taylor York became the band's new guitarist.[20] York had been in a band with the Farro brothers before the two met Williams.[33]After being courted by producers Neal Avron and Howard Benson,[40] Paramore opted to record the album with producer David Bendeth in New Jersey, who had previously worked with Your Vegas and Breaking Benjamin.[41] The album, titled Riot!, was released on June 12, 2007,[33][42][43] entering the Billboard 200 at number 20 and the UK charts at number 24.[44] The album sold 44,000 units its first week in the United States.[33] The name Riot! had been chosen because it meant \"a sudden outburst of uncontrolled emotion\", and it was a word that \"summed it all up\".[40] \"Misery Business\" was released as the first single from the album.[45] According to when discussing what Misery Business was about, Williams stated, \"When I was 13 or 14 and I had a crush on Josh, he didn't like me back,\" Williams said. \"He would go hang out with his girlfriend, who I wrote 'Misery Business' about because I was a dick.\"[45] In the summer of 2007, Paramore participated in their third Warped Tour, and they posted journals of their experiences on yourhereblog for MTV.[46]On October 11, 2007, the music video for \"Crushcrushcrush\" debuted on the United States television as the next single from Riot!. The video for \"Crushcrushcrush\" featured the band playing a performance in a barren desert, being spied upon, and later destroying their equipment. The single was released in the United States on November 19 and made available in the United Kingdom on November 12, 2007.[47] Hayley Williams recorded guest vocals for the tracks \"The Church Channel\" and \"Plea\" for the Say Anything concept album In Defense of the Genre,[48] released on October 23, 2007. The group performed live in an acoustic style in Boston on November 29, 2007, for FNX Radio.[49] On December 31, 2007, Paramore performed on the MTV New Year's Eve program which ran from 11:30 p.m. to 1:00 a.m.[50][51]Paramore at the Social in Orlando, Florida, on April 23, 2007Paramore was featured on the cover of February 2008 issue of Alternative Press magazine and voted \"Best Band Of 2007\" by the readers.[52] The band was nominated for \"Best New Artist\" at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards, presented on February 10, 2008.[2] Early 2008 saw Paramore touring the United Kingdom, supporting their album Riot!, along with New Found Glory.[53] In early February 2008, the band began a tour in Europe;[54] however, on February 21, 2008, the band announced that they had canceled six shows due to personal issues. Williams wrote on the band's web site that \"the break will give that band 'a chance to get away and work out our personal issues'\". MTV.com reported that fans of Paramore were speculating about the future of the band and reported rumors of trouble had begun earlier in the month, when Josh Farro expressed his anger against the media's focus on Hayley Williams.[55] The band, however, returned to their hometown to record the music video for the fourth single \"That's What You Get\", which was then released on March 24, 2008.[56]The band toured with Jimmy Eat World in the United States in April and May 2008.[57][58] The band headlined the Give it a Name festival in the United Kingdom on May 10 and 11, 2008.[59] Paramore played their first Ireland show at the RDS in Dublin on June 2, 2008,[60] followed by the 2008 Vans Warped Tour from July 1–6.[61] Starting on July 28, Paramore embarked on a tour named \"The Final Riot!\".[60] They were joined by Jack's Mannequin, Phantom Planet, and Paper Route on the tour.[60] The band released a live album named The Final Riot! on November 25, 2008.[62] The album includes a bonus DVD with a full concert recorded in Chicago, as well as a behind the scenes documentary.[63] As of April 9, 2009, The Final Riot! is certified gold in the United States.[64]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paramore_in_Vancouver_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Josh Farro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Farro"},{"link_name":"Summer Tour 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Tour_2009_(No_Doubt)"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kerrang_Interview-67"},{"link_name":"Rob 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2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Summer_Tour_(No_Doubt)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Paper Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Route_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Swellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swellers"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"laryngitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laryngitis"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Brick By Boring Brick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_By_Boring_Brick"},{"link_name":"The Only Exception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Only_Exception"},{"link_name":"Careful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Careful_(Paramore_song)"},{"link_name":"Playing God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_God_(song)"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"MTV Unplugged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Unplugged"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"You Me At Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Me_At_Six"},{"link_name":"Paper Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Route_(band)"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Wembley 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Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_New_Eyes_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"the Warfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warfield"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtv.com-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtv.com-94"},{"link_name":"Blogger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogger_(service)"},{"link_name":"major-label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_label"},{"link_name":"solo project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo_project"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"MTV News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_News"},{"link_name":"Franklin, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV_January_10,_2011-101"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV_January_10,_2011-101"},{"link_name":"Rob Cavallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Cavallo"},{"link_name":"Singles Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singles_Club_(EP)"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_(Paramore_song)"},{"link_name":"Transformers: Dark of the Moon soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers:_Dark_of_the_Moon_%E2%80%93_The_Album"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV_Monster-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ew_Monster-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Hollywood_Reporter_Monster-105"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTV_Monster-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ew_Monster-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Hollywood_Reporter_Monster-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singles_Club_MTV-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_Singles_Club_MTV-108"},{"link_name":"Singles Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singles_Club"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singles_Club_MTV-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_Singles_Club_MTV-108"},{"link_name":"Renegade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renegade_(Paramore_song)"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singles_Club_MTV-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Billboard_Singles_Club_MTV-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"In the Mourning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Mourning"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"}],"sub_title":"2009–2011: Brand New Eyes, departure of the Farros, and Singles Club","text":"In September 2008, Williams announced that the band were planning on releasing their third studio album in summer 2009.[65] On November 18, 2008, the band announced they were in the process of writing their next album.[66]Josh Farro in Vancouver on the Summer Tour 2009Paramore spent six weeks in pre-production at Emac Studios in their hometown of Franklin, the first time they had undergone pre-production without the guidance of a producer.[67] The band was visited by record producer Rob Cavallo who reassured the band that they were on the right track.[68] The band subsequently felt that the album and that their new material had the potential to surpass the success of their previous work.[69] The band originally planned to record in Nashville,[70] but ended up recording in Calabasas, California, with Cavallo in March 2009.[71] The first single from the album was \"Ignorance\" and was released July 7, 2009.[72] Paramore was the special guest with Bedouin Soundclash, The Sounds and Janelle Monáe at the No Doubt Summer Tour 2009, starting in May 2009 in outdoor amphitheaters and arenas across the US and Canada.[73][74] The official music video for \"Ignorance\" aired on all MTV platforms, networks, and websites on August 13, 2009.[75][76] Paramore, along with Paper Route and The Swellers, toured in support of Brand New Eyes in the fall of 2009.[77] Some tour dates were postponed due to Hayley Williams becoming infected with laryngitis.[78][79] \"Brick By Boring Brick\", \"The Only Exception\", \"Careful\" and \"Playing God\" were the album's following singles.[80][81][82][83] To promote the album, the band recorded a performance for MTV Unplugged.[84]Paramore then played a sold out 15-date European tour with You Me At Six, Paper Route and Now Now Every Children.[85] Their stadium tour culminated at London's Wembley Arena, to an audience of 12,500.[86] The band performed in 2010 in the Australian Soundwave Festival along with bands such as Faith No More, AFI, You Me at Six, All Time Low, A Day to Remember, and Taking Back Sunday.[87] Shortly before the tour, lead guitarist Josh Farro announced that he was engaged and stayed behind to plan his wedding.[88] Justin York, brother of Taylor York, filled in for him on the tour.[88] The band, with Farro returned, embarked on a spring tour of the U.S. in late April.[88] The band headlined the 2010 Honda Civic Tour, which began on July 23 in Raleigh, NC and closed on September 19 in Anaheim, CA.[89][90] After a short United Kingdom tour in November 2010,[91] the band announced, on December 2, 2010, the official dates for a South American tour to take place during February and March 2011.[92] The band were set to take a break after their South American Tour in 2011 to write for their fourth studio album.[93]Paramore in the Brand New Eyes World Tour at the Warfield in San FranciscoOn December 18, 2010, a message was released through Paramore.net stating that Josh and Zac Farro were leaving the band.[94][95] The band also confirmed the scheduled South American tour would still happen.[94] Josh Farro wrote a statement on the departure on his Blogger, claiming that the band was \"a manufactured product of a major-label\". He accused Hayley Williams of being manipulated by her management, treating the rest of the group as her solo project, and claimed she was the only member of the band who was signed to Atlantic Records, while her bandmates were simply \"riding on the coattails of her dream\".[96][97][98] On December 30, 2010, MTV News interviewed Williams, York and Davis in Franklin, Tennessee, regarding their reactions to Farro's response.[99] The band members confirmed many of Farro's statements, notably that Williams was indeed the only member of the band actually signed to Atlantic. They added that they felt the statement was irrelevant, and claimed they had addressed many of the Farro's critiques already throughout the course of their career.[100]On January 10, 2011, in an interview with MTV, Hayley Williams said that despite the band losing two of its founding members, they would release new music in 2011, although they had not confirmed if it would be a full album for release or just a small number of songs.[101] The singer also admitted that Paramore's style was likely to change with the new lineup, but clarified that the band would still retain their core signature sound.[101] Paramore later confirmed they were entering a studio in Los Angeles with producer Rob Cavallo to record what would be the Singles Club.[102]On June 3, 2011, Paramore released the single \"Monster\", featured on the Transformers: Dark of the Moon soundtrack.[103][104][105] This is the first song that the band released without the Farro brothers.[103][104][105] On June 9, 2011, Hayley Williams announced that the band had started to write their fourth album, which they hoped to start recording at the end of the year, with an early 2012 release.[106] On October 11, 2011, Paramore announced that they would release a new song for each of the remaining months of 2011.[107][108] The band set up the Singles Club on their website which gave fans the chance to purchase the singles when they were released, as they were released exclusively through the Singles Club and were therefore not sold elsewhere.[107][108] A song called \"Renegade\", premiered the day of the announcement,[107][108] with \"Hello Cold World\" following on November 7,[109] and \"In the Mourning\" on December 5.[110] In 2011, former member, Josh Farro, formed Novel American, with Zac Farro later joining the band.[111][112]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justin Meldal-Johnsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Meldal-Johnsen"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Lostprophets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lostprophets"},{"link_name":"Angels & Airwaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_%26_Airwaves"},{"link_name":"Nine Inch Nails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails"},{"link_name":"Ilan Rubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilan_Rubin"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_(Paramore_song)"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Still Into You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Into_You"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Daydreaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daydreaming_(Paramore_song)"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Ain't It Fun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t_It_Fun_(Paramore_song)"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Best Rock 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Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Williams_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Copeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copeland_(band)"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Chad Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Zane Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Beats 1 Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beats_1_Radio"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"}],"sub_title":"2012–2015: Paramore and Davis' third exit","text":"On April 18, 2012, Williams announced that the producer for their fourth album was Justin Meldal-Johnsen.[113][114] Former Lostprophets and current Angels & Airwaves and Nine Inch Nails drummer Ilan Rubin was confirmed to be the session drummer for the recording of the album.[115][116] Paramore was officially released on April 5, 2013,[117] and a #1 at US albums chart Billboard 200.[118] The first single from the album, titled \"Now\", was released online on January 22, 2013,[119][120] and the album's second single, \"Still Into You\", was released on March 14, 2013, achieving commercial success.[121][122] The third single, \"Daydreaming\", was released on December 2, 2013.[123] The album's fourth single, \"Ain't It Fun\", was released on February 4, 2014,[124] eventually becoming the band's highest-charting song in the United States[125] and a winner for Best Rock Song at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards.[6][7] On November 24, 2014, Paramore: Self-Titled Deluxe was released, which includes a remake of \"Hate to See Your Heart Break\", a song originally on Paramore, featuring Joy Williams; this is the band's first collaboration on a song.[126][127] The band embarked on an intimate tour with Copeland,[128] they said in a blog post that \"It feels right to bring the Self-Titled era to a close. We've had a very personal and hugely triumphant journey with this one. What wouldn't feel right is saying goodbye to this time in the band's career and not celebrating it with our fans in some special way.\"[129]On December 14, 2015, bassist Jeremy Davis left the band.[130][131] In March 2016, Davis was involved in a legal battle with Paramore, claiming to be eligible to enjoy the benefits of a business partnership with Hayley Williams as a co-owner of the band. This was quickly dismissed and he was again involved in a legal battle with Hayley Williams and Taylor York over a breach of contract entitling him to ownership and authorship of songs on their self-titled record, including \"Ain't It Fun\", and again, claiming to be eligible to enjoy the benefits of the earnings the two received from these songs and album.[132] Davis reached a settlement with the band in May 2017.[133][134]During this period, lead singer Williams later revealed that she suffered from depression and mental health issues following the departure of Davis as well as a divorce with her ex-husband Chad Gilbert.[135] In an interview with Zane Lowe on Beats 1 Radio, shes described it as \"torment\" and mentioned that she \"didn't laugh for a long time\".[136] As a result, Williams privately left the band for a short period in 2015, briefly leaving York as the only remaining member of the group.[137][138]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paramore_at_Royal_Albert_Hall_-_19th_June_2017_-_11.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Albert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zac_rejoins-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zac_rejoins2-141"},{"link_name":"Justin 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So","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Told_You_So_(Paramore_song)"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Fake Happy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_Happy"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Rose-Colored Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose-Colored_Boy"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Caught in the Middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caught_in_the_Middle_(Paramore_song)"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"}],"sub_title":"2016–2019: Zac Farro's return and After Laughter","text":"Paramore at the Royal Albert Hall in London, June 2017On January 19, 2016, Williams announced that the band was in the process of writing their fifth album.[139] On June 8, 2016, the band posted a short video of themselves in the studio to their social media.[140][141] This was preceded by a number of images which all included both former drummer Zac Farro and producer Justin Meldal-Johnsen, leading fans and various media outlets to speculate the return of Farro.[140][141] On June 17, Farro was featured yet again in a picture uploaded to social media, this time behind a drum set, confirming that he would be recording drums for the album,[142] though he later clarified that he was only recording drums for the album and that he had not rejoined the band as a full member.[143] Despite this, on February 2, 2017, the band announced that Farro would return as the official drummer of the band.[144][145]On April 19, 2017, Paramore released \"Hard Times\" as the lead single from their album After Laughter, which they announced would be released on May 12, 2017.[146][147] On May 3, a second single was released, titled \"Told You So\".[148][149] A music video for the song \"Fake Happy\" was released on November 17, 2017.[150][151] On February 5, 2018, a music video for \"Rose-Colored Boy\" was released,[152][153][154] which is also the album's fourth single.[155] The music video for \"Caught in the Middle\", the album's fifth single, was released on June 26, 2018.[156][157] On September 7, 2018, Hayley Williams announced during a concert that the band will play the song \"Misery Business\" \"for the last time for a really long time\", mainly due to a line from the second verse that was perceived to be sexist,[158][159] though this decision was reversed in 2022.[160][161][162]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"When We Were 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Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"Discord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discord"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Re:_This_Is_Why-189"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Re:_This_Is_Why-189"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Re:_This_Is_Why2-190"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Re:_This_Is_Why-189"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Re:_This_Is_Why2-190"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Re:_This_Is_Why-189"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Re:_This_Is_Why2-190"},{"link_name":"66th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/66th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Rock Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Album"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork_Grammy_TIW-193"},{"link_name":"Best Alternative Music Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Alternative_Music_Performance"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitchfork_Grammy_TIW-193"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"iHeartRadio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartRadio"},{"link_name":"Fall Out Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_Out_Boy"},{"link_name":"Stereogum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereogum"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"A24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A24"},{"link_name":"Talking Heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Heads"},{"link_name":"Stop Making Sense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Making_Sense"},{"link_name":"Burning Down The House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_Down_The_House"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"BRIT Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRIT_Awards"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"66th Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/66th_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Rock Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Rock_Album"},{"link_name":"Best Alternative Music Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Alternative_Music_Performance"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"Record Store Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Store_Day"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"}],"sub_title":"2020–present: This Is Why","text":"On May 11, 2020, Williams teased a potential return to a more guitar-driven sound on the band's sixth album, commenting, \"We've found ourselves listening to a lot of older music that we grew up being inspired by.\"[163][164][165] In January 2022, it was confirmed that the band had entered the studio to work on their upcoming sixth studio album. The band described the album as more \"guitar heavy\".[166][167] On January 18, the band was announced to headline the newly founded Las Vegas–based When We Were Young festival alongside My Chemical Romance on October 22, 2022, which was one of the first live performances the band had played since September 2018.[168][169] On May 10, it was announced that the band would headline the Austin City Limits Festival in Austin, Texas, during October on the 9th and 16th of the same year, alongside Red Hot Chili Peppers, P!nk and Lil Nas X.[170][171]On July 15, 2022, it was announced that Paramore would be embarking on a tour in October and November 2022.[172][173] On September 28, 2022, the band released the song \"This Is Why\" as the lead single from This Is Why, released on February 10, 2023.[174][175] In November 2022, the band changed the album cover for their 2013 self-titled album to a picture of Hayley Williams from behind.[176] On December 8, 2022, the band released the second single, \"The News\".[177][178][179] On January 12, 2023, the band released the third single, \"C'est Comme Ça\".[180][181] Paramore was nominated for Favorite Music Group at the 2023 Kids' Choice Awards.[182][183] On February 6, 2023, the band debuted the song \"Running Out of Time\" at their album release show in Nashville.[184][185] On February 16, 2023, the band released a music video for the album's fourth single, \"Running Out of Time\".[186] The band's song, \"This is Why\", was nominated for \"Best Alternative\" at the 2023 MTV Video Music Awards.[187]The band began teasing an upcoming remix album, Re: This Is Why in late September 2023,[188] posting audio snippets from the album on their official Discord server.[189] The album was officially announced on October 2.[189][190] The album is set for release on October 6.[189][190] Described as \"almost a remix album\", Re: This Is Why features reworked, remixed, and rewritten versions of songs from the band's 2023 album This Is Why, as well as an unreleased B-side demo.[189][190] For the 66th Annual Grammy Awards, This Is Why was nominated for Best Rock Album[191][192][193] and the album's title track was nominated for Best Alternative Music Performance.[193]On December 27, 2023, Paramore wiped their social media accounts and the band's website became inaccessible.[194][195] A week later, they canceled a co-headlining appearance in Anaheim at iHeartRadio's Alter Ego festival scheduled for January 13, 2024, \"due to unforeseen circumstances\". In their place, Fall Out Boy was announced. Stereogum said that Paramore's label contract had expired.[196][197] On January 10, 2024, A24 announced a tribute album for the Talking Heads concert film Stop Making Sense, which will feature a cover of \"Burning Down The House\" by Paramore as the leading track.[198][199] In January 2024, the band were nominated for Best International Group at the 2024 BRIT Awards.[200][201] On January 31, their cover of \"Burning Down The House\" was released as a single.[202][203] On February 4, 2024, the band won two Grammy awards at the 66th Annual Grammy Awards with their album, This Is Why winning Best Rock Album and the title track winning Best Alternative Music Performance.[204][205] On February 10, 2024, Paramore were announced as the ambassador for Record Store Day 2024 and confirmed that they would continue as an independent band after the end of their contract with Atlantic Records.[206][207] On March 1, 2024, a music video for \"Thick Skull\" was released.[208]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paramore_in_Vancouver_5.jpg"},{"link_name":"\"Now\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paramore_-_Now.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"pop-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop-punk"},{"link_name":"emo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo"},{"link_name":"pop rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_rock"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"power pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_pop"},{"link_name":"emo pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo_pop"},{"link_name":"new wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"},{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"grunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunge"},{"link_name":"electropop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electropop"},{"link_name":"synth-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth-pop"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"Avril Lavigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avril_Lavigne"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-funk-14"},{"link_name":"Alternative Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Press_(music_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NN-232"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decoy-233"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decoy-233"},{"link_name":"new wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_music"},{"link_name":"synth-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synth-pop"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"post-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-punk"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"dance-punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance-punk"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paramore_live_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2013_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"John Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mayer"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"},{"link_name":"Kelly Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"No Doubt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Doubt"},{"link_name":"ska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-girl-40"},{"link_name":"Weezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weezer"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drowned_in_sound_influences-245"},{"link_name":"Hum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_(band)"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brooklynvegan_influences-246"},{"link_name":"Failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure_(band)"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brooklynvegan_influences-246"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"},{"link_name":"Far","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_(band)"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brooklynvegan_influences-246"},{"link_name":"No Doubt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Doubt"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drowned_in_sound_influences-245"},{"link_name":"Deftones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deftones"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drowned_in_sound_influences-245"},{"link_name":"the Smiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smiths"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drowned_in_sound_influences-245"},{"link_name":"Blink-182","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blink-182"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drowned_in_sound_influences-245"},{"link_name":"Death Cab for Cutie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Cab_for_Cutie"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ten_Things_About..._Paramore-12"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drowned_in_sound_influences-245"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Eat World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Eat_World"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ten_Things_About..._Paramore-12"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prog-248"},{"link_name":"Sunny Day Real Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Day_Real_Estate"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prog-248"},{"link_name":"New Found Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Found_Glory"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ten_Things_About..._Paramore-12"},{"link_name":"MewithoutYou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MewithoutYou"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes_influences-250"},{"link_name":"the Shirelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shirelles"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes_influences-250"},{"link_name":"the Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Angels_(American_group)"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes_influences-250"},{"link_name":"Ramones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramones"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes_influences-250"},{"link_name":"Jawbreaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawbreaker_(band)"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-251"},{"link_name":"Freddie Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Mercury"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes_influences-250"},{"link_name":"Karen O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_O"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes_influences-250"},{"link_name":"Josh Scogin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Scogin"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes_influences-250"},{"link_name":"Blondie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blondie_(band)"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes_influences-250"},{"link_name":"Bloc Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloc_Party"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-252"},{"link_name":"NSYNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSYNC"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-253"},{"link_name":"Aaliyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaliyah"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-254"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-255"},{"link_name":"Siouxsie and the Banshees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-256"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-257"},{"link_name":"Etta James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etta_James"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-258"},{"link_name":"Debbie Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Harry"},{"link_name":"Siouxsie Sioux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxsie_Sioux"},{"link_name":"The Distillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Distillers"},{"link_name":"Shangri-Las","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangri-Las"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-259"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Eat World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Eat_World"},{"link_name":"No Doubt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Doubt"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prog-248"},{"link_name":"MewithoutYou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MewithoutYou"},{"link_name":"Ten Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Stories"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-260"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-261"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-262"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-263"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-264"}],"text":"Paramore in Vancouver 2009\"Now\"\n\n17 second sample from Paramore's \"Now\"\nProblems playing this file? See media help.Paramore's music style has generally been regarded as pop-punk, emo, pop rock, alternative rock, power pop, emo pop, new wave, punk rock, pop, grunge, electropop, and synth-pop.[note 1]\nJoshua Martin had written after an interview with Hayley Williams, \"The band isn't just a short pop-punk girl with red hair and a spunky attitude. Their music is like them, it's aged differently. It's sped up, and slowed down. It's emo without being whiny, or bratty. Almost a very literal anti-Avril Lavigne.\"[14] Alternative Press magazine had commented that the band was \"young-sounding\", while consistently being \"honest\".[231] Paramore's first album All We Know is Falling had an arguably more \"formulaic pop-punk\" sound that was \"delivered particularly well\"[232] and the combination of the two had created a \"refined rock infused pop/punk album\".[233] The band's second release, Riot! was said to explore a 'diverse range of styles,\" however, not straying far from \"their signature sound\".[232] The band's later albums, such as Paramore and After Laughter, included more of a new wave and synth-pop sound.[234][235] The band's sixth studio album, This Is Why went for more of a post-punk[236] and dance-punk sound.[237]Williams and Taylor York performing with Paramore, 2013Alternative Press and various other reviewers have noted that the band's stage performances have helped boost them to larger fame. Alternative Press states that Williams \"has more charisma than singers twice her age, and her band aren't far behind in their chops, either.\"[238] Singer-songwriter John Mayer had praised Williams' voice in a blog in October 2007, calling her \"The great orange hope\"; \"orange\" in reference to her hair color.[239] Due to the female-fronted aspect of the band, Paramore has gained comparisons to Kelly Clarkson and the aforementioned Avril Lavigne, to which one reviewer said was \"sorely unfounded\".[240][241] Reviewer Jonathan Bradley noted that \"Paramore attacks its music with infectious enthusiasm.\" However, he also explained that \"there isn't a whole lot of difference between Riot! and the songs from Kelly Clarkson or Avril Lavigne.\"[242] A reviewer at NME had likened Paramore's sound to that of \"No Doubt (stripped of all the ska bollocks)\" and \"Kelly Clarkson's wildest dreams\".[243] Hayley Williams has gone on to comment about the female aspect of the band saying that Paramore is not \"this girl-fronted band\" and it makes \"music for people to enjoy music, not so people can talk about my sexuality.\"[40]Paramore has expressed appreciation for Weezer,[244] Hum,[245] Failure,[245][246] Far,[245] No Doubt,[244] Deftones,[244] the Smiths,[244] Blink-182,[244] Death Cab for Cutie,[12][244] Jimmy Eat World,[12][247] Sunny Day Real Estate,[247] and New Found Glory.[12] Hayley Williams has cited her personal influences as MewithoutYou,[248] Elvis Presley,[249] the Shirelles,[249] the Angels,[249] the Ramones,[249] Jawbreaker,[250] Freddie Mercury,[249] Karen O,[249] Josh Scogin,[249] Blondie,[249] Bloc Party,[251] NSYNC,[252] Aaliyah,[253] the Smiths,[254] Siouxsie and the Banshees,[255] the Cure,[256] and Etta James.[257] \nWilliams named many singers as heroines: \"I love Debbie Harry and Siouxsie Sioux. I grew up listening to The Distillers [...] Girl groups are really important to me, but the Shangri-Las especially\".[258] Williams also explained that bands such as U2, \"who are massive, and do whatever they want, write whatever they want and they stand for something,\" Jimmy Eat World, \"who I don't think ever disappoint their fans,\" and No Doubt, who \"have done amazing things\", act as a pattern for the path in which Paramore would like to take their career.[247] In 2012, Williams contributed vocals to MewithoutYou's fifth studio album, Ten Stories.[259][260]The band members identified themselves as Christians in the past and in an interview with the BBC, Josh Farro stated \"Our faith is very important to us. It's obviously going to come out in our music because if someone believes something, then their worldview is going to come out in anything they do. But we're not out here to preach to kids, we're out here because we love music.\"[261] Farro later cited differing views on Christianity between him, his brother and Williams as one of the reasons for their departure in 2010.[262] In a 2022 interview, Williams described herself, York, and Zac Farro as being \"at different stages of unravelling their relationship to faith\".[263]","title":"Musical style and influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oklahoma_City_-_Hayley_and_Jeremy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Monumentour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumentour"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R&R-265"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dress-266"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-267"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Queens, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Camp-268"},{"link_name":"short videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mtv.com/overdrive/?id=1566472&vid=165783"},{"link_name":"MTV.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-269"},{"link_name":"Late Night with Conan O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Night_with_Conan_O%27Brien"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-270"},{"link_name":"New Found Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Found_Glory"},{"link_name":"Sixpence None the Richer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixpence_None_the_Richer"},{"link_name":"Kiss Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_Me_(Sixpence_None_the_Richer_song)"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-271"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-272"},{"link_name":"The Self-Titled Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Self-Titled_Tour_(Paramore)"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-273"},{"link_name":"Monumentour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumentour"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-274"}],"text":"Paramore performing at a concert during the MonumentourIn 2007, the band played an acoustic set for the grand opening of a Warped Tour exhibit at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame,[264] and the dress Hayley Williams wore in the video for \"Emergency\" was also put on display in the exhibit.[265]In June 2007, they were declared by Rolling Stone as \"Ones to Watch\".[266]In August 2007, Paramore was featured in television spots on MTV, performing acoustic versions of their songs or acting in short accompaniments to MTV program commercials. As \"MTV Artists of the Week\", the band filmed the faux camping-themed spots in Queens, New York, all written and directed by Evan Silver and Gina Fortunato.[267] MTV.com also has a collection of short videos with the band to promote Riot! as well. For weeks in August 2007, the \"Misery Business\" video was the number one streamed video at MTV.com.[268] On October 8, Paramore played \"Misery Business\" live on Late Night with Conan O'Brien.[269] In August, Paramore participated in New Found Glory's music video for their cover of Sixpence None the Richer's song \"Kiss Me\".[270]From September 29 to November 1, 2009, the band held a tour in North America to support Brand New Eyes.[271] The tour for their self-titled fourth album, known as The Self-Titled Tour, took place in North America from October 15 to November 27, 2013.[272] From June 19 through August 17, 2014, the band also supported the album with the Monumentour.[273]","title":"Live appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_(Paramore_song)"},{"link_name":"The Sims 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sims_2_(console_video_game)"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-275"},{"link_name":"rhythm game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video_game#Rhythm_games"},{"link_name":"Crushcrushcrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crushcrushcrush"},{"link_name":"Rock Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Band"},{"link_name":"Guitar Hero On Tour: Decades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_Hero_On_Tour:_Decades"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-276"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_Hands-On-277"},{"link_name":"Rock Band 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Band_2"},{"link_name":"That's What You Get","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s_What_You_Get"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-278"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rb2setlist-279"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shacknews_rb2_e3-280"},{"link_name":"Guitar Hero World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_Hero_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"Misery Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misery_Business"},{"link_name":"Hayley Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayley_Williams"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-281"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-282"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-283"},{"link_name":"Rock Band 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Band_3"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fullsetlist_hmx-284"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-285"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-286"},{"link_name":"Still Into You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Into_You"},{"link_name":"Rock Band 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Band_4"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-287"},{"link_name":"Decode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decode_(song)"},{"link_name":"Twilight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_(2008_film)"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mtv_Twilight_Soundtrack-288"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mtv_Twilight_Soundtrack-288"},{"link_name":"Stephenie Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephenie_Meyer"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-289"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-290"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-291"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-292"},{"link_name":"Hot Topic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Topic"},{"link_name":"[292]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-293"},{"link_name":"Saints Row 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Row_2"},{"link_name":"EA Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA_Sports"},{"link_name":"NHL 08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL_08"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-294"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-295"},{"link_name":"Decode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decode_(song)"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Home"},{"link_name":"[295]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-296"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-297"},{"link_name":"Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_(Paramore_song)"},{"link_name":"Rocksmith 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocksmith_2014"},{"link_name":"[297]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-298"},{"link_name":"[298]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-299"},{"link_name":"Fortnite Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortnite_Festival"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-300"}],"text":"In 2005, Paramore made its first video game appearance with the song \"Pressure\" being featured in the console versions of the video game The Sims 2.[274]In March 2008, Paramore made its first rhythm game appearance with \"Crushcrushcrush\" as a downloadable track in the Rock Band games and later being a playable song in Guitar Hero On Tour: Decades.[275][276] Later that year, Rock Band 2 was released with the song \"That's What You Get\" included as a playable track.[277][278][279] The video game Guitar Hero World Tour featured the song \"Misery Business\" along with Hayley Williams participating in motion capture sessions for the game. She is featured as an unlockable character in the game as well.[280][281][282] \"Misery Business\" was also featured as a playable track on Rock Band 3, while \"Pressure\", \"The Only Exception\", \"Brick by Boring Brick\", and \"Ignorance\" are available as DLC for the game.[283][284][285] In 2015, the song \"Still Into You\" was featured as an on-disc song for Rock Band 4.[286]Paramore's song \"Decode\" was the lead single for the novel-based Twilight film.[287] Another song called \"I Caught Myself\" is also featured on the film's soundtrack.[287] \"Decode\" was released on October 1, 2008, on the Paramore Fan Club site as well as Stephenie Meyer's website.[288][289] The music video premiered on November 3.[290][291] Hot Topic hosted listening parties for the soundtrack on October 24, 2008, and the album was released on November 4, 2008.[292] \"Misery Business\" is also featured in Saints Row 2, and the soundtrack for EA Sports NHL 08.[293][294]The music video for \"Decode\", along with the Twilight film trailer, was shown in the North American Home Theater of PlayStation Home from December 11, 2008, to December 18, 2008.[295] The video premiered in full through MTV and its subsidiaries on November 3, 2008, one day ahead of the release of the soundtrack on which the song is featured.[296]Paramore's song \"Now\" is featured as a song for the game Rocksmith 2014.[297][298] In March 2024, \"Misery Business\" was added as a playable track to Fortnite Festival.[299]","title":"Appearances in films and video games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hayley Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayley_Williams"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-301"},{"link_name":"Zac Farro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zac_Farro"},{"link_name":"Taylor York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_York"},{"link_name":"[300]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-302"},{"link_name":"Josh Farro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Farro"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Davis"},{"link_name":"Jon Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Howard"},{"link_name":"Josh Freese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Freese"},{"link_name":"Aaron Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Gillespie"}],"text":"Current members\n\nHayley Williams[a] – lead vocals (2004–present), keyboards (2006, 2012–present)\nZac Farro – drums, percussion (2004–2010, 2017–present), keyboards (2017–present), backing vocals (2007, 2017–present)\nTaylor York – guitar (2009–present; touring 2007–2009), keyboards (2012–present), backing vocals (2017–present)\nCurrent touring musicians\n\nJoey Howard – bass, backing vocals (2015–present)\nLogan MacKenzie – keyboards, guitar (2017–present)\nJoseph Mullen – percussion, drums (2017–present)[300]\nBrian Robert Jones – guitar, backing vocals (2022–present)\n\n\nFormer members\n\nJosh Farro – guitar, backing vocals (2004–2010)\nJason Bynum – guitar, backing vocals (2004–2005)\nJeremy Davis – bass (2004–2005, 2005–2006, 2007–2015), backing vocals (2007)\nJohn Hembree – bass (2005)\nHunter Lamb – guitar (2005–2007)\nFormer touring musicians\n\nJon Howard – guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2010–2016)\nJustin York – guitar, backing vocals (2010–2022)\nJosh Freese – drums (2010–2011)\nJason Pierce – drums (2011–2012)\nHayden Scott – drums (2012–2013)\nMiles McPherson – drums (2013)\nAaron Gillespie – drums (2013–2017)Timeline","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All We Know Is Falling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_We_Know_Is_Falling"},{"link_name":"Riot!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot!"},{"link_name":"Brand New Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_New_Eyes"},{"link_name":"Paramore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramore_(album)"},{"link_name":"After Laughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Laughter"},{"link_name":"This Is Why","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Why"}],"text":"All We Know Is Falling (2005)\nRiot! (2007)\nBrand New Eyes (2009)\nParamore (2013)\nAfter Laughter (2017)\nThis Is Why (2023)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-303"},{"link_name":"[302]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-304"},{"link_name":"Brand New Eyes World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_New_Eyes_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"[303]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-305"},{"link_name":"The Self-Titled Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Self-Titled_Tour_(Paramore)"},{"link_name":"[304]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-306"},{"link_name":"After Laughter Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_Laughter_Tour"},{"link_name":"[305]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-307"},{"link_name":"This Is Why Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Why_Tour"},{"link_name":"[306]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-308"},{"link_name":"Honda Civic Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Civic_Tour"},{"link_name":"[307]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-309"},{"link_name":"Monumentour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumentour"},{"link_name":"[308]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-310"},{"link_name":"[309]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-311"},{"link_name":"[310]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AltPress-312"},{"link_name":"Summer Tour 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Tour_2009_(No_Doubt)"},{"link_name":"[311]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-313"},{"link_name":"21st Century Breakdown World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Century_Breakdown_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"[312]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-314"},{"link_name":"The Eras Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eras_Tour"},{"link_name":"[313]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-315"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-316"}],"text":"Headlining toursThe Final Riot! Tour (2008)[301][302]\nBrand New Eyes World Tour (2009–2012)[303]\nThe Self-Titled Tour (2013–2015)[304]\nAfter Laughter Tour (2017–2018)[305]\nThis Is Why Tour (2022–2023)[306]Co-headlining toursHonda Civic Tour (2010)[307]\nMonumentour (2014)[308][309][310]Opening actsSummer Tour 2009 (2009)[311]\n21st Century Breakdown World Tour (2010)[312]\nThe Eras Tour (2023–2024)[313][314]","title":"Tours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-301"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-231"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-10"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-209"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Consequence_Paramore's_10_Best_Songs-210"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paramore%E2%80%99s_Influence-211"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-10"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Consequence_Paramore's_10_Best_Songs-210"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thelineofbestfit_after_laughter-214"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt071130-216"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian071130-217"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-10"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zaleski1-221"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ten_Things_About..._Paramore-12"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loudwire_genres-223"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-209"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thelineofbestfit_after_laughter-214"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paramore%E2%80%99s_Influence-211"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian071130-217"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_News_billboard-179"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Loudwire_genres-223"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian071130-217"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theguardian071130-217"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"}],"text":"^ Williams left the band for a short period of time in 2015, though the exact window has never been specified.^ Musical styles:\n\"pop-punk\"[10][209][210][211][212][213]\n\"emo\"[10][210][214][215][216][217]\n\"pop rock\"[10][218][219][220][221]\n\"alternative rock\"[12][222][223][209]\n\"power pop\"[214][224][225]\n\"emo pop\"[226][227]\n\"new wave\"[211][217]\n\"punk rock\"[179][228]\n\"pop\"[223][217]\n\"grunge\"[229]\n\"electropop\"[217]\n\"synth-pop\"[230]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Paramore performing in Portland, Oregon, in January 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Winter_Go_West_Tour_-_Portland%2COR_-_Paramore.jpg/220px-Winter_Go_West_Tour_-_Portland%2COR_-_Paramore.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paramore performing at the 2007 Vans Warped Tour in Camden, New Jersey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Paramore_Hayley_Williams03.jpg/220px-Paramore_Hayley_Williams03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paramore at the Social in Orlando, Florida, on April 23, 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Paramore2_cropped.jpg/220px-Paramore2_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Josh Farro in Vancouver on the Summer Tour 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Paramore_in_Vancouver_2.jpg/220px-Paramore_in_Vancouver_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paramore in the Brand New Eyes World Tour at the Warfield in San Francisco","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flickr_-_moses_namkung_-_Paramore-14.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_moses_namkung_-_Paramore-14.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paramore at the Royal Albert Hall in London, June 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Paramore_at_Royal_Albert_Hall_-_19th_June_2017_-_11.jpg/220px-Paramore_at_Royal_Albert_Hall_-_19th_June_2017_-_11.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paramore in Vancouver 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paramore_in_Vancouver_5.jpg/220px-Paramore_in_Vancouver_5.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Williams and Taylor York performing with Paramore, 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Paramore_live_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2013_4.jpg/220px-Paramore_live_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2013_4.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paramore performing at a concert during the Monumentour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Oklahoma_City_-_Hayley_and_Jeremy.jpg/220px-Oklahoma_City_-_Hayley_and_Jeremy.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of awards and nominations received by Paramore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Paramore"},{"title":"List of songs recorded by Paramore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Paramore"},{"title":"List of alternative rock artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_alternative_rock_artists"}]
[{"reference":"Frank, Alex (June 29, 2017). \"Adult Emotions\". The Fader. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved October 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefader.com/2017/06/29/paramore-hayley-williams-cover-story-interview","url_text":"\"Adult Emotions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fader","url_text":"The Fader"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170629191802/https://www.thefader.com/2017/06/29/paramore-hayley-williams-cover-story-interview","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"50th annual Grammy Awards nominations\". Variety. December 6, 2007. Retrieved December 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2007/film/awards/50th-annual-grammy-awards-nominations-1117977172/","url_text":"\"50th annual Grammy Awards nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Grammy 2008 Winners List\". MTV. February 10, 2008. Retrieved December 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mtv.com/news/y2utwa/grammy-2008-winners-list","url_text":"\"Grammy 2008 Winners List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"}]},{"reference":"Caulfield, Keith (October 7, 2009). \"Barbra Streisand has ninth No. 1 album\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved January 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/barbra-streisand-ninth-no-1-89775","url_text":"\"Barbra Streisand has ninth No. 1 album\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220129180639/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/barbra-streisand-ninth-no-1-89775/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Paramore Album Debuts At #1\". Fueled by Ramen. April 17, 2013. Archived from the original on July 23, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130723062132/http://www.fueledbyramen.com/news/paramore-album-debuts-1-85151","url_text":"\"Paramore Album Debuts At #1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fueled_by_Ramen","url_text":"Fueled by Ramen"},{"url":"http://www.fueledbyramen.com/news/paramore-album-debuts-1-85151","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beard, Lanford (February 8, 2015). \"Paramore Wins Grammy for Best Rock Song for 'Ain't It Fun'\". People. Retrieved December 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/awards/grammys-2015-aint-it-fun-by-paramore-wins-best-rock-song/","url_text":"\"Paramore Wins Grammy for Best Rock Song for 'Ain't It Fun'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)","url_text":"People"}]},{"reference":"Ehrlich, Brenna (February 8, 2015). \"Paramore Won Their First Grammy Ever -- And Made History\". MTV. Retrieved December 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mtv.com/news/z9rj45/paramore-grammys-aint-it-fun","url_text":"\"Paramore Won Their First Grammy Ever -- And Made History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"}]},{"reference":"\"Reviews and Tracks for After Laughter by Paramore\". Metacritic. Archived from the original on May 13, 2017. Retrieved May 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/after-laughter/paramore","url_text":"\"Reviews and Tracks for After Laughter by Paramore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513015750/http://www.metacritic.com/music/after-laughter/paramore","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Erich B. Anderson (August 13, 2021). \"The Untold Truth Of Paramore\". Grunge.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved December 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grunge.com/486899/the-untold-truth-of-paramore/","url_text":"\"The Untold Truth Of Paramore\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221208122151/https://www.grunge.com/486899/the-untold-truth-of-paramore/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Leahey, Andrew. \"Paramore Biography\". Allmusic. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved January 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/paramore-mn0000366681/biography","url_text":"\"Paramore Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230216155721/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/paramore-mn0000366681/biography","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mansfield, Brian (August 20, 2007). \"Pop-punkers Paramore find a niche\". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_nilotica_indica
Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica
["1 Uses","1.1 Tannin","2 Chemical compounds","3 References"]
Subspecies of legume Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae Clade: Mimosoid clade Genus: Vachellia Species: V. nilotica Subspecies: V. n. subsp. indica Trinomial name Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica (Benth.) Kyal. & Boatwr. Synonyms Acacia arabica sensu auct. Acacia arabica var. indica Benth. Acacia nilotica var. indica (Benth.) A.F.Hill Acacia nilotica var. indica (Benth.) Brenan Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica is a perennial tree native to Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan. It is also cultivated in Angola, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Tanzania. Common names for it include babul, kikar and prickly acacia. Its uses include chemical products, environmental management, fiber, food and drink, forage, medicine and wood. Uses Tannin The bark of V. nilotica subsp. indica has a tannin content of greater than 20%. The pods without seeds have a tannin content of about 18–27%. Chemical compounds The bark has been found to contain catechin, epicatechin, dicatechin, quercitin, gallic acid and procyanidin. References ^ Kyalangalilwa B, Boatwright JS, Daru BH, Maurin O, van der Bank M (2013). "Phylogenetic position and revised classification of Acacia s.l. (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in Africa, including new combinations in Vachellia and Senegalia". Bot J Linn Soc. 172 (4): 500–523. doi:10.1111/boj.12047. hdl:10566/3454. ^ a b c ILDIS LegumeWeb ^ FAO ^ Medicinal Plants: Chemistry and Properties by M. Daniel Taxon identifiersVachellia nilotica subsp. indica Wikidata: Q43375440 Wikispecies: Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica APDB: 236442 APNI: 247350 CoL: 5LQ5Q FloraBase: 44489 FoAO2: Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica GBIF: 6709988 GRIN: 465213 iNaturalist: 558310 IPNI: 77131753-1 NCBI: 282178 Open Tree of Life: 400143 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77131753-1 WFO: wfo-0001362684 Acacia nilotica subsp. indica Wikidata: Q4670977 APDB: 67354 APNI: 67413 CoL: 5FCBF FNA: 250063329 GBIF: 2978423 GRIN: 403636 IPNI: 73753-3 Plant List: ild-524 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:73753-3 Tropicos: 13071605 WFO: wfo-0000206161 Acacia arabica var. indica Wikidata: Q39106881 APDB: 67448 APNI: 202305 GBIF: 2978424 GRIN: 403637 IPNI: 77131750-1 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77131750-1 Tropicos: 13071603 WFO: wfo-0000200948 This Mimosoideae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ILDIS-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ILDIS-2"}],"text":"Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica is a perennial tree native to Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan. It is also cultivated in Angola, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Tanzania. Common names for it include babul, kikar and prickly acacia.[2]Its uses include chemical products, environmental management, fiber, food and drink, forage, medicine and wood.[2]","title":"Vachellia nilotica subsp. indica"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fao-3"}],"sub_title":"Tannin","text":"The bark of V. nilotica subsp. indica has a tannin content of greater than 20%. The pods without seeds have a tannin content of about 18–27%.[3]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"catechin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechin"},{"link_name":"epicatechin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicatechin"},{"link_name":"dicatechin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dicatechin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"quercitin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercitin"},{"link_name":"gallic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_acid"},{"link_name":"procyanidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyanidin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-med-4"}],"text":"The bark has been found to contain catechin, epicatechin, dicatechin, quercitin, gallic acid and procyanidin.[4]","title":"Chemical compounds"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Jos_riots
2010 Jos riots
["1 Overview","1.1 January","1.2 March","2 Causes","3 Response","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 9°56′N 8°53′E / 9.933°N 8.883°E / 9.933; 8.883Ethno-religious conflict in central Nigeria 2010 Jos riotsLocation of Jos in NigeriaLocationJos, Plateau, NigeriaCoordinates9°56′N 8°53′E / 9.933°N 8.883°E / 9.933; 8.883Date17 January 2010 (2010-01-17)Attack typereligious riotingDeaths2,992 vteReligious violencein Nigeria Sectarian riots Kano (1953) Kano (1980) Kaduna Abuja Jos (2001) Miss World Yelwa Jos (2008) Jos (2010) Boko Haram insurgency The 2010 Jos riots were clashes between Muslim and Christian ethnic groups in central Nigeria in and near the city of Jos. The first spate of violence of 2010 started on 17 January in Jos and spread to surrounding communities. Houses, churches, mosques and vehicles were set ablaze, during at least four days of fighting. At least 326 people, and possibly more than a thousand, were killed. Hundreds of people died in fresh clashes in March 2010. Many people were killed and dumped into wells. This is the third major incident of rioting in Jos within a ten-year span. Some one thousand people were killed in riots in 2001, and at least 700 died in subsequent violence in 2008. Jos is the capital of Plateau State, in the middle of the divide between the predominantly Muslim north of Nigeria and the predominantly Christian south. Since 2001, the area has been plagued by violence motivated by multiple factors. The clashes have been characterised as "religious violence" by many news sources, although others cite ethnic and economic differences as the root of the violence. Overview January Reports on the catalyst vary. According to the state police commissioner, skirmishes began after Muslim youths set a Catholic church, filled with worshippers, on fire. A local paper reported that attackers yelled "Allahu Akhbar" before burning down churches and homes. Other community leaders say it began with an argument over the rebuilding of a Muslim home in a predominantly Christian neighbourhood that had been destroyed in the November 2008 riots. Both Muslim and Christian youth have been blamed for starting the violence. A 24-hour curfew was imposed on the city on 17 January 2010. On 19 January, the violence spread to smaller towns and villages south of Jos. Armed mobs, mostly Christians from the Berom ethnic group, attacked Muslims, including Hausa-Fulani residents, killing or driving them out and burning their homes, mosques, and property. The worst massacre took place on 19 January in the settlement of Kuru Karama, where 174 people, including 36 women and 56 children, were killed. Satellite images released by Human Rights Watch show the near complete destruction of buildings in Kuru Karama. The BBC reported the fighting had spread to Pankshin, 100 km from Jos. These reports have been denied by the Army. On 20 January, Vice-president Goodluck Jonathan ordered troops to Plateau State to restore order. Vice-president Jonathan held executive authority at the time, as President Umaru Yar'Adua was in Saudi Arabia receiving medical treatment. The state police command said 326 people died in the January violence. Community leaders put the figure at 1,025 dead. More than 5,000 people were displaced. March Before dawn on 7 March 2010, Muslim Hausa-Fulani herders massacred more than one hundred Christians in Dogo-Nahawa village near Jos. Residents in the village were mainly Berom Christians. The attacks went on for four hours, and nearby villages were also targeted. The attackers fired guns to cause panic and as people fled chopped them with machetes. They set alight many of the buildings and left corpses dumped in the streets. Many of the dead were women and children, including an infant less than three months of age. The state police command reported that 109 people died in the attack, including at least 38 children. A state official told journalists that more than 500 people were killed, while a plaque at a mass grave in Dogo-Nahawa states that 501 died in the massacre, and lists the names of 354 victims. Other community leaders put the death toll at 164, including 34 women and 98 children. Causes The clashes have often been characterised as "religious violence." The Plateau State Christian Elders Consultative Forum, for example, referred to the March 2010 attack in Dogo-Nahawa as "yet another jihad and provocation" while Muslims community regards the clash as an effort to eradicate Muslim inhabitant in a mission for religious profiling. Many others, however, cite ethnic differences and social and economic issues as the root of the violence. The Anglican Archbishop of Jos, Benjamin A. Kwashi, for example, noted that, "What seems to be a recurring decimal is that over time, those who have in the past used violence to settle political issues, economic issues, social matters, intertribal disagreements, or any issue for that matter, now continue to use that same path of violence and cover it up with religion." Professor Kabiru Mato of the University of Abuja also played down the role of religion in the riots: "I don't see anything religious. Wherein religion could be the difference between the two warring factions, fundamentally it's a manifestation of economic alienation. So social apathy, political frustration, economic deprivation and so many factors are responsible." But this view has been challenged by the fact that places of worship, such as churches and mosques, have always been targeted during these riots. So religion has been used as a galvanising force in the crisis no matter what the initial cause of conflict. An ethnic rivalry between the Hausa and Berom peoples is also cited as a factor in the violence. The Catholic archbishop in Abuja, Nigeria's capital, referred to the violence as "a classic conflict between pastoralists and farmers, except that all the Fulani are Muslims and all the Berom are Christians." However, this assertion is challenged by the fact that most ethnic groups in Plateau State, which are predominantly Christian, share the same sentiments with the Berom and collectively see an Islamic threat in their own lands. "The Beroms have been accused of resenting the economic progress of other settler groups: yet, this is another simplistic assertion. Most Plateau natives collectively feel they do not have the Federal connections or patronage other major ethnic groups have. And most Nigerian wealth has been driven by oil money. The Beroms and other Plateau natives are predominantly farmers and have had to experience their lands taken away and degraded by tin mining. Now, they have to contend with migrant groups who use Federal influence and wealth to displace them from their own lands. The massive structure of the Federal Government is fuelled primarily by oil money. The Beroms, as well as other Plateau natives, feel they should have a measure of autonomy in their core lands just the way Native Americans in their homesteads are treated as a Sovereign nation, elevated to the status of a protected minority. Nigeria's constitution has no place for respecting the rights of minorities, whether it is Jos, or the Niger Delta." Discrimination against the mainly Muslim "settlers" of Jos is also cited as an issue. While the mainly Christian indigenous population are classified as "indigenes," the mainly Muslim immigrants to Jos, many of them Hausa-Fulani, are classified as "settlers," even if they have been living in the city for decades, and find it difficult to secure government jobs or educational scholarships, among other things. This has further accentuated divisions in and around the city. Response The Vatican expressed outrage and sadness at the riots. Pope Benedict XVI said the attacks were "atrocious" and "violence does not resolve conflicts but only increases the tragic consequences." Vice President Jonathan, who was the acting president at the time, urged that the killers be caught. The police announced that 313 people were arrested in relation to the January 2010 violence, while 200 people were arrested following the March 2010 violence. As of 2013, federal prosecutors had secured convictions of at least 129 people involved in the 2010 violence. The Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project wrote to the International Criminal Court, asking them to investigate the riots for potential crimes against humanity. The ICC prosecutor replied in November 2010 stating that the situation was being analysed by the prosecutor to see if a case should be opened. See also Nigeria portal 2001 Jos riots 2008 Jos riots History of Nigeria Religious violence 2011 Alexandria bombing References ^ "Curfew relaxed in Nigeria's violence-wracked city: army". Jos. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 28 January 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2010. ^ a b c d e f g h Human Rights Watch (12 December 2013). "Leave Everything to God": Accountability for Inter-Communal Violence in Plateau and Kaduna States, Nigeria. pp. 49–81. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015. ^ Smith, David (8 March 2010). "Hundreds dead as more religious violence hits Nigeria". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 30 January 2020. ^ "A Deadly Cycle: Ethno-Religious Conflict in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria - Nigeria". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 30 January 2020. ^ Saka, Ahmed (19 January 2010). "Religious violence erupts again in central Nigeria". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 22 January 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2010. ^ Nossiter, Adam (19 January 2010). "Christian-Muslim Mayhem in Nigeria Kills Dozens". The New York Times. New York, NY. Archived from the original on 21 January 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2010. ^ a b c "'Hundreds dead' in Nigeria attack". BBC News. 8 March 2010. Archived from the original on 9 March 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010. ^ a b "Nigeria religious riots 'kill 200' in Jos". BBC News. 20 January 2010. Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010. ^ a b Baldauf, Scott (8 March 2010). "Nigeria violence: Muslim-Christian clashes kill hundreds". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 March 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010. ^ "World Briefing – Africa – Nigeria – Religious Violence Kills 27". The New York Times. Nigeria. Associated Press. 18 January 2010. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010. ^ a b c d Abubakar, Aminu (8 March 2010). "Appeals for calm after Nigerian sectarian slaughter". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 14 March 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010. ^ Gambrell, Jon (20 January 2010). "Group: More than 200 dead in Nigeria violence". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 January 2010. ^ a b McConnell, Tristan (19 January 2010). "Nigerian Army ordered in as 200 die in Christian-Muslim riots". The Times. London, UK. Retrieved 19 January 2010. ^ "Plateau governor invokes 24-hour curfew". Archived from the original on 22 January 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2010. ^ Human Rights Watch. "Nigeria: Turning Blind Eye to Mass Killings". Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015. ^ "Nigeria riot city under control, says army chief". London: BBC News. 20 January 2010. Archived from the original on 21 January 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2010. ^ "Jonathan orders troops to Jos religious crisis". Archived from the original on 22 January 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2010. ^ McConnell, Tristan (7 January 2010). "Prove you are alive: clamour for missing Nigerian leader to show his face". London: Times (UK). Retrieved 19 January 2010. ^ Awolusi, Bunmi (26 January 2010). "We know culprits of Jos crisis, say police – The Guardian". Nigerian Bulletin. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2010. ^ a b c "Central Nigeria clashes lead to 'scores of deaths'". BBC News. 7 March 2010. Archived from the original on 9 March 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2010. ^ a b "Acting president orders 'roving band of killers' to be apprehended". France 24. 7 March 2010. Archived from the original on 10 April 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2010. ^ a b "Officials: Attack on Nigerian town kills more than 100". CNN. 7 March 2010. Archived from the original on 12 March 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2010. ^ a b c Adam Nossiter (7 March 2010). "Clashes Kill Dozens in Central Nigeria". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 March 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2010. ^ Obateru, Taye; Eyoboka, Sam; Salem, Tordue (7 March 2010). "Jos boils again". Vanguard Media. Archived from the original on 10 March 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010. ^ Ahmed Mohammed; Mahmud Lalo (11 March 2010). "Jos – Police, Govt Disagree Over Casualty Figures". Daily Trust. Retrieved 6 May 2015. ^ "Nigeria religious clashes 'kill 500' near Jos". BBC. 8 March 2010. Archived from the original on 9 March 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010. ^ Kwashi, Benjamin (8 March 2010). "In Jos We Are Coming Face to Face in Confrontation with Satan". Christianity Today. Archived from the original on 29 January 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2010. ^ Butty, James (19 January 2010). "Nigerian Professor Says Latest Jos Violence a Result of Many Factors". Voice of America News. Archived from the original on 21 January 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2010. ^ "Calvin University". worship.calvin.edu. Retrieved 4 May 2021. ^ Burgis, Tom (26 January 2010). "Ethnic rivalries fuel Nigeria violence". Financial Times. Jos. Archived from the original on 13 June 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2010. ^ ""Leave Everything to God" | Accountability for Inter-Communal Violence in Plateau and Kaduna States, Nigeria". Human Rights Watch. 12 December 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2020. ^ "Native American Cultures Across the U.S." NEH-Edsitement. Retrieved 4 May 2021. ^ The Economist, 11 March 2010 article "Another massacre in Nigeria: An unending cycle." ^ Duffield, Caroline (12 March 2010). "No end to Nigeria cycle of violence". BBC News. Archived from the original on 18 March 2010. Retrieved 12 March 2010. ^ Human Rights Watch (April 2006). "They Do Not Own This Place": Government Discrimination Against "Non-Indigenes" in Nigeria (PDF). Retrieved 5 May 2015. ^ "Pope denounces Nigeria clashes". Straits Times. Singapore. 11 March 2010. Archived from the original on 15 March 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2010. ^ ICC is Analysing Jos Crisis, Says Prosecutor, Daily Trust, 8 November 2010 External links Higazi, Adam, The Jos Crisis: A Recurrent Nigerian Tragedy Discussion Paper No. 2, January 2011, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Human Rights Watch (2013), "Leave Everything to God": Accountability for Inter-Communal Violence in Plateau and Kaduna States, Nigeria Archived 21 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine vteReligious violence in Nigeria Kano (1953) Kano (1980) Kaduna Abuja Jos (2001) Miss World Yelwa Jos (2008) Jos (2010) Boko Haram insurgency
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The first spate of violence of 2010 started on 17 January in Jos and spread to surrounding communities. Houses, churches, mosques and vehicles were set ablaze, during at least four days of fighting.[1] At least 326 people, and possibly more than a thousand, were killed.[2]Hundreds of people died in fresh clashes in March 2010.[3] Many people were killed and dumped into wells.[4]This is the third major incident of rioting in Jos within a ten-year span. Some one thousand people were killed in riots in 2001, and at least 700 died in subsequent violence in 2008.[5]Jos is the capital of Plateau State, in the middle of the divide between the predominantly Muslim north of Nigeria and the predominantly Christian south.[6] Since 2001, the area has been plagued by violence motivated by multiple factors.[7] The clashes have been characterised as \"religious violence\" by many news sources,[8][9] although others cite ethnic and economic differences as the root of the violence.[7]","title":"2010 Jos riots"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Allahu Akhbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takbir"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP_2010-03-027-11"},{"link_name":"November 2008 riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Jos_riots"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Washington_Post_2010-01-20-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-London-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Berom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berom_people"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRW2013-2"},{"link_name":"Kuru Karama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuru,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRW2013-2"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Pankshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankshin"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Goodluck Jonathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Next-17"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Umaru Yar'Adua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umaru_Yar%27Adua"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-London-13"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRW2013-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"January","text":"Reports on the catalyst vary. According to the state police commissioner, skirmishes began after Muslim youths set a Catholic church, filled with worshippers, on fire.[10] A local paper reported that attackers yelled \"Allahu Akhbar\" before burning down churches and homes.[11] Other community leaders say it began with an argument over the rebuilding of a Muslim home in a predominantly Christian neighbourhood that had been destroyed in the November 2008 riots.[12] Both Muslim and Christian youth have been blamed for starting the violence.[13] A 24-hour curfew was imposed on the city on 17 January 2010.[14]On 19 January, the violence spread to smaller towns and villages south of Jos. Armed mobs, mostly Christians from the Berom ethnic group, attacked Muslims, including Hausa-Fulani residents, killing or driving them out and burning their homes, mosques, and property.[2] The worst massacre took place on 19 January in the settlement of Kuru Karama, where 174 people, including 36 women and 56 children, were killed.[2] Satellite images released by Human Rights Watch show the near complete destruction of buildings in Kuru Karama.[15]The BBC reported the fighting had spread to Pankshin, 100 km from Jos. These reports have been denied by the Army.[16] On 20 January, Vice-president Goodluck Jonathan ordered troops to Plateau State to restore order.[17] Vice-president Jonathan held executive authority at the time, as President Umaru Yar'Adua was in Saudi Arabia receiving medical treatment.[18][13]The state police command said 326 people died in the January violence.[19] Community leaders put the figure at 1,025 dead.[2] More than 5,000 people were displaced.[citation needed]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dogo-Nahawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dogo-Nahawa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Central_Nigeria_clashes_lead_to_'scores_of_deaths'-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Acting_president_orders_'roving_band_of_killers'_to_be_apprehended-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Officials:_Attack_on_Nigerian_town_kills_more_than_100-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clashes_Kill_Dozens_in_Central_Nigeria-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"machetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machete"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Central_Nigeria_clashes_lead_to_'scores_of_deaths'-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Officials:_Attack_on_Nigerian_town_kills_more_than_100-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clashes_Kill_Dozens_in_Central_Nigeria-23"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Central_Nigeria_clashes_lead_to_'scores_of_deaths'-20"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clashes_Kill_Dozens_in_Central_Nigeria-23"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DailyTrust-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRW2013-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRW2013-2"}],"sub_title":"March","text":"Before dawn on 7 March 2010, Muslim Hausa-Fulani herders massacred more than one hundred Christians in Dogo-Nahawa village near Jos.[20][21] Residents in the village were mainly Berom Christians.[22] The attacks went on for four hours,[23] and nearby villages were also targeted.[24] The attackers fired guns to cause panic and as people fled chopped them with machetes.[20] They set alight many of the buildings[22] and left corpses dumped in the streets.[23] Many of the dead were women and children,[20] including an infant less than three months of age.[23]The state police command reported that 109 people died in the attack, including at least 38 children.[25] A state official told journalists that more than 500 people were killed,[26] while a plaque at a mass grave in Dogo-Nahawa states that 501 died in the massacre, and lists the names of 354 victims.[2] Other community leaders put the death toll at 164, including 34 women and 98 children.[2]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"religious violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_violence"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Jan20-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSM_Mar8-9"},{"link_name":"jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP_2010-03-027-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duffield-7"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kwashi-27"},{"link_name":"University of Abuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Abuja"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Hausa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_people"},{"link_name":"Berom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berom_people"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Abuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja"},{"link_name":"a classic conflict between pastoralists and farmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP_2010-03-027-11"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"tin mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_mining"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The clashes have often been characterised as \"religious violence.\"[8][9] The Plateau State Christian Elders Consultative Forum, for example, referred to the March 2010 attack in Dogo-Nahawa as \"yet another jihad and provocation\"[11] while Muslims community regards the clash as an effort to eradicate Muslim inhabitant in a mission for religious profiling. Many others, however, cite ethnic differences and social and economic issues as the root of the violence.[7] The Anglican Archbishop of Jos, Benjamin A. Kwashi, for example, noted that, \"What seems to be a recurring decimal is that over time, those who have in the past used violence to settle political issues, economic issues, social matters, intertribal disagreements, or any issue for that matter, now continue to use that same path of violence and cover it up with religion.\"[27] Professor Kabiru Mato of the University of Abuja also played down the role of religion in the riots: \"I don't see anything religious. Wherein religion could be the difference between the two warring factions, fundamentally it's a manifestation of economic alienation. So social apathy, political frustration, economic deprivation and so many factors are responsible.\"[28] But this view has been challenged by the fact that places of worship, such as churches and mosques, have always been targeted during these riots. So religion has been used as a galvanising force in the crisis no matter what the initial cause of conflict.[29]An ethnic rivalry between the Hausa and Berom peoples is also cited as a factor in the violence.[30] The Catholic archbishop in Abuja, Nigeria's capital, referred to the violence as \"a classic conflict between pastoralists and farmers, except that all the Fulani are Muslims and all the Berom are Christians.\"[11] However, this assertion is challenged by the fact that most ethnic groups in Plateau State, which are predominantly Christian, share the same sentiments with the Berom and collectively see an Islamic threat in their own lands.[31]\"The Beroms have been accused of resenting the economic progress of other settler groups: yet, this is another simplistic assertion. Most Plateau natives collectively feel they do not have the Federal connections or patronage other major ethnic groups have. And most Nigerian wealth has been driven by oil money. The Beroms and other Plateau natives are predominantly farmers and have had to experience their lands taken away and degraded by tin mining. Now, they have to contend with migrant groups who use Federal influence and wealth to displace them from their own lands. The massive structure of the Federal Government is fuelled primarily by oil money. The Beroms, as well as other Plateau natives, feel they should have a measure of autonomy in their core lands just the way Native Americans in their homesteads are treated as a Sovereign nation, elevated to the status of a protected minority. Nigeria's constitution has no place for respecting the rights of minorities, whether it is Jos, or the Niger Delta.\"[32][33]Discrimination against the mainly Muslim \"settlers\" of Jos is also cited as an issue. While the mainly Christian indigenous population are classified as \"indigenes,\" the mainly Muslim immigrants to Jos, many of them Hausa-Fulani, are classified as \"settlers,\" even if they have been living in the city for decades, and find it difficult to secure government jobs or educational scholarships, among other things.[34][35] This has further accentuated divisions in and around the city.","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP_2010-03-027-11"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Acting_president_orders_'roving_band_of_killers'_to_be_apprehended-21"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRW2013-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRW2013-2"},{"link_name":"International Criminal Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court"},{"link_name":"crimes against humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"The Vatican expressed outrage and sadness at the riots.[11] Pope Benedict XVI said the attacks were \"atrocious\" and \"violence does not resolve conflicts but only increases the tragic consequences.\"[36]Vice President Jonathan, who was the acting president at the time, urged that the killers be caught.[21] The police announced that 313 people were arrested in relation to the January 2010 violence, while 200 people were arrested following the March 2010 violence.[2] As of 2013, federal prosecutors had secured convictions of at least 129 people involved in the 2010 violence.[2]The Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project wrote to the International Criminal Court, asking them to investigate the riots for potential crimes against humanity. The ICC prosecutor replied in November 2010 stating that the situation was being analysed by the prosecutor to see if a case should be opened.[37]","title":"Response"}]
[]
[{"title":"Nigeria portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Nigeria"},{"title":"2001 Jos riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Jos_riots"},{"title":"2008 Jos riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Jos_riots"},{"title":"History of Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nigeria"},{"title":"Religious violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_violence"},{"title":"2011 Alexandria bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Alexandria_bombing"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Dewar_(rugby)
Henry Dewar (rugby union)
["1 Early life","2 Rugby career","2.1 1913 Season","2.2 International appearances","3 Military career","4 Notes","5 References","5.1 Bibliography","6 External links"]
New Zealand rugby union footballer For the Scottish physician and writer, see Henry Dewar (physician). Rugby playerNorkey DewarBirth nameHenry DewarDate of birth(1883-10-13)13 October 1883Place of birthFoxton, New ZealandDate of death9 August 1915(1915-08-09) (aged 31)Place of deathChunuk Bair, Gallipoli, Ottoman TurkeyHeight1.79 m (5 ft 10 in)Weight82 kg (181 lb)SchoolBerhampore SchoolOccupation(s)Iron moulderRugby union careerPosition(s) Hooker, flankerSenior careerYears Team Apps (Points)1907–19091910–??–19121913–1914 MelroseHaweraStarStratford ()Provincial / State sidesYears Team Apps (Points)1907–81910–141913 WellingtonTaranakiNorth Island 11 ()International careerYears Team Apps (Points)1913 New Zealand 2 (0)Military careerAllegiance United KingdomService/branch New Zealand ArmyYears of service1914–1915RankSergeantUnit9th Wellington Mounted Rifles, NZEFBattles/warsWorld War I Occupation of German Samoa Gallipoli campaign Battle of Chunuk Bair † Henry "Norkey" Dewar (13 October 1883 – 9 August 1915) was a New Zealand rugby union forward, who played for the All Blacks, and represented Taranaki and Wellington provinces. Playing for the Melrose Club in Wellington, he was selected in 1908 for the provincial team that played and defeated the Anglo-Welsh team on tour in New Zealand. After moving to Taranaki in 1910, he was soon selected to represent the province. Coming close to winning the Ranfurly Shield in 1912, a subsequent challenge the following year was successful against the longtime holders Auckland. He earned selection to the North Island team for the annual Inter-Island match and thereafter was picked to play for the All Blacks, first to play Australia and then for the tour of North America, in which he played 14 of the 16 games, including the 51–3 defeat of the All America team. Soon after the British Empire declared war on Germany on 5 August 1914, Dewar signed up to the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, and took part in the expedition to occupy German Samoa, departing the day after he played for Taranaki defending a challenge from Wairarapa. On his return, he volunteered again for active service and enlisted in the Wellington Mounted Rifles, joining the machine gun section. After promotion to sergeant, he departed in October for Egypt. There, he captained his regiment's rugby team in matches against other New Zealand and Australian regiments. He landed at Anzac Cove on 8 August 1915 and participated in the action to capture Chunuk Bair in the Gallipoli Campaign. The following day he was killed in action. Early life Henry Dewar, born 13 October 1883 in Foxton, New Zealand, was the son of Alexander and Lydia Dewar. He spent most of his early years in Wellington until moving to Taranaki in 1910 where he worked as an iron moulder for B. Harkness of Stratford. Rugby career The New Zealand team before their departure to North America in 1913. Dewar is standing in the second from back row, second from the right. Dewar first played for the Melrose Club in Wellington and was selected for Wellington province in 1907. In 1908, he was a member of the Wellington team that defeated the touring Anglo-Welsh 19–13 on 27 May. The visitors played much of the game with fourteen players, only six forwards, after an injury in the first half: the captains, before the game, had agreed that there would be no substitutions for injury. Dewar and Rush, in particular, as well as Harding and Cracroft Wilson, bore the "heat and burden of a truly Homeric struggle." Later in the year, on 15 August, he took part in a Ranfurly Shield challenge, which resulted in a heavy 24–3 defeat for Wellington at the hands of Auckland. The challengers, away to Auckland, were the underdogs but it was expected to be a close game, and at half-time Auckland were just leading by a conversion, 5–3. In the second half, Auckland's forwards imposed themselves on Wellington, who struggled to maintain the pace and were unable to respond to Auckland's scoring. Dewar moved to Taranaki in 1910, where he played his club rugby for Stratford; he captained the team in 1913. He was first selected for Taranaki that year and continued to represent the club until the outbreak of the First World War. In 1912, Taranaki, with Dewar in the team, came close to winning the Ranfurly Shield from Auckland, losing 6–5. In front of a 12,000-spectator home crowd, Auckland dominated in the first half, scoring six points through a try and a penalty kick. The second half saw Taranaki's forwards take control for long periods, resulting in a converted try, but despite ongoing attacks, the visitors were unable to add to their score and lost by just one point. 1913 Season 1913 saw Dewar's best season. His provincial form saw him selected for the North Island in the annual Inter-Island match, having been nominated for inclusion the previous year but not selected. In the event, the North was beaten 25–0. He was then part of the Taranaki team that ended Auckland's long tenure of the Ranfurly Shield, in a game described as "the finest match... and the most exciting... ever witnessed in the history of the Ranfurly Shield". Taranaki controlled the first half, with the forwards stronger than their opponents in every aspect, scoring the first points. The visitors' lead of 0–3, however, changed to a half-time score of 5–3 in Auckland's favour after an injury temporarily reduced the opposition to fourteen men. Soon after the break, Taranaki took the lead through a try, and then a second — scored by Dewar, who was continuously "in the thick of it" — took them four points ahead, 5–9. The home side responded with two tries of their own to take back a two-point lead. Towards the end of the game, Taranaki scored one more try, which was converted and gave them a 14–11 victory to win the Shield for the first time: Auckland was the first team to be awarded the Shield in 1902 and, after Wellington won it in 1904, regained it and held on to it continuously from 1906. He also played in the Taranaki side that was only narrowly beaten by the touring Australians in 1913. His form in these games earned him a place with the All Blacks. On 6 September 1913, he played in the 30–5 first test win over Australia at Athletic Park: Albert Downing and George Sellars played alongside him and were also later killed in action in the First World War. Dewar was then selected, along with four other Taranaki players, for the tour of North America, playing in 14 of the 16 games, including the 51–3 victory over the All America team for his second test cap. He received particular mention in the test match for a cunning dummy pass to Downing on his right, drawing the defence and passing to five-eighths McKenzie on his left to run in for a try. He scored just one try. There was little interest in the American press about the tour. A single short paragraph in the New-York Tribune reports on the 51–3 defeat of the USA team on 15 November. In 1914, Dewar participated in Taranaki's defence of the Shield against Wellington on 24 June, winning 14–10; Wanganui, on 27 June, winning 17–3; Manawatu, on 23 July, winning 11–3, with Dewar "prominent"; Horowhenua; and Wairarapa, on 14 August, winning 22–3. Within days of this last game, a number of Taranaki's players, including Dewar, left to join the New Zealand Expeditionary Force: "a brilliant forward... who would almost certainly have gone to Australia this season if he had been available for selection". Although defeating Canterbury on 20 August, Taranaki's pack was particularly weakened by Dewar's absence, and only managed to win 6–5 with a last minute try. Against a second challenge from Wellington on 10 September, the conspicuous absence of this "fine leader of forwards" contributed to the loss of the Shield. His obituary in The Sun described him as "one of the best forwards in the New Zealand team which visited California... he was fast and very clever, and always gave of his best. He was a good all-round athlete — an excellent boxer and no mean cricketer." International appearances Opposition Score Result Date Venue Ref(s)  Australia 30–5 Win 6 Sep 1913 Wellington, New Zealand  United States 3–51 Win 15 Nov 1913 Berkeley, California Military career D. Stewart Macfarlane and Henry Dewar (standing), photographed in Egypt. Dewar enlisted early, joining the New Zealand Expeditionary Force leaving on 15 August 1914 for German Samoa. On his return he volunteered again, joining the 9th Wellington Mounted Rifles as a machine gunner and was based at Awapuni Racecourse, Palmerston North; he was promoted quickly to sergeant. On 16 October 1914, after training, Dewar embarked on the Orari at Wellington en route for Egypt. There, Dewar captained the Wellington Mounted Rifles rugby team in several matches against other regiments — beating the First Australian Light Horse, the Canterbury Mounted Rifles, and the Auckland Mounted Rifles — before his regiment landed on 8 August 1915 at Anzac Cove, Gallipoli. Twenty-four hours later, on 9 August 1915, Dewar lost his life in the assault on Chunuk Bair — Albert Downing was killed in the same action, the first All Black to be killed in the war. Sergeant Henry Dewar is commemorated on the Chunuk Bair (NZ) Memorial Turkey (Panel 4). His mother, sister and brother published these words in memoriam: Our thoughts they ever wander to a soldier's honoured grave, Never will we forget the noble sacrifice you made; For our hearts arc still united in that same fond love for you, And loving thoughts are cherished of one so brave and true. Your cheery, sunny countenance will not from memory fade, For we see you in the photo, in the home you died to save; And when our hearts are sore for you we seem to hear you say, Break not your heart, dear mother, we will meet on that Eternal Day. So widely known; so highly esteemed. Notes ^ Some sources say Dewar was born in Wellington. References ^ a b McCarthy 1968, p. 62. ^ Sewell 1919, p. 41. ^ a b "A Soldier and a Rugby Player". National Army Museum. Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2015. ^ a b c d e Knight, Lindsay. "Norkey Dewar". allblacks.com. Retrieved 14 July 2015. ^ a b c d e McCrery 2014, p. 132. ^ Swan 1952, p. 54. ^ "Britain v Wellington". Auckland Start. 27 May 1908. p. 3. Retrieved 15 July 2015. ^ "The Wellington Match". The Star. No. 9247. 28 May 1908. p. 2. Retrieved 15 July 2015. ^ "Comments on the Game". The Dominion. 28 May 1908. p. 5. Retrieved 15 July 2015. ^ "The Rugby Game". The New Zealand Herald. 15 August 1908. p. 8. Retrieved 15 July 2015. ^ "The Ranfurly Shield". Auckland Star. 17 August 1908. p. 7. Retrieved 15 July 2015. ^ "Stratford News". Taranaki Daily News. 13 May 1913. p. 3. Retrieved 16 July 2015. ^ "Struggle for the Shield". Poverty Bay Herald. 19 August 1912. p. 7. Retrieved 16 July 2015. ^ a b "Inter-Island Match". The New Zealand Herald. 28 July 1913. p. 4. Retrieved 15 July 2015. ^ "New Zealand Rugby Union". Hawera & Normanby Star. 27 June 1912. p. 5. Retrieved 15 July 2015. ^ "A Great Game". Poverty Bay Herald. 20 August 1913. p. 4. Retrieved 16 July 2015. ^ "Gone at last". Auckland Star. 18 August 1913. p. 8. Retrieved 16 July 2015. ^ "Taranaki Rugby Union". Hawera & Normanby Star. 25 March 1914. p. 5. Retrieved 16 July 2015. ^ "The All America Match". Auckland Star. 19 December 1913. p. 8. Retrieved 16 July 2015. ^ "Rugby Football". Hawera & Normanby Star. 25 October 1913. p. 11. Retrieved 16 July 2015. ^ "Mowatt Mitchell From The Rugby History Society". therugbyhistorysociety.co.uk. ^ "The Ranfurly Shield Wellington v Taranaki". Auckland Star. 25 June 1914. p. 7. Retrieved 16 July 2015. ^ "The Ranfurly Shield". Otago Daily Times. No. 16112. 29 June 1914. p. 2. Retrieved 16 July 2015. ^ "Taranaki defeat Manawatu". Taranaki Daily News. 24 July 1914. p. 3. Retrieved 16 July 2015. ^ "Taranaki Defeats Wairarapa". Wairarapa Daily Times. 14 August 1914. p. 6. Retrieved 16 July 2015. ^ a b "The Taranaki Match". The Sun. 24 August 1914. p. 4. Retrieved 16 July 2015. ^ "The Ranfurly Shield". The Sun. 11 September 1914. p. 2. Retrieved 16 July 2015. ^ "For King and Empire". The Sun. 30 August 1915. p. 6. Retrieved 16 July 2015. ^ "Rugby Union – ESPN Scrum – New Zealand v Australia at Wellington". ESPN scrum. ^ "Rugby Union – ESPN Scrum – United States of America v New Zealand at Berkeley". ESPN scrum. ^ "Taranaki Defeat Wairarapa". The Dominion. 14 August 1914. p. 8. Retrieved 16 July 2015. ^ "News and Notes". Taranaki Daily News. 4 September 1915. p. 7. Retrieved 16 July 2015. ^ McCrery 2014, pp. 132–3. ^ "With the New Zealanders in Egypt". Free Lance. 10 April 1915. p. 19. Retrieved 16 July 2015. ^ a b McCrery 2014, p. 133. ^ "In Memoriam". The Evening Post. 9 August 1918. p. 1. Retrieved 10 July 2015. Bibliography McCarthy, Winston (1968). Haka! The All Blacks Story. London: Pelham Books. McCrery, Nigel (2014). Into Touch: Rugby Internationals Killed in the Great War. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-3321-0. Sewell, Edward Humphrey Dalrymple (1919). The Rugby Football Internationals Roll of Honour. London, Edinburgh: T. C. & E. C. Jack. Swan, Arthur C.; Jackson, Gordon F. W. (1952). Wellington's Rugby History 1870–1950. Wellington, New Zealand: A. H. & A. W. Reed. External links "Henry Dewar". Online Cenotaph – He Toa Taumata Rau. Retrieved 15 July 2015. Authority control databases: People Commonwealth War Graves Commission
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Dewar (physician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Dewar_(physician)"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_positions#Forwards"},{"link_name":"All Blacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Taranaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranaki_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_British_Lions_tour_to_New_Zealand_and_Australia"},{"link_name":"Taranaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranaki"},{"link_name":"Ranfurly Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranfurly_Shield"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"occupy German Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Wairarapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wairarapa_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"Wellington Mounted Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Mounted_Rifles_Regiment"},{"link_name":"sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant"},{"link_name":"Anzac Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZAC_Cove"},{"link_name":"Chunuk Bair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chunuk_Bair"},{"link_name":"Gallipoli Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign"}],"text":"New Zealand rugby union footballerFor the Scottish physician and writer, see Henry Dewar (physician).Rugby playerHenry \"Norkey\" Dewar (13 October 1883 – 9 August 1915) was a New Zealand rugby union forward, who played for the All Blacks, and represented Taranaki and Wellington provinces.Playing for the Melrose Club in Wellington, he was selected in 1908 for the provincial team that played and defeated the Anglo-Welsh team on tour in New Zealand. After moving to Taranaki in 1910, he was soon selected to represent the province. Coming close to winning the Ranfurly Shield in 1912, a subsequent challenge the following year was successful against the longtime holders Auckland. He earned selection to the North Island team for the annual Inter-Island match and thereafter was picked to play for the All Blacks, first to play Australia and then for the tour of North America, in which he played 14 of the 16 games, including the 51–3 defeat of the All America team.Soon after the British Empire declared war on Germany on 5 August 1914, Dewar signed up to the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, and took part in the expedition to occupy German Samoa, departing the day after he played for Taranaki defending a challenge from Wairarapa. On his return, he volunteered again for active service and enlisted in the Wellington Mounted Rifles, joining the machine gun section. After promotion to sergeant, he departed in October for Egypt. There, he captained his regiment's rugby team in matches against other New Zealand and Australian regiments. He landed at Anzac Cove on 8 August 1915 and participated in the action to capture Chunuk Bair in the Gallipoli Campaign. The following day he was killed in action.","title":"Henry Dewar (rugby union)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foxton, New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAM-3"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCrery2014132-6"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"iron moulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_moulder"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCrery2014132-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAM-3"}],"text":"Henry Dewar, born 13 October 1883 in Foxton, New Zealand,[3][a] was the son of Alexander and Lydia Dewar.[5] He spent most of his early years in Wellington until moving to Taranaki in 1910 where he worked as an iron moulder for B. Harkness of Stratford.[5][3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1913_All_Blacks_team_that_toured_California.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllBlacks-4"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_British_Lions_tour_to_New_Zealand_and_Australia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwan195254-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ranfurly Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranfurly_Shield"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCrery2014132-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"conversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Try_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Taranaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranaki"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Taranaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranaki_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllBlacks-4"},{"link_name":"try","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Try_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The New Zealand team before their departure to North America in 1913. Dewar is standing in the second from back row, second from the right.Dewar first played for the Melrose Club in Wellington and was selected for Wellington province in 1907.[4] In 1908, he was a member of the Wellington team that defeated the touring Anglo-Welsh 19–13 on 27 May. The visitors played much of the game with fourteen players, only six forwards, after an injury in the first half: the captains, before the game, had agreed that there would be no substitutions for injury. Dewar and Rush, in particular, as well as Harding and Cracroft Wilson, bore the \"heat and burden of a truly Homeric struggle.\"[6][7][8][9]Later in the year, on 15 August, he took part in a Ranfurly Shield challenge, which resulted in a heavy 24–3 defeat for Wellington at the hands of Auckland.[5] The challengers, away to Auckland, were the underdogs but it was expected to be a close game,[10] and at half-time Auckland were just leading by a conversion, 5–3. In the second half, Auckland's forwards imposed themselves on Wellington, who struggled to maintain the pace and were unable to respond to Auckland's scoring.[11]Dewar moved to Taranaki in 1910, where he played his club rugby for Stratford; he captained the team in 1913.[12] He was first selected for Taranaki that year and continued to represent the club until the outbreak of the First World War.[4] In 1912, Taranaki, with Dewar in the team, came close to winning the Ranfurly Shield from Auckland, losing 6–5. In front of a 12,000-spectator home crowd, Auckland dominated in the first half, scoring six points through a try and a penalty kick. The second half saw Taranaki's forwards take control for long periods, resulting in a converted try, but despite ongoing attacks, the visitors were unable to add to their score and lost by just one point.[13]","title":"Rugby career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-II13-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-II13-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Albert Downing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Downing"},{"link_name":"George Sellars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sellars"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCrery2014132-6"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"tour of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_New_Zealand_rugby_union_tour_of_North_America"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCrery2014132-6"},{"link_name":"dummy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dummy_(football)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"New-York Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New-York_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Wanganui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanganui_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Manawatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manawatu_Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Horowhenua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horowhenua-Kapiti_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllBlacks-4"},{"link_name":"Wairarapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wairarapa_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wairarapa-26"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM-27"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTM-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"1913 Season","text":"1913 saw Dewar's best season. His provincial form saw him selected for the North Island in the annual Inter-Island match, having been nominated for inclusion the previous year but not selected.[14][15] In the event, the North was beaten 25–0.[14] He was then part of the Taranaki team that ended Auckland's long tenure of the Ranfurly Shield, in a game described as \"the finest match... and the most exciting... ever witnessed in the history of the Ranfurly Shield\". Taranaki controlled the first half, with the forwards stronger than their opponents in every aspect, scoring the first points. The visitors' lead of 0–3, however, changed to a half-time score of 5–3 in Auckland's favour after an injury temporarily reduced the opposition to fourteen men. Soon after the break, Taranaki took the lead through a try, and then a second — scored by Dewar, who was continuously \"in the thick of it\" — took them four points ahead, 5–9. The home side responded with two tries of their own to take back a two-point lead. Towards the end of the game, Taranaki scored one more try, which was converted and gave them a 14–11 victory to win the Shield for the first time: Auckland was the first team to be awarded the Shield in 1902 and, after Wellington won it in 1904, regained it and held on to it continuously from 1906.[16][17]He also played in the Taranaki side that was only narrowly beaten by the touring Australians in 1913. His form in these games earned him a place with the All Blacks. On 6 September 1913, he played in the 30–5 first test win over Australia at Athletic Park: Albert Downing and George Sellars played alongside him and were also later killed in action in the First World War.[5] Dewar was then selected, along with four other Taranaki players,[18] for the tour of North America, playing in 14 of the 16 games, including the 51–3 victory over the All America team for his second test cap.[5] He received particular mention in the test match for a cunning dummy pass to Downing on his right, drawing the defence and passing to five-eighths McKenzie on his left to run in for a try.[19] He scored just one try.[20] There was little interest in the American press about the tour. A single short paragraph in the New-York Tribune reports on the 51–3 defeat of the USA team on 15 November.[21]In 1914, Dewar participated in Taranaki's defence of the Shield against Wellington on 24 June, winning 14–10;[22] Wanganui, on 27 June, winning 17–3;[23] Manawatu, on 23 July, winning 11–3, with Dewar \"prominent\";[24] Horowhenua;[4] and Wairarapa, on 14 August, winning 22–3.[25] Within days of this last game, a number of Taranaki's players, including Dewar, left to join the New Zealand Expeditionary Force: \"a brilliant forward... who would almost certainly have gone to Australia this season [on the All Blacks tour] if he had been available for selection\".[26] Although defeating Canterbury on 20 August, Taranaki's pack was particularly weakened by Dewar's absence, and only managed to win 6–5 with a last minute try.[26] Against a second challenge from Wellington on 10 September, the conspicuous absence of this \"fine leader of forwards\" contributed to the loss of the Shield.[27]His obituary in The Sun described him as \"one of the best forwards in the New Zealand team which visited California... he was fast and very clever, and always gave of his best. He was a good all-round athlete — an excellent boxer and no mean cricketer.\"[28]","title":"Rugby career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International appearances","title":"Rugby career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macfarlane_and_Dewar.png"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"German Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Samoa"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Wellington Mounted Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Mounted_Rifles_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Awapuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awapuni,_Palmerston_North"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCrery2014132%E2%80%933-34"},{"link_name":"Australian Light Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Light_Horse"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Mounted Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Mounted_Rifles_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Auckland Mounted Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Mounted_Rifles_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Anzac Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZAC_Cove"},{"link_name":"Gallipoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllBlacks-4"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCrery2014133-36"},{"link_name":"Chunuk Bair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chunuk_Bair"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCrery2014133-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"D. Stewart Macfarlane and Henry Dewar (standing), photographed in Egypt.Dewar enlisted early, joining the New Zealand Expeditionary Force leaving on 15 August 1914 for German Samoa.[31][32] On his return he volunteered again, joining the 9th Wellington Mounted Rifles as a machine gunner and was based at Awapuni Racecourse, Palmerston North; he was promoted quickly to sergeant. On 16 October 1914, after training, Dewar embarked on the Orari at Wellington en route for Egypt.[33] There, Dewar captained the Wellington Mounted Rifles rugby team in several matches against other regiments — beating the First Australian Light Horse, the Canterbury Mounted Rifles, and the Auckland Mounted Rifles[34] — before his regiment landed on 8 August 1915 at Anzac Cove, Gallipoli.[4][35] Twenty-four hours later, on 9 August 1915, Dewar lost his life in the assault on Chunuk Bair — Albert Downing was killed in the same action, the first All Black to be killed in the war. Sergeant Henry Dewar is commemorated on the Chunuk Bair (NZ) Memorial Turkey (Panel 4).[35]His mother, sister and brother published these words in memoriam:Our thoughts they ever wander to a soldier's honoured grave,\nNever will we forget the noble sacrifice you made;\nFor our hearts arc still united in that same fond love for you,\nAnd loving thoughts are cherished of one so brave and true.\nYour cheery, sunny countenance will not from memory fade,\nFor we see you in the photo, in the home you died to save;\nAnd when our hearts are sore for you we seem to hear you say,\nBreak not your heart, dear mother, we will meet on that Eternal Day.\n\nSo widely known; so highly esteemed.[36]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy196862-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllBlacks-4"}],"text":"^ Some sources say Dewar was born in Wellington.[1][4]","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The New Zealand team before their departure to North America in 1913. Dewar is standing in the second from back row, second from the right.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/1913_All_Blacks_team_that_toured_California.jpg/300px-1913_All_Blacks_team_that_toured_California.jpg"},{"image_text":"D. Stewart Macfarlane and Henry Dewar (standing), photographed in Egypt.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Macfarlane_and_Dewar.png/220px-Macfarlane_and_Dewar.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"A Soldier and a Rugby Player\". National Army Museum. Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190221081046/https://www.armymuseum.co.nz/newsletter/museum-news-october-2011.html","url_text":"\"A Soldier and a Rugby Player\""},{"url":"http://www.armymuseum.co.nz/newsletter/museum-news-october-2011.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Knight, Lindsay. \"Norkey Dewar\". allblacks.com. Retrieved 14 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.allblacks.com/asp/profile.asp?ABID=221","url_text":"\"Norkey Dewar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Britain v Wellington\". Auckland Start. 27 May 1908. p. 3. Retrieved 15 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=AS19080527.2.13&srpos=21","url_text":"\"Britain v Wellington\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Star","url_text":"Auckland Start"}]},{"reference":"\"The Wellington Match\". The Star. No. 9247. 28 May 1908. p. 2. Retrieved 15 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=TS19080528.2.34&srpos=22","url_text":"\"The Wellington Match\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_(Christchurch)","url_text":"The Star"}]},{"reference":"\"Comments on the Game\". The Dominion. 28 May 1908. p. 5. Retrieved 15 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=DOM19080528.2.17&srpos=24","url_text":"\"Comments on the Game\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Rugby Game\". The New Zealand Herald. 15 August 1908. p. 8. Retrieved 15 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NZH19080815.2.67.1&srpos=73","url_text":"\"The Rugby Game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald","url_text":"The New Zealand Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"The Ranfurly Shield\". Auckland Star. 17 August 1908. p. 7. Retrieved 15 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=AS19080817.2.56&srpos=74","url_text":"\"The Ranfurly Shield\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Star","url_text":"Auckland Star"}]},{"reference":"\"Stratford News\". Taranaki Daily News. 13 May 1913. p. 3. Retrieved 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=TDN19130513.2.9&srpos=167","url_text":"\"Stratford News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Struggle for the Shield\". Poverty Bay Herald. 19 August 1912. p. 7. Retrieved 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=PBH19120819.2.73.1&srpos=132","url_text":"\"Struggle for the Shield\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inter-Island Match\". The New Zealand Herald. 28 July 1913. p. 4. Retrieved 15 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NZH19130728.2.9.1&srpos=197","url_text":"\"Inter-Island Match\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald","url_text":"The New Zealand Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand Rugby Union\". Hawera & Normanby Star. 27 June 1912. p. 5. Retrieved 15 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=HNS19120627.2.47.1&srpos=106","url_text":"\"New Zealand Rugby Union\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Great Game\". Poverty Bay Herald. 20 August 1913. p. 4. Retrieved 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=PBH19130820.2.73&srpos=235","url_text":"\"A Great Game\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gone at last\". Auckland Star. 18 August 1913. p. 8. Retrieved 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=AS19130818.2.82.1&srpos=226","url_text":"\"Gone at last\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Star","url_text":"Auckland Star"}]},{"reference":"\"Taranaki Rugby Union\". Hawera & Normanby Star. 25 March 1914. p. 5. Retrieved 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=HNS19140325.2.55&srpos=266","url_text":"\"Taranaki Rugby Union\""}]},{"reference":"\"The All America Match\". Auckland Star. 19 December 1913. p. 8. Retrieved 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=AS19131219.2.84&srpos=265","url_text":"\"The All America Match\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Star","url_text":"Auckland Star"}]},{"reference":"\"Rugby Football\". Hawera & Normanby Star. 25 October 1913. p. 11. Retrieved 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=HNS19131025.2.76.3&srpos=262","url_text":"\"Rugby Football\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mowatt Mitchell From The Rugby History Society\". therugbyhistorysociety.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://therugbyhistorysociety.co.uk/mitchellmm.html","url_text":"\"Mowatt Mitchell From The Rugby History Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ranfurly Shield Wellington v Taranaki\". Auckland Star. 25 June 1914. p. 7. Retrieved 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=AS19140625.2.67&srpos=283","url_text":"\"The Ranfurly Shield Wellington v Taranaki\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Star","url_text":"Auckland Star"}]},{"reference":"\"The Ranfurly Shield\". Otago Daily Times. No. 16112. 29 June 1914. p. 2. Retrieved 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=ODT19140629.2.3&srpos=143","url_text":"\"The Ranfurly Shield\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taranaki defeat Manawatu\". Taranaki Daily News. 24 July 1914. p. 3. Retrieved 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=TDN19140724.2.10&srpos=10","url_text":"\"Taranaki defeat Manawatu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taranaki Defeats Wairarapa\". Wairarapa Daily Times. 14 August 1914. p. 6. Retrieved 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=WDT19140814.2.30&srpos=11","url_text":"\"Taranaki Defeats Wairarapa\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Taranaki Match\". The Sun. 24 August 1914. p. 4. Retrieved 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=SUNCH19140824.2.29&srpos=13&e=-06-1914--10-1914--100--1-byDA---0Taranaki+Ranfurly+rugby+Dewar-ARTICLE-","url_text":"\"The Taranaki Match\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ranfurly Shield\". The Sun. 11 September 1914. p. 2. Retrieved 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=SUNCH19140911.2.4.5&srpos=16","url_text":"\"The Ranfurly Shield\""}]},{"reference":"\"For King and Empire\". The Sun. 30 August 1915. p. 6. Retrieved 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=SUNCH19150830.2.40&srpos=19","url_text":"\"For King and Empire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rugby Union – ESPN Scrum – New Zealand v Australia at Wellington\". ESPN scrum.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.espn.co.uk/statsguru/rugby/match/19180.html","url_text":"\"Rugby Union – ESPN Scrum – New Zealand v Australia at Wellington\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rugby Union – ESPN Scrum – United States of America v New Zealand at Berkeley\". ESPN scrum.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.espn.co.uk/statsguru/rugby/match/19183.html","url_text":"\"Rugby Union – ESPN Scrum – United States of America v New Zealand at Berkeley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taranaki Defeat Wairarapa\". The Dominion. 14 August 1914. p. 8. Retrieved 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=DOM19140814.2.41&srpos=1","url_text":"\"Taranaki Defeat Wairarapa\""}]},{"reference":"\"News and Notes\". Taranaki Daily News. 4 September 1915. p. 7. Retrieved 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=TDN19150904.2.39&srpos=29","url_text":"\"News and Notes\""}]},{"reference":"\"With the New Zealanders in Egypt\". Free Lance. 10 April 1915. p. 19. Retrieved 16 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=NZFL19150410.2.41&srpos=7","url_text":"\"With the New Zealanders in Egypt\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Memoriam\". The Evening Post. 9 August 1918. p. 1. Retrieved 10 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19180809.2.3&cl=&srpos=0","url_text":"\"In Memoriam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evening_Post_(New_Zealand)","url_text":"The Evening Post"}]},{"reference":"McCarthy, Winston (1968). Haka! The All Blacks Story. London: Pelham Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_McCarthy","url_text":"McCarthy, Winston"}]},{"reference":"McCrery, Nigel (2014). Into Touch: Rugby Internationals Killed in the Great War. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-3321-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-3321-0","url_text":"978-1-4738-3321-0"}]},{"reference":"Sewell, Edward Humphrey Dalrymple (1919). The Rugby Football Internationals Roll of Honour. London, Edinburgh: T. C. & E. C. Jack.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._H._D._Sewell","url_text":"Sewell, Edward Humphrey Dalrymple"}]},{"reference":"Swan, Arthur C.; Jackson, Gordon F. W. (1952). Wellington's Rugby History 1870–1950. Wellington, New Zealand: A. H. & A. W. Reed.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Henry Dewar\". Online Cenotaph – He Toa Taumata Rau. Retrieved 15 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aucklandmuseum.com/war-memorial/online-cenotaph/record/C3926","url_text":"\"Henry Dewar\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geographical_Congress
International Geographical Union
["1 Objectives","2 Senior officers","2.1 Presidents","2.2 Secretaries-General and Treasurers","3 Commissions and Task Forces","3.1 IGU-CGE","4 List of congresses","4.1 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
Association of professional geographers This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) International Geographical Union (IGU)Union géographique internationale (UGI)AbbreviationIGU/UGIFormation1922; 102 years ago (1922)Founded atBrussels, BelgiumTypeINGOLocationSecretariat:Department of GeographyUniversity of IstanbulIstanbul, TurkeyRegion served WorldwideOfficial language English, French, SpanishPresident Michael MeadowsSecretary-General Barbaros Gönençgil (acting)AffiliationsInternational Science CouncilWebsiteIGU-Online.org The International Geographical Union (IGU; French: Union géographique internationale, UGI) is an international geographical society. The first International Geographical Congress was held in Antwerp in 1871. Subsequent meetings led to the establishment of the permanent organization in 1922 in Brussels, Belgium. The International Geographical Union adheres to the International Science Council (ISC), which it recognizes as the coordinating body for the international organisations of science. Objectives The IGU has seven objectives or aims: to promote the study of geographical problems; to initiate and co-ordinate geographical research requiring international co-operation and to promote its scientific discussion and publication; to provide for the participation of geographers in the work of relevant international organizations; to facilitate the collection and diffusion of geographical data and documentation in and between all member countries; to promote International Geographical Congresses, regional conferences and specialized symposia related to the objectives of the Union; to participate in any other appropriate form of international co-operation with the object of advancing the study and application of geography; to promote international standardization or compatibility of methods, nomenclature, and symbols employed in geography. Senior officers The following lists contain the senior officers of the IGU from 1922 to present. Presidents 2021–present Michael Meadows 2016–21 Yukio Himiyama 2012–16 Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kolosov 2008–12 Ronald Francis Abler 2006–07 José Palacio-Prieto (acting) 2004–06 Adalberto Vallega (died in office) 2000–04 Anne Buttimer 1996–2000 Bruno Messerli 1992–96 Herman Th. Verstappen 1988–92 Roland J. Fuchs 1984–88 Peter Scott 1980–84 Akin L. Mabogunje 1976–80 Michael J. Wise 1972–76 Jean Dresch 1968–72 Stanisław Leszczycki 1964–68 Shiba P. Chatterjee 1960–64 Carl Troll 1956–60 Hans Wilhelmsson Ahlmann 1952–56 L. Dudley Stamp 1949–52 George B. Cressey 1938–49 Emmanuel de Martonne 1934–38 Sir Charles Close 1931–34 Isaiah Bowman 1928–31 General Robert Bourgeois 1924–28 General Nicola Vacchelli 1922–24 Prince Roland Bonaparte Secretaries-General and Treasurers 2021–present Barbaros Gönençgil (acting) 2010–20 Michael Meadows 2008–10 Yu Woo-ik 2000–08 Ronald Francis Abler 1992–2000 Eckart Ehlers 1984–92 Leszek A. Kosiński 1976–84 Walther Manshard 1968–76 Chauncy D. Harris 1956–68 Hans Boesch 1949–56 George H. T. Kimble 1940-49 Marguerite Lefèvre 1938–40 Paul Michotte 1931–38 Emmanuel de Martonne 1928–31 Filippo De Filippi 1922–28 Sir Charles Close Commissions and Task Forces The IGU is organized into a number of commissions and task forces that deal with specific topics. The commission topics include e.g. specific approaches (e.g. Applied Geography), topics (e.g. Climatology, Health and Environment), methods (e.g. Geographical Information Science), and spatial examples (e.g. Mediterranean Basin). There are also commissions for the International Olympiad and Geographical Education. The two task forces are "Young and Early-Career Geographers" and "Centennial and Sesquicentennial". IGU-CGE The IGU-CGE (Commission on Geographical Education) focuses on geography education. It is currently headed by co-chairs Clare Brooks (UK) and Chew-Hung Chang (Singapore). It publishes the IRGEE journal and organizes yearly conferences. The "International Charter on Geographical Education" constitutes an international agreement on different aspects of geography education with global impacts. The 2016 charter features important geography education research questions and policy recommendations. As such the charter is: Convinced that geographical education is indispensable to the development of responsible and active citizens in the present and future world; Conscious that geography can be an informing, enabling and stimulating subject at all levels in education, and contributes to a lifelong enjoyment and understanding of our world; Aware that students require increasing international competence in order to ensure effective cooperation on a broad range of economic, political, cultural and environmental issues in a shrinking world; Concerned that geographical education is neglected in some parts of the world, and lacks structure and coherence in others; Ready to assist colleagues in counteracting geographical illiteracy in all countries of the world. In the 1992 charter there is also information on geographic questions, key concepts, approaches and the selection of spatial examples. List of congresses International Geographical Congresses have been held as follows: Congressnumber Year City 1st 1922 Paris 2nd 1928 Cambridge 3rd 1931 Paris 4th 1934 Warsaw 5th 1938 Amsterdam 6th 1949 Lisbon 7th 1952 Washington, D.C. 8th 1956 Rio de Janeiro 9th 1960 Stockholm 10th 1964 London 11th 1968 New Delhi 12th 1972 Montreal 13th 1976 Moscow 14th 1980 Tokyo 15th 1984 Paris 16th 1988 Sydney 17th 1992 Washington, D.C. 18th 1996 The Hague 19th 2000 Seoul 20th 2004 Glasgow 21st 2008 Tunis 22nd 2012 Cologne 23rd 2016 Beijing 24th 2021 Istanbul * 2022 Paris 25th 2024 Dublin 26th 2028 Melbourne * Extraordinary Congress Notes ^ Originally scheduled for 2020, the Congress was postponed by one year due to the COVID-19 pandemic. ^ Extraordinary Congress for IGU Centenary. References ^ "Commissions". IGU Online. Retrieved 2018-06-28. ^ "People - IGU CGE". IGU CGE. Retrieved 2018-06-28. ^ "Home - IGU CGE". IGU CGE. Retrieved 2018-06-28. ^ "2016 Charter - IGU CGE". IGU CGE. Retrieved 2018-06-28. ^ "1992 Charter - IGU CGE". IGU CGE. Retrieved 2018-06-28. ^ "List of congresses". International Geographical Union. 3 August 2021. Kish, George (1992) "International Geographical Union: A Brief History" GeoJournal 26, No. 2:224-228 ISSN 0343-2521 Marie-Claire Robic, Anne-Marie Briend, Mechtild Rössler (eds.) (1996) Geographers to the world. The International Geographical Union and the International Geographical Congress Paris: L'Harmattan ISBN 9782738445735 Dunbar, Gary S. (2001) Geography: Discipline, Profession and Subject since 1870: An International Survey Kluwer Academic Publishers ISBN 1-4020-0019-7 pg 36 Lidstone, John; Williams, Michael (2006) Geographical Education in a Changing World: Past Experience, Current Trends and Future Challenges Springer ISBN 978-1-4020-4806-7 pg 39 International Geographical Union (IGU) Royal Irish Academy (RIA) External links International Geographical Union/Union Géographique Internationale International Geographical Union - Russian National Committee vteInternational Science Council (ISC)Nationalmembers Albania Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Benin Bolivia Bosnia & Herzegovina Republika Srpska Botswana Brazil ANPOCS Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cameroon Canada SSHRC Chile China CASS Colombia Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Cuba Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Egypt El Salvador Estonia Eswatini Ethiopia Finland France Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Honduras Hungary India ICSSR Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya North Korea South Korea KSSRC KAST Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mauritius Mexico COMECSO Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria North Macedonia Norway UB Oman Pakistan Panama Peru Philippines PSSC Poland Portugal Romania Russia Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia South Africa HSRC Spain Sri Lanka Sudan SNAS Sweden Switzerland Switzerland Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tunisia Turkey Science Academy TÜBİTAK Uganda Ukraine United Kingdom British Academy ESRC United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Zambia Zimbabwe RCZ Transnationalmembers ACSS AASSREC CASS CLACSO CODESRIA FLACSO UAI OSSREA USP Unions andassociations 4S IALS IASSA IAU ICA IEA IFSM IGU IMU INQUA IPRA IPSA ISA ISEE ISPRS IUBMB IUBS IUCr IUFoST IUFRO IUGG IUGS IUHPST IUIS IUMRS IUMS IUNS IUPAB IUPAC IUPAP IUPESM IUPHAR IUPS IUPsyS IUSS IUSSP IUTAM IUTOX URSI WAPOR WAU Affiliatedmembers AAS AASSA ACSS ASTC CIE EADI ECPR FIG GYA IAAP IAHR IASC ICA ICIAM ICLAS ICO ICSTI IFDO IFIP IFLA IFS IIASA ISA ISDE IUVSTA IWA PSA SSRC TNI TWAS UIS Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Finland United States Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii Artists ULAN Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"geographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"International Science Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Science_Council"},{"link_name":"international organisations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organization"}],"text":"The International Geographical Union (IGU; French: Union géographique internationale, UGI) is an international geographical society. The first International Geographical Congress was held in Antwerp in 1871. Subsequent meetings led to the establishment of the permanent organization in 1922 in Brussels, Belgium.The International Geographical Union adheres to the International Science Council (ISC), which it recognizes as the coordinating body for the international organisations of science.","title":"International Geographical Union"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The IGU has seven objectives or aims:to promote the study of geographical problems;\nto initiate and co-ordinate geographical research requiring international co-operation and to promote its scientific discussion and publication;\nto provide for the participation of geographers in the work of relevant international organizations;\nto facilitate the collection and diffusion of geographical data and documentation in and between all member countries;\nto promote International Geographical Congresses, regional conferences and specialized symposia related to the objectives of the Union;\nto participate in any other appropriate form of international co-operation with the object of advancing the study and application of geography;\nto promote international standardization or compatibility of methods, nomenclature, and symbols employed in geography.","title":"Objectives"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following lists contain the senior officers of the IGU from 1922 to present.","title":"Senior officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Michael Meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Meadows_(professor)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ronald Francis Abler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_F._Abler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Anne Buttimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Buttimer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Akin L. 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Dudley Stamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Dudley_Stamp"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"George B. Cressey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._Cressey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel de Martonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Martonne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Charles Close","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Close"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Isaiah Bowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Bowman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic"},{"link_name":"Roland Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Bonaparte"}],"sub_title":"Presidents","text":"2021–present Michael Meadows\n2016–21 Yukio Himiyama\n2012–16 Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kolosov\n2008–12 Ronald Francis Abler\n2006–07 José Palacio-Prieto (acting)\n2004–06 Adalberto Vallega (died in office)\n2000–04 Anne Buttimer\n1996–2000 Bruno Messerli\n1992–96 Herman Th. Verstappen\n1988–92 Roland J. Fuchs\n1984–88 Peter Scott\n1980–84 Akin L. Mabogunje\n1976–80 Michael J. Wise\n1972–76 Jean Dresch\n1968–72 Stanisław Leszczycki\n1964–68 Shiba P. Chatterjee\n1960–64 Carl Troll\n1956–60 Hans Wilhelmsson Ahlmann\n1952–56 L. Dudley Stamp\n1949–52 George B. Cressey\n1938–49 Emmanuel de Martonne\n1934–38 Sir Charles Close\n1931–34 Isaiah Bowman\n1928–31 General Robert Bourgeois\n1924–28 General Nicola Vacchelli\n1922–24 Prince Roland Bonaparte","title":"Senior officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Michael Meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Meadows_(professor)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ronald Francis Abler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_F._Abler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Chauncy D. 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Harris\n1956–68 Hans Boesch\n1949–56 George H. T. Kimble\n1940-49 Marguerite Lefèvre\n1938–40 Paul Michotte\n1931–38 Emmanuel de Martonne\n1928–31 Filippo De Filippi\n1922–28 Sir Charles Close","title":"Senior officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"International Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geography_Olympiad"}],"text":"The IGU is organized into a number of commissions and task forces that deal with specific topics.[1]The commission topics include e.g. specific approaches (e.g. Applied Geography), topics (e.g. Climatology, Health and Environment), methods (e.g. Geographical Information Science), and spatial examples (e.g. Mediterranean Basin). There are also commissions for the International Olympiad and Geographical Education.The two task forces are \"Young and Early-Career Geographers\" and \"Centennial and Sesquicentennial\".","title":"Commissions and Task Forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"IGU-CGE","text":"The IGU-CGE (Commission on Geographical Education) focuses on geography education. It is currently headed by co-chairs Clare Brooks (UK) and Chew-Hung Chang (Singapore).[2]It publishes the IRGEE journal and organizes yearly conferences.[3] The \"International Charter on Geographical Education\" constitutes an international agreement on different aspects of geography education with global impacts. The 2016 charter features important geography education research questions and policy recommendations. As such the charter is: Convinced that geographical education is indispensable to the development of responsible and active citizens in the present and future world; Conscious that geography can be an informing, enabling and stimulating subject at all levels in education, and contributes to a lifelong\nenjoyment and understanding of our world; Aware that students require increasing international competence in order to ensure effective cooperation on a broad range of economic, political, cultural and environmental issues in a shrinking world; Concerned that geographical education is neglected in some parts of the world, and lacks structure and coherence in others; Ready to assist colleagues in counteracting geographical illiteracy in all countries of the world.\n[4] In the 1992 charter there is also information on geographic questions, key concepts, approaches and the selection of spatial examples.[5]","title":"Commissions and Task Forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"International Geographical Congresses have been held as follows:[6]* Extraordinary Congress","title":"List of congresses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ Originally scheduled for 2020, the Congress was postponed by one year due to the COVID-19 pandemic.\n\n^ Extraordinary Congress for IGU Centenary.","title":"List of congresses"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Eastern_Advisory_Commission
Far Eastern Commission
["1 Background","2 Disarmament","3 References","4 Footnotes","5 Further reading"]
World War 2 commission This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: lead needs to be rewritten to explain what the FEC actually was. Please help improve this article if you can. (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Far Eastern Commission (FEC) was a Soviet commission which succeeded the Far Eastern Advisory Commission (FEAC), and oversaw the Allied Council for Japan following the end of World War II. Based in Washington, D.C., it was first agreed on at the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers, and made public in communique issued at the end of the conference on December 27, 1945. The 9 members that comprised the commission were the United States, United Kingdom, Republic of China, France, the Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand, India and the Philippines. As agreed in the communique, the FEC and the Council were dismantled following the Japanese Peace Treaty of September 8, 1951. The United States was given the dominant position on the Tokyo-based Allied Council for Japan, a concession the Republic of China was willing to accept due to the underlying influence of the informal 1944 percentages agreement. The Republic of China complied with a Western dominated post-war Japan, alike to the attitude of the United States towards the Soviet dominated spheres of influence in post-war Eastern Europe. Background Following the surrender of the Japanese Empire in August 1945, the US government began making preparations for the occupation of Japan as set in Potsdam Declaration. Friction evolved between the US government and other Allied governments, which were dissatisfied with US dominant position in Japan. In order to give other Allied governments token representation in the occupation of Japan, the US government on August 21, 1945 submitted a proposal for the establishing of the "Far Eastern Advisory Commission" to the governments of the Soviet Union, UK and China. The proposal provided for the council to consist of representatives of those countries whose governments join the agreement. According to that proposal, the powers of the commission were to make policy recommendations to the US government in enforcing the provisions of the instrument of surrender. Agreement about the formation of the commission was reached at the London Conference of Foreign Ministers (September 11 to October 2, 1945), as US Secretary of State James Byrnes and British Foreign Minister Ernest Bevin agreed to establish the commission along the lines of the US proposal made on August 21, for the purpose of preparing plans for an Allied Council for Japan. Byrnes emphasized this name change after the 1945 Moscow Conference, "As early as August 5 we invited the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and China to join with us in carrying out the objectives of the Potsdam Declaration and the Terms of Surrender for Japan. The Far Eastern Advisory Commission was established in October, but Great Britain had reservations regarding its advisory character, and the Soviet Union requested a decision regarding control machinery in Tokyo before joining the work of the Commission". The renaming of the FEAC to FEC reflected the tensions between the three major Allied powers during the last stages of the war that would soon come to head, not only in the Cold War between the USSR and US, but also the Suez Crisis between the UK and the US. The Far Eastern Commission formulated policies for Japan to fulfill under the terms of surrender. It consisted of 10 members who conducted decisions based on majority vote; however, the US, UK, USSR, and Republic of China were awarded veto power over the other members' votes. Between 6 July, 1947 and 20 December, 1948, the FEC enacted 13 policy decisions which fell into three categories: disarmament; democratization; and economic recovery. Disarmament In order to further neutralize Japan as a potential threat to the US, the Far Eastern Commission decided to partly de-industrialize post-war Japan. Japanese military and industrial disarmament was deemed to be complete after the scale of Japanese industry had been reduced to the levels of 1930–1934. (see Great Depression) References Establishment of the Commission Minter to Makin Letter CANBERRA, 3 January 1946. An Historical Publication on the website of the Australian Government's Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Footnotes ^ Stratton, Samuel S. (1948). "The Far Eastern Commission". International Organization. 2 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1017/S0020818300019214. ISSN 1531-5088. ^ Interim Meeting of Foreign Ministers, Moscow: Report by Secretary Byrnes on Moscow Meeting Archived 2006-12-30 at the Wayback Machine, December 30, 1945 ^ text of the proposal in Department of State Bulletin, October 14, 1945, p. 561 ^ "Statement on the Establishment of a Far Eastern Commission To Formulate Policies for the Carrying Out of the Japanese Surrender Terms", September 29, 1945, Department of State Bulletin, October 7, 1945, p. 545 ^ Far Eastern Commission International Organization, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Feb., 1949), pp. 180-182 ^ Frederick H. Gareau "Morgenthau's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany" The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Jun., 1961), pp. 531 ^ (Note: A footnote in Gareau also states: "For a text of this decision, see Activities ofdfawdf the Far Eastern Commission. Report of the Secretary General, February, 1946 to July 10, 1947, Appendix 30, p. 85.") Further reading 3-4 Establishing Far Eastern Commission and its Meetings with GHQ Documents with Commentaries Part 3 Formulation of the GHQ Draft and Response of the Japanese Government Transcript of Twenty-Seventh Meeting of the Far Eastern Commission, Held in Main Conference Room, 2516 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Saturday, September 21, 1946 Glossary of abbreviations relating to the Birth of the Constitution of Japan. (National Diet Library website) Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Japan Academics CiNii
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The 9 members that comprised the commission were the United States, United Kingdom, Republic of China, France, the Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand, India and the Philippines. As agreed in the communique, the FEC and the Council were dismantled following the Japanese Peace Treaty of September 8, 1951.The United States was given the dominant position on the Tokyo-based Allied Council for Japan, a concession the Republic of China was willing to accept due to the underlying influence of the informal 1944 percentages agreement. The Republic of China complied with a Western dominated post-war Japan, alike to the attitude of the United States towards the Soviet dominated spheres of influence in post-war Eastern Europe. [2]","title":"Far Eastern Commission"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Potsdam Declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"James Byrnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_F._Byrnes"},{"link_name":"Ernest Bevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Bevin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Potsdam Declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration"},{"link_name":"Terms of Surrender for Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Surrender_for_Japan"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Suez Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis"},{"link_name":"surrender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Following the surrender of the Japanese Empire in August 1945, the US government began making preparations for the occupation of Japan as set in Potsdam Declaration. Friction evolved between the US government and other Allied governments, which were dissatisfied with US dominant position in Japan. In order to give other Allied governments token representation in the occupation of Japan, the US government on August 21, 1945 submitted a proposal for the establishing of the \"Far Eastern Advisory Commission\" to the governments of the Soviet Union, UK and China. The proposal provided for the council to consist of representatives of those countries whose governments join the agreement. According to that proposal, the powers of the commission were to make policy recommendations to the US government in enforcing the provisions of the instrument of surrender.[3] \nAgreement about the formation of the commission was reached at the London Conference of Foreign Ministers (September 11 to October 2, 1945), as US Secretary of State James Byrnes and British Foreign Minister Ernest Bevin agreed to establish the commission along the lines of the US proposal made on August 21, for the purpose of preparing plans for an Allied Council for Japan.[4] Byrnes emphasized this name change after the 1945 Moscow Conference, \"As early as August 5 we invited the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and China to join with us in carrying out the objectives of the Potsdam Declaration and the Terms of Surrender for Japan. The Far Eastern Advisory Commission was established in October, but Great Britain had reservations regarding its advisory character, and the Soviet Union requested a decision regarding control machinery in Tokyo before joining the work of the Commission\". The renaming of the FEAC to FEC reflected the tensions between the three major Allied powers during the last stages of the war that would soon come to head, not only in the Cold War between the USSR and US, but also the Suez Crisis between the UK and the US.The Far Eastern Commission formulated policies for Japan to fulfill under the terms of surrender. It consisted of 10 members who conducted decisions based on majority vote; however, the US, UK, USSR, and Republic of China were awarded veto power over the other members' votes. Between 6 July, 1947 and 20 December, 1948, the FEC enacted 13 policy decisions which fell into three categories: disarmament; democratization; and economic recovery.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"}],"text":"In order to further neutralize Japan as a potential threat to the US, the Far Eastern Commission decided to partly de-industrialize post-war Japan. Japanese military and industrial disarmament was deemed to be complete after the scale of Japanese industry had been reduced to the levels of 1930–1934.[6][7] (see Great Depression)","title":"Disarmament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Far Eastern Commission\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/far-eastern-commission/2451080CC79A5CAC0890604A2FCC103C"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0020818300019214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818300019214"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1531-5088","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1531-5088"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Interim Meeting of Foreign Ministers, Moscow: Report by Secretary Byrnes on Moscow Meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/decade/decade19.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061230174610/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/decade/decade19.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Far Eastern Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2703935"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"text":"^ Stratton, Samuel S. (1948). \"The Far Eastern Commission\". International Organization. 2 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1017/S0020818300019214. ISSN 1531-5088.\n\n^ Interim Meeting of Foreign Ministers, Moscow: Report by Secretary Byrnes on Moscow Meeting Archived 2006-12-30 at the Wayback Machine, December 30, 1945\n\n^ text of the proposal in Department of State Bulletin, October 14, 1945, p. 561\n\n^ \"Statement on the Establishment of a Far Eastern Commission\nTo Formulate Policies for the Carrying Out of the Japanese Surrender Terms\", September 29, 1945, Department of State Bulletin, October 7, 1945, p. 545\n\n^ Far Eastern Commission International Organization, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Feb., 1949), pp. 180-182\n\n^ Frederick H. Gareau \"Morgenthau's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany\" The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Jun., 1961), pp. 531\n\n^ (Note: A footnote in Gareau also states: \"For a text of this decision, see Activities ofdfawdf the Far Eastern Commission. Report of the Secretary General, February, 1946 to July 10, 1947, Appendix 30, p. 85.\")","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3-4 Establishing Far Eastern Commission and its Meetings with GHQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/shiryo/03/053shoshi.html"},{"link_name":"Transcript of Twenty-Seventh Meeting of the Far Eastern Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070929132049/http://210.128.252.171/constitution/e/shiryo/04/126/126_001r.html"},{"link_name":"Glossary of abbreviations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/etc/glossary.html"},{"link_name":"National Diet Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Diet_Library"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357934#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/143779410"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/5015570-2"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007585554105171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/nr93019831"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00744945"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02527099?l=en"}],"text":"3-4 Establishing Far Eastern Commission and its Meetings with GHQ Documents with Commentaries Part 3 Formulation of the GHQ Draft and Response of the Japanese Government\nTranscript of Twenty-Seventh Meeting of the Far Eastern Commission, Held in Main Conference Room, 2516 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Saturday, September 21, 1946\nGlossary of abbreviations relating to the Birth of the Constitution of Japan. (National Diet Library website)Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nJapan\nAcademics\nCiNii","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osijek_Archaeological_Museum
Osijek Archaeological Museum
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 45°33′39″N 18°41′43″E / 45.56083°N 18.69528°E / 45.56083; 18.69528This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Osijek Archaeological Museum" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Archaeological museum in Osijek, CroatiaOsijek Archaeological MuseumArheološki muzej OsijekEstablished28 April 2005 (19 years ago) (2005-04-28)LocationOsijek, CroatiaCoordinates45°33′39″N 18°41′43″E / 45.56083°N 18.69528°E / 45.56083; 18.69528TypeArchaeological museumDirectorZvonko BojčićCuratorDomagoj Dujmić (for prehistory)Tomislav Hršak (for prehistory)Igor Vukmanić (for antiquity)Websiteamo.hr Osijek Archaeological Museum (Croatian: Arheološki muzej Osijek) is an archaeological museum in Osijek, Croatia. It is located in Tvrđa. It consists of two buildings: The City Guard and Brožan House. The museum was established on 28 April 2005 by a decision of the Government of the Republic of Croatia. It was opened on 16 November 2007, in a ceremony attended by Božo Biškupić, the Minister of Culture. References ^ "Povijest | |Arheološki | muzej | Osijek|". Archived from the original on 2013-08-19. Retrieved 2012-07-09. External links Official website (in Croatian) vteOsijekHistory History of Osijek Tvrđa Croatian War of Independence Mayors Coat of arms of OsijekDistricts Donji grad Gornji grad Industrijska četvrt Jug II Novi grad Retfala Tvrđa Suburbs Brijest Briješće Josipovac Klisa Nemetin Podravlje Sarvaš Tenja Tvrđavica Višnjevac Buildings and landmarks Ante Starčević Square City Guard County palace Eurodom European Avenue Franjo Tuđman Bridge Pedestrian bridge Pejačević Castle Portanova Normann Palace Slavonian Command Palace Statue of the Holy Trinity Churches Co-cathedral St. Roch's Church (Gornji grad) St. Roch's Church (Donji grad) St. Michael's Church Glorious Name of Mary's Church St. Family's Church St. Joseph the Worker's Church St. Cross Tump's Church St. Leopold Bogdan Mandić's Church St. Osijek Martyrs's Church Sts. Cyril and Methodius's Church Martyrdom of John the Baptist's Church St. Luke's Church Dormition of the Mother of God Culture Croatian National Theatre in Osijek Branko Mihaljević Children's Theatre City and University Library Galleries and museums Gallery of fine arts Gallery Waldinger Gallery Vernissage Archaeological museum Museum of Slavonia Education University of Osijek Art Agriculture Civil Engineering Economics Electrical Engineering Food Technology Law Medicine Philosophy Sports venues Gradski vrt Hall Zrinjevac Sport Hall Jug Sport Hall Opus Arena Gradski vrt stadium Transport Osijek Airport Railway station Bus station Osijek tram Festivals Urban Fest Neighboring municipalities Darda Bilje Erdut Trpinja Šodolovci Antunovac Čepin Petrijevci Authority control databases International VIAF Other IdRef This article about a Croatian building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydenham_Hill_Wood
Sydenham Hill Wood
["1 History","2 Wildlife","3 Access","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°26′10″N 0°04′01″W / 51.436°N 0.067°W / 51.436; -0.067Nature reserve in Southwark, London Sydenham Hill WoodThe folly, a rockery and the path of a former ornamental stream.TypeWoodlandLocationSydenham Hill, Sydenham, LondonCoordinates51°26′10″N 0°04′01″W / 51.436°N 0.067°W / 51.436; -0.067Operated byDulwich EstateLondon Borough of SouthwarkPublic transit accessSydenham Hill railway station Sydenham Hill Wood is a ten-hectare wood on the northern slopes of the Norwood Ridge in the London Borough of Southwark. It is designated as a Local Nature Reserve and Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation. With the adjacent Dulwich Wood, Sydenham Hill Wood is the largest extant tract of the ancient Great North Wood. The two woods are formed from coppices known as Lapsewood, Old Ambrook Hill Wood and Peckarmans Wood after the relocation of The Crystal Palace in 1854 and the creation of the high level line in 1865. The land is owned by the Dulwich Estate, leased to Southwark Council, who lease Sydenham Hill Wood to London Wildlife Trust. Sydenham Hill Wood and Fern Bank are a Local Nature Reserve. In 1997 Sydenham Hill Wood was given the UK-MAB Urban Wildlife Award for Excellence. There are conservation workdays and wildlife events. History A rear view of The Hoo In the sixteenth century, the woods on Sydenham Hill were reserved by Elizabeth I to provide timber for shipbuilding. The oak-lined formal avenue, known as Cox's Walk, leading from the junction of Dulwich Common and Lordship Lane was cut soon after 1732 by Francis Cox to connect his Green Man Tavern and Dulwich Wells with the more popular Sydenham Wells. When the poet Thomas Campbell lived in Sydenham (between 1805 and 1822) he visited his friend Dr Glennie, in Dulwich Grove. After the relocation of the Crystal Palace in 1854, the Dulwich Estate made plots along Sydenham Hill available on long leases, and a series of large houses was built. Between the junction with Crescent Wood Road and Cox's Walk there were seven houses. One of the largest was The Hoo, standing almost opposite the present 36 Sydenham Hill. A view of the erstwhile trackbed from the footbridge. The folly was in the former grounds of Fairwood at 53 Sydenham Hill; the house was first occupied by Alderman David Henry Stone. Stone commissioned James Pulham & Son to build the folly. Incised lines simulating stonework on the folly's arch resemble those on the bridge in Buckingham Palace Gardens. The Pulham catalogue indicates that the firm of James Pulham and Son worked extensively in the Sydenham/Dulwich area in the 1870s. In the grounds in front of Kingswood House, there are remains of features in Pulhamite. The view towards Lordship Lane railway station, painted by Camille Pissarro in 1871. The Crystal Palace and South London Junction Railway went through Sydenham Hill Wood, the Dulwich College estate and two tunnels, terminating at the west of the Crystal Palace. It opened on 1 August 1865. In 1871, Camille Pissarro painted the view down the tracks to Lordship Lane from the wood and brick bridge on Cox's Walk. The image, of a train billowing steam, grasps the optimism of the Industrial Revolution. In 1908 the footbridge was renewed in teak and iron to the same design as the original. The fortunes of the railway waned with those of the Crystal Palace, declining after the Crystal Palace burned down in 1936. It closed during the war, and the post-war re-opening was unsuccessful; the last service ran in 1954. The track was lifted in 1956 and the terminus demolished in 1961. A small part of the Upper Sydenham 1894 Ordnance Survey map, showing buildings and garden paths on the southeast edge of the wood In 1982, Southwark Council leased the Wood to London Wildlife Trust to manage as a nature reserve. In 1984 Southwark Council's Mid/South Southwark Local Plan included proposals for blocks of up to 146 flats on the top part of the Wood. London Wildlife Trust's Southwark Wildlife Group ran a "Save the Woods" campaign backed by West Lewisham MP John Maples and other local MPs. Dulwich MP Gerald Bowden asked the Secretary of State for the Environment to intervene. A full-page Evening Standard article set the scene for a New Year public inquiry into the Plan. The January inquiry heard evidence from a dozen ecologists on the Wood's wildlife diversity, other witnesses describing the Wood's educational and amenity value, visited the site and listened to views from several hundred members of the public at an evening meeting at Kingswood House. Southwark MP Simon Hughes spoke in favour of saving the wood in the House of Commons. Further, Dulwich College Estates applied for planning permission to build 36 flats on the site of Beechgrove House (former home of Lionel Logue). In July 1985, the Local Plan inspector reported that most of the Wood should be protected from development. The written report was published in the same week that Southwark Council's planning committee rejected the Beechgrove application. In advance of a public inquiry into the Beechgrove plans held in November 1986, Gerald Bowden MP said: "I’ve never had quite such a wide range of ordinary people writing to me on one subject. There is very broad opposition to the flats." The inspector's decision against the plan was hailed as "Wood reprieve a policy precedent." "The need to preserve areas of existing natural woodland within the urban areas is of as much importance in preserving our heritage and improving the quality of the environment as that of preserving the countryside," the inspector said. In 1988 there were still many rhododendrons, a lone monkey puzzle, the cedar of Lebanon, fragments of Pulhamite ornaments and the folly. The trackbed was partly built on, but elsewhere it has reverted to nature. Part of the route adjacent to the Horniman Museum and Gardens is now a "Railway Nature Trail", maintained for the museum by the Trust for Urban Ecology. In Sydenham Hill Wood, its path can be followed from the footbridge on Cox's Walk to the entrance of the Crescent Wood tunnel. The tunnel emerges again to the north of Wells Park Road. On the western edge there is a small stream in the woods called the Ambrook, formerly a tributary of the River Effra. From here it flows across the golf course, then alongside Cox's Walk, under Dulwich Common and into the lake in Dulwich Park. In wet weather it rises above the drains and flows along the road around Dulwich Park by Frank Dixon Way. Wildlife Now a unique mix of old woodland, Victorian garden survivors, and recent woodland, it is one of the closest ancient woods to central London and is home to over 200 species of trees and flowering plants. A multitude of fungi, rare insects, birds and elusive woodland mammals including the Wood mouse and hedgehog are also present. Mostly sessile oak-hornbeam woodland, the site includes a wide variety of other tree and shrub species, including numerous exotics planted when the wood included parts of large gardens. The flora includes numerous indicators of long-established woodland; ramsons (Allium ursinum), wood anemone (Anemone nemorosa), wood sorrel and hairy wood-rush (Luzula pilosa). Two British woodpeckers breed, along with nuthatch, treecreeper, tawny owl, kestrel and sparrowhawk, whilst hobby bred in 2015. Invertebrates are well recorded and include the purple hairstreak, white-letter hairstreak and speckled wood butterflies, several nationally scarce bees and wasps, and stag beetles. Fungi are also well recorded and mosses include Mnium punctatum at its only known London locality. There is one small pond in Sydenham Hill Wood which has been enhanced over the years and is surveyed by volunteers. Common frog and smooth newt are resident, as well as southern hawker dragonfly, common blue and red-tailed damselflies. Of the bat species using the wood, there are records of common and soprano pipistrelle, noctule, Leisler and brown long-eared bats (the only site in Southwark where these have been recorded). Access There is a map and numbered trail from the entrance on Crescent Wood off Sydenham Hill and there is another entrance by the footbridge on Cox's Walk. By public transport the Crescent Wood entrance can be reached by bus 356 from Forest Hill station alighting at the 'Crescent Wood Road' stop. Buses on route 363 from Crystal Palace also pass near the entrance at an adjacent 'Crescent Wood Road' stop. The wood can also be reached from Sydenham Hill railway station. From the station through the white gate on the opposite side of the road into Low Cross Wood Lane and on the left just ahead is a gate to Dulwich Wood. In Dulwich Wood follow the path straight ahead until turning to the right just before the pond. This will bring you out close to Crescent Wood tunnel in Sydenham Hill Wood. If the gate into Dulwich Wood is locked follow the steeply upward sloping lane onto Crescent Wood Road, turning left at the top and following the road will bring you to the Crescent Wood Road entrance. References ^ Evans, Humphrey (28 December 2003). "Secret London: Sydenham Hill - The view from the bridge". The Independent on Sunday. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2012. ^ a b "London Wildlife Trust". ^ The Great North Wood - A brief history of ancient woodlands from Selhurst to Deptford by LSC Neville, London Wildlife Trust, 1987 ^ a b c "Sydenham Hill Wood & Cox's Walk". London Wildlife Trust. Retrieved 19 July 2012. ^ a b Based on post by local historian Steve Grindlay to Sydenham Town Forum Topic: Old Sydenham Hill ^ "Sydenham Hill Wood". ^ "Sydenham Hill Wood and Fern Bank". Local Nature Reserves. Natural England. 7 March 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2013. ^ "Map of Sydenham Hill Wood and Fern Bank". Local Nature Reserves. Natural England. Retrieved 3 December 2013. ^ MaB Urban Forum ^ a b c d "london-footprints.co.uk". london-footprints.co.uk. Retrieved 30 April 2010. ^ Barratt, Nick (2012). Greater London - The Story of the Suburbs. Vauxhall Bridge Road, London: Random House. p. 512. ISBN 9781847945327. ^ Hall, Edwin (1922). DULWICH HISTORY AND ROMANCE 2nd Edition. Bickers and Sons. p. 46. ^ a b From the Nun's Head to the Screaming Alice by Mathew Frith, The Friends of the Great North Wood, 1995 ^ "Thomas Campbell" in A Book of Memories: Great Men and Women of the Age, from Personal Acquaintance (1871) pages 345-58 by Samuel Carter Hall ^ From a search for "The Hoo, Sydenham Hill" on Google Books ^ Ye parish of Camerwell : a brief account of the parish of Camberwell : its history and antiquities by William Harnett Blanch, page 407 ^ History of Beechgrove, Sydenham Hill and Pulhamite in Sydenham by Steve Grindlay ^ Durability Guaranteed - Pulhamite Rockwork by Camilla Beresford and David Mason, English Heritage 2008 ^ a b Great Credit upon the Ingenuity and Taste of Mr. Pulham by Sally Festing, Garden History, Vol. 16, No. 1. (Spring, 1988), pp. 90-102 ^ London Chatham And Dover Railway(Metropolitan Extensions) Act of 17 July 1862 ^ Goode, Charles (1984). To the Crystal Palace. Forge Books. ISBN 0-904662-13-6. ^ Disused Stations in the UK Lordship Lane page ^ "Subterranea Britannica Site: Upper Sydenham Station". Subbrit.org.uk. Retrieved 30 April 2010. ^ "Sydenham Hill Wood - Southwark Council". Southwark.gov.uk. 20 January 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2010. ^ From a reminiscence by Kenny B about Sydenham Hill on Sydenham Town Forum ^ City Wildspace by Bob Smyth (Hilary Shipman 1987) ^ South London Press, 30 November 1983 ^ The Times, 4 December 1983, article by David Nicholson-Lord ^ Evening Standard, December 20, 1984, article by Tom Pocock ^ Country Life, 24 January 1985 ^ Time Out, 31 January 1985 ^ The Times, 2 February 1985 ^ Hansard, 8 February 1985. "In the borough of Southwark, part of which is in my constituency, Sydenham Hill Wood, one of the remaining very old woodlands in the south of England, is under threat. There is a very strong lobby against its destruction by the London Wildlife Trust. But it is primarily the local people who are fighting by means of a public inquiry to protect that wood." ^ South London Press, 19 May 1985 ^ South London Press, 7 July 1985; The Guardian, July 1985 ^ South London Press, August 1985 ^ South London Press, 11 November 1986 ^ The Times, 23 February 1987, article by David Nicholson-Lord ^ City Wildspace by Bob Smyth (Hilary Shipman, 1987) ^ Greenwood, Daniel (24 March 2015). "The differing worlds of the Dulwich and Sydenham Hill Woods". The Dulwich Society. Retrieved 19 April 2015. ^ Walking the River Effra Archived 5 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b Lapsewood Walk Interpretation Board. London Wildlife Trust. February 2008. ^ "London Wildlife Trust Wild London magazine". ^ a b Cox's Walk Interpretation Board. London Wildlife Trust. February 2008. ^ "Sydenham Hill Wood and Dulwich Wood". Greenspace Information for Greater London (GiGL). London Wildlife Trust. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012. ^ Crescent Wood Road Interpretation Board. London Wildlife Trust. February 2008. ^ London Wildlife Trust News Archive Archived 4 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine Monday, 10 September 2007, Woodland Bat Roost Project at Sydenham Hill Wood ^ Transport for London Further reading The Great North Wood - A brief history of ancient woodlands from Selhurst to Deptford by LSC Neville, London Wildlife Trust, 1987 Booklet (Now out of print) The Great North Wood the woodlands of the Norwood and Sydenham ridge by Mathew Frith, London Wildlife Trust & Friends of the Great North Wood, 1996 leaflet. Available from London Wildlife Trust (Sydenham Hill Project) £1 plus postage City Wildspace by Bob Smyth, Hilary Shipman, 1987. Crystal Palace (High Level) and Catford Loop by V Mitchell & K Smith, Middleton Press, 1991 The Railway through Sydenham Hill Wood, From the Nun's Head to the Screaming Alice by Mathew Frith, The Friends of the Great North Wood and London Wildlife Trust leaflet 1995. Available from London Wildlife Trust (Sydenham Hill Project) £1 plus postage London's Local Railways by A A Jackson, David & Charles, 1978 "The Crystal Palace (High Level) Branch" by W Smith, British Railway Journal 28, 1989 The Crystal Palace High Level Railway, John Gale Black Dwarf Lightmoor Publications Ltd, 2011 Durability Guaranteed - Pulhamite Rockwork pdf file on the English Heritage website. New Scotland Yard, The Complete Series 3, Network DVD, episode "Daisy Chain", filmed in January 1973 briefly features Beechgrove. The Wood that London Built A Human History of the Great North Wood by C.J. Schüler, Sandstone Press Ltd, 7 Oct. 2021, ISBN 9781913207496 External links About Lordship Lane station Pictures on Flickr The Dulwich Society Sydenham Town Forum "Sydenham Hill Wood and Dulwich Wood". Greenspace Information for Greater London. 2006. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. london-footprints.co.uk The Pulham Legacy About the Victorian firm James Pulham and Son, which may have built the folly and other garden features. The London Wildlife Trust The London Wildlife Trust's Sydenham Hill Wood page. The London Wildlife Trust's What's On page. Sydenham Hill Woods, 1862 photo set by Steve Grindlay on flickr vteParks and open spaces in LondonRoyal parks Bushy Green Greenwich Hyde Kensington Regent's Richmond St James's Large urban parks Alexandra Arnos Barking Barra Hall Battersea Beckenham Place Park Blackheath Brockwell Burgess Charlton Clissold Crystal Palace Dulwich Enfield Town Finsbury Forster Memorial Hampstead Heath Hanworth Holland Mayesbrook Mountsfield Old Deer Parsloes Primrose Hill Pymmes Queen's Park Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park Ravenscourt Ruskin Southwark Valentines Victoria Wandsworth Wanstead Waterlow Park West Ham Wimbledon Country parks Bayhurst Wood Bedfont Lakes Belhus Woods Eastbrookend Fairlop Waters Foots Cray Fryent Hainault Forest Havering High Elms Hornchurch Lee Valley South Norwood Stanmore Stockley Trent Commons Barnes Blackheath Bostall Heath Clapham Ealing East Sheen Eel Brook Eltham Hackney Marshes Hainault Forest Ham Hampstead Heath Hayes Keston Mitcham Monken Hadley Peckham Rye Plumstead Stanmore Streatham Sutton Tooting Tylers Wandsworth Wimbledon and Putney Winn's Woolwich Wormwood Scrubs Village greens Camberwell Crooked Billet Islington Kew Newington Parsons Richmond Shepherd's Bush Turnham Twickenham Marshes and wetlands Crayford Erith Hackney Hornchurch Ickenham Ingrebourne Leyton Rainham, Wennington, and Aveley Tottenham Walthamstow Woodberry Wetlands WWT London Wetland Centre Woodland Bostall Braeburn Coldfall Copse Dulwich Epping Forest Grangewood Park Highgate Lesnes Abbey Mad Bess Old Park Oxleas Park Petts Queen's Repository Woods Russia Dock Sydenham Hill House gardens Avenue House Belair Park Boston Manor Park Broomfield House Cannizaro Park Chiswick House Danson Park Grovelands Park Grove Park Gunnersbury Park Hall Place Hampton Court Park Hillingdon Court Kenwood House Lamorbey Park Langtons Manor House Gardens Marble Hill Park Morden Hall Park Morden Park Osterley Park Syon House Valence House Museum Walpole Park Entry-fee charging Kew Gardens London Wetland Centre Community gardens Phoenix Garden vteParks and open spaces by London borough Barking and Dagenham Barnet Bexley Brent Bromley Camden Croydon Ealing Enfield Greenwich Hackney Hammersmith and Fulham Haringey Harrow Havering Hillingdon Hounslow Islington Kensington and Chelsea Kingston upon Thames Lambeth Lewisham Merton Newham Redbridge Richmond upon Thames Southwark Sutton Tower Hamlets Waltham Forest Wandsworth City of Westminster vteLocal nature reserves in Greater LondonBarking and Dagenham Beam Valley Beam Valley (Environment Agency) Dagenham Village Churchyard Eastbrookend Country Park Mayesbrook Park South Parsloes Park Squatts Ripple Nature Reserve Scrattons Ecopark and extension The Chase - Barking Barnet Big Wood and Little Wood Brent Reservoir/Welsh Harp Coppett's Wood and Scrublands Glebelands Moat Mount Open Space Oak Hill Wood Rowley Green Common Scratchwood Totteridge Fields Bexley Crossness Danson Park Bog Garden, Welling Foots Cray Meadows Lesnes Abbey Woods Brent Brent Reservoir/Welsh Harp Fryent Country Park Masons Field Bromley High Elms Jubilee Country Park Scadbury Park Camden Adelaide Belsize Wood Camley Street Natural Park Westbere Copse Croydon Bramley Bank Foxley Wood Hutchinson's Bank Selsdon Wood South Norwood Country Park Ealing Blondin Park Fox Wood Grove Farm Gunnersbury Triangle Islip Manor Meadows Litten Long Wood Northolt Manor Perivale Wood Enfield Covert Way Greenwich Gilbert's Pit Maryon Park Maryon Wilson Park Oxleas/Shooters Hill Woodlands Sutcliffe Park The Tarn Hackney Abney Park Cemetery Springfield Park Hammersmith and Fulham Wormwood Scrubs Haringey Alexandra Park Coldfall Wood Parkland Walk Queen's Wood Railway Fields Harrow Bentley Priory Stanmore Common Stanmore Country Park Havering Bedford's Park Cranham Brickfields Cranham Marsh Ingrebourne Valley Rainham Marshes The Chase - Havering The Manor Hillingdon Denham Country Park Frays Valley Gutteridge Wood and Meadows (Yeading Woods) Ruislip Local Nature Reserve Ten Acre Wood Yeading Brook Meadows Hounslow Bedfont Lakes Country Park Chiswick Eyot Cranebank Duke's Hollow Gunnersbury Triangle Hounslow Heath Isleworth Ait Kempton Pevensey Road Islington Barnsbury Wood Gillespie Park Parkland Walk Kingston upon Thames Bonesgate Open Space Castle Hill Coombe Hill Wood Edith Gardens Elmbridge Open Space Ham Lands Hogsmill River Park Jubilee Wood Raeburn Open Space Rose Walk Southwood Open Space Tolworth Court Farm Fields The Wood and Richard Jefferies Bird Sanctuary Lambeth Streatham Common Lewisham Beckenham Place Park Brookmill Road Burnt Ash Pond Dacres Wood Downham Woodland Walk Grove Park Nature Reserve Sue Godfrey Nature Park Merton Bennett's Hole Cannon Hill Common Cherry Wood Cranmer Green Derwent Floodwash Fishpond Wood and Beverley Meads Lower Wandle Merton Park Green Walks Morden Park Myrna Close Oakleigh Way Pyl Brook Ravensbury Park Sir Joseph Hood Memorial Wood Wandle Meadow Nature Park Redbridge Hainault Lodge Richmond upon Thames Barnes Common Crane Park Island Ham Common Ham Lands Lonsdale Road Reservoir (Leg of Mutton Reservoir) Oak Avenue, Hampton Southwark Dulwich Upper Wood Lavender Pond Nunhead Cemetery One Tree Hill Sydenham Hill Wood and Fern Bank Sutton Anton Crescent Wetland Belmont Pastures Cuddington Meadows Devonshire Avenue Nature Area Roundshaw Downs Ruffett and Big Woods Spencer Road Wetlands Sutton Ecology Centre Grounds The Spinney, Carshalton Wandle Valley Wetland Wilderness Island Tower Hamlets Ackroyd Drive Greenlink Mudchute Park and Farm Tower Hamlets Cemetery Park Waltham Forest Ainslie Wood Wandsworth Battersea Park Nature Areas Westminster St. John's Wood Church Grounds vteList of London Wildlife Trust nature reservesBarnet Mill Hill Old Railway Oak Hill Wood Totteridge Fields Bexley Braeburn Park Bromley Saltbox Hill The Warren West Kent Golf Course Camden Camley Street Natural Park Greville Place Croydon Bramley Bank Hutchinson's Bank Riddlesdown Ealing Gunnersbury Triangle Greenwich Birdbrook Road Nature Reserve Hackney Woodberry Wetlands Hillingdon Denham Lock Wood Dews Farm Sand Pits Frays Farm Meadows Gutteridge Wood and Meadows Huckerby's Meadows Ickenham Marsh Park Road Pond Ten Acre Wood Uxbridge College Pond Uxbridge Moor Yeading Brook Meadows Hounslow Gunnersbury Triangle Isleworth Ait Lewisham New Cross Gate Cutting Newham Old Ford Island Richmond upon Thames Crane Park Island Southwark Bellenden Road Nature Garden Centre for Wildlife Gardening Sydenham Hill Wood Sutton Spencer Road Wetlands Wilderness Island
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hectare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Norwood Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwood_Ridge"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Southwark"},{"link_name":"Local Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Nature_Reserves_in_Greater_London"},{"link_name":"Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Metropolitan_Importance_for_Nature_Conservation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-London_Wildlife_Trust-2"},{"link_name":"Dulwich Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulwich_Wood"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Great North Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_Wood"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWTSydenhamHillWood-4"},{"link_name":"The Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace"},{"link_name":"high level line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_and_South_London_Junction_Railway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Old_Sydenham_Hill-5"},{"link_name":"Dulwich Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulwich_Estate"},{"link_name":"Southwark Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark_Council"},{"link_name":"London Wildlife Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Wildlife_Trust"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LGO-6"},{"link_name":"Local Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWTSydenhamHillWood-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wkdulwichadd-10"}],"text":"Nature reserve in Southwark, LondonSydenham Hill Wood is a ten-hectare[1] wood on the northern slopes of the Norwood Ridge in the London Borough of Southwark. It is designated as a Local Nature Reserve and Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation.[2] With the adjacent Dulwich Wood, Sydenham Hill Wood is the largest extant tract of the ancient[3] Great North Wood.[4] The two woods are formed from coppices known as Lapsewood, Old Ambrook Hill Wood and Peckarmans Wood after the relocation of The Crystal Palace in 1854 and the creation of the high level line in 1865.[5]The land is owned by the Dulwich Estate, leased to Southwark Council, who lease Sydenham Hill Wood to London Wildlife Trust.[6] Sydenham Hill Wood and Fern Bank are a Local Nature Reserve.[4][7][8]In 1997 Sydenham Hill Wood was given the UK-MAB Urban Wildlife Award for Excellence.[9] There are conservation workdays and wildlife events.[10]","title":"Sydenham Hill Wood"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Hoo_(back_view).png"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Dulwich Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A205_road"},{"link_name":"Lordship Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_Lane_(Dulwich)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sydenham Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydenham_Wells_Park"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nun's_Head-13"},{"link_name":"Thomas Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Campbell_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Dr Glennie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Glennie"},{"link_name":"Dulwich Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulwich"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Sydenham Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydenham_Hill"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Old_Sydenham_Hill-5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_view_of_the_trackbed_from_the_footbridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"folly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folly"},{"link_name":"Alderman David Henry Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Henry_Stone"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Buckingham Palace Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Palace_Gardens"},{"link_name":"James Pulham and Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Pulham_and_Son"},{"link_name":"Sydenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydenham,_London"},{"link_name":"Dulwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulwich"},{"link_name":"Kingswood House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingswood,_Dulwich"},{"link_name":"Pulhamite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulhamite"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Great_Credit-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pissarro_lordship.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lordship Lane railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_Lane_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace and South London Junction Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_and_South_London_Junction_Railway"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Dulwich College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulwich_College"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wkdulwichadd-10"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Camille Pissarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Pissarro"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"teak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teak"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nun's_Head-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wkdulwichadd-10"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detail_from_Upper_Sydenham_1894_OS_map.png"},{"link_name":"Ordnance Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey"},{"link_name":"London Wildlife Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Wildlife_Trust"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-London_Wildlife_Trust-2"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Lionel Logue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Logue"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"rhododendrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhododendron"},{"link_name":"monkey puzzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araucaria_araucana"},{"link_name":"cedar of Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon_cedar"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Great_Credit-19"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wkdulwichadd-10"},{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"River Effra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Effra"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Dulwich Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulwich_Park"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walking_Effra-41"}],"text":"A rear view of The HooIn the sixteenth century, the woods on Sydenham Hill were reserved by Elizabeth I to provide timber for shipbuilding.[11]The oak-lined formal avenue, known as Cox's Walk, leading from the junction of Dulwich Common and Lordship Lane was cut soon after 1732[12] by Francis Cox to connect his Green Man Tavern and Dulwich Wells with the more popular Sydenham Wells.[13] When the poet Thomas Campbell lived in Sydenham (between 1805 and 1822) he visited his friend Dr Glennie, in Dulwich Grove.[14] After the relocation of the Crystal Palace in 1854, the Dulwich Estate made plots along Sydenham Hill available on long leases, and a series of large houses was built. Between the junction with Crescent Wood Road and Cox's Walk there were seven houses. One of the largest was The Hoo, standing almost opposite the present 36 Sydenham Hill.[5][15]A view of the erstwhile trackbed from the footbridge.The folly was in the former grounds of Fairwood at 53 Sydenham Hill; the house was first occupied by Alderman David Henry Stone.[16] Stone commissioned James Pulham & Son to build the folly.[17][18] Incised lines simulating stonework on the folly's arch resemble those on the bridge in Buckingham Palace Gardens. The Pulham catalogue indicates that the firm of James Pulham and Son worked extensively in the Sydenham/Dulwich area in the 1870s. In the grounds in front of Kingswood House, there are remains of features in Pulhamite.[19]The view towards Lordship Lane railway station, painted by Camille Pissarro in 1871.The Crystal Palace and South London Junction Railway[20][21] went through Sydenham Hill Wood, the Dulwich College estate and two tunnels, terminating at the west of the Crystal Palace. It opened on 1 August 1865.[10][22][23] In 1871, Camille Pissarro painted the view down the tracks to Lordship Lane from the wood and brick bridge on Cox's Walk.[24] The image, of a train billowing steam, grasps the optimism of the Industrial Revolution. In 1908 the footbridge was renewed in teak and iron to the same design as the original.[13] The fortunes of the railway waned with those of the Crystal Palace, declining after the Crystal Palace burned down in 1936. It closed during the war, and the post-war re-opening was unsuccessful; the last service ran in 1954. The track was lifted in 1956 and the terminus demolished in 1961.[10][25]A small part of the Upper Sydenham 1894 Ordnance Survey map, showing buildings and garden paths on the southeast edge of the woodIn 1982, Southwark Council leased the Wood to London Wildlife Trust to manage as a nature reserve.[2] In 1984 Southwark Council's Mid/South Southwark Local Plan included proposals for blocks of up to 146 flats on the top part of the Wood.[26] London Wildlife Trust's Southwark Wildlife Group ran a \"Save the Woods\" campaign backed by West Lewisham MP John Maples and other local MPs.[27] Dulwich MP Gerald Bowden asked the Secretary of State for the Environment to intervene.[28] A full-page Evening Standard article set the scene for a New Year public inquiry into the Plan.[29] The January inquiry heard evidence from a dozen ecologists on the Wood's wildlife diversity, other witnesses describing the Wood's educational and amenity value, visited the site and listened to views from several hundred members of the public at an evening meeting at Kingswood House.[30][31][32] Southwark MP Simon Hughes spoke in favour of saving the wood in the House of Commons.[33] Further, Dulwich College Estates applied for planning permission to build 36 flats on the site of Beechgrove House (former home of Lionel Logue).[34]In July 1985, the Local Plan inspector reported that most of the Wood should be protected from development.[35] The written report was published in the same week that Southwark Council's planning committee rejected the Beechgrove application.[36] In advance of a public inquiry into the Beechgrove plans held in November 1986, Gerald Bowden MP said: \"I’ve never had quite such a wide range of ordinary people writing to me on one subject. There is very broad opposition to the flats.\"[37] The inspector's decision against the plan was hailed as \"Wood reprieve a policy precedent.\"[38] \"The need to preserve areas of existing natural woodland within the urban areas is of as much importance in preserving our heritage and improving the quality of the environment as that of preserving the countryside,\" the inspector said.[39]In 1988 there were still many rhododendrons, a lone monkey puzzle, the cedar of Lebanon, fragments of Pulhamite ornaments and the folly.[19]\nThe trackbed was partly built on, but elsewhere it has reverted to nature.[10] Part of the route adjacent to the Horniman Museum and Gardens is now a \"Railway Nature Trail\", maintained for the museum by the Trust for Urban Ecology. In Sydenham Hill Wood, its path can be followed from the footbridge on Cox's Walk to the entrance of the Crescent Wood tunnel. The tunnel emerges again to the north of Wells Park Road. On the western edge there is a small stream in the woods called the Ambrook, formerly a tributary of the River Effra.[40] From here it flows across the golf course, then alongside Cox's Walk, under Dulwich Common and into the lake in Dulwich Park. In wet weather it rises above the drains and flows along the road around Dulwich Park by Frank Dixon Way.[41]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"Wood mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_mouse"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapsewood_ib-42"},{"link_name":"hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LWTSydenhamHillWood-4"},{"link_name":"sessile oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sessile_oak"},{"link_name":"hornbeam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornbeam"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapsewood_ib-42"},{"link_name":"Allium ursinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_ursinum"},{"link_name":"Anemone nemorosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemone_nemorosa"},{"link_name":"Luzula pilosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzula_pilosa"},{"link_name":"nuthatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_nuthatch"},{"link_name":"treecreeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_treecreeper"},{"link_name":"tawny owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawny_owl"},{"link_name":"kestrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_kestrel"},{"link_name":"sparrowhawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_sparrowhawk"},{"link_name":"hobby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobby_(bird)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"purple hairstreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_hairstreak"},{"link_name":"white-letter hairstreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-letter_hairstreak"},{"link_name":"speckled wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speckled_wood_(butterfly)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coxswalk_ib-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coxswalk_ib-44"},{"link_name":"Mnium punctatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mnium_punctatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-igigl-45"},{"link_name":"common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_pipistrelle"},{"link_name":"soprano pipistrelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano_pipistrelle"},{"link_name":"noctule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_noctule"},{"link_name":"Leisler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisler%27s_Bat"},{"link_name":"brown long-eared bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_long-eared_bat"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creswood_ib-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"Now a unique mix of old woodland, Victorian garden survivors, and recent woodland, it is one of the closest ancient woods to central London and is home to over 200 species of trees and flowering plants. A multitude of fungi, rare insects, birds and elusive woodland mammals including the Wood mouse[42] and hedgehog are also present.[4]Mostly sessile oak-hornbeam woodland, the site includes a wide variety of other tree and shrub species, including numerous exotics planted when the wood included parts of large gardens. The flora includes numerous indicators of long-established woodland; ramsons[42] (Allium ursinum), wood anemone (Anemone nemorosa), wood sorrel and hairy wood-rush (Luzula pilosa). Two British woodpeckers breed, along with nuthatch, treecreeper, tawny owl, kestrel and sparrowhawk, whilst hobby bred in 2015.[43] Invertebrates are well recorded and include the purple hairstreak, white-letter hairstreak and speckled wood[44] butterflies, several nationally scarce bees and wasps, and stag beetles.[44] Fungi are also well recorded and mosses include Mnium punctatum at its only known London locality.[45]There is one small pond in Sydenham Hill Wood which has been enhanced over the years and is surveyed by volunteers. Common frog and smooth newt are resident, as well as southern hawker dragonfly, common blue and red-tailed damselflies.Of the bat species using the wood, there are records of common and soprano pipistrelle, noctule, Leisler and brown long-eared bats[46] (the only site in Southwark where these have been recorded).[47]","title":"Wildlife"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydenham Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydenham_Hill"},{"link_name":"356","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Buses_route_356"},{"link_name":"Forest Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Hill_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Sydenham Hill railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydenham_Hill_railway_station"}],"text":"There is a map and numbered trail from the entrance on Crescent Wood off Sydenham Hill and there is another entrance by the footbridge on Cox's Walk. By public transport the Crescent Wood entrance can be reached by bus 356 from Forest Hill station alighting at the 'Crescent Wood Road' stop. Buses on route 363[48] from Crystal Palace also pass near the entrance at an adjacent 'Crescent Wood Road' stop. The wood can also be reached from Sydenham Hill railway station. From the station through the white gate on the opposite side of the road into Low Cross Wood Lane and on the left just ahead is a gate to Dulwich Wood. In Dulwich Wood follow the path straight ahead until turning to the right just before the pond. This will bring you out close to Crescent Wood tunnel in Sydenham Hill Wood. If the gate into Dulwich Wood is locked follow the steeply upward sloping lane onto Crescent Wood Road, turning left at the top and following the road will bring you to the Crescent Wood Road entrance.","title":"Access"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Durability Guaranteed - Pulhamite Rockwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.18750"},{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781913207496","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781913207496"}],"text":"The Great North Wood - A brief history of ancient woodlands from Selhurst to Deptford by LSC Neville, London Wildlife Trust, 1987 Booklet (Now out of print)\nThe Great North Wood the woodlands of the Norwood and Sydenham ridge by Mathew Frith, London Wildlife Trust & Friends of the Great North Wood, 1996 leaflet. Available from London Wildlife Trust (Sydenham Hill Project) £1 plus postage\nCity Wildspace by Bob Smyth, Hilary Shipman, 1987.\nCrystal Palace (High Level) and Catford Loop by V Mitchell & K Smith, Middleton Press, 1991\nThe Railway through Sydenham Hill Wood, From the Nun's Head to the Screaming Alice by Mathew Frith, The Friends of the Great North Wood and London Wildlife Trust leaflet 1995. Available from London Wildlife Trust (Sydenham Hill Project) £1 plus postage\nLondon's Local Railways by A A Jackson, David & Charles, 1978\n\"The Crystal Palace (High Level) Branch\" by W Smith, British Railway Journal 28, 1989\nThe Crystal Palace High Level Railway, John Gale Black Dwarf Lightmoor Publications Ltd, 2011\nDurability Guaranteed - Pulhamite Rockwork pdf file on the English Heritage website.\nNew Scotland Yard, The Complete Series 3, Network DVD, episode \"Daisy Chain\", filmed in January 1973 briefly features Beechgrove.\nThe Wood that London Built A Human History of the Great North Wood by C.J. Schüler, Sandstone Press Ltd, 7 Oct. 2021, ISBN 9781913207496","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"A rear view of The Hoo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_Hoo_%28back_view%29.png/220px-The_Hoo_%28back_view%29.png"},{"image_text":"A view of the erstwhile trackbed from the footbridge.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/A_view_of_the_trackbed_from_the_footbridge.jpg/170px-A_view_of_the_trackbed_from_the_footbridge.jpg"},{"image_text":"The view towards Lordship Lane railway station, painted by Camille Pissarro in 1871.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pissarro_lordship.jpg/220px-Pissarro_lordship.jpg"},{"image_text":"A small part of the Upper Sydenham 1894 Ordnance Survey map, showing buildings and garden paths on the southeast edge of the wood","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Detail_from_Upper_Sydenham_1894_OS_map.png/220px-Detail_from_Upper_Sydenham_1894_OS_map.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Evans, Humphrey (28 December 2003). \"Secret London: Sydenham Hill - The view from the bridge\". The Independent on Sunday. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130125191213/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1800721.html","url_text":"\"Secret London: Sydenham Hill - The view from the bridge\""},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1800721.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"London Wildlife Trust\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wildlondon.org.uk/reserves/sydenham-hill-wood-and-coxs-walk","url_text":"\"London Wildlife Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sydenham Hill Wood & Cox's Walk\". London Wildlife Trust. Retrieved 19 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wildlondon.org.uk/reserves/sydenham-hill-wood-and-coxs-walk","url_text":"\"Sydenham Hill Wood & Cox's Walk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sydenham Hill Wood\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wildlondon.org.uk/reserves/sydenham-hill-wood-and-coxs-walk","url_text":"\"Sydenham Hill Wood\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sydenham Hill Wood and Fern Bank\". Local Nature Reserves. Natural England. 7 March 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lnr.naturalengland.org.uk/Special/lnr/lnr_details.asp?C=0&N=sydenham&ID=447","url_text":"\"Sydenham Hill Wood and Fern Bank\""}]},{"reference":"\"Map of Sydenham Hill Wood and Fern Bank\". Local Nature Reserves. Natural England. Retrieved 3 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx?startTopic=Designations&activelayer=lnrIndex&query=REF_CODE%3D%271009182%27","url_text":"\"Map of Sydenham Hill Wood and Fern Bank\""}]},{"reference":"\"london-footprints.co.uk\". london-footprints.co.uk. Retrieved 30 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.london-footprints.co.uk/wkdulwichadd.htm","url_text":"\"london-footprints.co.uk\""}]},{"reference":"Barratt, Nick (2012). Greater London - The Story of the Suburbs. Vauxhall Bridge Road, London: Random House. p. 512. ISBN 9781847945327.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Barratt","url_text":"Barratt, Nick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House","url_text":"Random House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847945327","url_text":"9781847945327"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Edwin (1922). DULWICH HISTORY AND ROMANCE 2nd Edition. Bickers and Sons. p. 46.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/dulwichhistoryro00hall#page/46/mode/2up","url_text":"DULWICH HISTORY AND ROMANCE 2nd Edition"}]},{"reference":"Goode, Charles (1984). To the Crystal Palace. Forge Books. ISBN 0-904662-13-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-904662-13-6","url_text":"0-904662-13-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Subterranea Britannica Site: Upper Sydenham Station\". Subbrit.org.uk. Retrieved 30 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/stations/u/upper_sydenham/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Subterranea Britannica Site: Upper Sydenham Station\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sydenham Hill Wood - Southwark Council\". Southwark.gov.uk. 20 January 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.southwark.gov.uk/info/461/a_to_z_of_parks/670/sydenham_hill_wood","url_text":"\"Sydenham Hill Wood - Southwark Council\""}]},{"reference":"Greenwood, Daniel (24 March 2015). \"The differing worlds of the Dulwich and Sydenham Hill Woods\". The Dulwich Society. Retrieved 19 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://dulwichsociety.com/2015-spring/1147-the-differing-worlds-of-the-dulwich-and-sydenham-hill-woods","url_text":"\"The differing worlds of the Dulwich and Sydenham Hill Woods\""}]},{"reference":"Lapsewood Walk Interpretation Board. London Wildlife Trust. February 2008.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"London Wildlife Trust Wild London magazine\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wildlondon.org.uk/reserves/sydenham-hill-wood-and-coxs-walk","url_text":"\"London Wildlife Trust Wild London magazine\""}]},{"reference":"Cox's Walk Interpretation Board. London Wildlife Trust. February 2008.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sydenham Hill Wood and Dulwich Wood\". Greenspace Information for Greater London (GiGL). London Wildlife Trust. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121223234104/http://www.gigl.org.uk/iGiGL/siteDetails.aspx?sID=M075&sType=sinc","url_text":"\"Sydenham Hill Wood and Dulwich Wood\""},{"url":"http://www.gigl.org.uk/iGiGL/siteDetails.aspx?sID=M075&sType=sinc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Crescent Wood Road Interpretation Board. London Wildlife Trust. February 2008.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sydenham Hill Wood and Dulwich Wood\". Greenspace Information for Greater London. 2006. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121223234104/http://www.gigl.org.uk/iGiGL/siteDetails.aspx?sID=M075&sType=sinc","url_text":"\"Sydenham Hill Wood and Dulwich Wood\""},{"url":"http://www.gigl.org.uk/igigl/siteDetails.aspx?sID=M075&sType=sinc","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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Pulhamite Rockwork"},{"Link":"http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/stations/l/lordship_lane/index.shtml","external_links_name":"Lordship Lane station"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/search/?q=%22dulwich+wood%22&s=int","external_links_name":"Flickr"},{"Link":"http://www.dulwichsociety.com/","external_links_name":"The Dulwich Society"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080307210654/http://forum.sydenham.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Sydenham Town Forum"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121223234104/http://www.gigl.org.uk/iGiGL/siteDetails.aspx?sID=M075&sType=sinc","external_links_name":"\"Sydenham Hill Wood and Dulwich Wood\""},{"Link":"http://www.gigl.org.uk/igigl/siteDetails.aspx?sID=M075&sType=sinc","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.london-footprints.co.uk/wkdulwichadd.htm","external_links_name":"london-footprints.co.uk"},{"Link":"http://www.pulham.org.uk/","external_links_name":"The Pulham Legacy"},{"Link":"http://www.wildlondon.org.uk/","external_links_name":"The London Wildlife Trust"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110929155709/http://www.wildlondon.org.uk/Naturereserves/tabid/91/Naturereserves/SydenhamHillWoodCoxsWalk/tabid/139/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"Sydenham Hill Wood"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080407002250/http://www.wildlondon.org.uk/Events/tabid/215/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"What's On"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/stevegrindlay/sets/72157600159385559/with/6861992062/","external_links_name":"Sydenham Hill Woods, 1862"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_polynomial
Bell polynomials
["1 Definitions","1.1 Exponential Bell polynomials","1.2 Ordinary Bell polynomials","2 Combinatorial meaning","2.1 Examples","3 Table of values","4 Properties","4.1 Generating function","4.2 Recurrence relations","4.3 Derivatives","4.4 Stirling numbers and Bell numbers","4.5 Touchard polynomials","4.6 Inverse relations","4.7 Determinant forms","4.8 Convolution identity","5 Other identities","6 Examples","7 Applications","7.1 Faà di Bruno's formula","7.2 Reversion of series","7.3 Asymptotic expansion of Laplace-type integrals","7.4 Symmetric polynomials","7.5 Cycle index of symmetric groups","7.6 Moments and cumulants","7.7 Hermite polynomials","7.8 Representation of polynomial sequences of binomial type","8 Software","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References"]
Polynomials in combinatorial mathematics For a different family of polynomials Bn(x) occasionally called Bell polynomials, see Touchard polynomials. In combinatorial mathematics, the Bell polynomials, named in honor of Eric Temple Bell, are used in the study of set partitions. They are related to Stirling and Bell numbers. They also occur in many applications, such as in Faà di Bruno's formula. Definitions Exponential Bell polynomials The partial or incomplete exponential Bell polynomials are a triangular array of polynomials given by B n , k ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − k + 1 ) = ∑ n ! j 1 ! j 2 ! ⋯ j n − k + 1 ! ( x 1 1 ! ) j 1 ( x 2 2 ! ) j 2 ⋯ ( x n − k + 1 ( n − k + 1 ) ! ) j n − k + 1 = n ! ∑ ∏ i = 1 n − k + 1 x i j i ( i ! ) j i j i ! , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}B_{n,k}(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n-k+1})&=\sum {n! \over j_{1}!j_{2}!\cdots j_{n-k+1}!}\left({x_{1} \over 1!}\right)^{j_{1}}\left({x_{2} \over 2!}\right)^{j_{2}}\cdots \left({x_{n-k+1} \over (n-k+1)!}\right)^{j_{n-k+1}}\\&=n!\sum \prod _{i=1}^{n-k+1}{\frac {x_{i}^{j_{i}}}{(i!)^{j_{i}}j_{i}!}},\end{aligned}}} where the sum is taken over all sequences j1, j2, j3, ..., jn−k+1 of non-negative integers such that these two conditions are satisfied: j 1 + j 2 + ⋯ + j n − k + 1 = k , {\displaystyle j_{1}+j_{2}+\cdots +j_{n-k+1}=k,} j 1 + 2 j 2 + 3 j 3 + ⋯ + ( n − k + 1 ) j n − k + 1 = n . {\displaystyle j_{1}+2j_{2}+3j_{3}+\cdots +(n-k+1)j_{n-k+1}=n.} The sum B n ( x 1 , … , x n ) = ∑ k = 1 n B n , k ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − k + 1 ) = n ! ∑ 1 j 1 + … + n j n = n ∏ i = 1 n x i j i ( i ! ) j i j i ! {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}B_{n}(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})&=\sum _{k=1}^{n}B_{n,k}(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n-k+1})\\&=n!\sum _{1j_{1}+\ldots +nj_{n}=n}\prod _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {x_{i}^{j_{i}}}{(i!)^{j_{i}}j_{i}!}}\end{aligned}}} is called the nth complete exponential Bell polynomial. Ordinary Bell polynomials Likewise, the partial ordinary Bell polynomial is defined by B ^ n , k ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − k + 1 ) = ∑ k ! j 1 ! j 2 ! ⋯ j n − k + 1 ! x 1 j 1 x 2 j 2 ⋯ x n − k + 1 j n − k + 1 , {\displaystyle {\hat {B}}_{n,k}(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n-k+1})=\sum {\frac {k!}{j_{1}!j_{2}!\cdots j_{n-k+1}!}}x_{1}^{j_{1}}x_{2}^{j_{2}}\cdots x_{n-k+1}^{j_{n-k+1}},} where the sum runs over all sequences j1, j2, j3, ..., jn−k+1 of non-negative integers such that j 1 + j 2 + ⋯ + j n − k + 1 = k , {\displaystyle j_{1}+j_{2}+\cdots +j_{n-k+1}=k,} j 1 + 2 j 2 + ⋯ + ( n − k + 1 ) j n − k + 1 = n . {\displaystyle j_{1}+2j_{2}+\cdots +(n-k+1)j_{n-k+1}=n.} Thanks to the first condition on indices, we can rewrite the formula as B ^ n , k ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − k + 1 ) = ∑ ( k j 1 , j 2 , … , j n − k + 1 ) x 1 j 1 x 2 j 2 ⋯ x n − k + 1 j n − k + 1 , {\displaystyle {\hat {B}}_{n,k}(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n-k+1})=\sum {\binom {k}{j_{1},j_{2},\ldots ,j_{n-k+1}}}x_{1}^{j_{1}}x_{2}^{j_{2}}\cdots x_{n-k+1}^{j_{n-k+1}},} where we have used the multinomial coefficient. The ordinary Bell polynomials can be expressed in the terms of exponential Bell polynomials: B ^ n , k ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − k + 1 ) = k ! n ! B n , k ( 1 ! ⋅ x 1 , 2 ! ⋅ x 2 , … , ( n − k + 1 ) ! ⋅ x n − k + 1 ) . {\displaystyle {\hat {B}}_{n,k}(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n-k+1})={\frac {k!}{n!}}B_{n,k}(1!\cdot x_{1},2!\cdot x_{2},\ldots ,(n-k+1)!\cdot x_{n-k+1}).} In general, Bell polynomial refers to the exponential Bell polynomial, unless otherwise explicitly stated. Combinatorial meaning The exponential Bell polynomial encodes the information related to the ways a set can be partitioned. For example, if we consider a set {A, B, C}, it can be partitioned into two non-empty, non-overlapping subsets, which are also referred to as parts or blocks, in 3 different ways: {{A}, {B, C}} {{B}, {A, C}} {{C}, {B, A}} Thus, we can encode the information regarding these partitions as B 3 , 2 ( x 1 , x 2 ) = 3 x 1 x 2 . {\displaystyle B_{3,2}(x_{1},x_{2})=3x_{1}x_{2}.} Here, the subscripts of B3,2 tell us that we are considering the partitioning of a set with 3 elements into 2 blocks. The subscript of each xi indicates the presence of a block with i elements (or block of size i) in a given partition. So here, x2 indicates the presence of a block with two elements. Similarly, x1 indicates the presence of a block with a single element. The exponent of xij indicates that there are j such blocks of size i in a single partition. Here, the fact that both x1 and x2 have exponent 1 indicates that there is only one such block in a given partition. The coefficient of the monomial indicates how many such partitions there are. Here, there are 3 partitions of a set with 3 elements into 2 blocks, where in each partition the elements are divided into two blocks of sizes 1 and 2. Since any set can be divided into a single block in only one way, the above interpretation would mean that Bn,1 = xn. Similarly, since there is only one way that a set with n elements be divided into n singletons, Bn,n = x1n. As a more complicated example, consider B 6 , 2 ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , x 5 ) = 6 x 5 x 1 + 15 x 4 x 2 + 10 x 3 2 . {\displaystyle B_{6,2}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},x_{4},x_{5})=6x_{5}x_{1}+15x_{4}x_{2}+10x_{3}^{2}.} This tells us that if a set with 6 elements is divided into 2 blocks, then we can have 6 partitions with blocks of size 1 and 5, 15 partitions with blocks of size 4 and 2, and 10 partitions with 2 blocks of size 3. The sum of the subscripts in a monomial is equal to the total number of elements. Thus, the number of monomials that appear in the partial Bell polynomial is equal to the number of ways the integer n can be expressed as a summation of k positive integers. This is the same as the integer partition of n into k parts. For instance, in the above examples, the integer 3 can be partitioned into two parts as 2+1 only. Thus, there is only one monomial in B3,2. However, the integer 6 can be partitioned into two parts as 5+1, 4+2, and 3+3. Thus, there are three monomials in B6,2. Indeed, the subscripts of the variables in a monomial are the same as those given by the integer partition, indicating the sizes of the different blocks. The total number of monomials appearing in a complete Bell polynomial Bn is thus equal to the total number of integer partitions of n. Also the degree of each monomial, which is the sum of the exponents of each variable in the monomial, is equal to the number of blocks the set is divided into. That is, j1 + j2 + ... = k . Thus, given a complete Bell polynomial Bn, we can separate the partial Bell polynomial Bn,k by collecting all those monomials with degree k. Finally, if we disregard the sizes of the blocks and put all xi = x, then the summation of the coefficients of the partial Bell polynomial Bn,k will give the total number of ways that a set with n elements can be partitioned into k blocks, which is the same as the Stirling numbers of the second kind. Also, the summation of all the coefficients of the complete Bell polynomial Bn will give us the total number of ways a set with n elements can be partitioned into non-overlapping subsets, which is the same as the Bell number. In general, if the integer n is partitioned into a sum in which "1" appears j1 times, "2" appears j2 times, and so on, then the number of partitions of a set of size n that collapse to that partition of the integer n when the members of the set become indistinguishable is the corresponding coefficient in the polynomial. Examples For example, we have B 6 , 2 ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , x 5 ) = 6 x 5 x 1 + 15 x 4 x 2 + 10 x 3 2 {\displaystyle B_{6,2}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},x_{4},x_{5})=6x_{5}x_{1}+15x_{4}x_{2}+10x_{3}^{2}} because the ways to partition a set of 6 elements as 2 blocks are 6 ways to partition a set of 6 as 5 + 1, 15 ways to partition a set of 6 as 4 + 2, and 10 ways to partition a set of 6 as 3 + 3. Similarly, B 6 , 3 ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ) = 15 x 4 x 1 2 + 60 x 3 x 2 x 1 + 15 x 2 3 {\displaystyle B_{6,3}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},x_{4})=15x_{4}x_{1}^{2}+60x_{3}x_{2}x_{1}+15x_{2}^{3}} because the ways to partition a set of 6 elements as 3 blocks are 15 ways to partition a set of 6 as 4 + 1 + 1, 60 ways to partition a set of 6 as 3 + 2 + 1, and 15 ways to partition a set of 6 as 2 + 2 + 2. Table of values Below is a triangular array of the incomplete Bell polynomials B n , k ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − k + 1 ) {\displaystyle B_{n,k}(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n-k+1})} : kn 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 {\displaystyle 1} 1 0 {\displaystyle 0} x 1 {\displaystyle x_{1}} 2 0 {\displaystyle 0} x 2 {\displaystyle x_{2}} x 1 2 {\displaystyle x_{1}^{2}} 3 0 {\displaystyle 0} x 3 {\displaystyle x_{3}} 3 x 1 x 2 {\displaystyle 3x_{1}x_{2}} x 1 3 {\displaystyle x_{1}^{3}} 4 0 {\displaystyle 0} x 4 {\displaystyle x_{4}} 3 x 2 2 + 4 x 1 x 3 {\displaystyle 3x_{2}^{2}+4x_{1}x_{3}} 6 x 1 2 x 2 {\displaystyle 6x_{1}^{2}x_{2}} x 1 4 {\displaystyle x_{1}^{4}} 5 0 {\displaystyle 0} x 5 {\displaystyle x_{5}} 10 x 2 x 3 + 5 x 1 x 4 {\displaystyle 10x_{2}x_{3}+5x_{1}x_{4}} 15 x 1 x 2 2 + 10 x 1 2 x 3 {\displaystyle 15x_{1}x_{2}^{2}+10x_{1}^{2}x_{3}} 10 x 1 3 x 2 {\displaystyle 10x_{1}^{3}x_{2}} x 1 5 {\displaystyle x_{1}^{5}} 6 0 {\displaystyle 0} x 6 {\displaystyle x_{6}} 10 x 3 2 + 15 x 2 x 4 + 6 x 1 x 5 {\displaystyle 10x_{3}^{2}+15x_{2}x_{4}+6x_{1}x_{5}} 15 x 2 3 + 60 x 1 x 2 x 3 + 15 x 1 2 x 4 {\displaystyle 15x_{2}^{3}+60x_{1}x_{2}x_{3}+15x_{1}^{2}x_{4}} 45 x 1 2 x 2 2 + 20 x 1 3 x 3 {\displaystyle 45x_{1}^{2}x_{2}^{2}+20x_{1}^{3}x_{3}} 15 x 1 4 x 2 {\displaystyle 15x_{1}^{4}x_{2}} x 1 6 {\displaystyle x_{1}^{6}} Properties Generating function The exponential partial Bell polynomials can be defined by the double series expansion of its generating function: Φ ( t , u ) = exp ⁡ ( u ∑ j = 1 ∞ x j t j j ! ) = ∑ n ≥ k ≥ 0 B n , k ( x 1 , … , x n − k + 1 ) t n n ! u k = 1 + ∑ n = 1 ∞ t n n ! ∑ k = 1 n u k B n , k ( x 1 , … , x n − k + 1 ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Phi (t,u)&=\exp \left(u\sum _{j=1}^{\infty }x_{j}{\frac {t^{j}}{j!}}\right)=\sum _{n\geq k\geq 0}B_{n,k}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n-k+1}){\frac {t^{n}}{n!}}u^{k}\\&=1+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {t^{n}}{n!}}\sum _{k=1}^{n}u^{k}B_{n,k}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n-k+1}).\end{aligned}}} In other words, by what amounts to the same, by the series expansion of the k-th power: 1 k ! ( ∑ j = 1 ∞ x j t j j ! ) k = ∑ n = k ∞ B n , k ( x 1 , … , x n − k + 1 ) t n n ! , k = 0 , 1 , 2 , … {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{k!}}\left(\sum _{j=1}^{\infty }x_{j}{\frac {t^{j}}{j!}}\right)^{k}=\sum _{n=k}^{\infty }B_{n,k}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n-k+1}){\frac {t^{n}}{n!}},\qquad k=0,1,2,\ldots } The complete exponential Bell polynomial is defined by Φ ( t , 1 ) {\displaystyle \Phi (t,1)} , or in other words: Φ ( t , 1 ) = exp ⁡ ( ∑ j = 1 ∞ x j t j j ! ) = ∑ n = 0 ∞ B n ( x 1 , … , x n ) t n n ! . {\displaystyle \Phi (t,1)=\exp \left(\sum _{j=1}^{\infty }x_{j}{\frac {t^{j}}{j!}}\right)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }B_{n}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}){\frac {t^{n}}{n!}}.} Thus, the n-th complete Bell polynomial is given by B n ( x 1 , … , x n ) = ( ∂ ∂ t ) n exp ⁡ ( ∑ j = 1 n x j t j j ! ) | t = 0 . {\displaystyle B_{n}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})=\left.\left({\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}\right)^{n}\exp \left(\sum _{j=1}^{n}x_{j}{\frac {t^{j}}{j!}}\right)\right|_{t=0}.} Likewise, the ordinary partial Bell polynomial can be defined by the generating function Φ ^ ( t , u ) = exp ⁡ ( u ∑ j = 1 ∞ x j t j ) = ∑ n ≥ k ≥ 0 B ^ n , k ( x 1 , … , x n − k + 1 ) t n u k k ! . {\displaystyle {\hat {\Phi }}(t,u)=\exp \left(u\sum _{j=1}^{\infty }x_{j}t^{j}\right)=\sum _{n\geq k\geq 0}{\hat {B}}_{n,k}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n-k+1})t^{n}{\frac {u^{k}}{k!}}.} Or, equivalently, by series expansion of the k-th power: ( ∑ j = 1 ∞ x j t j ) k = ∑ n = k ∞ B ^ n , k ( x 1 , … , x n − k + 1 ) t n . {\displaystyle \left(\sum _{j=1}^{\infty }x_{j}t^{j}\right)^{k}=\sum _{n=k}^{\infty }{\hat {B}}_{n,k}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n-k+1})t^{n}.} See also generating function transformations for Bell polynomial generating function expansions of compositions of sequence generating functions and powers, logarithms, and exponentials of a sequence generating function. Each of these formulas is cited in the respective sections of Comtet. Recurrence relations The complete Bell polynomials can be recurrently defined as B n + 1 ( x 1 , … , x n + 1 ) = ∑ i = 0 n ( n i ) B n − i ( x 1 , … , x n − i ) x i + 1 {\displaystyle B_{n+1}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n+1})=\sum _{i=0}^{n}{n \choose i}B_{n-i}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n-i})x_{i+1}} with the initial value B 0 = 1 {\displaystyle B_{0}=1} . The partial Bell polynomials can also be computed efficiently by a recurrence relation: B n + 1 , k + 1 ( x 1 , … , x n − k + 1 ) = ∑ i = 0 n − k ( n i ) x i + 1 B n − i , k ( x 1 , … , x n − k − i + 1 ) {\displaystyle B_{n+1,k+1}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n-k+1})=\sum _{i=0}^{n-k}{\binom {n}{i}}x_{i+1}B_{n-i,k}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n-k-i+1})} where B 0 , 0 = 1 ; {\displaystyle B_{0,0}=1;} B n , 0 = 0  for  n ≥ 1 ; {\displaystyle B_{n,0}=0{\text{ for }}n\geq 1;} B 0 , k = 0  for  k ≥ 1. {\displaystyle B_{0,k}=0{\text{ for }}k\geq 1.} In addition: B n , k 1 + k 2 ( x 1 , … , x n − k 1 − k 2 + 1 ) = k 1 ! k 2 ! ( k 1 + k 2 ) ! ∑ i = 0 n ( n i ) B i , k 1 ( x 1 , … , x i − k 1 + 1 ) B n − i , k 2 ( x 1 , … , x n − i − k 2 + 1 ) . {\displaystyle B_{n,k_{1}+k_{2}}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n-k_{1}-k_{2}+1})={\frac {k_{1}!\,k_{2}!}{(k_{1}+k_{2})!}}\sum _{i=0}^{n}{\binom {n}{i}}B_{i,k_{1}}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{i-k_{1}+1})B_{n-i,k_{2}}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n-i-k_{2}+1}).} The complete Bell polynomials also satisfy the following recurrence differential formula: B n ( x 1 , … , x n ) = 1 n − 1 [ ∑ i = 2 n ∑ j = 1 i − 1 ( i − 1 ) ( i − 2 j − 1 ) x j x i − j ∂ B n − 1 ( x 1 , … , x n − 1 ) ∂ x i − 1 + ∑ i = 2 n ∑ j = 1 i − 1 x i + 1 ( i j ) ∂ 2 B n − 1 ( x 1 , … , x n − 1 ) ∂ x j ∂ x i − j + ∑ i = 2 n x i ∂ B n − 1 ( x 1 , … , x n − 1 ) ∂ x i − 1 ] . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}B_{n}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})={\frac {1}{n-1}}\left&\left.{}+\sum _{i=2}^{n}\sum _{j=1}^{i-1}{\frac {x_{i+1}}{\binom {i}{j}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}B_{n-1}(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n-1})}{\partial x_{j}\partial x_{i-j}}}\right.\\&\left.{}+\sum _{i=2}^{n}x_{i}{\frac {\partial B_{n-1}(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n-1})}{\partial x_{i-1}}}\right].\end{aligned}}} Derivatives The partial derivatives of the complete Bell polynomials are given by ∂ B n ∂ x i ( x 1 , … , x n ) = ( n i ) B n − i ( x 1 , … , x n − i ) . {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial B_{n}}{\partial x_{i}}}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})={\binom {n}{i}}B_{n-i}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n-i}).} Similarly, the partial derivatives of the partial Bell polynomials are given by ∂ B n , k ∂ x i ( x 1 , … , x n − k + 1 ) = ( n i ) B n − i , k − 1 ( x 1 , … , x n − i − k + 2 ) . {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial B_{n,k}}{\partial x_{i}}}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n-k+1})={\binom {n}{i}}B_{n-i,k-1}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n-i-k+2}).} If the arguments of the Bell polynomials are one-dimensional functions, the chain rule can be used to obtain d d x ( B n , k ( a 1 ( x ) , ⋯ , a n − k + 1 ( x ) ) ) = ∑ i = 1 n − k + 1 ( n i ) a i ′ ( x ) B n − i , k − 1 ( a 1 ( x ) , ⋯ , a n − i − k + 2 ( x ) ) . {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dx}}\left(B_{n,k}(a_{1}(x),\cdots ,a_{n-k+1}(x))\right)=\sum _{i=1}^{n-k+1}{\binom {n}{i}}a_{i}'(x)B_{n-i,k-1}(a_{1}(x),\cdots ,a_{n-i-k+2}(x)).} Stirling numbers and Bell numbers The value of the Bell polynomial Bn,k(x1,x2,...) on the sequence of factorials equals an unsigned Stirling number of the first kind: B n , k ( 0 ! , 1 ! , … , ( n − k ) ! ) = c ( n , k ) = | s ( n , k ) | = [ n k ] . {\displaystyle B_{n,k}(0!,1!,\dots ,(n-k)!)=c(n,k)=|s(n,k)|=\left.} The sum of these values gives the value of the complete Bell polynomial on the sequence of factorials: B n ( 0 ! , 1 ! , … , ( n − 1 ) ! ) = ∑ k = 1 n B n , k ( 0 ! , 1 ! , … , ( n − k ) ! ) = ∑ k = 1 n [ n k ] = n ! . {\displaystyle B_{n}(0!,1!,\dots ,(n-1)!)=\sum _{k=1}^{n}B_{n,k}(0!,1!,\dots ,(n-k)!)=\sum _{k=1}^{n}\left=n!.} The value of the Bell polynomial Bn,k(x1,x2,...) on the sequence of ones equals a Stirling number of the second kind: B n , k ( 1 , 1 , … , 1 ) = S ( n , k ) = { n k } . {\displaystyle B_{n,k}(1,1,\dots ,1)=S(n,k)=\left\{{n \atop k}\right\}.} The sum of these values gives the value of the complete Bell polynomial on the sequence of ones: B n ( 1 , 1 , … , 1 ) = ∑ k = 1 n B n , k ( 1 , 1 , … , 1 ) = ∑ k = 1 n { n k } , {\displaystyle B_{n}(1,1,\dots ,1)=\sum _{k=1}^{n}B_{n,k}(1,1,\dots ,1)=\sum _{k=1}^{n}\left\{{n \atop k}\right\},} which is the nth Bell number. B n , k ( 1 ! , 2 ! , … , ( n − k + 1 ) ! ) = ( n − 1 k − 1 ) n ! k ! = L ( n , k ) {\displaystyle B_{n,k}(1!,2!,\ldots ,(n-k+1)!)={\binom {n-1}{k-1}}{\frac {n!}{k!}}=L(n,k)} which gives the Lah number. Touchard polynomials Main article: Touchard polynomials Touchard polynomial T n ( x ) = ∑ k = 0 n { n k } ⋅ x k {\displaystyle T_{n}(x)=\sum _{k=0}^{n}\left\{{n \atop k}\right\}\cdot x^{k}} can be expressed as the value of the complete Bell polynomial on all arguments being x: T n ( x ) = B n ( x , x , … , x ) . {\displaystyle T_{n}(x)=B_{n}(x,x,\dots ,x).} Inverse relations If we define y n = ∑ k = 1 n B n , k ( x 1 , … , x n − k + 1 ) , {\displaystyle y_{n}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}B_{n,k}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n-k+1}),} then we have the inverse relationship x n = ∑ k = 1 n ( − 1 ) k − 1 ( k − 1 ) ! B n , k ( y 1 , … , y n − k + 1 ) . {\displaystyle x_{n}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}(-1)^{k-1}(k-1)!B_{n,k}(y_{1},\ldots ,y_{n-k+1}).} More generally, given some function f {\displaystyle f} admitting an inverse g = f − 1 {\displaystyle g=f^{-1}} , y n = ∑ k = 0 n f ( k ) ( a ) B n , k ( x 1 , … , x n − k + 1 ) ⇔ x n = ∑ k = 0 n g ( k ) ( f ( a ) ) B n , k ( y 1 , … , y n − k + 1 ) . {\displaystyle y_{n}=\sum _{k=0}^{n}f^{(k)}(a)\,B_{n,k}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n-k+1})\quad \Leftrightarrow \quad x_{n}=\sum _{k=0}^{n}g^{(k)}{\big (}f(a){\big )}\,B_{n,k}(y_{1},\ldots ,y_{n-k+1}).} Determinant forms The complete Bell polynomial can be expressed as determinants: B n ( x 1 , … , x n ) = det [ x 1 ( n − 1 1 ) x 2 ( n − 1 2 ) x 3 ( n − 1 3 ) x 4 ⋯ ⋯ x n − 1 x 1 ( n − 2 1 ) x 2 ( n − 2 2 ) x 3 ⋯ ⋯ x n − 1 0 − 1 x 1 ( n − 3 1 ) x 2 ⋯ ⋯ x n − 2 0 0 − 1 x 1 ⋯ ⋯ x n − 3 0 0 0 − 1 ⋯ ⋯ x n − 4 ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋱ ⋮ 0 0 0 0 ⋯ − 1 x 1 ] {\displaystyle B_{n}(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})=\det {\begin{bmatrix}x_{1}&{n-1 \choose 1}x_{2}&{n-1 \choose 2}x_{3}&{n-1 \choose 3}x_{4}&\cdots &\cdots &x_{n}\\\\-1&x_{1}&{n-2 \choose 1}x_{2}&{n-2 \choose 2}x_{3}&\cdots &\cdots &x_{n-1}\\\\0&-1&x_{1}&{n-3 \choose 1}x_{2}&\cdots &\cdots &x_{n-2}\\\\0&0&-1&x_{1}&\cdots &\cdots &x_{n-3}\\\\0&0&0&-1&\cdots &\cdots &x_{n-4}\\\\\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\ddots &\vdots \\\\0&0&0&0&\cdots &-1&x_{1}\end{bmatrix}}} and B n ( x 1 , … , x n ) = det [ x 1 0 ! x 2 1 ! x 3 2 ! x 4 3 ! ⋯ ⋯ x n ( n − 1 ) ! − 1 x 1 0 ! x 2 1 ! x 3 2 ! ⋯ ⋯ x n − 1 ( n − 2 ) ! 0 − 2 x 1 0 ! x 2 1 ! ⋯ ⋯ x n − 2 ( n − 3 ) ! 0 0 − 3 x 1 0 ! ⋯ ⋯ x n − 3 ( n − 4 ) ! 0 0 0 − 4 ⋯ ⋯ x n − 4 ( n − 5 ) ! ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋱ ⋮ 0 0 0 0 ⋯ − ( n − 1 ) x 1 0 ! ] . {\displaystyle B_{n}(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})=\det {\begin{bmatrix}{\frac {x_{1}}{0!}}&{\frac {x_{2}}{1!}}&{\frac {x_{3}}{2!}}&{\frac {x_{4}}{3!}}&\cdots &\cdots &{\frac {x_{n}}{(n-1)!}}\\\\-1&{\frac {x_{1}}{0!}}&{\frac {x_{2}}{1!}}&{\frac {x_{3}}{2!}}&\cdots &\cdots &{\frac {x_{n-1}}{(n-2)!}}\\\\0&-2&{\frac {x_{1}}{0!}}&{\frac {x_{2}}{1!}}&\cdots &\cdots &{\frac {x_{n-2}}{(n-3)!}}\\\\0&0&-3&{\frac {x_{1}}{0!}}&\cdots &\cdots &{\frac {x_{n-3}}{(n-4)!}}\\\\0&0&0&-4&\cdots &\cdots &{\frac {x_{n-4}}{(n-5)!}}\\\\\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\ddots &\vdots \\\\0&0&0&0&\cdots &-(n-1)&{\frac {x_{1}}{0!}}\end{bmatrix}}.} Convolution identity For sequences xn, yn, n = 1, 2, ..., define a convolution by: ( x ♢ y ) n = ∑ j = 1 n − 1 ( n j ) x j y n − j . {\displaystyle (x{\mathbin {\diamondsuit }}y)_{n}=\sum _{j=1}^{n-1}{n \choose j}x_{j}y_{n-j}.} The bounds of summation are 1 and n − 1, not 0 and n . Let x n k ♢ {\displaystyle x_{n}^{k\diamondsuit }\,} be the nth term of the sequence x ♢ ⋯ ♢ x ⏟ k  factors . {\displaystyle \displaystyle \underbrace {x{\mathbin {\diamondsuit }}\cdots {\mathbin {\diamondsuit }}x} _{k{\text{ factors}}}.\,} Then B n , k ( x 1 , … , x n − k + 1 ) = x n k ♢ k ! . {\displaystyle B_{n,k}(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n-k+1})={x_{n}^{k\diamondsuit } \over k!}.\,} For example, let us compute B 4 , 3 ( x 1 , x 2 ) {\displaystyle B_{4,3}(x_{1},x_{2})} . We have x = ( x 1   ,   x 2   ,   x 3   ,   x 4   , … ) {\displaystyle x=(x_{1}\ ,\ x_{2}\ ,\ x_{3}\ ,\ x_{4}\ ,\dots )} x ♢ x = ( 0 ,   2 x 1 2   ,   6 x 1 x 2   ,   8 x 1 x 3 + 6 x 2 2   , … ) {\displaystyle x{\mathbin {\diamondsuit }}x=(0,\ 2x_{1}^{2}\ ,\ 6x_{1}x_{2}\ ,\ 8x_{1}x_{3}+6x_{2}^{2}\ ,\dots )} x ♢ x ♢ x = ( 0   ,   0   ,   6 x 1 3   ,   36 x 1 2 x 2   , … ) {\displaystyle x{\mathbin {\diamondsuit }}x{\mathbin {\diamondsuit }}x=(0\ ,\ 0\ ,\ 6x_{1}^{3}\ ,\ 36x_{1}^{2}x_{2}\ ,\dots )} and thus, B 4 , 3 ( x 1 , x 2 ) = ( x ♢ x ♢ x ) 4 3 ! = 6 x 1 2 x 2 . {\displaystyle B_{4,3}(x_{1},x_{2})={\frac {(x{\mathbin {\diamondsuit }}x{\mathbin {\diamondsuit }}x)_{4}}{3!}}=6x_{1}^{2}x_{2}.} Other identities B n , k ( 1 , 2 , 3 , … , n − k + 1 ) = ( n k ) k n − k {\displaystyle B_{n,k}(1,2,3,\ldots ,n-k+1)={\binom {n}{k}}k^{n-k}} which gives the idempotent number. B n , k ( α β x 1 , α β 2 x 2 , … , α β n − k + 1 x n − k + 1 ) = α k β n B n , k ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n − k + 1 ) {\displaystyle B_{n,k}(\alpha \beta x_{1},\alpha \beta ^{2}x_{2},\ldots ,\alpha \beta ^{n-k+1}x_{n-k+1})=\alpha ^{k}\beta ^{n}B_{n,k}(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n-k+1})} . The complete Bell polynomials satisfy the binomial type relation: B n ( x 1 + y 1 , … , x n + y n ) = ∑ i = 0 n ( n i ) B n − i ( x 1 , … , x n − i ) B i ( y 1 , … , y i ) , {\displaystyle B_{n}(x_{1}+y_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}+y_{n})=\sum _{i=0}^{n}{n \choose i}B_{n-i}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n-i})B_{i}(y_{1},\ldots ,y_{i}),} B n , k ( x q + 1 ( q + 1 q ) , x q + 2 ( q + 2 q ) , … ) = n ! ( q ! ) k ( n + q k ) ! B n + q k , k ( … , 0 , 0 , x q + 1 , x q + 2 , … ) . {\displaystyle B_{n,k}{\Bigl (}{\frac {x_{q+1}}{\binom {q+1}{q}}},{\frac {x_{q+2}}{\binom {q+2}{q}}},\ldots {\Bigr )}={\frac {n!(q!)^{k}}{(n+qk)!}}B_{n+qk,k}(\ldots ,0,0,x_{q+1},x_{q+2},\ldots ).} This corrects the omission of the factor ( q ! ) k {\displaystyle (q!)^{k}} in Comtet's book. When 1 ≤ a < n {\displaystyle 1\leq a<n} , B n , n − a ( x 1 , … , x a + 1 ) = ∑ j = a + 1 2 a j ! a ! ( n j ) x 1 n − j B a , j − a ( x 2 2 , x 3 3 , … , x 2 ( a + 1 ) − j 2 ( a + 1 ) − j ) . {\displaystyle B_{n,n-a}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{a+1})=\sum _{j=a+1}^{2a}{\frac {j!}{a!}}{\binom {n}{j}}x_{1}^{n-j}B_{a,j-a}{\Bigl (}{\frac {x_{2}}{2}},{\frac {x_{3}}{3}},\ldots ,{\frac {x_{2(a+1)-j}}{2(a+1)-j}}{\Bigr )}.} Special cases of partial Bell polynomials: B n , 1 ( x 1 , … , x n ) = x n B n , 2 ( x 1 , … , x n − 1 ) = 1 2 ∑ k = 1 n − 1 ( n k ) x k x n − k B n , n ( x 1 ) = x 1 n B n , n − 1 ( x 1 , x 2 ) = ( n 2 ) x 1 n − 2 x 2 B n , n − 2 ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = ( n 3 ) x 1 n − 3 x 3 + 3 ( n 4 ) x 1 n − 4 x 2 2 B n , n − 3 ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ) = ( n 4 ) x 1 n − 4 x 4 + 10 ( n 5 ) x 1 n − 5 x 2 x 3 + 15 ( n 6 ) x 1 n − 6 x 2 3 B n , n − 4 ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , x 5 ) = ( n 5 ) x 1 n − 5 x 5 + 5 ( n 6 ) x 1 n − 6 ( 3 x 2 x 4 + 2 x 3 2 ) + 105 ( n 7 ) x 1 n − 7 x 2 2 x 3 + 105 ( n 8 ) x 1 n − 8 x 2 4 . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}B_{n,1}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n})={}&x_{n}\\B_{n,2}(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n-1})={}&{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{k=1}^{n-1}{\binom {n}{k}}x_{k}x_{n-k}\\B_{n,n}(x_{1})={}&x_{1}^{n}\\B_{n,n-1}(x_{1},x_{2})={}&{\binom {n}{2}}x_{1}^{n-2}x_{2}\\B_{n,n-2}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})={}&{\binom {n}{3}}x_{1}^{n-3}x_{3}+3{\binom {n}{4}}x_{1}^{n-4}x_{2}^{2}\\B_{n,n-3}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},x_{4})={}&{\binom {n}{4}}x_{1}^{n-4}x_{4}+10{\binom {n}{5}}x_{1}^{n-5}x_{2}x_{3}+15{\binom {n}{6}}x_{1}^{n-6}x_{2}^{3}\\B_{n,n-4}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},x_{4},x_{5})={}&{\binom {n}{5}}x_{1}^{n-5}x_{5}+5{\binom {n}{6}}x_{1}^{n-6}(3x_{2}x_{4}+2x_{3}^{2})+105{\binom {n}{7}}x_{1}^{n-7}x_{2}^{2}x_{3}\\&+105{\binom {n}{8}}x_{1}^{n-8}x_{2}^{4}.\end{aligned}}} Examples The first few complete Bell polynomials are: B 0 = 1 , B 1 ( x 1 ) = x 1 , B 2 ( x 1 , x 2 ) = x 1 2 + x 2 , B 3 ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = x 1 3 + 3 x 1 x 2 + x 3 , B 4 ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ) = x 1 4 + 6 x 1 2 x 2 + 4 x 1 x 3 + 3 x 2 2 + x 4 , B 5 ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , x 5 ) = x 1 5 + 10 x 2 x 1 3 + 15 x 2 2 x 1 + 10 x 3 x 1 2 + 10 x 3 x 2 + 5 x 4 x 1 + x 5 B 6 ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , x 5 , x 6 ) = x 1 6 + 15 x 2 x 1 4 + 20 x 3 x 1 3 + 45 x 2 2 x 1 2 + 15 x 2 3 + 60 x 3 x 2 x 1 + 15 x 4 x 1 2 + 10 x 3 2 + 15 x 4 x 2 + 6 x 5 x 1 + x 6 , B 7 ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , x 5 , x 6 , x 7 ) = x 1 7 + 21 x 1 5 x 2 + 35 x 1 4 x 3 + 105 x 1 3 x 2 2 + 35 x 1 3 x 4 + 210 x 1 2 x 2 x 3 + 105 x 1 x 2 3 + 21 x 1 2 x 5 + 105 x 1 x 2 x 4 + 70 x 1 x 3 2 + 105 x 2 2 x 3 + 7 x 1 x 6 + 21 x 2 x 5 + 35 x 3 x 4 + x 7 . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}B_{0}={}&1,\\B_{1}(x_{1})={}&x_{1},\\B_{2}(x_{1},x_{2})={}&x_{1}^{2}+x_{2},\\B_{3}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})={}&x_{1}^{3}+3x_{1}x_{2}+x_{3},\\B_{4}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},x_{4})={}&x_{1}^{4}+6x_{1}^{2}x_{2}+4x_{1}x_{3}+3x_{2}^{2}+x_{4},\\B_{5}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},x_{4},x_{5})={}&x_{1}^{5}+10x_{2}x_{1}^{3}+15x_{2}^{2}x_{1}+10x_{3}x_{1}^{2}+10x_{3}x_{2}+5x_{4}x_{1}+x_{5}\\B_{6}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},x_{4},x_{5},x_{6})={}&x_{1}^{6}+15x_{2}x_{1}^{4}+20x_{3}x_{1}^{3}+45x_{2}^{2}x_{1}^{2}+15x_{2}^{3}+60x_{3}x_{2}x_{1}\\&{}+15x_{4}x_{1}^{2}+10x_{3}^{2}+15x_{4}x_{2}+6x_{5}x_{1}+x_{6},\\B_{7}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},x_{4},x_{5},x_{6},x_{7})={}&x_{1}^{7}+21x_{1}^{5}x_{2}+35x_{1}^{4}x_{3}+105x_{1}^{3}x_{2}^{2}+35x_{1}^{3}x_{4}\\&{}+210x_{1}^{2}x_{2}x_{3}+105x_{1}x_{2}^{3}+21x_{1}^{2}x_{5}+105x_{1}x_{2}x_{4}\\&{}+70x_{1}x_{3}^{2}+105x_{2}^{2}x_{3}+7x_{1}x_{6}+21x_{2}x_{5}+35x_{3}x_{4}+x_{7}.\end{aligned}}} Applications Faà di Bruno's formula Main article: Faà di Bruno's formula Faà di Bruno's formula may be stated in terms of Bell polynomials as follows: d n d x n f ( g ( x ) ) = ∑ k = 0 n f ( k ) ( g ( x ) ) B n , k ( g ′ ( x ) , g ″ ( x ) , … , g ( n − k + 1 ) ( x ) ) . {\displaystyle {d^{n} \over dx^{n}}f(g(x))=\sum _{k=0}^{n}f^{(k)}(g(x))B_{n,k}\left(g'(x),g''(x),\dots ,g^{(n-k+1)}(x)\right).} Similarly, a power-series version of Faà di Bruno's formula may be stated using Bell polynomials as follows. Suppose f ( x ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n n ! x n and g ( x ) = ∑ n = 0 ∞ b n n ! x n . {\displaystyle f(x)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{a_{n} \over n!}x^{n}\qquad {\text{and}}\qquad g(x)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{b_{n} \over n!}x^{n}.} Then g ( f ( x ) ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ ∑ k = 0 n b k B n , k ( a 1 , … , a n − k + 1 ) n ! x n . {\displaystyle g(f(x))=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {\sum _{k=0}^{n}b_{k}B_{n,k}(a_{1},\dots ,a_{n-k+1})}{n!}}x^{n}.} In particular, the complete Bell polynomials appear in the exponential of a formal power series: exp ⁡ ( ∑ i = 1 ∞ a i i ! x i ) = ∑ n = 0 ∞ B n ( a 1 , … , a n ) n ! x n , {\displaystyle \exp \left(\sum _{i=1}^{\infty }{a_{i} \over i!}x^{i}\right)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{B_{n}(a_{1},\dots ,a_{n}) \over n!}x^{n},} which also represents the exponential generating function of the complete Bell polynomials on a fixed sequence of arguments a 1 , a 2 , … {\displaystyle a_{1},a_{2},\dots } . Reversion of series Main article: Lagrange inversion theorem Let two functions f and g be expressed in formal power series as f ( w ) = ∑ k = 0 ∞ f k w k k ! , and g ( z ) = ∑ k = 0 ∞ g k z k k ! , {\displaystyle f(w)=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }f_{k}{\frac {w^{k}}{k!}},\qquad {\text{and}}\qquad g(z)=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }g_{k}{\frac {z^{k}}{k!}},} such that g is the compositional inverse of f defined by g(f(w)) = w or f(g(z)) = z. If f0 = 0 and f1 ≠ 0, then an explicit form of the coefficients of the inverse can be given in term of Bell polynomials as g n = 1 f 1 n ∑ k = 1 n − 1 ( − 1 ) k n k ¯ B n − 1 , k ( f ^ 1 , f ^ 2 , … , f ^ n − k ) , n ≥ 2 , {\displaystyle g_{n}={\frac {1}{f_{1}^{n}}}\sum _{k=1}^{n-1}(-1)^{k}n^{\bar {k}}B_{n-1,k}({\hat {f}}_{1},{\hat {f}}_{2},\ldots ,{\hat {f}}_{n-k}),\qquad n\geq 2,} with f ^ k = f k + 1 ( k + 1 ) f 1 , {\displaystyle {\hat {f}}_{k}={\frac {f_{k+1}}{(k+1)f_{1}}},} and n k ¯ = n ( n + 1 ) ⋯ ( n + k − 1 ) {\displaystyle n^{\bar {k}}=n(n+1)\cdots (n+k-1)} is the rising factorial, and g 1 = 1 f 1 . {\displaystyle g_{1}={\frac {1}{f_{1}}}.} Asymptotic expansion of Laplace-type integrals Consider the integral of the form I ( λ ) = ∫ a b e − λ f ( x ) g ( x ) d x , {\displaystyle I(\lambda )=\int _{a}^{b}e^{-\lambda f(x)}g(x)\,\mathrm {d} x,} where (a,b) is a real (finite or infinite) interval, λ is a large positive parameter and the functions f and g are continuous. Let f have a single minimum in which occurs at x = a. Assume that as x → a+, f ( x ) ∼ f ( a ) + ∑ k = 0 ∞ a k ( x − a ) k + α , {\displaystyle f(x)\sim f(a)+\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }a_{k}(x-a)^{k+\alpha },} g ( x ) ∼ ∑ k = 0 ∞ b k ( x − a ) k + β − 1 , {\displaystyle g(x)\sim \sum _{k=0}^{\infty }b_{k}(x-a)^{k+\beta -1},} with α > 0, Re(β) > 0; and that the expansion of f can be term wise differentiated. Then, Laplace–Erdelyi theorem states that the asymptotic expansion of the integral I(λ) is given by I ( λ ) ∼ e − λ f ( a ) ∑ n = 0 ∞ Γ ( n + β α ) c n λ ( n + β ) / α as λ → ∞ , {\displaystyle I(\lambda )\sim e^{-\lambda f(a)}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\Gamma {\Big (}{\frac {n+\beta }{\alpha }}{\Big )}{\frac {c_{n}}{\lambda ^{(n+\beta )/\alpha }}}\qquad {\text{as}}\quad \lambda \rightarrow \infty ,} where the coefficients cn are expressible in terms of an and bn using partial ordinary Bell polynomials, as given by Campbell–Froman–Walles–Wojdylo formula: c n = 1 α a 0 ( n + β ) / α ∑ k = 0 n b n − k ∑ j = 0 k ( − n + β α j ) 1 a 0 j B ^ k , j ( a 1 , a 2 , … , a k − j + 1 ) . {\displaystyle c_{n}={\frac {1}{\alpha a_{0}^{(n+\beta )/\alpha }}}\sum _{k=0}^{n}b_{n-k}\sum _{j=0}^{k}{\binom {-{\frac {n+\beta }{\alpha }}}{j}}{\frac {1}{a_{0}^{j}}}{\hat {B}}_{k,j}(a_{1},a_{2},\ldots ,a_{k-j+1}).} Symmetric polynomials Main article: Newton's identities The elementary symmetric polynomial e n {\displaystyle e_{n}} and the power sum symmetric polynomial p n {\displaystyle p_{n}} can be related to each other using Bell polynomials as: e n = 1 n ! B n ( p 1 , − 1 ! p 2 , 2 ! p 3 , − 3 ! p 4 , … , ( − 1 ) n − 1 ( n − 1 ) ! p n ) = ( − 1 ) n n ! B n ( − p 1 , − 1 ! p 2 , − 2 ! p 3 , − 3 ! p 4 , … , − ( n − 1 ) ! p n ) , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}e_{n}&={\frac {1}{n!}}\;B_{n}(p_{1},-1!p_{2},2!p_{3},-3!p_{4},\ldots ,(-1)^{n-1}(n-1)!p_{n})\\&={\frac {(-1)^{n}}{n!}}\;B_{n}(-p_{1},-1!p_{2},-2!p_{3},-3!p_{4},\ldots ,-(n-1)!p_{n}),\end{aligned}}} p n = ( − 1 ) n − 1 ( n − 1 ) ! ∑ k = 1 n ( − 1 ) k − 1 ( k − 1 ) ! B n , k ( e 1 , 2 ! e 2 , 3 ! e 3 , … , ( n − k + 1 ) ! e n − k + 1 ) = ( − 1 ) n n ∑ k = 1 n 1 k B ^ n , k ( − e 1 , … , − e n − k + 1 ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}p_{n}&={\frac {(-1)^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}}\sum _{k=1}^{n}(-1)^{k-1}(k-1)!\;B_{n,k}(e_{1},2!e_{2},3!e_{3},\ldots ,(n-k+1)!e_{n-k+1})\\&=(-1)^{n}\;n\;\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{k}}\;{\hat {B}}_{n,k}(-e_{1},\dots ,-e_{n-k+1}).\end{aligned}}} These formulae allow one to express the coefficients of monic polynomials in terms of the Bell polynomials of its zeroes. For instance, together with Cayley–Hamilton theorem they lead to expression of the determinant of a n × n square matrix A in terms of the traces of its powers: det ( A ) = ( − 1 ) n n ! B n ( s 1 , s 2 , … , s n ) ,   where  s k = − ( k − 1 ) ! tr ⁡ ( A k ) . {\displaystyle \det(A)={\frac {(-1)^{n}}{n!}}B_{n}(s_{1},s_{2},\ldots ,s_{n}),~\qquad {\text{where }}s_{k}=-(k-1)!\operatorname {tr} (A^{k}).} Cycle index of symmetric groups Main article: Cycle index The cycle index of the symmetric group S n {\displaystyle S_{n}} can be expressed in terms of complete Bell polynomials as follows: Z ( S n ) = B n ( 0 ! a 1 , 1 ! a 2 , … , ( n − 1 ) ! a n ) n ! . {\displaystyle Z(S_{n})={\frac {B_{n}(0!\,a_{1},1!\,a_{2},\dots ,(n-1)!\,a_{n})}{n!}}.} Moments and cumulants The sum μ n ′ = B n ( κ 1 , … , κ n ) = ∑ k = 1 n B n , k ( κ 1 , … , κ n − k + 1 ) {\displaystyle \mu _{n}'=B_{n}(\kappa _{1},\dots ,\kappa _{n})=\sum _{k=1}^{n}B_{n,k}(\kappa _{1},\dots ,\kappa _{n-k+1})} is the nth raw moment of a probability distribution whose first n cumulants are κ1, ..., κn. In other words, the nth moment is the nth complete Bell polynomial evaluated at the first n cumulants. Likewise, the nth cumulant can be given in terms of the moments as κ n = ∑ k = 1 n ( − 1 ) k − 1 ( k − 1 ) ! B n , k ( μ 1 ′ , … , μ n − k + 1 ′ ) . {\displaystyle \kappa _{n}=\sum _{k=1}^{n}(-1)^{k-1}(k-1)!B_{n,k}(\mu '_{1},\ldots ,\mu '_{n-k+1}).} Hermite polynomials Main article: Hermite polynomials Hermite polynomials can be expressed in terms of Bell polynomials as He n ⁡ ( x ) = B n ( x , − 1 , 0 , … , 0 ) , {\displaystyle \operatorname {He} _{n}(x)=B_{n}(x,-1,0,\ldots ,0),} where xi = 0 for all i > 2; thus allowing for a combinatorial interpretation of the coefficients of the Hermite polynomials. This can be seen by comparing the generating function of the Hermite polynomials exp ⁡ ( x t − t 2 2 ) = ∑ n = 0 ∞ He n ⁡ ( x ) t n n ! {\displaystyle \exp \left(xt-{\frac {t^{2}}{2}}\right)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\operatorname {He} _{n}(x){\frac {t^{n}}{n!}}} with that of Bell polynomials. Representation of polynomial sequences of binomial type For any sequence a1, a2, …, an of scalars, let p n ( x ) = B n ( a 1 x , … , a n x ) = ∑ k = 1 n B n , k ( a 1 , … , a n − k + 1 ) x k . {\displaystyle p_{n}(x)=B_{n}(a_{1}x,\ldots ,a_{n}x)=\sum _{k=1}^{n}B_{n,k}(a_{1},\dots ,a_{n-k+1})x^{k}.} Then this polynomial sequence is of binomial type, i.e. it satisfies the binomial identity p n ( x + y ) = ∑ k = 0 n ( n k ) p k ( x ) p n − k ( y ) . {\displaystyle p_{n}(x+y)=\sum _{k=0}^{n}{n \choose k}p_{k}(x)p_{n-k}(y).} Example: For a1 = … = an = 1, the polynomials p n ( x ) {\displaystyle p_{n}(x)} represent Touchard polynomials. More generally, we have this result: Theorem: All polynomial sequences of binomial type are of this form. If we define a formal power series h ( x ) = ∑ k = 1 ∞ a k k ! x k , {\displaystyle h(x)=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{a_{k} \over k!}x^{k},} then for all n, h − 1 ( d d x ) p n ( x ) = n p n − 1 ( x ) . {\displaystyle h^{-1}\left({d \over dx}\right)p_{n}(x)=np_{n-1}(x).} Software Bell polynomials are implemented in: Mathematica as BellY Maple as IncompleteBellB SageMath as bell_polynomial See also Bell matrix Exponential formula Notes ^ Comtet 1974. ^ a b Cvijović 2011. ^ Alexeev, Pologova & Alekseyev 2017, sect. 4.2. ^ Bell 1934, identity (5.1) on p. 266. ^ Chou, W.-S.; Hsu, Leetsch C.; Shiue, Peter J.-S. (2006-06-01). "Application of Faà di Bruno's formula in characterization of inverse relations". Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics. 190 (1–2): 151–169. doi:10.1016/j.cam.2004.12.041. ^ Chu, Wenchang (2021-11-19). "Bell Polynomials and Nonlinear Inverse Relations". The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics. 28 (4). doi:10.37236/10390. ISSN 1077-8926. ^ Comtet 1974, identity on p. 136. ^ Charalambides 2002, p. 437, Eqn (11.43). References Abbas, M.; Bouroubi, S. (2005). "On new identities for Bell's polynomial". Discrete Math. 293 (1–3): 5–10. doi:10.1016/j.disc.2004.08.023. MR 2136048. Alexeev, N.; Pologova, A.; Alekseyev, M. A. (2017). "Generalized Hultman Numbers and Cycle Structures of Breakpoint Graphs". Journal of Computational Biology. 24 (2): 93–105. arXiv:1503.05285. doi:10.1089/cmb.2016.0190. PMID 28045556. S2CID 9678733. Andrews, G. E. (1998). The Theory of Partitions. Cambridge Mathematical Library (1st pbk ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 204–211. ISBN 0-521-63766-X. Bell, E. T. (1927–1928). "Partition Polynomials". Annals of Mathematics. 29 (1/4): 38–46. doi:10.2307/1967979. JSTOR 1967979. MR 1502817. Bell, E. T. (1934). "Exponential Polynomials". Annals of Mathematics. 35 (2): 258–277. doi:10.2307/1968431. JSTOR 1968431. MR 1503161. Boyadzhiev, K. N. (2009). "Exponential Polynomials, Stirling Numbers, and Evaluation of Some Gamma Integrals". Abstract and Applied Analysis. 2009: 1–18. arXiv:0909.0979. Bibcode:2009AbApA2009....1B. doi:10.1155/2009/168672. S2CID 1608664. (contains also elementary review of the concept Bell-polynomials) Charalambides, C. A. (2002). Enumerative Combinatorics. Chapman & Hall / CRC. p. 632. ISBN 9781584882909. Comtet, L. (1974). Advanced Combinatorics: The Art of Finite and Infinite Expansions. Dordrecht, Holland / Boston, U.S.: Reidel Publishing Company. Archived from the original on 2017-06-01. Retrieved 2019-07-02. Cvijović, D. (2011). "New identities for the partial Bell polynomials" (PDF). Applied Mathematics Letters. 24 (9): 1544–1547. doi:10.1016/j.aml.2011.03.043. S2CID 45311678. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-09. Retrieved 2020-06-05. Griffiths, M. (2012). "Families of sequences from a class of multinomial sums". Journal of Integer Sequences. 15: Article 12.1.8. MR 2872465. Archived from the original on 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2012-06-27. Kruchinin, V. V. (2011). "Derivation of Bell Polynomials of the Second Kind". arXiv:1104.5065 . Noschese, S.; Ricci, P. E. (2003). "Differentiation of Multivariable Composite Functions and Bell Polynomials". Journal of Computational Analysis and Applications. 5 (3): 333–340. doi:10.1023/A:1023227705558. S2CID 118361207. Roman, S. (2013). The Umbral Calculus. Dover Publications. p. 208. ISBN 9780486153421. Voinov, V. G.; Nikulin, M. S. (1994). "On power series, Bell polynomials, Hardy–Ramanujan–Rademacher problem and its statistical applications". Kybernetika. 30 (3): 343–358. ISSN 0023-5954.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Touchard polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchard_polynomials"},{"link_name":"combinatorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorics"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Eric Temple Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Temple_Bell"},{"link_name":"Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_numbers"},{"link_name":"Bell numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_numbers"},{"link_name":"Faà di Bruno's formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C3%A0_di_Bruno%27s_formula"}],"text":"For a different family of polynomials Bn(x) occasionally called Bell polynomials, see Touchard polynomials.In combinatorial mathematics, the Bell polynomials, named in honor of Eric Temple Bell, are used in the study of set partitions. They are related to Stirling and Bell numbers. They also occur in many applications, such as in Faà di Bruno's formula.","title":"Bell polynomials"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"triangular array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_array"}],"sub_title":"Exponential Bell polynomials","text":"The partial or incomplete exponential Bell polynomials are a triangular array of polynomials given byB\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n =\n ∑\n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n j\n \n 1\n \n \n !\n \n j\n \n 2\n \n \n !\n ⋯\n \n j\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n !\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n 1\n !\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n j\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 2\n !\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n j\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n (\n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n !\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n j\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n n\n !\n ∑\n \n ∏\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n j\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n i\n !\n \n )\n \n \n j\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n j\n \n i\n \n \n !\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}B_{n,k}(x_{1},x_{2},\\dots ,x_{n-k+1})&=\\sum {n! \\over j_{1}!j_{2}!\\cdots j_{n-k+1}!}\\left({x_{1} \\over 1!}\\right)^{j_{1}}\\left({x_{2} \\over 2!}\\right)^{j_{2}}\\cdots \\left({x_{n-k+1} \\over (n-k+1)!}\\right)^{j_{n-k+1}}\\\\&=n!\\sum \\prod _{i=1}^{n-k+1}{\\frac {x_{i}^{j_{i}}}{(i!)^{j_{i}}j_{i}!}},\\end{aligned}}}where the sum is taken over all sequences j1, j2, j3, ..., jn−k+1 of non-negative integers such that these two conditions are satisfied:j\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n j\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n j\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n =\n k\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j_{1}+j_{2}+\\cdots +j_{n-k+1}=k,}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n j\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n 2\n \n j\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 3\n \n j\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n (\n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n \n j\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n =\n n\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j_{1}+2j_{2}+3j_{3}+\\cdots +(n-k+1)j_{n-k+1}=n.}The sumB\n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n n\n !\n \n ∑\n \n 1\n \n j\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n …\n +\n n\n \n j\n \n n\n \n \n =\n n\n \n \n \n ∏\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n j\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n i\n !\n \n )\n \n \n j\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n j\n \n i\n \n \n !\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}B_{n}(x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n})&=\\sum _{k=1}^{n}B_{n,k}(x_{1},x_{2},\\dots ,x_{n-k+1})\\\\&=n!\\sum _{1j_{1}+\\ldots +nj_{n}=n}\\prod _{i=1}^{n}{\\frac {x_{i}^{j_{i}}}{(i!)^{j_{i}}j_{i}!}}\\end{aligned}}}is called the nth complete exponential Bell polynomial.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multinomial coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinomial_theorem"}],"sub_title":"Ordinary Bell polynomials","text":"Likewise, the partial ordinary Bell polynomial is defined byB\n ^\n \n \n \n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n ∑\n \n \n \n k\n !\n \n \n \n j\n \n 1\n \n \n !\n \n j\n \n 2\n \n \n !\n ⋯\n \n j\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n !\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n j\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n j\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n ⋯\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n j\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {B}}_{n,k}(x_{1},x_{2},\\ldots ,x_{n-k+1})=\\sum {\\frac {k!}{j_{1}!j_{2}!\\cdots j_{n-k+1}!}}x_{1}^{j_{1}}x_{2}^{j_{2}}\\cdots x_{n-k+1}^{j_{n-k+1}},}where the sum runs over all sequences j1, j2, j3, ..., jn−k+1 of non-negative integers such thatj\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n j\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n j\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n =\n k\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j_{1}+j_{2}+\\cdots +j_{n-k+1}=k,}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n j\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n 2\n \n j\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n (\n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n \n j\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n =\n n\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle j_{1}+2j_{2}+\\cdots +(n-k+1)j_{n-k+1}=n.}Thanks to the first condition on indices, we can rewrite the formula asB\n ^\n \n \n \n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n ∑\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n k\n \n \n j\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n j\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n j\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n j\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n j\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n ⋯\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n j\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {B}}_{n,k}(x_{1},x_{2},\\ldots ,x_{n-k+1})=\\sum {\\binom {k}{j_{1},j_{2},\\ldots ,j_{n-k+1}}}x_{1}^{j_{1}}x_{2}^{j_{2}}\\cdots x_{n-k+1}^{j_{n-k+1}},}where we have used the multinomial coefficient.The ordinary Bell polynomials can be expressed in the terms of exponential Bell polynomials:B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n \n \n \n k\n !\n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n 1\n !\n ⋅\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n 2\n !\n ⋅\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n (\n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n !\n ⋅\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {B}}_{n,k}(x_{1},x_{2},\\ldots ,x_{n-k+1})={\\frac {k!}{n!}}B_{n,k}(1!\\cdot x_{1},2!\\cdot x_{2},\\ldots ,(n-k+1)!\\cdot x_{n-k+1}).}In general, Bell polynomial refers to the exponential Bell polynomial, unless otherwise explicitly stated.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomial"},{"link_name":"integer partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_partition"},{"link_name":"Stirling numbers of the second kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_numbers_of_the_second_kind"},{"link_name":"partitioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_partition"},{"link_name":"partitions of a set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_a_set"}],"text":"The exponential Bell polynomial encodes the information related to the ways a set can be partitioned. For example, if we consider a set {A, B, C}, it can be partitioned into two non-empty, non-overlapping subsets, which are also referred to as parts or blocks, in 3 different ways:{{A}, {B, C}}\n{{B}, {A, C}}\n{{C}, {B, A}}Thus, we can encode the information regarding these partitions asB\n \n 3\n ,\n 2\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n =\n 3\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{3,2}(x_{1},x_{2})=3x_{1}x_{2}.}Here, the subscripts of B3,2 tell us that we are considering the partitioning of a set with 3 elements into 2 blocks. The subscript of each xi indicates the presence of a block with i elements (or block of size i) in a given partition. So here, x2 indicates the presence of a block with two elements. Similarly, x1 indicates the presence of a block with a single element. The exponent of xij indicates that there are j such blocks of size i in a single partition. Here, the fact that both x1 and x2 have exponent 1 indicates that there is only one such block in a given partition. The coefficient of the monomial indicates how many such partitions there are. Here, there are 3 partitions of a set with 3 elements into 2 blocks, where in each partition the elements are divided into two blocks of sizes 1 and 2.Since any set can be divided into a single block in only one way, the above interpretation would mean that Bn,1 = xn. Similarly, since there is only one way that a set with n elements be divided into n singletons, Bn,n = x1n.As a more complicated example, considerB\n \n 6\n ,\n 2\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 5\n \n \n )\n =\n 6\n \n x\n \n 5\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n 15\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 10\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{6,2}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},x_{4},x_{5})=6x_{5}x_{1}+15x_{4}x_{2}+10x_{3}^{2}.}This tells us that if a set with 6 elements is divided into 2 blocks, then we can have 6 partitions with blocks of size 1 and 5, 15 partitions with blocks of size 4 and 2, and 10 partitions with 2 blocks of size 3.The sum of the subscripts in a monomial is equal to the total number of elements. Thus, the number of monomials that appear in the partial Bell polynomial is equal to the number of ways the integer n can be expressed as a summation of k positive integers. This is the same as the integer partition of n into k parts. For instance, in the above examples, the integer 3 can be partitioned into two parts as 2+1 only. Thus, there is only one monomial in B3,2. However, the integer 6 can be partitioned into two parts as 5+1, 4+2, and 3+3. Thus, there are three monomials in B6,2. Indeed, the subscripts of the variables in a monomial are the same as those given by the integer partition, indicating the sizes of the different blocks. The total number of monomials appearing in a complete Bell polynomial Bn is thus equal to the total number of integer partitions of n.Also the degree of each monomial, which is the sum of the exponents of each variable in the monomial, is equal to the number of blocks the set is divided into. That is, j1 + j2 + ... = k . Thus, given a complete Bell polynomial Bn, we can separate the partial Bell polynomial Bn,k by collecting all those monomials with degree k.Finally, if we disregard the sizes of the blocks and put all xi = x, then the summation of the coefficients of the partial Bell polynomial Bn,k will give the total number of ways that a set with n elements can be partitioned into k blocks, which is the same as the Stirling numbers of the second kind. Also, the summation of all the coefficients of the complete Bell polynomial Bn will give us the total number of ways a set with n elements can be partitioned into non-overlapping subsets, which is the same as the Bell number.In general, if the integer n is partitioned into a sum in which \"1\" appears j1 times, \"2\" appears j2 times, and so on, then the number of partitions of a set of size n that collapse to that partition of the integer n when the members of the set become indistinguishable is the corresponding coefficient in the polynomial.","title":"Combinatorial meaning"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Examples","text":"For example, we haveB\n \n 6\n ,\n 2\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 5\n \n \n )\n =\n 6\n \n x\n \n 5\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n 15\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 10\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{6,2}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},x_{4},x_{5})=6x_{5}x_{1}+15x_{4}x_{2}+10x_{3}^{2}}because the ways to partition a set of 6 elements as 2 blocks are6 ways to partition a set of 6 as 5 + 1,\n15 ways to partition a set of 6 as 4 + 2, and\n10 ways to partition a set of 6 as 3 + 3.Similarly,B\n \n 6\n ,\n 3\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n )\n =\n 15\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 60\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n 15\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{6,3}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},x_{4})=15x_{4}x_{1}^{2}+60x_{3}x_{2}x_{1}+15x_{2}^{3}}because the ways to partition a set of 6 elements as 3 blocks are15 ways to partition a set of 6 as 4 + 1 + 1,\n60 ways to partition a set of 6 as 3 + 2 + 1, and\n15 ways to partition a set of 6 as 2 + 2 + 2.","title":"Combinatorial meaning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"triangular array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_array"}],"text":"Below is a triangular array of the incomplete Bell polynomials \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{n,k}(x_{1},x_{2},\\dots ,x_{n-k+1})}\n \n:","title":"Table of values"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"generating function transformations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generating_function_transformation#Powers_of_an_OGF_and_composition_with_functions"},{"link_name":"generating functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generating_functions"},{"link_name":"powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation"},{"link_name":"logarithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm"},{"link_name":"exponentials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_function"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComtet1974-1"}],"sub_title":"Generating function","text":"The exponential partial Bell polynomials can be defined by the double series expansion of its generating function:Φ\n (\n t\n ,\n u\n )\n \n \n \n =\n exp\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n u\n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n j\n \n \n \n j\n !\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n ≥\n k\n ≥\n 0\n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n t\n \n n\n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n \n u\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n 1\n +\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n n\n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n u\n \n k\n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\Phi (t,u)&=\\exp \\left(u\\sum _{j=1}^{\\infty }x_{j}{\\frac {t^{j}}{j!}}\\right)=\\sum _{n\\geq k\\geq 0}B_{n,k}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n-k+1}){\\frac {t^{n}}{n!}}u^{k}\\\\&=1+\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {t^{n}}{n!}}\\sum _{k=1}^{n}u^{k}B_{n,k}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n-k+1}).\\end{aligned}}}In other words, by what amounts to the same, by the series expansion of the k-th power:1\n \n k\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n j\n \n \n \n j\n !\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n k\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n k\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n t\n \n n\n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n ,\n \n k\n =\n 0\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n …\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{k!}}\\left(\\sum _{j=1}^{\\infty }x_{j}{\\frac {t^{j}}{j!}}\\right)^{k}=\\sum _{n=k}^{\\infty }B_{n,k}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n-k+1}){\\frac {t^{n}}{n!}},\\qquad k=0,1,2,\\ldots }The complete exponential Bell polynomial is defined by \n \n \n \n Φ\n (\n t\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi (t,1)}\n \n, or in other words:Φ\n (\n t\n ,\n 1\n )\n =\n exp\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n j\n \n \n \n j\n !\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n t\n \n n\n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Phi (t,1)=\\exp \\left(\\sum _{j=1}^{\\infty }x_{j}{\\frac {t^{j}}{j!}}\\right)=\\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }B_{n}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n}){\\frac {t^{n}}{n!}}.}Thus, the n-th complete Bell polynomial is given byB\n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n ∂\n \n ∂\n t\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n n\n \n \n exp\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n j\n \n \n \n j\n !\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n |\n \n \n t\n =\n 0\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{n}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n})=\\left.\\left({\\frac {\\partial }{\\partial t}}\\right)^{n}\\exp \\left(\\sum _{j=1}^{n}x_{j}{\\frac {t^{j}}{j!}}\\right)\\right|_{t=0}.}Likewise, the ordinary partial Bell polynomial can be defined by the generating functionΦ\n ^\n \n \n \n (\n t\n ,\n u\n )\n =\n exp\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n u\n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n t\n \n j\n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n ≥\n k\n ≥\n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n t\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n u\n \n k\n \n \n \n k\n !\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {\\Phi }}(t,u)=\\exp \\left(u\\sum _{j=1}^{\\infty }x_{j}t^{j}\\right)=\\sum _{n\\geq k\\geq 0}{\\hat {B}}_{n,k}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n-k+1})t^{n}{\\frac {u^{k}}{k!}}.}Or, equivalently, by series expansion of the k-th power:(\n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n t\n \n j\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n k\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n k\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n t\n \n n\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left(\\sum _{j=1}^{\\infty }x_{j}t^{j}\\right)^{k}=\\sum _{n=k}^{\\infty }{\\hat {B}}_{n,k}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n-k+1})t^{n}.}See also generating function transformations for Bell polynomial generating function expansions of compositions of sequence generating functions and powers, logarithms, and exponentials of a sequence generating function. Each of these formulas is cited in the respective sections of Comtet.[1]","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"recurrently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurrence_relation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECvijovi%C4%872011-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexeevPologovaAlekseyev2017sect._4.2-3"}],"sub_title":"Recurrence relations","text":"The complete Bell polynomials can be recurrently defined asB\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n −\n i\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n i\n \n \n )\n \n x\n \n i\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{n+1}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n+1})=\\sum _{i=0}^{n}{n \\choose i}B_{n-i}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n-i})x_{i+1}}with the initial value \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n 0\n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{0}=1}\n \n.The partial Bell polynomials can also be computed efficiently by a recurrence relation:B\n \n n\n +\n 1\n ,\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n −\n k\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n −\n i\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n −\n i\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{n+1,k+1}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n-k+1})=\\sum _{i=0}^{n-k}{\\binom {n}{i}}x_{i+1}B_{n-i,k}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n-k-i+1})}whereB\n \n 0\n ,\n 0\n \n \n =\n 1\n ;\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{0,0}=1;}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n 0\n \n \n =\n 0\n \n  for \n \n n\n ≥\n 1\n ;\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{n,0}=0{\\text{ for }}n\\geq 1;}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n 0\n ,\n k\n \n \n =\n 0\n \n  for \n \n k\n ≥\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{0,k}=0{\\text{ for }}k\\geq 1.}In addition:[2]B\n \n n\n ,\n \n k\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n \n k\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n 1\n \n \n !\n \n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n !\n \n \n (\n \n k\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n !\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n i\n ,\n \n k\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n i\n −\n \n k\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n B\n \n n\n −\n i\n ,\n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n i\n −\n \n k\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{n,k_{1}+k_{2}}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n-k_{1}-k_{2}+1})={\\frac {k_{1}!\\,k_{2}!}{(k_{1}+k_{2})!}}\\sum _{i=0}^{n}{\\binom {n}{i}}B_{i,k_{1}}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{i-k_{1}+1})B_{n-i,k_{2}}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n-i-k_{2}+1}).}The complete Bell polynomials also satisfy the following recurrence differential formula:[3]B\n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 2\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n i\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n i\n −\n 2\n \n \n j\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n −\n j\n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n B\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n x\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n +\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 2\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n i\n j\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n 2\n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n ∂\n \n x\n \n i\n −\n j\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n +\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 2\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n B\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n ∂\n \n x\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}B_{n}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n})={\\frac {1}{n-1}}\\left[\\sum _{i=2}^{n}\\right.&\\sum _{j=1}^{i-1}(i-1){\\binom {i-2}{j-1}}x_{j}x_{i-j}{\\frac {\\partial B_{n-1}(x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n-1})}{\\partial x_{i-1}}}\\\\[5pt]&\\left.{}+\\sum _{i=2}^{n}\\sum _{j=1}^{i-1}{\\frac {x_{i+1}}{\\binom {i}{j}}}{\\frac {\\partial ^{2}B_{n-1}(x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n-1})}{\\partial x_{j}\\partial x_{i-j}}}\\right.\\\\[5pt]&\\left.{}+\\sum _{i=2}^{n}x_{i}{\\frac {\\partial B_{n-1}(x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n-1})}{\\partial x_{i-1}}}\\right].\\end{aligned}}}","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1934identity_(5.1)_on_p._266-4"}],"sub_title":"Derivatives","text":"The partial derivatives of the complete Bell polynomials are given by[4]∂\n \n B\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n −\n i\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n i\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial B_{n}}{\\partial x_{i}}}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n})={\\binom {n}{i}}B_{n-i}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n-i}).}Similarly, the partial derivatives of the partial Bell polynomials are given by∂\n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n \n \n ∂\n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n −\n i\n ,\n k\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n i\n −\n k\n +\n 2\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\partial B_{n,k}}{\\partial x_{i}}}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n-k+1})={\\binom {n}{i}}B_{n-i,k-1}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n-i-k+2}).}If the arguments of the Bell polynomials are one-dimensional functions, the chain rule can be used to obtaind\n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n ,\n ⋯\n ,\n \n a\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n )\n \n )\n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n \n ′\n \n (\n x\n )\n \n B\n \n n\n −\n i\n ,\n k\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n ,\n ⋯\n ,\n \n a\n \n n\n −\n i\n −\n k\n +\n 2\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {d}{dx}}\\left(B_{n,k}(a_{1}(x),\\cdots ,a_{n-k+1}(x))\\right)=\\sum _{i=1}^{n-k+1}{\\binom {n}{i}}a_{i}'(x)B_{n-i,k-1}(a_{1}(x),\\cdots ,a_{n-i-k+2}(x)).}","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"factorials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorial"},{"link_name":"Stirling number of the first kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_number_of_the_first_kind"},{"link_name":"Stirling number of the second kind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_number_of_the_second_kind"},{"link_name":"Bell number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_number"},{"link_name":"Lah number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lah_number"}],"sub_title":"Stirling numbers and Bell numbers","text":"The value of the Bell polynomial Bn,k(x1,x2,...) on the sequence of factorials equals an unsigned Stirling number of the first kind:B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n 0\n !\n ,\n 1\n !\n ,\n …\n ,\n (\n n\n −\n k\n )\n !\n )\n =\n c\n (\n n\n ,\n k\n )\n =\n \n |\n \n s\n (\n n\n ,\n k\n )\n \n |\n \n =\n \n [\n \n \n n\n k\n \n \n ]\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{n,k}(0!,1!,\\dots ,(n-k)!)=c(n,k)=|s(n,k)|=\\left[{n \\atop k}\\right].}The sum of these values gives the value of the complete Bell polynomial on the sequence of factorials:B\n \n n\n \n \n (\n 0\n !\n ,\n 1\n !\n ,\n …\n ,\n (\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n !\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n 0\n !\n ,\n 1\n !\n ,\n …\n ,\n (\n n\n −\n k\n )\n !\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n [\n \n \n n\n k\n \n \n ]\n \n =\n n\n !\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{n}(0!,1!,\\dots ,(n-1)!)=\\sum _{k=1}^{n}B_{n,k}(0!,1!,\\dots ,(n-k)!)=\\sum _{k=1}^{n}\\left[{n \\atop k}\\right]=n!.}The value of the Bell polynomial Bn,k(x1,x2,...) on the sequence of ones equals a Stirling number of the second kind:B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n 1\n )\n =\n S\n (\n n\n ,\n k\n )\n =\n \n {\n \n \n n\n k\n \n \n }\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{n,k}(1,1,\\dots ,1)=S(n,k)=\\left\\{{n \\atop k}\\right\\}.}The sum of these values gives the value of the complete Bell polynomial on the sequence of ones:B\n \n n\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n 1\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n 1\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n {\n \n \n n\n k\n \n \n }\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{n}(1,1,\\dots ,1)=\\sum _{k=1}^{n}B_{n,k}(1,1,\\dots ,1)=\\sum _{k=1}^{n}\\left\\{{n \\atop k}\\right\\},}which is the nth Bell number.B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n 1\n !\n ,\n 2\n !\n ,\n …\n ,\n (\n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n !\n )\n =\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n k\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n k\n !\n \n \n \n =\n L\n (\n n\n ,\n k\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{n,k}(1!,2!,\\ldots ,(n-k+1)!)={\\binom {n-1}{k-1}}{\\frac {n!}{k!}}=L(n,k)}which gives the Lah number.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Touchard polynomials","text":"Touchard polynomial \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n n\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n {\n \n \n n\n k\n \n \n }\n \n ⋅\n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{n}(x)=\\sum _{k=0}^{n}\\left\\{{n \\atop k}\\right\\}\\cdot x^{k}}\n \n can be expressed as the value of the complete Bell polynomial on all arguments being x:T\n \n n\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n B\n \n n\n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n x\n ,\n …\n ,\n x\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T_{n}(x)=B_{n}(x,x,\\dots ,x).}","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Inverse relations","text":"If we definey\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y_{n}=\\sum _{k=1}^{n}B_{n,k}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n-k+1}),}then we have the inverse relationshipx\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n k\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n k\n −\n 1\n )\n !\n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n y\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{n}=\\sum _{k=1}^{n}(-1)^{k-1}(k-1)!B_{n,k}(y_{1},\\ldots ,y_{n-k+1}).}More generally,[5][6] given some function \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n admitting an inverse \n \n \n \n g\n =\n \n f\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle g=f^{-1}}\n \n,y\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n f\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n (\n a\n )\n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n ⇔\n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n g\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n f\n (\n a\n )\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n y\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y_{n}=\\sum _{k=0}^{n}f^{(k)}(a)\\,B_{n,k}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n-k+1})\\quad \\Leftrightarrow \\quad x_{n}=\\sum _{k=0}^{n}g^{(k)}{\\big (}f(a){\\big )}\\,B_{n,k}(y_{1},\\ldots ,y_{n-k+1}).}","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"determinants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinant"}],"sub_title":"Determinant forms","text":"The complete Bell polynomial can be expressed as determinants:B\n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n det\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n 3\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n −\n 2\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n −\n 2\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n n\n −\n 3\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n −\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n −\n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n −\n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n ⋱\n \n \n ⋱\n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{n}(x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n})=\\det {\\begin{bmatrix}x_{1}&{n-1 \\choose 1}x_{2}&{n-1 \\choose 2}x_{3}&{n-1 \\choose 3}x_{4}&\\cdots &\\cdots &x_{n}\\\\\\\\-1&x_{1}&{n-2 \\choose 1}x_{2}&{n-2 \\choose 2}x_{3}&\\cdots &\\cdots &x_{n-1}\\\\\\\\0&-1&x_{1}&{n-3 \\choose 1}x_{2}&\\cdots &\\cdots &x_{n-2}\\\\\\\\0&0&-1&x_{1}&\\cdots &\\cdots &x_{n-3}\\\\\\\\0&0&0&-1&\\cdots &\\cdots &x_{n-4}\\\\\\\\\\vdots &\\vdots &\\vdots &\\vdots &\\ddots &\\ddots &\\vdots \\\\\\\\0&0&0&0&\\cdots &-1&x_{1}\\end{bmatrix}}}andB\n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n det\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n 0\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 1\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n \n 2\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n \n 3\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n (\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n 0\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 1\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n \n 2\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n (\n n\n −\n 2\n )\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n 0\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 1\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n −\n 2\n \n \n \n (\n n\n −\n 3\n )\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n 0\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n −\n 3\n \n \n \n (\n n\n −\n 4\n )\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 4\n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n −\n 4\n \n \n \n (\n n\n −\n 5\n )\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n ⋱\n \n \n ⋱\n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n −\n (\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n 0\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{n}(x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n})=\\det {\\begin{bmatrix}{\\frac {x_{1}}{0!}}&{\\frac {x_{2}}{1!}}&{\\frac {x_{3}}{2!}}&{\\frac {x_{4}}{3!}}&\\cdots &\\cdots &{\\frac {x_{n}}{(n-1)!}}\\\\\\\\-1&{\\frac {x_{1}}{0!}}&{\\frac {x_{2}}{1!}}&{\\frac {x_{3}}{2!}}&\\cdots &\\cdots &{\\frac {x_{n-1}}{(n-2)!}}\\\\\\\\0&-2&{\\frac {x_{1}}{0!}}&{\\frac {x_{2}}{1!}}&\\cdots &\\cdots &{\\frac {x_{n-2}}{(n-3)!}}\\\\\\\\0&0&-3&{\\frac {x_{1}}{0!}}&\\cdots &\\cdots &{\\frac {x_{n-3}}{(n-4)!}}\\\\\\\\0&0&0&-4&\\cdots &\\cdots &{\\frac {x_{n-4}}{(n-5)!}}\\\\\\\\\\vdots &\\vdots &\\vdots &\\vdots &\\ddots &\\ddots &\\vdots \\\\\\\\0&0&0&0&\\cdots &-(n-1)&{\\frac {x_{1}}{0!}}\\end{bmatrix}}.}","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"convolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECvijovi%C4%872011-2"}],"sub_title":"Convolution identity","text":"For sequences xn, yn, n = 1, 2, ..., define a convolution by:(\n x\n \n \n ♢\n \n \n y\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n j\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n \n y\n \n n\n −\n j\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x{\\mathbin {\\diamondsuit }}y)_{n}=\\sum _{j=1}^{n-1}{n \\choose j}x_{j}y_{n-j}.}The bounds of summation are 1 and n − 1, not 0 and n .Let \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n k\n ♢\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{n}^{k\\diamondsuit }\\,}\n \n be the nth term of the sequencex\n \n \n ♢\n \n \n ⋯\n \n \n ♢\n \n \n x\n \n ⏟\n \n \n \n k\n \n  factors\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\displaystyle \\underbrace {x{\\mathbin {\\diamondsuit }}\\cdots {\\mathbin {\\diamondsuit }}x} _{k{\\text{ factors}}}.\\,}Then[2]B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n k\n ♢\n \n \n \n k\n !\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{n,k}(x_{1},\\dots ,x_{n-k+1})={x_{n}^{k\\diamondsuit } \\over k!}.\\,}For example, let us compute \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n 4\n ,\n 3\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{4,3}(x_{1},x_{2})}\n \n. We havex\n =\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n  \n ,\n  \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n  \n ,\n  \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n  \n ,\n  \n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n  \n ,\n …\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x=(x_{1}\\ ,\\ x_{2}\\ ,\\ x_{3}\\ ,\\ x_{4}\\ ,\\dots )}x\n \n \n ♢\n \n \n x\n =\n (\n 0\n ,\n  \n 2\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n  \n ,\n  \n 6\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n  \n ,\n  \n 8\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n 6\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n  \n ,\n …\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x{\\mathbin {\\diamondsuit }}x=(0,\\ 2x_{1}^{2}\\ ,\\ 6x_{1}x_{2}\\ ,\\ 8x_{1}x_{3}+6x_{2}^{2}\\ ,\\dots )}x\n \n \n ♢\n \n \n x\n \n \n ♢\n \n \n x\n =\n (\n 0\n  \n ,\n  \n 0\n  \n ,\n  \n 6\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n  \n ,\n  \n 36\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n  \n ,\n …\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x{\\mathbin {\\diamondsuit }}x{\\mathbin {\\diamondsuit }}x=(0\\ ,\\ 0\\ ,\\ 6x_{1}^{3}\\ ,\\ 36x_{1}^{2}x_{2}\\ ,\\dots )}and thus,B\n \n 4\n ,\n 3\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n =\n \n \n \n (\n x\n \n \n ♢\n \n \n x\n \n \n ♢\n \n \n x\n \n )\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n 3\n !\n \n \n \n =\n 6\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{4,3}(x_{1},x_{2})={\\frac {(x{\\mathbin {\\diamondsuit }}x{\\mathbin {\\diamondsuit }}x)_{4}}{3!}}=6x_{1}^{2}x_{2}.}","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"idempotent number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idempotence#Idempotent_functions"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComtet1974identity_[3l%22]_on_p._136-7"}],"text":"B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n 3\n ,\n …\n ,\n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n =\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n n\n −\n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{n,k}(1,2,3,\\ldots ,n-k+1)={\\binom {n}{k}}k^{n-k}}\n \n which gives the idempotent number.\n\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n α\n β\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n α\n \n β\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n α\n \n β\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n \n α\n \n k\n \n \n \n β\n \n n\n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{n,k}(\\alpha \\beta x_{1},\\alpha \\beta ^{2}x_{2},\\ldots ,\\alpha \\beta ^{n-k+1}x_{n-k+1})=\\alpha ^{k}\\beta ^{n}B_{n,k}(x_{1},x_{2},\\ldots ,x_{n-k+1})}\n \n.\nThe complete Bell polynomials satisfy the binomial type relation:\n\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n +\n \n y\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n i\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n −\n i\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n i\n \n \n )\n \n B\n \n i\n \n \n (\n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n y\n \n i\n \n \n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{n}(x_{1}+y_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n}+y_{n})=\\sum _{i=0}^{n}{n \\choose i}B_{n-i}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n-i})B_{i}(y_{1},\\ldots ,y_{i}),}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n q\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n q\n +\n 1\n \n q\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n x\n \n q\n +\n 2\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n q\n +\n 2\n \n q\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n ,\n …\n \n \n )\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n n\n !\n (\n q\n !\n \n )\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n (\n n\n +\n q\n k\n )\n !\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n +\n q\n k\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n …\n ,\n 0\n ,\n 0\n ,\n \n x\n \n q\n +\n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n q\n +\n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{n,k}{\\Bigl (}{\\frac {x_{q+1}}{\\binom {q+1}{q}}},{\\frac {x_{q+2}}{\\binom {q+2}{q}}},\\ldots {\\Bigr )}={\\frac {n!(q!)^{k}}{(n+qk)!}}B_{n+qk,k}(\\ldots ,0,0,x_{q+1},x_{q+2},\\ldots ).}This corrects the omission of the factor \n \n \n \n (\n q\n !\n \n )\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (q!)^{k}}\n \n in Comtet's book.[7]When \n \n \n \n 1\n ≤\n a\n <\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1\\leq a<n}\n \n,\n\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n n\n −\n a\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n a\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n a\n +\n 1\n \n \n 2\n a\n \n \n \n \n \n j\n !\n \n \n a\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n j\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n n\n −\n j\n \n \n \n B\n \n a\n ,\n j\n −\n a\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n (\n a\n +\n 1\n )\n −\n j\n \n \n \n 2\n (\n a\n +\n 1\n )\n −\n j\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{n,n-a}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{a+1})=\\sum _{j=a+1}^{2a}{\\frac {j!}{a!}}{\\binom {n}{j}}x_{1}^{n-j}B_{a,j-a}{\\Bigl (}{\\frac {x_{2}}{2}},{\\frac {x_{3}}{3}},\\ldots ,{\\frac {x_{2(a+1)-j}}{2(a+1)-j}}{\\Bigr )}.}Special cases of partial Bell polynomials:B\n \n n\n ,\n 1\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n \n\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n 2\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n −\n k\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n n\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n \n\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n =\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n n\n −\n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n n\n −\n 2\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n )\n =\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n 3\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n n\n −\n 3\n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n 3\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n 4\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n n\n −\n 4\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n n\n −\n 3\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n )\n =\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n 4\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n n\n −\n 4\n \n \n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n +\n 10\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n 5\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n n\n −\n 5\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n 15\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n 6\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n n\n −\n 6\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n n\n −\n 4\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 5\n \n \n )\n =\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n 5\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n n\n −\n 5\n \n \n \n x\n \n 5\n \n \n +\n 5\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n 6\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n n\n −\n 6\n \n \n (\n 3\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n +\n 2\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n 2\n \n \n )\n +\n 105\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n 7\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n n\n −\n 7\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n 105\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n 8\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n n\n −\n 8\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n 4\n \n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}B_{n,1}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n})={}&x_{n}\\\\B_{n,2}(x_{1},\\ldots ,x_{n-1})={}&{\\frac {1}{2}}\\sum _{k=1}^{n-1}{\\binom {n}{k}}x_{k}x_{n-k}\\\\B_{n,n}(x_{1})={}&x_{1}^{n}\\\\B_{n,n-1}(x_{1},x_{2})={}&{\\binom {n}{2}}x_{1}^{n-2}x_{2}\\\\B_{n,n-2}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})={}&{\\binom {n}{3}}x_{1}^{n-3}x_{3}+3{\\binom {n}{4}}x_{1}^{n-4}x_{2}^{2}\\\\B_{n,n-3}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},x_{4})={}&{\\binom {n}{4}}x_{1}^{n-4}x_{4}+10{\\binom {n}{5}}x_{1}^{n-5}x_{2}x_{3}+15{\\binom {n}{6}}x_{1}^{n-6}x_{2}^{3}\\\\B_{n,n-4}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},x_{4},x_{5})={}&{\\binom {n}{5}}x_{1}^{n-5}x_{5}+5{\\binom {n}{6}}x_{1}^{n-6}(3x_{2}x_{4}+2x_{3}^{2})+105{\\binom {n}{7}}x_{1}^{n-7}x_{2}^{2}x_{3}\\\\&+105{\\binom {n}{8}}x_{1}^{n-8}x_{2}^{4}.\\end{aligned}}}","title":"Other identities"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The first few complete Bell polynomials are:B\n \n 0\n \n \n =\n \n\n \n \n \n 1\n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n 1\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n \n\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n =\n \n\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n 3\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n )\n =\n \n\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n +\n 3\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n 4\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n )\n =\n \n\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 4\n \n \n +\n 6\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 4\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n 3\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n 5\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 5\n \n \n )\n =\n \n\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 5\n \n \n +\n 10\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n +\n 15\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n 10\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 10\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 5\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n x\n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n 6\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 5\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 6\n \n \n )\n =\n \n\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 6\n \n \n +\n 15\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 4\n \n \n +\n 20\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n +\n 45\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 15\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n 3\n \n \n +\n 60\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n +\n 15\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 10\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 15\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 6\n \n x\n \n 5\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n \n x\n \n 6\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n 7\n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 5\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 6\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 7\n \n \n )\n =\n \n\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 7\n \n \n +\n 21\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 5\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 35\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 4\n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n 105\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 35\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n +\n 210\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n 105\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n 3\n \n \n +\n 21\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 5\n \n \n +\n 105\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n +\n 70\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 105\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n +\n 7\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n 6\n \n \n +\n 21\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 5\n \n \n +\n 35\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n +\n \n x\n \n 7\n \n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}B_{0}={}&1,\\\\[8pt]B_{1}(x_{1})={}&x_{1},\\\\[8pt]B_{2}(x_{1},x_{2})={}&x_{1}^{2}+x_{2},\\\\[8pt]B_{3}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})={}&x_{1}^{3}+3x_{1}x_{2}+x_{3},\\\\[8pt]B_{4}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},x_{4})={}&x_{1}^{4}+6x_{1}^{2}x_{2}+4x_{1}x_{3}+3x_{2}^{2}+x_{4},\\\\[8pt]B_{5}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},x_{4},x_{5})={}&x_{1}^{5}+10x_{2}x_{1}^{3}+15x_{2}^{2}x_{1}+10x_{3}x_{1}^{2}+10x_{3}x_{2}+5x_{4}x_{1}+x_{5}\\\\[8pt]B_{6}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},x_{4},x_{5},x_{6})={}&x_{1}^{6}+15x_{2}x_{1}^{4}+20x_{3}x_{1}^{3}+45x_{2}^{2}x_{1}^{2}+15x_{2}^{3}+60x_{3}x_{2}x_{1}\\\\&{}+15x_{4}x_{1}^{2}+10x_{3}^{2}+15x_{4}x_{2}+6x_{5}x_{1}+x_{6},\\\\[8pt]B_{7}(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},x_{4},x_{5},x_{6},x_{7})={}&x_{1}^{7}+21x_{1}^{5}x_{2}+35x_{1}^{4}x_{3}+105x_{1}^{3}x_{2}^{2}+35x_{1}^{3}x_{4}\\\\&{}+210x_{1}^{2}x_{2}x_{3}+105x_{1}x_{2}^{3}+21x_{1}^{2}x_{5}+105x_{1}x_{2}x_{4}\\\\&{}+70x_{1}x_{3}^{2}+105x_{2}^{2}x_{3}+7x_{1}x_{6}+21x_{2}x_{5}+35x_{3}x_{4}+x_{7}.\\end{aligned}}}","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faà di Bruno's formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C3%A0_di_Bruno%27s_formula"},{"link_name":"formal power series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_power_series"},{"link_name":"exponential generating function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_generating_function"}],"sub_title":"Faà di Bruno's formula","text":"Faà di Bruno's formula may be stated in terms of Bell polynomials as follows:d\n \n n\n \n \n \n d\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n f\n (\n g\n (\n x\n )\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n f\n \n (\n k\n )\n \n \n (\n g\n (\n x\n )\n )\n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n g\n ′\n \n (\n x\n )\n ,\n \n g\n ″\n \n (\n x\n )\n ,\n …\n ,\n \n g\n \n (\n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {d^{n} \\over dx^{n}}f(g(x))=\\sum _{k=0}^{n}f^{(k)}(g(x))B_{n,k}\\left(g'(x),g''(x),\\dots ,g^{(n-k+1)}(x)\\right).}Similarly, a power-series version of Faà di Bruno's formula may be stated using Bell polynomials as follows. Supposef\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n n\n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n and\n \n \n g\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n n\n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)=\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{a_{n} \\over n!}x^{n}\\qquad {\\text{and}}\\qquad g(x)=\\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }{b_{n} \\over n!}x^{n}.}Theng\n (\n f\n (\n x\n )\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n b\n \n k\n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n a\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g(f(x))=\\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }{\\frac {\\sum _{k=0}^{n}b_{k}B_{n,k}(a_{1},\\dots ,a_{n-k+1})}{n!}}x^{n}.}In particular, the complete Bell polynomials appear in the exponential of a formal power series:exp\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n \n \n \n i\n !\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n a\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp \\left(\\sum _{i=1}^{\\infty }{a_{i} \\over i!}x^{i}\\right)=\\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }{B_{n}(a_{1},\\dots ,a_{n}) \\over n!}x^{n},}which also represents the exponential generating function of the complete Bell polynomials on a fixed sequence of arguments \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{1},a_{2},\\dots }\n \n.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"power series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_series"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharalambides2002437Eqn_(11.43)-8"}],"sub_title":"Reversion of series","text":"Let two functions f and g be expressed in formal power series asf\n (\n w\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n f\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n k\n \n \n \n k\n !\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n and\n \n \n g\n (\n z\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n g\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n z\n \n k\n \n \n \n k\n !\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(w)=\\sum _{k=0}^{\\infty }f_{k}{\\frac {w^{k}}{k!}},\\qquad {\\text{and}}\\qquad g(z)=\\sum _{k=0}^{\\infty }g_{k}{\\frac {z^{k}}{k!}},}such that g is the compositional inverse of f defined by g(f(w)) = w or f(g(z)) = z. If f0 = 0 and f1 ≠ 0, then an explicit form of the coefficients of the inverse can be given in term of Bell polynomials as[8]g\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n f\n \n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n k\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n k\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n −\n 1\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n f\n ^\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n f\n ^\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n \n \n \n f\n ^\n \n \n \n \n n\n −\n k\n \n \n )\n ,\n \n n\n ≥\n 2\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g_{n}={\\frac {1}{f_{1}^{n}}}\\sum _{k=1}^{n-1}(-1)^{k}n^{\\bar {k}}B_{n-1,k}({\\hat {f}}_{1},{\\hat {f}}_{2},\\ldots ,{\\hat {f}}_{n-k}),\\qquad n\\geq 2,}with \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n f\n ^\n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n f\n \n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n (\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n \n f\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {f}}_{k}={\\frac {f_{k+1}}{(k+1)f_{1}}},}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n k\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n =\n n\n (\n n\n +\n 1\n )\n ⋯\n (\n n\n +\n k\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n^{\\bar {k}}=n(n+1)\\cdots (n+k-1)}\n \n is the rising factorial, and \n \n \n \n \n g\n \n 1\n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n f\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g_{1}={\\frac {1}{f_{1}}}.}","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Asymptotic expansion of Laplace-type integrals","text":"Consider the integral of the formI\n (\n λ\n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n a\n \n \n b\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n λ\n f\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n g\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n d\n \n x\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I(\\lambda )=\\int _{a}^{b}e^{-\\lambda f(x)}g(x)\\,\\mathrm {d} x,}where (a,b) is a real (finite or infinite) interval, λ is a large positive parameter and the functions f and g are continuous. Let f have a single minimum in [a,b] which occurs at x = a. Assume that as x → a+,f\n (\n x\n )\n ∼\n f\n (\n a\n )\n +\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n a\n \n k\n \n \n (\n x\n −\n a\n \n )\n \n k\n +\n α\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)\\sim f(a)+\\sum _{k=0}^{\\infty }a_{k}(x-a)^{k+\\alpha },}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n g\n (\n x\n )\n ∼\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n b\n \n k\n \n \n (\n x\n −\n a\n \n )\n \n k\n +\n β\n −\n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g(x)\\sim \\sum _{k=0}^{\\infty }b_{k}(x-a)^{k+\\beta -1},}with α > 0, Re(β) > 0; and that the expansion of f can be term wise differentiated. Then, Laplace–Erdelyi theorem states that the asymptotic expansion of the integral I(λ) is given byI\n (\n λ\n )\n ∼\n \n e\n \n −\n λ\n f\n (\n a\n )\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n Γ\n \n \n (\n \n \n \n \n \n n\n +\n β\n \n α\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n c\n \n n\n \n \n \n λ\n \n (\n n\n +\n β\n )\n \n /\n \n α\n \n \n \n \n \n \n as\n \n \n λ\n →\n ∞\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I(\\lambda )\\sim e^{-\\lambda f(a)}\\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }\\Gamma {\\Big (}{\\frac {n+\\beta }{\\alpha }}{\\Big )}{\\frac {c_{n}}{\\lambda ^{(n+\\beta )/\\alpha }}}\\qquad {\\text{as}}\\quad \\lambda \\rightarrow \\infty ,}where the coefficients cn are expressible in terms of an and bn using partial ordinary Bell polynomials, as given by Campbell–Froman–Walles–Wojdylo formula:c\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n α\n \n a\n \n 0\n \n \n (\n n\n +\n β\n )\n \n /\n \n α\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n b\n \n n\n −\n k\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 0\n \n \n k\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n n\n +\n β\n \n α\n \n \n \n j\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n a\n \n 0\n \n \n j\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n k\n ,\n j\n \n \n (\n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n a\n \n k\n −\n j\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c_{n}={\\frac {1}{\\alpha a_{0}^{(n+\\beta )/\\alpha }}}\\sum _{k=0}^{n}b_{n-k}\\sum _{j=0}^{k}{\\binom {-{\\frac {n+\\beta }{\\alpha }}}{j}}{\\frac {1}{a_{0}^{j}}}{\\hat {B}}_{k,j}(a_{1},a_{2},\\ldots ,a_{k-j+1}).}","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elementary symmetric polynomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_symmetric_polynomial"},{"link_name":"power sum symmetric polynomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_sum_symmetric_polynomial"},{"link_name":"Cayley–Hamilton theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley%E2%80%93Hamilton_theorem"}],"sub_title":"Symmetric polynomials","text":"The elementary symmetric polynomial \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle e_{n}}\n \n and the power sum symmetric polynomial \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{n}}\n \n can be related to each other using Bell polynomials as:e\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n p\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n −\n 1\n !\n \n p\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n 2\n !\n \n p\n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n −\n 3\n !\n \n p\n \n 4\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n !\n \n p\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n \n \n (\n −\n \n p\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n −\n 1\n !\n \n p\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n −\n 2\n !\n \n p\n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n −\n 3\n !\n \n p\n \n 4\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n −\n (\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n !\n \n p\n \n n\n \n \n )\n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}e_{n}&={\\frac {1}{n!}}\\;B_{n}(p_{1},-1!p_{2},2!p_{3},-3!p_{4},\\ldots ,(-1)^{n-1}(n-1)!p_{n})\\\\&={\\frac {(-1)^{n}}{n!}}\\;B_{n}(-p_{1},-1!p_{2},-2!p_{3},-3!p_{4},\\ldots ,-(n-1)!p_{n}),\\end{aligned}}}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n (\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n !\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n k\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n k\n −\n 1\n )\n !\n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n e\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n 2\n !\n \n e\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n 3\n !\n \n e\n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n (\n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n )\n !\n \n e\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n n\n \n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n 1\n k\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n B\n ^\n \n \n \n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n −\n \n e\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n −\n \n e\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}p_{n}&={\\frac {(-1)^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}}\\sum _{k=1}^{n}(-1)^{k-1}(k-1)!\\;B_{n,k}(e_{1},2!e_{2},3!e_{3},\\ldots ,(n-k+1)!e_{n-k+1})\\\\&=(-1)^{n}\\;n\\;\\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\\frac {1}{k}}\\;{\\hat {B}}_{n,k}(-e_{1},\\dots ,-e_{n-k+1}).\\end{aligned}}}These formulae allow one to express the coefficients of monic polynomials in terms of the Bell polynomials of its zeroes. For instance, together with Cayley–Hamilton theorem they lead to expression of the determinant of a n × n square matrix A in terms of the traces of its powers:det\n (\n A\n )\n =\n \n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n s\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n s\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n s\n \n n\n \n \n )\n ,\n  \n \n \n where \n \n \n s\n \n k\n \n \n =\n −\n (\n k\n −\n 1\n )\n !\n tr\n ⁡\n (\n \n A\n \n k\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\det(A)={\\frac {(-1)^{n}}{n!}}B_{n}(s_{1},s_{2},\\ldots ,s_{n}),~\\qquad {\\text{where }}s_{k}=-(k-1)!\\operatorname {tr} (A^{k}).}","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cycle index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_index"},{"link_name":"symmetric group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_group"}],"sub_title":"Cycle index of symmetric groups","text":"The cycle index of the symmetric group \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S_{n}}\n \n can be expressed in terms of complete Bell polynomials as follows:Z\n (\n \n S\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n \n \n (\n 0\n !\n \n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n 1\n !\n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n (\n n\n −\n 1\n )\n !\n \n \n a\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z(S_{n})={\\frac {B_{n}(0!\\,a_{1},1!\\,a_{2},\\dots ,(n-1)!\\,a_{n})}{n!}}.}","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"moment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"probability distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution"},{"link_name":"cumulants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulant"}],"sub_title":"Moments and cumulants","text":"The sumμ\n \n n\n \n ′\n \n =\n \n B\n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n κ\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n κ\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n κ\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n κ\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu _{n}'=B_{n}(\\kappa _{1},\\dots ,\\kappa _{n})=\\sum _{k=1}^{n}B_{n,k}(\\kappa _{1},\\dots ,\\kappa _{n-k+1})}is the nth raw moment of a probability distribution whose first n cumulants are κ1, ..., κn. In other words, the nth moment is the nth complete Bell polynomial evaluated at the first n cumulants. Likewise, the nth cumulant can be given in terms of the moments asκ\n \n n\n \n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n (\n −\n 1\n \n )\n \n k\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n k\n −\n 1\n )\n !\n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n μ\n \n 1\n \n ′\n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n μ\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n ′\n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\kappa _{n}=\\sum _{k=1}^{n}(-1)^{k-1}(k-1)!B_{n,k}(\\mu '_{1},\\ldots ,\\mu '_{n-k+1}).}","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hermite polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermite_polynomials"}],"sub_title":"Hermite polynomials","text":"Hermite polynomials can be expressed in terms of Bell polynomials asHe\n \n n\n \n \n ⁡\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n B\n \n n\n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n −\n 1\n ,\n 0\n ,\n …\n ,\n 0\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {He} _{n}(x)=B_{n}(x,-1,0,\\ldots ,0),}where xi = 0 for all i > 2; thus allowing for a combinatorial interpretation of the coefficients of the Hermite polynomials. This can be seen by comparing the generating function of the Hermite polynomialsexp\n ⁡\n \n (\n \n x\n t\n −\n \n \n \n t\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n \n ∑\n \n n\n =\n 0\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n He\n \n n\n \n \n ⁡\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n \n t\n \n n\n \n \n \n n\n !\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\exp \\left(xt-{\\frac {t^{2}}{2}}\\right)=\\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }\\operatorname {He} _{n}(x){\\frac {t^{n}}{n!}}}with that of Bell polynomials.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"binomial type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_type"},{"link_name":"Touchard polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchard_polynomials"}],"sub_title":"Representation of polynomial sequences of binomial type","text":"For any sequence a1, a2, …, an of scalars, letp\n \n n\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n B\n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n x\n ,\n …\n ,\n \n a\n \n n\n \n \n x\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n B\n \n n\n ,\n k\n \n \n (\n \n a\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n a\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{n}(x)=B_{n}(a_{1}x,\\ldots ,a_{n}x)=\\sum _{k=1}^{n}B_{n,k}(a_{1},\\dots ,a_{n-k+1})x^{k}.}Then this polynomial sequence is of binomial type, i.e. it satisfies the binomial identityp\n \n n\n \n \n (\n x\n +\n y\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 0\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n n\n k\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n p\n \n k\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n p\n \n n\n −\n k\n \n \n (\n y\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{n}(x+y)=\\sum _{k=0}^{n}{n \\choose k}p_{k}(x)p_{n-k}(y).}\n \n\nExample: For a1 = … = an = 1, the polynomials \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n n\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{n}(x)}\n \n represent Touchard polynomials.More generally, we have this result:Theorem: All polynomial sequences of binomial type are of this form.If we define a formal power seriesh\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n k\n =\n 1\n \n \n ∞\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n k\n \n \n \n k\n !\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n k\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h(x)=\\sum _{k=1}^{\\infty }{a_{k} \\over k!}x^{k},}then for all n,h\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n d\n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n p\n \n n\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n n\n \n p\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h^{-1}\\left({d \\over dx}\\right)p_{n}(x)=np_{n-1}(x).}","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mathematica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematica"},{"link_name":"BellY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//reference.wolfram.com/mathematica/ref/BellY.html"},{"link_name":"Maple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_(software)"},{"link_name":"IncompleteBellB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.maplesoft.com/support/help/Maple/view.aspx?path=BellB"},{"link_name":"SageMath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SageMath"},{"link_name":"bell_polynomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//doc.sagemath.org/html/en/reference/combinat/sage/combinat/combinat.html#sage.combinat.combinat.bell_polynomial"}],"text":"Bell polynomials are implemented in:Mathematica as BellY\nMaple as IncompleteBellB\nSageMath as bell_polynomial","title":"Software"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComtet1974_1-0"},{"link_name":"Comtet 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFComtet1974"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECvijovi%C4%872011_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECvijovi%C4%872011_2-1"},{"link_name":"Cvijović 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCvijovi%C4%872011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexeevPologovaAlekseyev2017sect._4.2_3-0"},{"link_name":"Alexeev, Pologova & Alekseyev 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAlexeevPologovaAlekseyev2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1934identity_(5.1)_on_p._266_4-0"},{"link_name":"Bell 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBell1934"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Application of Faà di Bruno's formula in characterization of inverse relations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cam.2004.12.041"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.cam.2004.12.041","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cam.2004.12.041"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Bell Polynomials and Nonlinear Inverse Relations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.combinatorics.org/ojs/index.php/eljc/article/view/v28i4p24"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.37236/10390","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.37236%2F10390"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1077-8926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1077-8926"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComtet1974identity_[3l%22]_on_p._136_7-0"},{"link_name":"Comtet 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFComtet1974"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharalambides2002437Eqn_(11.43)_8-0"},{"link_name":"Charalambides 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCharalambides2002"}],"text":"^ Comtet 1974.\n\n^ a b Cvijović 2011.\n\n^ Alexeev, Pologova & Alekseyev 2017, sect. 4.2.\n\n^ Bell 1934, identity (5.1) on p. 266.\n\n^ Chou, W.-S.; Hsu, Leetsch C.; Shiue, Peter J.-S. (2006-06-01). \"Application of Faà di Bruno's formula in characterization of inverse relations\". Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics. 190 (1–2): 151–169. doi:10.1016/j.cam.2004.12.041.\n\n^ Chu, Wenchang (2021-11-19). \"Bell Polynomials and Nonlinear Inverse Relations\". The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics. 28 (4). doi:10.37236/10390. ISSN 1077-8926.\n\n^ Comtet 1974, identity [3l\"] on p. 136.\n\n^ Charalambides 2002, p. 437, Eqn (11.43).","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Bell matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_matrix"},{"title":"Exponential formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_formula"}]
[{"reference":"Chou, W.-S.; Hsu, Leetsch C.; Shiue, Peter J.-S. (2006-06-01). \"Application of Faà di Bruno's formula in characterization of inverse relations\". Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics. 190 (1–2): 151–169. doi:10.1016/j.cam.2004.12.041.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cam.2004.12.041","url_text":"\"Application of Faà di Bruno's formula in characterization of inverse relations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cam.2004.12.041","url_text":"10.1016/j.cam.2004.12.041"}]},{"reference":"Chu, Wenchang (2021-11-19). \"Bell Polynomials and Nonlinear Inverse Relations\". The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics. 28 (4). doi:10.37236/10390. 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MR 2136048.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.disc.2004.08.023","url_text":"\"On new identities for Bell's polynomial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.disc.2004.08.023","url_text":"10.1016/j.disc.2004.08.023"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2136048","url_text":"2136048"}]},{"reference":"Alexeev, N.; Pologova, A.; Alekseyev, M. A. (2017). \"Generalized Hultman Numbers and Cycle Structures of Breakpoint Graphs\". Journal of Computational Biology. 24 (2): 93–105. arXiv:1503.05285. doi:10.1089/cmb.2016.0190. PMID 28045556. S2CID 9678733.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.05285","url_text":"1503.05285"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fcmb.2016.0190","url_text":"10.1089/cmb.2016.0190"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28045556","url_text":"28045556"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9678733","url_text":"9678733"}]},{"reference":"Andrews, G. E. (1998). The Theory of Partitions. Cambridge Mathematical Library (1st pbk ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 204–211. ISBN 0-521-63766-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Andrews_(mathematician)","url_text":"Andrews, G. 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S2CID 1608664.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2009%2F168672","url_text":"\"Exponential Polynomials, Stirling Numbers, and Evaluation of Some Gamma Integrals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_and_Applied_Analysis","url_text":"Abstract and Applied Analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0909.0979","url_text":"0909.0979"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AbApA2009....1B","url_text":"2009AbApA2009....1B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2009%2F168672","url_text":"10.1155/2009/168672"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1608664","url_text":"1608664"}]},{"reference":"Charalambides, C. A. (2002). Enumerative Combinatorics. Chapman & Hall / CRC. p. 632. ISBN 9781584882909.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781584882909","url_text":"9781584882909"}]},{"reference":"Comtet, L. (1974). Advanced Combinatorics: The Art of Finite and Infinite Expansions. Dordrecht, Holland / Boston, U.S.: Reidel Publishing Company. Archived from the original on 2017-06-01. Retrieved 2019-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Comtet_Louis_-_Advanced_Coatorics","url_text":"Advanced Combinatorics: The Art of Finite and Infinite Expansions"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170601062056/https://archive.org/details/Comtet_Louis_-_Advanced_Coatorics","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cvijović, D. (2011). \"New identities for the partial Bell polynomials\" (PDF). Applied Mathematics Letters. 24 (9): 1544–1547. doi:10.1016/j.aml.2011.03.043. S2CID 45311678. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-09. Retrieved 2020-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://vinar.vin.bg.ac.rs//bitstream/id/12791/4374.pdf","url_text":"\"New identities for the partial Bell polynomials\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aml.2011.03.043","url_text":"10.1016/j.aml.2011.03.043"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45311678","url_text":"45311678"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200309144314/http://vinar.vin.bg.ac.rs//bitstream/id/12791/4374.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, M. (2012). \"Families of sequences from a class of multinomial sums\". Journal of Integer Sequences. 15: Article 12.1.8. MR 2872465. Archived from the original on 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2012-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cs.uwaterloo.ca/journals/JIS/VOL15/Griffiths/griffiths20.html","url_text":"\"Families of sequences from a class of multinomial sums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2872465","url_text":"2872465"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140502084205/https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/journals/JIS/VOL15/Griffiths/griffiths20.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kruchinin, V. V. (2011). \"Derivation of Bell Polynomials of the Second Kind\". arXiv:1104.5065 [math.CO].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1104.5065","url_text":"1104.5065"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/math.CO","url_text":"math.CO"}]},{"reference":"Noschese, S.; Ricci, P. E. (2003). \"Differentiation of Multivariable Composite Functions and Bell Polynomials\". Journal of Computational Analysis and Applications. 5 (3): 333–340. doi:10.1023/A:1023227705558. S2CID 118361207.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1023227705558","url_text":"10.1023/A:1023227705558"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118361207","url_text":"118361207"}]},{"reference":"Roman, S. (2013). The Umbral Calculus. Dover Publications. p. 208. ISBN 9780486153421.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Roman","url_text":"Roman, S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications","url_text":"Dover Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486153421","url_text":"9780486153421"}]},{"reference":"Voinov, V. G.; Nikulin, M. S. (1994). \"On power series, Bell polynomials, Hardy–Ramanujan–Rademacher problem and its statistical applications\". Kybernetika. 30 (3): 343–358. ISSN 0023-5954.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0023-5954","url_text":"0023-5954"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C
Leicester City F.C.
["1 History","1.1 Founding and early years (1884–1949)","1.2 Post-World War II (1949–2000)","1.3 Decline in the early 21st century (2000–2008)","1.4 Rise back to Premier League and change of ownership (2008–2015)","1.5 Premier League champions and following years (2015–2020)","1.6 FA Cup winners, relegation, promotion (2021–present)","2 Club identity","2.1 Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors","3 Stadium and training ground","4 Rivalries","5 European record","6 Managerial history","7 Records and statistics","8 League history","9 Players","9.1 First-team squad","9.2 Out on loan","9.3 Under-21s and Academy","9.4 Former players","10 Club staff","11 Player statistics","11.1 Player of the Year","11.2 English Hall of Fame members","11.3 Football League 100 Legends","11.4 Players with over 300 appearances for Leicester","11.5 Players with 50 or more goals for Leicester","12 Honours","13 Notes","14 References","15 Further reading","16 External links"]
Association football club in England This article is about the men's football club. For the women's team, see Leicester City W.F.C. "Leicester City" redirects here. For the city itself, see Leicester. Football clubLeicester CityFull nameLeicester City Football ClubNickname(s)The FoxesFounded1884; 140 years ago (1884)(as Leicester Fosse F.C.)StadiumKing Power StadiumCapacity32,312OwnerKing PowerChairmanAiyawatt SrivaddhanaprabhaManagerSteve CooperLeaguePremier League2023–24EFL Championship, 1st of 24 (promoted)WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Third colours Current season Leicester City Football Club is a professional football club based in the city of Leicester, East Midlands, England. The club competes in the Premier League, the top tier of English football, following promotion from the 2023–24 EFL Championship as league champions. The club was founded in 1884 as Leicester Fosse F.C, and became known as Leicester City in 1919. They moved to Filbert Street in 1891, were elected to the Football League in 1894 and moved to the nearby King Power Stadium in 2002. Leicester City have iconically won one Premier League, one FA Cup, three League Cups and two FA Community Shields. The club's 2015–16 Premier League title win attracted global attention, and they became one of seven clubs to have won the Premier League since its inception in 1992. The club also reached the Quarter Finals of the UEFA Champions League in 2016-17, before being eliminated by Atletico Madrid in a heartbreaking fashion and knocked out of the UEFA Europa Conference League semi-finals in 2021–22 by AS Roma. Prior to this, Leicester's highest league finish was second place in the top flight in 1928–29. In addition, they hold the most second tier titles in English football, with eight. The club have competed in the FA Cup final five times, winning their first title in 2021. They won the League Cup in 1964, 1997 and 2000 respectively, and were finalists in 1964–65 and 1998–99. History Main article: History of Leicester City F.C. The Leicester Fosse team of 1892 Founding and early years (1884–1949) Formed in 1884 by a group of old boys of Wyggeston School as "Leicester Fosse", the club joined The Football Association (FA) in 1890. Before moving to Filbert Street in 1891, the club played at five different grounds, including Victoria Park south-east of the city centre and the Belgrave Road Cycle and Cricket Ground. The club also joined the Midland League in 1891, and were elected to Division Two of the Football League in 1894 after finishing second. Leicester's first Football League game was a 4–3 defeat at Grimsby Town, with a first League win the following week, against Rotherham United at Filbert Street. The same season also saw the team's largest win to date, a 13–0 victory over Notts Olympic in an FA Cup qualifying game. In 1907–08 the club finished as Second Division runners-up, gaining promotion to the First Division, the highest level of English football. However, the club was relegated after a single season which included the team's record defeat, a 12–0 loss against Nottingham Forest. In 1919, when league football resumed after World War I, Leicester Fosse ceased trading due to financial difficulties. The club was reformed as "Leicester City Football Club", particularly appropriate as the borough of Leicester had recently been given city status. Following the name change, the club enjoyed moderate success in the 1920s; under the management of Peter Hodge, who left in May 1926 to be replaced two months later by Willie Orr, and with record goalscorer Arthur Chandler in the side, they won the Division Two title in 1924–25 and recorded their second-highest league finish in 1928–29 as runners-up by a single point to The Wednesday. However, the 1930s saw a downturn in fortunes, with the club relegated in 1934–35 and, after promotion in 1936–37, another relegation in 1938–39 would see them finish the decade in Division Two. Post-World War II (1949–2000) Leicester reached the FA Cup final for the first time in their history in 1949, losing 3–1 to Wolverhampton Wanderers. The club, however, was celebrating a week later when a draw on the last day of the season ensured survival in Division Two. Leicester won the Division Two championship in 1954, with the help of Arthur Rowley, one of the club's most prolific strikers. Although they were relegated from Division One the next season, under Dave Halliday they returned in 1957, with Rowley scoring a club record 44 goals in one season. Leicester remained in Division One until 1969, their longest period in the top flight. Under the management of Matt Gillies and his assistant Bert Johnson, Leicester reached the FA Cup final on another two occasions, but lost in both 1961 and 1963. As they lost to double winners Tottenham Hotspur in 1961, they were England's representatives in the 1961–62 European Cup Winners' Cup. In the 1962–63 season, the club led the First Division during the winter. Thanks to a sensational run of form on icy and frozen pitches, the team became nicknamed the "Ice Kings" and eventually finished fourth, the club's best post-war finish. Gillies guided Leicester to their first piece of silverware in 1964, when Leicester beat Stoke City 4–3 on aggregate to win the League Cup for the first time. Leicester also reached the League Cup final the following year but lost 3–2 on aggregate to Chelsea. Gillies and Johnson received praise for their version of the "whirl" and the "switch" system, a system that had previously been used by the Austrian and Hungarian national teams. After a bad start to the season, Matt Gillies resigned in November 1968. His successor Frank O'Farrell was unable to prevent relegation, but the club reached the FA Cup final in 1969, losing to Manchester City 1–0. Robbie Savage in action against Barnsley during the 1997–98 season In 1971, Leicester were promoted back to the First Division, and won the Charity Shield for the first time. Due to double winners Arsenal's commitments in European competition, Second Division winners Leicester were invited to play FA Cup runners-up Liverpool, beating them 1–0 thanks to a goal by Steve Whitworth. Jimmy Bloomfield was appointed for the new season, and his team remained in the First Division for his tenure. Leicester reached the FA Cup semi-final in 1973–74. Frank McLintock, a noted player for seven years for Leicester in a successful period from the late 1950s to the mid-1960s, succeeded Bloomfield in 1977. On 19 March 1977, Winston White became Leicester's first black player in an away game at Stoke City. The club was relegated at the end of that season and McLintock resigned. Jock Wallace resumed the tradition of successful Scottish managers (after Peter Hodge and Matt Gillies) by steering Leicester to the Second Division championship in 1980. Wallace was unable to keep Leicester in the First Division, but they reached the FA Cup semi-final in 1982. Under Wallace, one of City's most famous home-grown players, Gary Lineker, emerged into the first-team squad. Leicester's next manager was Gordon Milne, who achieved promotion in 1983. Lineker helped Leicester maintain their place in the First Division, but was sold to Everton in 1985; two years later Leicester were relegated, having failed to find a suitable replacement to partner Alan Smith, who was sold to Arsenal after Leicester went down. Milne left in 1986 and was replaced in 1987 by David Pleat, who was sacked in January 1991 with Leicester in danger of relegation to the Third Division. Gordon Lee was put in charge of the club until the end of the season. Leicester won their final game of the season, which guided them clear of relegation to the third tier of the Football League. Brian Little took over in 1991 and by the end of the 1991–92 season Leicester had reached the playoff final for a place in the new Premier League, but lost to Blackburn Rovers by way of a penalty from former Leicester striker Mike Newell. The club also reached the playoff final the following year, losing 4–3 to Swindon Town, having come back from 3–0 down. In 1993–94, Leicester were promoted from the playoffs, beating Derby County 2–1 in the final. Little quit as Leicester manager the following November to take charge at Aston Villa, and his successor Mark McGhee was unable to save Leicester from finishing second-from-bottom in the 1994–95 season. McGhee left the club unexpectedly in December 1995, while Leicester were top of the First Division, to take charge of Wolverhampton Wanderers. McGhee was replaced by Martin O'Neill. Under O'Neill, Leicester qualified for the 1996 Football League play-offs and beat Crystal Palace 2–1 in the final through a 120th-minute Steve Claridge goal to gain promotion to the Premier League. Following promotion, Leicester established themselves in the Premier League with four successive top ten finishes. O'Neill ended Leicester's 33-year wait for a major trophy, winning the League Cup twice, in 1997 and 2000, and Leicester were runners-up in 1999. Thus, the club qualified for the UEFA Cup in 1997–98 and 2000–01, the club's first European competition since 1961. In June 2000, O'Neill left Leicester City to take over as manager of Celtic. Decline in the early 21st century (2000–2008) Martin O'Neill was replaced by former England under-21 coach Peter Taylor. During this time, one of Leicester's European appearances ended in a 3–1 defeat to Red Star Belgrade on 28 September 2000 in the UEFA Cup. Leicester began well under Taylor's management, topping the Premier League for two weeks in the autumn and remaining in contention for a European place for most of the campaign, before a late-season collapse dragged them down to a 13th-place finish. Taylor was sacked after a poor start to the 2001–02 season, and his successor Dave Bassett lasted just six months before being succeeded by his assistant Micky Adams, the change of management being announced just before relegation was confirmed. Leicester won just five league matches all season. The East Stand, King Power Stadium Leicester moved into the new 32,314-seat Walkers Stadium at the start of the 2002–03 season, ending 111 years at Filbert Street. Walkers, the Leicester-based crisp manufacturers, acquired the naming rights for a ten-year period. In October 2002, the club went into administration with debts of £30 million. Some of the reasons were the loss of TV money (ITV Digital, itself in administration, had promised money to First Division clubs for TV rights), the large wage bill, lower-than-expected fees for players transferred to other clubs and the cost of the new stadium. Adams was banned from the transfer market for most of the season, even after the club was rescued with a takeover by a consortium led by Gary Lineker. Adams guided Leicester to the runners-up spot in Division One and automatic promotion back to the Premier League with more than 90 points. However, Leicester lasted only one season in the top flight and were relegated to the newly labelled Championship, previously known as Division One. When Adams resigned as manager in October 2004, Craig Levein was appointed boss. This would prove to be an unsuccessful period and after 15 months in charge, Levein was sacked, having failed to get The Foxes anywhere near the promotion places. Assistant manager Rob Kelly took over as caretaker manager, and after winning three out of four matches, was appointed to see out the rest of the season. Kelly steered Leicester to safety and in April 2006 was given the manager's job on a permanent basis. In October 2006, ex-Portsmouth chairman Milan Mandarić was quoted as saying he was interested in buying the club, reportedly at a price of around £6 million, with the current playing squad valued at roughly £4.2 million. The takeover was formally announced on 13 February 2007. On 11 April 2007, Rob Kelly was sacked as manager and Nigel Worthington appointed as caretaker manager until the end of the season. Worthington saved the club from relegation, but was not offered the job on a permanent basis. On 25 May 2007, the club announced former Milton Keynes Dons manager Martin Allen as their new manager with a three-year contract. Allen's relationship with Mandarić became tense and after only four matches, Allen left by mutual consent on 29 August 2007. On 13 September 2007, Mandarić announced Gary Megson as the new manager of the club, citing Megson's "wealth of experience" as a deciding factor in the appointment. However, Megson left on 24 October 2007 after only six weeks in charge, following an approach made for his services by Bolton Wanderers. Mandarić placed Frank Burrows and Gerry Taggart in the shared position as caretaker managers until a professional manager was appointed. Pearson and Mandarić after winning the Football League One title. On 22 November, Ian Holloway was appointed manager, and he became the first Leicester manager in over 50 years to win his first league match in charge, beating Bristol City 2–0. However, this success did not last, and Leicester were relegated from the Championship at the end of the 2007–08 season. Holloway left by mutual consent after less than a season at the club, being replaced by Nigel Pearson. Rise back to Premier League and change of ownership (2008–2015) The 2008–09 campaign was Leicester's first season outside the top two levels of English football, but they hit this nadir only seven years before becoming the 2015–16 Premier League champions – one of the fastest rises to the top of the English football league system. Following relegation to the third tier the previous season, Leicester returned to the Championship at the first attempt in 2008–09, finishing as champions of League One after a 2–0 win at Southend United, with two matches in hand. The 2009–10 season saw Leicester's revival under manager Nigel Pearson continue, as the club finished fifth and reached the Championship play-offs in their first season back in the second tier. Though coming from 2–0 down on aggregate, away to Cardiff City, to briefly lead 3–2, they eventually lost to a penalty shoot-out in the play-off semi-final. At the end of the season, Pearson left Leicester to become the manager of Hull City, claiming he felt the club seemed reluctant to keep him, and that Paulo Sousa had been the club's guest at both play-off games, hinting at a possible replacement. On 7 July 2010, Sousa was confirmed as Pearson's replacement. In August 2010, following agreement on a three-year shirt sponsorship deal with duty-free retailers the King Power Group, Mandarić sold the club to Thai-led consortium Asian Football Investments (AFI), fronted by King Power Group's Vichai and his son Aiyawatt Srivaddhanaprabha. Mandarić, an investor in AFI, was retained as club chairman. On 1 October 2010, after a poor start that saw Leicester bottom of the Championship with only one win out of the first nine league matches, Paulo Sousa was sacked by the club with immediate effect. Two days later, Sven-Göran Eriksson, who had been approached by the club after the 6–1 loss to then bottom-of-the-table Portsmouth two weeks earlier, was appointed as his replacement, signing a two-year contract with the club. On 10 February 2011, Vichai, part of the Thai-based Asia Football Investments consortium, was appointed new chairman of the club after Mandarić left in November to take over Sheffield Wednesday. Leicester were viewed as one of the favourites for promotion in the 2011–12 season, but on 24 October 2011, following an inconsistent start with the Foxes winning just 5 out of their first 13 matches, Eriksson left the club by mutual consent. Three weeks later, Nigel Pearson returned to the club as Eriksson's successor. Pearson would go on to lead The Foxes to a sixth-place finish in the 2012–13 season, ensuring Leicester were in the Championship play-offs. However, Leicester lost the playoff semi-final 3–2 on aggregate to Watford after Manuel Almunia made a double save from an Anthony Knockaert late penalty and Troy Deeney scored at the other end following a swift counterattack. In 2014, Leicester's march up the league system hit a breakthrough. Their 2–1 home win over Sheffield Wednesday, combined with losses by Queens Park Rangers and Derby County, allowed Leicester City to clinch promotion to the Premier League after a ten-year absence. Later that month, a win at Bolton Wanderers saw Leicester become champions of the 2013–14 Championship for a joint record 7th time. Leicester started their first season in the Premier League since 2004 with a good run of results in their first five league matches, starting with a 2–2 draw on the opening day against Everton. The Foxes then claimed their first Premier League win since May 2004, with a 1–0 win at Stoke City. On 21 September 2014, Leicester went on to produce one of the greatest comebacks in Premier League history, beating Manchester United 5–3 at King Power Stadium. They made Premier League history by becoming the first team to beat Manchester United from a two-goal deficit since the league's launch in 1992. During the 2014–15 season, a dismal run of form saw the team slip to the bottom of the league table with only 19 points from 29 matches. By 3 April 2015, they were seven points adrift from safety. This could have brought a sudden end to Leicester's seven-year rise, but seven wins from their final nine league matches meant The Foxes finished the season in 14th place with 41 points. They finished the season with a 5–1 thrashing of relegated Queens Park Rangers, and Leicester's upturn in results was described as one of the Premier League's greatest escapes from relegation. They also became only the third team in Premier League history to survive after being bottom at Christmas (the other two being West Bromwich Albion in 2005 and Sunderland in 2014), and no team with fewer than 20 points from 29 matches had previously stayed up. Premier League champions and following years (2015–2020) Main article: 2015–16 Leicester City F.C. season Schmeichel Morgan (c) Huth Simpson Fuchs Drinkwater Kanté Mahrez Albrighton Okazaki Vardy The usual starting line-up of the Premier League winning team On 30 June 2015, Nigel Pearson was sacked, with the club stating "the working relationship is no longer viable." The sacking was linked to a number of public relations issues involving Pearson throughout the season, with the final straw involving his son James' role in a "racist sex tape" made by three Leicester reserve players in Thailand during a post-season goodwill tour. Leicester reacted by appointing former Chelsea manager Claudio Ranieri as their new manager for the new 2015–16 Premier League season. Despite an initially sceptical reaction to Ranieri's appointment, the club made an exceptional start to the season. Striker Jamie Vardy scored 13 goals over 11 consecutive matches from August to November, breaking Ruud van Nistelrooy's Premier League record of scoring in 10 consecutive matches. On 19 December, Leicester defeated Everton 3–2 at Goodison Park to top the Premier League on Christmas Day, having been bottom exactly 12 months earlier. A 2–0 victory at Sunderland on 10 April, coupled with Tottenham Hotspur's 3–0 win over Manchester United, ensured Leicester's qualification for the UEFA Champions League for the first time in their history. Leicester won the Premier League on 2 May 2016 after Tottenham lost a 2–0 lead against Chelsea, drawing 2–2 at the "Battle of Stamford Bridge". Bookmakers thought Leicester's victory was so unlikely that Ladbrokes and William Hill offered odds of 5,000–1 for it at the start of the season, which subsequently resulted in the largest payout in British sporting history with total winnings of £25 million. A number of newspapers described Leicester's title win as the greatest sporting shock; multiple bookmakers including Ladbrokes and William Hill had never paid out at such long odds for any sport. One book was titled "The Unbelievables", a spin-off harking back to Arsenal's undefeated team "The Invincibles". The scale of the surprise title victory attracted global attention for the club and the city of Leicester. The Economist declared it would be "pored over for management lessons." Several commentators viewed it as an inspiration to other clubs and fundamentally transforming expectations. Leicester became known for their counterattacking style of play, "incredible pace in the areas it is most essential" and defensive solidarity. Former boss Nigel Pearson was credited by pundits and fans as having laid the foundations for Leicester's title winning season. Reacting to the title win, then executive chairman of the Premier League Richard Scudamore said: If this was a once in every 5,000-year event, then we've effectively got another 5,000 years of hope ahead of us. Leicester, while performing well in the UEFA Champions League, struggled domestically during 2016–17, spending much of the first few months in the bottom half of the Premier League table. In December 2016, Ranieri was awarded coach of the year and Leicester team of the year at the BBC Sports Personality of the Year. However, on 23 February 2017, Ranieri was dismissed due to the club's continuing poor form, resulting in them being only one point above the relegation zone. The sacking was met with significant upset and anger from sections of the media, with Gary Lineker calling the sacking "very sad" and "inexplicable", while Manchester United manager José Mourinho blamed it on "selfish players". Rumours began emerging some days later that players had been meeting with the owners to discuss Ranieri's sacking without Ranieri knowing, which sparked widespread outrage over social media, but these were never proven. Craig Shakespeare took over as caretaker manager, and in his first match in charge, Leicester won 3–1 against 5th placed Liverpool. In his second match as caretaker, Shakespeare led Leicester to another 3–1 victory over Hull City. Following those two results, it was decided on 12 March 2017 that Shakespeare would become manager until the end of the season. The 2016–17 campaign was also the first season in 15 years that Leicester qualified for European football. Leicester were placed in Group G of the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League, alongside Porto, Copenhagen and Club Brugge. In their inaugural Champions League campaign, they went undefeated in their first five matches to progress to the knockout stages as group winners. The Foxes then faced La Liga club Sevilla in the round of 16 and defeated the Spanish side 2–0 on the night, and 3–2 on aggregate to advance to the quarter-finals. There they faced Atlético Madrid, and drew 1–1 in the second leg, but lost 2–1 on aggregate after losing 1–0 in the first leg. This put an end to Leicester's 2016–17 European campaign, and they finished as Champions League quarter-finalists. Despite the loss, Leicester remained unbeaten at home in the 2016–17 Champions League. Craig Shakespeare, having impressed during his caretaker spell, was appointed full-time on a three-year contract. However, following a poor start to the season he was sacked in October 2017 after four months officially in charge, with Leicester in 18th place in the table. He was replaced by former Southampton boss Claude Puel on 25 October 2017. By Christmas, Leicester were in 8th place in the Premier League and finished 9th at the end of the season. On 27 October 2018, a Leonardo AW169 helicopter carrying chairman Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha and four others malfunctioned and crashed outside the club's stadium, shortly after taking off from the pitch. This followed a home match against West Ham United, and all five people on board the helicopter died. One year later, The Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha Memorial Garden officially opened on 27 October 2019, before The Khun Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha Statue was unveiled on 4 April 2022, which would have been Srivaddhanaprabha's 64th birthday. Brendan Rodgers Leicester suffered a poor run of results in 2019 which included four successive home defeats, and following a 4–1 home defeat to Crystal Palace, manager Claude Puel was sacked on 24 February 2019 with the club in 12th place. Former Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers was appointed as his replacement, and the club finished the season again in 9th place. The 2019–20 season started with the team picking up 38 points from their first 16 matches, which included a record eight-game winning streak from 19 October to 8 December. On 25 October 2019, Leicester recorded a 0–9 away win at Southampton, the joint-largest win in Premier League history and the largest away win in English top-flight history. In the same season, the club reached the semi-final stage of the League Cup but lost out to Aston Villa over two legs. Despite being in the top four for most of the season, Leicester suffered a drop-off in form at the end of the season, winning only two of their nine games following the resumption of league play due to the coronavirus pandemic. Three defeats in their last four matches saw them slide into fifth, the second-highest Premier League finish in their history, securing a place in the UEFA Europa League for the following season. FA Cup winners, relegation, promotion (2021–present) On 15 May 2021, Leicester City won the FA Cup, their first title after having lost all of their previous four finals, in the process securing a second major trophy in the space of five years; Youri Tielemans scored the only goal against Chelsea at Wembley Stadium. The club also went on to win the 2021 FA Community Shield on 7 August 2021, the second in their history. After finishing 5th again in the 2020–21 Premier League, Leicester qualified for the Europa League for the second consecutive year. In their 2021–22 UEFA Europa League campaign, Leicester came third in their group and were transferred to the newly established UEFA Europa Conference League. They went on to reach their first European semi-final, losing to eventual winners A.S. Roma over two legs. In the Premier League, the club finished in 8th place. The club's finances were heavily impacted by the COVID pandemic, with the parent company King Power International Group being in the travel retail (DF&TR) sector. As an ongoing consequence, the club were restricted in their spending during the 2022 summer transfer market, while there were also concerns over breaching Financial Fair Play regulations. Added to this, in the summer of 2021 Leicester went away from their model of selling a key asset and spent more than £50 million on new players, dramatically increasing their wages-to-turnover ratio. Failure to qualify for European football in the proceeding season (2021–22) was an additional factor in reduced spending. At the same time, the club were also continuing to balance investment in infrastructure, to better compete with the Premier League's 'big six' in the longer term. Rodgers left the club on 2 April 2023 via mutual consent, with ten games remaining and the team in the relegation zone. Dean Smith was appointed as his replacement until the end of the season. On 28 May, despite a 2–1 home win over West Ham United, Leicester City were relegated as a consequence of Everton's 1–0 home victory over AFC Bournemouth. This ended the club's nine-year stint in the Premier League, making them only the second former Premier League champions to be relegated from the league since it began in 1992–93, following Blackburn Rovers in 1998–99. Leicester were promoted back to the top flight in 2024 On 16 June 2023, Enzo Maresca was appointed as the club's new manager ahead of the 2023–24 EFL Championship season. Leicester went on to make their best start to a league season, and the best since the league became known as the Championship in 2004–05. They were promoted back to the Premier League as champions at the first attempt. This was also their eighth second tier title which is a record for the division. Club identity Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leicester City F.C. kits. Leicester City's first home colours worn from 1884 to 1886. This shirt, worn in 1948, was the first to bear the club's badge. The club's traditional home colours of royal blue shirts, white shorts and either white or blue socks have been used for the team's kits throughout most of its history. In more recent times, the club have alternated between either white or blue shorts. An image of a fox was first incorporated into the club crest in 1948. Since 1992, the club's badge has featured a fox's head overlaid onto a Cinquefoil; the Cinquefoil is similar to the one used on the coat of arms of Leicester. Leicester City's badge for the 2009–10 season to commemorate 125 years as a football club The club's stadium move in 2002 prompted some changes to the crest, and the design has since evolved further. For the 2009–10 season, the club's 125th anniversary year, a special edition crest was worn on the home and away kits. For this season's away kit, there was also a return to the first colours worn by the club (originally Leicester Fosse), albeit with black shorts as opposed to the original white. This kit returned once again for the 2023–24 season, having also featured during the 2004–05 season. In 1941, the club adopted the playing of the Post Horn Galop at home matches, to signal both teams entering the pitch. To the present day, the tune is usually played live on the pitch for the first half, while a modern version of the tune is played over the PA system for the second half. The club also play a modern version of their anthem When You're Smiling before kick-off on home matchdays, with the connection to the song believed to have originated in the late 1970s. Foxes Never Quit is the club's motto, with these words placed above the tunnel inside the stadium. Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors Source: Year Kit Manufacturer Primary Shirt Sponsor Sleeve Sponsor 1962–1964 Bukta None None 1976–1979 Admiral 1979–1983 Umbro 1983–1986 Admiral Ind Coope 1986–1987 John Bull 1987–1988 Walkers Crisps 1988–1990 Scoreline 1990–1992 Bukta 1992–2000 Fox Leisure 2000–2001 Le Coq Sportif 2001–2003 LG 2003–2005 Alliance & Leicester 2005–2007 JJB Sports 2007–2009 Jako Topps Tiles 2009–2010 Joma LOROS Hospice Care 2010–2012 Burrda King Power 2012–2016 Puma 2017–2018 Siam Commercial Bank 2018–2020 Adidas Bia Saigon 2020–2021 King Power and Tourism Authority of Thailand 2021–2023 FBS (international brokerage company) 2023– King Power Since 2018, Leicester City's kit has been manufactured by German sportswear company Adidas. Previous manufacturers have included Bukta (1962–64, 1990–92), Admiral (1976–79, 1983–88), Umbro (1979–83), Scoreline (1988–90), Fox Leisure (1992–2000), Le Coq Sportif (2000–05), JJB (2005–07), Jako (2007–09), Joma (2009–10), Burrda (2010–12), and Puma (2012–18). The club's current main shirt sponsor is King Power, the company of the club's owners. The first sponsorship logo to appear on a Leicester shirt was that of Ind Coope in 1983. British snack food manufacturer Walkers Crisps are the club's official snack partner. Walkers Crisps have held a long association with the club, sponsoring their shirts from 1987 to 2001 and the stadium from 2002 to 2011. Other sponsors have included John Bull (1986–87), LG (2001–03), Alliance & Leicester (2003–07), Topps Tiles (2007–09), Loros (2009–10), Tourism Authority of Thailand (2020–21) and FBS (2021–23). Siam Commercial Bank became the club's first sleeve sponsor, and the deal was valid for the 2017–18 season. Since the 2018–19 season, the sleeve sponsor has been Bia Saigon. Stadium and training ground See also: King Power Stadium and Filbert Street The "Double Decker" Stand at Filbert Street In their early years, Leicester played at numerous grounds, but have only played at two since they joined the Football League. When first starting out, they played on a field by Fosse Road, hence the original club name Leicester Fosse. They moved from there to Victoria Park, and subsequently to Belgrave Road. Upon turning professional the club moved to Mill Lane. After eviction from Mill Lane the club played at the County Cricket ground while seeking a new ground. The club secured the use of an area of land by Filbert Street and moved there in 1891. Some improvements by noted football architect Archibald Leitch occurred in the Edwardian era, and in 1927 a new two-tier stand was built, nicknamed "the Double Decker", which would persist until the ground's closure in 2002. With the exception of the addition of compulsory seating, the ground saw no further development until 1993, when the Main Stand was demolished and replaced by the new Carling Stand. The addition of the new stand, while the rest of the ground had been untouched since the 1920s, led manager Martin O'Neill to joke that he used to "lead new signings out backwards" so they only saw the Carling Stand. King Power Stadium, formerly known as the Walkers Stadium, has been the home of Leicester City since 2002 The club moved away from Filbert Street in 2002, to a new 32,500-capacity all-seater stadium located less than 300 yards away. Known as the Walkers Stadium until 2011 in a deal with Leicester-based food manufacturers Walkers, the first match hosted at the stadium was a 1–1 friendly draw against Athletic Bilbao. Bilbao's Tiko scored the first goal at the stadium and Jordan Stewart became the first Leicester player to score. The first competitive match was a 2–0 victory against Watford. On 19 August 2010, it emerged that the new owners King Power wanted to rename the stadium King Power Stadium, and had plans to increase the capacity to 42,000 should Leicester secure promotion. On 5 July 2011, Leicester City confirmed the Walkers Stadium would now be known as King Power Stadium. The stadium currently has an all-seated capacity of 32,262, with plans formally approved in December 2023 to extend this to 40,000. In 2020, the club moved into a new state-of-the-art training complex in the Leicestershire village of Seagrave, described as being "one of the world's most advanced training facilities." The club's former training ground Belvoir Drive now serves as the training ground for Leicester City Women. Rivalries Main articles: Leicester City F.C.–Nottingham Forest F.C. rivalry, Derby County F.C.–Leicester City F.C. rivalry, and M69 derby The club's main rivals are Nottingham Forest, Derby County and Coventry City. Leicester were widely considered to be Nottingham Forest's main rivals prior to the mid-1970s. However, when Brian Clough was appointed as Forest manager in 1975, much to the dismay of Derby fans, the rivalry between Forest and Derby quickly intensified. European record Main article: Leicester City F.C. in European football Season Competition Round Club Home Away Aggregate 1961–62 European Cup Winners' Cup PR Glenavon 3–1 4–1 7–2 1R Atlético Madrid 1–1 0–2 1–3 1997–98 UEFA Cup 1R Atlético Madrid 0–2 1–2 1–4 2000–01 UEFA Cup 1R Red Star Belgrade 1–1 1–3 2–4 2016–17 UEFA Champions League GS Porto 1–0 0–5 1st Club Brugge 2–1 3–0 Copenhagen 1–0 0–0 R16 Sevilla 2–0 1–2 3–2 QF Atlético Madrid 1–1 0–1 1–2 2020–21 UEFA Europa League GS Braga 4–0 3–3 1st AEK Athens 2–0 2–1 Zorya Luhansk 3–0 0–1 R32 Slavia Prague 0–2 0–0 0–2 2021–22 UEFA Europa League GS Napoli 2–2 2–3 3rd Spartak Moscow 1–1 4–3 Legia Warsaw 3–1 0–1 UEFA Conference League KPO Randers 4–1 3–1 7–2 R16 Rennes 2–0 1–2 3–2 QF PSV Eindhoven 0–0 2–1 2–1 SF Roma 1–1 0–1 1–2 Notes LCFC goals listed first PR: Preliminary round 1R: First round GS: Group stage R32: Round of 32 R16: Round of 16 QF: Quarter-final SF: Semi-final Managerial history Main article: List of Leicester City F.C. managers The role of manager is currently vacant in Leicester City. The most recent manager was Enzo Maresca, the club's 50th permanent manager. Nigel Pearson and Peter Hodge have both had two separate spells in charge of the club. Dave Bassett also had a second spell as caretaker manager after his spell as permanent manager. Up until Peter Hodge was hired after World War I, the club had no official manager. A nominal role of secretary/manager was employed, though the board and the selection committee took control of most team affairs. It was Hodge who instated a system at the club for the manager having complete control over player and staff recruitment, team selection, and tactics. Though Hodge was originally also titled "secretary/manager" he has retrospectively been named as the club's first official "manager." Records and statistics Main article: List of Leicester City F.C. records and statistics Historical league positions of Leicester City in the Football League Graham Cross holds the record for the most Leicester appearances, with the defender playing 600 games between 1960 and 1976, increased from 599 following the club's decision to incorporate the 1971 Charity Shield into official records. However, Adam Black holds the record for the most appearances in the league with 528 between 1920 and 1935. Striker Arthur Chandler is currently the club's all-time record goal scorer, netting 273 in his 12 years at the club; he also found the net in 8 consecutive matches in the 1924–25 season. The most goals managed in a single season for the club is 44 by Arthur Rowley, in the 1956–57 season. The fastest goal in the club's history was scored by Matty Fryatt, when he netted after just nine seconds against Preston North End in April 2006. Jamie Vardy broke the Premier League record by scoring in 11 consecutive Premier League games, scoring 13 in the process during the 2015–16 Premier League season. Vardy's goal at Sunderland on 10 April 2016 saw him become the first Leicester player since Gary Lineker in 1984–85 to score 20 top flight goals for the club, having already become Leicester's highest Premier League scorer in a single season, ultimately finishing with 23 and the Premier League Golden Boot for the season. The record transfer fee paid by Leicester for a player was in the region of £32-to-40 million for midfielder Youri Tielemans from AS Monaco. The highest transfer fee received for a Leicester player was approximately £80 million from Manchester United for Harry Maguire; at the time of the transfer this was the eleventh-highest-ever fee, the highest-ever move between two English teams, and the highest-ever for a defender. The club's record home attendance is 47,298, for a fifth-round FA Cup match against Tottenham Hotspur at Filbert Street in 1928. The current record home attendance at the current stadium is 32,242, for a Premier League match against Sunderland on 8 August 2015. The highest-ever attendance for a non-competitive football match at King Power Stadium stands at 32,188, for a pre-season friendly against Real Madrid on 30 July 2011. Leicester's highest league finish is first in the Premier League in 2015–16. The club currently holds the all-time record for second tier titles with eight. Leicester's longest unbeaten run in the league was between 1 November 2008 and 7 March 2009, in which the team remained unbeaten for 23 games on their way to the League One title. The club's longest run of consecutive victories in league football is currently nine, which the team achieved between 21 December 2013 and 1 February 2014 in the EFL Championship. In the 2015–16 season, Leicester achieved many new club records in what The Daily Telegraph described as "one of the most astonishing league titles of all-time". They recorded the fewest losses in any of the club's previous Premier League seasons, the fewest away defeats in any top-flight season, and the most consecutive wins in the top flight. Those consecutive victories came against Watford, Newcastle United, Crystal Palace, Southampton and Sunderland. Coincidentally, Leicester kept a record of five straight clean sheets against each of the same five opponents. The King Power Stadium's home crowds in 2015–16 saw their team beaten just once in the Premier League all season. Leicester made their UEFA Champions League debut in the 2016–17 season, their fourth appearance in European football. The club became the third English team to win on their Champions League debut, after Manchester United in 1994 and Newcastle United in 1997. They also became the first English team to win away on their Champions League debut, and win all three of their opening games in the competition. Leicester are currently the first and only team in Champions League history to keep clean sheets in each of their opening four games in the competition. In March 2017, the club became the 50th to reach the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals. On 25 October 2019, the Leicester team set the record for the highest margin of away victory in English top-flight history, defeating Southampton 9–0 at St Mary's Stadium. In doing so they also tied the record for the highest margin of victory in Premier League history, equalling Manchester United's 9–0 home victory over Ipswich Town in 1995. As a result, Leicester City hold the all-time top tier records for the biggest defeat, biggest away win, and highest-scoring draw. In the 2023–24 EFL Championship season, the club made its best start to a league season, and the best in the competition's history (since being known as the Championship). During this period, the club also set a new record of six straight away wins, matched the all-time record of nine consecutive league wins home and away, and went four home matches without conceding for the first time since 1973. League history Main article: List of Leicester City F.C. seasons Since their election to the Football League in 1894, Leicester City have spent all but one season within the top two tiers of English football. During the 2008–09 season, they played in League One, the third tier of English football, after the club's relegation from the Championship in the previous season. However, the club made an instant return to the second tier and were promoted as 2008–09 League One champions. Source 1894–1908 Division 2 (L2) 1908–1909 Division 1 (L1) 1909–1915 Division 2 (L2) 1919–1925 Division 2 (L2) 1925–1935 Division 1 (L1) 1935–1937 Division 2 (L2) 1937–1939 Division 1 (L1) 1946–1954 Division 2 (L2) 1954–1955 Division 1 (L1) 1955–1957 Division 2 (L2) 1957–1969 Division 1 (L1) 1969–1971 Division 2 (L2) 1971–1978 Division 1 (L1) 1978–1980 Division 2 (L2) 1980–1981 Division 1 (L1) 1981–1983 Division 2 (L2) 1983–1987 Division 1 (L1) 1987–1992 Division 2 (L2) 1992–1994 Division 1 (L2) 1994–1995 Premier League (L1) 1995–1996 Division 1 (L2) 1996–2002 Premier League (L1) 2002–2003 Division 1 (L2) 2003–2004 Premier League (L1) 2004–2008 Championship (L2) 2008–2009 League One (L3) 2009–2014 Championship (L2) 2014–2023 Premier League (L1) 2023–2024 Championship (L2) 2024–Present Premier League (L1) L1 = Level 1 of the football league system; L2 = Level 2 of the football league system; L3 = Level 3 of the football league system. Seasons spent at Level 1 of the football league system: 55 Seasons spent at Level 2 of the football league system: 63 Seasons spent at Level 3 of the football league system: 1 (up to and including 2023–24) Players First-team squad As of 22 January 2024 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK  WAL Danny Ward 2 DF  ENG James Justin 3 DF  BEL Wout Faes 4 DF  ENG Conor Coady 5 DF  ENG Callum Doyle (on loan from Manchester City) 8 MF  ENG Harry Winks 9 FW  ENG Jamie Vardy (captain) 10 FW  ENG Stephy Mavididi 11 MF  ENG Marc Albrighton 14 FW  NGA Kelechi Iheanacho 15 DF  AUS Harry Souttar 17 MF  ENG Hamza Choudhury 18 FW  GHA Abdul Fatawu (on loan from Sporting) No. Pos. Nation Player 20 FW  ZAM Patson Daka 21 DF  POR Ricardo Pereira 22 MF  ENG Kiernan Dewsbury-Hall 23 DF  DEN Jannik Vestergaard 25 MF  NGA Wilfred Ndidi 26 MF  BEL Dennis Praet 28 FW  IRL Tom Cannon 29 MF  TUR Yunus Akgün (on loan from Galatasaray) 30 GK  DEN Mads Hermansen 35 MF  ENG Kasey McAteer 40 MF  POR Wanya Marçal 41 GK  POL Jakub Stolarczyk 45 DF  ENG Ben Nelson Out on loan Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 16 DF  DEN Victor Kristiansen (at Bologna until the end of the 2023–24 season) 24 MF  FRA Boubakary Soumaré (at Sevilla until the end of the 2023–24 season) No. Pos. Nation Player 31 GK  DEN Daniel Iversen (at Stoke City until the end of the 2023–24 season) 33 DF  ENG Luke Thomas (at Middlesbrough until the end of the 2023–24 season) Under-21s and Academy Main article: Leicester City F.C. Under-21s and Academy Former players Main article: List of Leicester City F.C. players Club staff As of 3 June 2024 Directors & Senior Management Role Person Chairman Aiyawatt Srivaddhanaprabha Vice Chairman Apichet Srivaddhanaprabha Chief Executive Susan Whelan Finance Director Kevin Davies Director of Football Jon Rudkin Football Operations Director Andrew Neville Operations Director Anthony Mundy Communications Director Anthony Herlihy HR Director Liam Dolan-Barr Commercial Director Dan Barnett General Counsel Matthew Phillips Management Staff Role Person First Team Manager Vacant First Team Assistant Manager Vacant First Team Coach Vacant First Team Goalkeeping Coach Vacant Head of Fitness & Conditioning Matt Reeves First Team Fitness Coach Vacant First Team Analyst Vacant Head of Medicine Dr. Simon Morris First Team Physiotherapist Gary Silk Kit Manager Paul McAndrew Head of Senior Player Recruitment Martyn Glover Loans Manager Robert Huth Academy Director Jon Rudkin Player statistics Player of the Year Leicester City's Player of the Year award is voted for by the club's supporters at the end of every season. Year Winner 1987–88 Steve Walsh 1988–89 Alan Paris 1989–90 Gary Mills 1990–91 Tony James 1991–92 Gary Mills 1992–93 Colin Hill 1993–94 Simon Grayson 1994–95 Kevin Poole 1995–96 Garry Parker 1996–97 Simon Grayson 1997–98 Matt Elliott 1998–99 Tony Cottee 1999–2000 Gerry Taggart 2000–01 Robbie Savage Year Winner 2001–02 Robbie Savage 2002–03 Paul Dickov 2003–04 Les Ferdinand 2004–05 Danny Tiatto 2005–06 Joey Guðjónsson 2006–07 Iain Hume 2007–08 Richard Stearman 2008–09 Steve Howard 2009–10 Jack Hobbs 2010–11 Richie Wellens 2011–12 Kasper Schmeichel 2012–13 Wes Morgan 2013–14 Danny Drinkwater 2014–15 Esteban Cambiasso Year Winner 2015–16 Riyad Mahrez 2016–17 Kasper Schmeichel 2017–18 Harry Maguire 2018–19 Ricardo Pereira 2019–20 Jamie Vardy 2020–21 Youri Tielemans 2021–22 James Maddison 2022–23 Kelechi Iheanacho 2023–24 Kiernan Dewsbury-Hall English Hall of Fame members The following have played for Leicester and have been inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame: Gordon Banks 2002 (Inaugural Inductee) Peter Shilton 2002 (Inaugural Inductee) Gary Lineker 2003 Don Revie 2004 (Inducted as a manager) Frank McLintock 2009 Football League 100 Legends The Football League 100 Legends is a list of "100 legendary football players" produced by The Football League in 1998, to celebrate the 100th season of League football. It also included Premier League players, and the following former Leicester City players were included: Arthur Rowley Gordon Banks Frank McLintock Peter Shilton Gary Lineker Players with over 300 appearances for Leicester Includes competitive appearances only. Current players in bold. As of 4 May 2024 Graham Cross 600 Adam Black 557 Kasper Schmeichel 479 Jamie Vardy 464 Hugh Adcock 460 Mark Wallington 460 Steve Walsh 450 Arthur Chandler 419 John Sjoberg 414 Mal Griffiths 409 Steve Whitworth 401 Andy King 379 Sep Smith 373 Mike Stringfellow 370 Richie Norman 365 Gordon Banks 356 John O'Neill 345 Dave Gibson 339 Peter Shilton 339 Colin Appleton 333 Dennis Rofe 324 Wes Morgan 323 Paul Ramsey 322 Arthur Rowley 321 Arthur Lochhead 320 Muzzy Izzet 319 Ian Wilson 318 Derek Hines 317 Marc Albrighton 313 Lenny Glover 306 Players with 50 or more goals for Leicester Includes competitive appearances only. Current players in bold. As of 4 May 2024 Arthur Chandler 273 Arthur Rowley 265 Jamie Vardy 190 Ernie Hine 156 Derek Hines 117 Arthur Lochhead 114 Gary Lineker 103 Mike Stringfellow 97 Johnny Duncan 95 Jimmy Walsh 91 Jack Lee 84 Alan Smith 84 Frank Worthington 78 Mal Griffiths 76 Ken Keyworth 76 Danny Liddle 71 Arthur Maw 64 Matty Fryatt 62 Andy King 62 Steve Walsh 62 Kelechi Iheanacho 61 Steve Lynex 60 David Nugent 59 Fred Shinton 58 Jack Bowers 56 James Maddison 55 Dave Gibson 53 Jackie Sinclair 53 Hugh Adcock 52 George Dewis 51 Gary McAllister 51 Honours See also: List of Leicester City F.C. records and statistics § Honours Leicester City players lifting the 2015–16 Premier League trophy Leicester City are currently one of five clubs, including Manchester United, Manchester City, Chelsea and Liverpool, to have won the Premier League, FA Cup and League Cup in the 21st century. Since the start of the millennium, they are the 6th most successful club in English football and one of 14 clubs to have won all four major domestic competitions. Leicester City currently hold the record for most second division titles, having won the league on eight occasions. League First Division / Premier League (level 1) Champions: 2015–16 Runners-up: 1928–29 Second Division / First Division / Championship (level 2) Champions (8): 1924–25, 1936–37, 1953–54, 1956–57, 1970–71, 1979–80, 2013–14, 2023–24 Runners-up: 1907–08, 2002–03 Play-off winners: 1994, 1996 League One (level 3) Champions: 2008–09 Cup FA Cup Winners: 2020–21 Runners-up: 1948–49, 1960–61, 1962–63, 1968–69 League Cup Winners: 1963–64, 1996–97, 1999–2000 Runners-up: 1964–65, 1998–99 FA Charity Shield / FA Community Shield Winners: 1971, 2021 Runners-up: 2016 Notes ^ 'Away' leg held at the Gerhard Hanappi Stadium, Vienna, Austria References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "The History of Leicester City Football Club". 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Retrieved 31 October 2013. ^ "Jamie Vardy breaks record for goals in consecutive games". BBC Sport. 28 November 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2023. ^ a b "CHAMPIONS: City's Record-Breaking Season". Leicester City F.C. 4 May 2016. Archived from the original on 6 November 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016. ^ "Premier League Golden Boot: Leicester City's Jamie Vardy wins with 23 goals". BBC Sport. BBC. 26 July 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2024. ^ "Leicester sign Youri Tielemans from Monaco for club record fee". The Guardian. 8 July 2019. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021. ^ "Harry Maguire: Manchester United pay Leicester world-record fee for a defender". Sky Sports Football. 5 August 2019. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021. ^ John Hutchinson (20 February 2013). "TWIH: Filbert Street's record crowd". Leicester City FC. Retrieved 31 August 2023. ^ "King Power Stadium Leicester City FC, Info & Map | Premier League". ^ "Record crowd watch Leicester City play Real Madrid". BBC Sport. 1 August 2011. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2013. ^ "No escape act this time, City!". Leicester Mercury. 12 March 2009. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2013. ^ Wallace, Sam (10 December 2016). "Leicester City 4 Man City 2: Foxes find their ferocious side as Jamie Vardy hat-trick ends 16 match goal drought". Archived from the original on 11 December 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016. ^ @TheOddsBible (18 October 2016). "Leicester are the first English side ever to win their first three Champions League games" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ Miller, Max (27 September 2016). "Leicester City make BEST EVER start to Champions League life by English club". Metro.co.uk. Archived from the original on 28 September 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016. ^ @SkySportsStatto (2 November 2016). "@LCFC are the 1st team in Champions League history to keep clean sheets in their opening 4 games in the competition" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "Leicester City equal Premier League record win with nine-goal rout over sorry Southampton". The Telegraph. 25 October 2019. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019. ^ "Record-Breaking Foxes Seal Swans Win". ^ "Leicester City in 2023/24: Records Broken & Others in Sight". ^ "LCFC Men". Leicester City F.C. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2024. ^ "Enzo Maresca on the decision to make Jamie Vardy captain". YouTube. Retrieved 23 February 2024. ^ "Victor Kristiansen Joins Bologna On Loan". Leicester City F.C. 30 August 2023. ^ "Sevilla Loan For Boubakary Soumaré". Leicester City F.C. 1 September 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023. ^ "Daniel Iversen Makes Stoke City Loan Switch". Leicester City F.C. 5 January 2024. ^ "Luke Thomas Joins Middlesbrough On Loan". Leicester City F.C. 5 January 2024. ^ "Aiyawatt Srivaddhanaprabha Named Leicester City Chairman". Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2020. ^ "Senior Management". Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ "Leicester City Football Club Limited". Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 28 October 2018. ^ "Academy Staff". Leicester City F.C. Archived from the original on 13 September 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2013. ^ "Coaching Staff". Leicester City F.C. Archived from the original on 9 July 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2013. ^ "LCFC Men Staff". LCFC. Retrieved 1 July 2023. ^ "Iheanacho & Leitzig Earn Player Of The Season Recognition". Leicester City Football Club. 31 May 2023. Retrieved 31 May 2023. ^ "Award Braces For Dewsbury-Hall & Rantala". Leicester City FC. 30 April 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024. ^ a b "English football's finest honoured". BBC Sport. 30 November 2002. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2016. ^ "Football Focus | Robson joins Hall of Fame". BBC Sport. 2 December 2003. Archived from the original on 5 November 2005. Retrieved 12 May 2016. ^ Riach, James. "Revie remembered". Sky Sports. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2016. ^ Stephen Halliday (12 November 2012). "Football Hall of Fame: Pat Stanton and Gordon McQueen among five new inductees". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2016. ^ "Frank McLintock". National Football Museum. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017. ^ a b "Football | Legends list in full". BBC News. 5 August 1998. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016. ^ "The official site of Leicester City Football Club". Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2011. ^ "Players". Archived from the original on 12 July 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013. ^ "Honours | Leicester City". lcfc.com. ^ "Leicester City: Champions!". Leicester City F.C. 29 April 2024. Further reading Smith, Dave; Taylor, Paul (2001). Of Fossils and Foxes: The Official Definitive History of Leicester City Football Club. ISBN 978-1-899538-21-8. Smith, Dave; Taylor, Paul (1995). The Foxes Alphabet: Complete Who's Who of Leicester City Football Club. ISBN 978-1-899538-06-5. Leicester City FC, The Official History of Leicester City Football Club DVD (2003) (out of print). EAN 5035593200013. Hutchinson, John (2014). From Shed to Stadium: Illustrated history of LCFC. ISBN 978-1-909872-18-9. Hutchinson, John; Plumb, Neil; O'Donnell, Rob (2015). Leicester City Classic Shirts 1949–2016. ISBN 978-1-909872-76-9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leicester City F.C.. Official website Leicester City F.C. on BBC Sport: Club news – Recent results and fixtures Leicester City F.C. at Premier League Leicester City F.C. at UEFA vteLeicester City Football ClubGeneral Women Reserves and Academy Players Managers History Seasons current Statistics Europe Grounds Victoria Park Belgrave Road Cycle and Cricket Ground Aylestone Road Filbert Street King Power Stadium Rivalries Nottingham Forest rivalry Derby County rivalry M69 derby Miscellaneous "When You're Smiling" 2018 helicopter crash vtePremier LeagueSeasons 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Clubs2024–25 Arsenal Aston Villa Bournemouth Brentford Brighton & Hove Albion Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Fulham Ipswich Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Nottingham Forest Southampton Tottenham Hotspur West Ham United Wolverhampton Wanderers Former Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Burnley Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Huddersfield Town Hull City Leeds United Luton Town Middlesbrough Norwich City Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Stoke City Sunderland Swansea City Swindon Town Watford West Bromwich Albion Wigan Athletic Wimbledon (defunct) Competition Teams winners performance record Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers current Stadiums Founding Broadcasters overseas in the U.S. Productions Referees Statisticsand awards Records All-time table Hat-tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Young Player of the Season Playmaker of the Season Goal of the Season Save of the Season Game Changer of the Season Most Powerful Goal Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Save of the Month Players with 100+ goals Players with 500+ appearances Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100+ clean sheets Goalkeepers who have scored a goal 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Hall of Fame Finances Richest clubs: Deloitte list Forbes list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League–Football League gulf Parachute and solidarity payments Associatedcompetitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League UEFA Europa Conference League Premier League 2 Premier League Cup Premier Reserve League (defunct) U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Summer Series Category vteEFL ChampionshipSeasons 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Clubs2024–25 clubs Blackburn Rovers Bristol City Burnley Cardiff City Coventry City Derby County Hull City Leeds United Luton Town Middlesbrough Millwall Norwich City Oxford United Plymouth Argyle Portsmouth Preston North End Queens Park Rangers Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Stoke City Sunderland Swansea City Watford West Bromwich Albion Former clubs Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bournemouth Brentford Brighton & Hove Albion Burton Albion Charlton Athletic Colchester United Crewe Alexandra Crystal Palace Doncaster Rovers Fulham Gillingham Huddersfield Town Ipswich Town Leicester City Milton Keynes Dons Newcastle United Nottingham Forest Peterborough United Reading Rotherham United Scunthorpe United Southampton Southend United West Ham United Wigan Athletic Wolverhampton Wanderers Wycombe Wanderers Yeovil Town Competition Seasons Teams (winners) Players (foreign) Managers (current) Stadiums Referees Statistics and awards Records EFL Awards Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Month Player of the Month Hat-tricks Young Player of the Month Finances Club owners Premier League–Football League gulf Parachute and solidarity payments Sponsors Coca-Cola (2004–10) Npower (2010–13) Sky Bet (2013–present) Associated competitions Current: Play-offs - FA Cup - EFL Cup Past: Anglo-Franco-Scottish Friendship Cup - Anglo-Italian Cup - Full Members' Cup Prospects Promotion to Premier League Relegation to EFL League One vteEFL League OneSeasons 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Clubs2024–25 clubs Barnsley Birmingham City Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bristol Rovers Burton Albion Cambridge United Charlton Athletic Crawley Town Exeter City Huddersfield Town Leyton Orient Lincoln City Mansfield Town Northampton Town Peterborough United Reading Rotherham United Shrewsbury Town Stevenage Stockport County Wigan Athletic Wrexham Wycombe Wanderers Former clubs Accrington Stanley AFC Bournemouth AFC Wimbledon Blackburn Rovers Bradford City Brentford Brighton & Hove Albion Bristol City Bury Carlisle United Cheltenham Town Chesterfield Colchester United Coventry City Crewe Alexandra Dagenham & Redbridge Derby County Doncaster Rovers Fleetwood Town Forest Green Rovers Gillingham Hartlepool United Hereford United Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Leicester City Luton Town Millwall Milton Keynes Dons Morecambe Norwich City Nottingham Forest Notts County Oldham Athletic Oxford United Plymouth Argyle Port Vale Portsmouth Preston North End Rochdale Scunthorpe United Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Southampton Southend United Sunderland Swansea City Swindon Town Torquay United Tranmere Rovers Walsall Wolverhampton Wanderers Yeovil Town Competition Seasons Teams (winners) Managers current Stadia Referees Statistics and awards Records EFL Awards Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Month Player of the Month Hat-tricks Young Player of the Month Finances Club owners Premier League–Football League gulf Parachute and solidarity payments Sponsors Coca-Cola (2004–10) Npower (2010–13) Sky Bet (2013–18) Associated competitions FA Cup EFL Cup Play-offs Prospects Promotion to EFL Championship Relegation to EFL League Two vteLaureus Spirit of Sport Award winners 2005: Boston Red Sox 2006: Valentino Rossi 2007: FC Barcelona 2008: Dick Pound 2009: No award 2010: No award 2011: European Ryder Cup Team 2012: No award 2013: No award 2014: Afghanistan national cricket team 2015: Yao Ming 2016: Johan Cruyff 2017: Leicester City F.C. 2018: No award 2019: Lindsey Vonn 2020: No award Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leicester City W.F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_W.F.C."},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester"},{"link_name":"East Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"English football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"2023–24 EFL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_EFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Indepth_History_of_Leicester_City-1"},{"link_name":"Filbert Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filbert_Street"},{"link_name":"elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-election_(Football_League)"},{"link_name":"the Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_League"},{"link_name":"King Power Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Power_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-King_Power_title_sponsor-3"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"League Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"FA Community Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Community_Shield"},{"link_name":"2015–16 Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"inception in 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_of_the_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Atletico Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atletico_Madrid"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa Conference League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_Conference_League"},{"link_name":"AS Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Roma"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes,_Social_Media-5"},{"link_name":"1928–29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928%E2%80%9329_Football_League"},{"link_name":"second tier titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_winners_of_the_EFL_Championship_and_predecessors"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"1964–65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%E2%80%9365_Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"1998–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Football_League_Cup"}],"text":"This article is about the men's football club. For the women's team, see Leicester City W.F.C.\"Leicester City\" redirects here. For the city itself, see Leicester.Football clubLeicester City Football Club is a professional football club based in the city of Leicester, East Midlands, England. The club competes in the Premier League, the top tier of English football, following promotion from the 2023–24 EFL Championship as league champions.The club was founded in 1884 as Leicester Fosse F.C, and became known as Leicester City in 1919.[1] They moved to Filbert Street in 1891, were elected to the Football League in 1894 and moved to the nearby King Power Stadium in 2002.[2][3]Leicester City have iconically won one Premier League, one FA Cup, three League Cups and two FA Community Shields. The club's 2015–16 Premier League title win attracted global attention, and they became one of seven clubs to have won the Premier League since its inception in 1992. The club also reached the Quarter Finals of the UEFA Champions League in 2016-17, before being eliminated by Atletico Madrid in a heartbreaking fashion and knocked out of the UEFA Europa Conference League semi-finals in 2021–22 by AS Roma. [4][5] Prior to this, Leicester's highest league finish was second place in the top flight in 1928–29. In addition, they hold the most second tier titles in English football, with eight.[6]The club have competed in the FA Cup final five times, winning their first title in 2021. They won the League Cup in 1964, 1997 and 2000 respectively, and were finalists in 1964–65 and 1998–99.","title":"Leicester City F.C."},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LeicFosse1892.jpg"}],"text":"The Leicester Fosse team of 1892","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wyggeston School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyggeston_Grammar_School_for_Boys"},{"link_name":"The Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OBAF-7"},{"link_name":"Filbert Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filbert_Street"},{"link_name":"Victoria Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Park,_Leicester"},{"link_name":"Belgrave Road Cycle and Cricket Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrave_Road_Cycle_and_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Midland League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_League_(1889)"},{"link_name":"elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-election_(Football_League)"},{"link_name":"Division Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League"},{"link_name":"Grimsby Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimsby_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rotherham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Indepth_History_of_Leicester_City-1"},{"link_name":"1907–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907%E2%80%9308_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"single season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908%E2%80%9309_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Indepth_History_of_Leicester_City-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"city status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Peter Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hodge"},{"link_name":"Willie Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Orr"},{"link_name":"Arthur Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Chandler_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soceerbase_profile-10"},{"link_name":"1924–25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924%E2%80%9325_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"1928–29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928%E2%80%9329_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"The Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OBAF-7"},{"link_name":"1934–35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934%E2%80%9335_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"1936–37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%E2%80%9337_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"1938–39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938%E2%80%9339_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Indepth_History_of_Leicester_City-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Founding and early years (1884–1949)","text":"Formed in 1884 by a group of old boys of Wyggeston School as \"Leicester Fosse\", the club joined The Football Association (FA) in 1890.[7] Before moving to Filbert Street in 1891, the club played at five different grounds, including Victoria Park south-east of the city centre and the Belgrave Road Cycle and Cricket Ground.[8] The club also joined the Midland League in 1891, and were elected to Division Two of the Football League in 1894 after finishing second. Leicester's first Football League game was a 4–3 defeat at Grimsby Town, with a first League win the following week, against Rotherham United at Filbert Street. The same season also saw the team's largest win to date, a 13–0 victory over Notts Olympic in an FA Cup qualifying game.[1] In 1907–08 the club finished as Second Division runners-up, gaining promotion to the First Division, the highest level of English football. However, the club was relegated after a single season which included the team's record defeat, a 12–0 loss against Nottingham Forest.[1][9]In 1919, when league football resumed after World War I, Leicester Fosse ceased trading due to financial difficulties. The club was reformed as \"Leicester City Football Club\", particularly appropriate as the borough of Leicester had recently been given city status. Following the name change, the club enjoyed moderate success in the 1920s; under the management of Peter Hodge, who left in May 1926 to be replaced two months later by Willie Orr, and with record goalscorer Arthur Chandler in the side,[10] they won the Division Two title in 1924–25[11] and recorded their second-highest league finish in 1928–29 as runners-up by a single point to The Wednesday.[7] However, the 1930s saw a downturn in fortunes, with the club relegated in 1934–35[12] and, after promotion in 1936–37,[13] another relegation in 1938–39 would see them finish the decade in Division Two.[1][14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FA Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Indepth_History_of_Leicester_City-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Arthur Rowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rowley"},{"link_name":"strikers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Dave Halliday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Halliday"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soceerbase_profile-10"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Matt Gillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Gillies"},{"link_name":"Bert Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Johnson_(footballer,_born_1916)"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Indepth_History_of_Leicester_City-1"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"1961–62 European Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup_1961%E2%80%9362"},{"link_name":"1962–63 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_in_association_football"},{"link_name":"\"Ice Kings\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_Leicester_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Stoke City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Indepth_History_of_Leicester_City-1"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-21"},{"link_name":"Frank O'Farrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_O%27Farrell"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_FA_Cup_final"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robbie_Savage.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robbie Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Savage"},{"link_name":"Barnsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley_F.C."},{"link_name":"1997–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997-98_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Charity Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Indepth_History_of_Leicester_City-1"},{"link_name":"double","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Indepth_History_of_Leicester_City-1"},{"link_name":"Steve Whitworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Whitworth"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nick-22"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Bloomfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Bloomfield"},{"link_name":"FA Cup semi-final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup_semi-finals"},{"link_name":"1973–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Age_1975-04-05-23"},{"link_name":"Frank McLintock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_McLintock"},{"link_name":"Stoke City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Jock Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jock_Wallace"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_in_English_football#Second_Division"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Straits_Times_1980-05-08-25"},{"link_name":"Gary Lineker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Lineker"},{"link_name":"Gordon Milne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Milne"},{"link_name":"Alan Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Smith_(footballer,_born_1962)"},{"link_name":"David Pleat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pleat"},{"link_name":"Third Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division"},{"link_name":"Gordon Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Lee_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Indepth_History_of_Leicester_City-1"},{"link_name":"Brian Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Little_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Mike Newell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Newell_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Swindon Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Indepth_History_of_Leicester_City-1"},{"link_name":"Aston Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C."},{"link_name":"Mark McGhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_McGhee"},{"link_name":"First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_Football_League#First_Division"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Independent_1995-12-14-26"},{"link_name":"Martin O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Indepth_History_of_Leicester_City-1"},{"link_name":"1996 Football League play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Football_League_play-offs"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C."},{"link_name":"the final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Football_League_First_Division_play-off_Final"},{"link_name":"Steve Claridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Claridge"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"1997–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2000–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."}],"sub_title":"Post-World War II (1949–2000)","text":"Leicester reached the FA Cup final for the first time in their history in 1949,[1][15] losing 3–1 to Wolverhampton Wanderers. The club, however, was celebrating a week later when a draw on the last day of the season ensured survival in Division Two.[16][17] Leicester won the Division Two championship in 1954,[18] with the help of Arthur Rowley, one of the club's most prolific strikers. Although they were relegated from Division One the next season, under Dave Halliday they returned in 1957,[19] with Rowley scoring a club record 44 goals in one season.[10] Leicester remained in Division One until 1969,[20] their longest period in the top flight.Under the management of Matt Gillies and his assistant Bert Johnson, Leicester reached the FA Cup final on another two occasions, but lost in both 1961 and 1963.[1] As they lost to double winners Tottenham Hotspur in 1961, they were England's representatives in the 1961–62 European Cup Winners' Cup. In the 1962–63 season, the club led the First Division during the winter. Thanks to a sensational run of form on icy and frozen pitches, the team became nicknamed the \"Ice Kings\" and eventually finished fourth, the club's best post-war finish. Gillies guided Leicester to their first piece of silverware in 1964, when Leicester beat Stoke City 4–3 on aggregate to win the League Cup for the first time.[1] Leicester also reached the League Cup final the following year but lost 3–2 on aggregate to Chelsea. Gillies and Johnson received praise for their version of the \"whirl\" and the \"switch\" system, a system that had previously been used by the Austrian and Hungarian national teams.[21] After a bad start to the season, Matt Gillies resigned in November 1968. His successor Frank O'Farrell was unable to prevent relegation, but the club reached the FA Cup final in 1969, losing to Manchester City 1–0.Robbie Savage in action against Barnsley during the 1997–98 seasonIn 1971, Leicester were promoted back to the First Division, and won the Charity Shield for the first time.[1] Due to double winners Arsenal's commitments in European competition, Second Division winners Leicester were invited to play FA Cup runners-up Liverpool, beating them 1–0[1] thanks to a goal by Steve Whitworth.[22] Jimmy Bloomfield was appointed for the new season, and his team remained in the First Division for his tenure. Leicester reached the FA Cup semi-final in 1973–74.[23]Frank McLintock, a noted player for seven years for Leicester in a successful period from the late 1950s to the mid-1960s, succeeded Bloomfield in 1977. On 19 March 1977, Winston White became Leicester's first black player in an away game at Stoke City.[24] The club was relegated at the end of that season and McLintock resigned. Jock Wallace resumed the tradition of successful Scottish managers (after Peter Hodge and Matt Gillies) by steering Leicester to the Second Division championship in 1980.[25] Wallace was unable to keep Leicester in the First Division, but they reached the FA Cup semi-final in 1982. Under Wallace, one of City's most famous home-grown players, Gary Lineker, emerged into the first-team squad. Leicester's next manager was Gordon Milne, who achieved promotion in 1983. Lineker helped Leicester maintain their place in the First Division, but was sold to Everton in 1985; two years later Leicester were relegated, having failed to find a suitable replacement to partner Alan Smith, who was sold to Arsenal after Leicester went down.Milne left in 1986 and was replaced in 1987 by David Pleat, who was sacked in January 1991 with Leicester in danger of relegation to the Third Division. Gordon Lee was put in charge of the club until the end of the season. Leicester won their final game of the season, which guided them clear of relegation to the third tier of the Football League.[1]Brian Little took over in 1991 and by the end of the 1991–92 season Leicester had reached the playoff final for a place in the new Premier League, but lost to Blackburn Rovers by way of a penalty from former Leicester striker Mike Newell. The club also reached the playoff final the following year, losing 4–3 to Swindon Town, having come back from 3–0 down. In 1993–94, Leicester were promoted from the playoffs, beating Derby County 2–1 in the final.[1] Little quit as Leicester manager the following November to take charge at Aston Villa, and his successor Mark McGhee was unable to save Leicester from finishing second-from-bottom in the 1994–95 season.McGhee left the club unexpectedly in December 1995, while Leicester were top of the First Division, to take charge of Wolverhampton Wanderers.[26] McGhee was replaced by Martin O'Neill.[1] Under O'Neill, Leicester qualified for the 1996 Football League play-offs and beat Crystal Palace 2–1 in the final through a 120th-minute Steve Claridge goal to gain promotion to the Premier League. Following promotion, Leicester established themselves in the Premier League with four successive top ten finishes. O'Neill ended Leicester's 33-year wait for a major trophy, winning the League Cup twice, in 1997 and 2000, and Leicester were runners-up in 1999. Thus, the club qualified for the UEFA Cup in 1997–98 and 2000–01, the club's first European competition since 1961. In June 2000, O'Neill left Leicester City to take over as manager of Celtic.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England under-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"Peter Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_John_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Red Star Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"2001–02 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Leicester_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Dave Bassett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Bassett"},{"link_name":"Micky Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micky_Adams"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PrWalkers_5.jpg"},{"link_name":"King Power Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Power_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Walkers Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Power_Stadium"},{"link_name":"2002–03 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Leicester_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Walkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkers_(snack_foods)"},{"link_name":"crisp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_chip"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"ITV Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Digital"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Indepth_History_of_Leicester_City-1"},{"link_name":"Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"Craig Levein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Levein"},{"link_name":"Rob Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Kelly"},{"link_name":"caretaker manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caretaker_manager"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-An_Indepth_History_of_Leicester_City-1"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C."},{"link_name":"Milan Mandarić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Mandari%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Nigel Worthington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Worthington"},{"link_name":"Milton Keynes Dons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Dons_F.C."},{"link_name":"Martin Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Allen"},{"link_name":"Gary Megson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Megson"},{"link_name":"Bolton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Frank Burrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Burrows"},{"link_name":"Gerry Taggart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Taggart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigel_and_Milan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Pearson"},{"link_name":"Mandarić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Mandari%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Football League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_One"},{"link_name":"Ian Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Holloway"},{"link_name":"Bristol City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Independent_2007-11-26-31"},{"link_name":"2007–08 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Leicester_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Nigel Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Pearson"}],"sub_title":"Decline in the early 21st century (2000–2008)","text":"Martin O'Neill was replaced by former England under-21 coach Peter Taylor. During this time, one of Leicester's European appearances ended in a 3–1 defeat to Red Star Belgrade on 28 September 2000 in the UEFA Cup.[27] Leicester began well under Taylor's management, topping the Premier League for two weeks in the autumn and remaining in contention for a European place for most of the campaign, before a late-season collapse dragged them down to a 13th-place finish.Taylor was sacked after a poor start to the 2001–02 season, and his successor Dave Bassett lasted just six months before being succeeded by his assistant Micky Adams, the change of management being announced just before relegation was confirmed. Leicester won just five league matches all season.The East Stand, King Power StadiumLeicester moved into the new 32,314-seat Walkers Stadium at the start of the 2002–03 season, ending 111 years at Filbert Street. Walkers, the Leicester-based crisp manufacturers, acquired the naming rights for a ten-year period.[28] In October 2002, the club went into administration with debts of £30 million. Some of the reasons were the loss of TV money (ITV Digital, itself in administration, had promised money to First Division clubs for TV rights), the large wage bill, lower-than-expected fees for players transferred to other clubs and the cost of the new stadium.[29] Adams was banned from the transfer market for most of the season, even after the club was rescued with a takeover by a consortium led by Gary Lineker.[1] Adams guided Leicester to the runners-up spot in Division One and automatic promotion back to the Premier League with more than 90 points. However, Leicester lasted only one season in the top flight and were relegated to the newly labelled Championship, previously known as Division One.When Adams resigned as manager in October 2004, Craig Levein was appointed boss. This would prove to be an unsuccessful period and after 15 months in charge, Levein was sacked, having failed to get The Foxes anywhere near the promotion places. Assistant manager Rob Kelly took over as caretaker manager, and after winning three out of four matches, was appointed to see out the rest of the season. Kelly steered Leicester to safety and in April 2006 was given the manager's job on a permanent basis.[1]In October 2006, ex-Portsmouth chairman Milan Mandarić was quoted as saying he was interested in buying the club, reportedly at a price of around £6 million, with the current playing squad valued at roughly £4.2 million. The takeover was formally announced on 13 February 2007.[30] On 11 April 2007, Rob Kelly was sacked as manager and Nigel Worthington appointed as caretaker manager until the end of the season. Worthington saved the club from relegation, but was not offered the job on a permanent basis. On 25 May 2007, the club announced former Milton Keynes Dons manager Martin Allen as their new manager with a three-year contract. Allen's relationship with Mandarić became tense and after only four matches, Allen left by mutual consent on 29 August 2007. On 13 September 2007, Mandarić announced Gary Megson as the new manager of the club, citing Megson's \"wealth of experience\" as a deciding factor in the appointment. However, Megson left on 24 October 2007 after only six weeks in charge, following an approach made for his services by Bolton Wanderers. Mandarić placed Frank Burrows and Gerry Taggart in the shared position as caretaker managers until a professional manager was appointed.Pearson and Mandarić after winning the Football League One title.On 22 November, Ian Holloway was appointed manager, and he became the first Leicester manager in over 50 years to win his first league match in charge, beating Bristol City 2–0.[31] However, this success did not last, and Leicester were relegated from the Championship at the end of the 2007–08 season. Holloway left by mutual consent after less than a season at the club, being replaced by Nigel Pearson.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008–09 campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Leicester_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"levels of English football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_football_league_system#Promotion_and_relegation_rules_for_the_top_eight_levels"},{"link_name":"2015–16 Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"English football league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-538_Rise-32"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Football_League_One"},{"link_name":"League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_One"},{"link_name":"Southend United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southend_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"2009–10 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Leicester_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Championship play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Championship_play-offs"},{"link_name":"Cardiff City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"penalty shoot-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shootout_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Hull City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Paulo Sousa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Sousa"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"duty-free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty-free"},{"link_name":"King Power Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Power"},{"link_name":"Vichai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichai_Srivaddhanaprabha"},{"link_name":"Aiyawatt Srivaddhanaprabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiyawatt_Srivaddhanaprabha"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Sven-Göran Eriksson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven-G%C3%B6ran_Eriksson"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C."},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Watford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford_F.C."},{"link_name":"Manuel Almunia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Almunia"},{"link_name":"Anthony Knockaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Knockaert"},{"link_name":"Troy Deeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Deeney"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday"},{"link_name":"Queens Park Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County"},{"link_name":"Bolton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton_Wanderers"},{"link_name":"2013–14 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Football_League_Championship"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"King Power Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Power_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"2014–15 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Leicester_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"West Bromwich Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_FA_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Premier_League"}],"sub_title":"Rise back to Premier League and change of ownership (2008–2015)","text":"The 2008–09 campaign was Leicester's first season outside the top two levels of English football, but they hit this nadir only seven years before becoming the 2015–16 Premier League champions – one of the fastest rises to the top of the English football league system.[32] Following relegation to the third tier the previous season, Leicester returned to the Championship at the first attempt in 2008–09, finishing as champions of League One after a 2–0 win at Southend United, with two matches in hand. The 2009–10 season saw Leicester's revival under manager Nigel Pearson continue, as the club finished fifth and reached the Championship play-offs in their first season back in the second tier. Though coming from 2–0 down on aggregate, away to Cardiff City, to briefly lead 3–2, they eventually lost to a penalty shoot-out in the play-off semi-final. At the end of the season, Pearson left Leicester to become the manager of Hull City, claiming he felt the club seemed reluctant to keep him, and that Paulo Sousa had been the club's guest at both play-off games, hinting at a possible replacement. On 7 July 2010, Sousa was confirmed as Pearson's replacement.[33]In August 2010, following agreement on a three-year shirt sponsorship deal with duty-free retailers the King Power Group, Mandarić sold the club to Thai-led consortium Asian Football Investments (AFI), fronted by King Power Group's Vichai and his son Aiyawatt Srivaddhanaprabha.[34] Mandarić, an investor in AFI,[35] was retained as club chairman.[36] On 1 October 2010, after a poor start that saw Leicester bottom of the Championship with only one win out of the first nine league matches, Paulo Sousa was sacked by the club with immediate effect.[37] Two days later, Sven-Göran Eriksson, who had been approached by the club after the 6–1 loss to then bottom-of-the-table Portsmouth two weeks earlier, was appointed as his replacement, signing a two-year contract with the club.[38][39] On 10 February 2011, Vichai, part of the Thai-based Asia Football Investments consortium, was appointed new chairman of the club after Mandarić left in November to take over Sheffield Wednesday.[40]Leicester were viewed as one of the favourites for promotion in the 2011–12 season, but on 24 October 2011, following an inconsistent start with the Foxes winning just 5 out of their first 13 matches, Eriksson left the club by mutual consent.[41] Three weeks later, Nigel Pearson returned to the club as Eriksson's successor. Pearson would go on to lead The Foxes to a sixth-place finish in the 2012–13 season, ensuring Leicester were in the Championship play-offs. However, Leicester lost the playoff semi-final 3–2 on aggregate to Watford after Manuel Almunia made a double save from an Anthony Knockaert late penalty and Troy Deeney scored at the other end following a swift counterattack.[42]In 2014, Leicester's march up the league system hit a breakthrough. Their 2–1 home win over Sheffield Wednesday, combined with losses by Queens Park Rangers and Derby County, allowed Leicester City to clinch promotion to the Premier League after a ten-year absence. Later that month, a win at Bolton Wanderers saw Leicester become champions of the 2013–14 Championship for a joint record 7th time.Leicester started their first season in the Premier League since 2004 with a good run of results in their first five league matches, starting with a 2–2 draw on the opening day against Everton.[43] The Foxes then claimed their first Premier League win since May 2004, with a 1–0 win at Stoke City.[44] On 21 September 2014, Leicester went on to produce one of the greatest comebacks in Premier League history, beating Manchester United 5–3 at King Power Stadium. They made Premier League history by becoming the first team to beat Manchester United from a two-goal deficit since the league's launch in 1992.[45]During the 2014–15 season, a dismal run of form saw the team slip to the bottom of the league table with only 19 points from 29 matches. By 3 April 2015, they were seven points adrift from safety. This could have brought a sudden end to Leicester's seven-year rise, but seven wins from their final nine league matches meant The Foxes finished the season in 14th place with 41 points. They finished the season with a 5–1 thrashing of relegated Queens Park Rangers, and Leicester's upturn in results was described as one of the Premier League's greatest escapes from relegation.[46][47] They also became only the third team in Premier League history to survive after being bottom at Christmas (the other two being West Bromwich Albion in 2005 and Sunderland in 2014), and no team with fewer than 20 points from 29 matches had previously stayed up.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soccer_Field_Transparant.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Schmeichel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasper_Schmeichel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Morgan"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(association_football)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Huth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Huth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Simpson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Fuchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Fuchs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Drinkwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Drinkwater"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Kanté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%27Golo_Kant%C3%A9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Mahrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad_Mahrez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Albrighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Albrighton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Okazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinji_Okazaki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Vardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Vardy"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Nigel Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Pearson"},{"link_name":"public relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations"},{"link_name":"James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Pearson_(footballer,_born_1993)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Claudio Ranieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Ranieri"},{"link_name":"2015–16 Premier League season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Jamie Vardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Vardy"},{"link_name":"Ruud van Nistelrooy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruud_van_Nistelrooy"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Goodison Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodison_Park"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Stamford Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AL-58"},{"link_name":"Bookmakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookmaker"},{"link_name":"Ladbrokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladbrokes"},{"link_name":"William Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hill_(bookmaker)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WillHill-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TelegraphBookies-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liabilities-61"},{"link_name":"bookmakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookmaker"},{"link_name":"Ladbrokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladbrokes"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SL_upset-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN_long_shot-64"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"The Invincibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invincibles_(football)#Arsenal"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes,_Social_Media-5"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS_hope-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Nigel Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Pearson"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Richard Scudamore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Scudamore"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"coach of the year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year_Coach_Award"},{"link_name":"team of the year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sports_Personality_Team_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"BBC Sports Personality of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-72"},{"link_name":"José Mourinho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mourinho"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Craig Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Leicester_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Group G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_UEFA_Champions_League_group_stage#Group_G"},{"link_name":"2016–17 UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Porto"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Club Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Brugge_KV"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Sevilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevilla_FC"},{"link_name":"round of 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_UEFA_Champions_League_knockout_phase#Round_of_16"},{"link_name":"quarter-finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_UEFA_Champions_League_knockout_phase#Quarter-finals"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Atlético Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Claude Puel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Puel"},{"link_name":"Leonardo AW169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_AW169"},{"link_name":"Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichai_Srivaddhanaprabha"},{"link_name":"malfunctioned and crashed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Leicester_helicopter_crash"},{"link_name":"West Ham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brendan_Rodgers_2021_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Brendan Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Brendan Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"0–9 away win","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_F.C._0%E2%80%939_Leicester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_F.C."},{"link_name":"joint-largest win in Premier League history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-scoring_Premier_League_games"},{"link_name":"largest away win in English top-flight history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_records_and_statistics_in_England"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Aston Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Villa"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"coronavirus pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_England"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"}],"sub_title":"Premier League champions and following years (2015–2020)","text":"Schmeichel\nMorgan (c)\nHuth\nSimpson\nFuchs\nDrinkwater\nKanté\nMahrez\nAlbrighton\nOkazaki\nVardy\nThe usual starting line-up of the Premier League winning team[48]On 30 June 2015, Nigel Pearson was sacked, with the club stating \"the working relationship is no longer viable.\" The sacking was linked to a number of public relations issues involving Pearson throughout the season, with the final straw involving his son James' role in a \"racist sex tape\" made by three Leicester reserve players in Thailand during a post-season goodwill tour.[49][50][51] Leicester reacted by appointing former Chelsea manager Claudio Ranieri as their new manager for the new 2015–16 Premier League season.[52] Despite an initially sceptical reaction to Ranieri's appointment, the club made an exceptional start to the season.[53] Striker Jamie Vardy scored 13 goals over 11 consecutive matches from August to November, breaking Ruud van Nistelrooy's Premier League record of scoring in 10 consecutive matches.[54] On 19 December, Leicester defeated Everton 3–2 at Goodison Park to top the Premier League on Christmas Day, having been bottom exactly 12 months earlier.[55] A 2–0 victory at Sunderland on 10 April, coupled with Tottenham Hotspur's 3–0 win over Manchester United, ensured Leicester's qualification for the UEFA Champions League for the first time in their history.[56]Leicester won the Premier League on 2 May 2016 after Tottenham lost a 2–0 lead against Chelsea, drawing 2–2 at the \"Battle of Stamford Bridge\".[57][58] Bookmakers thought Leicester's victory was so unlikely that Ladbrokes and William Hill offered odds of 5,000–1 for it at the start of the season, which subsequently resulted in the largest payout in British sporting history with total winnings of £25 million.[59][60][61] A number of newspapers described Leicester's title win as the greatest sporting shock; multiple bookmakers including Ladbrokes and William Hill had never paid out at such long odds for any sport.[62][63][64] One book was titled \"The Unbelievables\", a spin-off harking back to Arsenal's undefeated team \"The Invincibles\".[65] The scale of the surprise title victory attracted global attention for the club and the city of Leicester.[66][5] The Economist declared it would be \"pored over for management lessons.\"[67] Several commentators viewed it as an inspiration to other clubs and fundamentally transforming expectations.[68]Leicester became known for their counterattacking style of play, \"incredible pace in the areas it is most essential\" and defensive solidarity.[69] Former boss Nigel Pearson was credited by pundits and fans as having laid the foundations for Leicester's title winning season.[70] Reacting to the title win, then executive chairman of the Premier League Richard Scudamore said:If this was a once in every 5,000-year event, then we've effectively got another 5,000 years of hope ahead of us.Leicester, while performing well in the UEFA Champions League, struggled domestically during 2016–17, spending much of the first few months in the bottom half of the Premier League table. In December 2016, Ranieri was awarded coach of the year and Leicester team of the year at the BBC Sports Personality of the Year.[71] However, on 23 February 2017, Ranieri was dismissed due to the club's continuing poor form, resulting in them being only one point above the relegation zone. The sacking was met with significant upset and anger from sections of the media, with Gary Lineker calling the sacking \"very sad\" and \"inexplicable\",[72] while Manchester United manager José Mourinho blamed it on \"selfish players\".[72] Rumours began emerging some days later that players had been meeting with the owners to discuss Ranieri's sacking without Ranieri knowing, which sparked widespread outrage over social media, but these were never proven.[73] Craig Shakespeare took over as caretaker manager, and in his first match in charge, Leicester won 3–1 against 5th placed Liverpool.[74] In his second match as caretaker, Shakespeare led Leicester to another 3–1 victory over Hull City.[75] Following those two results, it was decided on 12 March 2017 that Shakespeare would become manager until the end of the season.[76]The 2016–17 campaign was also the first season in 15 years that Leicester qualified for European football. Leicester were placed in Group G of the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League, alongside Porto, Copenhagen and Club Brugge. In their inaugural Champions League campaign, they went undefeated in their first five matches to progress to the knockout stages as group winners.[77] The Foxes then faced La Liga club Sevilla in the round of 16 and defeated the Spanish side 2–0 on the night, and 3–2 on aggregate to advance to the quarter-finals.[78] There they faced Atlético Madrid, and drew 1–1 in the second leg, but lost 2–1 on aggregate after losing 1–0 in the first leg. This put an end to Leicester's 2016–17 European campaign, and they finished as Champions League quarter-finalists.[79] Despite the loss, Leicester remained unbeaten at home in the 2016–17 Champions League.Craig Shakespeare, having impressed during his caretaker spell, was appointed full-time on a three-year contract.[80] However, following a poor start to the season he was sacked in October 2017 after four months officially in charge, with Leicester in 18th place in the table.[81] He was replaced by former Southampton boss Claude Puel on 25 October 2017. By Christmas, Leicester were in 8th place in the Premier League and finished 9th at the end of the season.On 27 October 2018, a Leonardo AW169 helicopter carrying chairman Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha and four others malfunctioned and crashed outside the club's stadium, shortly after taking off from the pitch. This followed a home match against West Ham United, and all five people on board the helicopter died. One year later, The Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha Memorial Garden officially opened on 27 October 2019, before The Khun Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha Statue was unveiled on 4 April 2022, which would have been Srivaddhanaprabha's 64th birthday.[82][83][84]Brendan RodgersLeicester suffered a poor run of results in 2019 which included four successive home defeats, and following a 4–1 home defeat to Crystal Palace, manager Claude Puel was sacked on 24 February 2019 with the club in 12th place.[85] Former Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers was appointed as his replacement,[86] and the club finished the season again in 9th place.The 2019–20 season started with the team picking up 38 points from their first 16 matches, which included a record eight-game winning streak from 19 October to 8 December. On 25 October 2019, Leicester recorded a 0–9 away win at Southampton, the joint-largest win in Premier League history and the largest away win in English top-flight history.[87] In the same season, the club reached the semi-final stage of the League Cup but lost out to Aston Villa over two legs.[88] Despite being in the top four for most of the season, Leicester suffered a drop-off in form at the end of the season, winning only two of their nine games following the resumption of league play due to the coronavirus pandemic. Three defeats in their last four matches saw them slide into fifth, the second-highest Premier League finish in their history, securing a place in the UEFA Europa League for the following season.[89]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Youri Tielemans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youri_Tielemans"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"2021 FA Community Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_FA_Community_Shield"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"2020–21 Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2021–22 UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa Conference League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_Conference_League"},{"link_name":"A.S. Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Roma"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-93"},{"link_name":"COVID pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"King Power International Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Power"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Financial Fair Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Fair_Play"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Dean Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Smith_(footballer,_born_1971)"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"West Ham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"AFC Bournemouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Bournemouth"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"1992–93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_FA_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"1998–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_FA_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leicester_City_champions_parade_2024.jpg"},{"link_name":"Enzo Maresca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzo_Maresca"},{"link_name":"2023–24 EFL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_EFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Football_League_Championship"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EFL2T-107"}],"sub_title":"FA Cup winners, relegation, promotion (2021–present)","text":"On 15 May 2021, Leicester City won the FA Cup, their first title after having lost all of their previous four finals, in the process securing a second major trophy in the space of five years; Youri Tielemans scored the only goal against Chelsea at Wembley Stadium.[90] The club also went on to win the 2021 FA Community Shield on 7 August 2021, the second in their history.[91] After finishing 5th again in the 2020–21 Premier League, Leicester qualified for the Europa League for the second consecutive year.\nIn their 2021–22 UEFA Europa League campaign, Leicester came third in their group and were transferred to the newly established UEFA Europa Conference League. They went on to reach their first European semi-final, losing to eventual winners A.S. Roma over two legs.[92] In the Premier League, the club finished in 8th place.[93]The club's finances were heavily impacted by the COVID pandemic, with the parent company King Power International Group being in the travel retail (DF&TR) sector.[94][95] As an ongoing consequence, the club were restricted in their spending during the 2022 summer transfer market, while there were also concerns over breaching Financial Fair Play regulations. Added to this, in the summer of 2021 Leicester went away from their model of selling a key asset and spent more than £50 million on new players, dramatically increasing their wages-to-turnover ratio. Failure to qualify for European football in the proceeding season (2021–22) was an additional factor in reduced spending.[96] At the same time, the club were also continuing to balance investment in infrastructure, to better compete with the Premier League's 'big six' in the longer term.[97][98][99]Rodgers left the club on 2 April 2023 via mutual consent, with ten games remaining and the team in the relegation zone.[100] Dean Smith was appointed as his replacement until the end of the season.[101] On 28 May, despite a 2–1 home win over West Ham United, Leicester City were relegated as a consequence of Everton's 1–0 home victory over AFC Bournemouth.[102] This ended the club's nine-year stint in the Premier League, making them only the second former Premier League champions to be relegated from the league since it began in 1992–93, following Blackburn Rovers in 1998–99.[103]Leicester were promoted back to the top flight in 2024On 16 June 2023, Enzo Maresca was appointed as the club's new manager ahead of the 2023–24 EFL Championship season.[104] Leicester went on to make their best start to a league season, and the best since the league became known as the Championship in 2004–05.[105] They were promoted back to the Premier League as champions at the first attempt.[106] This was also their eighth second tier title which is a record for the division.[107]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leicester City F.C. kits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C._kits"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LCFC1948shirt.jpg"},{"link_name":"fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox"},{"link_name":"coat of arms of Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester#Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HFK-109"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LCFC_125_Years.png"},{"link_name":"2009–10 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-110"},{"link_name":"2009–10 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Leicester_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leicester_Mercury_2009-04-25-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anniversary_kits-112"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-110"},{"link_name":"2023–24 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Leicester_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"2004–05 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Leicester_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Post Horn Galop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_horn#Post_Horn_Galop"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"PA system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PA_system"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"When You're Smiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_You%27re_Smiling"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"motto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motto"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leicester City F.C. kits.Leicester City's first home colours worn from 1884 to 1886.This shirt, worn in 1948, was the first to bear the club's badge.The club's traditional home colours of royal blue shirts, white shorts and either white or blue socks have been used for the team's kits throughout most of its history. In more recent times, the club have alternated between either white or blue shorts.An image of a fox was first incorporated into the club crest in 1948. Since 1992, the club's badge has featured a fox's head overlaid onto a Cinquefoil; the Cinquefoil is similar to the one used on the coat of arms of Leicester.[108][109]Leicester City's badge for the 2009–10 season to commemorate 125 years as a football clubThe club's stadium move in 2002 prompted some changes to the crest, and the design has since evolved further.[110] For the 2009–10 season, the club's 125th anniversary year, a special edition crest was worn on the home and away kits.[111] For this season's away kit, there was also a return to the first colours worn by the club (originally Leicester Fosse), albeit with black shorts as opposed to the original white.[112][110] This kit returned once again for the 2023–24 season, having also featured during the 2004–05 season.[113]In 1941, the club adopted the playing of the Post Horn Galop at home matches, to signal both teams entering the pitch.[114] To the present day, the tune is usually played live on the pitch for the first half, while a modern version of the tune is played over the PA system for the second half.[115] The club also play a modern version of their anthem When You're Smiling before kick-off on home matchdays, with the connection to the song believed to have originated in the late 1970s.[116] Foxes Never Quit is the club's motto, with these words placed above the tunnel inside the stadium.","title":"Club identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Adidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adidas"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Bukta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukta"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_Sportswear"},{"link_name":"Umbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbro"},{"link_name":"Le Coq Sportif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Coq_Sportif"},{"link_name":"JJB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JJB_Sports"},{"link_name":"Jako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jako"},{"link_name":"Joma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joma"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Puma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma_(brand)"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"King Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Power"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Ind Coope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind_Coope"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HFK-109"},{"link_name":"Walkers Crisps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkers_Crisps"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Walkers Crisps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkers_Crisps"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HFK-109"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-King_Power_title_sponsor-3"},{"link_name":"John Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Brewery"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HFK-109"},{"link_name":"LG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HFK-109"},{"link_name":"Alliance & Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_%26_Leicester"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HFK-109"},{"link_name":"Topps Tiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topps_Tiles"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HFK-109"},{"link_name":"Tourism Authority of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_Authority_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anniversary_kits-112"},{"link_name":"Siam Commercial Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam_Commercial_Bank"},{"link_name":"2017–18 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Leicester_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Leicester_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Bia Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabeco_Brewery"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"}],"sub_title":"Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors","text":"Source:[117]Since 2018, Leicester City's kit has been manufactured by German sportswear company Adidas.[118] Previous manufacturers have included Bukta (1962–64, 1990–92), Admiral (1976–79, 1983–88), Umbro (1979–83), Scoreline (1988–90), Fox Leisure (1992–2000), Le Coq Sportif (2000–05), JJB (2005–07), Jako (2007–09), Joma (2009–10), Burrda (2010–12),[119] and Puma (2012–18).[120]The club's current main shirt sponsor is King Power, the company of the club's owners.[121] The first sponsorship logo to appear on a Leicester shirt was that of Ind Coope in 1983.[109] British snack food manufacturer Walkers Crisps are the club's official snack partner.[122] Walkers Crisps have held a long association with the club, sponsoring their shirts from 1987 to 2001 and the stadium from 2002 to 2011.[109][3] Other sponsors have included John Bull (1986–87),[109] LG (2001–03),[109] Alliance & Leicester (2003–07),[109] Topps Tiles (2007–09),[109] Loros (2009–10), Tourism Authority of Thailand (2020–21) and FBS (2021–23).[123][112] Siam Commercial Bank became the club's first sleeve sponsor, and the deal was valid for the 2017–18 season.[124] Since the 2018–19 season, the sleeve sponsor has been Bia Saigon.[125]","title":"Club identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Power Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Power_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Filbert Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filbert_Street"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Double_Decker_Stand_at_Filbert_Street.jpg"},{"link_name":"Filbert Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filbert_Street"},{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inglis-126"},{"link_name":"Victoria Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Park,_Leicester"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inglis-126"},{"link_name":"County Cricket ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Road"},{"link_name":"Filbert Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filbert_Street"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inglis-126"},{"link_name":"Archibald Leitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Leitch"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inglis-126"},{"link_name":"Martin O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Power_Stadium.JPG"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Sport_2002-07-23-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Walkers Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkers_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Walkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkers_(snack_foods)"},{"link_name":"Athletic Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Guardian_2002-04-10-130"},{"link_name":"Tiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiko_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Jordan Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Stewart_(footballer,_born_1982)"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El_Dia_2002-08-05-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Independent_2002-08-11-132"},{"link_name":"King Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Power"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cap2023-136"},{"link_name":"Seagrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagrave"},{"link_name":"Leicester City Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_W.F.C."},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"}],"text":"See also: King Power Stadium and Filbert StreetThe \"Double Decker\" Stand at Filbert StreetIn their early years, Leicester played at numerous grounds, but have only played at two since they joined the Football League. When first starting out, they played on a field by Fosse Road,[126] hence the original club name Leicester Fosse. They moved from there to Victoria Park, and subsequently to Belgrave Road. Upon turning professional the club moved to Mill Lane.[126] After eviction from Mill Lane the club played at the County Cricket ground while seeking a new ground. The club secured the use of an area of land by Filbert Street and moved there in 1891.[126]Some improvements by noted football architect Archibald Leitch occurred in the Edwardian era, and in 1927 a new two-tier stand was built,[126] nicknamed \"the Double Decker\", which would persist until the ground's closure in 2002. With the exception of the addition of compulsory seating, the ground saw no further development until 1993, when the Main Stand was demolished and replaced by the new Carling Stand. The addition of the new stand, while the rest of the ground had been untouched since the 1920s, led manager Martin O'Neill to joke that he used to \"lead new signings out backwards\" so they only saw the Carling Stand.[127]King Power Stadium, formerly known as the Walkers Stadium, has been the home of Leicester City since 2002The club moved away from Filbert Street in 2002, to a new 32,500-capacity all-seater stadium located less than 300 yards away.[128][129] Known as the Walkers Stadium until 2011 in a deal with Leicester-based food manufacturers Walkers, the first match hosted at the stadium was a 1–1 friendly draw against Athletic Bilbao.[130] Bilbao's Tiko scored the first goal at the stadium and Jordan Stewart became the first Leicester player to score.[131] The first competitive match was a 2–0 victory against Watford.[132]On 19 August 2010, it emerged that the new owners King Power wanted to rename the stadium King Power Stadium, and had plans to increase the capacity to 42,000 should Leicester secure promotion.[133] On 5 July 2011, Leicester City confirmed the Walkers Stadium would now be known as King Power Stadium.[134] The stadium currently has an all-seated capacity of 32,262, with plans formally approved in December 2023 to extend this to 40,000.[135][136] In 2020, the club moved into a new state-of-the-art training complex in the Leicestershire village of Seagrave, described as being \"one of the world's most advanced training facilities.\" The club's former training ground Belvoir Drive now serves as the training ground for Leicester City Women.[137]","title":"Stadium and training ground"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nottingham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C."},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Coventry City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leicester_Vs_Coventry-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Brian Clough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Clough"}],"text":"The club's main rivals are Nottingham Forest, Derby County and Coventry City.[138][139][140] Leicester were widely considered to be Nottingham Forest's main rivals prior to the mid-1970s. However, when Brian Clough was appointed as Forest manager in 1975, much to the dismay of Derby fans, the rivalry between Forest and Derby quickly intensified.","title":"Rivalries"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"NotesLCFC goals listed first\nPR: Preliminary round\n1R: First round\nGS: Group stage\nR32: Round of 32\nR16: Round of 16\nQF: Quarter-final\nSF: Semi-final","title":"European record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enzo Maresca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzo_Maresca"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Nigel Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Pearson"},{"link_name":"Dave Bassett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Bassett"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Peter Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hodge"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactic_(method)"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OFAF-144"}],"text":"The role of manager is currently vacant in Leicester City. The most recent manager was Enzo Maresca, the club's 50th permanent manager.[141] Nigel Pearson and Peter Hodge have both had two separate spells in charge of the club. Dave Bassett also had a second spell as caretaker manager after his spell as permanent manager.[142] Up until Peter Hodge was hired after World War I, the club had no official manager. A nominal role of secretary/manager was employed, though the board and the selection committee took control of most team affairs. It was Hodge who instated a system at the club for the manager having complete control over player and staff recruitment, team selection, and tactics. Though Hodge was originally also titled \"secretary/manager\" he has retrospectively been named as the club's first official \"manager.\"[143]","title":"Managerial history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leicester_City_FC_League_Performance.svg"},{"link_name":"Graham Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Cross"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charity_Shield-145"},{"link_name":"Adam Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Black_(footballer,_born_1898)"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Most_Appearances-146"},{"link_name":"Arthur Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Chandler_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OBAF-7"},{"link_name":"Arthur Rowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rowley"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OBAF-7"},{"link_name":"Matty Fryatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matty_Fryatt"},{"link_name":"Preston North End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C."},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miscellaneous_Records-147"},{"link_name":"Jamie Vardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Vardy"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-149"},{"link_name":"Premier League Golden Boot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League_Golden_Boot"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Youri Tielemans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youri_Tielemans"},{"link_name":"AS Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Monaco"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Harry Maguire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Maguire"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"additional citation(s) needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur"},{"link_name":"Filbert Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filbert_Street"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_C.F."},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Highest_Ever_Attendance-155"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-538_Rise-32"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EFL2T-107"},{"link_name":"League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_One"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leicester_Mercury_2009-03-12-156"},{"link_name":"EFL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Watford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford_F.C."},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C."},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-149"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2016–17 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"9–0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_F.C._0%E2%80%939_Leicester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"St Mary's Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Stadium"},{"link_name":"9–0 home victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C._9%E2%80%930_Ipswich_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ipswich Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"2023–24 EFL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_EFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"}],"text":"Historical league positions of Leicester City in the Football LeagueGraham Cross holds the record for the most Leicester appearances, with the defender playing 600 games between 1960 and 1976, increased from 599 following the club's decision to incorporate the 1971 Charity Shield into official records.[144] However, Adam Black holds the record for the most appearances in the league with 528 between 1920 and 1935.[145]Striker Arthur Chandler is currently the club's all-time record goal scorer, netting 273 in his 12 years at the club; he also found the net in 8 consecutive matches in the 1924–25 season.[7] The most goals managed in a single season for the club is 44 by Arthur Rowley, in the 1956–57 season.[7] The fastest goal in the club's history was scored by Matty Fryatt, when he netted after just nine seconds against Preston North End in April 2006.[146]Jamie Vardy broke the Premier League record by scoring in 11 consecutive Premier League games, scoring 13 in the process during the 2015–16 Premier League season.[147] Vardy's goal at Sunderland on 10 April 2016 saw him become the first Leicester player since Gary Lineker in 1984–85 to score 20 top flight goals for the club, having already become Leicester's highest Premier League scorer in a single season,[148] ultimately finishing with 23 and the Premier League Golden Boot for the season.[149]The record transfer fee paid by Leicester for a player was in the region of £32-to-40 million for midfielder Youri Tielemans from AS Monaco.[150] The highest transfer fee received for a Leicester player was approximately £80 million from Manchester United for Harry Maguire; at the time of the transfer this was the eleventh-highest-ever fee, the highest-ever move between two English teams, and the highest-ever for a defender.[151][additional citation(s) needed]The club's record home attendance is 47,298, for a fifth-round FA Cup match against Tottenham Hotspur at Filbert Street in 1928.[152] The current record home attendance at the current stadium is 32,242, for a Premier League match against Sunderland on 8 August 2015.[153] The highest-ever attendance for a non-competitive football match at King Power Stadium stands at 32,188, for a pre-season friendly against Real Madrid on 30 July 2011.[154]Leicester's highest league finish is first in the Premier League in 2015–16.[32] The club currently holds the all-time record for second tier titles with eight.[107]Leicester's longest unbeaten run in the league was between 1 November 2008 and 7 March 2009, in which the team remained unbeaten for 23 games on their way to the League One title.[155] The club's longest run of consecutive victories in league football is currently nine, which the team achieved between 21 December 2013 and 1 February 2014 in the EFL Championship.In the 2015–16 season, Leicester achieved many new club records in what The Daily Telegraph described as \"one of the most astonishing league titles of all-time\".[156] They recorded the fewest losses in any of the club's previous Premier League seasons, the fewest away defeats in any top-flight season, and the most consecutive wins in the top flight. Those consecutive victories came against Watford, Newcastle United, Crystal Palace, Southampton and Sunderland. Coincidentally, Leicester kept a record of five straight clean sheets against each of the same five opponents. The King Power Stadium's home crowds in 2015–16 saw their team beaten just once in the Premier League all season.[148]Leicester made their UEFA Champions League debut in the 2016–17 season, their fourth appearance in European football. The club became the third English team to win on their Champions League debut, after Manchester United in 1994 and Newcastle United in 1997. They also became the first English team to win away on their Champions League debut, and win all three of their opening games in the competition.[157][158] Leicester are currently the first and only team in Champions League history to keep clean sheets in each of their opening four games in the competition.[159] In March 2017, the club became the 50th to reach the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals.On 25 October 2019, the Leicester team set the record for the highest margin of away victory in English top-flight history, defeating Southampton 9–0 at St Mary's Stadium. In doing so they also tied the record for the highest margin of victory in Premier League history, equalling Manchester United's 9–0 home victory over Ipswich Town in 1995.[160] As a result, Leicester City hold the all-time top tier records for the biggest defeat, biggest away win, and highest-scoring draw.In the 2023–24 EFL Championship season, the club made its best start to a league season, and the best in the competition's history (since being known as the Championship).[161] During this period, the club also set a new record of six straight away wins, matched the all-time record of nine consecutive league wins home and away, and went four home matches without conceding for the first time since 1973.[162]","title":"Records and statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_One"},{"link_name":"the Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Championship"},{"link_name":"2008–09 League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Football_League_One"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FCHD-93"},{"link_name":"football league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_football_league_system"}],"text":"Since their election to the Football League in 1894, Leicester City have spent all but one season within the top two tiers of English football. During the 2008–09 season, they played in League One, the third tier of English football, after the club's relegation from the Championship in the previous season. However, the club made an instant return to the second tier and were promoted as 2008–09 League One champions.Source[93]L1 = Level 1 of the football league system; L2 = Level 2 of the football league system; L3 = Level 3 of the football league system.Seasons spent at Level 1 of the football league system: 55\nSeasons spent at Level 2 of the football league system: 63\nSeasons spent at Level 3 of the football league system: 1(up to and including 2023–24)","title":"League history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"First-team squad","text":"As of 22 January 2024[163]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Out on loan","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Under-21s and Academy","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Former players","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leicester_City_F.C.&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"}],"text":"As of 3 June 2024[update][169][170][171][172][173][174]","title":"Club staff"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OFAF-144"},{"link_name":"1987–88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Steve Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Walsh_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"1988–89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Alan Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Paris"},{"link_name":"1989–90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Gary Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Mills_(footballer,_born_1961)"},{"link_name":"1990–91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Tony James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_James_(footballer,_born_1967)"},{"link_name":"1991–92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Gary Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Mills_(footballer,_born_1961)"},{"link_name":"1992–93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Colin Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Hill_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"1993–94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Simon Grayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Grayson"},{"link_name":"1994–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Kevin Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Poole"},{"link_name":"1995–96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Garry Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Parker"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Simon Grayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Grayson"},{"link_name":"1997–98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Matt Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Elliott_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"1998–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Tony Cottee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Cottee"},{"link_name":"1999–2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999-2000_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Gerry Taggart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Taggart"},{"link_name":"2000–01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Robbie Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Savage"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Robbie Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Savage"},{"link_name":"2002–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Paul Dickov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dickov"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Les Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Ferdinand"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Danny Tiatto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Tiatto"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Joey Guðjónsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Gu%C3%B0j%C3%B3nsson"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Iain Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Hume"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Richard Stearman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stearman"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Steve Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Howard"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Jack Hobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hobbs_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Richie Wellens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Wellens"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Kasper Schmeichel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasper_Schmeichel"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Wes Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Morgan"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Danny Drinkwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Drinkwater"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Esteban Cambiasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteban_Cambiasso"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Riyad Mahrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyad_Mahrez"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Kasper Schmeichel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasper_Schmeichel"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Harry Maguire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Maguire"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Pereira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Pereira_(footballer,_born_1993)"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Jamie Vardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Vardy"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Youri Tielemans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youri_Tielemans"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"James Maddison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Maddison"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Kelechi Iheanacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelechi_Iheanacho"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_in_English_football"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Kiernan Dewsbury-Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiernan_Dewsbury-Hall"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POTS2324-177"}],"sub_title":"Player of the Year","text":"Leicester City's Player of the Year award is voted for by the club's supporters at the end of every season.[143]Year\n\nWinner\n\n\n1987–88\n Steve Walsh\n\n\n1988–89\n Alan Paris\n\n\n1989–90\n Gary Mills\n\n\n1990–91\n Tony James\n\n\n1991–92\n Gary Mills\n\n\n1992–93\n Colin Hill\n\n\n1993–94\n Simon Grayson\n\n\n1994–95\n Kevin Poole\n\n\n1995–96\n Garry Parker\n\n\n1996–97\n Simon Grayson\n\n\n1997–98\n Matt Elliott\n\n\n1998–99\n Tony Cottee\n\n\n1999–2000\n Gerry Taggart\n\n\n2000–01\n Robbie Savage\n\n\n\n\n\n\nYear\n\nWinner\n\n\n2001–02\n Robbie Savage\n\n\n2002–03\n Paul Dickov\n\n\n2003–04\n Les Ferdinand\n\n\n2004–05\n Danny Tiatto\n\n\n2005–06\n Joey Guðjónsson\n\n\n2006–07\n Iain Hume\n\n\n2007–08\n Richard Stearman\n\n\n2008–09\n Steve Howard\n\n\n2009–10\n Jack Hobbs\n\n\n2010–11\n Richie Wellens\n\n\n2011–12\n Kasper Schmeichel\n\n\n2012–13\n Wes Morgan\n\n\n2013–14\n Danny Drinkwater\n\n\n2014–15\n Esteban Cambiasso\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nYear\n\nWinner\n\n\n2015–16\n Riyad Mahrez\n\n\n2016–17\n Kasper Schmeichel\n\n\n2017–18\n Harry Maguire\n\n\n2018–19\n Ricardo Pereira\n\n\n2019–20\n Jamie Vardy\n\n\n2020–21\n Youri Tielemans\n\n\n2021–22\n James Maddison\n\n\n2022–23\n Kelechi Iheanacho[175]\n\n\n2023–24\n Kiernan Dewsbury-Hall[176]","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Gordon Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Banks"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-178"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Peter Shilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Shilton"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-178"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Gary Lineker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Lineker"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Don Revie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Revie"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Frank McLintock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_McLintock"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"}],"sub_title":"English Hall of Fame members","text":"The following have played for Leicester and have been inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame:Gordon Banks 2002 (Inaugural Inductee)[177]\n Peter Shilton 2002 (Inaugural Inductee)[177]\n Gary Lineker 2003[178]\n Don Revie 2004 (Inducted as a manager)[179]\n Frank McLintock 2009[180][181]","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League 100 Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_100_Legends"},{"link_name":"The Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-183"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-183"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Arthur Rowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rowley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Gordon Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Banks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Frank McLintock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_McLintock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Peter Shilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Shilton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Gary Lineker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Lineker"}],"sub_title":"Football League 100 Legends","text":"The Football League 100 Legends is a list of \"100 legendary football players\" produced by The Football League in 1998, to celebrate the 100th season of League football.[182] It also included Premier League players, and the following former Leicester City players were included:[182]Arthur Rowley\n Gordon Banks\n Frank McLintock\n Peter Shilton\n Gary Lineker","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OFAF-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Most_Appearances-146"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Graham Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Cross"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Adam Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Black_(footballer_born_1898)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Kasper Schmeichel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasper_Schmeichel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Jamie Vardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Vardy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Hugh Adcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Adcock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Mark Wallington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wallington_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Steve Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Walsh_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Arthur Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Chandler_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"John Sjoberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sjoberg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Mal Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_Griffiths"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Steve Whitworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Whitworth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Andy King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_King_(footballer,_born_1988)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Sep Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sep_Smith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Mike Stringfellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Stringfellow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Richie Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Norman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Gordon Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Banks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"John O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O%27Neill_(Northern_Ireland_footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Dave Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Gibson_(Scottish_footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Peter Shilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Shilton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Colin Appleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Appleton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Dennis Rofe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Rofe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Wes Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Morgan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Paul Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ramsey_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Arthur Rowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rowley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lochhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lochhead"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Muzzy Izzet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzy_Izzet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Ian Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Wilson_(footballer,_born_1958)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Derek Hines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Hines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Marc Albrighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Albrighton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Lenny Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Glover"}],"sub_title":"Players with over 300 appearances for Leicester","text":"Includes competitive appearances only. Current players in bold.As of 4 May 2024[143][145]Graham Cross 600\n Adam Black 557\n Kasper Schmeichel 479\n Jamie Vardy 464\n Hugh Adcock 460\n Mark Wallington 460\n Steve Walsh 450\n Arthur Chandler 419\n John Sjoberg 414\n Mal Griffiths 409\n Steve Whitworth 401\n Andy King 379\n Sep Smith 373\n Mike Stringfellow 370\n Richie Norman 365\n Gordon Banks 356\n John O'Neill 345\n Dave Gibson 339\n Peter Shilton 339\n Colin Appleton 333\n Dennis Rofe 324\n Wes Morgan 323\n Paul Ramsey 322\n Arthur Rowley 321\n Arthur Lochhead 320\n Muzzy Izzet 319\n Ian Wilson 318\n Derek Hines 317\n Marc Albrighton 313\n Lenny Glover 306","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OFAF-144"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Arthur Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Chandler_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Arthur Rowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rowley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Jamie Vardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Vardy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Ernie Hine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Hine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Derek Hines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Hines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lochhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lochhead"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Gary Lineker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Lineker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Mike Stringfellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Stringfellow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Johnny Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Duncan_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Walsh_(footballer,_born_1930)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Jack Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lee_(footballer,_born_1920)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Alan Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Smith_(footballer,_born_1962)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Frank Worthington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Worthington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Mal Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal_Griffiths"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Ken Keyworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Keyworth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Danny Liddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Liddle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Matty Fryatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matty_Fryatt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Andy King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_King_(footballer,_born_1988)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Steve Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Walsh_(footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Kelechi Iheanacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelechi_Iheanacho"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Steve Lynex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lynex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"David Nugent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nugent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Fred Shinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Shinton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Jack Bowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Bowers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"James Maddison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Maddison"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Dave Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Gibson_(Scottish_footballer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Jackie Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Sinclair"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Hugh Adcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Adcock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"George Dewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dewis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Gary McAllister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_McAllister"}],"sub_title":"Players with 50 or more goals for Leicester","text":"Includes competitive appearances only.\nCurrent players in bold.As of 4 May 2024[143][183][184]Arthur Chandler 273\n Arthur Rowley 265\n Jamie Vardy 190\n Ernie Hine 156\n Derek Hines 117\n Arthur Lochhead 114\n Gary Lineker 103\n Mike Stringfellow 97\n Johnny Duncan 95\n Jimmy Walsh 91\n Jack Lee 84\n Alan Smith 84\n Frank Worthington 78\n Mal Griffiths 76\n Ken Keyworth 76\n Danny Liddle 71\n Arthur Maw 64\n Matty Fryatt 62\n Andy King 62\n Steve Walsh 62\n Kelechi Iheanacho 61\n Steve Lynex 60\n David Nugent 59\n Fred Shinton 58\n Jack Bowers 56\n James Maddison 55\n Dave Gibson 53\n Jackie Sinclair 53\n Hugh Adcock 52\n George Dewis 51\n Gary McAllister 51","title":"Player statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Leicester City F.C. records and statistics § Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Leicester_City_F.C._records_and_statistics#Honours"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LCFC_lift_the_Premier_League_Trophy_(26943755296)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"2015–16 Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Cup"},{"link_name":"English football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_football"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"most second division titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_teams_promoted_from_the_English_Football_League_Championship_and_predecessors"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"1928–29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928%E2%80%9329_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"1924–25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924%E2%80%9325_Football_League#Second_Division"},{"link_name":"1936–37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936%E2%80%9337_Football_League#Second_Division"},{"link_name":"1953–54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953%E2%80%9354_Football_League#Second_Division"},{"link_name":"1956–57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956%E2%80%9357_Football_League#Second_Division"},{"link_name":"1970–71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_Football_League#Second_Division"},{"link_name":"1979–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_Football_League#Second_Division"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Football_League_Championship"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_EFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"1907–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907%E2%80%9308_Football_League#Second_Division"},{"link_name":"2002–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Football_League#First_Division"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Football_League_First_Division_play-off_final"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Football_League_First_Division_play-off_final"},{"link_name":"League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_League_One"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Football_League_One"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1948–49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948%E2%80%9349_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1960–61","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1962–63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"1968–69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_Cup"},{"link_name":"1963–64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%E2%80%9364_Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"1999–2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"1964–65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%E2%80%9365_Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"1998–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"FA Charity Shield / FA Community Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Community_Shield"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_FA_Community_Shield"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_FA_Community_Shield"}],"text":"See also: List of Leicester City F.C. records and statistics § HonoursLeicester City players lifting the 2015–16 Premier League trophyLeicester City are currently one of five clubs, including Manchester United, Manchester City, Chelsea and Liverpool, to have won the Premier League, FA Cup and League Cup in the 21st century. Since the start of the millennium, they are the 6th most successful club in English football and one of 14 clubs to have won all four major domestic competitions.[185]Leicester City currently hold the record for most second division titles, having won the league on eight occasions.[186]LeagueFirst Division / Premier League (level 1)\nChampions: 2015–16\nRunners-up: 1928–29\nSecond Division / First Division / Championship (level 2)\nChampions (8): 1924–25, 1936–37, 1953–54, 1956–57, 1970–71, 1979–80, 2013–14, 2023–24\nRunners-up: 1907–08, 2002–03\nPlay-off winners: 1994, 1996\nLeague One (level 3)\nChampions: 2008–09CupFA Cup\nWinners: 2020–21\nRunners-up: 1948–49, 1960–61, 1962–63, 1968–69\nLeague Cup\nWinners: 1963–64, 1996–97, 1999–2000\nRunners-up: 1964–65, 1998–99\nFA Charity Shield / FA Community Shield\nWinners: 1971, 2021\nRunners-up: 2016","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-141"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Hanappi Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Hanappi_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"}],"text":"^ 'Away' leg held at the Gerhard Hanappi Stadium, Vienna, Austria","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-899538-21-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899538-21-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-899538-06-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899538-06-5"},{"link_name":"EAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5035593200013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eandata.com/lookup/5035593200013"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-909872-18-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909872-18-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-909872-76-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909872-76-9"}],"text":"Smith, Dave; Taylor, Paul (2001). Of Fossils and Foxes: The Official Definitive History of Leicester City Football Club. ISBN 978-1-899538-21-8.\nSmith, Dave; Taylor, Paul (1995). The Foxes Alphabet: Complete Who's Who of Leicester City Football Club. ISBN 978-1-899538-06-5.\nLeicester City FC, The Official History of Leicester City Football Club DVD (2003) (out of print). EAN 5035593200013.\nHutchinson, John (2014). From Shed to Stadium: Illustrated history of LCFC. ISBN 978-1-909872-18-9.\nHutchinson, John; Plumb, Neil; O'Donnell, Rob (2015). Leicester City Classic Shirts 1949–2016. ISBN 978-1-909872-76-9.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"The Leicester Fosse team of 1892","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5e/LeicFosse1892.jpg/220px-LeicFosse1892.jpg"},{"image_text":"Robbie Savage in action against Barnsley during the 1997–98 season","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Robbie_Savage.jpg/220px-Robbie_Savage.jpg"},{"image_text":"The East Stand, King Power Stadium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/PrWalkers_5.jpg/220px-PrWalkers_5.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pearson and Mandarić after winning the Football League One title.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Nigel_and_Milan.jpg/220px-Nigel_and_Milan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Brendan Rodgers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Brendan_Rodgers_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Brendan_Rodgers_2021_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Leicester were promoted back to the top flight in 2024","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Leicester_City_champions_parade_2024.jpg/220px-Leicester_City_champions_parade_2024.jpg"},{"image_text":"This shirt, worn in 1948, was the first to bear the club's badge.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/LCFC1948shirt.jpg/220px-LCFC1948shirt.jpg"},{"image_text":"Leicester City's badge for the 2009–10 season to commemorate 125 years as a football club","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/LCFC_125_Years.png/220px-LCFC_125_Years.png"},{"image_text":"The \"Double Decker\" Stand at Filbert Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Double_Decker_Stand_at_Filbert_Street.jpg/220px-Double_Decker_Stand_at_Filbert_Street.jpg"},{"image_text":"King Power Stadium, formerly known as the Walkers Stadium, has been the home of Leicester City since 2002","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/King_Power_Stadium.JPG/220px-King_Power_Stadium.JPG"},{"image_text":"Historical league positions of Leicester City in the Football League","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Leicester_City_FC_League_Performance.svg/350px-Leicester_City_FC_League_Performance.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Leicester City players lifting the 2015–16 Premier League trophy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/LCFC_lift_the_Premier_League_Trophy_%2826943755296%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-LCFC_lift_the_Premier_League_Trophy_%2826943755296%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"The History of Leicester City Football Club\". Leicester City F.C. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 31 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090621091515/http://www.lcfc.com/page/History/0%2C%2C10274%2C00.html","url_text":"\"The History of Leicester City Football Club\""},{"url":"http://www.lcfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/History/0,,10274,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A History of Filbert Street\". Filbertstreet.net. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110929231836/http://www.filbertstreet.net/filbert.php3","url_text":"\"A History of Filbert Street\""},{"url":"http://www.filbertstreet.net/filbert.php3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Leicester rename Walkers Stadium the King Power Stadium\". BBC Sport. 5 July 2011. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/14027229","url_text":"\"Leicester rename Walkers Stadium the King Power Stadium\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201204171952/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/14027229","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"James, Stuart (24 February 2017). \"Claudio Ranieri's reign ends in cruel, brutal fashion as Leicester lose patience\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 11 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2017/feb/24/claudio-ranieri-reign-ends-brutal-leicester-city-owners","url_text":"\"Claudio Ranieri's reign ends in cruel, brutal fashion as Leicester lose patience\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Granados, Nelson. \"Leicester City Wins English Premier League And Takes Over Social Media\". Forbes. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/nelsongranados/2016/05/03/leicester-city-wins-english-premier-league-and-takes-over-social-media/","url_text":"\"Leicester City Wins English Premier League And Takes Over Social Media\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160506063950/http://www.forbes.com/sites/nelsongranados/2016/05/03/leicester-city-wins-english-premier-league-and-takes-over-social-media/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"EFL (29 April 2024). \"Leicester City clinch Championship title\". EFL. Retrieved 31 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://efl.com/news/2024/april/29/leicester-city-clinch-championship-title-/","url_text":"\"Leicester City clinch Championship title\""}]},{"reference":"Sewell, Albert (1974). Observer's Book of Association Football. London: Frederick Warne & Co. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-7232-1536-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7232-1536-3","url_text":"978-0-7232-1536-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Short sporting lifetime\". Leicester Mercury. 1 February 2010. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151002163351/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Short-sporting-lifetime/story-12030623-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Short sporting lifetime\""},{"url":"http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Short-sporting-lifetime/story-12030623-detail/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Final 1908/1909 English Division 1 (old) Table\". Football DataCo Limited. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soccerbase.com/tournaments/tournament.sd?tourn_id=1271","url_text":"\"Final 1908/1909 English Division 1 (old) Table\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131102185159/http://www.soccerbase.com/tournaments/tournament.sd?tourn_id=1271","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"All Time Leicester Records & Achievements\". Soccerbase.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=1527&teamTabs=records","url_text":"\"All Time Leicester Records & Achievements\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130305173529/http://www.soccerbase.com/teams/team.sd?team_id=1527&teamTabs=records","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Leicester City 1924–1925: English Division Two (old) Table\". Statto.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131102113855/http://www.statto.com/football/teams/leicester-city/1924-1925/table","url_text":"\"Leicester City 1924–1925: English Division Two (old) Table\""},{"url":"http://www.statto.com/football/teams/leicester-city/1924-1925/table","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Leicester City 1934–1935 : English Division Two (old) Table\". Statto.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131102113859/http://www.statto.com/football/teams/leicester-city/1934-1935/table","url_text":"\"Leicester City 1934–1935 : English Division Two (old) Table\""},{"url":"http://www.statto.com/football/teams/leicester-city/1934-1935/table","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Leicester City 1936–1937: English Division Two (old) Table\". Statto.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131102113934/http://www.statto.com/football/teams/leicester-city/1936-1937/table","url_text":"\"Leicester City 1936–1937: English Division Two (old) Table\""},{"url":"http://www.statto.com/football/teams/leicester-city/1936-1937/table","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Leicester City 1938–1939: English Division Two (old) Table\". Statto.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131102113825/http://www.statto.com/football/teams/leicester-city/1938-1939/table","url_text":"\"Leicester City 1938–1939: English Division Two (old) Table\""},{"url":"http://www.statto.com/football/teams/leicester-city/1938-1939/table","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Socerbase.com FA Cup 1949\". Soccerbase.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soccerbase.com/tournaments/tournament.sd?tourn_id=674","url_text":"\"Socerbase.com FA Cup 1949\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131102190708/http://www.soccerbase.com/tournaments/tournament.sd?tourn_id=674","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Leicester City 1948–1949: Results\". Statto.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131102113822/http://www.statto.com/football/teams/leicester-city/1948-1949/results","url_text":"\"Leicester City 1948–1949: Results\""},{"url":"http://www.statto.com/football/teams/leicester-city/1948-1949/results","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Leicester City 1948–1949: English Division Two (old) Table\". Statto.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuttington_College
Cuttington University
["1 History","1.1 War damage","2 Details","3 Notable people","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 7°02′24″N 9°33′15″W / 7.040000°N 9.554167°W / 7.040000; -9.554167Private university in Suacoco, Liberia Cuttington UniversityCuttington University sealMottoSancte et Sapiente (Latin)Motto in English"With Holiness and Wisdom"TypePrivateEstablished1889; 135 years ago (1889)LocationSuacoco, Bong County, Liberia7°02′24″N 9°33′15″W / 7.040000°N 9.554167°W / 7.040000; -9.554167CampusSuakoko, Kakata, MonroviaAffiliationsEpiscopal Church of the United StatesWebsitecu.edu.lr Cuttington University is a private university in Suacoco, Liberia. Founded in 1889 as Cuttington College by the Episcopal Church of the United States (ECUSA), it is the oldest private, coeducational, four-year, degree-granting institution in sub-Saharan Africa. History In 1887, Robert Fulton Cutting, treasurer of the ECUSA, donated $5,000 to an Episcopalian bishop in Liberia for the establishment of a school for teaching Liberian children — regardless of ethnicity — about industry and agriculture. The university was finally established in 1889 by Samuel David Ferguson in Cape Palmas, where it remained until 1929. Named Cuttington College when it opened, M. P. Keda Valentine served as the first principal followed by Samuel Taylor. Among the first private colleges in the West African region, the school was seen as a college for Liberia's elite. Some of the earliest graduates included "two chief justices of the Liberian Supreme Court and three associate justices, one minister of education and many civil servants". In 1948, the college moved to Suacoco in Bong County, 120 miles north of Liberia's capital of Monrovia. Prior to the First Liberian Civil War, 45% of government officials were alumni of the college. In the wake of the 1980 military coup, the college continued to be favoured with government assistance, as the Ministry of Action for Development and Progress provided approximately $1.5 million for the college's 1981-1982 budget. During the First Liberian Civil War from 1989 to 1996, the school was looted and the structures were damaged and the campus used as a training facility for militias. From 1990 to 1997, the school operated only at an office in the U.S. state of Virginia. In 1998, the now Cuttington University College re-opened with a class of 103 students. The college has now reopened for the third time in its history (the second founding at its current location was in 1948), after a lengthy period of civil conflict. On August 15, 2004, 117 students graduated on the war-ravaged campus in various disciplines, with the highest number of graduates being in nursing. War damage On February 5, 2004, the President of Cuttington, Dr. Henrique F. Tokpa met his son Captain Matthew J. Denkyan of the U.S. Army, who was assigned to Liberia as a military observer. They were part of an inspection team who toured the partially renovated facilities which had been damaged by looters during the war: The Dunbar Building, which houses the office of Registrar; bookstore and a few classrooms had been de-roofed and heavy and repeated rain storms had damaged the ceiling, roofing frame and nearly all of the books that had been previously donated by the County College of Morris in Randolph, New Jersey, USA. The AFRICANA Museum is in similar condition to the Dunbar Building (zinc and ceiling material have been removed by looters and the roofing timbers had been exposed to the weather and only the concrete walls and rafters remained in place. The Tubman Library had sustained less structural damage, but extensive looting and on site destruction of books and facilities has taken place there. The Seth C. Edwards cafeteria has been partially de-roofed and some of the roofing timbers had collapsed. A grass fire had destroyed a building that had been built by the Lutheran Church as the guest house for commuting professors. The fire had created extensive cracks in the structure and will have to be demolished. The cause of the grass fire is unknown, during the dry Harmattan season grass fires are common, but due to the war they burned out of control. The newly constructed Power House which was constructed with a USAID and ASHA grant is relatively intact although looters entered the building, less damage was done.The current president of the Cuttington University is Dr. Romelle Horton the institution 13th president. Details Cuttington University is located 120 miles north of Monrovia in Suacoco, Bong County Cuttington University is the oldest private, coeducational, four-year, degree-granting institution in sub-Saharan Africa. It issues degrees in the liberal arts and a number of technical studies. It has educated generations of leaders for the nation of Liberia and West Africa. Its roots lie deep within the history of the nation, the relationship between Liberia and the United States, and the Episcopal Church. Currently, the school is attempting to find sponsors who will help to improve its communications with the world. Since the end of the war, regular telephone, electricity, and internet services have been restored. The campus also runs its own water treatment facility. At present, a volunteer web site is maintained remotely in the United States. The Cuttington University public radio and television stations resumed broadcasts in January 2010. The campus, 120 miles from Monrovia, includes only a single-story white structure. These are set among rolling hills and cotton trees as well as rice paddies and the native tropical plants. Next to campus is the school's affiliated hospital, Phebe Hospital. Cuttington is a member of the Association of African Universities. Notable people Dessaline Harris, Supreme Court justice Roosevelt Jayjay, faculty member; Minister of Mines, GOL Harry Moniba, former Vice President of Liberia Roselyn Nugba-Ballah, Liberia's first recipient of the Florence Nightingale Medal James A. A. Pierre (1929), Attorney General and Chief Justice of Liberia Wilton Sankawulo, faculty member and author Jewel Taylor, Vice President of Liberia; former First Lady of Liberia References ^ a b "Cuttington University (Liberia)". The Talloires Network. Retrieved 2020-04-14. ^ a b Saha, Santosh C. “Agriculture in Liberia during the Nineteenth Century: Americo-Liberians' Contribution”, Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol. 22, No. 2 (1988), Canadian Association of African Studies, pp. 224-239. ^ a b c d e f g h Rossouw, Henk. “A Liberian University Rises Up From the Ravages of War”, The Chronicle of Higher Education, November 9, 2001, International, p. 58. ^ Greaves, Cynthia. "Cuttington Will Open Next Month". Daily Observer 1981-03-04: 12. ^ "Member Details: Cuttington University College". Membership. Association of African Universities. Archived from the original on 6 October 2006. Retrieved 29 June 2011. ^ "Justice Harris To Be Buried in Bassa". Liberian Star 1966-03-30: 1/6. ^ "'Mine Boy' Becomes Minister of Mines". The Inquirer 2011-02-28: 16. ^ Harmon, William Q. (2017-12-01). ""A True Patriot," Nurse Roselyn Ballah, Gets Nightingale Award Presented". Liberian Observer. Archived from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2020-05-23. ^ Sankawulo, Wilton. Great Tales of Liberia as told by Wilton Sankawulo ISBN 973-651-838-8 ^ Sankawulo, Wilton. Sundown at Dawn: A Liberian Odyssey ISBN 0-9763565-0-3. External links Student Newspaper Archived 2021-05-07 at the Wayback Machine A history of African higher education from antiquity to the present vteUniversities in LiberiaBong County Cuttington University Margibi CountyBooker Washington InstituteMaryland County Tubman University Montserrado County Starz University African Methodist Episcopal University Stella Maris Polytechnic United Methodist University University of Liberia Category Commons List vteAssociation of African Universities Algeria Algiers 1 University Constantine 1 University Oran 1 University University of Ouargla University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene  Angola Agostinho Neto University  Benin University of Abomey-Calavi  Botswana Botho University Botswana Accountancy College Botswana International University of Science and Technology Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Botswana  Burkina Faso Nazi Boni University University of Ouagadougou  Burundi University of Burundi  Cameroon University of Bamenda University of Buea University of Douala University of Dschang University of Maroua University of Ngaoundéré University of Yaoundé I  Cape Verde Jean Piaget University of Cape Verde  Central African Republic EUCLID University of Bangui  Chad University of N'Djamena  Republic of the Congo Marien Ngouabi University  Cote d'Ivoire International University of Grand-Bassam Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny  Democratic Republicof the Congo Catholic University of Bukavu University of Kinshasa University of Kisangani University of Lubumbashi  Egypt Ain Shams University Al-Azhar University Alexandria Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology Alexandria University Benha University Cairo University Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology Egyptian e-Learning University Helwan University Mansoura University Menoufia University Minya University Misr University for Science and Technology October 6 University Pharos University in Alexandria South Valley University Suez Canal University Tanta University The American University in Cairo The British University in Egypt University of Sadat City Zagazig University  Eritrea University of Asmara  Eswatini University of Eswatini  Ethiopia Addis Ababa Science and Technology University Addis Ababa University Ethiopian Civil Service University Haramaya University Hawassa University Jimma University Mekelle University St. Mary's University Wollega University  Gabon Omar Bongo University  Ghana Accra Institute of Technology Accra Technical University African University College of Communications All Nations University Ashesi University Bluecrest University College Central University George Grant University of Mines and Technology Ghana Institute of Languages Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration Koforidua Technical University Kumasi Technical University Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Methodist University College Ghana Pentecost University Presbyterian University College Radford University College Regent University College of Science and Technology Regional Maritime University University for Development Studies University of Cape Coast University of Education, Winneba University of Energy and Natural Resources University of Ghana University of Health and Allied Sciences University of Professional Studies University of Media, Arts and Communication Valley View University Wisconsin International University College Zenith University College  Kenya African Virtual University Catholic University of Eastern Africa Daystar University Dedan Kimathi University of Technology Egerton University International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Kenyatta University Maseno University Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology Moi University Mount Kenya University Multimedia University of Kenya South Eastern Kenya University Strathmore University Umma University University of Eldoret University of Nairobi  Lesotho National University of Lesotho  Liberia Cuttington University Stella Maris Polytechnic University United Methodist University  Libya Al Asmarya University for Islamic Sciences Al Zawiya University Misurata University Sabha University University of Benghazi University of Tripoli  Madagascar University of Antananarivo University of Toamasina University of Toliara  Malawi Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources Malawi University of Science and Technology UNICAF University of Malawi  Mali University of Bamako  Mauritania University of Nouakchott Al Aasriya  Mauritius Open University of Mauritius University of Mauritius University of Technology, Mauritius  Morocco Mohammed First University Mohammed V University University of al-Qarawiyyin  Mozambique Catholic University of Mozambique Eduardo Mondlane University Maputo University  Namibia International University of Management Namibia University of Science and Technology University of Namibia  Niger Abdou Moumouni University Higher Institute of Mining, Industry and Geology Maryam Abacha American University Niger  Nigeria Abia State University Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Adamawa State University Ahmadu Bello University Al-Hikmah University Babcock University Bayero University Bells University of Technology Bowen University Crawford University Delta State University, Abraka Ebonyi State University Federal University of Technology, Minna Federal University of Technology, Owerri Federal University of Technology, Yola Gombe State University Kogi State University Kwara State University Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Michael Okpara University of Agriculture National Open University of Nigeria Niger Delta University Nnamdi Azikiwe University Osun State University Pan-Atlantic University Redeemer's University Rivers State University University of Abuja University of Africa University of Agriculture, Abeokuta University of Agriculture, Makurdi University of Benin University of Calabar University of Ibadan University of Ilorin University of Lagos University of Port Harcourt University of Uyo Usman Dan Fodio University  Rwanda Université Nationale du Rwanda  Sierra Leone Njala University University of Sierra Leone  Somalia Benadir University East Africa University Puntland State University  South Africa Cape Peninsula University of Technology Central University of Technology Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University North-West University Rhodes University University of Cape Town University of Fort Hare University of Johannesburg University of KwaZulu-Natal University of the Free State University of Limpopo University of Pretoria University of South Africa University of Stellenbosch University of the Western Cape University of the Witwatersrand University of Venda University of Zululand Walter Sisulu University  South Sudan University of Juba  Sudan El Imam El Mahdi University Omdurman Ahlia University Red Sea University University of Science and Technology  Tanzania Ardhi University Muslim University of Morogoro Mzumbe University St. Augustine University of Tanzania The Open University of Tanzania University of Dar es Salaam Zanzibar University  The Gambia University of the Gambia  Togo Université de Lomé  Uganda Busitema University Uganda Christian University Uganda Management Institute Uganda Martyrs University  Zambia Cavendish University Copperbelt University Mulungushi University University of Zambia Zambian Open University  Zimbabwe Africa University Bindura University of Science Education Chinhoyi University of Technology Great Zimbabwe University Harare Institute of Technology Lupane State University Midlands State University National University of Science and Technology University of Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Open University Authority control databases ISNI
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suacoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suacoco"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Church of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"sub-Saharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Private university in Suacoco, LiberiaCuttington University is a private university in Suacoco, Liberia. Founded in 1889 as Cuttington College by the Episcopal Church of the United States (ECUSA), it is the oldest private, coeducational, four-year, degree-granting institution in sub-Saharan Africa.[1]","title":"Cuttington University"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ag-2"},{"link_name":"Samuel David Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_David_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"Cape Palmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Palmas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ag-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rise-3"},{"link_name":"chief justices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_justice"},{"link_name":"Liberian Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberian_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_minister"},{"link_name":"civil servants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_servant"},{"link_name":"Suacoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suacoco"},{"link_name":"Bong County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bong_County"},{"link_name":"Monrovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monrovia"},{"link_name":"First Liberian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rise-3"},{"link_name":"1980 military coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Redemption_Council"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rise-3"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rise-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rise-3"},{"link_name":"nursing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing"}],"text":"In 1887, Robert Fulton Cutting, treasurer of the ECUSA, donated $5,000 to an Episcopalian bishop in Liberia for the establishment of a school for teaching Liberian children — regardless of ethnicity — about industry and agriculture.[2] The university was finally established in 1889 by Samuel David Ferguson in Cape Palmas, where it remained until 1929. Named Cuttington College when it opened, M. P. Keda Valentine served as the first principal followed by Samuel Taylor.[2] Among the first private colleges in the West African region, the school was seen as a college for Liberia's elite.[3] Some of the earliest graduates included \"two chief justices of the Liberian Supreme Court and three associate justices, one minister of education and many civil servants\".In 1948, the college moved to Suacoco in Bong County, 120 miles north of Liberia's capital of Monrovia. Prior to the First Liberian Civil War, 45% of government officials were alumni of the college.[3] In the wake of the 1980 military coup, the college continued to be favoured with government assistance, as the Ministry of Action for Development and Progress provided approximately $1.5 million for the college's 1981-1982 budget.[4] During the First Liberian Civil War from 1989 to 1996, the school was looted and the structures were damaged and the campus used as a training facility for militias.[3] From 1990 to 1997, the school operated only at an office in the U.S. state of Virginia.[3] In 1998, the now Cuttington University College re-opened with a class of 103 students.[3]The college has now reopened for the third time in its history (the second founding at its current location was in 1948), after a lengthy period of civil conflict. On August 15, 2004, 117 students graduated on the war-ravaged campus in various disciplines, with the highest number of graduates being in nursing.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"Randolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Lutheran Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran_Church"},{"link_name":"USAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAID"},{"link_name":"ASHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Schools_and_Hospitals_Abroad"}],"sub_title":"War damage","text":"On February 5, 2004, the President of Cuttington, Dr. Henrique F. Tokpa met his son Captain Matthew J. Denkyan of the U.S. Army, who was assigned to Liberia as a military observer. They were part of an inspection team who toured the partially renovated facilities which had been damaged by looters during the war:The Dunbar Building, which houses the office of Registrar; bookstore and a few classrooms had been de-roofed and heavy and repeated rain storms had damaged the ceiling, roofing frame and nearly all of the books that had been previously donated by the County College of Morris in Randolph, New Jersey, USA.\nThe AFRICANA Museum is in similar condition to the Dunbar Building (zinc and ceiling material have been removed by looters and the roofing timbers had been exposed to the weather and only the concrete walls and rafters remained in place.\nThe Tubman Library had sustained less structural damage, but extensive looting and on site destruction of books and facilities has taken place there.\nThe Seth C. Edwards cafeteria has been partially de-roofed and some of the roofing timbers had collapsed.\nA grass fire had destroyed a building that had been built by the Lutheran Church as the guest house for commuting professors. The fire had created extensive cracks in the structure and will have to be demolished. The cause of the grass fire is unknown, during the dry Harmattan season grass fires are common, but due to the war they burned out of control.\nThe newly constructed Power House which was constructed with a USAID and ASHA grant is relatively intact although looters entered the building, less damage was done.The current president of the Cuttington University is Dr. Romelle Horton the institution 13th president.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Li-map.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Monrovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monrovia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rise-3"},{"link_name":"rice paddies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_paddies"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rise-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rise-3"},{"link_name":"Association of African Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_African_Universities"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Cuttington University is located 120 miles north of Monrovia in Suacoco, Bong CountyCuttington University is the oldest private, coeducational, four-year, degree-granting institution in sub-Saharan Africa.[1] It issues degrees in the liberal arts and a number of technical studies. It has educated generations of leaders for the nation of Liberia and West Africa. Its roots lie deep within the history of the nation, the relationship between Liberia and the United States, and the Episcopal Church.Currently, the school is attempting to find sponsors who will help to improve its communications with the world. Since the end of the war, regular telephone, electricity, and internet services have been restored. The campus also runs its own water treatment facility. At present, a volunteer web site is maintained remotely in the United States. The Cuttington University public radio and television stations resumed broadcasts in January 2010.The campus, 120 miles from Monrovia, includes only a single-story white structure.[3] These are set among rolling hills and cotton trees as well as rice paddies and the native tropical plants.[3] Next to campus is the school's affiliated hospital, Phebe Hospital.[3] Cuttington is a member of the Association of African Universities.[5]","title":"Details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dessaline Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessaline_Harris"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt Jayjay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_Jayjay"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Harry Moniba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Moniba"},{"link_name":"Roselyn Nugba-Ballah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roselyn_Nugba-Ballah"},{"link_name":"Florence Nightingale Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale_Medal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"James A. A. Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._A._Pierre"},{"link_name":"Wilton Sankawulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilton_Sankawulo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jewel Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewel_Taylor"}],"text":"Dessaline Harris, Supreme Court justice[6]\nRoosevelt Jayjay, faculty member; Minister of Mines, GOL[7]\nHarry Moniba, former Vice President of Liberia\nRoselyn Nugba-Ballah, Liberia's first recipient of the Florence Nightingale Medal[8]\nJames A. A. Pierre (1929), Attorney General and Chief Justice of Liberia\nWilton Sankawulo, faculty member and author[9][10]\nJewel Taylor, Vice President of Liberia; former First Lady of Liberia","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Cuttington University is located 120 miles north of Monrovia in Suacoco, Bong County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Li-map.png/200px-Li-map.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Cuttington University (Liberia)\". The Talloires Network. Retrieved 2020-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://talloiresnetwork.tufts.edu/cuttington-university-liberia/","url_text":"\"Cuttington University (Liberia)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Member Details: Cuttington University College\". Membership. Association of African Universities. Archived from the original on 6 October 2006. Retrieved 29 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061006172815/http://www.aau.org/membership/member.php?AddressID=60","url_text":"\"Member Details: Cuttington University College\""},{"url":"http://www.aau.org/membership/member.php?AddressID=60","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harmon, William Q. (2017-12-01). \"\"A True Patriot,\" Nurse Roselyn Ballah, Gets Nightingale Award Presented\". Liberian Observer. Archived from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2020-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210414232122/https://www.liberianobserver.com/news/a-true-patriot-nurse-roselyn-ballah-gets-nightingale-award-presented/","url_text":"\"\"A True Patriot,\" Nurse Roselyn Ballah, Gets Nightingale Award Presented\""},{"url":"https://www.liberianobserver.com/news/a-true-patriot-nurse-roselyn-ballah-gets-nightingale-award-presented/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska
Aleksandra Śląska
["1 Filmography","2 References","3 External links"]
Polish actress (1925–1989) Aleksandra ŚląskaBornAleksandra Wąsik(1925-11-04)4 November 1925Katowice, PolandDied18 September 1989(1989-09-18) (aged 63)Warsaw, PolandOccupationActressYears active1946–1989 Aleksandra Śląska (4 November 1925 – 18 September 1989) was a Polish film actress. She appeared in 18 films between 1948 and 1983. Born in Katowice, Upper Silesia, she left for Warsaw after World War II. She was buried in the Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw. Filmography Śląska's grave in the Powązki Cemetery, Warsaw The Last Stage (1948, directed by Wanda Jakubowska) as Superintendent of the Women's Block Dom na pustkowiu (1949, directed by Jan Rybkowski) as Basia Die Sonnenbrucks (1951, directed by Georg C. Klaren) as Fanchette Youth of Chopin (1952, directed by Aleksander Ford) as Konstancja Gladkowska Autobus odjezdza 6.20 (1954, directed by Jan Rybkowski) as Krystyna Poradzka Five Boys from Barska Street (1954, directed by Aleksander Ford) as Hanka Pętla (aka The Noose) (1958, directed by Wojciech Jerzy Has) as Krystyna Rok pierwszy (1960, directed by Witold Lesiewicz) as Dorota Historia wspólczesna (1961, directed by Wanda Jakubowska) as Jadwiga Bielas Spotkanie w "Bajce" (aka Meeting in the Fable) (1962, directed by Jan Rybkowski) as Teresa Ich dzien powszedni (1963, directed by Aleksander Ścibor-Rylski) as Nitka Passenger (1963, directed by Andrzej Munk) as Liza Mansarda (1963, directed by Konrad Nałęcki) as Maria Boleslaw Smialy (1972, directed by Witold Lesiewicz) as Queen Królowa Bona (1980-1982, TV Series, directed by Janusz Majewski) as Queen Bona Sforza Epitafium dla Barbary Radziwiłłówny (1983, directed by Janusz Majewski) as Queen Bona Sforza d'Aragon References ^ "Aleksandra Śląska". Film Polski. Retrieved 7 October 2020. External links Aleksandra Śląska at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef This article about a Polish actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katowice"},{"link_name":"Upper Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Powązki Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow%C4%85zki_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Aleksandra Śląska (4 November 1925 – 18 September 1989) was a Polish film actress. She appeared in 18 films between 1948 and 1983. Born in Katowice, Upper Silesia, she left for Warsaw after World War II. She was buried in the Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw.[1]","title":"Aleksandra Śląska"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nagrobek_aleksandra_slaska.JPG"},{"link_name":"Powązki Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow%C4%85zki_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"The Last Stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Stage"},{"link_name":"Wanda Jakubowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanda_Jakubowska"},{"link_name":"Jan Rybkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Rybkowski"},{"link_name":"Die Sonnenbrucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Sonnenbrucks"},{"link_name":"Georg C. Klaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_C._Klaren"},{"link_name":"Youth of Chopin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_of_Chopin"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Ford"},{"link_name":"Five Boys from Barska Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Boys_from_Barska_Street"},{"link_name":"Pętla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noose_(1958_film)"},{"link_name":"Wojciech Jerzy Has","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Jerzy_Has"},{"link_name":"Rok pierwszy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rok_pierwszy"},{"link_name":"Witold Lesiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witold_Lesiewicz"},{"link_name":"Spotkanie w \"Bajce\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotkanie_w_%22Bajce%22"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Ścibor-Rylski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_%C5%9Acibor-Rylski"},{"link_name":"Passenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_(1963_film)"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Munk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Munk"},{"link_name":"Konrad Nałęcki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Na%C5%82%C4%99cki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Boleslaw Smialy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_%C5%9Amia%C5%82y_(film)"},{"link_name":"Królowa Bona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bona_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Janusz Majewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Majewski_(director)"},{"link_name":"Epitafium dla Barbary Radziwiłłówny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitafium_dla_Barbary_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82%C3%B3wny"}],"text":"Śląska's grave in the Powązki Cemetery, WarsawThe Last Stage (1948, directed by Wanda Jakubowska) as Superintendent of the Women's Block\nDom na pustkowiu (1949, directed by Jan Rybkowski) as Basia\nDie Sonnenbrucks (1951, directed by Georg C. Klaren) as Fanchette\nYouth of Chopin (1952, directed by Aleksander Ford) as Konstancja Gladkowska\nAutobus odjezdza 6.20 (1954, directed by Jan Rybkowski) as Krystyna Poradzka\nFive Boys from Barska Street (1954, directed by Aleksander Ford) as Hanka\nPętla (aka The Noose) (1958, directed by Wojciech Jerzy Has) as Krystyna\nRok pierwszy (1960, directed by Witold Lesiewicz) as Dorota\nHistoria wspólczesna (1961, directed by Wanda Jakubowska) as Jadwiga Bielas\nSpotkanie w \"Bajce\" (aka Meeting in the Fable) (1962, directed by Jan Rybkowski) as Teresa\nIch dzien powszedni (1963, directed by Aleksander Ścibor-Rylski) as Nitka\nPassenger (1963, directed by Andrzej Munk) as Liza\nMansarda (1963, directed by Konrad Nałęcki) as Maria\nBoleslaw Smialy (1972, directed by Witold Lesiewicz) as Queen\nKrólowa Bona (1980-1982, TV Series, directed by Janusz Majewski) as Queen Bona Sforza\nEpitafium dla Barbary Radziwiłłówny (1983, directed by Janusz Majewski) as Queen Bona Sforza d'Aragon","title":"Filmography"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Pearce
Mel Pearce
["1 References","2 External links"]
Australian hockey player Mel PearcePersonal informationFull nameMelville George Arthur PearceNationalityAustralianBorn(1928-01-09)9 January 1928Jabalpur, British IndiaDied27 April 2011(2011-04-27) (aged 83)Perth, AustraliaSportSportField hockey Melville George Arthur Pearce (9 January 1928 – 27 April 2011) was an Indian-born Australian field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics. References ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Mel Pearce Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2019. External links Mel Pearce at Olympedia vteAustralia squad – 1956 Summer Olympics – 5th place 1 Dick (c) 2 M Pearce 3 G Pearce 4 E Pearce 5 Foley 6 Whiteside 7 Booth 8 Jobson 9 Leeson 10 Clarke 11 Mecklem 12 Carton 13 Kemp 14 Spackman 15 Barblett 16 Bennett 17 Dwyer 18 Hailey This biographical article relating to an Australian field hockey figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"field hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"men's tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1956 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportsRef-1"}],"text":"Melville George Arthur Pearce (9 January 1928 – 27 April 2011) was an Indian-born Australian field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics.[1]","title":"Mel Pearce"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Mel Pearce Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418122130/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pe/mel-pearce-1.html","url_text":"\"Mel Pearce Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pe/mel-pearce-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wibault
Vickers Wibault
["1 Design and development","2 Operational history","3 Operators","4 Specifications (Type 121)","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Bibliography","7 External links"]
British fighter aircraft Type 121 Role FighterType of aircraft Manufacturer Vickers First flight 1926 Introduction 1926 Retired 1934 Primary user Chile Number built 26 Developed from Wibault 7 The Vickers Type 121 Wibault Scout was a British fighter built by Vickers in the 1920s. It was a licensed version of the French Wibault 7 aircraft, with 26 being sold to Chile in 1926, where they served until 1934. Design and development Vickers set up a partnership with the French aircraft manufacturer, Société des Avions Michel Wibault to exploit the patented system of all-metal construction developed by Michel Wibault. This used corrugated light alloy skin panels, and made for easy maintenance and inspection. As part of this partnership, Vickers placed an order with Wibault for a single Wibault 7, re-engined with a Bristol Jupiter VI radial engine, to act as a prototype for potential licensed production. The Wibault 7, and therefore the Vickers licensed copy, were single-engine high-wing parasol monoplanes. The prototype, which differed from the standard Wibault 7 by having a new undercarriage and British instruments, was delivered to Britain in February 1926 and was later fitted by Vickers with strengthened wing struts. The durability of the aircraft's all-metal structure, together with promised good altitude performance, attracted the attention of the Chilean Military Air Service, which, after evaluating the prototype, placed an order for 26 aircraft, known as the Vickers Type 121, or Vickers-Wibault Scout. The first Vickers built Type 121 flew at the end of June 1926, but crashed following an inverted spin on its first flight. This was found to be due to problems with the aircraft's centre of gravity, which were resolved by modifying the tailplane. Operational history The first Type 121s were delivered to Chile in November 1926, partly equipping the Groupo Mixto de Aviación 1, with deliveries continuing until October 1927. Several were lost in accidents, with at least one losing its wing in flight, but it remained in service when the Chilean Air Force was formed from the air components of the Chilean Army and Navy, finally being retired in 1934. Operators  Chile Chilean Air Force Specifications (Type 121) Data from The British Fighter since 1912 General characteristics Crew: 1 Length: 23 ft 2 in (7.06 m) Wingspan: 36 ft 1 in (11.00 m) Height: 11 ft 6 in (3.51 m) Wing area: 237 sq ft (22.0 m2) Empty weight: 1,920 lb (871 kg) Gross weight: 2,970 lb (1,347 kg) Powerplant: 1 × Bristol Jupiter VI nine cylinder radial engine, 455 hp (339 kW) Performance Maximum speed: 154 mph (248 km/h, 134 kn) at sea level; 144 mph (125 kn; 232 km/h) at 15,000 ft (4,600 m) Range: 300 mi (480 km, 260 nmi) Service ceiling: 23,000 ft (7,000 m) Time to altitude: 7 min 40 s to 10,000 ft (3,000 m) Armament Guns: 2 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine guns See also Related development Wibault 7 References Notes ^ Andrews and Morgan 1988, pp. 207–209. ^ a b c d Green and Swanborough 1994, p. 579. ^ Andrews and Morgan 1988, pp. 209–210. ^ a b Mason 1992, pp. 179–180. Bibliography Andrews, E.N. and Morgan, E.B. Vickers Aircraft Since 1908, Second edition. London: Putnam, 1988. ISBN 0-85177-815-1. Green, William and Swanborough, Gordon. The Complete Book of Fighters. New York: Smithmark, 1994. ISBN 0-8317-3939-8. Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter since 1912. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1992. ISBN 1-55750-082-7. External links Media related to Vickers Wibault at Wikimedia Commons vteVickers and Vickers-Armstrongs aircraftTypenumbers 50 51 54 55 56 57 58—60 61 62 63 64 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 81 83—85 86 87 89 91 92 93 94 95 96 98 99 100 103 105 106 108 112 113 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 138 139 141 142 143 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 153 155 157 160 161 162 163 166 168 169 170 171 172 173 177 192 193 194 195 196 198 199 203 204 207 208 209 210 212 214 216 217 220 225 227 230 231 241 244 245 246 249 250 252 253 255 256 258 259 262 263 264 266 267 270 271 277 279 281 283 284 285 286 287 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 298 299 400 401 402 403 405 406—410 413 414 416—419 420 421 422 423 424 426 427 428—431 432 433 435—443 444 445 446 447 448 449 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 469 470 471 473 474 475 478 479 480 481 483 485 486 487 488 490 491 492 493 495 496 498 499 559 571 579 581 586 587 601 602 604 607 610 611 614—618 619 620—628 630 632 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641—646 648 649 650 651 654 657 659 660 663 664 667 668 672—674 700—703 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 715 716 718 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 728 729 730—732 733 734—742 743 744—745 747—749 754—757 758 759—798 799 800—843 845 850 860 870 877 888 889 891 894 897 900 901 950—953 1000—1004 1100—1106 1109—1112 1125 1150—1154 1164 1170 1180 1181 1400 Early types Hydravion Monoplane No.1 Monoplane No.2 Monoplane No.3 Monoplane No.4 Monoplane No.5 Monoplane No.6 Monoplane No.7 Monoplane No.8 Tractor Biplane Tractor Scout Civilian Merchantman OR.323 Car Ferry Nene Viking Swallow Tay Viscount Vagabond Vanguard (1923) Vanguard (1959) VC.1 VC.2 VC.3 VC.4 VC.5 VC.6 VC.7/V-1000 VC.8 VC.9 VC.10 VC.11 VC.12 Vellore Vellox Viastra Viget Viking (1919) Viking (1945) Vimy Commercial Viscount Vulcan Vulture Airships HM Airship No. 1 HM Airship No. 9r R80 R100 Military1st World WarFighting Biplanes E.F.B.1 E.F.B.2 E.F.B.3 E.F.B.4 F.B.5 F.B.6 E.F.B.7 E.F.B.8 F.B.9 F.B.11 F.B.12 F.B.14 F.B.16 F.B.19 F.B.23 F.B.24 F.B.25 F.B.26 Vampire F.B.27 Vimy Fighters 123 141 143 151 161 162 177 279 432 Bolivian Scout Bullet C.O.W. Gun Fighter E.S.1 E.S.2 Gunbus Hart Scout Jockey Valparaiso Vampire Venom Vireo Wibault Scout Bombers, GP andreconnaissance 163 207 253 581 Bomber scheme C Valentia (1921) Valiant (1927) Valiant (1951) Vanellus Vanox Venture Vespa Victory Bomber Vigilant Viking (1919) Vildebeest Vimy Vincent Virginia Vivid Vixen Vulture Warwick Wellesley Wellington Windsor Military Transports Valentia (1934) Valetta Vernon Victoria Trainers Varsity Vendace Vickers Instructional Machine (VIM)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Vickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Wibault 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wibault_7"},{"link_name":"aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"}],"text":"The Vickers Type 121 Wibault Scout was a British fighter built by Vickers in the 1920s. It was a licensed version of the French Wibault 7 aircraft, with 26 being sold to Chile in 1926, where they served until 1934.","title":"Vickers Wibault"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vickers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers"},{"link_name":"Société des Avions Michel Wibault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wibault"},{"link_name":"Michel Wibault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Wibault"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrews_Vickers_p207-9-1"},{"link_name":"Bristol Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Jupiter"},{"link_name":"radial engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine"},{"link_name":"parasol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasol_wing"},{"link_name":"monoplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplane"},{"link_name":"undercarriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_gear"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-complete_fighters-2"},{"link_name":"struts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interplane_strut"},{"link_name":"Chilean Military Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrews_Vickers_p209-0-3"},{"link_name":"tailplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailplane"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mason_fighter-4"}],"text":"Vickers set up a partnership with the French aircraft manufacturer, Société des Avions Michel Wibault to exploit the patented system of all-metal construction developed by Michel Wibault. This used corrugated light alloy skin panels, and made for easy maintenance and inspection.[1] As part of this partnership, Vickers placed an order with Wibault for a single Wibault 7, re-engined with a Bristol Jupiter VI radial engine, to act as a prototype for potential licensed production. The Wibault 7, and therefore the Vickers licensed copy, were single-engine high-wing parasol monoplanes.The prototype, which differed from the standard Wibault 7 by having a new undercarriage and British instruments, was delivered to Britain in February 1926[2] and was later fitted by Vickers with strengthened wing struts. The durability of the aircraft's all-metal structure, together with promised good altitude performance, attracted the attention of the Chilean Military Air Service, which, after evaluating the prototype, placed an order for 26 aircraft, known as the Vickers Type 121, or Vickers-Wibault Scout.[3]The first Vickers built Type 121 flew at the end of June 1926, but crashed following an inverted spin on its first flight. This was found to be due to problems with the aircraft's centre of gravity, which were resolved by modifying the tailplane.[4]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-complete_fighters-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-complete_fighters-2"},{"link_name":"Chilean Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-complete_fighters-2"}],"text":"The first Type 121s were delivered to Chile in November 1926, partly equipping the Groupo Mixto de Aviación 1, with deliveries continuing until October 1927.[2] Several were lost in accidents, with at least one losing its wing in flight,[2] but it remained in service when the Chilean Air Force was formed from the air components of the Chilean Army and Navy, finally being retired in 1934.[2]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Chilean Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Air_Force"}],"text":"ChileChilean Air Force","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mason_fighter-4"},{"link_name":"Bristol Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Jupiter"},{"link_name":"radial engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine"},{"link_name":"Vickers machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_machine_gun"}],"text":"Data from The British Fighter since 1912 [4]General characteristicsCrew: 1\nLength: 23 ft 2 in (7.06 m)\nWingspan: 36 ft 1 in (11.00 m)\nHeight: 11 ft 6 in (3.51 m)\nWing area: 237 sq ft (22.0 m2)\nEmpty weight: 1,920 lb (871 kg)\nGross weight: 2,970 lb (1,347 kg)\nPowerplant: 1 × Bristol Jupiter VI nine cylinder radial engine, 455 hp (339 kW)PerformanceMaximum speed: 154 mph (248 km/h, 134 kn) at sea level; 144 mph (125 kn; 232 km/h) at 15,000 ft (4,600 m)\nRange: 300 mi (480 km, 260 nmi)\nService ceiling: 23,000 ft (7,000 m)\nTime to altitude: 7 min 40 s to 10,000 ft (3,000 m)ArmamentGuns: 2 × .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine guns","title":"Specifications (Type 121)"}]
[]
[{"title":"Wibault 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wibault_7"}]
[]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pantillon
François Pantillon
["1 Life and career","2 References","3 Further reading"]
Swiss conductor, composer, and violinist François PantillonBorn(1928-01-15)15 January 1928La Chaux-de-Fonds, SwitzerlandOccupations conductor composer violinist François Pantillon (born 15 January 1928) is a Swiss conductor, composer, and violinist. He is particularly known as choral conductor and has directed the city choirs of Neuchâtel, Bern, and Bienne. From 1986 to 2011 he was the musical director of the City Orchestra of Thun. He was also a regular guest conductor of the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande's summer concerts. His compositions include the opera Die Richterin and the oratorio Clameurs du monde. Life and career Pantillon was born in La Chaux-de-Fonds to a musical family. His great-grandfather Zacharie was a violinist who had studied in Berlin under Joseph Joachim and was active in the musical life of La Chaux-de-Fonds, organizing concerts which brought Saint-Saëns, Massener, and other prominent musicians to the city. His grandfather Georges-Albert was the author of a textbook on solfège which was widely used in the French-speaking schools of Switzerland. His father Georges-Louis (1896-1992), also a violinist and composer, was one of the founders of the Collège musical de La Chaux-de-Fonds (originally known as the Société Suisse de Pédagogie Musicale) and served as its director from 1947 to 1978. Taught by his father, Pantillon received his first diploma in violin in 1948. He then went to the Royal Conservatory of Brussels where he studied composition, violin, and conducting. At the conservatory he won the First Prize with Distinction in harmony in 1951. The following year he won the First Prize with Distinction in counterpoint, and the First Prize in violin, studying under Carlo Van Neste. He received his diploma in conducting in from the conservatory 1954 and had further studies in conducting under Paul van Kempen at Accademia Musicale Chigiana in Siena and with Franco Ferrara in Hilversum. On his return to Switzerland, he began an active career as a conductor and composer. He directed the city choirs of Neuchâtel, Bern, and Biel and from 1986 to 2011 he was the musical director of the City Orchestra of Thun. He was also a regular guest conductor of the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande's summer concerts as well making appearances as a guest conductor at international music festivals in Italy, France, Spain, Belgium, England, and Poland. From the early 1960s to the early 1980s he composed around 80 choral pieces and cantatas in the style of Swiss composers such as Gustave Doret, Emile Jaques-Dalcroze, and Carlo Hemmerling . He later adopted a more avant-garde style which grew out of his friendship with Krzysztof Penderecki. Other influences on his later style, which had moved from tonality to polytonality, were Olivier Messiaen and Arthur Honegger. From the early 1980s his compositions were virtually all inspired by his Christian faith and a sense of mysticism. The only exception was his 1991 opera Die Richterin, based on the novella of the same name by Conrad Ferdinand Meyer. After the 1998 premiere of his sinfonietta Imaginaire Couleur de Ciel, Pantillion composed very little for the next ten years. He retired from active conducting in 2013 but returned to composing after what he termed his "ten-year crisis". In 2015 his concerto for violin and orchestra La clairière, inspired by Alberto Giacometti's sculpture of the same name, was premiered by the Bienne Symphony Orchestra at La Chaux-de-Fonds. In his later years, Pantillon has lived in Lugnorre, near Haut-Vully in the canton of Fribourg. He has seven children from his three marriages. References ^ Tissot, Alain (March 1997) "Hommage à Georges-Louis Pantillon". Revue Musicale de Suisse Romande, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 44–46. Retrieved 8 July 2019 (in French) ^ Corbellari, Alain (June 2003). "Marc Pantillon de Beethoven à Julien-François Zbinden, la griffe du lion". Revue Musicale de Suisse Romande, Vol. 56, No. 2, pp. 24–26. Retrieved 8 July 2019 (in French). ^ a b Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire de Fribourg. Fonds François Pantillon: "François Pantillon né le 15 janvier 1928". Archived version retrieved 8 July 2019 (in French). ^ Sansonnens, Bernard (March 1997). "Francois Pantillon, un art religieux et métaphysique habité de lumière". Revue Musicale de Suisse Romande, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 47–49. Retrieved 8 July 2019 (in French). ^ Poloni, Claudio (March 2018). "François Pantillon, Une vie de passion". Revue Musicale de Suisse Romande, Vol. 71, No. 1. Retrieved 8 July 2019 (in French) (subscription required for full access). ^ Caldara, Alexandre (2 August 2015). "Accords forts pour Giacometti". Arcinfo. Retrieved 8 July 2019 (in French). ^ s.n. (15 January 2013). "Komponist François Pantillon feiert 85. Geburtstag und veröffentlicht CD", Freiburger Nachrichten. Retrieved 8 July 2019 (in German). ^ Eugenidis, Aliki (27 December 2017). "Ich dirigierte immer auswendig". Freiburger Nachrichten. Retrieved 8 July 2019 (in German). Further reading De Aguiar, Renato (2002). François Pantillon, compositeur: hommage pour le 75ème anniversaire du compositeur et catalogue des oeuvres écrites jusqu'en octobre 2002. Editions La Sarine. ISBN 2940058245 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neuchâtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel"},{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern"},{"link_name":"Bienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bienne"},{"link_name":"Thun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thun"},{"link_name":"Orchestre de la Suisse Romande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestre_de_la_Suisse_Romande"},{"link_name":"oratorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratorio"}],"text":"François Pantillon (born 15 January 1928) is a Swiss conductor, composer, and violinist. He is particularly known as choral conductor and has directed the city choirs of Neuchâtel, Bern, and Bienne. From 1986 to 2011 he was the musical director of the City Orchestra of Thun. He was also a regular guest conductor of the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande's summer concerts. His compositions include the opera Die Richterin and the oratorio Clameurs du monde.","title":"François Pantillon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Chaux-de-Fonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Chaux-de-Fonds"},{"link_name":"Joseph Joachim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Joachim"},{"link_name":"solfège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solf%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RMSR2-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RMSR3-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Conservatory of Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Conservatory_of_Brussels"},{"link_name":"harmony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony"},{"link_name":"counterpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterpoint"},{"link_name":"Carlo Van Neste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Van_Neste"},{"link_name":"Paul van Kempen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_van_Kempen"},{"link_name":"Accademia Musicale Chigiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_Musicale_Chigiana"},{"link_name":"Franco Ferrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Ferrara"},{"link_name":"Hilversum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilversum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCU1-3"},{"link_name":"Thun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thun"},{"link_name":"Orchestre de la Suisse Romande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestre_de_la_Suisse_Romande"},{"link_name":"Gustave Doret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Doret"},{"link_name":"Emile Jaques-Dalcroze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Jaques-Dalcroze"},{"link_name":"Carlo Hemmerling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Hemmerling&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Hemmerling"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Penderecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki"},{"link_name":"tonality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonality"},{"link_name":"polytonality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytonality"},{"link_name":"Olivier Messiaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen"},{"link_name":"Arthur Honegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Honegger"},{"link_name":"Conrad Ferdinand Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Ferdinand_Meyer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCU1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RMSR4-4"},{"link_name":"sinfonietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonietta_(symphony)"},{"link_name":"Alberto Giacometti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti"},{"link_name":"Bienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bienne"},{"link_name":"Haut-Vully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haut-Vully"},{"link_name":"canton of Fribourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RMSR1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arc-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FN1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FN2-8"}],"text":"Pantillon was born in La Chaux-de-Fonds to a musical family. His great-grandfather Zacharie was a violinist who had studied in Berlin under Joseph Joachim and was active in the musical life of La Chaux-de-Fonds, organizing concerts which brought Saint-Saëns, Massener, and other prominent musicians to the city. His grandfather Georges-Albert was the author of a textbook on solfège which was widely used in the French-speaking schools of Switzerland. His father Georges-Louis (1896-1992), also a violinist and composer, was one of the founders of the Collège musical de La Chaux-de-Fonds (originally known as the Société Suisse de Pédagogie Musicale) and served as its director from 1947 to 1978.[1][2]Taught by his father, Pantillon received his first diploma in violin in 1948. He then went to the Royal Conservatory of Brussels where he studied composition, violin, and conducting. At the conservatory he won the First Prize with Distinction in harmony in 1951. The following year he won the First Prize with Distinction in counterpoint, and the First Prize in violin, studying under Carlo Van Neste. He received his diploma in conducting in from the conservatory 1954 and had further studies in conducting under Paul van Kempen at Accademia Musicale Chigiana in Siena and with Franco Ferrara in Hilversum.[3]On his return to Switzerland, he began an active career as a conductor and composer. He directed the city choirs of Neuchâtel, Bern, and Biel and from 1986 to 2011 he was the musical director of the City Orchestra of Thun. He was also a regular guest conductor of the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande's summer concerts as well making appearances as a guest conductor at international music festivals in Italy, France, Spain, Belgium, England, and Poland. From the early 1960s to the early 1980s he composed around 80 choral pieces and cantatas in the style of Swiss composers such as Gustave Doret, Emile Jaques-Dalcroze, and Carlo Hemmerling [fr]. He later adopted a more avant-garde style which grew out of his friendship with Krzysztof Penderecki. Other influences on his later style, which had moved from tonality to polytonality, were Olivier Messiaen and Arthur Honegger. From the early 1980s his compositions were virtually all inspired by his Christian faith and a sense of mysticism. The only exception was his 1991 opera Die Richterin, based on the novella of the same name by Conrad Ferdinand Meyer.[3][4]After the 1998 premiere of his sinfonietta Imaginaire Couleur de Ciel, Pantillion composed very little for the next ten years. He retired from active conducting in 2013 but returned to composing after what he termed his \"ten-year crisis\". In 2015 his concerto for violin and orchestra La clairière, inspired by Alberto Giacometti's sculpture of the same name, was premiered by the Bienne Symphony Orchestra at La Chaux-de-Fonds. In his later years, Pantillon has lived in Lugnorre, near Haut-Vully in the canton of Fribourg. He has seven children from his three marriages.[5][6][7][8]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"François Pantillon, compositeur: hommage pour le 75ème anniversaire du compositeur et catalogue des oeuvres écrites jusqu'en octobre 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=gkdp_nWym5YC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2940058245","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2940058245"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1451151#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/272702/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000080190692"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/37106109"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdGRckG73pf7rpkWqrDv3"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13938772g"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13938772g"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/124622429"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no90014613"},{"link_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/047027"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/243952821"}],"text":"De Aguiar, Renato (2002). François Pantillon, compositeur: hommage pour le 75ème anniversaire du compositeur et catalogue des oeuvres écrites jusqu'en octobre 2002. Editions La Sarine. ISBN 2940058245Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nUnited States\nOther\nHistorical Dictionary of Switzerland\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallow_Life
Shallow Life
["1 Background","2 Reception","3 Track listing","4 Singles","5 Credits and personnel","6 Charts","7 Release history","8 References"]
2009 studio album by Lacuna CoilShallow LifeStudio album by Lacuna CoilReleasedApril 1, 2009 (US)Recorded2008StudioNRG Studios, Los Angeles, CaliforniaLength43:59LabelCentury Media, EMIProducerDon GilmoreLacuna Coil chronology Visual Karma (Body, Mind and Soul)(2008) Shallow Life(2009) Dark Adrenaline(2012) Singles from Shallow Life "Spellbound"Released: February 24, 2009 "I Like It"Released: June 29, 2009 "I Won't Tell You"Released: October 5, 2009 "Wide Awake"Released: November 30, 2009 Shallow Life is the fifth studio album by Italian gothic metal band Lacuna Coil. The album was released in April 2009 in Europe and North America through Century Media Records and EMI. As of September 2009, it has sold over 75,000 copies in the U.S. and 225,000 worldwide. Background The album was recorded in autumn 2008 at a studio in Los Angeles with producer Don Gilmore. According to magazine Rock Sound the album would have some Arabic influences. Scabbia noted that the album "feels more rock" and that it is "the perfect mixture between our old European sound and something more modern...some of its very heavy. The most amazing this is, we've been able to improve everything about Lacuna Coil without taking away anything good or doing something that doesn't belong." Shallow Life was reportedly set to be the band's first concept album, containing references toward superficial lifestyles in the world today. The song "Spellbound" was debuted live at the Soundwave Music Festival in February 2009. The song "Not Enough" was released as a free download on the Italian Music website XL with the backstage of Spellbound video on April 1, 2009. In the beginning of April the song "I'm Not Afraid" was released as airplay on Russian radios. On April 8, 2009 Lacuna Coil posted all 12 tracks from their album to listen to on their MySpace profile page for one week only. On April 14, 2009 the band created a poll on their MySpace profile for fans to choose the second single, involving nine songs from Shallow Life. Shallow Life was re-released as a double disc deluxe edition with new artwork from January 22–27, 2010 in Europe and February 22, 2010 in North America. The bonus disc contains live and acoustic recordings and previously unreleased studio tracks. Reception Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic68/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllmusic Kerrang!PopmattersSputnik Music Metal HammerAlternative PressRock Sound The Album received mixed reviews from music critics. Allmusic writer, gave a mixed review to the album and rated it as two-and-a-half stars out of five and wrote: "In all fairness, Shallow Life, does come on very much as expected based on Lacuna Coil's preceding career arc, and many observers would argue that backtracking isn't the solution either if a band is to prosper in the long run -- but it may have to be here, given the underwhelming sales and vociferous critical backlash bestowed upon the album." Kerrang! magazine gave it three out of five, stating: "It may not stand along Karmacode in ten years' time...but it is an album for today." Rock Sound gave them eight out of ten saying that the album is "Edgier, racier and more accessible than almost anything they've done to date, 'Shallow Life' is the sound of a band that's reaping the rewards of over a decade in the business". Despite the mixed reaction, the track "Wide Awake" received near universal praise. Track listing All lyrics are written by Lacuna Coil & Don Gilmore; all music is composed by Lacuna CoilNo.TitleLength1."Survive"3:342."I Won't Tell You"3:493."Not Enough"3:404."I’m Not Afraid"3:225."I Like It"3:426."Underdog"3:407."The Pain"4:008."Spellbound"3:219."Wide Awake"3:5110."The Maze"3:3811."Unchained"3:2212."Shallow Life"4:00Total length:43:59 Bonus tracks Limited Edition Digipack & iTunes editionNo.TitleLength13."Oblivion"4:08Total length:48:07 Play.com Exclusive CD & DVD DigipackNo.TitleLength1."Video for lead single "Spellbound"" (Exclusive to UK customers who ordered through Play.com)  Japanese editionNo.TitleLength14."The Last Goodbye (from Saw VI)"4:15Total length:49:03 Special Edition (Double disc) Special edition: Disc 2 (Disc 1 is the same of the standard release)No.TitleLength1."The Last Goodbye"4:152."Leaving Alone"4:093."Oblivion"4:084."Spellbound" (acoustic)2:525."Closer" (acoustic)3:366."Within Me" (acoustic)3:147."Survive" (live)3:478."I'm Not Afraid" (live)3:349."I Won't Tell You" (live)3:5310."Tight Rope" (live)4:2211."Fragments of Faith" (live)4:1812."The Game" (live)3:39Total length:45:47 Singles "Spellbound": "Spellbound" was released on March 20, 2009, via digital download. No physical release is scheduled. "Spellbound" was released on the "Liquid Metal" and "Octane" stations of Sirius XM satellite radio on February 14 and was released officially on their MySpace on February 24. "I Like It": The single was chosen after a poll on their MySpace profile, involving nine other songs from Shallow Life. The video for "I Like It" was filmed in May. The music video was shot in Kansas City by the American director Kevin James Custer and it was released June 29, 2009. Despite being released as a single, however, it has never been performed live. "I Won't Tell You": The single was released on October 5, 2009 on American mainstream rock radio stations. The video for "I Won't Tell You" was filmed on December 5 in Milan by the Italian director SaKu, who also directed the video for "Spellbound." The music video was released on the band's official MySpace page on January 12, 2010. "Wide Awake": The single was released on November 30, 2009 for Italian radio stations as a special single for the holidays. Credits and personnel Lacuna Coil Andrea Ferro - male vocals Cristina Scabbia - female vocals Marco "Maus" Biazzi - lead guitar Cristiano "Pizza" Migliore - rhythm guitar Marco Coti Zelati - bass, keyboards Cristiano "CriZ" Mozzati - drums Production Don Gilmore - production and engineering Mark Kiczula- assistant recording engineering Josh Newell- studio assistance Recorded at NRG studios, North Hollywood, CA Mastered by Ted Jensen at Sterling Sound Other personnel Chris Denner - band photography Art direction, design & production by Stefan Wibbeke, Media Logistics GmbH, medialogistics.com Publishing All music by: Lacuna Coil All keyboards by: Marco Coti Zelati All lyrics by: Lacuna Coil / Don Gilmore All music and lyrics published by Lacuna Coil / High Speed Chase, ASCAP Administered by Kobalt Other credits Management: Adam (DOOM) Sewell for Riot Rock Management Booking: Paul Ryan (UK), Tim Borror (US) for The Agency Group Legal Representation: Michael Toorock, Toorock and Rosen, LLP Tour Management: Mark "Gus" Guy Charts Chart (2009) Provider(s) Peakposition Sales/shipments Australian Albums Chart ARIA 78 Austrian Albums Chart IFPI 68 Belgian (Flanders) Albums Chart 74 Belgian (Wallonia) Albums Chart 60 Canadian Albums Chart Nielsen SoundScan 44 Dutch Albums Chart IFPI 76 European Albums Chart 39 French Albums Chart SNEP 46 German Albums Chart Media Control 52 Greek Albums Chart IFPI 15 Irish Albums Chart IRMA 55 Italian Albums Chart FIMI 25 Japanese Albums Chart Oricon 76 Spanish Albums Chart PROMUSICAE 95 Swiss Albums Chart Media Control 64 UK Albums Chart BPI/OCC 42 UK Rock Chart 2 US Billboard 200 RIAA 16 75,000 US Billboard Top Rock Albums 2 Release history Country Date Italy April 1, 2009 Germany Austria Switzerland Benelux United Kingdom April 20, 2009 France Greece Denmark Norway North America April 21, 2009 Spain Portugal Sweden April 22, 2009 Finland Hungary Japan May 20, 2009 References ^ Don Gilmore credits at Allmusic ^ "Emptyspiral Gallery". emptyspiral.net. 15 November 2023. ^ "Lacuna Coil Reveals 'Shallow Life' Release Dates". ^ LACUNA COIL: "Shallow Life" Due In The Spring Roadrunner Records. Accessed December 13, 2008. ^ "BLABBERMOUTH.NET - LACUNA COIL Singer CRISTINA SCABBIA Says New Album 'Feels More Rock'". Archived from the original on 2009-01-23. Retrieved 2009-01-19. ^ "XL Repubblica - Dettaglio articolo". ^ LACUNA COIL - (FULL ALBUM STREAM ONLINE) MySpace. Accessed April 14, 2009. ^ "BLABBERMOUTH.NET - LACUNA COIL: 'Shallow Life' Deluxe Edition Due This Month". www.roadrunnerrecords.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-19. ^ "Shallow Life Reviews, Ratings, Credits, and More". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 27 February 2012. ^ a b Allmusic review ^ Popmatter Review ^ Sputnik Music Review ^ Rock Sound Review ^ "News | Emptyspiral". 15 November 2023. ^ "Emptyspiral.net - the Lacuna Coil Community - Content". www.emptyspiral.net. Archived from the original on 2011-11-21. ^ "FMQB: Radio Industry News, Music Industry Updates, Arbitron Ratings, Music News and more!". Archived from the original on 2013-01-01. Retrieved 2007-04-27. ^ http://www.virginradioitaly.it/top/magazine/the_rocket/lacuna_coil_wide_awake ^ "Lacuna Coil - Shallow Life". lescharts.com. Retrieved 2022-08-09. ^ a b "Shallow Life by Lacuna Coil - Music Charts". αCharts. ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 159. ^ a b c Steffen Hung. "Lacuna Coil - Shallow Life". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 2022-08-09. ^ a b c d http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=119172 ^ "LACUNA COIL - More 'Shallow Life' First Week Chart Positions Revealed - AZ Heavy Metal". www.azheavymetal.com. Archived from the original on 2009-05-11. ^ "Shallow Life - Lacuna Coil" (in Japanese). oricon ME inc. Retrieved 2015-05-16. ^ "Shallow Life First Week SalesEmptyspiral | Emptyspiral". 4 May 2009. ^ "SEARCH RESULTS FOR: LACUNA COIL". officialcharts.com. ^ a b https://www.billboard.com/artist/lacuna-coil/chart-history/ ^ "BLABBERMOUTH.NET - LACUNA COIL: 'I Like It' Video Released". www.roadrunnerrecords.com. Archived from the original on 2009-07-07. ^ "LACUNA COIL: New Italian-Language Video Interview Available - Mar. 15, 2009". roadrunnerrecords.com. 2009-03-15. Archived from the original on 2012-12-06. Retrieved 2009-03-17. ^ "LACUNA COIL, Shallow Life, New album release from LACUNA COIL". cdjapan.co.jp. Retrieved 2009-03-04. vteLacuna Coil Andrea Ferro Marco Coti Zelati Cristina Scabbia Diego Cavalotti Richard Meiz Michaelangelo Algardi Raffaele Zagaria Claudio Leo Leonardo Forti Cristiano Migliore Cristiano "Criz" Mozzati Marco Biazzi Ryan Blake Folden Studio albums In a Reverie Unleashed Memories Comalies XX Karmacode Shallow Life Dark Adrenaline Broken Crown Halo Delirium Black Anima Extended plays Lacuna Coil Halflife Live albums Visual Karma (Body, Mind and Soul) Compilation albums The EPs Manifesto of Lacuna Coil Singles "Heaven's a Lie" "Swamped" "Our Truth" "Enjoy the Silence" "Within Me" "Spellbound" "I Won't Tell You" "Trip the Darkness" "Fire" "Layers of Time" Related articles Discography Rezophonic Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gothic metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_metal"},{"link_name":"Lacuna Coil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacuna_Coil"},{"link_name":"Century Media Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Media_Records"},{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Shallow Life is the fifth studio album by Italian gothic metal band Lacuna Coil. The album was released in April 2009 in Europe and North America through Century Media Records and EMI. As of September 2009, it has sold over 75,000 copies in the U.S. and 225,000 worldwide.[3]","title":"Shallow Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Title-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Soundwave Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundwave_(Australian_music_festival)#2009"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The album was recorded in autumn 2008 at a studio in Los Angeles with producer Don Gilmore.[4] According to magazine Rock Sound the album would have some Arabic influences. Scabbia noted that the album \"feels more rock\" and that it is \"the perfect mixture between our old European sound and something more modern...some of its very heavy. The most amazing this is, we've been able to improve everything about Lacuna Coil without taking away anything good or doing something that doesn't belong.\"[5] Shallow Life was reportedly set to be the band's first concept album, containing references toward superficial lifestyles in the world today. The song \"Spellbound\" was debuted live at the Soundwave Music Festival in February 2009. The song \"Not Enough\" was released as a free download on the Italian Music website XL with the backstage of Spellbound video on April 1, 2009.[6] In the beginning of April the song \"I'm Not Afraid\" was released as airplay on Russian radios.On April 8, 2009 Lacuna Coil posted all 12 tracks from their album to listen to on their MySpace profile page for one week only.On April 14, 2009 the band created a poll on their MySpace profile for fans to choose the second single, involving nine songs from Shallow Life.[7]Shallow Life was re-released as a double disc deluxe edition with new artwork from January 22–27, 2010 in Europe[8] and February 22, 2010 in North America.[citation needed] The bonus disc contains live and acoustic recordings and previously unreleased studio tracks.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allm-10"},{"link_name":"Kerrang!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang!"},{"link_name":"Karmacode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmacode"},{"link_name":"Rock Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Sound"}],"text":"The Album received mixed reviews from music critics. Allmusic writer, gave a mixed review to the album and rated it as two-and-a-half stars out of five and wrote: \"In all fairness, Shallow Life, does come on very much as expected based on Lacuna Coil's preceding career arc, and many observers would argue that backtracking isn't the solution either if a band is to prosper in the long run -- but it may have to be here, given the underwhelming sales and vociferous critical backlash bestowed upon the album.\"[10] Kerrang! magazine gave it three out of five, stating: \"It may not stand along Karmacode in ten years' time...but it is an album for today.\" Rock Sound gave them eight out of ten saying that the album is \"Edgier, racier and more accessible than almost anything they've done to date, 'Shallow Life' is the sound of a band that's reaping the rewards of over a decade in the business\". Despite the mixed reaction, the track \"Wide Awake\" received near universal praise.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lacuna Coil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacuna_Coil"},{"link_name":"I Won't Tell You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Won%27t_Tell_You"},{"link_name":"Spellbound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spellbound_(Lacuna_Coil_song)"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"},{"link_name":"Play.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.play.com/Music/CD/4-/9368467/Shallow-Life/Product.html"},{"link_name":"Saw VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw_VI"},{"link_name":"Closer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closer_(Lacuna_Coil_song)"},{"link_name":"Within Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Within_Me"}],"text":"All lyrics are written by Lacuna Coil & Don Gilmore; all music is composed by Lacuna CoilNo.TitleLength1.\"Survive\"3:342.\"I Won't Tell You\"3:493.\"Not Enough\"3:404.\"I’m Not Afraid\"3:225.\"I Like It\"3:426.\"Underdog\"3:407.\"The Pain\"4:008.\"Spellbound\"3:219.\"Wide Awake\"3:5110.\"The Maze\"3:3811.\"Unchained\"3:2212.\"Shallow Life\"4:00Total length:43:59Bonus tracksLimited Edition Digipack & iTunes editionNo.TitleLength13.\"Oblivion\"4:08Total length:48:07Play.com Exclusive CD & DVD DigipackNo.TitleLength1.\"Video for lead single \"Spellbound\"\" (Exclusive to UK customers who ordered through Play.com)Japanese editionNo.TitleLength14.\"The Last Goodbye (from Saw VI)\"4:15Total length:49:03Special Edition (Double disc)Special edition: Disc 2 (Disc 1 is the same of the standard release)No.TitleLength1.\"The Last Goodbye\"4:152.\"Leaving Alone\"4:093.\"Oblivion\"4:084.\"Spellbound\" (acoustic)2:525.\"Closer\" (acoustic)3:366.\"Within Me\" (acoustic)3:147.\"Survive\" (live)3:478.\"I'm Not Afraid\" (live)3:349.\"I Won't Tell You\" (live)3:5310.\"Tight Rope\" (live)4:2211.\"Fragments of Faith\" (live)4:1812.\"The Game\" (live)3:39Total length:45:47","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spellbound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spellbound_(Lacuna_Coil_song)"},{"link_name":"Sirius XM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_XM_Radio"},{"link_name":"MySpace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"I Won't Tell You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Won%27t_Tell_You"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"\"Spellbound\": \"Spellbound\" was released on March 20, 2009, via digital download. No physical release is scheduled. \"Spellbound\" was released on the \"Liquid Metal\" and \"Octane\" stations of Sirius XM satellite radio on February 14 and was released officially on their MySpace on February 24.\n\"I Like It\": The single was chosen after a poll on their MySpace profile, involving nine other songs from Shallow Life. The video for \"I Like It\" was filmed in May. The music video was shot in Kansas City by the American director Kevin James Custer[14] and it was released June 29, 2009. Despite being released as a single, however, it has never been performed live.[15]\n\"I Won't Tell You\": The single was released on October 5, 2009 on American mainstream rock radio stations.[16] The video for \"I Won't Tell You\" was filmed on December 5 in Milan by the Italian director SaKu, who also directed the video for \"Spellbound.\" The music video was released on the band's official MySpace page on January 12, 2010.\n\"Wide Awake\": The single was released on November 30, 2009 for Italian radio stations as a special single for the holidays.[17]","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrea Ferro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Ferro"},{"link_name":"vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"Cristina Scabbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Scabbia"},{"link_name":"lead guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_guitar"},{"link_name":"rhythm guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_guitar"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineering"},{"link_name":"Recorded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction"},{"link_name":"North Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"CA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Mastered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"},{"link_name":"Ted Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Jensen"},{"link_name":"band photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"link_name":"Art direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_direction"},{"link_name":"design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design"},{"link_name":"ASCAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Composers,_Authors,_and_Publishers"}],"text":"Lacuna Coil\nAndrea Ferro - male vocals\nCristina Scabbia - female vocals\nMarco \"Maus\" Biazzi - lead guitar\nCristiano \"Pizza\" Migliore - rhythm guitar\nMarco Coti Zelati - bass, keyboards\nCristiano \"CriZ\" Mozzati - drums\nProduction\nDon Gilmore - production and engineering\nMark Kiczula- assistant recording engineering\nJosh Newell- studio assistance\nRecorded at NRG studios, North Hollywood, CA\nMastered by Ted Jensen at Sterling Sound\nOther personnel\nChris Denner - band photography\nArt direction, design & production by Stefan Wibbeke, Media Logistics GmbH, medialogistics.com\n\n\nPublishing\n\nAll music by: Lacuna Coil\nAll keyboards by: Marco Coti Zelati\nAll lyrics by: Lacuna Coil / Don Gilmore\nAll music and lyrics published by Lacuna Coil / High Speed Chase, ASCAP\nAdministered by Kobalt\nOther credits\n\nManagement: Adam (DOOM) Sewell for Riot Rock Management\nBooking: Paul Ryan (UK), Tim Borror (US) for The Agency Group\nLegal Representation: Michael Toorock, Toorock and Rosen, LLP\nTour Management: Mark \"Gus\" Guy","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
[]
null
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Archived from the original on 2009-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090707100242/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=123053","url_text":"\"BLABBERMOUTH.NET - LACUNA COIL: 'I Like It' Video Released\""},{"url":"http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=123053","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"LACUNA COIL: New Italian-Language Video Interview Available - Mar. 15, 2009\". roadrunnerrecords.com. 2009-03-15. Archived from the original on 2012-12-06. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dantivarman
Dantivarman
["1 Reign","2 Notes","3 References"]
Pallava Monarch from 795 to 846 DantivarmanPallava MonarchReignc. 795 – c. 846 CEPredecessorNandivarman IISuccessorNandivarman IIIBornKanchipuram, Pallava State (present-day Tamil Nadu, India)Died846 CEKanchipuram, Pallava Kingdom (present-day Tamil Nadu, India)SpouseAggalanimmadiIssueNandivarman IIIDynastyPallavaFatherNandivarman IIMotherReva Pallava Monarchs (200s–800s CE)Virakurcha(??–??)Vishnugopa I(??–??)Vishnugopa II(??–??)Simhavarman III(??–??)Simhavishnu575–600Mahendravarman I600–630Narasimhavarman I630–668Mahendravarman II668–670Paramesvaravarman I670–695Narasimhavarman II695–728Paramesvaravarman II728–731Nandivarman II731–795Dantivarman795–846Nandivarman III846–869Nrpatungavarman869–880Aparajitavarman880–897vte Dantivarman was an Indian monarch who ruled the Pallava kingdom from 795 to 846 CE. He was the son of Nandivarman II and his queen, the Rashtrakuta princess Reva. Reign Dantivarman ruled the Pallava kingdom for 51 years. During his reign, the decline of the pallavas had set in. Pandyan intrusions in the south reduced the Pallava territory to areas in and around Kanchipuram. In 803 CE, the Rashtrakuta emperor Govinda III defeated him and entered Kanchi. The Telugu Chola monarch Srikantha conquered and occupied Tondaimandalam and appointed as its ruler a member of a junior branch of the Pallavas named Abhimanasiddhi, who appears to have some relation to the Cholas as well. Dantivarman fled and took shelter in Kadamba kingdom, with whom he was related matrimonially. No inscription of Dantivarman was found between his 21st and 49th regnal years (i.e. from circa 818 C.E. - 845 C.E.). This interregnum caused by the Telugu Chodas was, put to an end in the 49th regnal year of Dantivarman, who was assisted by his crown prince Nandivarman III, born through the Kadamba princess Aggalanimmadi, regained his lost territory. However the southern regions of the Pallava kingdom continued to be under Pandya control. Notes ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4. References Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. p. 449. ISBN 8122411983, ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0. Dantivarman Pallava dynasty Preceded byNandivarman II Pallava dynasty 796–846 Succeeded byNandivarman III This biography of a member of an Indian royal house is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_McNeish
Cameron McNeish
["1 Early days","2 In the media","3 Travels","4 Views on Scottish Independence","5 Works","6 Awards","7 References","8 External links"]
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Cameron McNeish" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cameron McNeish. Cameron McNeish FRSGS is a Scottish wilderness hiker, backpacker and mountaineer who is an authority on outdoor pursuits. In this field he is best known as an author and broadcaster although he is also a magazine editor, lecturer and after dinner speaker as well as being an adviser to various outdoor organisations. Early days McNeish was brought up in Glasgow in Scotland and did much of his early walking as a youth in the Campsie Fells. As his confidence grew, he moved further afield to bigger mountains and his first Munro was Ben Lomond. For a number of years McNeish worked for the Scottish Youth Hostels Association as a warden and for a period ran the busy hostel at Aviemore, in his early years he also worked as a ski and climbing instructor. 1978 saw the publication of his first book, "Highland Ways" which was about backpacking in Scotland. In 1982 he started a weekly outdoor column in his local newspaper the Strathspey and Badenoch Herald,which he contributed to for 32 years, called "McNeish at Large" and in the same year co-founded the outdoor magazine Footloose with two colleagues. In the media In 1985, he became editor of Climber and Rambler magazine, leaving in 1991 to become editor of TGO Magazine (formerly The Great Outdoors). In 1999 he became outdoor correspondent of the Sunday Herald writing the weekly Peak Practice column for 15 years. Throughout the late 1980s, McNeish contributed and wrote regularly for outdoor programmes on BBC Radio Scotland, most notably In The Country and in 1991 he scripted and hosted The Munro Challenge for BBC Radio 4 to celebrate 100 years of the Munro Tables. During this time Cameron was still writing books and the immensely popular The Munros Almanac and The Munros: Scotland’s Highest Mountains were released in the 1990s. In 1994, McNeish moved into television, presenting the BAFTA-winning The Edge: One Hundred Years of Scottish Mountaineering and in the same year The Great Outdoors, a six-part series for Channel 4. His best known television work is the Wilderness Walks programmes that he made for BBC Two: the first series was broadcast in 1997 and the second in 1998. McNeish was a consultant and guest on the 2007 series Mountain. In the first programme he guides series presenter Griff Rhys Jones to the summit of Scotland's most northerly Munro, Ben Hope, in a snowstorm. He is also a regular contributor to the BBC Scotland series, The Adventure Show. After a break of a number of years from book writing, McNeish released "The Sutherland Trail: A Journey Through Scotland's North-west" in August 2009 in conjunction with photographer and film maker Richard Else. The book is a description of a week-long walking route through Sutherland, in the far north-west of Scotland. That book was followed by others co-authored with Richard Else - The Skye Trail and Scotland End to End. In 2018 Cameron produced an autobiography, There's Always the Hills, published by Sandstone Press. That book became TGO (The Great Outdoors Magazine) Book of the Year 2018. Travels Cameron McNeish has hiked, backpacked, skied and climbed in many of the remote places in the world. These include the Alps, the Pyrenees, Spain, Iceland, North America, Norway, Sweden, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Central America, Slovenia, Russia, Guatemala, Corsica, Jordan and Turkey. Despite this most of his walking is done in the Scottish Highlands collecting data for his newspaper columns and creating podcasts for his personal website. Cameron completed his first round of the Scottish Munros in 1991 becoming Munroist no. 913. He completed his second round in 1996 and a third round in 2008. Cameron McNeish FRSGS is vice-president of the Ramblers' Association in Scotland, Patron of Mountain Aid and a Patron of Orienteering Scotland. In 2021 he became Patron of the Perth & Kinross Conservation Trust. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society. Views on Scottish Independence Cameron McNeish is a supporter of the YES campaign. "I'm well aware that we are being warned not to get too emotional about independence but dammit, I'm going to get a little emotional. I love this country with a passion. I love its hills and mountains and lochs and coastlines, I love its culture and its music and its traditions, and I'm fed up with it being treated as a mere region, the Winterfell of Britain. Let's go from here and tell our friends and our families, our workmates and our neighbours that Scotland can prosper as an independent country. Don't leave it to the politicians – they've got enough to do. It's up to us, you and me. As they say in the Nike advert – just do it…"However, in July 2021 he resigned his membership of the Scottish National Party, accusing its leadership of neglecting land reform and the environment since Nicola Sturgeon became First Minister. He also castigated the party's treatment of Joanna Cherry MP and other women over their stance on women's rights. Works Highland Ways, Newcastle upon Tyne: Kate Spencer Agency, 1978, ISBN 0-9506493-0-9 The Spur Book Of Youth Hostelling, Bourne End: Spurbooks, 1978, ISBN 0-904978-98-2 The Spur Master Guide To Snow Camping, Bourne End: Spurbooks, 1980, ISBN 0-904978-42-7 Ski The Nordic Way, Milnthorpe: Cicerone Press, 1981, ISBN 0-902363-32-8 Backpacker’s Scotland, London: Hale, 1982, ISBN 0-7091-9878-7 Backpacker’s Manual, Oxford: Oxford Illustrated Press, 1984, ISBN 0-946609-01-2 Northern Scotland (Lets Walk There), Poole: Javelin, 1987, ISBN 0-7137-1770-X Classic Walks In Scotland, Sparkford: Oxford Illustrated, c.1988, ISBN 1-85509-229-8 (with Roger Smith) The Book Of The Climbing Year, Wellingborough: Stephens, 1988, ISBN 1-85260-043-8 (Editor) The Best Hill Walking in Scotland, Moffat: Lochar, 1990, ISBN 0-948403-30-6 Scotland (Walking in Britain), London: New Orchard, 1991, ISBN 1-85079-168-6 (with Atholl Innes) The Munro Almanac, Glasgow: Neil Wilson, 1991, ISBN 1-897784-39-2 25 Walks: The Trossachs, Edinburgh: H.M.S.O., 1994, ISBN 0-11-495166-7 The Corbett Almanac, Glasgow: Neil Wilson, 1994, ISBN 1-897784-14-7 The Edge, 100 Years of Scottish Mountaineering, London: BBC Books, 1994, ISBN 0-563-37084-X (with Richard Else) The Munros, Scotland's Highest Mountains, Edinburgh: Lomond Books, 1996, ISBN 1-900455-13-7 Wilderness Walks, London: BBC Books, 1997, ISBN 0-563-37176-5 More Wilderness Walks, London: BBC, 1998, ISBN 0-563-38450-6 Scotland’s 100 Best Walks, Edinburgh: Lomond Books, 1999, ISBN 0-947782-66-4 The Wilderness World Of Cameron McNeish, Glasgow: Inn Pin, 2001, ISBN 1-903238-30-7 The Sutherland Trail, Mountain Media, 2009, ISBN 0-9562957-0-3 (with Richard Else) The Skye Trail: A Journey Through the Isle of Skye, Mountain Media, 2010, ISBN 0-95629-571-1 (with Richard Else) Scotland End to End: Walking the Gore-tex Scottish National Trail, Mountain Media, 2012, ISBN 0956295738, 9780956295736 (with Richard Else) There's Always the Hills, Sandstone Press, 2018, ISBN 9781910985953 (with a foreword by Sam Heughan) Come By The Hills, Sandstone Press, 2020, ISBN 9781913207281 Awards In 2010 Cameron was given a Lifetime Achievement Award by PPA (Professional Publishers Association) Scotland for his services to magazine publishing and in 2015 he was given a Lifetime Achievement Award by the National Adventure Awards. In 2015 Cameron was presented with the Oliver Brown Award by the Scots Independent newspaper for his work in showcasing Scotland. In 2018 he was the recipient of the annual Scottish Award for Excellence in Mountain Culture. He is an honorary Fellow of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society. References ^ "The Great Outdoors magazine | The UK's leading monthly hillwalking magazine". Tgomagazine.co.uk. Retrieved 3 June 2014. ^ "The Great Outdoors Awards 2018". TGO Magazine. 19 September 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2021. ^ Archived 25 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Scottish Mountaineering Club". www.smc.org.uk. Retrieved 14 May 2021. ^ "'Don't leave this to the politicians. Independence is for all of us to win'". Yes Scotland. Retrieved 3 June 2014. ^ Boothman, John. "Cameron McNeish quits SNP as it does 'zilch' on environment". ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 25 July 2021. ^ "The Oliver Brown Award, previous recipients". Scots Independent. Retrieved 22 February 2022. ^ "Cameron McNeish wins 2018 Scottish Award for Excellence in Mountain Culture". Scottish Field. 7 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2022. External links Cameron McNeish website Cameron McNeish at IMDb Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Netherlands
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cameron_McNeish_1.jpg"}],"text":"Cameron McNeish.Cameron McNeish FRSGS is a Scottish wilderness hiker, backpacker and mountaineer who is an authority on outdoor pursuits. In this field he is best known as an author and broadcaster although he is also a magazine editor, lecturer and after dinner speaker as well as being an adviser to various outdoor organisations.","title":"Cameron McNeish"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Campsie Fells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campsie_Fells"},{"link_name":"Munro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munro"},{"link_name":"Ben Lomond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Lomond"},{"link_name":"Scottish Youth Hostels Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Youth_Hostels_Association"},{"link_name":"Aviemore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviemore"},{"link_name":"Footloose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Footloose_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"McNeish was brought up in Glasgow in Scotland and did much of his early walking as a youth in the Campsie Fells. As his confidence grew, he moved further afield to bigger mountains and his first Munro was Ben Lomond. For a number of years McNeish worked for the Scottish Youth Hostels Association as a warden and for a period ran the busy hostel at Aviemore, in his early years he also worked as a ski and climbing instructor. 1978 saw the publication of his first book, \"Highland Ways\" which was about backpacking in Scotland. In 1982 he started a weekly outdoor column in his local newspaper the Strathspey and Badenoch Herald,which he contributed to for 32 years, called \"McNeish at Large\" and in the same year co-founded the outdoor magazine Footloose with two colleagues.","title":"Early days"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TGO Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGO_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sunday Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Herald"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Scotland"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Television_Awards"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Griff Rhys Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griff_Rhys_Jones"},{"link_name":"Ben Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Hope"},{"link_name":"BBC Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Scotland"},{"link_name":"The Adventure Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventure_Show"},{"link_name":"Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutherland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In 1985, he became editor of Climber and Rambler magazine, leaving in 1991 to become editor of TGO Magazine[1] (formerly The Great Outdoors). In 1999 he became outdoor correspondent of the Sunday Herald writing the weekly Peak Practice column for 15 years. Throughout the late 1980s, McNeish contributed and wrote regularly for outdoor programmes on BBC Radio Scotland, most notably In The Country and in 1991 he scripted and hosted The Munro Challenge for BBC Radio 4 to celebrate 100 years of the Munro Tables. During this time Cameron was still writing books and the immensely popular The Munros Almanac and The Munros: Scotland’s Highest Mountains were released in the 1990s.In 1994, McNeish moved into television, presenting the BAFTA-winning The Edge: One Hundred Years of Scottish Mountaineering and in the same year The Great Outdoors, a six-part series for Channel 4. His best known television work is the Wilderness Walks programmes that he made for BBC Two: the first series was broadcast in 1997 and the second in 1998. McNeish was a consultant and guest on the 2007 series Mountain. In the first programme he guides series presenter Griff Rhys Jones to the summit of Scotland's most northerly Munro, Ben Hope, in a snowstorm. He is also a regular contributor to the BBC Scotland series, The Adventure Show. After a break of a number of years from book writing, McNeish released \"The Sutherland Trail: A Journey Through Scotland's North-west\" in August 2009 in conjunction with photographer and film maker Richard Else. The book is a description of a week-long walking route through Sutherland, in the far north-west of Scotland. That book was followed by others co-authored with Richard Else - The Skye Trail and Scotland End to End. In 2018 Cameron produced an autobiography, There's Always the Hills, published by Sandstone Press. That book became TGO (The Great Outdoors Magazine) Book of the Year 2018.[2]","title":"In the media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Highlands"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ramblers' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramblers%27_Association"}],"text":"Cameron McNeish has hiked, backpacked, skied and climbed in many of the remote places in the world. These include the Alps, the Pyrenees, Spain, Iceland, North America, Norway, Sweden, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Central America, Slovenia, Russia, Guatemala, Corsica, Jordan and Turkey. Despite this most of his walking is done in the Scottish Highlands collecting data for his newspaper columns and creating podcasts for his personal website.[3] Cameron completed his first round of the Scottish Munros in 1991 becoming Munroist no. 913.[4] He completed his second round in 1996 and a third round in 2008.Cameron McNeish FRSGS is vice-president of the Ramblers' Association in Scotland, Patron of Mountain Aid and a Patron of Orienteering Scotland. In 2021 he became Patron of the Perth & Kinross Conservation Trust. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society.","title":"Travels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Scottish National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Cameron McNeish is a supporter of the YES campaign.\"I'm well aware that we are being warned not to get too emotional about independence but dammit, I'm going to get a little emotional. I love this country with a passion. I love its hills and mountains and lochs and coastlines, I love its culture and its music and its traditions, and I'm fed up with it being treated as a mere region, the Winterfell of Britain.\nLet's go from here and tell our friends and our families, our workmates and our neighbours that Scotland can prosper as an independent country. Don't leave it to the politicians – they've got enough to do. It's up to us, you and me. As they say in the Nike advert – just do it…\"[5]However, in July 2021 he resigned his membership of the Scottish National Party, accusing its leadership of neglecting land reform and the environment since Nicola Sturgeon became First Minister. He also castigated the party's treatment of Joanna Cherry MP and other women over their stance on women's rights.[6]","title":"Views on Scottish Independence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9506493-0-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9506493-0-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-904978-98-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-904978-98-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-904978-42-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-904978-42-7"},{"link_name":"Cicerone Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicerone_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-902363-32-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902363-32-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7091-9878-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7091-9878-7"},{"link_name":"Oxford Illustrated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Illustrated_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-946609-01-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946609-01-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7137-1770-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7137-1770-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85509-229-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85509-229-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85260-043-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85260-043-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-948403-30-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948403-30-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85079-168-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85079-168-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-897784-39-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-897784-39-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-11-495166-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-495166-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-897784-14-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-897784-14-7"},{"link_name":"BBC Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-563-37084-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-563-37084-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-900455-13-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900455-13-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-563-37176-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-563-37176-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-563-38450-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-563-38450-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-947782-66-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-947782-66-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-903238-30-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903238-30-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9562957-0-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9562957-0-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-95629-571-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-95629-571-1"},{"link_name":"Gore-tex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore-Tex"},{"link_name":"Scottish National Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Trail"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0956295738","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0956295738"},{"link_name":"9780956295736","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780956295736"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781910985953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781910985953"},{"link_name":"Sam Heughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Heughan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781913207281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781913207281"}],"text":"Highland Ways, Newcastle upon Tyne: Kate Spencer Agency, 1978, ISBN 0-9506493-0-9\nThe Spur Book Of Youth Hostelling, Bourne End: Spurbooks, 1978, ISBN 0-904978-98-2\nThe Spur Master Guide To Snow Camping, Bourne End: Spurbooks, 1980, ISBN 0-904978-42-7\nSki The Nordic Way, Milnthorpe: Cicerone Press, 1981, ISBN 0-902363-32-8\nBackpacker’s Scotland, London: Hale, 1982, ISBN 0-7091-9878-7\nBackpacker’s Manual, Oxford: Oxford Illustrated Press, 1984, ISBN 0-946609-01-2\nNorthern Scotland (Lets Walk There), Poole: Javelin, 1987, ISBN 0-7137-1770-X\nClassic Walks In Scotland, Sparkford: Oxford Illustrated, c.1988, ISBN 1-85509-229-8 (with Roger Smith)\nThe Book Of The Climbing Year, Wellingborough: Stephens, 1988, ISBN 1-85260-043-8 (Editor)\nThe Best Hill Walking in Scotland, Moffat: Lochar, 1990, ISBN 0-948403-30-6\nScotland (Walking in Britain), London: New Orchard, 1991, ISBN 1-85079-168-6 (with Atholl Innes)\nThe Munro Almanac, Glasgow: Neil Wilson, 1991, ISBN 1-897784-39-2\n25 Walks: The Trossachs, Edinburgh: H.M.S.O., 1994, ISBN 0-11-495166-7\nThe Corbett Almanac, Glasgow: Neil Wilson, 1994, ISBN 1-897784-14-7\nThe Edge, 100 Years of Scottish Mountaineering, London: BBC Books, 1994, ISBN 0-563-37084-X (with Richard Else)\nThe Munros, Scotland's Highest Mountains, Edinburgh: Lomond Books, 1996, ISBN 1-900455-13-7\nWilderness Walks, London: BBC Books, 1997, ISBN 0-563-37176-5\nMore Wilderness Walks, London: BBC, 1998, ISBN 0-563-38450-6\nScotland’s 100 Best Walks, Edinburgh: Lomond Books, 1999, ISBN 0-947782-66-4\nThe Wilderness World Of Cameron McNeish, Glasgow: Inn Pin, 2001, ISBN 1-903238-30-7\nThe Sutherland Trail, Mountain Media, 2009, ISBN 0-9562957-0-3 (with Richard Else)\nThe Skye Trail: A Journey Through the Isle of Skye, Mountain Media, 2010, ISBN 0-95629-571-1 (with Richard Else)\nScotland End to End: Walking the Gore-tex Scottish National Trail, Mountain Media, 2012, ISBN 0956295738, 9780956295736 (with Richard Else)\n There's Always the Hills, Sandstone Press, 2018, ISBN 9781910985953 (with a foreword by Sam Heughan)\n Come By The Hills, Sandstone Press, 2020, ISBN 9781913207281","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oliver Brown Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Brown_Award"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 2010 Cameron was given a Lifetime Achievement Award by PPA (Professional Publishers Association) Scotland for his services to magazine publishing and in 2015 he was given a Lifetime Achievement Award by the National Adventure Awards.In 2015 Cameron was presented with the Oliver Brown Award by the Scots Independent newspaper for his work in showcasing Scotland.[7]In 2018 he was the recipient of the annual Scottish Award for Excellence in Mountain Culture.[8]He is an honorary Fellow of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society.","title":"Awards"}]
[{"image_text":"Cameron McNeish.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cameron_McNeish_1.jpg/220px-Cameron_McNeish_1.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Great Outdoors magazine | The UK's leading monthly hillwalking magazine\". Tgomagazine.co.uk. Retrieved 3 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tgomagazine.co.uk/","url_text":"\"The Great Outdoors magazine | The UK's leading monthly hillwalking magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Great Outdoors Awards 2018\". TGO Magazine. 19 September 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tgomagazine.co.uk/news/vote-now-2018-tgo-awards-open-now/","url_text":"\"The Great Outdoors Awards 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scottish Mountaineering Club\". www.smc.org.uk. Retrieved 14 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smc.org.uk/hills/completionist/913","url_text":"\"Scottish Mountaineering Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Don't leave this to the politicians. Independence is for all of us to win'\". Yes Scotland. Retrieved 3 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yesscotland.net/don_t_leave_this_to_the_politicians_independence_is_for_all_of_us_to_win","url_text":"\"'Don't leave this to the politicians. Independence is for all of us to win'\""}]},{"reference":"Boothman, John. \"Cameron McNeish quits SNP as it does 'zilch' on environment\". ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 25 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/cameron-mcneish-quits-snp-as-it-does-zilch-on-environment-hjbgjsfdf","url_text":"\"Cameron McNeish quits SNP as it does 'zilch' on environment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"\"The Oliver Brown Award, previous recipients\". Scots Independent. Retrieved 22 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://scotsindependent.scot/?page_id=116","url_text":"\"The Oliver Brown Award, previous recipients\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cameron McNeish wins 2018 Scottish Award for Excellence in Mountain Culture\". Scottish Field. 7 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scottishfield.co.uk/outdoors/walking/cameron-mcneish-wins-2018-scottish-award-for-excellence-in-mountain-culture/","url_text":"\"Cameron McNeish wins 2018 Scottish Award for Excellence in Mountain Culture\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrowed_Time_(Diamond_Head_album)
Borrowed Time (Diamond Head album)
["1 Background","2 Musical style","3 Reception","4 Track listing","5 Personnel","6 Charts","7 References"]
1982 studio album by Diamond HeadBorrowed TimeCover art by Rodney MatthewsStudio album by Diamond HeadReleased12 March 1982Recorded1981StudioPlayground Studios, LondonGenreHeavy metalLength42:10LabelMCAProducerMike HedgesDiamond HeadDiamond Head chronology Lightning to the Nations(1980) Borrowed Time(1982) Canterbury(1983) Borrowed Time is the second studio album by British heavy metal band Diamond Head. It was recorded in 1981 and released in 1982, reaching Number 24 on the UK Albums Chart. In a 2008 interview, guitarist Brian Tatler said that this was his favourite period with Diamond Head and that the band "seemed to be getting somewhere after six years of building". Background This was the band's first major label released after being signed to MCA Records in 1981. As this was their first album under a major label, the album was much cleaner and better produced. However, some say that MCA was the wrong label for Diamond Head, which is one of the contributions to their downfall. Some have also questioned the necessity for "Am I Evil?" and "Lightning to the Nations" to be included on the album, since they had already appeared on the band's debut album, Lightning to the Nations. Although the reason for this was that their first album was only meant as a demo with the idea of Borrowed Time being their first official album. However, things have not quite worked out that way, with the former becoming their most notable work to date. Originally, Borrowed Time was only released on CD in Japan, making it a highly collectible item. Although on 15 October 2008, it was released by Metal Mind Productions on CD format, with bonus tracks. However, this was limited to 2,000 copies. The release contains B-sides, such as "Dead Reckoning", which were previously unavailable on CD. However, Geffen Records have now issued the album on general release. The cover features a lavish Rodney Matthews illustrated gatefold sleeve, based on the album's Elric of Melniboné theme, which was the most expensive sleeve commissioned by MCA at that time. Musical style This album saw the band move away from all-out heavy riffs and towards softer and more progressive songs, such as "In the Heat of the Night" and "Don't You Ever Leave Me", which was well-received by fans, as the former has remained a regular in the live set list to date. Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicCollector's Guide to Heavy Metal10/10 The album managed to get to No. 24 in the UK album charts, becoming the band's first and only album to chart. The band went on to perform a full scale UK arena tour, performing large venues such as London's Hammersmith Apollo. The album failed to live up to prior expectations as the band's more commercial take to their music turned out to be a disappointment to critics. Track listing All tracks are written by Sean Harris and Brian TatlerSide oneNo.TitleLength1."In the Heat of the Night"4:572."To Heaven from Hell"6:143."Call Me"3:544."Lightning to the Nations"4:09 Side twoNo.TitleLength5."Borrowed Time"7:396."Don't You Ever Leave Me"7:567."Am I Evil?"7:21 2008 CD reissue bonus tracksNo.TitleLength8."Trick or Treat" (from the Four Cuts EP)3:309."Dead Reckoning" (from the Four Cuts EP)3:3110."Shoot Out the Lights" (from the Four Cuts EP)3:2311."In the Heat of the Night" (from the In the Heat of the Night EP)3:2012."Play It Loud (Live)" (from the In the Heat of the Night EP)6:1213."Sweet and Innocent (Live)" (from the In the Heat of the Night EP)3:3314."Interview with Sean Harris and Colin Kimberley by Tommy Vance" (from the In the Heat of the Night EP)13:38 The MCA Years bonus tracksNo.TitleLength8."Borrowed Time" (BBC Radio 1 session)6:549."Don't You Ever Leave Me" (BBC Radio 1 session)5:4610."Sweet and Innocent" (BBC Radio 1 session)3:2911."Lightning to the Nations" (BBC Radio 1 session)4:1912."Dead Reckoning"3:3413."Trick or Treat"3:3014."Shoot Out the Lights"3:22 Personnel Per the liner notes Sean Harris – vocals, backing vocals, percussion, vocoder Brian Tatler – guitars, backing vocals Colin Kimberley – bass, Taurus bass pedals, backing vocals Duncan Scott – drums, percussion Charts Chart (1982) Peakposition UK Albums (OCC) 24 References ^ "Metal Archives". 23 November 2022. ^ "Brian Tatler Interview". Get Ready to Roll webzine. 16 January 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2016. ^ Classic Rock, Vol 115, pg 92 ^ a b Rivadavia, Eduardo. "Diamond Head – Borrowed time review". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 16 November 2016. ^ "Borrowed Time & Canterbury CD re-releases". Diamond Head Official Website. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2016. ^ Popoff, Martin (1 November 2005). The Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal: Volume 2: The Eighties. Burlington, Ontario, Canada: Collector's Guide Publishing. pp. 96–97. ISBN 978-1-894959-31-5. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 1, 2024. vteDiamond Head Brian Tatler Karl Wilcox Andy "Abbz" Abberley Rasmus Bom Andersen Dean Ashton Sean Harris Duncan Scott Colin Kimberley Mervyn Goldsworthy Robbie France Josh Phillips Pete Vuckovic Floyd Brennan Adrian Mills Nick Tart Eddie Moohan Studio albums Lightning to the Nations Borrowed Time Canterbury Death and Progress All Will Be Revealed What's in Your Head? Diamond Head The Coffin Train EPs Diamond Lights Call Me Four Cuts Live albums The Friday Rock Show Sessions / Live at Reading Evil Live Live – In the Heat of the Night Live at the BBC Compilations Am I Evil Sweet and Innocent Behold the Beginning To Heaven from Hell The Best of Diamond Head The Diamond Head Anthology: Am I Evil? Songs "Shoot Out the Lights" "Sweet and Innocent" "Am I Evil?" "Waited Too Long/Play It Loud" Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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It was recorded in 1981 and released in 1982, reaching Number 24 on the UK Albums Chart.In a 2008 interview, guitarist Brian Tatler said that this was his favourite period with Diamond Head and that the band \"seemed to be getting somewhere after six years of building\".[2]","title":"Borrowed Time (Diamond Head album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MCA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCA_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Am I Evil?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_I_Evil%3F"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-4"},{"link_name":"Lightning to the Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_to_the_Nations"},{"link_name":"Metal Mind Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Mind_Productions"},{"link_name":"B-sides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-side"},{"link_name":"Geffen Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geffen_Records"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rodney Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Matthews"},{"link_name":"Elric of Melniboné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elric_of_Melnibon%C3%A9"}],"text":"This was the band's first major label released after being signed to MCA Records in 1981. As this was their first album under a major label, the album was much cleaner and better produced. However, some say that MCA was the wrong label for Diamond Head, which is one of the contributions to their downfall.[3] Some have also questioned the necessity for \"Am I Evil?\" and \"Lightning to the Nations\" to be included on the album,[4] since they had already appeared on the band's debut album, Lightning to the Nations. Although the reason for this was that their first album was only meant as a demo with the idea of Borrowed Time being their first official album. However, things have not quite worked out that way, with the former becoming their most notable work to date.Originally, Borrowed Time was only released on CD in Japan, making it a highly collectible item. Although on 15 October 2008, it was released by Metal Mind Productions on CD format, with bonus tracks. However, this was limited to 2,000 copies. The release contains B-sides, such as \"Dead Reckoning\", which were previously unavailable on CD. However, Geffen Records have now issued the album on general release.[5] The cover features a lavish Rodney Matthews illustrated gatefold sleeve, based on the album's Elric of Melniboné theme, which was the most expensive sleeve commissioned by MCA at that time.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"riffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riff"},{"link_name":"progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_metal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"This album saw the band move away from all-out heavy riffs and towards softer and more progressive songs, such as \"In the Heat of the Night\" and \"Don't You Ever Leave Me\", which was well-received by fans, as the former has remained a regular in the live set list to date.[citation needed]","title":"Musical style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hammersmith Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_Apollo"}],"text":"The album managed to get to No. 24 in the UK album charts, becoming the band's first and only album to chart. The band went on to perform a full scale UK arena tour, performing large venues such as London's Hammersmith Apollo.The album failed to live up to prior expectations as the band's more commercial take to their music turned out to be a disappointment to critics.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Am I Evil?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_I_Evil%3F"},{"link_name":"Four Cuts EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Cuts_EP"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Sean Harris and Brian TatlerSide oneNo.TitleLength1.\"In the Heat of the Night\"4:572.\"To Heaven from Hell\"6:143.\"Call Me\"3:544.\"Lightning to the Nations\"4:09Side twoNo.TitleLength5.\"Borrowed Time\"7:396.\"Don't You Ever Leave Me\"7:567.\"Am I Evil?\"7:212008 CD reissue bonus tracksNo.TitleLength8.\"Trick or Treat\" (from the Four Cuts EP)3:309.\"Dead Reckoning\" (from the Four Cuts EP)3:3110.\"Shoot Out the Lights\" (from the Four Cuts EP)3:2311.\"In the Heat of the Night\" (from the In the Heat of the Night EP)3:2012.\"Play It Loud (Live)\" (from the In the Heat of the Night EP)6:1213.\"Sweet and Innocent (Live)\" (from the In the Heat of the Night EP)3:3314.\"Interview with Sean Harris and Colin Kimberley by Tommy Vance\" (from the In the Heat of the Night EP)13:38The MCA Years bonus tracksNo.TitleLength8.\"Borrowed Time\" (BBC Radio 1 session)6:549.\"Don't You Ever Leave Me\" (BBC Radio 1 session)5:4610.\"Sweet and Innocent\" (BBC Radio 1 session)3:2911.\"Lightning to the Nations\" (BBC Radio 1 session)4:1912.\"Dead Reckoning\"3:3413.\"Trick or Treat\"3:3014.\"Shoot Out the Lights\"3:22","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vocoder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocoder"},{"link_name":"Taurus bass pedals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_Taurus"}],"text":"Per the liner notesSean Harris – vocals, backing vocals, percussion, vocoder\nBrian Tatler – guitars, backing vocals\nColin Kimberley – bass, Taurus bass pedals, backing vocals\nDuncan Scott – drums, percussion","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Metal Archives\". 23 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metal-archives.com/albums/Diamond_Head/Borrowed_Time/2069","url_text":"\"Metal Archives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brian Tatler Interview\". Get Ready to Roll webzine. 16 January 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.getreadytoroll.com/interviews/briantatler.htm","url_text":"\"Brian Tatler Interview\""}]},{"reference":"Rivadavia, Eduardo. \"Diamond Head – Borrowed time review\". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 16 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/borrowed-time-mw0000784265","url_text":"\"Diamond Head – Borrowed time review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Media_Network","url_text":"All Media Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Borrowed Time & Canterbury CD re-releases\". Diamond Head Official Website. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diamond-head.net/DHnews41.htm","url_text":"\"Borrowed Time & Canterbury CD re-releases\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090114022149/http://www.diamond-head.net/DHnews41.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Popoff, Martin (1 November 2005). The Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal: Volume 2: The Eighties. Burlington, Ontario, Canada: Collector's Guide Publishing. pp. 96–97. ISBN 978-1-894959-31-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Popoff","url_text":"Popoff, Martin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Ontario","url_text":"Burlington, Ontario"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collector%27s_Guide_Publishing","url_text":"Collector's Guide Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-894959-31-5","url_text":"978-1-894959-31-5"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nthabiseng_Mokoena
Nthabiseng Mokoena
["1 Early life","2 Activism","3 Selected bibliography","4 See also","5 References"]
Intersex activist For the archaeologist at the National University of Lesotho, see Nthabiseng Mokoena (archaeologist). Nthabiseng MokoenaBornColigny, North West ProvinceNationalitySouth AfricanKnown forIntersex activist Nthabiseng Mokoena is a prominent South African intersex activist and an advisory board member for the first intersex human rights fund. Early life Mokoena describes how she was born with both male and female sexual characteristics, and struggled with shame and identity. Her mother was supportive, despite suffering blame and stigma for her different child. For Mokoena, meeting other intersex people helped to overcome feelings of shame. Mokoena declined free clitoris reduction surgery aimed at creating a more feminine genital appearance. In doing so, Mokoena would have been a clinical case study, but she found this to be degrading. Mokoena says: I am so pleased I never had surgery. The people I met, most of them, black and white, who have had surgery as babies, usually have confused parents who the doctors incorrect informed, and the children were subjected to surgery which has ended up being far more traumatic and confusing.” “We have been raised in a world that makes us feel like monsters. My advice to other intersex people is to love and accept. Only then will you make the right decision about surgery. Read and research the situation, meet others like yourself and get in touch with an intersex support group. Surgery is not a magic pill that has no consequences. Activism In 2011, Mokoena joined Transgender and Intersex Africa, initially as a board member and then later becoming Advocacy Coordinator. The organisation promotes the rights of transgender and intersex persons in rural areas and townships in South Africa. She is currently the Regional Training and Capacity Strengthening Officer for the AIDS and Rights Alliance of Southern and East Africa. In 2015, Mokoena joined an international advisory board for a first philanthropic Intersex Human Rights Fund established by the Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice. Selected bibliography Mokoena, Nthabiseng (October 2015), "Remembering Sally, and the intersex movement in South Africa", Intersex Day See also Intersex rights in South Africa References ^ a b Hivos (16 September 2014). "For Intersex activist Nthabiseng Mokoena, the shame is over". ^ a b c d "Introducing the Intersex Fund team at Astraea!". Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice. Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice. 16 June 2015. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015. ^ "Boost for Intersex activists and organisations". SOGI News.com. RFSL. 16 January 2015. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015. ^ "Nthabiseng Mokoena - The Interface Project". The Interface Project. 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2015. ^ "Transcript - Nthabiseng Mokoena - December 10, 2012 - The Interface Project". The Interface Project. 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2015. ^ a b Jacobson, Lana, The Third Sex ^ Leach, Anna (24 October 2012). "South Africa marks International Intersex Awareness Day". Gay Star News. Retrieved 20 July 2015. ^ Thoreson, R. (1 October 2013). "Beyond equality: The post-apartheid counternarrative of trans and intersex movements in South Africa". African Affairs. 112 (449): 646–665. doi:10.1093/afraf/adt043. ISSN 0001-9909.
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[]
[{"title":"Intersex rights in South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_South_Africa"}]
[{"reference":"Mokoena, Nthabiseng (October 2015), \"Remembering Sally, and the intersex movement in South Africa\", Intersex Day","urls":[{"url":"http://intersexday.org/en/remembering-sally-south-africa/","url_text":"\"Remembering Sally, and the intersex movement in South Africa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_Awareness_Day","url_text":"Intersex Day"}]},{"reference":"Hivos (16 September 2014). \"For Intersex activist Nthabiseng Mokoena, the shame is over\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hivos","url_text":"Hivos"},{"url":"https://www.hivos.org/news/intersex-activist-nthabiseng-mokoena-shame-over","url_text":"\"For Intersex activist Nthabiseng Mokoena, the shame is over\""}]},{"reference":"\"Introducing the Intersex Fund team at Astraea!\". Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice. Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice. 16 June 2015. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150703205803/http://www.astraeafoundation.org/news/344/60/Introducing-the-Intersex-Fund-team-at-Astraea","url_text":"\"Introducing the Intersex Fund team at Astraea!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astraea_Lesbian_Foundation_for_Justice","url_text":"Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice"},{"url":"http://www.astraeafoundation.org/news/344/60/Introducing-the-Intersex-Fund-team-at-Astraea","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Boost for Intersex activists and organisations\". SOGI News.com. RFSL. 16 January 2015. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150704060543/http://www.soginews.com/boost-intersex-activists-organisations/","url_text":"\"Boost for Intersex activists and organisations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Federation_for_Lesbian,_Gay,_Bisexual_and_Transgender_Rights","url_text":"RFSL"},{"url":"http://www.soginews.com/boost-intersex-activists-organisations/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nthabiseng Mokoena - The Interface Project\". The Interface Project. 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.interfaceproject.org/nthabiseng-mokoena/","url_text":"\"Nthabiseng Mokoena - The Interface Project\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocates_for_Informed_Choice#The_Interface_Project","url_text":"The Interface Project"}]},{"reference":"\"Transcript - Nthabiseng Mokoena - December 10, 2012 - The Interface Project\". The Interface Project. 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.interfaceproject.org/transcript-nthabiseng-mokoena","url_text":"\"Transcript - Nthabiseng Mokoena - December 10, 2012 - The Interface Project\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocates_for_Informed_Choice#The_Interface_Project","url_text":"The Interface Project"}]},{"reference":"Jacobson, Lana, The Third Sex","urls":[{"url":"http://www.writerstudio.co.za/about-lana-jacobson/feature-writing/105-the-third-sex.html","url_text":"The Third Sex"}]},{"reference":"Leach, Anna (24 October 2012). \"South Africa marks International Intersex Awareness Day\". Gay Star News. Retrieved 20 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/south-africa-marks-international-intersex-awareness-day241012/","url_text":"\"South Africa marks International Intersex Awareness Day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_Star_News","url_text":"Gay Star News"}]},{"reference":"Thoreson, R. (1 October 2013). \"Beyond equality: The post-apartheid counternarrative of trans and intersex movements in South Africa\". African Affairs. 112 (449): 646–665. doi:10.1093/afraf/adt043. ISSN 0001-9909.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fafraf%2Fadt043","url_text":"\"Beyond equality: The post-apartheid counternarrative of trans and intersex movements in South Africa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fafraf%2Fadt043","url_text":"10.1093/afraf/adt043"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9909","url_text":"0001-9909"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Argentino_de_Normalizaci%C3%B3n_y_Certificaci%C3%B3n
Instituto Argentino de Normalización y Certificación
["1 External links","2 References"]
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Instituto Argentino de Normalización y Certificación" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Official logo of IRAM. The Argentine Normalization and Certification Institute (Spanish: Instituto Argentino de Normalización y Certificación, IRAM) is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) member body for Argentina. It was founded on May 2, 1935, under the name Instituto Argentino de Racionalización de Materiales, IRAM, and is still known as IRAM even though its name was changed in 1996 to Argentine Normalization and Certification Institute. The organization has branches in various provinces throughout Argentina. External links ISO member body information Official website References ^ "IRAM". vteInternational Organization for StandardizationSpecifications‎ ISO/PAS 28007:2012 ISO/TS 80004 Technical reports ISO/IEC TR 12182 Member bodies Algerian Institute of Standardization American National Standards Institute ANSI-ASQ National Accreditation Board Instituto Argentino de Normalización y Certificación ASC X9 AFNOR Austrian Standards International Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Brazilian National Standards Organization BSI Group Bureau of Normalization Committee for Standardization, Metrology and Certification of Belarus Cyprus Organisation for Standardisation Deutsches Institut für Normung Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione Finnish Standards Association ICONTEC Badan Standardisasi Nasional Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran Japanese Industrial Standards Committee Kenya Bureau of Standards Korean Agency for Technology and Standards Korean Standards Association National Standards Authority of Ireland Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority South African Bureau of Standards Sri Lanka Standards Institution Standardization Administration of China Standards Australia Standards Council of Canada Standards Institute of Israel Standards Norway Standards New Zealand State Committee for Technical Regulation and Consumer Policy Swedish Standards Institute / Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) Swiss Association for Standardization Turkish Standards Institution UN CEFACT TBG5 Vinçotte Related Countries in the International Organization for Standardization Information Technology Task Force ISO Development Environment List of ISO standards List of ISO technical committees Quality Objectives This article about an organisation in Argentina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This technology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hryhoriy_Illyashov
Hryhoriy Illyashov
["1 References"]
Hryhoriy Oleksiyovych Illyashov (Ukrainian: Григорій Олексійович Ілляшов; born April 13, 1965) is a former KGB operative, Ukrainian spy, and politician. He made a career in the Security Service of Ukraine. Illyashov is a husband of former Minister of Justice of Ukraine Olena Lukash. In 2010 he was appointed the head of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine. References ^ TVi investigation: as a vocational school graduate Olena Lukash became the Minister of Justice. TVi. 11 February 2014 ^ About appointment of Hryhoriy Illyashov the head of the Foreign Intelligence Service Archived 2014-07-10 at the Wayback Machine. Presidential decree. Government offices Preceded byMykola Malomuzh Head of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine 2010–2014 Succeeded byViktor Hvozd vteDirectors of the Ukrainian Foreign Intelligence Service (SZR)SBU Main Intelligence Department Volodymyr Povzhyk (acting) Georgiy Kovtun Oleksandr Sharkov Vyacheslav Abramov Leonid Rozhen Oleksandr Cherevan Petro Kopka (acting) Oleh Synyanskyi Foreign Intelligence Service Oleh Synyanskyi Valeriy Chornozub (acting) Mykola Malomuzh Hryhoriy Illyashov Viktor Hvozd Ihor Razinkov (acting) Yehor Bozhok Andriy Alekseyenko (acting) Vladyslav Bukhariev Valeriy Yevdokimov Valeriy Kondratyuk Oleksandr Lytvynenko
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In 2010 he was appointed the head of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine.[2]","title":"Hryhoriy Illyashov"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Sukumaran_(judge)
K. Sukumaran (judge)
["1 Formal career","2 Post retirement","3 Views","4 Bibliography","5 References","6 External links"]
Indian lawyer and judge Hon'ble JusticeK. SukumaranSukumaran in 2020Judge of Bombay High CourtIn office19 March 1991 – 12 July 1992Judge of High Court of KeralaIn office28 September 1981 – 18 March 1991 Personal detailsBornc. July 1929 (age 94)Kerala, IndiaSpouse K. K. Usha ​(died 2020)​Signature K. Sukumaran (born c. July 1929) is an Indian lawyer who served as a judge in the high courts of Kerala and Mumbai in India. He has led several inquiries into human rights abuses. He is the author of several books on legal topics. Formal career K. Sukumaran had his high school education from St. Albert's High School, Ernakulam and was a graduate of Maharaja's College in Kerala. He began practice in 1955 as a lawyer at the high court of Kerala. From 1969 to 1976 he was government pleader at the high court. He was the legal counsel for Kerala Agricultural University. In 1981 he was appointed an additional judge and the next year became a permanent judge at the court. He was appointed by the government to inquire into a scandal related to the Idamalayar and Kallada Dams. Based on his report, Minister R. Balakrishna Pillai and others were prosecuted and convicted by a Special Court. He served on the Kerala bench until 18 March 1991. He then transferred to the high court of Bombay, serving there until his retirement in 1992. While with the Bombay high court he functioned on the Benches of the high court at Nagpur and Aurangabad and the High Court of Goa. Post retirement After retirement K. Sukumaran became a senior counsel at the Supreme Court of India. At the request of the Non Resident Keralites Association he was appointed chairman of a committee to suggest amendments to the Emigration Act, 1983, but due to bureaucratic obstacles this did not achieve much. As Chairman of NISA he dealt with the problems of Overseas Indians. He is the Chairman of Legal Reporting Trust, publisher of the Malayalam journal Niyama Sameeksha. The journal discusses legal concepts in language accessible to ordinary people. His fifth book in Malayalam, Niyamavum Jeevithavum (Law and Life) won the Kerala Sahitya Academy Award in 2002. Early in 1999 the Indore authorities began a vigorous slum clearance drive, removing slum dwellers from legal pattas they had been given by the state government. K. Sukumaran led an inquiry for the Indian People's Tribunal (IPT), visited the rehabilitation sites, and on 2 May 1999 delivered an interim report to the government, which accepted that in principle the demolitions were not legal. He led another IPT inquiry into relief and rehabilitation after the 2001 Gujarat earthquake, publishing a report in December 2001. He also led an IPT inquiry into atrocities that had been committed against Dalits in and around Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, publishing a report in October 2002. Views Speaking in January 2011 at a new forum of lawyers called "Justitia", K. Sukumaran said "When laws are violated and justice denied, every living person should react and respond to the situation". In June 2011 calls were being made for an investigation into the conduct of K. G. Balakrishnan, former Chief Justice of India. In an interview, K. Sukumaran said it was "a fact that judges are approached by vested interests and attempts made to influence them". After acknowledging that some high courts were corrupt, he said "I am pained by the dirt being flung at the judiciary because I have great respect and admiration for its edifice. I have been part of this edifice, part of the judiciary. The integrity and independence of this institution must be safeguarded and this must be a national priority." Bibliography K. Sukumaran has written several Malayalam-language books: Nyayadhipa Chintakal (Judge's Thoughts) Bharana Ghadanayum Anubandha Chintakalum (Constitution and Allied Thoughts) Jeevithavaum niyamavum (Life and Law) Niyama Sparsangal (Legal Touches) Niyamavum Jeevithavum (Law and Life) References ^ Surendranath, Nidhi (20 July 2014). "'A jurist who saw the story of life behind every case'". The Hindu. Retrieved 24 May 2023. at Maharaja's College auditorium in Kochi on Saturday ... at the 85 birthday celebration of former Judge of the High Court of Kerala and Bombay Justice K. Sukumaran. ^ "Maharaja's Alumni". Maharaja's College. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2012. ^ a b c Justice K. Sukumaran (December 2001). "No Foresight… No Followup: An Enquiry into the Relief and Rehabilitation Process in the Earthquake Affected Areas of Gujarat" (PDF). IPT. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2012. ^ a b c d Justice K. Sukumaran (October 2002). "Caste Based Atrocities on Dalits in Varanasi and Surrounding Areas in UP" (PDF). IPT. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2012. ^ "Former Judges". High Court of Kerala. Archived from the original on 23 July 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2012. ^ a b "Overseas Indians Legal Solutions (OILS) Personalities and Consultants". Legal Cell. Retrieved 23 April 2012. ^ "Overseas Indians Legal Solutions (OILS)". Legal Cell. Retrieved 23 April 2012. ^ Singh, Binti (2012). A Rights Based Approach to Slum Rehabilitation and Housing: A Study in Mumbai. GRIN Verlag. p. 71. ISBN 978-3656114079. ^ "Forum of lawyers 'Justitia', inaugurated in Kerala". Jamaat-e-Islami Hind. 13 January 2011. Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2012. ^ "'Ex-CJI's brother used his name for personal gains'". First Post. 15 June 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2012. External links Media related to K. Sukumaran (judge) at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"high courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_courts_of_India"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"human rights abuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_abuse"}],"text":"K. Sukumaran (born c. July 1929[1]) is an Indian lawyer who served as a judge in the high courts of Kerala and Mumbai in India. He has led several inquiries into human rights abuses. He is the author of several books on legal topics.","title":"K. Sukumaran (judge)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maharaja's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja%27s_College,_Ernakulam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kerala Agricultural University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Agricultural_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NoForesight-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPTbio-4"},{"link_name":"Idamalayar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idamalayar_Dam"},{"link_name":"Kallada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallada_River"},{"link_name":"R. Balakrishna Pillai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Balakrishna_Pillai"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NoForesight-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPTbio-4"},{"link_name":"Nagpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur"},{"link_name":"Aurangabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangabad,_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legalcell-6"}],"text":"K. Sukumaran had his high school education from St. Albert's High School, Ernakulam and was a graduate of Maharaja's College in Kerala.[2]\nHe began practice in 1955 as a lawyer at the high court of Kerala.\nFrom 1969 to 1976 he was government pleader at the high court.\nHe was the legal counsel for Kerala Agricultural University.[3]\nIn 1981 he was appointed an additional judge and the next year became a permanent judge at the court.[4]\nHe was appointed by the government to inquire into a scandal related to the Idamalayar and Kallada Dams. \nBased on his report, Minister R. Balakrishna Pillai and others were prosecuted and convicted by a Special Court.[3]\nHe served on the Kerala bench until 18 March 1991.[5]\nHe then transferred to the high court of Bombay, serving there until his retirement in 1992.[4]\nWhile with the Bombay high court he functioned on the Benches of the high court at Nagpur and Aurangabad and the High Court of Goa.[6]","title":"Formal career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OILS-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legalcell-6"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPTbio-4"},{"link_name":"Indore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indore"},{"link_name":"slum clearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_India"},{"link_name":"Indian People's Tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_People%27s_Tribunal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2001 Gujarat earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Gujarat_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NoForesight-3"},{"link_name":"Dalits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit"},{"link_name":"Varanasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPTbio-4"}],"text":"After retirement K. Sukumaran became a senior counsel at the Supreme Court of India.\nAt the request of the Non Resident Keralites Association he was appointed chairman of a committee to suggest amendments to the Emigration Act, 1983, \nbut due to bureaucratic obstacles this did not achieve much.[7]\nAs Chairman of NISA he dealt with the problems of Overseas Indians.[6]\nHe is the Chairman of Legal Reporting Trust, publisher of the Malayalam journal Niyama Sameeksha. \nThe journal discusses legal concepts in language accessible to ordinary people.\nHis fifth book in Malayalam, Niyamavum Jeevithavum (Law and Life) won the Kerala Sahitya Academy Award in 2002.[4]Early in 1999 the Indore authorities began a vigorous slum clearance drive, removing slum dwellers from legal pattas they had been given by the state government. \nK. Sukumaran led an inquiry for the Indian People's Tribunal (IPT), visited the rehabilitation sites, and on 2 May 1999 delivered an interim report to the government, which accepted that in principle the demolitions were not legal.[8]\nHe led another IPT inquiry into relief and rehabilitation after the 2001 Gujarat earthquake, publishing a report in December 2001.[3] \nHe also led an IPT inquiry into atrocities that had been committed against Dalits in and around Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, publishing a report in October 2002.[4]","title":"Post retirement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"K. G. Balakrishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._G._Balakrishnan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Speaking in January 2011 at a new forum of lawyers called \"Justitia\", K. Sukumaran said \"When laws are violated and justice denied, every living person should react and respond to the situation\".[9]\nIn June 2011 calls were being made for an investigation into the conduct of K. G. Balakrishnan, former Chief Justice of India.\nIn an interview, K. Sukumaran said it was \"a fact that judges are approached by vested interests and attempts made to influence them\".\nAfter acknowledging that some high courts were corrupt, he said \"I am pained by the dirt being flung at the judiciary because I have great respect and admiration for its edifice. I have been part of this edifice, part of the judiciary. The integrity and independence of this institution must be safeguarded and this must be a national priority.\"[10]","title":"Views"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"K. Sukumaran has written several Malayalam-language books:Nyayadhipa Chintakal (Judge's Thoughts)\nBharana Ghadanayum Anubandha Chintakalum (Constitution and Allied Thoughts)\nJeevithavaum niyamavum (Life and Law)\nNiyama Sparsangal (Legal Touches)\nNiyamavum Jeevithavum (Law and Life)","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Surendranath, Nidhi (20 July 2014). \"'A jurist who saw the story of life behind every case'\". The Hindu. Retrieved 24 May 2023. at Maharaja's College auditorium in Kochi on Saturday ... at the 85 birthday celebration of former Judge of the High Court of Kerala and Bombay Justice K. Sukumaran.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/a-jurist-who-saw-the-story-of-life-behind-every-case/article6230307.ece","url_text":"\"'A jurist who saw the story of life behind every case'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maharaja's Alumni\". Maharaja's College. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160423222139/http://www.maharajascollege.in/template.php?id=50&page=19&catid=50","url_text":"\"Maharaja's Alumni\""},{"url":"http://maharajascollege.in/template.php?id=50&page=19&catid=50","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Justice K. Sukumaran (December 2001). \"No Foresight… No Followup: An Enquiry into the Relief and Rehabilitation Process in the Earthquake Affected Areas of Gujarat\" (PDF). IPT. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130102171609/http://www.iptindia.org/wp-content/pdf/report/No-foresight-No-Follow-up-An-enquiry-into-the-relief-and-rehabilitation-process-in-the-earthquake-affected-areas-of-Gujarat.pdf","url_text":"\"No Foresight… No Followup: An Enquiry into the Relief and Rehabilitation Process in the Earthquake Affected Areas of Gujarat\""},{"url":"http://www.iptindia.org/wp-content/pdf/report/No-foresight-No-Follow-up-An-enquiry-into-the-relief-and-rehabilitation-process-in-the-earthquake-affected-areas-of-Gujarat.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Justice K. Sukumaran (October 2002). \"Caste Based Atrocities on Dalits in Varanasi and Surrounding Areas in UP\" (PDF). IPT. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160826122250/http://www.iptindia.org/wp-content/pdf/report/Report-On-Caste-Based-Atrocities-On-Dalits-In-Varanasi-And-Surrounding-Areas-In-Uttar-Pradesh.pdf","url_text":"\"Caste Based Atrocities on Dalits in Varanasi and Surrounding Areas in UP\""},{"url":"http://www.iptindia.org/wp-content/pdf/report/Report-On-Caste-Based-Atrocities-On-Dalits-In-Varanasi-And-Surrounding-Areas-In-Uttar-Pradesh.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Former Judges\". High Court of Kerala. Archived from the original on 23 July 2007. Retrieved 23 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070723210108/http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/frmrjudges.html","url_text":"\"Former Judges\""},{"url":"http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/frmrjudges.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Overseas Indians Legal Solutions (OILS) Personalities and Consultants\". Legal Cell. Retrieved 23 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legalcell.com/Legal_aid_consultants_eminent_personalities.htm","url_text":"\"Overseas Indians Legal Solutions (OILS) Personalities and Consultants\""}]},{"reference":"\"Overseas Indians Legal Solutions (OILS)\". Legal Cell. Retrieved 23 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legalcell.com/overseas_indians_legal_solutions.htm","url_text":"\"Overseas Indians Legal Solutions (OILS)\""}]},{"reference":"Singh, Binti (2012). A Rights Based Approach to Slum Rehabilitation and Housing: A Study in Mumbai. GRIN Verlag. p. 71. ISBN 978-3656114079.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uW5IFE59bRsC&pg=PA71","url_text":"A Rights Based Approach to Slum Rehabilitation and Housing: A Study in Mumbai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3656114079","url_text":"978-3656114079"}]},{"reference":"\"Forum of lawyers 'Justitia', inaugurated in Kerala\". Jamaat-e-Islami Hind. 13 January 2011. Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090629210429/http://www.jamaateislamihind.org/index.php?do=category&id=62&blockid=&pageid=220","url_text":"\"Forum of lawyers 'Justitia', inaugurated in Kerala\""},{"url":"http://www.jamaateislamihind.org/index.php?do=category&id=62&blockid=&pageid=220","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Ex-CJI's brother used his name for personal gains'\". First Post. 15 June 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.firstpost.com/politics/ex-cji%E2%80%99s-brother-used-his-name-for-personal-gains%E2%80%9D-25844.html","url_text":"\"'Ex-CJI's brother used his name for personal gains'\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_%C3%A4gyptische_Helena
Die ägyptische Helena
["1 Performance history and reception","2 Roles","3 Synopsis","3.1 Act 1","3.2 Act 2","4 Instrumentation","5 Recordings","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Opera in two acts by Richard Strauss Die ägyptische HelenaOpera by Richard StraussThe composer in 1922(Photographer: Ferdinand Schmutzer)LibrettistHugo von HofmannsthalLanguageGermanBased onHelen by EuripidesPremiere6 June 1928 (1928-06-06)Semperoper, Dresden Die ägyptische Helena (The Egyptian Helen), Op. 75, is an opera in two acts by Richard Strauss to a German libretto by Hugo von Hofmannsthal. It premiered at the Dresden Semperoper on 6 June 1928. Strauss had written the title role with Maria Jeritza in mind but, creating quite a sensation at the time, the Dresden opera management refused to pay Jeritza's large fee and cast Elisabeth Rethberg instead as Helen of Troy. Jeritza eventually created the part in Vienna and New York City. As inspiration for the story, Hofmannsthal used sources from Euripides (Helen). Strauss made changes to the opera in 1933, five years after the premiere, working with the director Lothar Wallenstein and the conductor Clemens Krauss. Performance history and reception This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (March 2017) Roles Strauss and Busch 1928 Toles, voice types, premiere cast Role Voice type Premiere cast, 6 June 1928Conductor: Fritz Busch Helena, wife of Menelaus soprano Elisabeth Rethberg Menelaus tenor Curt Taucher  Hermione, their child soprano Anneliese Petrich Aithra, the daughter of an Egyptian King: a sorceress soprano Maria Rajdl  Altair baritone Friedrich Plaschke Da-Ud, his son tenor Guglielmo Fazzini Two Servants of Aithra soprano,mezzo-soprano Erna Berger, Sigrid Rothermel Four elves two sopranos, two contraltos Angela Kolniak, Eva Johnn,Elfriede Haberkorn, Sigrid Rothermel Omniscient sea-shell contralto Helene Jung It remains the only major opera in the repertory with a role for an omniscient sea-shell. Synopsis Act 1 The mythological past In her island palace, the sorceress Aithra waits in vain for Poseidon's return. The oracle-like Omniscient Mussel tells her that though Poseidon is far away, he remains steadfast in his love for her. The Mussel then tells of a ship on which the most beautiful woman in the world, Helena (Helen of Troy), is about to be murdered by her husband, Menelas (Menelaus). To save the woman, Aithra conjures a flash storm to shipwreck the passengers, who soon make their way ashore and appear at the palace. Helena has been trying to save her marriage, but Menelas cannot forgive her for her betrayal with Paris at the start of the Trojan War. Bitterly, he has prevented their daughter, Hermione, from knowing her own mother. On land, Menelas once again plans to stab his wife, but the sight of her beauty by moonlight makes him hesitate. To ensure that he doesn't kill her, Aithra invokes elves to torment him; they make him believe that his rival, Paris, is present, and he rushes out to confront the specter. Aithra's magic then helps Helena regain her original youthful beauty, and a lotus drink banishes her anxiety. Servant girls take her to another room. When Menelas stumbles back in, raving about having surprised and killed Helena and Paris, Aithra gives him the soothing drink as well. Hearing of his conflicted emotions toward his wife, the sorceress tries to tell him that nine years before, when he lost Helena to Paris, the gods actually substituted a wraith to fool Paris; the real Helena was hidden in the castle of Aithra's father on the slopes of the Atlas Mountains. There she remains, asleep, waiting for her husband to wake her; the woman in the next room is the wraith. Aithra pledges to transport Menelas by magic to the castle. Bewildered and hesitant, he gradually yields to the notion that the original Helena will be restored to him. In a pavilion at the foot of the mountain, the two can be reunited. Aithra suggests he use the lotus potion to keep disturbing memories at bay. Act 2 In the pavilion, Helena awakens and hails the couple's second wedding night ("Zweite Brautnacht"). Menelas, also awakening, still mistrusts his senses. His wife tries to soothe him with more lotus juice, but he catches sight of his sword, which revives jarring memories. Is this woman real or an illusion? Desert horsemen appear, and Altair, prince of the mountains, bows before Helena, offering gifts; his son Da-ud joins in praising her beauty. The scene reminds Menelas of a Trojan celebration in honor of Helena, but he tries to conceal his jealousy as Altair and Da-ud invite him to join a hunting party. Bidding farewell to Helena, and still uncertain of her identity, he leaves for the hunt. Aithra appears as one of the serving girls and cautions Helena that one of the vials she has packed contains a potion of forgetfulness but the other a potion of recollection. Against Aithra's strong advice Helena declares that recollection will be necessary to save her marriage; the fantasy of returning to an unblemished past is not a genuine solution. At a sign from Helena, the maidservants withdraw when Altair returns, paying bold court to her and inviting her to a banquet in her honor. Even when word arrives that Menelas has killed Da-ud during the hunt, Altair continues his suit. He steps away, though, when the youth's body is brought in, followed by Menelas, who remains confused, thinking it is Paris he has killed. Again defying Aithra's counsel, Helena orders the potion of recollection prepared as time for the feast draws near. Menelas now imagines that the real Helena has died, and he resolves to join her in death; the Helena before him is surely the wraith. When he takes what he thinks is the potion of death, however, he sees the dead Helena as the living one: both are united. Altair and his cohorts seize and separate the couple, but Aithra reveals a phalanx of Poseidon's soldiers, who are escorting the child Hermione. Recognizing Aithra the sorceress, Altair bows to her power. Hermione, reunited at last with her parents, will go home with them to begin their life together. Instrumentation Strauss and Busch in Dresden, 1928 Although not dense like the orchestration for Elektra and Salome, it is still impressive: Woodwind: 4 flutes (3rd and 4th doubling on piccolo), 2 oboes, English horn, 3 clarinets, bass clarinet, 3 bassoons (3rd doubling on contrabassoon) Brass: 6 horns, 6 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba Percussion: timpani, bass drum, tamtam, snare drum, cymbals, Other instruments: glockenspiel, celesta, 2 harps, organ, strings (16.14.12.10.8) Stage band: 6 oboes, 6 clarinets, 4 horns, 2 trumpets, 4 trombones, timpani, 4 triangles, 2 tambourines, wind machine Recordings There is a recording of a few excerpts made in 1928 with Fritz Busch conducting the Berlin State Opera Orchestra with Rose Pauly singing Helena. Two of these ("Bei jener Nacht" and "Zweite Brautnacht") are included in the Preiser Records collection Richard Strauss Opera Scenes – Historical Recordings 1928–43 released in 2000. Recordings of the complete opera include: Year Cast (Helena,Menelaus,Aithra,Altair) Conductor,Opera house and orchestra Label 1956 Leonie Rysanek,Bernd Aldenhoff,Annelies Kupper,Hermann Uhde Joseph Keilberth,Bavarian State Opera Orchestra and Chorus CD: Opera d'OroCat: OPD 1381 1970 Gwyneth Jones,Jess Thomas,Mimi Coertse, Peter Glossop Josef KripsVienna Philharmonic and Vienna State Opera Chorus(Recording of a performance given at the Vienna State Opera, 5 December) CD: RCA Cat: 74321 69429-2 1979 Gwyneth Jones, Matti Kastu,Barbara Hendricks,Willard White Antal Doráti, Detroit Symphony Orchestra and the Kenneth Jewell Chorale CD: Decca (London)Cat: 430 381-2 2001 Vitalija Blinstrubyte,Stephen O'Mara,Giulia Mattana,Johannes von Duisburg Gérard Korsten,Teatro Lirico di Cagliari Orchestra and Chorus CD: DynamicCat: CDS 374/1-2 2002 Deborah Voigt,Carl Tanner,Celena Shafer, Christopher Robertson Leon Botstein, American Symphony Orchestra and the New York Concert Chorale(Recording of a concert performance in the Avery Fisher Hall,6 October) CD: TelarcCat: CD 80605 References ^ Robert Baxter, "Die ägyptische Helena. Richard Strauss", (recording review) in The Opera Quarterly, 18(4), 643–647 (2002) ^ Roger Pines, "Die ägyptische Helena. Richard Strauss", (recording review), The Opera Quarterly, 7(4), 195–197 (1990) ^ Roland Graeme, "Die ägyptische Helena: Original version (1928)", The Opera Quarterly, 15, 540–544 (1999) ^ William Allan (2008). "Helen transformed". Euripides: Helen. Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics. Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-521-83690-6., footnote 353 ^ Recordings of Die ägyptische Helena on operadis-opera-discography.org.uk Further reading Lascelles, David; Peattie, Antony, eds. (2000). "Die ägptische Helena". The New Kobbé's Opera Book (11th, with amandments ed.). Ebury Press. pp. 777–779. ISBN 978-0-09-181410-6. Kennedy, Michael, in Holden, Amanda (ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001. ISBN 0-14-029312-4 External links Die ägyptische Helena (Strauss): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project BBC opera guide Act 1, Act 2, Prinzregententheater, Munich 1956, Joseph Keilberth; Helena: Leonie Rysanek, Menelaus: Bernd Aldenhoff, Aithra: Annelies Kupper, Altair: Hermann Uhde, Da-ud: Richard Holm, Omniscient sea-shell: Ira Malaniuk vteRichard Strauss List of operas List of compositions Operas Guntram (1894) Feuersnot (1901) Salome (1905) Elektra (1909) Der Rosenkavalier (1911) Ariadne auf Naxos (1912/16) Die Frau ohne Schatten (1919) Intermezzo (1924) Die ägyptische Helena (1928) Arabella (1933) Die schweigsame Frau (1935) Friedenstag (1938) Daphne (1938) Die Liebe der Danae (1940) Capriccio (1942) Ballets Josephslegende (1914) Schlagobers (1924) Verklungene Feste (1940) Orchestral Symphony No. 1 (1880) Violin Concerto (1881–82) Horn Concerto No. 1 (1882–83) Symphony No. 2 (1883–84) Burleske (1885–86) Le bourgeois gentilhomme (1911–17) Dance suite from keyboard pieces by François Couperin (1923) Wiener Philharmoniker Fanfare (1924) Olympische Hymne (1936) Japanese Festival Music (1940) Divertimento for chamber orchestra after keyboard pieces by Couperin (1941) Horn Concerto No. 2 (1942) Metamorphosen (1945) Oboe Concerto (1945) Duet concertino for clarinet and bassoon (1947) Tone poems Aus Italien (1886) Macbeth (1888) Don Juan (1888) Death and Transfiguration (1889) Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks (1895) Also sprach Zarathustra (1896) Don Quixote (1897) Ein Heldenleben (1898) Symphonia Domestica (1903) An Alpine Symphony (1911–15) Chamber music Piano Sonata (1881) Cello Sonata in F major (1883) Piano Quartet (1884–1885) Violin Sonata (1888) Enoch Arden (1897) Lieder "Zueignung" (1885) "Die Nacht" (1885) "Allerseelen" (1885) "Winternacht" (1886) "Ständchen" (1886) "Ruhe, meine Seele!" (1894) "Cäcilie" (1894) "Heimliche Aufforderung" (1894) "Morgen!" (1894) "Traum durch die Dämmerung" (1895) "Sehnsucht" (1896) "Der Arbeitsmann" (1898) "Befreit" (1898) "Notturno" (1899) "Des Dichters Abendgang" (1900) "Freundliche Vision" (1900) "Frühlingsfeier" (1906) Brentano Lieder (1918) Der Krämerspiegel (1918) Four Last Songs (1948) Choral Wandrers Sturmlied (1884) Utan svafvel och fosfor (1889) Taillefer (1903) Die Tageszeiten (1928) Film adaptations Der Rosenkavalier (1926 film) Family and peers Franz Strauss (father) Pauline de Ahna (wife) Hans von Bülow Hugo von Hofmannsthal Max Reinhardt Stefan Zweig Joseph Gregor Related articles Elektra chord Treatise on Instrumentation Modernism Neoclassicism Neo-romanticism Category Audio Portal: Opera Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel Other BRAHMS MusicBrainz work
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It premiered at the Dresden Semperoper on 6 June 1928. Strauss had written the title role with Maria Jeritza in mind but, creating quite a sensation at the time, the Dresden opera management refused to pay Jeritza's large fee and cast Elisabeth Rethberg instead as Helen of Troy.[1] Jeritza eventually created the part in Vienna and New York City.As inspiration for the story, Hofmannsthal used sources from Euripides (Helen). 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The Mussel then tells of a ship on which the most beautiful woman in the world, Helena (Helen of Troy), is about to be murdered by her husband, Menelas (Menelaus). To save the woman, Aithra conjures a flash storm to shipwreck the passengers, who soon make their way ashore and appear at the palace. Helena has been trying to save her marriage, but Menelas cannot forgive her for her betrayal with Paris at the start of the Trojan War. Bitterly, he has prevented their daughter, Hermione, from knowing her own mother. On land, Menelas once again plans to stab his wife, but the sight of her beauty by moonlight makes him hesitate. To ensure that he doesn't kill her, Aithra invokes elves to torment him; they make him believe that his rival, Paris, is present, and he rushes out to confront the specter. Aithra's magic then helps Helena regain her original youthful beauty, and a lotus drink banishes her anxiety. Servant girls take her to another room.When Menelas stumbles back in, raving about having surprised and killed Helena and Paris, Aithra gives him the soothing drink as well. Hearing of his conflicted emotions toward his wife, the sorceress tries to tell him that nine years before, when he lost Helena to Paris, the gods actually substituted a wraith to fool Paris; the real Helena was hidden in the castle of Aithra's father on the slopes of the Atlas Mountains. There she remains, asleep, waiting for her husband to wake her; the woman in the next room is the wraith. Aithra pledges to transport Menelas by magic to the castle. Bewildered and hesitant, he gradually yields to the notion that the original Helena will be restored to him. In a pavilion at the foot of the mountain, the two can be reunited. Aithra suggests he use the lotus potion to keep disturbing memories at bay.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Act 2","text":"In the pavilion, Helena awakens and hails the couple's second wedding night (\"Zweite Brautnacht\"). Menelas, also awakening, still mistrusts his senses. His wife tries to soothe him with more lotus juice, but he catches sight of his sword, which revives jarring memories. Is this woman real or an illusion? Desert horsemen appear, and Altair, prince of the mountains, bows before Helena, offering gifts; his son Da-ud joins in praising her beauty. The scene reminds Menelas of a Trojan celebration in honor of Helena, but he tries to conceal his jealousy as Altair and Da-ud invite him to join a hunting party. Bidding farewell to Helena, and still uncertain of her identity, he leaves for the hunt. Aithra appears as one of the serving girls and cautions Helena that one of the vials she has packed contains a potion of forgetfulness but the other a potion of recollection. Against Aithra's strong advice Helena declares that recollection will be necessary to save her marriage; the fantasy of returning to an unblemished past is not a genuine solution.At a sign from Helena, the maidservants withdraw when Altair returns, paying bold court to her and inviting her to a banquet in her honor. Even when word arrives that Menelas has killed Da-ud during the hunt, Altair continues his suit. He steps away, though, when the youth's body is brought in, followed by Menelas, who remains confused, thinking it is Paris he has killed. Again defying Aithra's counsel, Helena orders the potion of recollection prepared as time for the feast draws near. Menelas now imagines that the real Helena has died, and he resolves to join her in death; the Helena before him is surely the wraith. When he takes what he thinks is the potion of death, however, he sees the dead Helena as the living one: both are united. Altair and his cohorts seize and separate the couple, but Aithra reveals a phalanx of Poseidon's soldiers, who are escorting the child Hermione. Recognizing Aithra the sorceress, Altair bows to her power. Hermione, reunited at last with her parents, will go home with them to begin their life together.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Strauss-Busch-Dresden-1928.jpg"},{"link_name":"orchestration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestration"},{"link_name":"Elektra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Salome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Woodwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwind_instrument"},{"link_name":"flutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"piccolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccolo"},{"link_name":"oboes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe"},{"link_name":"English horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_horn"},{"link_name":"clarinets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"bass clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_clarinet"},{"link_name":"bassoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassoon"},{"link_name":"contrabassoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrabassoon"},{"link_name":"Brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument"},{"link_name":"horns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_horn"},{"link_name":"trumpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"trombones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone"},{"link_name":"tuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba"},{"link_name":"Percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"},{"link_name":"timpani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpani"},{"link_name":"bass drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_drum"},{"link_name":"tamtam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong"},{"link_name":"snare drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snare_drum"},{"link_name":"cymbals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbal"},{"link_name":"glockenspiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glockenspiel"},{"link_name":"celesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celesta"},{"link_name":"harps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(music)"},{"link_name":"strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_orchestra"},{"link_name":"16.14.12.10.8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorthand_for_orchestra_instrumentation"},{"link_name":"Stage band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_band"},{"link_name":"oboes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe"},{"link_name":"clarinets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"horns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_horn"},{"link_name":"trumpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"trombones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone"},{"link_name":"timpani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpani"},{"link_name":"triangles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"tambourines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambourine"},{"link_name":"wind machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_machine"}],"text":"Strauss and Busch in Dresden, 1928Although not dense like the orchestration for Elektra and Salome, it is still impressive:Woodwind: 4 flutes (3rd and 4th doubling on piccolo), 2 oboes, English horn, 3 clarinets, bass clarinet, 3 bassoons (3rd doubling on contrabassoon)\nBrass: 6 horns, 6 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba\nPercussion: timpani, bass drum, tamtam, snare drum, cymbals,\nOther instruments: glockenspiel, celesta, 2 harps, organ, strings (16.14.12.10.8)\nStage band: 6 oboes, 6 clarinets, 4 horns, 2 trumpets, 4 trombones, timpani, 4 triangles, 2 tambourines, wind machine","title":"Instrumentation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlin State Opera Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Rose Pauly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Pauly_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Preiser Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preiser_Records"}],"text":"There is a recording of a few excerpts made in 1928 with Fritz Busch conducting the Berlin State Opera Orchestra with Rose Pauly singing Helena. Two of these (\"Bei jener Nacht\" and \"Zweite Brautnacht\") are included in the Preiser Records collection Richard Strauss Opera Scenes – Historical Recordings 1928–43 released in 2000. Recordings of the complete opera include:","title":"Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lascelles, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lascelles,_8th_Earl_of_Harewood"},{"link_name":"Peattie, Antony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Peattie"},{"link_name":"\"Die ägptische Helena\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8Yub4z5a3qQC&pg=PA778"},{"link_name":"The New Kobbé's Opera Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Kobb%C3%A9%27s_Opera_Book"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-09-181410-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-181410-6"},{"link_name":"Kennedy, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)"},{"link_name":"Holden, Amanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Holden"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-029312-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-029312-4"}],"text":"Lascelles, David; Peattie, Antony, eds. (2000). \"Die ägptische Helena\". The New Kobbé's Opera Book (11th, with amandments ed.). Ebury Press. pp. 777–779. ISBN 978-0-09-181410-6.\nKennedy, Michael, in Holden, Amanda (ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001. ISBN 0-14-029312-4","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Strauss and Busch 1928","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Busch_Strauss1.jpg/220px-Busch_Strauss1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Strauss and Busch in Dresden, 1928","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Strauss-Busch-Dresden-1928.jpg/170px-Strauss-Busch-Dresden-1928.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"William Allan (2008). \"Helen transformed\". Euripides: Helen. Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics. Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-521-83690-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Allan_(classicist)","url_text":"William Allan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83690-6","url_text":"978-0-521-83690-6"}]},{"reference":"Lascelles, David; Peattie, Antony, eds. (2000). \"Die ägptische Helena\". The New Kobbé's Opera Book (11th, with amandments ed.). Ebury Press. pp. 777–779. ISBN 978-0-09-181410-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lascelles,_8th_Earl_of_Harewood","url_text":"Lascelles, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Peattie","url_text":"Peattie, Antony"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8Yub4z5a3qQC&pg=PA778","url_text":"\"Die ägptische Helena\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Kobb%C3%A9%27s_Opera_Book","url_text":"The New Kobbé's Opera Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-181410-6","url_text":"978-0-09-181410-6"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Die_%C3%A4gyptische_Helena&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090503023822/http://oq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/citation/18/4/643","external_links_name":"\"Die ägyptische Helena. Richard Strauss\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080907173434/http://oq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/citation/7/4/195","external_links_name":"\"Die ägyptische Helena. Richard Strauss\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120712233109/http://oq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/15/3/540","external_links_name":"\"Die ägyptische Helena: Original version (1928)\""},{"Link":"http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLSTAGYP.HTM","external_links_name":"Recordings of Die ägyptische Helena on operadis-opera-discography.org.uk"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8Yub4z5a3qQC&pg=PA778","external_links_name":"\"Die ägptische Helena\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02d7gg0","external_links_name":"BBC opera guide"},{"Link":"http://www.sarastro.info/music/strauss/helena/Munich_1956/Act_I.mp3","external_links_name":"Act 1"},{"Link":"http://www.sarastro.info/music/strauss/helena/Munich_1956/Act_II.mp3","external_links_name":"Act 2"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/234306329","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13919911n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13919911n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/300156227","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007408188505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://brahms.ircam.fr/works/work/36605/","external_links_name":"BRAHMS"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/7449f91e-0a2f-44f7-9dc4-4be95247d9a7","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convective_momentum_transport
Convective momentum transport
["1 See also","2 References"]
Convective momentum transport usually describes a vertical flux of the momentum of horizontal winds or currents. That momentum is carried like a non-conserved flow tracer by vertical air motions in convection. In the atmosphere, convective momentum transport by small but vigorous (cumulus type) cloudy updrafts can be understood as an interplay of three main mechanisms: Vertical advection of ambient momentum due to subsidence of environmental air that compensates the in-cloud upward mass flux, Detrainment of in-cloud momentum where updrafts stop ascending, Accelerations by the pressure gradient force around clouds whose inner momentum differs from their environment. The net effect of these interacting mechanisms depends on the detailed configuration or 'organization' of the convective cloud or storm system. See also momentum vertical motion References vteMeteorological data and variablesGeneral Adiabatic processes Advection Buoyancy Lapse rate Lightning Surface solar radiation Surface weather analysis Visibility Vorticity Wind Wind shear Condensation Cloud Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) Fog Convective condensation level (CCL) Lifted condensation level (LCL) Precipitable water Precipitation Water vapor Convection Convective available potential energy (CAPE) Convective inhibition (CIN) Convective instability Convective momentum transport Conditional symmetric instability Convective temperature (Tc) Equilibrium level (EL) Free convective layer (FCL) Helicity K Index Level of free convection (LFC) Lifted index (LI) Maximum parcel level (MPL) Bulk Richardson number (BRN) Temperature Dew point (Td) Dew point depression Dry-bulb temperature Equivalent temperature (Te) Forest fire weather index Haines Index Heat index Humidex Humidity Relative humidity (RH) Mixing ratio Potential temperature (θ) Equivalent potential temperature (θe) Sea surface temperature (SST) Temperature anomaly Thermodynamic temperature Vapor pressure Virtual temperature Wet-bulb temperature Wet-bulb globe temperature Wet-bulb potential temperature Wind chill Pressure Atmospheric pressure Baroclinity Barotropicity Pressure gradient Pressure-gradient force (PGF) Velocity Maximum potential intensity This article about atmospheric science is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This classical mechanics–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cumulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_cloud"},{"link_name":"subsidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidence_(atmosphere)"},{"link_name":"pressure gradient force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_gradient_force"}],"text":"In the atmosphere, convective momentum transport by small but vigorous (cumulus type) cloudy updrafts can be understood as an interplay of three main mechanisms:Vertical advection of ambient momentum due to subsidence of environmental air that compensates the in-cloud upward mass flux,\nDetrainment of in-cloud momentum where updrafts stop ascending,\nAccelerations by the pressure gradient force around clouds whose inner momentum differs from their environment.The net effect of these interacting mechanisms depends on the detailed configuration or 'organization' of the convective cloud or storm system.","title":"Convective momentum transport"}]
[]
[{"title":"momentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum"},{"title":"vertical motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection_(meteorology)"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convective_momentum_transport&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convective_momentum_transport&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Homan
Michael Homan
["1 Writings","2 Near Eastern archaeology","3 Musical career","4 Movies","5 Personal life","6 References","7 External links"]
American professor of theology (1966–2022) Michael Mathias Homan (January 26, 1966 - September 17, 2022) was a Professor of Theology and Department Head at Xavier University of Louisiana in New Orleans. He attended the University of Nebraska Omaha (BA in History, Religion, Psychology, 1993), and the University of California San Diego (MA in History, 1997; PhD in History, 2000) where he majored in Hebrew Bible and minored in Near Eastern Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern History and Religion. Homan taught courses in Hebrew Bible, Hebrew language, ancient Near Eastern religion, and a course about the cemeteries of New Orleans. Homan received numerous academic awards and honors. He was a 2015-2016 Fulbright Scholar who did research at the Cyprus American Archaeology Research Institute (CAARI). He received the 2006 Distinguished Alumnus Award from the University of Nebraska Omaha, and he is featured in UNO Magazine as number 18 of interesting graduates. He received fellowships to conduct research at the Albright Institute of Archaeological Research (1999, 2000, 2001) and the American Center of Oriental Research (2000). He was elected a member of the Catholic Biblical Association of America (2002), was granted the Member Service Award from the American Schools of Oriental Research (2010), and received the Junior Scholar Award from the Southwest Commission on Religious Studies (2010-2011). Homan’s book To Your Tents, O Israel! The Terminology, Function, Form, and Symbolism of Tents in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East received the 2003 Frank Moore Cross Publications Award from the American Schools of Oriental Research for the author of the most substantial volume related to ancient Near Eastern and eastern Mediterranean epigraphy, text and/or tradition. Writings In addition to numerous articles, he is the author of several books: To Your Tents, O Israel! The Terminology, Function, Form, and Symbolism of Tents in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East, 12 ( Brill Academic, 2002). ISBN 978-9004126060 He is the co-author of The Bible for Dummies (Wiley, 2002). ISBN 978-1119293507. Tamra studies this book on The Real Housewives of Orange County. He is the co-author of The Nine Commandments (Doubleday, 2000). ISBN 978-0385499866. This book was cited in Petitioner’s Brief of Van Orden v. Perry in the U.S. Supreme Court to state that “differing religions have varying versions of the Ten Commandments and the choice of a version prefers some religions over others.” He is the co-author of BibleDudes.com. This was featured in The Chronicle of Higher Education. Grendel Gander The Sinister Goose: The Fowl Fable of a Low-Down Stinking Bird. Illustrations by Peat Duggins (WriteLife, 2012). ISBN 978-1608080496 Near Eastern archaeology Dr. Homan served as an Area Supervisor on numerous archaeological excavations in Jordan and Israel, including the Marj Rabba Project (2013; Chalcolithic site of Marj Rabba/Har ha-Sha'avi, Lower Galilee near Sakhnin), Barqa Landscape Survey (2009-2010; Faynan District in South-West Jordan), Tel Zeitah Excavations (2004, 2005, 2007), Jabal Hamrat Fidan Research Project (1997, 1999, 2000; South-West Jordan, near Wadi Faynan), and Nahal Tillah (1996; northern Negev). He served as Vice President of Program for the American Schools of Oriental Research (2007-2010), and the President of the Southwest Region of the American Schools of Oriental Research (2011-2012). Musical career Homan played bass guitar in the seminal Omaha punk band No Heroes. He then joined Apathy, playing bass on the album Out the Window on Fat Bat Records (1988). Homan later played guitar and sang in the New Orleans band Half Pagan, co-founded with Bart Everson in 2018. Their debut album Lamentations (2018) received positive reviews. Movies Homan has written, directed, and produced several movies, including: Kalypso's New Orleans (2006; here on Youtube). Geauxjira (2010; here on Youtube). The film was featured in Big Easy Magazine. The Theologians (2012; here on Youtube). Personal life Michael Homan married Therese M. Fitzpatrick in 1991. They have two children, Kalypso Cecilia Homan (born July 19, 1995) and Gilgamesh Atticus Alexander Homan (November 21, 2000-September 17, 2019). Gilgamesh died in a skateboard accident in 2019. Michael Homan died of organ failure, three years to the day after his son's death. References ^ "Department of Theology at Xavier University of Louisiana". ^ "Dr. Michael Homan at Xavier University of Louisiana". ^ "110 Years, Facts and Figures". UNO Magazine. No. 18. February 20, 2018. p. 23. ^ "Class Notes". UNO Alum. May 31, 2006. p. 44. ^ a b "Previous Award Recipients -". Retrieved 2019-11-11. ^ a b "Officers & Trustees from 2008". ASOR. Retrieved 2019-11-11. ^ "What Is Saddleback, The Church That Vicki and Tamra Attend, on 'Real Housewives of Orange County'?". Bustle. Retrieved 2019-11-11. ^ "2004 WL 2911174 (U.S.) (Appellate Brief)" (PDF). ^ "'Dude! What's Up With the Bible?!?'". The Chronicle of Higher Education. 2008-03-07. ISSN 0009-5982. Retrieved 2019-11-11. ^ "The Oriental Institute 2013-2014 Annual Report" (PDF). 2014. ^ "Report on First Season of the Barqa Landscape Survey, South-West Jordan" (PDF). 2009. ^ "Zeitah Excavations". Pittsburgh Theological Seminary. Retrieved 2019-11-11. ^ Levy, Thomas E.; Adams, Russell B.; Shafiq, Rula (1999-01-01). "The Jabal Hamrat Fidan Project: Excavations at the Wadi Fidan 40 Cemetery, Jordan (1997)". Levant. 31 (1): 293–308. doi:10.1179/lev.1999.31.1.293. ISSN 0075-8914. ^ "Home Page of Nahal Tillah Regional Archaeological Project in Israel". ETANA. Retrieved 2019-11-11. ^ "No Heroes: Live At The Foolkiller in KC, MO 06-23-84". Oxide Flake. Retrieved 2019-11-11. ^ "Apathy (3) - Out The Window". Discogs. Retrieved 2019-11-11. ^ "Half Pagan". ^ Fox, Dan (April 2018). "Reviews". Antigravity. ^ "Kalypso's New Orleans". HumidCity. 2006-04-07. Retrieved 2019-11-11. ^ "Mudbugs & Monsters: An Interview with Michael Homan on his short film Geauxjira". Big Easy Magazine. 2019-08-01. Retrieved 2019-11-11. ^ "Obituary for Gilgamesh Atticus Alexander Homan". The Times-Picayune. September 22, 2019. ^ "Gilgamesh Homan". www.wikidata.org. Retrieved 2019-11-11. ^ Pope, Frank (Sep 20, 2022). "Michael Homan, Xavier theologian, archaeologist and punk rocker, dies at 56". The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate. External links Michael Homan’s blog Half Pagan
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Xavier University of Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_University_of_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"University of Nebraska Omaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Omaha"},{"link_name":"University of California San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"Near Eastern Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology"},{"link_name":"Ancient Near Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Near_East"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fulbright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_Program"},{"link_name":"CAARI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//caari.org/"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Albright Institute of Archaeological Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albright_Institute_of_Archaeological_Research"},{"link_name":"American Center of Oriental Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Center_of_Oriental_Research"},{"link_name":"Catholic Biblical Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Biblical_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"American Schools of Oriental Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Schools_of_Oriental_Research"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"Michael Mathias Homan (January 26, 1966 - September 17, 2022) was a Professor of Theology[1] and Department Head at Xavier University of Louisiana in New Orleans. He attended the University of Nebraska Omaha (BA in History, Religion, Psychology, 1993), and the University of California San Diego (MA in History, 1997; PhD in History, 2000) where he majored in Hebrew Bible and minored in Near Eastern Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern History and Religion. Homan taught courses in Hebrew Bible, Hebrew language, ancient Near Eastern religion, and a course about the cemeteries of New Orleans.[2]Homan received numerous academic awards and honors. He was a 2015-2016 Fulbright Scholar who did research at the Cyprus American Archaeology Research Institute (CAARI). He received the 2006 Distinguished Alumnus Award from the University of Nebraska Omaha,[3] and he is featured in UNO Magazine as number 18 of interesting graduates.[4] He received fellowships to conduct research at the Albright Institute of Archaeological Research (1999, 2000, 2001) and the American Center of Oriental Research (2000). He was elected a member of the Catholic Biblical Association of America (2002), was granted the Member Service Award from the American Schools of Oriental Research (2010),[5] and received the Junior Scholar Award from the Southwest Commission on Religious Studies (2010-2011).[6] Homan’s book To Your Tents, O Israel! The Terminology, Function, Form, and Symbolism of Tents in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East received the 2003 Frank Moore Cross Publications Award from the American Schools of Oriental Research for the author of the most substantial volume related to ancient Near Eastern and eastern Mediterranean epigraphy, text and/or tradition.[5]","title":"Michael Homan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9004126060","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004126060"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1119293507","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1119293507"},{"link_name":"The Real Housewives of Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Real_Housewives_of_Orange_County"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0385499866","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385499866"},{"link_name":"Van Orden v. Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Orden_v._Perry"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"BibleDudes.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bibledudes.com/"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1608080496","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1608080496"}],"text":"In addition to numerous articles, he is the author of several books:To Your Tents, O Israel! The Terminology, Function, Form, and Symbolism of Tents in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East, 12 ( Brill Academic, 2002). ISBN 978-9004126060\nHe is the co-author of The Bible for Dummies (Wiley, 2002). ISBN 978-1119293507. Tamra studies this book on The Real Housewives of Orange County.[7]\nHe is the co-author of The Nine Commandments (Doubleday, 2000). ISBN 978-0385499866. This book was cited in Petitioner’s Brief of Van Orden v. Perry in the U.S. Supreme Court to state that “differing religions have varying versions of the Ten Commandments and the choice of a version prefers some religions over others.”[8]\nHe is the co-author of BibleDudes.com. This was featured in The Chronicle of Higher Education.[9]\nGrendel Gander The Sinister Goose: The Fowl Fable of a Low-Down Stinking Bird. Illustrations by Peat Duggins (WriteLife, 2012). ISBN 978-1608080496","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Faynan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faynan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Tel Zeitah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Zayit"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Negev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"American Schools of Oriental Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Schools_of_Oriental_Research"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"}],"text":"Dr. Homan served as an Area Supervisor on numerous archaeological excavations in Jordan and Israel, including the Marj Rabba Project (2013; Chalcolithic site of Marj Rabba/Har ha-Sha'avi, Lower Galilee near Sakhnin),[10] Barqa Landscape Survey (2009-2010; Faynan District in South-West Jordan),[11] Tel Zeitah Excavations (2004, 2005, 2007),[12] Jabal Hamrat Fidan Research Project (1997, 1999, 2000; South-West Jordan, near Wadi Faynan),[13] and Nahal Tillah (1996; northern Negev).[14] He served as Vice President of Program for the American Schools of Oriental Research (2007-2010),[6] and the President of the Southwest Region of the American Schools of Oriental Research (2011-2012).","title":"Near Eastern archaeology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Homan played bass guitar in the seminal Omaha punk band No Heroes.[15] He then joined Apathy, playing bass on the album Out the Window on Fat Bat Records (1988).[16] Homan later played guitar and sang in the New Orleans band Half Pagan, co-founded with Bart Everson in 2018.[17] Their debut album Lamentations (2018) received positive reviews.[18]","title":"Musical career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y18ijTPfBME"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=xehMW4-EOJ4"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=yDK_cTOglhA"}],"text":"Homan has written, directed, and produced several movies, including:Kalypso's New Orleans (2006; here on Youtube).[19]\nGeauxjira (2010; here on Youtube). The film was featured in Big Easy Magazine.[20]\nThe Theologians (2012; here on Youtube).","title":"Movies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Michael Homan married Therese M. Fitzpatrick in 1991. They have two children, Kalypso Cecilia Homan (born July 19, 1995) and Gilgamesh Atticus Alexander Homan (November 21, 2000-September 17, 2019). Gilgamesh died in a skateboard accident in 2019.[21][22]Michael Homan died of organ failure, three years to the day after his son's death.[23]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Department of Theology at Xavier University of Louisiana\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.xula.edu/deptfacultyandstaff?department=Theology","url_text":"\"Department of Theology at Xavier University of Louisiana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Michael Homan at Xavier University of Louisiana\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.xula.edu/staff-member-biography?staffId=dr__michael_homan__ph_d_","url_text":"\"Dr. Michael Homan at Xavier University of Louisiana\""}]},{"reference":"\"110 Years, Facts and Figures\". UNO Magazine. No. 18. February 20, 2018. p. 23.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/aflott/docs/uno_magazine_spring_2018","url_text":"\"110 Years, Facts and Figures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Class Notes\". UNO Alum. May 31, 2006. p. 44.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/aflott/docs/summer_2006_alum","url_text":"\"Class Notes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Previous Award Recipients -\". Retrieved 2019-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asor.org/about-asor-3/honors-awards/previous-award-recipients/","url_text":"\"Previous Award Recipients -\""}]},{"reference":"\"Officers & Trustees from 2008\". ASOR. Retrieved 2019-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asor.org/about-asor/committees/board-of-trustees/past-trustees-and-officers/ot2008/","url_text":"\"Officers & Trustees from 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"What Is Saddleback, The Church That Vicki and Tamra Attend, on 'Real Housewives of Orange County'?\". Bustle. Retrieved 2019-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bustle.com/articles/106472-what-is-saddleback-the-church-that-vicki-and-tamra-attend-on-real-housewives-of-orange-county","url_text":"\"What Is Saddleback, The Church That Vicki and Tamra Attend, on 'Real Housewives of Orange County'?\""}]},{"reference":"\"2004 WL 2911174 (U.S.) (Appellate Brief)\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://mattlemieux.files.wordpress.com/2019/08/van-orden-v-perry.petitioner.pdf","url_text":"\"2004 WL 2911174 (U.S.) (Appellate Brief)\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Dude! What's Up With the Bible?!?'\". The Chronicle of Higher Education. 2008-03-07. ISSN 0009-5982. Retrieved 2019-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chronicle.com/article/Dude-Whats-Up-With-the/44167","url_text":"\"'Dude! What's Up With the Bible?!?'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-5982","url_text":"0009-5982"}]},{"reference":"\"The Oriental Institute 2013-2014 Annual Report\" (PDF). 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/13-14_AnnualReport.pdf","url_text":"\"The Oriental Institute 2013-2014 Annual Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report on First Season of the Barqa Landscape Survey, South-West Jordan\" (PDF). 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://barqalandscapeproject.files.wordpress.com/2019/07/adams_et_al_2009_bls_final_report_to_doa.pdf","url_text":"\"Report on First Season of the Barqa Landscape Survey, South-West Jordan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zeitah Excavations\". Pittsburgh Theological Seminary. Retrieved 2019-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pts.edu/Zeitah_Excavations","url_text":"\"Zeitah Excavations\""}]},{"reference":"Levy, Thomas E.; Adams, Russell B.; Shafiq, Rula (1999-01-01). \"The Jabal Hamrat Fidan Project: Excavations at the Wadi Fidan 40 Cemetery, Jordan (1997)\". Levant. 31 (1): 293–308. doi:10.1179/lev.1999.31.1.293. ISSN 0075-8914.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2Flev.1999.31.1.293","url_text":"10.1179/lev.1999.31.1.293"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0075-8914","url_text":"0075-8914"}]},{"reference":"\"Home Page of Nahal Tillah Regional Archaeological Project in Israel\". ETANA. Retrieved 2019-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etana.org/node/5011","url_text":"\"Home Page of Nahal Tillah Regional Archaeological Project in Israel\""}]},{"reference":"\"No Heroes: Live At The Foolkiller in KC, MO 06-23-84\". Oxide Flake. Retrieved 2019-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://mrfink.com/oxideflake/?p=563","url_text":"\"No Heroes: Live At The Foolkiller in KC, MO 06-23-84\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apathy (3) - Out The Window\". Discogs. Retrieved 2019-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Apathy-Out-The-Window/release/3962699","url_text":"\"Apathy (3) - Out The Window\""}]},{"reference":"\"Half Pagan\".","urls":[{"url":"https://halfpagan.com/","url_text":"\"Half Pagan\""}]},{"reference":"Fox, Dan (April 2018). \"Reviews\". Antigravity.","urls":[{"url":"http://antigravitymagazine.com/reviews/reviews-22/","url_text":"\"Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kalypso's New Orleans\". HumidCity. 2006-04-07. Retrieved 2019-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://humidcity.com/2006/04/07/kalypsos-new-orleans/","url_text":"\"Kalypso's New Orleans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mudbugs & Monsters: An Interview with Michael Homan on his short film Geauxjira\". Big Easy Magazine. 2019-08-01. Retrieved 2019-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bigeasymagazine.com/2019/08/01/mudbugs-monsters-an-interview-with-michael-homan-on-his-short-film-geauxjira/","url_text":"\"Mudbugs & Monsters: An Interview with Michael Homan on his short film Geauxjira\""}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary for Gilgamesh Atticus Alexander Homan\". The Times-Picayune. September 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://obits.nola.com/obituaries/nola/obituary.aspx?n=gilgamesh-atticus-alexander-homan&pid=193963749&fhid=4708","url_text":"\"Obituary for Gilgamesh Atticus Alexander Homan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gilgamesh Homan\". www.wikidata.org. Retrieved 2019-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q67957697","url_text":"\"Gilgamesh Homan\""}]},{"reference":"Pope, Frank (Sep 20, 2022). \"Michael Homan, Xavier theologian, archaeologist and punk rocker, dies at 56\". The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/news/education/article_14ab9f9c-3927-11ed-8116-87e5a47819ed.html","url_text":"\"Michael Homan, Xavier theologian, archaeologist and punk rocker, dies at 56\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recanoz
Recanoz
["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 46°48′29″N 5°30′23″E / 46.8081°N 5.5064°E / 46.8081; 5.5064 Commune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, France Commune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, FranceRecanozCommuneThe town hall in RecanozLocation of Recanoz RecanozShow map of FranceRecanozShow map of Bourgogne-Franche-ComtéCoordinates: 46°48′29″N 5°30′23″E / 46.8081°N 5.5064°E / 46.8081; 5.5064CountryFranceRegionBourgogne-Franche-ComtéDepartmentJuraArrondissementLons-le-SaunierCantonBletteransGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Daniel JacquotArea13.01 km2 (1.16 sq mi)Population (2021)93 • Density31/km2 (80/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code39454 /39230Elevation204–231 m (669–758 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Recanoz (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Jura department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 68—    1975 62−1.31%1982 46−4.17%1990 52+1.54%1999 52+0.00%2009 74+3.59%2014 90+3.99%2020 92+0.37%Source: INSEE See also Communes of the Jura department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ INSEE commune file ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE Wikimedia Commons has media related to Recanoz. vteCommunes of the Jura department Abergement-la-Ronce Abergement-le-Grand Abergement-le-Petit Abergement-lès-Thésy Aiglepierre Alièze Amange Andelot-en-Montagne Andelot-Morval Annoire Arbois Archelange Ardon Aresches Arinthod Arlay Aromas Arsure-Arsurette Les Arsures Asnans-Beauvoisin Audelange Augea Augerans Augisey Aumont Aumur Authume Auxange Avignon-lès-Saint-Claude Balaiseaux Balanod Bans Barésia-sur-l'Ain La Barre Barretaine Baume-les-Messieurs Baverans Beaufort-Orbagna Beffia Bellecombe Bellefontaine Belmont Bersaillin Besain Biarne Bief-des-Maisons Bief-du-Fourg Biefmorin Billecul Bletterans Blois-sur-Seille Blye Bois-d'Amont Bois-de-Gand Boissia La Boissière Bonlieu Bonnefontaine Bornay Les Bouchoux Bourg-de-Sirod Bracon Brainans Brans La Bretenière Bretenières Brevans Briod Broissia Buvilly Censeau Cernans Cerniébaud Cernon Cesancey La Chailleuse Chaînée-des-Coupis Les Chalesmes Chambéria Chamblay Chamole Champagne-sur-Loue Champagney Champagnole Champdivers Champrougier Champvans Chancia La Chapelle-sur-Furieuse Chapelle-Voland Chapois Charchilla Charcier Charency Charézier La Charme Charnod La Chassagne Chassal-Molinges Château-Chalon La Châtelaine Chatelay Châtel-de-Joux Le Chateley Châtelneuf Châtenois Châtillon Chaumergy La Chaumusse Chaussenans Chaussin Chaux-Champagny Chaux-des-Crotenay La Chaux-du-Dombief La Chaux-en-Bresse Chavéria Chemenot Chemin Chêne-Bernard Chêne-Sec Chevigny Chevreaux Chevrotaine Chille Chilly-le-Vignoble Chilly-sur-Salins Chissey-sur-Loue Choisey Choux Cize Clairvaux-les-Lacs Clucy Cogna Coiserette Colonne Commenailles Condamine Condes Conliège Conte Cornod Cosges Coteaux du Lizon Courbette Courbouzon Courlans Courlaoux Courtefontaine Cousance Coyrière Coyron Cramans Crans Crenans Cressia Crissey Crotenay Les Crozets Cuisia Cuvier Dammartin-Marpain Damparis Dampierre Darbonnay Denezières Le Deschaux Desnes Les Deux-Fays Digna Dolesubpr Domblans Dompierre-sur-Mont Doucier Dournon Doye Dramelay Éclans-Nenon Écleux Écrille Entre-deux-Monts Équevillon Les Essards-Taignevaux Esserval-Tartre Étival L'Étoile Étrepigney Évans Falletans La Favière Fay-en-Montagne La Ferté Le Fied Foncine-le-Bas Foncine-le-Haut Fontainebrux Fontenu Fort-du-Plasne Foucherans Foulenay Fraisans Francheville Fraroz La Frasnée Frasne-les-Meulières Le Frasnois Frébuans Frontenay Gatey Gendrey Genod Geraise Germigney Geruge Gevingey Gevry Gigny Gillois Gizia Grande-Rivière Château Grange-de-Vaivre Graye-et-Charnay Gredisans Grozon Hautecour Hauteroche Hauts de Bienne Les Hays Ivory Ivrey Jeurre Jouhe Lac-des-Rouges-Truites Ladoye-sur-Seille Lajoux Lamoura Le Larderet Largillay-Marsonnay Larnaud Larrivoire Le Latet La Latette Lavancia-Épercy Lavangeot Lavans-lès-Dole Lavans-lès-Saint-Claude Lavigny Lect Lemuy Lent Leschères Loisia Lombard Longchaumois Longcochon Longwy-sur-le-Doubs Lons-le-Saunierpref Loulle Louvatange Le Louverot La Loye Macornay Maisod Malange Mantry Marigna-sur-Valouse Marigny Marnézia Marnoz La Marre Martigna Mathenay Maynal Menétru-le-Vignoble Menétrux-en-Joux Menotey Mérona Mesnay Mesnois Messia-sur-Sorne Meussia Mièges Miéry Mignovillard Moirans-en-Montagne Moiron Moissey Molain Molamboz Molay Monay Monnetay Monnet-la-Ville Monnières Montagna-le-Reconduit Montaigu Montain Montbarrey Montcusel Monteplain Montfleur Montholier Montigny-lès-Arsures Montigny-sur-l'Ain Montlainsia Montmarlon Montmirey-la-Ville Montmirey-le-Château Montmorot Montrevel Montrond Mont-sous-Vaudrey Mont-sur-Monnet Morbier Mouchard Mournans-Charbonny Les Moussières Moutonne Moutoux Mutigney Nance Nanchez Nancuise Les Nans Neublans-Abergement Neuvilley Nevy-lès-Dole Nevy-sur-Seille Ney Nogna Nozeroy Offlanges Onglières Onoz Orchamps Orgelet Ougney Ounans Our Oussières Pagney Pagnoz Pannessières Parcey Le Pasquier Passenans Patornay Peintre Perrigny Peseux La Pesse Petit-Noir Picarreau Pillemoine Pimorin Le Pin Plainoiseau Plaisia Les Planches-en-Montagne Les Planches-près-Arbois Plasne Plénise Plénisette Pleure Plumont Poids-de-Fiole Pointre Poligny Pont-de-Poitte Pont-d'Héry Pont-du-Navoy Ponthoux Port-Lesney Prémanon Présilly Pretin Publy Pupillin Quintigny Rahon Rainans Ranchot Rans Ravilloles Recanoz Reithouse Relans Les Repôts Revigny Rix La Rixouse Rochefort-sur-Nenon Rogna Romain Romange Rosay Rotalier Rothonay Rouffange Les Rousses Ruffey-sur-Seille Rye Saffloz Saint-Amour Saint-Aubin Saint-Baraing Saint-Claudesubpr Saint-Cyr-Montmalin Saint-Didier Sainte-Agnès Saint-Germain-en-Montagne Saint-Germain-lès-Arlay Saint-Hymetière-sur-Valouse Saint-Lamain Saint-Laurent-en-Grandvaux Saint-Lothain Saint-Loup Saint-Maur Saint-Maurice-Crillat Saint-Pierre Saint-Thiébaud Saizenay Salans Saligney Salins-les-Bains Sampans Santans Sapois Sarrogna Saugeot Séligney Sellières Septmoncel Les Molunes Sergenaux Sergenon Sermange Serre-les-Moulières Sirod Songeson Soucia Souvans Supt Syam Tassenières Tavaux Taxenne Thervay Thésy Thoirette-Coisia Thoiria Thoissia Toulouse-le-Château La Tour-du-Meix Tourmont Trenal Les Trois-Châteaux Uxelles Vadans Val-d'Épy Valempoulières Val-Sonnette Val Suran Valzin en Petite Montagne Vannoz Le Vaudioux Vaudrey Vaux-lès-Saint-Claude Vaux-sur-Poligny Verges Véria Vernantois Le Vernois Vers-en-Montagne Vers-sous-Sellières Vertamboz Vescles Vevy La Vieille-Loye Villard-Saint-Sauveur Villards-d'Héria Villeneuve-d'Aval Villeneuve-sous-Pymont Villerserine Villers-Farlay Villers-les-Bois Villers-Robert Villette-lès-Arbois Villette-lès-Dole Villevieux Le Villey Vincent-Froideville Viry Vitreux Voiteur Vosbles-Valfin Vriange Vulvoz pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases: National France BnF data This Jura geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ʁəkano]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Jura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jura_(department)"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"Bourgogne-Franche-Comté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Commune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, FranceCommune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, FranceRecanoz (French pronunciation: [ʁəkano]) is a commune in the Jura department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.[3]","title":"Recanoz"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"}]
[]
[{"title":"Communes of the Jura department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Jura_department"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Langdon_Frothingham
Nathaniel Langdon Frothingham
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Family","4 Illness","5 Work","5.1 Sermons","5.2 Hymns","5.3 Poetry","6 References","7 External links"]
American Unitarian minister and pastor Nathaniel Langdon Frothingham (23 July 1793 – 3 April 1870) was an American Unitarian minister and pastor of the First Church of Boston from 1815 to 1850. Frothingham was opposed to Theodore Parker and the interjection of transcendentalism into the church. He also wrote sermons, hymns, and poetry. Early life Nathaniel Langdon Frothingham was born on July 23, 1793, in Boston, Massachusetts the son of Ebenezer Frothingham and Joanna Langdon. He attended Boston Latin School under the charge of Samuel Hunt. He graduated from Harvard College in 1811 at the age of eighteen and gave a commencement speech entitled "The Cultivation of the Taste and Imagination," which was described by Dr. Pierce as "written with purity and pronounced with elegance." Career In 1812, Frothingham became the first Instructor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard. On March 15, 1815, Frothingham became an ordained Minister of the First Church in Boston. He remained there until March 1850. See also: History of Unitarianism § Precursor movements and early Unitarianism Frothingham had been five years in the pulpit when the Unitarian controversy broke out. The American Unitarian Association was formed in 1825. In March 1835, the twentieth anniversary of his settlement in the First Church, he preached: This is known by the name of the Unitarian controversy; and in so Darning it I believe that I am giving utterance, for the first time in this desk, to that party word. This alone is saying not a little in illustration of the spirit with which the offices of religion have been here conducted. ... We remained almost at rest in that earthquake of schism. ... We silently assumed the ground, or rather found ourselves standing upon it, that there was no warrant in the Scriptures for the idea of a threefold personality in the divine nature; or for that of atonement, according to the popular understanding of that word; or for that of man's total corruption and inability; or for that of an eternity of woe adjudged as the punishment of earthly offences; or indeed for any of the peculiar articles in that scheme of faith which went under the name of the Genevan reformer. ... We have made more account of the religious sentiment than of theological opinions. The dependence was on miracle. Frothingham said, in a sermon on the "Manifestation of Christ": Is there one there, who thinks he requires no miraculous evidence in support of his religious convictions, who feels satisfied with the proofs that the unaided mind can furnish for itself? I will not assail him, I will not charge him with throwing away all faith, because he is willing to receive it on slighter grounds than we trust it is built on. I will congratulate him that he feels his hope to be so sure ... But let us profess for ourselves, that we needed something more and have found it. We will own all that we love to trace our faith further than to the self-taught dictates of a defined intellect and an elevated heart; even to the Fountain of Inspiration. In a sermon entitled "The Ruffian Released", preached in 1836, he said: I am at a loss to account for it, I scarcely know on what principle of human nature it is to be explained, this sympathy of well-meaning persons with those who have outraged every feeling of humanity by their savage force or their cold hearted depravity. I can understand how the Jewish populace in an excited hour should demand the liberation of Barabbas; I can almost enter into the feelings of those who, in a season of great depression, should empty every convict's cell, saying, let us supplicate the holy and frowning heavens together, for we are all transgressors alike. But, in a state of society like our own, with institutions so free from abuse and so full of mercifulness, it is hard to comprehend why there should be such a feverish sensibility in favor of the abandoned, and so intense a wish for something better than the laws. He disagreed with the philosophy of Les Misérables, Victor Hugo's famous novel, which seemed to imply that a change of outward conditions would effect a change of character, that the social arrangement was radically wrong, and that the "paralysis of the person" was contingent on "the narrowness of the lot", which ran counter to his beliefs. The following is from Parker's journal: August, 1857. I had a letter from Dr. Frothingham today. The sight of that man's handwriting is Parnassian. Nothing vulgar is connected with his name, but on the contrary every remembrance of wit and learning and contempt of cant. In our Olympic games we love his fame. But that fame was bought by many years of steady rejection of all that is popular with our society, and a persevering study of books which none else reads, and which he can convert to no temporary purpose. There is a scholar doing a scholar's office. Frothingham was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1856. He corresponded with Ralph Waldo Emerson, and was a thorough student of the German language when such scholarship was rare in America. Family In 1818, Frothingham married Ann Gorham Brooks, daughter of Peter Chardon Brooks and sister of the wives of Edward Everett and Charles Francis Adams, Sr. They had three children, all born in Boston. Octavius Brooks Frothingham was born November 26, 1822, and became an author. Ward Brooks Frothingham was born November 16, 1828, and resided for a time in Burlington, serving in two town offices. Ellen Frothingham was born March 25, 1835, and became a translator (German into English). Ann Frothingham died on July 4, 1864, in Burlington, Massachusetts. Illness In the summer of 1826, Frothingham was afflicted by weekly violent headaches. In 1859, on a third foreign tour of eighteen months, in Europe with his wife and daughters, Frothingham first became aware of a defect in his vision. He could not enjoy picture-galleries, and saw distorted figures and blurred colors. He consulted oculists in Paris and London, but no disease was visible in his eyes. When he returned home in the autumn of 1860, the dimness had increased. In 1865, he underwent an unsuccessful operation on his eyes and became totally blind. His disease was of the nature of glaucoma and was incurable. Work Sermons Deism Or Christianity? Four Discourses, Kessinger Publishing, LLC, (1845) reprint (March 4, 2009), ISBN 978-1-104-11612-5 Two Hundred Years Ago: A Sermon Preached to the First Church, on the Close of Their Second Century, 1830, Printed for the Society God with the Aged: A Sermon Preached to the First Church, Jan. 7, 1849, J. Wilson, 1849. Christian Patriotism: A Sermon, on the Occasion of the Death of John Adams, Munroe and Francis, 1826. Sermons in the Order of a Twelvemonth, 1852. Hymns "60R O You Whose Presence Glows In All", Hymns of the Spirits Three Poetry In the introduction to a translation of the first of the Elegies of Propertius, a writer in the Augustan Age of Roman poetry, Frothingham says: The last, which is, indeed, the leading, reason is the opportunity that it gives of comparing some of the purest sentiments of classical antiquity respecting the state of the dead, with those of the simplest minds that have the advantage of Christian education. Xenia epigram "The Crossed Swords", Edmund Clarence Stedman, ed. An American Anthology, 1787–1900, 1900 Nathaniel Langdon Frothingham (1855). Metrical Pieces: translated and original. Crosby, Nichols. "Sartor Resartus", Christian Examiner for September, 1836, N. L. Frothingham. References ^ a b Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Frothingham, Nathaniel Langdon" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton. ^ The commemoration by the First Church in Boston of the completion of two hundred and fifty years since its foundation. Boston, Mass: Hall & Whiting. 1881. p. 202. ^ Frothingham, p.67 ^ Frothingham, p.47 ^ Frothingham, p.53 ^ Frothingham, p.55 ^ Frothingham, p.60 ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter F" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved September 15, 2016. ^ Kenneth Sacks (2003). Understanding Emerson. Princeton University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-691-09982-8. ^ a b Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Frothingham, Nathaniel Langdon" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. ^ Burlington, Mass. Image Collection: An Inventory ^ God with the Aged: A Sermon Preached to the First Church, Jan. 7, 1849, the. Printed by J. Wilson. 1849. ^ Christian Patriotism: A Sermon, on the Occasion of the Death of John Adams, Preached in Chauncey. Printed by Munroe and Francis. 1826. ^ Frothingham, p.45 External links Octavius Brooks Frothingham (1890). Boston Unitarianism, 1820-1850. G.P. Putnam's sons. Nathaniel Langdon Frothingham. Frothingham, N.L. (Nathaniel Langdon) (1793–1870), Harper's Magazine Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Greece Netherlands Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gentleman_of_the_Frothingham_Family_1983.17.2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Unitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Unitarian_Association"},{"link_name":"Theodore Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Parker"},{"link_name":"transcendentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalism"}],"text":"Nathaniel Langdon Frothingham (23 July 1793 – 3 April 1870) was an American Unitarian minister and pastor of the First Church of Boston from 1815 to 1850. Frothingham was opposed to Theodore Parker and the interjection of transcendentalism into the church. He also wrote sermons, hymns, and poetry.","title":"Nathaniel Langdon Frothingham"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Boston Latin School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Latin_School"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard"}],"text":"Nathaniel Langdon Frothingham was born on July 23, 1793, in Boston, Massachusetts the son of Ebenezer Frothingham and Joanna Langdon. He attended Boston Latin School under the charge of Samuel Hunt. He graduated from Harvard College in 1811 at the age of eighteen and gave a commencement speech entitled \"The Cultivation of the Taste and Imagination,\" which was described by Dr. Pierce as \"written with purity and pronounced with elegance.\"","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-appletons-1"},{"link_name":"First Church in Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Church_in_Boston"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"History of Unitarianism § Precursor movements and early Unitarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Unitarianism#Precursor_movements_and_early_Unitarianism"},{"link_name":"Unitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism"},{"link_name":"American Unitarian Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Unitarian_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Les Misérables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables"},{"link_name":"Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAAS-8"},{"link_name":"Ralph Waldo Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"German language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nie-10"}],"text":"In 1812, Frothingham became the first Instructor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard.[1]On March 15, 1815, Frothingham became an ordained Minister of the First Church in Boston. He remained there until March 1850.[2]See also: History of Unitarianism § Precursor movements and early UnitarianismFrothingham had been five years in the pulpit when the Unitarian controversy broke out. The American Unitarian Association was formed in 1825. In March 1835, the twentieth anniversary of his settlement in the First Church, he preached:This is known by the name of the Unitarian controversy; and in so Darning it I believe that I am giving utterance, for the first time in this desk, to that party word. This alone is saying not a little in illustration of the spirit with which the offices of religion have been here conducted. ... We remained almost at rest in that earthquake of schism. ... We silently assumed the ground, or rather found ourselves standing upon it, that there was no warrant in the Scriptures for the idea of a threefold personality in the divine nature; or for that of atonement, according to the popular understanding of that word; or for that of man's total corruption and inability; or for that of an eternity of woe adjudged as the punishment of earthly offences; or indeed for any of the peculiar articles in that scheme of faith which went under the name of the Genevan reformer. ... We have made more account of the religious sentiment than of theological opinions.[3]The dependence was on miracle. Frothingham said, in a sermon on the \"Manifestation of Christ\":Is there one there, who thinks he requires no miraculous evidence in support of his religious convictions, who feels satisfied with the proofs that the unaided mind can furnish for itself? I will not assail him, I will not charge him with throwing away all faith, because he is willing to receive it on slighter grounds than we trust it is built on. I will congratulate him that he feels his hope to be so sure ... But let us profess for ourselves, that we needed something more and have found it. We will own all that we love to trace our faith further than to the self-taught dictates of a defined intellect and an elevated heart; even to the Fountain of Inspiration.[4]In a sermon entitled \"The Ruffian Released\", preached in 1836, he said:I am at a loss to account for it, I scarcely know on what principle of human nature it is to be explained, this sympathy of well-meaning persons with those who have outraged every feeling of humanity by their savage force or their cold hearted depravity. I can understand how the Jewish populace in an excited hour should demand the liberation of Barabbas; I can almost enter into the feelings of those who, in a season of great depression, should empty every convict's cell, saying, let us supplicate the holy and frowning heavens together, for we are all transgressors alike. But, in a state of society like our own, with institutions so free from abuse and so full of mercifulness, it is hard to comprehend why there should be such a feverish sensibility in favor of the abandoned, and so intense a wish for something better than the laws.[5]He disagreed with the philosophy of Les Misérables, Victor Hugo's famous novel, which seemed to imply that a change of outward conditions would effect a change of character, that the social arrangement was radically wrong, and that the \"paralysis of the person\" was contingent on \"the narrowness of the lot\", which ran counter to his beliefs.[6]The following is from Parker's journal:August, 1857. \nI had a letter from Dr. Frothingham today. The sight of that man's handwriting is Parnassian. Nothing vulgar is connected with his name, but on the contrary every remembrance of wit and learning and contempt of cant. In our Olympic games we love his fame. But that fame was bought by many years of steady rejection of all that is popular with our society, and a persevering study of books which none else reads, and which he can convert to no temporary purpose. There is a scholar doing a scholar's office.[7]Frothingham was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1856.[8] He corresponded with Ralph Waldo Emerson,[9] and was a thorough student of the German language when such scholarship was rare in America.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Everett"},{"link_name":"Charles Francis Adams, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Octavius Brooks Frothingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavius_Brooks_Frothingham"},{"link_name":"Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ellen Frothingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Frothingham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-appletons-1"},{"link_name":"Burlington, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Massachusetts"}],"text":"In 1818, Frothingham married Ann Gorham Brooks, daughter of Peter Chardon Brooks and sister of the wives of Edward Everett and Charles Francis Adams, Sr.They had three children, all born in Boston. Octavius Brooks Frothingham was born November 26, 1822, and became an author. Ward Brooks Frothingham was born November 16, 1828, and resided for a time in Burlington, serving in two town offices.[11] Ellen Frothingham was born March 25, 1835, and became a translator (German into English).[1]Ann Frothingham died on July 4, 1864, in Burlington, Massachusetts.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In the summer of 1826, Frothingham was afflicted by weekly violent headaches.In 1859, on a third foreign tour of eighteen months, in Europe with his wife and daughters, Frothingham first became aware of a defect in his vision. He could not enjoy picture-galleries, and saw distorted figures and blurred colors. He consulted oculists in Paris and London, but no disease was visible in his eyes. When he returned home in the autumn of 1860, the dimness had increased.In 1865, he underwent an unsuccessful operation on his eyes and became totally blind. His disease was of the nature of glaucoma and was incurable.","title":"Illness"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-104-11612-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-104-11612-5"},{"link_name":"Two Hundred Years Ago: A Sermon Preached to the First Church, on the Close of Their Second Century, 1830, Printed for the Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/details/twohundredyears00frotgoog"},{"link_name":"God with the Aged: A Sermon Preached to the First Church, Jan. 7, 1849","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/godwithagedaser00conggoog"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Christian Patriotism: A Sermon, on the Occasion of the Death of John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/christianpatrio00frotgoog"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nie-10"}],"sub_title":"Sermons","text":"Deism Or Christianity? Four Discourses, Kessinger Publishing, LLC, (1845) reprint (March 4, 2009), ISBN 978-1-104-11612-5\nTwo Hundred Years Ago: A Sermon Preached to the First Church, on the Close of Their Second Century, 1830, Printed for the Society \nGod with the Aged: A Sermon Preached to the First Church, Jan. 7, 1849, J. Wilson, 1849.[12]\nChristian Patriotism: A Sermon, on the Occasion of the Death of John Adams, Munroe and Francis, 1826.[13]\nSermons in the Order of a Twelvemonth, 1852.[10]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"60R O You Whose Presence Glows In All\", Hymns of the Spirits Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hos3.com/hos3/archives/epiphany_3a/"}],"sub_title":"Hymns","text":"\"60R O You Whose Presence Glows In All\", Hymns of the Spirits Three","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Xenia epigram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenia_epigram"},{"link_name":"\"The Crossed Swords\", Edmund Clarence Stedman, ed. An American Anthology, 1787–1900, 1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bartleby.com/248/142.html"},{"link_name":"Metrical Pieces: translated and original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/metricalpiecest00frotgoog"}],"sub_title":"Poetry","text":"In the introduction to a translation of the first of the Elegies of Propertius, a writer in the Augustan Age of Roman poetry, Frothingham says:The last, which is, indeed, the leading, reason [for presenting the version] is the opportunity that it gives of comparing some of the purest sentiments of classical antiquity respecting the state of the dead, with those of the simplest minds that have the advantage of Christian education.[14]Xenia epigram\n\"The Crossed Swords\", Edmund Clarence Stedman, ed. An American Anthology, 1787–1900, 1900\nNathaniel Langdon Frothingham (1855). Metrical Pieces: translated and original. Crosby, Nichols.\n\"Sartor Resartus\", Christian Examiner for September, 1836, N. L. Frothingham.","title":"Work"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennies_from_Heaven_(TV_series)
Pennies from Heaven (TV series)
["1 Overview","2 Legacy","3 Episodes","4 Film adaptation","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
BBC musical drama Pennies from HeavenGenreDramatic programmingMusicalWritten byDennis PotterDirected byPiers HaggardStarringBob HoskinsCheryl CampbellGemma CravenCountry of originEnglandOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series1No. of episodes6ProductionProducerKenith TroddCinematographyKen Westbury (film inserts)EditorsHoward Dell (video tape)David Martin (film inserts)Production companyBBC TelevisionOriginal releaseNetworkBBC 1Release7 March (1978-03-07) –11 April 1978 (1978-04-11) Pennies from Heaven is a 1978 BBC musical drama serial written by Dennis Potter. The title is taken from the song "Pennies from Heaven" written by Johnny Burke and Arthur Johnston. It was one of several Potter serials (another being The Singing Detective) to mix the reality of the drama with a dark fantasy content, and the earliest of his works where the characters burst into extended performances of popular songs. Overview The serial was directed by Piers Haggard and produced by frequent Potter collaborator Kenith Trodd. Bob Hoskins became an established actor in the United Kingdom following his role in this serial. It also featured Nigel Havers as Conrad Baker (the suave salesman), Jenny Logan as Irene (Joan's friend), Freddie Jones as Mr. Warner (Eileen's headmaster), Michael Bilton as Eileen's dad, Tudor Davies as the cafe customer (Davies was also choreographer for the series), and Peter Bowles as the Prosecuting Counsel. Pennies was the last of Potter's television dramas to be filmed in the 'hybrid' format of studio videotape and location 16 mm film. The production involved six weeks of filming on location, most of it in Oxfordshire, with selected shooting in the Forest of Dean (in Potter's home county of Gloucestershire, between the River Severn and the River Wye). The school where Eileen teaches is the Forest school Potter attended in Berry Hill and the children who populate the school scenes were local children cast as extras. In temporary remission from his chronic condition of psoriatic arthropathy, a rare skin and joints disease that first afflicted him at the age of 24, Potter and his wife Margaret were able to visit the location shoot in Dean. Pennies... was transmitted in six episodes of approximately 75 minutes each from 7 March to 11 April 1978, on BBC1 and first repeated later that year. Roughly five million viewers watched the first episode, and by episode three this had risen to seven million. In spring of the following year, Pennies won the British Academy Television Award for Most Original Programme (Hoskins and Campbell were also nominated for BAFTA acting awards). In a 2000 poll of industry professionals conducted by the British Film Institute to find the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes of the 20th century, Pennies from Heaven was placed at number 21. Legacy The original television version was released on DVD by BBC Worldwide in 2004. The first and sixth episodes have an audio commentary from Haggard and Trodd. Potter's memorial service in November 1994 at St James's Church in Piccadilly began with those in attendance singing "Roll Along Prairie Moon" to the accompaniment of a jazz quintet. Cheryl Campbell and Freddie Jones read their scene in the schoolroom from Pennies: "As Jones stifled his tears, Campbell said: 'Nobody ever ever stops yearning' . . . In a comic interlude Michael Grade, chief executive of Channel 4, Alan Yentob, controller of BBC1, and Kenith Trodd, Potter's producer, read a scene from Pennies. told of their last meeting before the playwright's death from cancer: 'Dennis slugging Courvoisier, fortified by liquid heroin and morphine . . . after an hour he seemed to crumple and he said, 'I do have one very real fear of death. It is that you might get asked to speak at my memorial service'." Episodes No.TitleOriginal air date1"Down Sunnyside Lane"7 March 1978 (1978-03-07) In the mid-1930s, Arthur and Joan Parker (Bob Hoskins and Gemma Craven) are an incompatible married couple living in the London suburbs. Arthur, a travelling sheet music salesman, is a passionate man who is frustrated by his wife's domestic nature. On a car journey to the Gloucester area he picks up 'the accordion man', a vagrant (Kenneth Colley) who invariably busks on the instrument in the vicinity of the other characters, but the signs of the man's mental illness soon lead Arthur to reject him after they spend several hours together. While trying to persuade a shopkeeper (Arnold Peters) to take some of his goods, Arthur notices a female customer with whom he immediately becomes besotted. Arthur and 'the accordion man' both manage to frighten the young woman. Before returning to London, Arthur has sex with Marjorie (Rosemary Martin), a Gloucestershire prostitute, in the back of his car. 2"The Sweetest Thing"14 March 1978 (1978-03-14) Arthur's bank manager (Peter Cellier) refuses to give him a loan. Eileen Everson (Cheryl Campbell), the woman he encountered, is a junior school teacher in the Forest of Dean who lives with her widowed coal mining father and two brothers, also miners. Meanwhile, Arthur has returned to the area to trace the woman with whom he is obsessed. He finally encounters Eileen in a wood near the Eversons' cottage, and returns to their home where Arthur claims his wife has died in a motorcycle accident. He and Eileen eventually make love after the rest of the household have gone to bed. 3"Easy Come, Easy Go"21 March 1978 (1978-03-21) The Parkers' marriage briefly revives after Joan smears lipstick on her nipples, and appears to respond to some of her husband's sexual fantasies. Joan is persuaded to use her inheritance to finance Arthur's desire to open a record shop. Meanwhile, Eileen has discovered she is pregnant and is forced to give up her job. After unexpectedly meeting a young blind girl (Yolande Palfrey) in a field, whom he lusts after under his breath, Arthur reappears at the Everson family home, and his relationship with Eileen revives. The blind girl is raped and murdered, for which Arthur is arrested, but soon released. Eileen moves to London, and loses contact with Arthur again. 4"Better Think Twice"28 March 1978 (1978-03-28) Almost destitute, Eileen eats little and is in arrears for her cheap hotel room. She meets the superficially sympathetic Tom (Hywel Bennett), a wealthy man with no obvious occupation, and becomes dependent upon him. Arthur opens his new record shop, but he has very few customers, an exception being Tom. The two men get along very well, and Arthur delivers some records to the apartment where Eileen is recovering from an (illegal) abortion paid for by Tom, but the couple are not reunited. Arthur later glimpses Eileen in the pub where she had met Tom, and they leave for the record shop. Unaware of Arthur's connection to Tom, Eileen explains that the man who paid for her abortion now has a hold over her, and he intends to be her pimp. The couple decide they have to escape from London, and shatter Arthur's stock of fragile shellac discs. 5"Painting the Clouds"4 April 1978 (1978-04-04) A police inspector (Dave King) visits Joan after Arthur's unexplained disappearance and the destruction of his retail stock. Her comments about Arthur's sexual tastes, particularly his wish for his wife to move around the house without wearing her knickers, lead the police to make a connection with the murder of the blind girl whose undergarment had been removed. 'The accordion man' is haunted by her image and his responsibility for the murder. (It is clear he is not delusional over this event.) He is disorientated when running into Eileen while she is street walking; the dead girl bears a resemblance to her. Arthur is now living off Eileen's immoral earnings, and she is a client of a Conservative MP, Major Archibald Paxville (Ronald Fraser), who she unsuccessfully attempts to blackmail. 'The accordion man' commits suicide, probably by throwing himself off Hammersmith Bridge (which also features ominously in The Singing Detective), and his corpse is discovered. Arthur and Eileen's false optimism for the future is dashed when they see a newspaper headline indicating he is wanted for murder. 6"Says My Heart"11 April 1978 (1978-04-11) Arthur and Eileen are on the run. They spend the night in a barn, but Eileen's attempt to find help eventually leads her to shoot dead a lonely and deranged farmer (Philip Locke). They feed and clean themselves in his farmhouse, and scavenge through the man's possessions for money and things they can sell. Leaving the farm, Arthur stops, thinking he has seen 'the accordion man', but cannot restart their stolen car. Passing police take the couple in for questioning, and Arthur is charged with the murder of the blind girl. In the Assizes court, inconsistencies in Arthur's accounts, and a witness unwittingly confusing Arthur's fixation on Eileen for an obsession with the blind girl lead to his conviction and execution. After Eileen notes the time set for his hanging has passed, Arthur reappears and a happy ending is announced by the two characters. Film adaptation Main article: Pennies from Heaven (1981 film) In 1981, the series was adapted as a film, starring Steve Martin. Potter adapted his own screenplay, and Herbert Ross directed. Potter was nominated for the 1981 Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay. According to the Los Angeles Herald Examiner, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer had him rewrite the script nine times, though The Sunday Times reported this as thirteen; Kenith Trodd remembered a "dozen or so drafts". The movie featured Bernadette Peters (as Eileen), Christopher Walken (as Tom) and Vernel Bagneris (as 'the accordion man'). It was not successful at the box office. MGM required Potter to buy back his copyright from the BBC (who demanded $100,000 plus half of any profits he would make from the film); the deal prevented broadcast of the original production of Pennies for approximately ten years. In 1989, the BBC was able to buy back the rights from MGM for what Trodd called 'a very inconsiderable sum', and rebroadcast Pennies in a six-week run beginning February 1990. See also Al Bowlly, song composer used extensively throughout the series. Notes ^ "Pennies From Heaven launched Mr. Hoskins into leading-man parts in British films"; "Hoskins drew national attention... in the 1978 BBC miniseries Pennies From Heaven." References ^ Gilbert 1995, p. 346. ^ Cook, John R. "Pennies from Heaven (1978)". Screenonline. Retrieved 23 November 2023. ^ a b Lister, David (2 November 1994). "Dramatic tribute to Dennis Potter". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2023. ^ Bernstein, Adam (30 April 2014). "Bob Hoskins, British actor who starred in 'Who Framed Roger Rabbit,' dies at 71". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 November 2023. ^ Chawkins, Steve (30 April 2014). "Bob Hoskins, actor known as 'the Cockney Cagney,' dies at 71". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 November 2023. ^ "Pennies from Heaven (1978)". Screenonline. Retrieved 26 November 2023. ^ Gilbert 1995, p. 236. ^ Carpenter 1998, pp. 371, 407. ^ Carpenter 1998, p. 372. ^ a b c d Stoddart, Patrick (18 February 1990). "As bright as a new penny". The Sunday Times. No. 8636. p. E1. ^ "Television in 1979". bafta.org. Retrieved 24 November 2023. ^ Galbraith IV, Stuart (28 July 2004). "Pennies from Heaven (1978)". DVD Talk. Retrieved 26 November 2023. ^ a b Canby, Vincent (11 December 1981). "Stylized, Offbeat 'Pennies'". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 November 2023. ^ a b c d "'Pennies from Heaven.' AFI Catalog". Retrieved 23 November 2023. ^ "The 54th Academy Awards | 1982". www.oscars.org. Retrieved 23 November 2023. ^ Carpenter 1998, p. 399. ^ Carpenter 1998, p. 409. ^ Rabin, Nathan (16 August 2007). "My Year Of Flops Case File # 59 Pennies From Heaven". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 23 November 2023. ^ Carpenter 1998, pp. 403–4. ^ "New pennies". The Daily Telegraph. No. 41855. 18 January 1990. p. 17. Bibliography Carpenter, Humphrey (1998). Dennis Potter: A Biography. Faber and Faber. ISBN 0571197213. Gilbert, W. Stephen (1995). Fight and Kick and Bite: The Life and Work of Dennis Potter. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0340640472. Further reading Mundy, John (2006). "Singing Detected: Blackpool and the Strange Case of the Missing Television Musical Dramas". Journal of British Cinema and Television. 3 (1). Edinburgh University Press: 59–71. doi:10.3366/JBCTV.2006.3.1.59. External links Pennies from Heaven at BBC Online Pennies from Heaven (1978) (TV mini-series) at IMDb Entry on British Film Institute's Top 100 television programs Encyclopedia of Television British Film Institute Screen Online "Deep in Dennis Potter's Forest", The American Prospect magazine vteWorks by Dennis Potter Bibliography Televisionplays Stand Up, Nigel Barton (1965) Vote, Vote, Vote for Nigel Barton (1965) Emergency – Ward 9 (1966) Shaggy Dog (1968) A Beast with Two Backs (1968) Moonlight on the Highway (1969) Son of Man (1969) Traitor (1971) Follow the Yellow Brick Road (1972) Joe's Ark (1974) Double Dare (1976) Where Adam Stood (1976) Blue Remembered Hills (1979) Blade on the Feather (1980) Rain on the Roof (1980) Cream in My Coffee (1980) Brimstone and Treacle (1987) Televisionserials Casanova (1971) The Mayor of Casterbridge (1978) Pennies From Heaven (1978) Tender Is the Night (1985) The Singing Detective (1986) Christabel (1988) Blackeyes (1989) Lipstick on Your Collar (1993) Karaoke (1996) Cold Lazarus (1996) Films Pennies from Heaven (1981) Brimstone and Treacle (1982) Gorky Park (1983) Dreamchild (1985) Track 29 (1988) Secret Friends (1991) Mesmer (1993) The Singing Detective (2003) Novels Hide and Seek (1973) Pennies from Heaven (1981) Ticket to Ride (1986) Blackeyes (1987)
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It was one of several Potter serials (another being The Singing Detective) to mix the reality of the drama with a dark fantasy content, and the earliest of his works where the characters burst into extended performances of popular songs.","title":"Pennies from Heaven (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Piers Haggard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piers_Haggard"},{"link_name":"Kenith Trodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenith_Trodd"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bfi-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indyref-3"},{"link_name":"Bob Hoskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hoskins"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Nigel Havers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Havers"},{"link_name":"Jenny Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Logan"},{"link_name":"Freddie Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Jones"},{"link_name":"Michael Bilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bilton"},{"link_name":"Peter Bowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bowles"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"videotape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotape"},{"link_name":"16 mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16mm_film"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Forest of Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_of_Dean"},{"link_name":"River Severn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Severn"},{"link_name":"River Wye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Wye"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"psoriatic arthropathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psoriatic_arthropathy"},{"link_name":"BBC1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stoddart-11"},{"link_name":"British Academy Television Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Television_Award"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"British Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"100 Greatest British Television Programmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Greatest_British_Television_Programmes"}],"text":"The serial was directed by Piers Haggard and produced by frequent Potter collaborator Kenith Trodd.[2][3] Bob Hoskins became an established actor in the United Kingdom following his role in this serial.[a] It also featured Nigel Havers as Conrad Baker (the suave salesman), Jenny Logan as Irene (Joan's friend), Freddie Jones as Mr. Warner (Eileen's headmaster), Michael Bilton as Eileen's dad, Tudor Davies as the cafe customer (Davies was also choreographer for the series), and Peter Bowles as the Prosecuting Counsel.[6]Pennies was the last of Potter's television dramas to be filmed in the 'hybrid' format of studio videotape and location 16 mm film. The production involved six weeks of filming on location,[7] most of it in Oxfordshire, with selected shooting in the Forest of Dean (in Potter's home county of Gloucestershire, between the River Severn and the River Wye). The school where Eileen teaches is the Forest school Potter attended in Berry Hill[citation needed] and the children who populate the school scenes were local children cast as extras.[8] In temporary remission from his chronic condition of psoriatic arthropathy, a rare skin and joints disease that first afflicted him at the age of 24, Potter and his wife Margaret were able to visit the location shoot in Dean.Pennies... was transmitted in six episodes of approximately 75 minutes each from 7 March to 11 April 1978, on BBC1 and first repeated later that year.[9] Roughly five million viewers watched the first episode, and by episode three this had risen to seven million.[10] In spring of the following year, Pennies won the British Academy Television Award for Most Original Programme (Hoskins and Campbell were also nominated for BAFTA acting awards).[11] In a 2000 poll of industry professionals conducted by the British Film Institute to find the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes of the 20th century, Pennies from Heaven was placed at number 21.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC Worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"audio commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_commentary_(DVD)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"St James's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James%27s_Church,_Piccadilly"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly"},{"link_name":"Michael Grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Grade"},{"link_name":"Alan Yentob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Yentob"},{"link_name":"Courvoisier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courvoisier"},{"link_name":"liquid heroin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin#Oral"},{"link_name":"morphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indyref-3"}],"text":"The original television version was released on DVD by BBC Worldwide in 2004. The first and sixth episodes have an audio commentary from Haggard and Trodd.[12]Potter's memorial service in November 1994 at St James's Church in Piccadilly began with those in attendance singing \"Roll Along Prairie Moon\" to the accompaniment of a jazz quintet. Cheryl Campbell and Freddie Jones read their scene in the schoolroom from Pennies: \"As Jones stifled his tears, Campbell said: 'Nobody ever ever stops yearning' . . . In a comic interlude Michael Grade, chief executive of Channel 4, Alan Yentob, controller of BBC1, and Kenith Trodd, Potter's producer, read a scene from Pennies. [And Trodd] told of their last meeting before the playwright's death from cancer: 'Dennis slugging Courvoisier, fortified by liquid heroin and morphine . . . after an hour he seemed to crumple and he said, 'I do have one very real fear of death. It is that you might get asked to speak at my memorial service'.\"[3]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Martin"},{"link_name":"Herbert Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Ross"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canby-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-15"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Writing_Adapted_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-15"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Herald Examiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Herald_Examiner"},{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-15"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stoddart-11"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Bernadette Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernadette_Peters"},{"link_name":"Christopher Walken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Walken"},{"link_name":"Vernel Bagneris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernel_Bagneris"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canby-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stoddart-11"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stoddart-11"}],"text":"In 1981, the series was adapted as a film, starring Steve Martin. Potter adapted his own screenplay, and Herbert Ross directed.[13][14] Potter was nominated for the 1981 Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay.[15][14] According to the Los Angeles Herald Examiner, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer had him rewrite the script nine times,[14] though The Sunday Times reported this as thirteen;[10] Kenith Trodd remembered a \"dozen or so drafts\".[16] The movie featured Bernadette Peters (as Eileen), Christopher Walken (as Tom) and Vernel Bagneris (as 'the accordion man').[13] It was not successful at the box office.[10][17][14][18]MGM required Potter to buy back his copyright from the BBC (who demanded $100,000 plus half of any profits he would make from the film); the deal prevented broadcast of the original production of Pennies for approximately ten years.[19] In 1989, the BBC was able to buy back the rights from MGM for what Trodd called 'a very inconsiderable sum', and rebroadcast Pennies in a six-week run beginning February 1990.[20][10]","title":"Film adaptation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"^ \"Pennies From Heaven launched Mr. Hoskins into leading-man parts in British films\";[4] \"Hoskins drew national attention... in the 1978 BBC miniseries Pennies From Heaven.\"[5]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carpenter, Humphrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Dennis Potter: A Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/dennispotterbiog0000carp"},{"link_name":"Faber and Faber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faber_and_Faber"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0571197213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0571197213"},{"link_name":"Fight and Kick and Bite: The Life and Work of Dennis Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/fightkickbitelif0000gilb_y8v7"},{"link_name":"Hodder & Stoughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0340640472","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0340640472"}],"text":"Carpenter, Humphrey (1998). Dennis Potter: A Biography. Faber and Faber. ISBN 0571197213.\nGilbert, W. Stephen (1995). Fight and Kick and Bite: The Life and Work of Dennis Potter. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0340640472.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3366/JBCTV.2006.3.1.59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3366%2FJBCTV.2006.3.1.59"}],"text":"Mundy, John (2006). \"Singing Detected: Blackpool and the Strange Case of the Missing Television Musical Dramas\". Journal of British Cinema and Television. 3 (1). Edinburgh University Press: 59–71. doi:10.3366/JBCTV.2006.3.1.59.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Al Bowlly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Bowlly"}]
[{"reference":"Cook, John R. \"Pennies from Heaven (1978)\". Screenonline. Retrieved 23 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/480113/index.html","url_text":"\"Pennies from Heaven (1978)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenonline","url_text":"Screenonline"}]},{"reference":"Lister, David (2 November 1994). \"Dramatic tribute to Dennis Potter\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/dramatic-tribute-to-dennis-potter-1439751.html","url_text":"\"Dramatic tribute to Dennis Potter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/dramatic-tribute-to-dennis-potter-1439751.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bernstein, Adam (30 April 2014). \"Bob Hoskins, British actor who starred in 'Who Framed Roger Rabbit,' dies at 71\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/bob-hoskins-british-actor-who-starred-in-who-framed-roger-rabbit-dies-at-71/2014/04/30/c758064a-d075-11e3-a6b1-45c4dffb85a6_story.html","url_text":"\"Bob Hoskins, British actor who starred in 'Who Framed Roger Rabbit,' dies at 71\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Chawkins, Steve (30 April 2014). \"Bob Hoskins, actor known as 'the Cockney Cagney,' dies at 71\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-bob-hoskins-20140501-story.html","url_text":"\"Bob Hoskins, actor known as 'the Cockney Cagney,' dies at 71\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Pennies from Heaven (1978)\". Screenonline. Retrieved 26 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tv/id/480113/credits.html","url_text":"\"Pennies from Heaven (1978)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenonline","url_text":"Screenonline"}]},{"reference":"Stoddart, Patrick (18 February 1990). \"As bright as a new penny\". The Sunday Times. No. 8636. p. E1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Stoddart","url_text":"Stoddart, Patrick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times","url_text":"The Sunday Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Television in 1979\". bafta.org. Retrieved 24 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://awards.bafta.org/award/1979/television","url_text":"\"Television in 1979\""}]},{"reference":"Galbraith IV, Stuart (28 July 2004). \"Pennies from Heaven (1978)\". DVD Talk. Retrieved 26 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Galbraith_IV","url_text":"Galbraith IV, Stuart"},{"url":"https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/review/11734","url_text":"\"Pennies from Heaven (1978)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_Talk","url_text":"DVD Talk"}]},{"reference":"Canby, Vincent (11 December 1981). \"Stylized, Offbeat 'Pennies'\". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Canby","url_text":"Canby, Vincent"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/11/movies/stylized-offbeat-pennies-from-heaven.html","url_text":"\"Stylized, Offbeat 'Pennies'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"'Pennies from Heaven.' AFI Catalog\". Retrieved 23 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/56672","url_text":"\"'Pennies from Heaven.' AFI Catalog\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 54th Academy Awards | 1982\". www.oscars.org. Retrieved 23 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1982","url_text":"\"The 54th Academy Awards | 1982\""}]},{"reference":"Rabin, Nathan (16 August 2007). \"My Year Of Flops Case File # 59 Pennies From Heaven\". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 23 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Rabin","url_text":"Rabin, Nathan"},{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/my-year-of-flops-case-file-59-pennies-from-heaven-1798212264","url_text":"\"My Year Of Flops Case File # 59 Pennies From Heaven\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"}]},{"reference":"\"New pennies\". The Daily Telegraph. No. 41855. 18 January 1990. p. 17.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Carpenter, Humphrey (1998). Dennis Potter: A Biography. Faber and Faber. ISBN 0571197213.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter","url_text":"Carpenter, Humphrey"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dennispotterbiog0000carp","url_text":"Dennis Potter: A Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faber_and_Faber","url_text":"Faber and Faber"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0571197213","url_text":"0571197213"}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, W. Stephen (1995). Fight and Kick and Bite: The Life and Work of Dennis Potter. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0340640472.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fightkickbitelif0000gilb_y8v7","url_text":"Fight and Kick and Bite: The Life and Work of Dennis Potter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton","url_text":"Hodder & Stoughton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0340640472","url_text":"0340640472"}]},{"reference":"Mundy, John (2006). \"Singing Detected: Blackpool and the Strange Case of the Missing Television Musical Dramas\". Journal of British Cinema and Television. 3 (1). Edinburgh University Press: 59–71. doi:10.3366/JBCTV.2006.3.1.59.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3366%2FJBCTV.2006.3.1.59","url_text":"10.3366/JBCTV.2006.3.1.59"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB-32
Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006
["1 Requirements","2 Timeline","3 Achievements","4 Strategies","5 AB 32 Scoping Plan","6 Cap-and-Trade","6.1 CARB Quarterly Auction Results","7 Offsets","8 Economic impacts","9 Political challenges","10 Legal challenges","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"]
California state law Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006California State LegislatureFull nameGlobal Warming Solutions Act of 2006IntroducedApril 3, 2006Assembly votedAugust 31, 2006Senate votedAugust 30, 2006Signed into lawSeptember 27, 2006Sponsor(s)Fran Pavley, Fabian NunezGovernorArnold SchwarzeneggerCodeCalifornia Health and Safety CodeSection38500, 38501, 28510, 38530, etc.ResolutionAB32 (2005-2006 Session)Associated billsAB 398 (2017-2018 session; extends cap-and-trade until 2030), SB 32 (2015-2016 session; adds GHG reduction target of 40% below 1990 levels by 2030)Websitewww.arb.ca.gov/cc/docs/ab32text.pdfStatus: Amended The Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, or Assembly Bill (AB) 32, is a California state law that fights global warming by establishing a comprehensive program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from all sources throughout the state. AB32 was co-authored by Assemblymember Fran Pavley (D-Agoura Hills) and Speaker of the California Assembly Fabian Nunez (D-Los Angeles) and signed into law by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger on September 27, 2006. On June 1, 2005, Governor Schwarzenegger signed an executive order known as Executive Order S-3-05, which established greenhouse gas emissions targets for the state. The executive order required the state to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions levels to 2000 levels by 2010, to 1990 levels by 2020, and to a level 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. However, to implement this measure, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) needed authority from the legislature. The California State Legislature passed the Global Warming Solutions Act to address this issue and gave the CARB authority to implement the program. AB 32 requires the California Air Resources Board (CARB or ARB) to develop regulations and market mechanisms to reduce California's greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year of 2020, representing approximately a 30% reduction statewide, with mandatory caps beginning in 2012 for significant emissions sources. The bill also allows the Governor to suspend the emissions caps for up to a year in case of emergency or significant economic harm. The State of California leads the nation in energy efficiency standards and plays a lead role in environmental protection, but is also the 12th largest emitter of carbon worldwide. Greenhouse gas emissions are defined in the bill to include all the following: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons. These are the same greenhouse gases listed in Annex A of the Kyoto Protocol. Requirements AB 32 includes several specific requirements of the California Air Resources Board: Prepare and approve a scoping plan for achieving the maximum technologically feasible and cost-effective reductions in greenhouse gas sources or categories of sources of greenhouse gases by 2020. The scoping plan, approved by the ARB Board December 12, 2008, provides the outline for actions to reduce greenhouse gases in California. The approved scoping plan indicates how these emission reductions will be achieved from significant greenhouse gas sources via regulations, market mechanisms and other actions. Identify the statewide level of greenhouse gas emissions in 1990 to serve as the emissions limit to be achieved by 2020. In December 2007, the Board approved the 2020 emission limit of 427 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent of greenhouse gases, however this limit was later revised to 431 million metric tons using updated methods that had been outlined in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. Adopt a regulation requiring the mandatory reporting of greenhouse gas emissions. In December 2007, the Board adopted a regulation requiring the largest industrial sources to report and verify their greenhouse gas emissions. The reporting regulation serves as a solid foundation to determine greenhouse gas emissions and track future changes in emission levels. In 2011, the Board adopted the cap-and-trade regulation. The cap-and-trade program covers major sources of GHG emissions in the State such as refineries, power plants, industrial facilities, and transportation fuels. The cap-and-trade program includes an enforceable emissions cap that will decline over time. The State will distribute allowances, which are trad-able permits, equal to the emissions allowed under the cap. Sources under the cap will need to surrender allowances and offsets equal to their emissions at the end of each compliance period. Identify and adopt regulations for discrete early actions that could be enforceable on or before January 1, 2010. The Board identified nine discrete early action measures including regulations affecting landfills, motor vehicle fuels, refrigerants in cars, tire pressure, port operations and other sources in 2007 that included ship electrification at ports and reduction of high GWP gases in consumer products. Ensure early voluntary reductions receive appropriate credit in the implementation of AB 32 Convene an Environmental Justice Advisory Committee (EJAC) to advise the Board in developing the Scoping Plan and any other pertinent matter in implementing AB 32. The EJAC has met 12 times since early 2007, providing comments on the proposed early action measures and the development of the scoping plan, and submitted its comments and recommendations on the scoping plan in October 2008. ARB will continue to work with the EJAC as AB 32 is implemented. Appoint an Economic and Technology Advancement Advisory Committee (ETAAC) to provide recommendations for technologies, research and greenhouse gas emission reduction measures. After a year-long public process, the ETAAC submitted a report of their recommendations to the Board in February 2008. The ETAAC also reviewed and provided comments on the scoping plan. Timeline AB 32 stipulates the following timeline: By Jan 1, 2009 ARB adopts plan indicating how emission reductions will be achieved from significant sources of GHGs via regulations, market mechanisms and other actions During 2009 ARB staff drafts rule language to implement its plan and holds a series of public workshop on each measure (including market mechanisms) By Jan 1, 2010 Early action measures take effect During 2010 ARB conducts series of rulemakings, after workshops and public hearings, to adopt GHG regulations including rules governing market mechanisms By Jan 1, 2011 ARB completes major rulemakings for reducing GHGs including market mechanisms. ARB may revise the rules and adopt new ones after 1/1/2011 in furtherance of the 2020 cap By Jan 1, 2012 GHG rules and market mechanisms adopted by ARB take effect and are legally enforceable 2013/2014 Schedule ARB plans to update the AB 32 Scoping Plan. The AB 32 Scoping Plan update will identify specific actions needed to reach the 2020 goal as well as lay the foundation to reach post- 2020 goals. December 31, 2020 Deadline for achieving 2020 GHG emissions cap. In late-January 2014, ARB plans to release the draft proposed Scoping Plan Update and Environmental Assessment. In February 2014, ARB will have a Board meeting discussion that will include additional opportunities for stakeholder feedback and public comment. In Spring 2014, ARB will hold a Board Hearing to consider the Final Scoping Plan Update and Environmental Assessment. As of August 2016, AB 32 continues to be built upon. On September 9, Governor Jerry Brown strengthened the commitment to AB 32 by signing SB 32 by Sen. Fran Pavley (D-Agoura Hills) and AB 197 by Assembly member Eduardo Garcia (D-Coachella). This legally enshrined the goal outlined by Executive Order B-30-15, to reduce the state's greenhouse gas emissions 40% below 1990 levels by 2030. On July 17, 2017, both houses of the California State Legislature pass AB 398 with a two-thirds majority vote, which authorizes the California Air Resources Board to operate a cap-and-trade system to achieve these reductions. Achievements This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2012) December 2007 ARB approves a limit of 427 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MMTCO2E) of greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 December 2007 ARB adopts a regulation requiring the largest industrial sources to report and verify their greenhouse gas emissions. February 2008 ARB approves a policy statement encouraging voluntary early actions for emissions reductions and establishing a procedure for project proponents to submit quantification methods to be evaluated by ARB. December 12, 2008 Scoping plan approved and adopted by ARB, providing an outline of actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from significant sources in California via regulations, market mechanisms and other actions. January 2009 ARB adopts plan indicating how emission reductions will be achieved from significant sources of GHGs via regulations, market mechanisms and other actions. During 2009 ARB staff drafts rule language to implement its plan and holds a series of public workshop on each measure (including market mechanisms). January 1, 2010 Early Action measures take effect. During 2010 ARB conducts series of rulemakings, after workshops and public hearings, to adopt GHG regulations including rules governing market mechanisms. January 1, 2011 ARB completes major rulemakings for reducing Greenhouse Gases, including market mechanisms. January 1, 2012 Greenhouse Gas rules and market mechanisms adopted by ARB take effect and are legally enforceable. October 2013 CARB and the Quebec Ministry of Sustainable Development, Environment, Wildlife, and Parks officially linked their greenhouse gas cap-and-trade programs. As a result, greenhouse gas emission allowances from California and Quebec will be interchangeable for compliance purposes starting on January 1, 2014. California and Quebec's link represents the first multi-sector cap-and-trade program linkage in North America. To date, ARB has identified nine discrete early action measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including regulations affecting landfills, motor vehicle fuels, refrigerants in cars, tire pressure, port operations and other sources. Regulatory development for additional measures is ongoing. The Environmental Justice Advisory Committee (EJAC) has met 12 times since early 2007 and submitted comments and recommendations on the scoping plan in October 2008. The Economic and Technology Advancement Advisory Committee (ETAAC) submitted a report of their recommendations to the Board in February 2008. The ETAAC also reviewed and provided comments on the scoping plan. In June 2013, ARB held a kickoff public workshop in Sacramento to discuss the development of the Scoping Plan Update, public process, and overall schedule. In July 2013, subsequent regional workshops were held in Diamond Bar; Fresno; and the Bay Area, which provided forums to discuss region-specific issues, concerns, and priorities. Strategies Cap-and-Trade Program: Firm limit on total greenhouse gas emissions. Covers 85% of all emissions statewide; includes participation in the Western Climate Initiative Electricity and Energy: Improved appliance efficiency standards and other energy efficiency measures; goal is for 33% of energy to come from renewable sources by 2020; High Global Warming Potential Gases: reduce emissions and use of refrigerants and certain other gases that have much higher impact, per molecule than carbon dioxide Agriculture: more efficient agricultural equipment, fuel use and water use Transportation: adherence to "Pavley Standards" to achieve reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles Industry: audit and regulate emissions from 800 largest industrial sources statewide, including the cement industry Forestry: preserve forest sequestration and other voluntary programs Waste and Recycling: reduce methane emissions from landfills; reduce waste and increase recycling/reuse AB 32 Scoping Plan Assembly Bill 32 (AB 32) required the California Air Resources Board (ARB or Board) to develop a Scoping Plan that describes the approach California will take to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) to achieve the goal of reducing emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. The Scoping Plan was first considered by the Board in 2008 and must be updated every five years. ARB is currently in the process of updating the Scoping Plan. Details regarding this update are outlined below. AB 32 Scoping Plan Update The Scoping Plan Update (Update) builds upon the initial Scoping Plan with new strategies and recommendations. The Update identifies opportunities to leverage existing and new funds to further drive GHG emission reductions through strategic planning and targeted low carbon investments. The Update defines ARB's climate change priorities for the next five years and sets the groundwork to reach California's post-2020 climate goals set forth in Executive Orders S-3-05 and B-16-2012. The Update will highlight California's progress toward meeting the near-term 2020 GHG emission reduction goals defined in the initial Scoping Plan. It will also evaluate how to align the State's longer-term GHG reduction strategies with other State policy priorities for water, waste, natural resources, clean energy, transportation, and land use. What are the key focus areas for the Update? ARB plans to focus on six key topics areas for the post-2020 element. These include: (1) transportation, fuels, and infrastructure, (2) energy generation, transmission, and efficiency, (3) waste, (4) water, (5) agriculture, and (6) natural and working lands. What recent activity has occurred in 2013? In June 2013, ARB held a kickoff public workshop in Sacramento to discuss the development of the Scoping Plan Update, public process, and overall schedule. In July 2013, subsequent regional workshops were held in Diamond Bar; Fresno; and the Bay Area, which provided forums to discuss region-specific issues, concerns, and priorities. In addition, ARB accepted and considered informal stakeholder comments from June 13, 2013 through August 5, 2013. ARB also reconvened the Environmental Justice Advisory Committee to advise, and provide recommendations on the development of, this Update. On October 1, 2013, ARB released a discussion draft of the Update to the AB 32 Scoping Plan for public review and comment. On October 15, 2013, ARB held a public workshop and provided an update to the Board at the October 24, 2013 Board Hearing. Extensive public comment and input was received at the October Board Hearing. In addition, over 115 comment letters were submitted on the discussion draft. What activities are planned for 2014? In late-January 2014, ARB plans to release the draft proposed Scoping Plan Update and Environmental Assessment. In February 2014, ARB will have a Board meeting discussion that will include additional opportunities for stakeholder feedback and public comment. In Spring 2014, ARB will hold a Board Hearing to consider the Final Scoping Plan Update and Environmental Assessment. What is the status of AB 32 implementation? The California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32) has been implemented effectively with a suite of complementary strategies that serve as a model going forward. California is on target for meeting the 2020 GHG emission reduction goal. Many of the GHG reduction measures (e.g., Low Carbon Fuel Standard, Advanced Clean Car standards, and Cap-and-Trade) have been adopted over the last five years and implementation activities are ongoing. California is getting real reductions to put us on track for reducing GHG emissions to achieve the AB 32 goal of getting back to 1990 levels by 2020. Cap-and-Trade On December 17, 2010 ARB adopted a cap-and-trade program to place an upper limit on state-wide greenhouse gas emissions. This is the first program of its kind on this scale in the United States, though in the north-eastern United States, the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) works on a similar principle. Through the Western Climate Initiative (WCI), California is working to link its cap and trade system to other states. In October 2013, California officially linked its cap-and-trade program with Quebec Ministry of Sustainable Development, Environment, Wildlife, and Parks. The program had a soft start in 2012, with the first required compliance period starting in 2013. Emissions are to be reduced by two percent each year through 2015 and three percent each year from 2015 to 2020. The rules apply first to utilities and large industrial plants, and in 2015 will begin to be applied to fuel distributors as well, eventually totaling 360 businesses at 600 locations throughout the State of California. Free credits will be distributed to businesses to account for about 90 percent of overall emissions in their sector, but they must buy allowances (credits) at auction, to account for additional emissions. The auction format used will be single round, sealed bid auction. A preliminary auction was held August 30, 2012 with the first actual quarterly auction to take place November 14, 2012. CARB Quarterly Auction Results These auctions demonstrate the following trends: (1) after an initial spike in qualified bidder number, the number of qualified bidders began to decrease; (2) the percentage of 2015 and 2016 allowances sold increased continually to reach 100%; (3) the percentage of current year allowances sold remained constant at 100%; (4) although the settlement prices for current year allowances initially increased, they then began to decrease; (5) the settlement prices for the 2015 or 2016 allowances have increased. Some of the most well-known bidders were California Department of Water Resources, Campbell Soup Supply Company, Chevron U.S.A. Inc., Citigroup Energy Inc., Exxon Mobil Corporation, J.P. Morgan Ventures Energy Corporation, Noble Americas Gas & Power Corp., Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Phillips 66 Company, Shell Energy North America, Silicon Valley Power, Southern California Edison Company, The Bank of Nova Scotia, Union Pacific Railroad Company, and Vista Metals Corp. A qualified bidder is an entity that registered for the auction, submitted an acceptable bid guarantee, and received acceptance from the ARB to participate in the auction. CARB Quarterly Auction Results Auction no. Quarter Year of Allowances No. of Allowances Median Allowance Price (USD) % of available allowances bought 1 November 2012 2013 23,126,110 11.81 97 2015 5,576,000 10.75 91 2 February 2013 2013 12,924,822 12.91 88.15 2016 4,440,000 11.10 100 3 May 2013 2013 14,522,048 14.25 90.22 2016 7,515,000 11.02 86.49 4 August 2013 2013 13,865,422 13.01 95.5 2016 9,560,000 11.10 96.3 5 November 2014 2013 16,614,526 11.55 96.2 2016 9,560,000 11.15 91.3 Offsets In addition to emission allowances, CCAs. Compliance entities may also use a certain percentage of offset credits in the system. Offsets credits are generated by projects that reduce emissions or act as sinks for green house gasses. Currently the Air Resources Board allows for different types of offset projects to generate offset credits: U.S. Forest and Urban Forest Project Resources, Livestock Projects (methane emission control), Ozone Depleting Substances Projects, and Urban Forest Projects. Offset provisions in the cap and trade scheme are however controversial and have been challenged in court. In March 2012, Citizens Climate Lobby and Our Children's Earth Foundation, two California environmental groups, sued the California Air Resources Board for the inclusion of its offset provisions. Their request was denied and when the Our Children's Earth Foundation appealed the decision was affirmed. Economic impacts According to ARB, AB 32 is "generating jobs, promoting a growing, clean-energy economy and a healthy environment for California at the same time." AB 32 supports efficiency-driven job growth California gets more clean energy venture capital investment than all states combined Green technologies produce new jobs faster Venture capital investment produces thousands of new jobs Green jobs are growing faster than any other industry California leads the nation in clean technology California's economic powerhouses support AB 32 AB 32 requires California to lower greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. Climate change will have a significant impact on the sustainability of water supplies in the coming decades. Political challenges The bill was challenged by Proposition 23 on the November 2010 ballot, which aimed to suspend AB 32 until state unemployment stayed below 5.5% for four consecutive quarters. The proposition was defeated by a wide margin. Legal challenges Two lawsuits have been filed challenging the legality of ARB's auctions of GHG emission permits. The petitioners contend that the auctions are not authorized under AB 32, and that the revenues generated by the auctions violate California's Proposition 13 or Proposition 26. A hearing was conducted on both challenges on August 28, 2013, in Sacramento County Superior Court. AB 26 was initiated by Assembly woman Susan Bonilla, District of Concord and it was heard in the Senate Environmental Quality Committee June 19, 2013. The bill is sponsored by the State Building and Construction trades Council, AFL-CIO, and supported by California Teamsters Public Affairs Council and the International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators Local 5. Briefly, the bill is about the labor unions who wants portion from cap and trade's revenue to increasing wages for their workers, getting more jobs and increasing the number of union members that work in the industry that actually produce greenhouse gas emission. In this case, union labor will be fighting environmental groups supportive of AB 32 goals. The bill passed, 7–0. On Nov 12, 2013 The California Chamber of Commerce launched the first industry lawsuit against the auction portion of California's cap-and-trade program on the basis that auctioning off allowances constitutes an unauthorized, unconstitutional tax. The complaint was filed for Sacramento Superior Court and seeks to stop the auction and have the auction regulations declared invalid. However, California superior court has rejected the challenges to the state's cap-and-trade program, upholding a significant element of California's suite of programs to comply with AB 32 and to reduce the state's greenhouse gas emissions. - See also Global Warming portalWeather portal Climate Change Kyoto Protocol Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act Sustainable Communities and Climate Protection Act of 2008 Climate change in California References ^ "California Climate Change Executive Orders". California Climate Change. Archived from the original on December 19, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2016. ^ "EXECUTIVE ORDER S-3-05". Office of Governor. Archived from the original on June 2, 2011. ^ "Climate Change". California Air Resources Board. September 5, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2019. ^ "Gov. Schwarzenegger Signs Landmark Legislation to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions". Office of the Governor. September 27, 2006. Archived from the original on September 28, 2006. ^ "Assembly Bill No. 32. CHAPTER 488. An act to add Division 25.5 (commencing with Section 38500) to theHealth and Safety Code, relating to air pollution" (PDF). California State Assembly. September 27, 2006. ^ Kyoto Protocol (PDF) (Report). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. December 10, 1997. p. 22. Retrieved July 29, 2021. ^ "GHG 1990 Emissions Level & 2020 Limit". California Air Resources Board. Retrieved July 29, 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h "Assembly Bill 32 - California Global Warming Solutions Act". California Air Resources Board. September 28, 2018. ^ a b c California Air Resources Board. "Scoping Plan - California Air Resources Board". ca.gov. ^ Plumer, Brad (September 9, 2016). "California is about to find out what a truly radical climate policy looks like". Vox. Vox. Retrieved August 30, 2016. ^ "Political Watch 9/15/16". Santa Maria Sun. Vol. 17, no. 15. Santa Maria Sun. September 14, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2016. ^ O'Shea, Helen; Cavanagh, Ralph (September 14, 2016). "Conservation, Clean Energy and Climate Leadership". NRDC - Expert Blog. Natural Resources Defense Council. Retrieved September 15, 2016. ^ Sullivan, Jacqueline (September 14, 2016). "Report outlines how to make equity part of California's low-carbon economy". phys.org. Phys.org. Retrieved September 15, 2016. ^ Editorial Board (September 25, 2016). "The Post's View: The world is watching as California steps up — again — on climate change". Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 26, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016. ^ Megerian, Chris; Mason, Melanie (July 17, 2017). "California Legislature extends state's cap-and-trade program in rare bipartisan effort to address climate change". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 21, 2017. ^ "California Cap and Trade". Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. Retrieved October 5, 2017. ^ a b "California Climate Plan". Archived from the original on March 27, 2016. Retrieved December 17, 2010. ^ "Quarterly Auction and Reserve Sale Information - Cap-and-Trade". ca.gov. ^ CALIFORNIA CAP-AND-TRADE PROGRAM SUMMARY OF CALIFORNIA-QUEBEC JOINT AUCTION SETTLEMENT PRICES AND RESULTS (PDF) (Report). California Air Resources Board. May 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021. ^ a b California Air Resources Board Quarterly Auction 5 November 2013 Summary Results Report (PDF) (Report). California Air Resources Board. November 22, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2021. ^ California Air Resources Board Quarterly Auction 1 November 2012 Summary Results Report (PDF) (Report). California Air Resources Board. June 5, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2021. ^ California Air Resources Board Quarterly Auction 2 February 2013 Summary Results Report (PDF) (Report). California Air Resources Board. June 5, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2021. ^ California Air Resources Board Quarterly Auction 3 May 2013 Summary Results Report (PDF) (Report). California Air Resources Board. June 5, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2021. ^ California Air Resources Board Quarterly Auction 4 August 2013 Summary Results Report (PDF) (Report). California Air Resources Board. August 21, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2021. ^ California Air Resources Board. "Compliance Offset Program". ca.gov. ^ Citizen's Climate Lobby et. al. vs. California Air Resources Board et. al., CGC-12-519554 (Superior Court of California 25 January 2013), archived from the original on 2014-02-02. ^ Our Children's Earth Foundation v. State Air Resources Board, A138830 (California Court of Appeal 23 February 2015). ^ "Water Sustainability - Water Supply at Risk - NRDC". Natural Resources Defense Council. July 16, 2010. Archived from the original on June 7, 2012. ^ a b "Proposition 23 (2010) | californiachoices.org". www.californiachoices.org. Retrieved July 29, 2021. ^ a b "California Chamber of Commerce v. California Air Resources Board". Climate Change Litigation. Retrieved July 29, 2021. ^ a b "FindLaw's California Court of Appeal case and opinions". Findlaw. Retrieved July 29, 2021. ^ "Sacramento judge tentatively says state can auction air quality credits in California". Archived from the original on August 31, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2016. ^ Grimes, Katy (June 23, 2013). "Greenhouse gas emitter Chevron could get AB 32 funds". California Political Review. Retrieved July 29, 2021. ^ Horowitz, Cara (November 14, 2013). "California cap and trade survives industry tax challenge". LegalPlanet. Retrieved July 29, 2021. External links Legal documentation "California Global Warming Solutions Act (AB 32)". c2es.org. Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2016. "A Golden Opportunity: California's Solutions for Global Warming". nrdc.org. Natural Resources Defense Council. June 19, 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2016. Cobo, Kimberly (September 1, 2007). "California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006: Meaningfully Decreasing Greenhouse Gas Emissions or Merely a Set of Empty Promises". Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review. 41 (1). Retrieved December 6, 2018. vteClimate changeOverview Causes of climate change Climate change adaptation Climate change mitigation Effects of climate change By country and region CausesOverview Climate system Greenhouse effect (Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere) Scientific consensus on climate change Sources Deforestation Fossil fuel Greenhouse gases Greenhouse gas emissions Carbon accounting Carbon footprint Carbon leakage from agriculture from wetlands World energy supply and consumption History History of climate change policy and politics History of climate change science Svante Arrhenius James Hansen Charles David Keeling United Nations Climate Change conferences Years in climate change 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Effects and issuesPhysical Abrupt climate change Anoxic event Arctic methane emissions Arctic sea ice decline Atlantic meridional overturning circulation Drought Extreme weather Flood Coastal flooding Heat wave Marine Urban heat island Oceans acidification deoxygenation heat content sea surface temperature stratification temperature Ozone depletion Permafrost thaw Retreat of glaciers since 1850 Sea level rise Season creep Tipping points in the climate system Tropical cyclones Water cycle Wildfires Flora and fauna Biomes Mass mortality event Birds Extinction risk Forest dieback Invasive species Marine life Plant biodiversity Social and economic Agriculture Livestock United States Children Cities Civilizational collapse Disability Economic impacts U.S. insurance industry Fisheries Gender Health Mental health Human rights Indigenous peoples Infectious diseases Migration Poverty Psychological impacts Security and conflict Urban flooding Water scarcity Water security By country and region Africa Americas Antarctica Arctic Asia Australia Caribbean Europe Middle East and North Africa Small island countries by individual country MitigationEconomics and finance Carbon budget Carbon emission trading Carbon offsets and credits Gold Standard (carbon offset standard) Carbon price Carbon tax Climate debt Climate finance Climate risk insurance Co-benefits of climate change mitigation Economics of climate change mitigation Fossil fuel divestment Green Climate Fund Low-carbon economy Net zero emissions Energy Carbon capture and storage Energy transition Fossil fuel phase-out Nuclear power Renewable energy Sustainable energy Preserving and enhancing carbon sinks Blue carbon Carbon dioxide removal Carbon sequestration Direct air capture Carbon farming Climate-smart agriculture Forest management afforestation forestry for carbon sequestration REDD and REDD+ reforestation Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF and AFOLU) Nature-based solutions Personal Individual action on climate change Plant-based diet Society and adaptationSociety Business action Climate action Climate emergency declaration Climate movement School Strike for Climate Denial Ecological grief Governance Justice Litigation Politics Public opinion Women Adaptation Adaptation strategies on the German coast Adaptive capacity Disaster risk reduction Ecosystem-based adaptation Flood control Loss and damage Managed retreat Nature-based solutions Resilience Risk Vulnerability The Adaptation Fund National Adaptation Programme of Action Communication Climate Change Performance Index Climate crisis (term) Climate spiral Education Media coverage Popular culture depictions art fiction video games Warming stripes International agreements Glasgow Climate Pact Kyoto Protocol Paris Agreement Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Nationally determined contributions Sustainable Development Goal 13 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Background and theoryMeasurements Global surface temperature Instrumental temperature record Proxy Satellite temperature measurement Theory Albedo Carbon cycle atmospheric biologic oceanic permafrost Carbon sink Climate sensitivity Climate variability and change Cloud feedback Cloud forcing Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis Cryosphere Earth's energy budget Extreme event attribution Feedbacks Global warming potential Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change Orbital forcing Radiative forcing Research and modelling Climate change scenario Climate model Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) IPCC Sixth Assessment Report Paleoclimatology Paleotempestology Representative Concentration Pathway Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Solar radiation modification Climate change portal Category Glossary Index
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"global warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gas emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions"},{"link_name":"Fran Pavley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Pavley"},{"link_name":"Fabian Nunez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Nunez"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schwarzenegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger"},{"link_name":"Executive Order S-3-05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_S-3-05"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"California Air Resources Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board"},{"link_name":"California State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"State of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_California"},{"link_name":"environmental protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_protection"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Greenhouse gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"methane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane"},{"link_name":"nitrous oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide"},{"link_name":"sulfur hexafluoride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride"},{"link_name":"hydrofluorocarbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbons"},{"link_name":"perfluorocarbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfluorocarbons"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kyoto Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, or Assembly Bill (AB) 32, is a California state law that fights global warming by establishing a comprehensive program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from all sources throughout the state. AB32 was co-authored by Assemblymember Fran Pavley (D-Agoura Hills) and Speaker of the California Assembly Fabian Nunez (D-Los Angeles) and signed into law by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger on September 27, 2006.On June 1, 2005, Governor Schwarzenegger signed an executive order known as Executive Order S-3-05,[1][2] which established greenhouse gas emissions targets for the state. The executive order required the state to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions levels to 2000 levels by 2010, to 1990 levels by 2020, and to a level 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. However, to implement this measure, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) needed authority from the legislature. The California State Legislature passed the Global Warming Solutions Act to address this issue and gave the CARB authority to implement the program.AB 32 requires the California Air Resources Board (CARB or ARB) to develop regulations and market mechanisms to reduce California's greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year of 2020, representing approximately a 30% reduction statewide,[3] with mandatory caps beginning in 2012 for significant emissions sources. The bill also allows the Governor to suspend the emissions caps for up to a year in case of emergency or significant economic harm.The State of California leads the nation in energy efficiency standards and plays a lead role in environmental protection, but is also the 12th largest emitter of carbon worldwide.[4] Greenhouse gas emissions are defined in the bill to include all the following: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons.[5] These are the same greenhouse gases listed in Annex A of the Kyoto Protocol.[6]","title":"Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IPCC Fourth Assessment Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Fourth_Assessment_Report"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"AB 32 includes several specific requirements of the California Air Resources Board:Prepare and approve a scoping plan for achieving the maximum technologically feasible and cost-effective reductions in greenhouse gas sources or categories of sources of greenhouse gases by 2020. The scoping plan, approved by the ARB Board December 12, 2008, provides the outline for actions to reduce greenhouse gases in California. The approved scoping plan indicates how these emission reductions will be achieved from significant greenhouse gas sources via regulations, market mechanisms and other actions.\nIdentify the statewide level of greenhouse gas emissions in 1990 to serve as the emissions limit to be achieved by 2020. In December 2007, the Board approved the 2020 emission limit of 427 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent of greenhouse gases, however this limit was later revised to 431 million metric tons using updated methods that had been outlined in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report.[7]\nAdopt a regulation requiring the mandatory reporting of greenhouse gas emissions. In December 2007, the Board adopted a regulation requiring the largest industrial sources to report and verify their greenhouse gas emissions. The reporting regulation serves as a solid foundation to determine greenhouse gas emissions and track future changes in emission levels. In 2011, the Board adopted the cap-and-trade regulation. The cap-and-trade program covers major sources of GHG emissions in the State such as refineries, power plants, industrial facilities, and transportation fuels. The cap-and-trade program includes an enforceable emissions cap that will decline over time. The State will distribute allowances, which are trad-able permits, equal to the emissions allowed under the cap. Sources under the cap will need to surrender allowances and offsets equal to their emissions at the end of each compliance period.\nIdentify and adopt regulations for discrete early actions that could be enforceable on or before January 1, 2010. The Board identified nine discrete early action measures including regulations affecting landfills, motor vehicle fuels, refrigerants in cars, tire pressure, port operations and other sources in 2007 that included ship electrification at ports and reduction of high GWP gases in consumer products.\nEnsure early voluntary reductions receive appropriate credit in the implementation of AB 32\nConvene an Environmental Justice Advisory Committee (EJAC) to advise the Board in developing the Scoping Plan and any other pertinent matter in implementing AB 32. The EJAC has met 12 times since early 2007, providing comments on the proposed early action measures and the development of the scoping plan, and submitted its comments and recommendations on the scoping plan in October 2008. ARB will continue to work with the EJAC as AB 32 is implemented.\nAppoint an Economic and Technology Advancement Advisory Committee (ETAAC) to provide recommendations for technologies, research and greenhouse gas emission reduction measures.[8] After a year-long public process, the ETAAC submitted a report of their recommendations to the Board in February 2008. The ETAAC also reviewed and provided comments on the scoping plan.[citation needed]","title":"Requirements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arb.ca.gov-9"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_California"},{"link_name":"Jerry Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Brown"},{"link_name":"SB 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Senate_Bill_32"},{"link_name":"Executive Order B-30-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Executive_Order_B-30-15&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"California State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"California Air Resources Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"AB 32 stipulates the following timeline:[8]In late-January 2014, ARB plans to release the draft proposed Scoping Plan Update and Environmental Assessment. In February 2014, ARB will have a Board meeting discussion that will include additional opportunities for stakeholder feedback and public comment. In Spring 2014, ARB will hold a Board Hearing to consider the Final Scoping Plan Update and Environmental Assessment.\n[9] [needs update]As of August 2016, AB 32 continues to be built upon.[10] On September 9, Governor Jerry Brown strengthened the commitment to AB 32 by signing SB 32 by Sen. Fran Pavley (D-Agoura Hills) and AB 197 by Assembly member Eduardo Garcia (D-Coachella). This legally enshrined the goal outlined by Executive Order B-30-15, to reduce the state's greenhouse gas emissions 40% below 1990 levels by 2030.[11][12][13][14] On July 17, 2017, both houses of the California State Legislature pass AB 398 with a two-thirds majority vote, which authorizes the California Air Resources Board to operate a cap-and-trade system to achieve these reductions.[15]","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"motor vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle"},{"link_name":"refrigerants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerants"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arb.ca.gov-9"}],"text":"To date, ARB has identified nine discrete early action measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including regulations affecting landfills, motor vehicle fuels, refrigerants in cars, tire pressure, port operations and other sources. Regulatory development for additional measures is ongoing.The Environmental Justice Advisory Committee (EJAC) has met 12 times since early 2007 and submitted comments and recommendations on the scoping plan in October 2008. The Economic and Technology Advancement Advisory Committee (ETAAC) submitted a report of their recommendations to the Board in February 2008. The ETAAC also reviewed and provided comments on the scoping plan.In June 2013, ARB held a kickoff public workshop in Sacramento to discuss the development of the Scoping Plan Update, public process, and overall schedule. \nIn July 2013, subsequent regional workshops were held in Diamond Bar; Fresno; and the Bay Area, which provided forums to discuss region-specific issues, concerns, and priorities.[9]","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Climate Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Climate_Initiative"},{"link_name":"Global Warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming"},{"link_name":"methane emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_emissions"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"}],"text":"Cap-and-Trade Program: Firm limit on total greenhouse gas emissions. Covers 85% of all emissions statewide; includes participation in the Western Climate Initiative\nElectricity and Energy: Improved appliance efficiency standards and other energy efficiency measures; goal is for 33% of energy to come from renewable sources by 2020;\nHigh Global Warming Potential Gases: reduce emissions and use of refrigerants and certain other gases that have much higher impact, per molecule than carbon dioxide\nAgriculture: more efficient agricultural equipment, fuel use and water use\nTransportation: adherence to \"Pavley Standards\" to achieve reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles\nIndustry: audit and regulate emissions from 800 largest industrial sources statewide, including the cement industry\nForestry: preserve forest sequestration and other voluntary programs\nWaste and Recycling: reduce methane emissions from landfills; reduce waste and increase recycling/reuse[17]","title":"Strategies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arb.ca.gov-9"}],"text":"Assembly Bill 32 (AB 32) required the California Air Resources Board (ARB or Board) to develop a Scoping Plan that describes the approach California will take to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) to achieve the goal of reducing emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. The Scoping Plan was first considered by the Board in 2008 and must be updated every five years. ARB is currently in the process of updating the Scoping Plan. Details regarding this update are outlined below.AB 32 Scoping Plan UpdateThe Scoping Plan Update (Update) builds upon the initial Scoping Plan with new strategies and recommendations. The Update identifies opportunities to leverage existing and new funds to further drive GHG emission reductions through strategic planning and targeted low carbon investments. The Update defines ARB's climate change priorities for the next five years and sets the groundwork to reach California's post-2020 climate goals set forth in Executive Orders S-3-05 and B-16-2012. The Update will highlight California's progress toward meeting the near-term 2020 GHG emission reduction goals defined in the initial Scoping Plan. It will also evaluate how to align the State's longer-term GHG reduction strategies with other State policy priorities for water, waste, natural resources, clean energy, transportation, and land use.What are the key focus areas for the Update?ARB plans to focus on six key topics areas for the post-2020 element. These include: (1) transportation, fuels, and infrastructure, (2) energy generation, transmission, and efficiency, (3) waste, (4) water, (5) agriculture, and (6) natural and working lands.What recent activity has occurred in 2013?In June 2013, ARB held a kickoff public workshop in Sacramento to discuss the development of the Scoping Plan Update, public process, and overall schedule. In July 2013, subsequent regional workshops were held in Diamond Bar; Fresno; and the Bay Area, which provided forums to discuss region-specific issues, concerns, and priorities. In addition, ARB accepted and considered informal stakeholder comments from June 13, 2013 through August 5, 2013. ARB also reconvened the Environmental Justice Advisory Committee to advise, and provide recommendations on the development of, this Update. On October 1, 2013, ARB released a discussion draft of the Update to the AB 32 Scoping Plan for public review and comment. On October 15, 2013, ARB held a public workshop and provided an update to the Board at the October 24, 2013 Board Hearing. Extensive public comment and input was received at the October Board Hearing. In addition, over 115 comment letters were submitted on the discussion draft.What activities are planned for 2014?In late-January 2014, ARB plans to release the draft proposed Scoping Plan Update and Environmental Assessment. In February 2014, ARB will have a Board meeting discussion that will include additional opportunities for stakeholder feedback and public comment. In Spring 2014, ARB will hold a Board Hearing to consider the Final Scoping Plan Update and Environmental Assessment.What is the status of AB 32 implementation?The California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32) has been implemented effectively with a suite of complementary strategies that serve as a model going forward. California is on target for meeting the 2020 GHG emission reduction goal. Many of the GHG reduction measures (e.g., Low Carbon Fuel Standard, Advanced Clean Car standards, and Cap-and-Trade) have been adopted over the last five years and implementation activities are ongoing. California is getting real reductions to put us on track for reducing GHG emissions to achieve the AB 32 goal of getting back to 1990 levels by 2020.[9]","title":"AB 32 Scoping Plan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"(RGGI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Greenhouse_Gas_Initiative"},{"link_name":"Western Climate Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Climate_Initiative"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"On December 17, 2010 ARB adopted a cap-and-trade program to place an upper limit on state-wide greenhouse gas emissions. This is the first program of its kind on this scale in the United States, though in the north-eastern United States, the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) works on a similar principle. Through the Western Climate Initiative (WCI), California is working to link its cap and trade system to other states. In October 2013, California officially linked its cap-and-trade program with Quebec Ministry of Sustainable Development, Environment, Wildlife, and Parks. The program had a soft start in 2012, with the first required compliance period starting in 2013. Emissions are to be reduced by two percent each year through 2015 and three percent each year from 2015 to 2020. The rules apply first to utilities and large industrial plants, and in 2015 will begin to be applied to fuel distributors as well, eventually totaling 360 businesses at 600 locations throughout the State of California. Free credits will be distributed to businesses to account for about 90 percent of overall emissions in their sector, but they must buy allowances (credits) at auction, to account for additional emissions. The auction format used will be single round, sealed bid auction. A preliminary auction was held August 30, 2012 with the first actual quarterly auction to take place November 14, 2012.[18][19]","title":"Cap-and-Trade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pacific Gas and Electric Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Gas_and_Electric_Company"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-20"}],"sub_title":"CARB Quarterly Auction Results","text":"These auctions demonstrate the following trends: (1) after an initial spike in qualified bidder number, the number of qualified bidders began to decrease; (2) the percentage of 2015 and 2016 allowances sold increased continually to reach 100%; (3) the percentage of current year allowances sold remained constant at 100%; (4) although the settlement prices for current year allowances initially increased, they then began to decrease; (5) the settlement prices for the 2015 or 2016 allowances have increased.[citation needed]Some of the most well-known bidders were California Department of Water Resources, Campbell Soup Supply Company, Chevron U.S.A. Inc., Citigroup Energy Inc., Exxon Mobil Corporation, J.P. Morgan Ventures Energy Corporation, Noble Americas Gas & Power Corp., Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Phillips 66 Company, Shell Energy North America, Silicon Valley Power, Southern California Edison Company, The Bank of Nova Scotia, Union Pacific Railroad Company, and Vista Metals Corp. A qualified bidder is an entity that registered for the auction, submitted an acceptable bid guarantee, and received acceptance from the ARB to participate in the auction.[20]","title":"Cap-and-Trade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"In addition to emission allowances, CCAs. Compliance entities may also use a certain percentage of offset credits in the system. Offsets credits are generated by projects that reduce emissions or act as sinks for green house gasses. Currently the Air Resources Board allows for different types of offset projects to generate offset credits: U.S. Forest and Urban Forest Project Resources, Livestock Projects (methane emission control), Ozone Depleting Substances Projects, and Urban Forest Projects.[25]Offset provisions in the cap and trade scheme are however controversial and have been challenged in court. In March 2012, Citizens Climate Lobby and Our Children's Earth Foundation, two California environmental groups, sued the California Air Resources Board for the inclusion of its offset provisions.[26] Their request was denied and when the Our Children's Earth Foundation appealed the decision was affirmed.[27]","title":"Offsets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"According to ARB, AB 32 is \"generating jobs, promoting a growing, clean-energy economy and a healthy environment for California at the same time.\"AB 32 supports efficiency-driven job growth\nCalifornia gets more clean energy venture capital investment than all states combined\nGreen technologies produce new jobs faster\nVenture capital investment produces thousands of new jobs\nGreen jobs are growing faster than any other industry\nCalifornia leads the nation in clean technology\nCalifornia's economic powerhouses support AB 32[17]\nAB 32 requires California to lower greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020.\nClimate change will have a significant impact on the sustainability of water supplies in the coming decades.[28]","title":"Economic impacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Proposition 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_23_(2010)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-29"}],"text":"The bill was challenged by Proposition 23 on the November 2010 ballot, which aimed to suspend AB 32 until state unemployment stayed below 5.5% for four consecutive quarters.[29] The proposition was defeated by a wide margin.[29]","title":"Political challenges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-31"},{"link_name":"Proposition 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition_13"},{"link_name":"Proposition 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proposition_26&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Two lawsuits have been filed challenging the legality of ARB's auctions of GHG emission permits.[30][31] The petitioners contend that the auctions are not authorized under AB 32, and that the revenues generated by the auctions violate California's Proposition 13 or Proposition 26.[30][31] A hearing was conducted on both challenges on August 28, 2013, in Sacramento County Superior Court.[32]AB 26 was initiated by Assembly woman Susan Bonilla, District of Concord and it was heard in the Senate Environmental Quality Committee June 19, 2013. The bill is sponsored by the State Building and Construction trades Council, AFL-CIO, and supported by California Teamsters Public Affairs Council and the International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators Local 5. Briefly, the bill is about the labor unions who wants portion from cap and trade's revenue to increasing wages for their workers, getting more jobs and increasing the number of union members that work in the industry that actually produce greenhouse gas emission. In this case, union labor will be fighting environmental groups supportive of AB 32 goals. The bill passed, 7–0.[33][unreliable source?][verification needed]On Nov 12, 2013 The California Chamber of Commerce launched the first industry lawsuit against the auction portion of California's cap-and-trade program on the basis that auctioning off allowances constitutes an unauthorized, unconstitutional tax. The complaint was filed for Sacramento Superior Court and seeks to stop the auction and have the auction regulations declared invalid. However, California superior court has rejected the challenges to the state's cap-and-trade program, upholding a significant element of California's suite of programs to comply with AB 32 and to reduce the state's greenhouse gas emissions.\n-[34]","title":"Legal challenges"}]
[]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Change_in_Average_Temperature.svg"},{"title":"Global Warming portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Global_Warming"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg"},{"title":"Weather portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Weather"},{"title":"Climate Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_(general_concept)"},{"title":"Kyoto Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol"},{"title":"Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act"},{"title":"Sustainable Communities and Climate Protection Act of 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Communities_and_Climate_Protection_Act_of_2008"},{"title":"Climate change in California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_California"}]
[{"reference":"\"California Climate Change Executive Orders\". California Climate Change. Archived from the original on December 19, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111219221425/http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/state/executive_orders.html","url_text":"\"California Climate Change Executive Orders\""},{"url":"http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/state/executive_orders.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"EXECUTIVE ORDER S-3-05\". Office of Governor. Archived from the original on June 2, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110602181729/http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=1861","url_text":"\"EXECUTIVE ORDER S-3-05\""},{"url":"http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=1861","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Climate Change\". California Air Resources Board. September 5, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/cc.htm","url_text":"\"Climate Change\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gov. Schwarzenegger Signs Landmark Legislation to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions\". Office of the Governor. September 27, 2006. Archived from the original on September 28, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060928031617/http://gov.ca.gov/index.php?%2Fpress-release%2F4111%2F","url_text":"\"Gov. Schwarzenegger Signs Landmark Legislation to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions\""},{"url":"http://gov.ca.gov/index.php?/press-release/4111/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Assembly Bill No. 32. CHAPTER 488. An act to add Division 25.5 (commencing with Section 38500) to theHealth and Safety Code, relating to air pollution\" (PDF). California State Assembly. September 27, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/05-06/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ab_32_bill_20060927_chaptered.pdf","url_text":"\"Assembly Bill No. 32. CHAPTER 488. An act to add Division 25.5 (commencing with Section 38500) to theHealth and Safety Code, relating to air pollution\""}]},{"reference":"Kyoto Protocol (PDF) (Report). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. December 10, 1997. p. 22. Retrieved July 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/docs/cop3/l07a01.pdf","url_text":"Kyoto Protocol"}]},{"reference":"\"GHG 1990 Emissions Level & 2020 Limit\". California Air Resources Board. Retrieved July 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/ghg-2020-limit","url_text":"\"GHG 1990 Emissions Level & 2020 Limit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Assembly Bill 32 - California Global Warming Solutions Act\". California Air Resources Board. September 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm","url_text":"\"Assembly Bill 32 - California Global Warming Solutions Act\""}]},{"reference":"California Air Resources Board. \"Scoping Plan - California Air Resources Board\". ca.gov.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/scopingplan/scopingplan.htm","url_text":"\"Scoping Plan - California Air Resources Board\""}]},{"reference":"Plumer, Brad (September 9, 2016). \"California is about to find out what a truly radical climate policy looks like\". Vox. Vox. Retrieved August 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vox.com/2016/8/29/12650488/california-climate-law-sb-32","url_text":"\"California is about to find out what a truly radical climate policy looks like\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_(website)","url_text":"Vox"}]},{"reference":"\"Political Watch 9/15/16\". Santa Maria Sun. Vol. 17, no. 15. Santa Maria Sun. September 14, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.santamariasun.com/news/15131/political-watch-91516/","url_text":"\"Political Watch 9/15/16\""}]},{"reference":"O'Shea, Helen; Cavanagh, Ralph (September 14, 2016). \"Conservation, Clean Energy and Climate Leadership\". NRDC - Expert Blog. Natural Resources Defense Council. Retrieved September 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrdc.org/experts/helen-oshea/conservation-clean-energy-and-climate-leadership","url_text":"\"Conservation, Clean Energy and Climate Leadership\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Defense_Council","url_text":"Natural Resources Defense Council"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Jacqueline (September 14, 2016). \"Report outlines how to make equity part of California's low-carbon economy\". phys.org. Phys.org. Retrieved September 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://phys.org/news/2016-09-outlines-equity-california-low-carbon-economy.html","url_text":"\"Report outlines how to make equity part of California's low-carbon economy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phys.org","url_text":"Phys.org"}]},{"reference":"Editorial Board (September 25, 2016). \"The Post's View: The world is watching as California steps up — again — on climate change\". Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 26, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160926163336/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-world-is-watching-as-california-steps-up--again--on-climate-change/2016/09/25/f5cae480-76d0-11e6-8149-b8d05321db62_story.html","url_text":"\"The Post's View: The world is watching as California steps up — again — on climate change\""},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-world-is-watching-as-california-steps-up--again--on-climate-change/2016/09/25/f5cae480-76d0-11e6-8149-b8d05321db62_story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Megerian, Chris; Mason, Melanie (July 17, 2017). \"California Legislature extends state's cap-and-trade program in rare bipartisan effort to address climate change\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-california-climate-change-vote-republicans-20170717-story.html","url_text":"\"California Legislature extends state's cap-and-trade program in rare bipartisan effort to address climate change\""}]},{"reference":"\"California Cap and Trade\". Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. Retrieved October 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.c2es.org/us-states-regions/key-legislation/california-cap-trade#Revenue","url_text":"\"California Cap and Trade\""}]},{"reference":"\"California Climate Plan\". Archived from the original on March 27, 2016. Retrieved December 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160327114504/http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/cleanenergy/clean_fs2.htm","url_text":"\"California Climate Plan\""},{"url":"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/cleanenergy/clean_fs2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Quarterly Auction and Reserve Sale Information - Cap-and-Trade\". ca.gov.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/auction/auction.htm","url_text":"\"Quarterly Auction and Reserve Sale Information - Cap-and-Trade\""}]},{"reference":"CALIFORNIA CAP-AND-TRADE PROGRAM SUMMARY OF CALIFORNIA-QUEBEC JOINT AUCTION SETTLEMENT PRICES AND RESULTS (PDF) (Report). California Air Resources Board. May 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-08/results_summary.pdf","url_text":"CALIFORNIA CAP-AND-TRADE PROGRAM SUMMARY OF CALIFORNIA-QUEBEC JOINT AUCTION SETTLEMENT PRICES AND RESULTS"}]},{"reference":"California Air Resources Board Quarterly Auction 5 November 2013 Summary Results Report (PDF) (Report). California Air Resources Board. November 22, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/capandtrade/auction/november-2013/results.pdf","url_text":"California Air Resources Board Quarterly Auction 5 November 2013 Summary Results Report"}]},{"reference":"California Air Resources Board Quarterly Auction 1 November 2012 Summary Results Report (PDF) (Report). California Air Resources Board. June 5, 2013. 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Archived from the original on June 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nrdc.org/globalwarming/watersustainability/index.asp","url_text":"\"Water Sustainability - Water Supply at Risk - NRDC\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120607143715/http://www.nrdc.org/globalwarming/watersustainability/index.asp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Proposition 23 (2010) | californiachoices.org\". www.californiachoices.org. Retrieved July 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.californiachoices.org/proposition-23-2010","url_text":"\"Proposition 23 (2010) | californiachoices.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"California Chamber of Commerce v. California Air Resources Board\". Climate Change Litigation. Retrieved July 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://climatecasechart.com/climate-change-litigation/case/california-chamber-of-commerce-v-california-air-resources-board/","url_text":"\"California Chamber of Commerce v. California Air Resources Board\""}]},{"reference":"\"FindLaw's California Court of Appeal case and opinions\". Findlaw. Retrieved July 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://caselaw.findlaw.com/ca-court-of-appeal/1855982.html","url_text":"\"FindLaw's California Court of Appeal case and opinions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sacramento judge tentatively says state can auction air quality credits in California\". Archived from the original on August 31, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130831081017/http://www.sacbee.com/2013/08/29/5690290/sacramento-judge-tentatively-says.html","url_text":"\"Sacramento judge tentatively says state can auction air quality credits in California\""},{"url":"http://www.sacbee.com/2013/08/29/5690290/sacramento-judge-tentatively-says.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Grimes, Katy (June 23, 2013). \"Greenhouse gas emitter Chevron could get AB 32 funds\". California Political Review. Retrieved July 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.capoliticalreview.com/top-stories/greenhouse-gas-emitter-chevron-could-get-ab-32-funds-see-more-at-httpwww-calwatchdog-com20130620greenhouse-gas-emitter-chevron-could-get-ab-32-fundssthash-4phhkyrc-dpuf/","url_text":"\"Greenhouse gas emitter Chevron could get AB 32 funds\""}]},{"reference":"Horowitz, Cara (November 14, 2013). \"California cap and trade survives industry tax challenge\". LegalPlanet. Retrieved July 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://legal-planet.org/2013/11/14/california-cap-and-trade-survives-industry-tax-challenge/","url_text":"\"California cap and trade survives industry tax challenge\""}]},{"reference":"\"California Global Warming Solutions Act (AB 32)\". c2es.org. Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140415065239/http://www.c2es.org:80/us-states-regions/action/california/ab32","url_text":"\"California Global Warming Solutions Act (AB 32)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Climate_and_Energy_Solutions","url_text":"Center for Climate and Energy Solutions"},{"url":"http://www.c2es.org/us-states-regions/action/california/ab32","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Golden Opportunity: California's Solutions for Global Warming\". nrdc.org. Natural Resources Defense Council. June 19, 2007. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_(disambiguation)
Beverly
["1 Places","1.1 Australia","1.2 Canada","1.3 United Kingdom","1.4 United States","2 Music","3 Other uses","4 See also"]
Beverly or Beverley may refer to: Places Australia Beverley, South Australia, a suburb of Adelaide Beverley, Western Australia, a town Shire of Beverley, Western Australia Canada Beverly, Alberta, a town that amalgamated with the City of Edmonton in 1961 Beverley, Saskatchewan United Kingdom Beverley, a market town, and the county town of the East Riding of Yorkshire, England Beverley railway station Beverley Beck Beverley Racecourse Beverley Rural District Beverley (UK Parliament constituency) East Yorkshire Borough of Beverley Beverley Brook, a minor tributary of the River Thames in south west London United States Beverly, Chicago, Illinois, a community area Beverly, Georgia, an unincorporated community Beverly, Kansas, a city Beverly, Kentucky Beverly, Massachusetts, a city Beverly Depot (MBTA station) Beverly, Missouri, an unincorporated community Beverly, Nebraska, an unincorporated community Beverly, New Jersey, a city Beverly, Ohio, a village Beverly, Washington, an unincorporated community Beverly, West Virginia, a town Beverly Creek, a stream in South Dakota Beverley (West Virginia), a historic farm near Charles Town Beverly (Pocomoke City, Maryland), a historic home Beverly (Princess Anne, Maryland), a historic home Music Beverly (band), a Brooklyn-based indie band Beverley Sisters, a British singing trio of the 1950s and 1960s Beverly (singer), a Filipina singer based in Japan Other uses Beverly (catamaran), an American catamaran that won various events in the early 1960s Beverly (drink), an apéritif made by Coca-Cola in Italy Beverly (mango), a mango cultivar Beverly (name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the given name or surname Beverly or Beverley Beverly the Bug, the first known opal with an insect inclusion Beverly Garden, a public housing estate in Tseung Kwan O, Hong Kong Blackburn Beverley, a 1950s British heavy transport aircraft See also The Beverly Center, a monolithic shopping center in Los Angeles, California Beverly Hills (disambiguation) Edmonton Beverly-Clareview, Alberta, Canada, provincial electoral district Beverly Heights, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, a neighbourhood Lower Beverley Lake, Ontario, Canada Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Beverly.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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Saskatchewan","title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beverley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley"},{"link_name":"Beverley railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Beverley Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_Beck"},{"link_name":"Beverley Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Beverley Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Beverley (UK Parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"East Yorkshire Borough of Beverley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Yorkshire_Borough_of_Beverley"},{"link_name":"Beverley Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_Brook"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"Beverley, a market town, and the county town of the East Riding of Yorkshire, England\nBeverley railway station\nBeverley Beck\nBeverley Racecourse\nBeverley Rural District\nBeverley (UK Parliament constituency)\nEast Yorkshire Borough of Beverley\nBeverley Brook, a minor tributary of the River Thames in south west London","title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beverly, Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Beverly, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Beverly, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Beverly, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Beverly, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Beverly Depot (MBTA station)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Depot_(MBTA_station)"},{"link_name":"Beverly, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Beverly, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Beverly, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Beverly, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Beverly, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Beverly, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Beverly Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Creek"},{"link_name":"Beverley (West Virginia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_(West_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Beverly (Pocomoke City, Maryland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_(Pocomoke_City,_Maryland)"},{"link_name":"Beverly (Princess Anne, Maryland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_(Princess_Anne,_Maryland)"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"Beverly, Chicago, Illinois, a community area\nBeverly, Georgia, an unincorporated community\nBeverly, Kansas, a city\nBeverly, Kentucky\nBeverly, Massachusetts, a city\nBeverly Depot (MBTA station)\nBeverly, Missouri, an unincorporated community\nBeverly, Nebraska, an unincorporated community\nBeverly, New Jersey, a city\nBeverly, Ohio, a village\nBeverly, Washington, an unincorporated community\nBeverly, West Virginia, a town\nBeverly Creek, a stream in South Dakota\nBeverley (West Virginia), a historic farm near Charles Town\nBeverly (Pocomoke City, Maryland), a historic home\nBeverly (Princess Anne, Maryland), a historic home","title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beverly (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_(band)"},{"link_name":"Beverley Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_Sisters"},{"link_name":"Beverly (singer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_(singer)"}],"text":"Beverly (band), a Brooklyn-based indie band\nBeverley Sisters, a British singing trio of the 1950s and 1960s\nBeverly (singer), a Filipina singer based in Japan","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beverly (catamaran)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_(catamaran)"},{"link_name":"Beverly (drink)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_(drink)"},{"link_name":"Beverly (mango)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_(mango)"},{"link_name":"Beverly (name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_(name)"},{"link_name":"Beverly the Bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_the_Bug"},{"link_name":"Beverly Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Garden"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Beverley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Beverley"}],"text":"Beverly (catamaran), an American catamaran that won various events in the early 1960s\nBeverly (drink), an apéritif made by Coca-Cola in Italy\nBeverly (mango), a mango cultivar\nBeverly (name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the given name or surname Beverly or Beverley\nBeverly the Bug, the first known opal with an insect inclusion\nBeverly Garden, a public housing estate in Tseung Kwan O, Hong Kong\nBlackburn Beverley, a 1950s British heavy transport aircraft","title":"Other uses"}]
[]
[{"title":"The Beverly Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beverly_Center"},{"title":"Beverly Hills (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Edmonton Beverly-Clareview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Beverly-Clareview"},{"title":"Beverly Heights, Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Heights,_Edmonton"},{"title":"Lower Beverley Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Beverley_Lake"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Beverly&namespace=0"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutiger_jiulongensis
Scutiger jiulongensis
["1 References"]
Species of frog Scutiger jiulongensis Conservation status Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Amphibia Order: Anura Family: Megophryidae Genus: Scutiger Species: S. jiulongensis Binomial name Scutiger jiulongensisFei, Ye & Jiang, 1999 Scutiger jiulongensis, also known as Juilong cat-eyed toad, is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae. It is endemic to Jiulong County in southern Sichuan Province, China. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, swamps, and freshwater marshes. References ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). "Scutiger jiulongensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T57612A63866709. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T57612A63866709.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021. Taxon identifiersScutiger jiulongensis Wikidata: Q1315704 Wikispecies: Scutiger jiulongensis AmphibiaWeb: 5298 ASW: Scutiger-jiulongensis CoL: 4W36Y EoL: 328406 GBIF: 5217398 iNaturalist: 24666 IRMNG: 10860874 ITIS: 664207 IUCN: 57612 NCBI: 1793888 Open Tree of Life: 3618023 uBio: 4804200 This Megophryidae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog"},{"link_name":"Megophryidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megophryidae"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Jiulong County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiulong_County"},{"link_name":"Sichuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"habitats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"montane forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_forest"},{"link_name":"rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River"},{"link_name":"swamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp"},{"link_name":"marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh"}],"text":"Scutiger jiulongensis, also known as Juilong cat-eyed toad, is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae.\nIt is endemic to Jiulong County in southern Sichuan Province, China. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, swamps, and freshwater marshes.","title":"Scutiger jiulongensis"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2020). \"Scutiger jiulongensis\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T57612A63866709. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T57612A63866709.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/57612/63866709","url_text":"\"Scutiger jiulongensis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T57612A63866709.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T57612A63866709.en"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Vikram
Vijay Vikram
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
1979 Indian filmVijay VikramDirected byV. SomashekharWritten byChi. Udaya ShankarScreenplay byM. D. SundarStory byM. D. SundarProduced byA. R. RajuStarringVishnuvardhanJayanthiDeepaPramila JoshaiCinematographyS. V. SrikanthEdited byP. Venkateshwara RaoMusic bySatyamProductioncompanyAjantha CombinesDistributed byAjantha CombinesRelease date 6 September 1979 (1979-09-06) Running time151 minCountryIndiaLanguageKannada Vijay Vikram is a 1979 Indian Kannada-language film, directed by V. Somashekhar and produced by A. R. Raju. The film stars Vishnuvardhan, Jayanthi, Deepa and Pramila Joshai. Plot Vikram is a landlord who rapes Jayanthi, who is the daughter of his estate manager. Jayanthi gets pregnant and gives birth to a son who grows up to be Vijay. Jayanti uses her son to take revenge on Vikram. Towards the end Vikram learns that Vijay is his own son and regrets his past deeds. But other baddies create problems for the family. Vikram dies in the end. Cast Vishnuvardhan as Vikram and Vijay Jayanthi Deepa Pramila Joshai Ashalatha B. Jayashree Vijayalakshmi Uma Leelavathi Baby Rekha Kamini Bhatiya Dwarakish K. S. Ashwath Chethan Ramarao Thoogudeepa Srinivas as Daku Badri Shakti Prasad Prabhakar as Chengappa Bheemaraj S. Rajanna Musuri Krishnamurthy Hanumanthachar Comedian Guggu Thipatur Siddaramaiah Kunigal Ramanath References ^ "Vijay Vikram". filmibeat.com. Retrieved 22 January 2015. ^ "Vijay Vikram". apunkachoice.com. Retrieved 22 January 2015. External links Vijay Vikram on YouTube vteV. Somashekhar filmography Bangaarada Panjara (1974) Premada Kanike (1976) Shankar Guru (1978) Thayige Thakka Maga (1978) Seetharamu (1979) Vijay Vikram (1979) Point Parimala (1980) Kaalinga (1980) Rama Parashurama (1980) Aarada Gaaya (1980) Havina Hede (1981) Devara Aata (1981) Andada Aramane (1982) Mareyalagada Kathe (1982) Ajith (1982) Chandi Chamundi (1983) Chakravyuha (1983) Gajendra (1984) Premigala Saval (1984) Chanakya (1984) Chaduranga (1985) Devarelliddane (1985) Mrugaalaya (1986) Ee Jeeva Ninagagi (1986) Aparadhi Nanalla (1986) Bete (1986) Vishwaroopa (1986) Mister Raja (1987) Bedi (1987) Kirathaka (1988) Vijaya Khadga (1988) Ranaranga (1988) Gandandre Gandu (1989) Onti Salaga (1989) Parashuram (1989) Ranabheri (1990) Prathap (1990) Varagala Bete (1991) S. P. Bhargavi (1991) Chuvanna Kaipathi (1992) Chitralekha (1992) Sarkarakke Saval (1993) Kempaiah IPS (1993) Gandede Bhaira (1997) This article about a Kannada film of the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_v_Hay
R v Hay
["1 Facts","2 See also","3 Sources"]
R v HayA confession booth (confessional)CourtHer Majesty's Justices at Durham assizes (sittings away from London)Full case nameRegina (the Crown) versus Hay Decided1860Citations2 Foster and Finlaison 4Case historyPrior actionNoneSubsequent actionNoneCourt membershipJudge sittingMr Justice HillCase opinionsDecision byJury directed by judge as to legal precedent and procedureKeywordsconfession to priestextent of priest-penitent privilegeobligation to disclose giver of itemavoiding question of whether obligation to disclose verbal confession to courtcontempt of courtCatholic doctrine of law of the seal of confession R v Hay (1860) was an English robbery trial argued by R.S. Nolan as suggesting a narrow priest-peninent privilege in England and Wales exists, such that the court did not require the priest to disclose any conversation which may have occurred, but on the facts of the case, imprisoned him for not stating who handed a stolen item to him by way of restitution to the victim of a robbery, the priest not having denied he knew the identity of the person who handed it to him. Facts The case was tried before Mr Justice Hill at Durham Assizes. The complainant alleged that he had been robbed of his watch by the defendant and another man. A police inspector then received the watch from Father Kelly, a priest in the neighbourhood, upon his calling at the presbytery. Kelly was summoned as a witness by the prosecutor, and as the oath was about to be administered to him he objected to its form, not, he explained, to that part of it which required him to tell the truth and nothing but the truth, "but as a minister of the Catholic Church", he said, "I object to that part which states that I shall tell the whole truth". The judge answered him: "The meaning of the oath is this: it is the whole truth touching the trial which you are asked: which you legitimately, according to law, can be asked. If anything is asked of you in the witness box which the law says ought not to be asked, for instance, if you are asked a question the answer to which might criminate yourself, you would be entitled to say, 'I object to answer that question'". The judge told him that he must be sworn. He advised he had been handed the watch, which was professedly stolen, Christmas day. When asked by counsel from whom he had received the watch Kelly replied: "I received it in connexion with the confessional". The judge said: "You are not asked at present to disclose anything stated to you in the confessional: you are asked a simple fact: from whom did you receive that watch which you gave to the policeman?". Kelly protested: "The reply to a question would implicate the person who gave me the watch, therefore I cannot answer it. If I answered it my suspension for life would be a necessary consequence. I should be violating the laws of the Church as well as the natural laws". The judge said: "On the ground that I have stated to you, you are not asked to disclose anything that a penitent may have said to you in the confessional. That you are not asked to disclose: but you are asked to disclose from whom you received the stolen property on the 25th December last. Do you answer or do you not?". Kelly replied: "I really cannot, my Lord", and he was imprisoned forthwith for contempt of court. The Catholic Encyclopedia contends that it may be fairly deduced from Mr Justice Hill's words that he would not have required Kelly to disclose any statement which had been made to him in the confessional, and, in this sense, his words may be said to give some support to the Catholic claim for privilege for sacramental confession. The Encyclopedia further observes, "But we need not wonder that he was not ready to extend the protection to the act of restitution, though, even in the eyes of non-Catholics, it ought, in all logic, to have been entitled to the same secrecy, in view of the circumstances under which, obviously, it was made." See also English criminal law Constance Kent case, following this case's jurisprudence. Sources R. S. Nolan (1913). "Law of the Seal of Confession" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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[]
[{"title":"English criminal law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_criminal_law"},{"title":"Constance Kent case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Kent_case"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_the_New_Evangelization
Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization
["1 Origin","2 Establishment","3 Hierarchy of the Council","4 Members of the Council","5 See also","6 References","7 External links","8 Bibliography"]
Former body of the Roman Curia (2010–2022) Part of a series on theRoman Curia Secretariat of State Section for Relations with States Dicasteries Evangelization Doctrine of the Faith Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors International Theological Commission Pontifical Biblical Commission Service of Charity Eastern Churches Divine Worship and Discipline of the Sacraments Causes of Saints Bishops Pontifical Commission for Latin America Clergy Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life Laity, Family and Life Promoting Christian Unity Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews Interreligious Dialogue Commission for Religious Relations with Muslims Culture and Education Promoting Integral Human Development Legislative Texts Communication Vatican Press L'Osservatore Romano Press Office of the Holy See Institutions of justice Apostolic Penitentiary Apostolic Signatura Roman Rota Institutions of finance Council for the Economy Secretariat for the Economy Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See Office of the Auditor General Commission for Confidential Matters Committee for Investments Offices Prefecture of the Papal Household Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church Institutes Labour Office of the Apostolic See Vatican Apostolic Archives Vatican Apostolic Library Fabric of Saint Peter Pontifical Commission for Sacred Archaeology Pontifical academies AVEPRO Supervisory and Financial Information Authority Domus Vaticanae Interdicasterial commissions Particular Churches Church in Eastern Europe Consecrated Religious Candidates to Sacred Order Revision of the General Regulations of the Roman Curia Commissions and committees International Eucharistic Congresses Historical Sciences Advocates Swiss Guards Disciplinary Financial Security Institute for Works of Religion Healthcare Sector Verification and Application of Mitis Iudex in the Churches of Italy History Immensa Aeterni Dei Reform by Pius X Reform by Paul VI Reform by John Paul II Reform by Francis Roman Inquisition Former dicasteries Congregation of Bishops and Regulars Congregation for Borders Congregation of Ceremonies Sacred Congregation of the Index Congregation for Indulgences and Sacred Relics Congregation of the Vatican Press Sacred Congregation of the Consulta Sacred Congregation of Rites Apostolic Chancery Apostolic Dataria Secretariate of Briefs to Princes and of Latin Letters Special Administration of the Holy See Pontifical Commission for the Cultural Heritage of the Church Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei Pontifical Council for Social Communications Pontifical Council for the Family Pontifical Council for the Laity Cor Unum Justice and Peace Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People Pastoral Assistance to Health Care Workers Evangelization of Peoples Promoting the New Evangelization Catholic Education Culture Apostolic Camera Related topics Pontifical commission Dicastery Acta Apostolicae Sedis Advocates of Roman congregations Archive of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith Catholicism portalvte The Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization (Latin: Pontificium Consilium de Nova Evangelizatione), also translated as Pontifical Council for Promoting New Evangelization, was a pontifical council of the Roman Curia whose creation was announced by Pope Benedict XVI at vespers on 28 June 2010, eve of the Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul, to carry out the New Evangelization. On 5 June 2022, the department was merged into the Dicastery for Evangelization. The Pope said that "the process of secularisation has produced a serious crisis of the sense of the Christian faith and role of the Church", and the new pontifical council would "promote a renewed evangelisation" in countries where the Church has long existed "but which are living a progressive secularisation of society and a sort of 'eclipse of the sense of God'." On 30 June 2010, Pope Benedict XVI appointed as its first President Archbishop Salvatore Fisichella, until then President of the Pontifical Academy for Life. On 13 May 2011, Pope Benedict XVI named Archbishop Jose Octavio Ruiz Arenas as the first Secretary of the Pontifical Council. Archbishop Ruiz Arenas had been serving as the Vice President of the Pontifical Commission for Latin America and had served as the Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Villavicencio in Villavicencio, Colombia. The 66-year-old prelate is a native of Colombia. That same day, Monsignor Graham Bell, formerly the Secretary Coordinator of the Pontifical Academy for Life, was named the Undersecretary of the Pontifical Council. On Friday, 25 January 2013, Pope Benedict XVI, in an Apostolic Letter issued Motu Proprio (on his own initiative), transferred the oversight of catechesis from the Congregation for the Clergy to the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the New Evangelization (catechesis is the use of catechists, clergy, and other individuals to teach and inform those in the Church, those interested in the Church, and catechumens- those joining the Church through Baptism and/or Confirmation- about the faith and its structure and tenets). Origin The idea for a Council for the New Evangelisation was first floated by Father Luigi Giussani, founder of the Communion and Liberation movement, in the early 1980s. Pope John Paul II emphasized the universal call to holiness and called Catholics to engage in the New Evangelization. More recently, Cardinal Angelo Scola of Venice presented the idea to Benedict XVI. The term "new evangelisation" was popularised by Pope John Paul II with reference to efforts to reawaken the faith in traditionally Christian parts of the world, particularly Europe, first "evangelised", or converted to Christianity, many centuries earlier, but then standing in need of a "new evangelisation". Establishment Archbishop Fisichella, 2006. Pope Benedict XVI established the council with Art. 1 §1 of the motu proprio Ubicumque et semper', given from Castel Gandolfo 21 September 2010 and published in the L'Osservatore Romano 12 October 2010. The incipit of the document is part of the phrase: "The Church has a duty everywhere and at all times to proclaim the Gospel of Jesus Christ". Pope Benedict quoted Pope Paul VI who stated that the work of evangelisation "proves equally increasingly necessary because of the frequent situations of de-Christianization of our days, for multitudes of people who have been baptized but who live quite outside of Christian life, for simple people who have a certain faith, but he knows the basics wrong, for intellectuals who feel the need to know Jesus Christ in a different light from the teaching they received as children, and for many others ". The document lists the specific tasks of the Council which include: deepen the theological and pastoral significance of the new evangelisation; promote and encourage, in close collaboration with the Episcopal Conferences concerned, that can have an ad hoc body, study, dissemination and implementation of the papal magisterium on matters related to the new evangelisation; raise awareness and support activities related to the new evangelisation which are being applied in various particular Churches and to promote the realisation of new, actively involving the resources of the Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life, as well as in associations of the faithful and new community; study and promote the use of modern forms of communication, as tools for the new evangelization; promote the use of the Catechism of the Catholic Church as an essential and comprehensive formulation of the content of faith to the people of our time. Presenting the new Council to the press, Archbishop Fisichella said: "The Gospel is not a myth, but the living witness of an historical event that changed the face of history." He added: "The new evangelization first and foremost makes known the historical person of Jesus, and his teachings as they have been faithfully transmitted by the original community, teachings that find in the Gospels and in the writings of the New Testament their normative expression." Hierarchy of the Council President: Salvatore Fisichella (30 June 2010 – present) Secretary: José Ruiz Arenas (13 May 2011 – present) Undersecretary: Mgsr. Graham Bell (13 May 2011 – present) Members of the Council Council members participate in the discussions of the council and attend yearly plenary meetings in Rome. They serve five-year terms renewable until their 80th birthday. Cardinals Christoph Schönborn (5 January 2011-) Angelo Scola (5 January 2011-) George Pell (5 January 2011-) Josip Bozanić (5 January 2011-) Marc Ouellet (5 January 2011-) Francisco Robles Ortega (5 January 2011-) Odilo Pedro Scherer (5 January 2011-) Stanisław Ryłko (5 January 2011-) Gianfranco Ravasi (29 December 2010 -) Daniel Fernando Sturla Berhouet, S.D.B., (13 April 2015 -) Archbishops and bishops Claudio Maria Celli (5 January 2011-) Nikola Eterović (5 January 2011-) Pierre-Marie Carré (5 January 2011-) Robert Zollitsch (5 January 2011-) Bruno Forte (5 January 2011-) Bernard Longley (5 January 2011-) Andre-Joseph Leonard (5 January 2011-) Adolfo González Montes (5 January 2011-) Vincenzo Paglia (5 January 2011-) See also Catholicism portalVatican City portal Evangelicalism in Italy References ^ Ubicumque et semper, Art. 1, §1. Latin accessed 8 April 2016. ^ Vatican.va, page for the department, accessed 8 April 2016. ^ Press Office of the Holy See Archived 7 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Benedict XVI: New motu proprios affect seminaries, catechesis". Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. ^ Report: Pope to launch 'Pontifical Council for New Evangelization', re-accessed 14 January 2011 ^ a b Motu Proprio Ubicumque et Semper, Art. 4 ^ Ap. Exhort. Evangelii nuntiandi, 52 ^ "Pope Benedict XVI Creates Pontifical Council for New Evangelization". Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2010. ^ National Catholic Register editorial, 7 November 2010 ^ "Rinunce e Nomine 13.05.2011" (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 13 May 2011. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011. ^ "Officials: Page 1 of 11". www.gcatholic.org. Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Nomina di Membri del Pontificio Consiglio per la Promozione della Nuova Evangelizzazione" (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 8 August 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2011. ^ a b c NC Register.com Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 10 Jan 2011 External links Official website Apostolic Letter "Motu Proprio data" Ubicumque et semper by which His Holiness Benedict XVI established the Pontifical Council for Promoting New Evangelization (September 21, 2010) Bibliography Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the New Evangelization, Libreria Editrice Vaticana (2015). Compendium on the new evangelization : texts of the Pontifical and Conciliar Magisterium, 1939-2012. USCCB Communications. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1601373960. Grogan, P; Kim, Kirsteen, K., eds. (2015). The New Evangelization: Faith, People, Context and Practice. Bloomsburry T&T Clark, London. . Orta, Andrew (2004). Catechizing Culture: Missionaries, Aymara, and the "New Evangelization". Columbia University Press, New York. . Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization. Year of Faith 2012–2013 (website). . vteRoman Curia of the Holy SeeSecretariatSecretariat of State Section for General Affairs Section for Relations with States Secretary for Pontifical Representations Dicasteries Evangelization Doctrine of the Faith Service of Charity Oriental Churches Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments Causes of Saints Bishops Clergy Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life Laity, Family and Life Christian Unity Interreligious Dialogue Culture and Education Integral Human Development Legislative Texts Communications Tribunals Apostolic Penitentiary Apostolic Signatura Roman Rota Economics Council for the Economy Secretariat for the Economy Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See Office of the Auditor General Commission for Confidential Matters Committee for Investments Offices Prefecture of the Papal Household Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff Apostolic Camera Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church Institutes Labour Office of the Apostolic See Vatican Apostolic Archives Vatican Apostolic Library Fabric of Saint Peter Pontifical Commission for Sacred Archaeology AVEPRO Supervisory and Financial Information Authority Domus Vaticanae Interdicasterial commissions Particular Churches Church in Eastern Europe Consecrated Religious Candidates to Sacred Order Revision of the General Regulations of the Roman Curia Commissions and committees International Eucharistic Congresses Historical Sciences Advocates Swiss Guards Disciplinary Financial Security Commission of Cardinals overseeing the Institute for Works of Religion Activities of Public Juridical Persons of the Church in the Healthcare Sector Verification and Application of Mitis Iudex in the Churches of Italy Other organizationsCouncils, commissions, and offices Evangelization International Council for Catechesis Doctrine of the Faith Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors International Theological Commission Pontifical Biblical Commission College for the review of appeals by clergy accused of delicta reservata Bishops Pontifical Commission for Latin America Clergy Pontifical Work for Priestly Vocations Christian Unity Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews Interreligious Dialogue Commission for Religious Relations with Muslims Culture and Education Pontifical Work for Ecclesiastical Vocations Communications Vatican Press L'Osservatore Romano Press Office of the Holy See Pontifical academies Arcadia Alphonsian Ecclesiastical Fine Arts and Letters of the Virtuosi al Pantheon Sciences Theology Archaeology Martyrs Saint Thomas Aquinas Immaculate Conception Mary Life Social Sciences Latin Papal See of Rome Vicar General for the Vatican City State Vicar General for the Vicariate of Rome Auxiliary Bishops of the Vicariate of Rome Prelate Secretary of the Vicariate of Rome History Roman Inquisition (16th century) Immensa Aeterni Dei (1588) Reform by Paul VI (1967) Reform by John Paul II (1988) Reform by Francis (2022) Formerdicasteries Congregation for Borders Congregation of Ceremonies Congregation for Catholic Education Sacred Congregation of the Index Congregation of the Vatican Press Sacred Congregation of the Consulta Congregation for Indulgences and Sacred Relics Congregation of Rites Apostolic Chancery Apostolic Dataria Office of Papal Charities Secretariate of Briefs to Princes and of Latin Letters Special Administration of the Holy See Pontifical Commission for the Cultural Heritage of the Church Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei Pontifical Council for Culture New Evangelization Pontifical Council for Social Communications Pontifical Council for the Family Pontifical Council for the Laity Cor Unum Justice and Peace Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People Pastoral Assistance to Health Care Workers Evangelization of Peoples New Evangelization Catholic Education Culture Vatican City portal Catholicism portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"pontifical council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_council"},{"link_name":"Roman Curia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Curia"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul"},{"link_name":"New Evangelization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Evangelization"},{"link_name":"Dicastery for Evangelization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_Evangelization"},{"link_name":"Salvatore Fisichella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rino_Fisichella"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Academy for Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_for_Life"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Commission for Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Villavicencio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Villavicencio"},{"link_name":"Villavicencio, Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villavicencio,_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Academy for Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_for_Life"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter#Letters_of_the_popes_in_modern_times"},{"link_name":"Motu Proprio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motu_Proprio"},{"link_name":"catechesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechesis"},{"link_name":"Congregation for the Clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Clergy"},{"link_name":"catechists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechists"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization (Latin: Pontificium Consilium de Nova Evangelizatione),[1] also translated as Pontifical Council for Promoting New Evangelization,[2] was a pontifical council of the Roman Curia whose creation was announced by Pope Benedict XVI at vespers on 28 June 2010, eve of the Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul, to carry out the New Evangelization. On 5 June 2022, the department was merged into the Dicastery for Evangelization.The Pope said that \"the process of secularisation has produced a serious crisis of the sense of the Christian faith and role of the Church\", and the new pontifical council would \"promote a renewed evangelisation\" in countries where the Church has long existed \"but which are living a progressive secularisation of society and a sort of 'eclipse of the sense of God'.\"On 30 June 2010, Pope Benedict XVI appointed as its first President Archbishop Salvatore Fisichella, until then President of the Pontifical Academy for Life.[3] On 13 May 2011, Pope Benedict XVI named Archbishop Jose Octavio Ruiz Arenas as the first Secretary of the Pontifical Council. Archbishop Ruiz Arenas had been serving as the Vice President of the Pontifical Commission for Latin America and had served as the Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Villavicencio in Villavicencio, Colombia. The 66-year-old prelate is a native of Colombia. That same day, Monsignor Graham Bell, formerly the Secretary Coordinator of the Pontifical Academy for Life, was named the Undersecretary of the Pontifical Council.On Friday, 25 January 2013, Pope Benedict XVI, in an Apostolic Letter issued Motu Proprio (on his own initiative), transferred the oversight of catechesis from the Congregation for the Clergy to the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the New Evangelization (catechesis is the use of catechists, clergy, and other individuals to teach and inform those in the Church, those interested in the Church, and catechumens- those joining the Church through Baptism and/or Confirmation- about the faith and its structure and tenets).[4]","title":"Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Communion and Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation"},{"link_name":"Angelo Scola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Scola"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The idea for a Council for the New Evangelisation was first floated by Father Luigi Giussani, founder of the Communion and Liberation movement, in the early 1980s. Pope John Paul II emphasized the universal call to holiness and called Catholics to engage in the New Evangelization. More recently, Cardinal Angelo Scola of Venice presented the idea to Benedict XVI.[5]The term \"new evangelisation\" was popularised by Pope John Paul II with reference to efforts to reawaken the faith in traditionally Christian parts of the world, particularly Europe, first \"evangelised\", or converted to Christianity, many centuries earlier, but then standing in need of a \"new evangelisation\".[citation needed]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rino.fisichella-a-lodi.JPG"},{"link_name":"motu proprio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motu_proprio"},{"link_name":"Ubicumque et semper'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_letters/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apl_20100921_ubicumque-et-semper_en.html"},{"link_name":"Castel Gandolfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castel_Gandolfo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ubicumque_et_Semper,_Art._4-6"},{"link_name":"L'Osservatore Romano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ubicumque_et_Semper,_Art._4-6"},{"link_name":"incipit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incipit"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Archbishop Fisichella, 2006.Pope Benedict XVI established the council with Art. 1 §1 of the motu proprio Ubicumque et semper', given from Castel Gandolfo 21 September 2010[6] and published in the L'Osservatore Romano[6] 12 October 2010.The incipit of the document is part of the phrase: \"The Church has a duty everywhere and at all times to proclaim the Gospel of Jesus Christ\". Pope Benedict quoted Pope Paul VI who stated that the work of evangelisation \"proves equally increasingly necessary because of the frequent situations of de-Christianization of our days, for multitudes of people who have been baptized but who live quite outside of Christian life, for simple people who have a certain faith, but he knows the basics wrong, for intellectuals who feel the need to know Jesus Christ in a different light from the teaching they received as children, and for many others \".[7]The document lists the specific tasks of the Council which include:deepen the theological and pastoral significance of the new evangelisation;\npromote and encourage, in close collaboration with the Episcopal Conferences concerned, that can have an ad hoc body, study, dissemination and implementation of the papal magisterium on matters related to the new evangelisation;\nraise awareness and support activities related to the new evangelisation which are being applied in various particular Churches and to promote the realisation of new, actively involving the resources of the Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life, as well as in associations of the faithful and new community;\nstudy and promote the use of modern forms of communication, as tools for the new evangelization;\npromote the use of the Catechism of the Catholic Church as an essential and comprehensive formulation of the content of faith to the people of our time.Presenting the new Council to the press, Archbishop Fisichella said: \"The Gospel is not a myth, but the living witness of an historical event that changed the face of history.\" He added: \"The new evangelization first and foremost makes known the historical person of Jesus, and his teachings as they have been faithfully transmitted by the original community, teachings that find in the Gospels and in the writings of the New Testament their normative expression.\"[8]","title":"Establishment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salvatore Fisichella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rino_Fisichella"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"José Ruiz Arenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ruiz_Arenas"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"President:Salvatore Fisichella (30 June 2010 – present)[9]Secretary:José Ruiz Arenas (13 May 2011 – present)[10]Undersecretary:Mgsr. Graham Bell (13 May 2011 – present)[11]","title":"Hierarchy of the Council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christoph Schönborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Sch%C3%B6nborn"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulletin-12"},{"link_name":"Angelo Scola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Scola"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulletin-12"},{"link_name":"George Pell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pell"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCRegister_Dolan-13"},{"link_name":"Josip Bozanić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Bozani%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulletin-12"},{"link_name":"Marc Ouellet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Ouellet"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCRegister_Dolan-13"},{"link_name":"Francisco Robles Ortega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Robles_Ortega"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulletin-12"},{"link_name":"Odilo Pedro Scherer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odilo_Pedro_Scherer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulletin-12"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Ryłko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ry%C5%82ko"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulletin-12"},{"link_name":"Gianfranco Ravasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfranco_Ravasi"},{"link_name":"Daniel Fernando Sturla Berhouet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Fernando_Sturla_Berhouet"},{"link_name":"Claudio Maria Celli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Maria_Celli"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulletin-12"},{"link_name":"Nikola Eterović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Eterovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulletin-12"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Marie Carré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Carr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulletin-12"},{"link_name":"Robert Zollitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Zollitsch"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulletin-12"},{"link_name":"Bruno Forte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Forte"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulletin-12"},{"link_name":"Bernard Longley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Longley"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulletin-12"},{"link_name":"Andre-Joseph Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre-Joseph_Leonard"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCRegister_Dolan-13"},{"link_name":"Adolfo González Montes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolfo_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Montes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulletin-12"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo Paglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Paglia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bulletin-12"}],"text":"Council members participate in the discussions of the council and attend yearly plenary meetings in Rome. They serve five-year terms renewable until their 80th birthday.CardinalsChristoph Schönborn (5 January 2011-)[12]\nAngelo Scola (5 January 2011-)[12]\nGeorge Pell (5 January 2011-)[13]\nJosip Bozanić (5 January 2011-)[12]\nMarc Ouellet (5 January 2011-)[13]\nFrancisco Robles Ortega (5 January 2011-)[12]\nOdilo Pedro Scherer (5 January 2011-)[12]\nStanisław Ryłko (5 January 2011-)[12]\nGianfranco Ravasi (29 December 2010 -)\nDaniel Fernando Sturla Berhouet, S.D.B., (13 April 2015 -)Archbishops and bishopsClaudio Maria Celli (5 January 2011-)[12]\nNikola Eterović (5 January 2011-)[12]\nPierre-Marie Carré (5 January 2011-)[12]\nRobert Zollitsch (5 January 2011-)[12]\nBruno Forte (5 January 2011-)[12]\nBernard Longley (5 January 2011-)[12]\nAndre-Joseph Leonard (5 January 2011-)[13]\nAdolfo González Montes (5 January 2011-)[12]\nVincenzo Paglia (5 January 2011-)[12]","title":"Members of the Council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1601373960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1601373960"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Nu5wBgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LcOIxKqmWo8C"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.annusfidei.va/content/novaevangelizatio/en.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Roman_Curia_footer"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_Curia_footer"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_Curia_footer"},{"link_name":"Roman Curia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Curia"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Secretariat of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)"},{"link_name":"Section for Relations with States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_for_Relations_with_States_(Roman_Curia)"},{"link_name":"Dicasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery"},{"link_name":"Evangelization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_Evangelization"},{"link_name":"Doctrine of the Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith"},{"link_name":"Service of Charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Service_of_Charity"},{"link_name":"Oriental Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Eastern_Churches"},{"link_name":"Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_Divine_Worship_and_the_Discipline_of_the_Sacraments"},{"link_name":"Causes of Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints"},{"link_name":"Bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_Bishops"},{"link_name":"Clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Clergy"},{"link_name":"Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_Institutes_of_Consecrated_Life_and_Societies_of_Apostolic_Life"},{"link_name":"Laity, Family and Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Laity,_Family_and_Life"},{"link_name":"Christian Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity"},{"link_name":"Interreligious Dialogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_Interreligious_Dialogue"},{"link_name":"Culture and Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_Culture_and_Education"},{"link_name":"Integral Human Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_Promoting_Integral_Human_Development"},{"link_name":"Legislative Texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_Legislative_Texts"},{"link_name":"Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_Communications"},{"link_name":"Tribunals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Penitentiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Penitentiary"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Signatura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura"},{"link_name":"Roman Rota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Rota"},{"link_name":"Council for the Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_the_Economy"},{"link_name":"Secretariat for the Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_for_the_Economy"},{"link_name":"Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_of_the_Patrimony_of_the_Apostolic_See"},{"link_name":"Prefecture of the Papal Household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture_of_the_Papal_Household"},{"link_name":"Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_the_Liturgical_Celebrations_of_the_Supreme_Pontiff"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Camera"},{"link_name":"Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerlengo_of_the_Holy_Roman_Church"},{"link_name":"Labour Office of the Apostolic See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Office_of_the_Apostolic_See"},{"link_name":"Vatican Apostolic Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_Apostolic_Archives"},{"link_name":"Vatican Apostolic Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_Apostolic_Library"},{"link_name":"Fabric of Saint Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabric_of_Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Commission for Sacred Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Sacred_Archaeology"},{"link_name":"International Eucharistic Congresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Committee_for_International_Eucharistic_Congresses"},{"link_name":"Historical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Committee_for_Historical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Swiss Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Swiss_Guards"},{"link_name":"Disciplinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciplinary_Commission_of_the_Roman_Curia"},{"link_name":"Evangelization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_Evangelization"},{"link_name":"Doctrine of the Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_the_Protection_of_Minors"},{"link_name":"International Theological Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Theological_Commission"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Biblical Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Biblical_Commission"},{"link_name":"Bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_Bishops"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Commission for Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Clergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Clergy"},{"link_name":"Christian Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity"},{"link_name":"Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_Religious_Relations_with_the_Jews"},{"link_name":"Interreligious Dialogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_Interreligious_Dialogue"},{"link_name":"Commission for Religious Relations with Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_Religious_Relations_with_Muslims"},{"link_name":"Culture and Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_Culture_and_Education"},{"link_name":"Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_Communications"},{"link_name":"L'Osservatore Romano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano"},{"link_name":"Press Office of the Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Office_of_the_Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Arcadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Arcadia"},{"link_name":"Alphonsian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonsian_Academy"},{"link_name":"Ecclesiastical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Ecclesiastical_Academy"},{"link_name":"Fine Arts and Letters of the Virtuosi al 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Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_the_Pastoral_Care_of_Health_Care_Workers"},{"link_name":"Evangelization of Peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples"},{"link_name":"New Evangelization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_New_Evangelization"},{"link_name":"Catholic Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_Catholic_Education"},{"link_name":"Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Culture"},{"link_name":"Vatican City portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catholicism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078007#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/315541994"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/108087948X"}],"text":"Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the New Evangelization, Libreria Editrice Vaticana (2015). Compendium on the new evangelization : texts of the Pontifical and Conciliar Magisterium, 1939-2012. USCCB Communications. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1601373960.\nGrogan, P; Kim, Kirsteen, K., eds. (2015). The New Evangelization: Faith, People, Context and Practice. Bloomsburry T&T Clark, London. [1].\nOrta, Andrew (2004). Catechizing Culture: Missionaries, Aymara, and the \"New Evangelization\". Columbia University Press, New York. [2].\nPontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization. Year of Faith 2012–2013 (website). [3].vteRoman Curia of the Holy SeeSecretariatSecretariat of State\nSection for General Affairs\nSection for Relations with States\nSecretary for Pontifical Representations\nDicasteries\nEvangelization\nDoctrine of the Faith\nService of Charity\nOriental Churches\nDivine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments\nCauses of Saints\nBishops\nClergy\nConsecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life\nLaity, Family and Life\nChristian Unity\nInterreligious Dialogue\nCulture and Education\nIntegral Human Development\nLegislative Texts\nCommunications\nTribunals\nApostolic Penitentiary\nApostolic Signatura\nRoman Rota\nEconomics\nCouncil for the Economy\nSecretariat for the Economy\nAdministration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See\nOffice of the Auditor General\nCommission for Confidential Matters\nCommittee for Investments\nOffices\nPrefecture of the Papal Household\nOffice for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff\nApostolic Camera\nCamerlengo of the Holy Roman Church\nInstitutes\nLabour Office of the Apostolic See\nVatican Apostolic Archives\nVatican Apostolic Library\nFabric of Saint Peter\nPontifical Commission for Sacred Archaeology\nAVEPRO\nSupervisory and Financial Information Authority\nDomus Vaticanae\nInterdicasterial commissions\nParticular Churches\nChurch in Eastern Europe\nConsecrated Religious\nCandidates to Sacred Order\nRevision of the General Regulations of the Roman Curia\nCommissions and committees\nInternational Eucharistic Congresses\nHistorical Sciences\nAdvocates\nSwiss Guards\nDisciplinary\nFinancial Security\nCommission of Cardinals overseeing the Institute for Works of Religion\nActivities of Public Juridical Persons of the Church in the Healthcare Sector\nVerification and Application of Mitis Iudex in the Churches of Italy\nOther organizationsCouncils, commissions, and offices\nEvangelization\nInternational Council for Catechesis\nDoctrine of the Faith\nPontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors\nInternational Theological Commission\nPontifical Biblical Commission\nCollege for the review of appeals by clergy accused of delicta reservata\nBishops\nPontifical Commission for Latin America\nClergy\nPontifical Work for Priestly Vocations\nChristian Unity\nCommission for Religious Relations with the Jews\nInterreligious Dialogue\nCommission for Religious Relations with Muslims\nCulture and Education\nPontifical Work for Ecclesiastical Vocations\nCommunications\nVatican Press\nL'Osservatore Romano\nPress Office of the Holy See\nPontifical academies\nArcadia\nAlphonsian\nEcclesiastical\nFine Arts and Letters of the Virtuosi al Pantheon\nSciences\nTheology\nArchaeology\nMartyrs\nSaint Thomas Aquinas\nImmaculate Conception\nMary\nLife\nSocial Sciences\nLatin\nPapal See of Rome\nVicar General for the Vatican City State\nVicar General for the Vicariate of Rome\nAuxiliary Bishops of the Vicariate of Rome\nPrelate Secretary of the Vicariate of Rome\nHistory\nRoman Inquisition (16th century)\nImmensa Aeterni Dei (1588)\nReform by Paul VI (1967)\nReform by John Paul II (1988)\nReform by Francis (2022)\nFormerdicasteries\nCongregation for Borders\nCongregation of Ceremonies\nCongregation for Catholic Education\nSacred Congregation of the Index\nCongregation of the Vatican Press\nSacred Congregation of the Consulta\nCongregation for Indulgences and Sacred Relics\nCongregation of Rites\nApostolic Chancery\nApostolic Dataria\nOffice of Papal Charities\nSecretariate of Briefs to Princes and of Latin Letters\nSpecial Administration of the Holy See\nPontifical Commission for the Cultural Heritage of the Church\nPontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei\nPontifical Council for Culture\nNew Evangelization\nPontifical Council for Social Communications\nPontifical Council for the Family\nPontifical Council for the Laity\nCor Unum\nJustice and Peace\nPastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People\nPastoral Assistance to Health Care Workers\nEvangelization of Peoples\nNew Evangelization\nCatholic Education\nCulture\n\n\n Vatican City portal\n Catholicism portalAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Benedict XVI: New motu proprios affect seminaries, catechesis\". Archived from the original on 27 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130127121417/http://www.news.va/en/news/benedict-xvi-new-motu-proprios-affect-seminaries-a","url_text":"\"Benedict XVI: New motu proprios affect seminaries, catechesis\""},{"url":"http://www.news.va/en/news/benedict-xvi-new-motu-proprios-affect-seminaries-a","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pope Benedict XVI Creates Pontifical Council for New Evangelization\". Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120307124521/http://www.oecumene.radiovaticana.org/en1/Articolo.asp?c=429515","url_text":"\"Pope Benedict XVI Creates Pontifical Council for New Evangelization\""},{"url":"http://www.oecumene.radiovaticana.org/en1/Articolo.asp?c=429515","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rinunce e Nomine 13.05.2011\" (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 13 May 2011. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120713051656/http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/27411.php?index=27411&po_date=13.05.2011&lang=ge","url_text":"\"Rinunce e Nomine 13.05.2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office","url_text":"Holy See Press Office"},{"url":"http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/27411.php?index=27411&po_date=13.05.2011&lang=ge","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Officials: Page 1 of 11\". www.gcatholic.org. Archived from the original on 16 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130316050502/http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/data/officials-1.htm","url_text":"\"Officials: Page 1 of 11\""},{"url":"http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/data/officials-1.htm#47004","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nomina di Membri del Pontificio Consiglio per la Promozione della Nuova Evangelizzazione\" (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 8 August 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120808201435/http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/26652.php?index=26652&lang=en#NOMINA_DI_MEMBRI_DEL_PONTIFICIO_CONSIGLIO_PER_LA_PROMOZIONE_DELLA_NUOVA_EVANGELIZZAZIONE","url_text":"\"Nomina di Membri del Pontificio Consiglio per la Promozione della Nuova Evangelizzazione\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office","url_text":"Holy See Press Office"},{"url":"http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/26652.php?index=26652&lang=en#NOMINA_DI_MEMBRI_DEL_PONTIFICIO_CONSIGLIO_PER_LA_PROMOZIONE_DELLA_NUOVA_EVANGELIZZAZIONE","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the New Evangelization, Libreria Editrice Vaticana (2015). Compendium on the new evangelization : texts of the Pontifical and Conciliar Magisterium, 1939-2012. USCCB Communications. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1601373960.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1601373960","url_text":"978-1601373960"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_colic
Baby colic
["1 Signs and symptoms","1.1 Effect on the family","2 Causes","3 Diagnosis","4 Treatment","4.1 Medication","4.2 Diet","4.3 Complimentary and alternative medicine","5 Prognosis","6 Epidemiology","7 History","8 References","9 External links"]
For other types of colic, see Colic. Medical conditionColicOther namesInfantile colicA crying newbornSpecialtyPediatricsSymptomsCrying for more than three hours a day, for more than three days a week, for three weeksComplicationsFrustration for the parents, depression following delivery, child abuseUsual onsetSix weeks of ageDurationTypically goes away by six months of ageCausesUnknownDiagnostic methodBased on symptoms after ruling out other possible causesDifferential diagnosisCorneal abrasion, hair tourniquet, hernia, testicular torsionTreatmentConservative treatment, extra support for the parentsPrognosisNo long term problemsFrequency~25% of babies Baby colic, also known as infantile colic, is defined as episodes of crying for more than three hours a day, for more than three days a week, for three weeks in an otherwise healthy child. Often crying occurs in the evening. It typically does not result in long-term problems. The crying can result in frustration of the parents, depression following delivery, excess visits to the doctor, and child abuse. The cause of colic is unknown. Some believe it is due to gastrointestinal discomfort like intestinal cramping. Diagnosis requires ruling out other possible causes. Concerning findings include a fever, poor activity, or a swollen abdomen. Fewer than 5% of infants with excess crying have an underlying organic disease. Treatment is generally conservative, with little to no role for either medications or alternative therapies. Extra support for the parents may be useful. Tentative evidence supports certain probiotics for the baby and a low-allergen diet by the mother in those who are breastfed. Hydrolyzed formula may be useful in those who are bottlefed. Colic affects 10–40% of babies. Equally common in bottle and breast-fed infants, it begins during the second week of life, peaks at 6 weeks, and resolves between 12 and 16 weeks. It rarely lasts up to one year of age. It occurs at the same rate in boys and in girls. The first detailed medical description of the problem was published in 1954. Signs and symptoms Colic is defined as episodes of crying for more than three hours a day, for more than three days a week for at least a three-week duration in an otherwise healthy child. It is most common around six weeks of age and gets better by six months of age. By contrast, infants normally cry an average of just over two hours a day, with the duration peaking at six weeks. With colic, periods of crying most commonly happen in the evening and for no obvious reason. Associated symptoms may include legs pulled up to the stomach, a flushed face, clenched hands, and a wrinkled brow. The cry is often high pitched (piercing). Effect on the family An infant with colic may affect family stability and be a cause of short-term anxiety or depression in the father and mother. It may also contribute to exhaustion and stress in the parents. Persistent infant crying has been associated with severe marital discord, postpartum depression, early termination of breastfeeding, frequent visits to doctors, a quadrupling of laboratory tests, and prescription of medication for acid reflux. Babies with colic may be exposed to abuse, especially shaken baby syndrome. Parent training programs for managing infantile colic may result in a reduction in crying time. Causes The cause of colic is generally unknown. Fewer than 5% of infants who cry excessively turn out to have an underlying organic disease, such as constipation, gastroesophageal reflux disease, lactose intolerance, anal fissures, subdural hematomas, or infantile migraine. Babies fed cow's milk have been shown to develop antibody responses to the bovine protein, and some studies have shown an association between consumption of cow's milk and infant colic. Studies performed showed conflicting evidence about the role of cow's milk allergy. While previously believed to be related to gas pains, this does not appear to be the case. Another theory holds that colic is related to hyperperistalsis of the digestive tube (increased level of activity of contraction and relaxation). The evidence that the use of anticholinergic agents improve colic symptoms supports this hypothesis. Psychological and social factors have been proposed as a cause, but there is no evidence. Studies performed do not support the theory that maternal (or paternal) personality or anxiety causes colic, nor that it is a consequence of a difficult temperament of the baby, but families with colicky children may eventually develop anxiety, fatigue and problems with family functioning as a result. There is some evidence that cigarette smoke may increase the risk. It seems unrelated to breast or bottle feeding with rates similar in both groups. Reflux does not appear to be related to colic. Diagnosis Colic is diagnosed after other potential causes of crying are excluded. This can typically be done via a history and physical exam, and in most cases tests such as X-rays or blood tests are not needed. Babies who cry may simply be hungry, uncomfortable, or ill. Less than 10% of babies who would meet the definition of colic based on the amount they cry have an identifiable underlying disease. Cause for concern include: an elevated temperature, a history of breathing problems or a child who is not appropriately gaining weight. Indications that further investigations may be needed include: Vomiting (vomit that is green or yellow, bloody or occurring more than five times a day) Change in stool (constipation or diarrhea, especially with blood or mucous) Abnormal temperature (a rectal temperature less than 97.0 °F (36.1 °C) or over 100.4 °F (38.0 °C) Irritability (crying all day with few calm periods in between) Lethargy (excess sleepiness, lack of smiles or interested gaze, weak sucking lasting over six hours) Poor weight gain (gaining less than 15 grams a day) Problems to consider when the above are present include: Infections (e.g. ear infection, urine infection, meningitis, appendicitis) Intestinal pain (e.g. food allergy, acid reflux, constipation, intestinal blockage) Trouble breathing (e.g. from a cold, excessive dust, congenital nasal blockage, oversized tongue) Increased brain pressure (e.g. hematoma, hydrocephalus) Skin pain (e.g. a loose diaper pin, irritated rash, a hair wrapped around a toe) Mouth pain (e.g. yeast infection) Kidney pain (e.g. blockage of the urinary system) Eye pain (e.g. scratched cornea, glaucoma) Overdose (e.g. excessive Vitamin D, excessive sodium) Others (e.g. migraine headache, heart failure, hyperthyroidism) Persistently fussy babies with poor weight gain, vomiting more than five times a day, or other significant feeding problems should be evaluated for other illnesses (e.g. urinary infection, intestinal obstruction, acid reflux). Treatment Management of colic is generally conservative and involves the reassurance of parents. Calming measures may be used and include soothing motions, limiting stimulation, pacifier use, and carrying the baby around in a carrier, although it is not entirely clear if these actions have any effect beyond placebo. Swaddling does not appear to help. Medication No medications have been found to be both safe and effective. Simethicone is safe but does not work, while dicyclomine works but is not safe. Evidence does not support the use of cimetropium bromide, and there is little evidence for alternative medications or techniques. While medications to treat reflux are common, there is no evidence that they are useful. Diet Dietary changes by infants are generally not needed. In mothers who are breastfeeding, a hypoallergenic diet by the mother—not eating milk and dairy products, eggs, wheat, and nuts—may improve matters, while elimination of only cow's milk does not seem to produce any improvement. In formula-fed infants, switching to a soy-based or hydrolyzed protein formula may help. Evidence of benefit is greater for hydrolyzed protein formula with the benefit from soy based formula being disputed. Both these formulas have greater cost and may not be as palatable. Supplementation with fiber has not been shown to have any benefit. A 2018 Cochrane review of 15 randomized controlled trials involving 1,121 infants was unable to recommend any dietary interventions. A 2019 review determined that probiotics were no more effective than placebo although a reduction in crying time was measured. Complimentary and alternative medicine No clear beneficial effect from spinal manipulation or massage has been shown. Further, as there is no evidence of safety for cervical manipulation for baby colic, it is not advised. There is a case of a three-month-old dying following manipulation of the neck area. Little clinical evidence supports the efficacy of "gripe water" and caution in use is needed, especially in formulations that include alcohol or sugar. Evidence does not support lactase supplementation. The use of probiotics, specifically Lactobacillus reuteri, decreases crying time at three weeks by 46 minutes in breastfeed babies but has unclear effects in those who are formula fed. Fennel also appears effective. Prognosis Infants who are colicky do just as well as their non colicky peers with respect to temperament at one year of age. Epidemiology Colic affects 10–40% of children, occurring at the same rate in boys and in girls. History The word "colic" is derived from the ancient Greek word for intestine (sharing the same root as the word "colon"). It has been an age-old practice to drug crying infants. During the second century AD, the Greek physician Galen prescribed opium to calm fussy babies, and during the Middle Ages in Europe, mothers and wet nurses smeared their nipples with opium lotions before each feeding. Alcohol was also commonly given to infants. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Johnson, JD; Cocker, K; Chang, E (1 October 2015). "Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment". American Family Physician. 92 (7): 577–82. PMID 26447441. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017. ^ "Colic Differential Diagnoses". emedicine.medscape.com. 3 September 2015. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2017. ^ a b Biagioli, E; Tarasco, V; Lingua, C; Moja, L; Savino, F (16 September 2016). "Pain-relieving agents for infantile colic". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (9): CD009999. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009999.pub2. PMC 6457752. PMID 27631535. ^ a b Grimes JA, Domino FJ, Baldor RA, Golding J, eds. (2014). The 5-minute clinical consult premium (23rd ed.). St. Louis: Wolters Kluwer Health. p. 251. ISBN 9781451192155. Archived from the original on 2015-02-25. ^ Shamir, Raanan; St James-Roberts, Ian; Di Lorenzo, Carlo; Burns, Alan J.; Thapar, Nikhil; Indrio, Flavia; Riezzo, Giuseppe; Raimondi, Francesco; Di Mauro, Antonio (2013-12-01). "Infant crying, colic, and gastrointestinal discomfort in early childhood: a review of the evidence and most plausible mechanisms". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 57 (Suppl 1): S1–45. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182a154ff. ISSN 1536-4801. PMID 24356023. S2CID 30840225. ^ "Colic". Pediatrics in Review. ^ Barr, RG (2002). "Changing our understanding of infant colic". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 156 (12): 1172–4. doi:10.1001/archpedi.156.12.1172. PMID 12444822. ^ Long, Tony (2006). Excessive Crying in Infancy. John Wiley & Sons. p. 5. ISBN 9780470031711. Archived from the original on 2016-10-18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Roberts, DM; Ostapchuk, M; O'Brien, JG (Aug 15, 2004). "Infantile colic". American Family Physician (Review). 70 (4): 735–40. PMID 15338787. Archived from the original on 2014-08-28. ^ a b c d Iacovou, M; Ralston, RA; Muir, J; Walker, KZ; Truby, H (August 2012). "Dietary management of infantile colic: a systematic review". Maternal and Child Health Journal. 16 (6): 1319–31. doi:10.1007/s10995-011-0842-5. PMID 21710185. S2CID 8404014. ^ Gordon, Morris; Gohil, Jesal; Banks, Shel Sc (3 December 2019). "Parent training programmes for managing infantile colic". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (12): CD012459. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012459.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6890412. PMID 31794639. ^ Lucassen, P. L.; Assendelft, W. J.; Gubbels, J. W.; van Eijk, J. T.; van Geldrop, W. J.; Neven, A. K. (1998-05-23). "Effectiveness of treatments for infantile colic: systematic review". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 316 (7144): 1563–1569. doi:10.1136/bmj.316.7144.1563. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 28556. PMID 9596593. ^ Delire, M.; Cambiaso, C. L.; Masson, P. L. (1978-04-13). "Circulating immune complexes in infants fed on cow's milk". Nature. 272 (5654): 632. Bibcode:1978Natur.272..632D. doi:10.1038/272632a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 565472. S2CID 534896. ^ a b Shergill-Bonner, R (2010). "Infantile colic: practicalities of management, including dietary aspects". The Journal of Family Health Care. 20 (6): 206–9. PMID 21319674. ^ a b Benninga, MA; Faure, C; Hyman, PE; St James Roberts, I; Schechter, NL; Nurko, S (15 February 2016). "Childhood Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Neonate/Toddler". Gastroenterology. 150 (6): 1443–1455.e2. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.016. PMID 27144631. ^ Barr, RG (1998). "Colic and crying syndromes in infants". Pediatrics. 102 (5 Suppl E): 1282–6. doi:10.1542/peds.102.SE1.1282. PMID 9794970. S2CID 40640662. ^ Hyman, PE; Milla, PJ; Benninga, MA; Davidson, GP; Fleisher, DF; Taminiau, J (April 2006). "Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: neonate/toddler". Gastroenterology. 130 (5): 1519–26. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.065. PMID 16678565. ^ a b Karp, Harvey (2003). The Happiest Baby on the Block: The New Way to Calm Crying and Help Your Baby Sleep Longer. New York: Bantam. ISBN 978-0-553-38146-7. ^ Heine, Ralf G; Jordan, Brigid; Lubitz, Lionel; Meehan, Michele; Catto-Smith, Anthony G (2006). "Clinical predictors of pathological gastro-oesophageal reflux in infants with persistent distress". Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 42 (3): 134–9. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2006.00812.x. PMID 16509914. S2CID 40915052. ^ a b c Hall, B; Chesters, J; Robinson, A (February 2012). "Infantile colic: a systematic review of medical and conventional therapies". Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 48 (2): 128–37. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02061.x. PMID 21470331. S2CID 41709424. ^ Perry, R; Hunt, K; Ernst, E (April 2011). "Nutritional supplements and other complementary medicines for infantile colic: a systematic review". Pediatrics. 127 (4): 720–33. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-2098. PMID 21444591. S2CID 19536242. ^ a b Nocerino R; Pezzella V; Cosenza L; Amoroso A; Di Scala C; Amato F; et al. (2015). "The controversial role of food allergy in infantile colic: evidence and clinical management". Nutrients (Review). 7 (3): 2015–25. doi:10.3390/nu7032015. PMC 4377897. PMID 25808260. ^ Bhatia, J; Greer, F; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition (May 2008). "Use of soy protein-based formulas in infant feeding". Pediatrics. 121 (5): 1062–8. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0564. PMID 18450914. ^ a b Savino, F; Tarasco, V (December 2010). "New treatments for infant colic". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 22 (6): 791–7. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e32833fac24. PMID 20859207. S2CID 26003983. ^ Gordon, Morris; Biagioli, Elena; Sorrenti, Miriam; Lingua, Carla; Moja, Lorenzo; Banks, Shel Sc; Ceratto, Simone; Savino, Francesco (10 October 2018). "Dietary modifications for infantile colic". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 10 (2): CD011029. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011029.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6394439. PMID 30306546. ^ Ong, Teck Guan; Gordon, Morris; Banks, Shel Sc; Thomas, Megan R.; Akobeng, Anthony K. (13 March 2019). "Probiotics to prevent infantile colic". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3 (3): CD012473. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012473.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6415699. PMID 30865287. ^ Dobson, D; Lucassen, PL; Miller, JJ; Vlieger, AM; Prescott, P; Lewith, G (Dec 12, 2012). "Manipulative therapies for infantile colic" (PDF). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12: CD004796. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004796.pub2. hdl:2066/108617. PMID 23235617. ^ Aase, K; Blaakær, J (Feb 11, 2013). "Chiropractic care of infants with colic lacks evidence". Ugeskrift for Laeger. 175 (7): 424–8. PMID 23402252. ^ a b Camilleri M, Park SY, Scarpato E, Staiano A (2017). "Exploring hypotheses and rationale for causes of infantile colic". Neurogastroenterol Motil (Review). 29 (2): e12943. doi:10.1111/nmo.12943. PMC 5276723. PMID 27647578. ^ Sung, V; D'Amico, F; Cabana, MD; Chau, K; Koren, G; Savino, F; Szajewska, H; Deshpande, G; Dupont, C; Indrio, F; Mentula, S; Partty, A; Tancredi, D (January 2018). "Lactobacillus reuteri to Treat Infant Colic: A Meta-analysis". Pediatrics. 141 (1): e20171811. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-1811. PMID 29279326. ^ Harb, T; Matsuyama, M; David, M; Hill, RJ (May 2016). "Infant Colic-What works: A Systematic Review of Interventions for Breast-fed Infants". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 62 (5): 668–86. doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000001075. PMID 26655941. S2CID 26126920. ^ Anheyer, D; Frawley, J; Koch, AK; Lauche, R; Langhorst, J; Dobos, G; Cramer, H (June 2017). "Herbal Medicines for Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review". Pediatrics. 139 (6): e20170062. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-0062. PMID 28562281. ^ Sanghavi, Darshak (Mar 29, 2005). "Bleary parents crave colic cure". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2013-11-06. ^ Solter, A (1998). Tears and Tantrums: What to Do When Babies and Children Cry. Goleta, CA: Shining Star Press. ISBN 9780961307363. External links Look up colic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Baby colic at Curlie ClassificationDICD-10: R10.4ICD-9-CM: 789.7MeSH: D003085External resourcesMedlinePlus: 000978eMedicine: ped/434Patient UK: Baby colic vteInfants and their careHealth (Pediatrics) Baby food Birth weight Breast pump Breastfeeding Breastfeeding and medications Breastfeeding and mental health Bottle feeding Colic Cradle cap Esotropia Failure to thrive Immunization Infant and toddler safety Infant bathing Infant feeding Infant food safety Infant formula Infant massage Infant respiratory distress syndrome Infant sleep training Neonatal intensive care unit Newborn care and safety Oral rehydration therapy Pedialyte Preterm birth Shaken baby syndrome Soy formula SIDS Development Attachment parenting Baby-led weaning Baby talk Babbling Birth defect Childbirth Crawling Gestational age Infant visual development Irritant diaper dermatitis Infant cognitive development Infant crying Kangaroo care Mother Nursery rhyme Object permanence Parent Parenting Peekaboo Play Prenatal development Prenatal development table Teething Walking Weaning Socialization and Culture Attachment Babysitting Child abuse Child care Child custody Children's rights UN Child rights Circumcision Foster care Grandparent visitation Infant swimming Milk bank Nanny Wet nurse Infant care and equipment Baby bouncer Baby gate Baby monitor/Hidden camera Baby powder Baby shampoo Baby toy Baby walker Bib Baby swing Baby transport Bassinet Car seat safety Cloth diaper Cradle board Diaper Diaper bag Baby wipes Haberman Feeder High chair Infant bed (American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot') Infant carrier Infant clothing Pacifier Playpen Stroller Supplemental nursing system Swaddling Swim diaper Teether Travel cot Other topics Baby shower Babywearing Child neglect Closed adoption Cry room Infant ear piercing Open adoption Prenatal cocaine exposure Neonatal withdrawal syndrome Parental child abduction Parental responsibility Parenting plan Paternity Paternity fraud
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colic"},{"link_name":"crying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crying"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2015-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2015-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gri2014-4"},{"link_name":"depression following delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression"},{"link_name":"child abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abuse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2015-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2015-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2015-1"},{"link_name":"fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever"},{"link_name":"poor activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethargy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2015-1"},{"link_name":"organic disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_disease"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2015-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bia2016-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2015-1"},{"link_name":"probiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotic"},{"link_name":"allergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergen"},{"link_name":"breastfed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastfeeding"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2015-1"},{"link_name":"Hydrolyzed formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolyzed_formula"},{"link_name":"bottlefed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_bottle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2015-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2015-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2015-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"For other types of colic, see Colic.Medical conditionBaby colic, also known as infantile colic, is defined as episodes of crying for more than three hours a day, for more than three days a week, for three weeks in an otherwise healthy child.[1] Often crying occurs in the evening.[1] It typically does not result in long-term problems.[4] The crying can result in frustration of the parents, depression following delivery, excess visits to the doctor, and child abuse.[1]The cause of colic is unknown.[1] Some believe it is due to gastrointestinal discomfort like intestinal cramping.[5] Diagnosis requires ruling out other possible causes.[1] Concerning findings include a fever, poor activity, or a swollen abdomen.[1] Fewer than 5% of infants with excess crying have an underlying organic disease.[1]Treatment is generally conservative, with little to no role for either medications or alternative therapies.[3] Extra support for the parents may be useful.[1] Tentative evidence supports certain probiotics for the baby and a low-allergen diet by the mother in those who are breastfed.[1] Hydrolyzed formula may be useful in those who are bottlefed.[1]Colic affects 10–40% of babies.[1] Equally common in bottle and breast-fed infants, it begins during the second week of life, peaks at 6 weeks, and resolves between 12 and 16 weeks.[6] It rarely lasts up to one year of age.[7] It occurs at the same rate in boys and in girls.[1] The first detailed medical description of the problem was published in 1954.[8]","title":"Baby colic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2015-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"}],"text":"Colic is defined as episodes of crying for more than three hours a day, for more than three days a week for at least a three-week duration in an otherwise healthy child.[9] It is most common around six weeks of age and gets better by six months of age.[9] By contrast, infants normally cry an average of just over two hours a day, with the duration peaking at six weeks.[9] With colic, periods of crying most commonly happen in the evening and for no obvious reason.[1] Associated symptoms may include legs pulled up to the stomach, a flushed face, clenched hands, and a wrinkled brow.[9] The cry is often high pitched (piercing).[9]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ia2012-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abuse"},{"link_name":"shaken baby syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaken_baby_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Effect on the family","text":"An infant with colic may affect family stability and be a cause of short-term anxiety or depression in the father and mother.[9] It may also contribute to exhaustion and stress in the parents.[10]Persistent infant crying has been associated with severe marital discord, postpartum depression, early termination of breastfeeding, frequent visits to doctors, a quadrupling of laboratory tests, and prescription of medication for acid reflux.[citation needed] Babies with colic may be exposed to abuse, especially shaken baby syndrome.[9]Parent training programs for managing infantile colic may result in a reduction in crying time.[11]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organic disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_disease"},{"link_name":"constipation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constipation"},{"link_name":"gastroesophageal reflux disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease"},{"link_name":"lactose intolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactose_intolerance"},{"link_name":"anal fissures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_fissure"},{"link_name":"subdural hematomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdural_hematoma"},{"link_name":"migraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migraine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"milk allergy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_allergy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"},{"link_name":"hyperperistalsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsis"},{"link_name":"anticholinergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticholinergic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2015-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sher2010-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ben2016-15"}],"text":"The cause of colic is generally unknown. Fewer than 5% of infants who cry excessively turn out to have an underlying organic disease, such as constipation, gastroesophageal reflux disease, lactose intolerance, anal fissures, subdural hematomas, or infantile migraine.[9] Babies fed cow's milk have been shown to develop antibody responses to the bovine protein, and some studies have shown an association between consumption of cow's milk and infant colic.[12][13] Studies performed showed conflicting evidence about the role of cow's milk allergy.[9] While previously believed to be related to gas pains, this does not appear to be the case.[9] Another theory holds that colic is related to hyperperistalsis of the digestive tube (increased level of activity of contraction and relaxation). The evidence that the use of anticholinergic agents improve colic symptoms supports this hypothesis.[9]Psychological and social factors have been proposed as a cause, but there is no evidence. Studies performed do not support the theory that maternal (or paternal) personality or anxiety causes colic, nor that it is a consequence of a difficult temperament of the baby, but families with colicky children may eventually develop anxiety, fatigue and problems with family functioning as a result.[9] There is some evidence that cigarette smoke may increase the risk.[1] It seems unrelated to breast or bottle feeding with rates similar in both groups.[14] Reflux does not appear to be related to colic.[15]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karp-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karp-18"},{"link_name":"meningitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis"},{"link_name":"appendicitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendicitis"},{"link_name":"hydrocephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocephalus"},{"link_name":"yeast infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidiasis"},{"link_name":"glaucoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucoma"},{"link_name":"hyperthyroidism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthyroidism"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heine-19"}],"text":"Colic is diagnosed after other potential causes of crying are excluded.[9] This can typically be done via a history and physical exam, and in most cases tests such as X-rays or blood tests are not needed.[9] Babies who cry may simply be hungry, uncomfortable, or ill.[16] Less than 10% of babies who would meet the definition of colic based on the amount they cry have an identifiable underlying disease.[17]Cause for concern include: an elevated temperature, a history of breathing problems or a child who is not appropriately gaining weight.[9]Indications that further investigations may be needed include:[18]Vomiting (vomit that is green or yellow, bloody or occurring more than five times a day)\nChange in stool (constipation or diarrhea, especially with blood or mucous)\nAbnormal temperature (a rectal temperature less than 97.0 °F (36.1 °C) or over 100.4 °F (38.0 °C)\nIrritability (crying all day with few calm periods in between)\nLethargy (excess sleepiness, lack of smiles or interested gaze, weak sucking lasting over six hours)\nPoor weight gain (gaining less than 15 grams a day)Problems to consider when the above are present include:[18]Infections (e.g. ear infection, urine infection, meningitis, appendicitis)\nIntestinal pain (e.g. food allergy, acid reflux, constipation, intestinal blockage)\nTrouble breathing (e.g. from a cold, excessive dust, congenital nasal blockage, oversized tongue)\nIncreased brain pressure (e.g. hematoma, hydrocephalus)\nSkin pain (e.g. a loose diaper pin, irritated rash, a hair wrapped around a toe)\nMouth pain (e.g. yeast infection)\nKidney pain (e.g. blockage of the urinary system)\nEye pain (e.g. scratched cornea, glaucoma)\nOverdose (e.g. excessive Vitamin D, excessive sodium)\nOthers (e.g. migraine headache, heart failure, hyperthyroidism)Persistently fussy babies with poor weight gain, vomiting more than five times a day, or other significant feeding problems should be evaluated for other illnesses (e.g. urinary infection, intestinal obstruction, acid reflux).[19]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"},{"link_name":"placebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ches2012-20"},{"link_name":"Swaddling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaddling"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2015-1"}],"text":"Management of colic is generally conservative and involves the reassurance of parents.[9] Calming measures may be used and include soothing motions, limiting stimulation, pacifier use, and carrying the baby around in a carrier,[9] although it is not entirely clear if these actions have any effect beyond placebo.[9][20] Swaddling does not appear to help.[1]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"},{"link_name":"Simethicone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simethicone"},{"link_name":"dicyclomine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicyclomine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"},{"link_name":"cimetropium bromide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimetropium_bromide"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ches2012-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ben2016-15"}],"sub_title":"Medication","text":"No medications have been found to be both safe and effective.[9] Simethicone is safe but does not work, while dicyclomine works but is not safe.[9] Evidence does not support the use of cimetropium bromide,[20] and there is little evidence for alternative medications or techniques.[21] While medications to treat reflux are common, there is no evidence that they are useful.[15]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ia2012-10"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NocerinoPezzella2015-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NocerinoPezzella2015-22"},{"link_name":"soy-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy-based_infant_formula"},{"link_name":"hydrolyzed protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolyzed_protein"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ia2012-10"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savino2010-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Savino2010-24"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ia2012-10"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"probiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotic"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Diet","text":"Dietary changes by infants are generally not needed.[9] In mothers who are breastfeeding, a hypoallergenic diet by the mother—not eating milk and dairy products, eggs, wheat, and nuts—may improve matters,[9][10][22] while elimination of only cow's milk does not seem to produce any improvement.[22] In formula-fed infants, switching to a soy-based or hydrolyzed protein formula may help.[10] Evidence of benefit is greater for hydrolyzed protein formula with the benefit from soy based formula being disputed.[23][24] Both these formulas have greater cost and may not be as palatable.[24] Supplementation with fiber has not been shown to have any benefit.[10] A 2018 Cochrane review of 15 randomized controlled trials involving 1,121 infants was unable to recommend any dietary interventions.[25] A 2019 review determined that probiotics were no more effective than placebo although a reduction in crying time was measured.[26]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spinal manipulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_manipulation"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"massage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massage"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"},{"link_name":"cervical manipulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_manipulation"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CamilleriPark2017-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CamilleriPark2017-29"},{"link_name":"gripe water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gripe_water"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)"},{"link_name":"sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"},{"link_name":"lactase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactase"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ches2012-20"},{"link_name":"Lactobacillus reuteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_reuteri"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Fennel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennel"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harb-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Complimentary and alternative medicine","text":"No clear beneficial effect from spinal manipulation[27][28] or massage has been shown.[9] Further, as there is no evidence of safety for cervical manipulation for baby colic, it is not advised.[29] There is a case of a three-month-old dying following manipulation of the neck area.[29]Little clinical evidence supports the efficacy of \"gripe water\" and caution in use is needed, especially in formulations that include alcohol or sugar.[9] Evidence does not support lactase supplementation.[20] The use of probiotics, specifically Lactobacillus reuteri, decreases crying time at three weeks by 46 minutes in breastfeed babies but has unclear effects in those who are formula fed.[30] Fennel also appears effective.[31][32]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2004-9"}],"text":"Infants who are colicky do just as well as their non colicky peers with respect to temperament at one year of age.[9]","title":"Prognosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFP2015-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sher2010-14"}],"text":"Colic affects 10–40% of children,[1] occurring at the same rate in boys and in girls.[14]","title":"Epidemiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Galen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen"},{"link_name":"opium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Solter_1998-34"}],"text":"The word \"colic\" is derived from the ancient Greek word for intestine (sharing the same root as the word \"colon\").[33]It has been an age-old practice to drug crying infants. During the second century AD, the Greek physician Galen prescribed opium to calm fussy babies, and during the Middle Ages in Europe, mothers and wet nurses smeared their nipples with opium lotions before each feeding. Alcohol was also commonly given to infants.[34]","title":"History"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Johnson, JD; Cocker, K; Chang, E (1 October 2015). \"Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment\". American Family Physician. 92 (7): 577–82. PMID 26447441. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/1001/p577.html","url_text":"\"Infantile Colic: Recognition and Treatment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26447441","url_text":"26447441"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170826234735/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/1001/p577.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Colic Differential Diagnoses\". emedicine.medscape.com. 3 September 2015. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927760-differential?pa=Pr8zrzc5NCL8kj1NTeavgAJNuweo9M00CAqyE7yf%2B8mq0%2Fc7lXdRmEi8ZDs9CFEy8SIvl8zjYv73GUyW5rsbWA%3D%3D","url_text":"\"Colic Differential Diagnoses\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171105194845/https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/927760-differential?pa=Pr8zrzc5NCL8kj1NTeavgAJNuweo9M00CAqyE7yf%2B8mq0%2Fc7lXdRmEi8ZDs9CFEy8SIvl8zjYv73GUyW5rsbWA%3D%3D","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Biagioli, E; Tarasco, V; Lingua, C; Moja, L; Savino, F (16 September 2016). \"Pain-relieving agents for infantile colic\". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (9): CD009999. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009999.pub2. PMC 6457752. PMID 27631535.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6457752","url_text":"\"Pain-relieving agents for infantile colic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD009999.pub2","url_text":"10.1002/14651858.CD009999.pub2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6457752","url_text":"6457752"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27631535","url_text":"27631535"}]},{"reference":"Grimes JA, Domino FJ, Baldor RA, Golding J, eds. (2014). The 5-minute clinical consult premium (23rd ed.). St. Louis: Wolters Kluwer Health. p. 251. ISBN 9781451192155. Archived from the original on 2015-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T-XtAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA251","url_text":"The 5-minute clinical consult premium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451192155","url_text":"9781451192155"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150225101212/https://books.google.ca/books?id=T-XtAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA251","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shamir, Raanan; St James-Roberts, Ian; Di Lorenzo, Carlo; Burns, Alan J.; Thapar, Nikhil; Indrio, Flavia; Riezzo, Giuseppe; Raimondi, Francesco; Di Mauro, Antonio (2013-12-01). \"Infant crying, colic, and gastrointestinal discomfort in early childhood: a review of the evidence and most plausible mechanisms\". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 57 (Suppl 1): S1–45. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182a154ff. ISSN 1536-4801. PMID 24356023. S2CID 30840225.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMPG.0b013e3182a154ff","url_text":"\"Infant crying, colic, and gastrointestinal discomfort in early childhood: a review of the evidence and most plausible mechanisms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMPG.0b013e3182a154ff","url_text":"10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182a154ff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1536-4801","url_text":"1536-4801"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24356023","url_text":"24356023"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30840225","url_text":"30840225"}]},{"reference":"\"Colic\". Pediatrics in Review.","urls":[{"url":"https://pedsinreview.aappublications.org/content/33/7/332","url_text":"\"Colic\""}]},{"reference":"Barr, RG (2002). \"Changing our understanding of infant colic\". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 156 (12): 1172–4. doi:10.1001/archpedi.156.12.1172. PMID 12444822.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchpedi.156.12.1172","url_text":"10.1001/archpedi.156.12.1172"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12444822","url_text":"12444822"}]},{"reference":"Long, Tony (2006). Excessive Crying in Infancy. John Wiley & Sons. p. 5. ISBN 9780470031711. Archived from the original on 2016-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1CHFjG6fMasC&pg=PA5","url_text":"Excessive Crying in Infancy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470031711","url_text":"9780470031711"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161018200048/https://books.google.ca/books?id=1CHFjG6fMasC&pg=PA5","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, DM; Ostapchuk, M; O'Brien, JG (Aug 15, 2004). \"Infantile colic\". American Family Physician (Review). 70 (4): 735–40. PMID 15338787. Archived from the original on 2014-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aafp.org/afp/2004/0815/p735.html","url_text":"\"Infantile colic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15338787","url_text":"15338787"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140828184714/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2004/0815/p735.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Iacovou, M; Ralston, RA; Muir, J; Walker, KZ; Truby, H (August 2012). \"Dietary management of infantile colic: a systematic review\". Maternal and Child Health Journal. 16 (6): 1319–31. doi:10.1007/s10995-011-0842-5. PMID 21710185. 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(1978-04-13). \"Circulating immune complexes in infants fed on cow's milk\". Nature. 272 (5654): 632. Bibcode:1978Natur.272..632D. doi:10.1038/272632a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 565472. S2CID 534896.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F272632a0","url_text":"\"Circulating immune complexes in infants fed on cow's milk\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978Natur.272..632D","url_text":"1978Natur.272..632D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F272632a0","url_text":"10.1038/272632a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836","url_text":"0028-0836"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/565472","url_text":"565472"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:534896","url_text":"534896"}]},{"reference":"Shergill-Bonner, R (2010). \"Infantile colic: practicalities of management, including dietary aspects\". The Journal of Family Health Care. 20 (6): 206–9. PMID 21319674.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21319674","url_text":"21319674"}]},{"reference":"Benninga, MA; Faure, C; Hyman, PE; St James Roberts, I; Schechter, NL; Nurko, S (15 February 2016). \"Childhood Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Neonate/Toddler\". Gastroenterology. 150 (6): 1443–1455.e2. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.016. PMID 27144631.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2016.02.016","url_text":"10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.016"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27144631","url_text":"27144631"}]},{"reference":"Barr, RG (1998). \"Colic and crying syndromes in infants\". Pediatrics. 102 (5 Suppl E): 1282–6. doi:10.1542/peds.102.SE1.1282. PMID 9794970. S2CID 40640662.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.102.SE1.1282","url_text":"10.1542/peds.102.SE1.1282"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9794970","url_text":"9794970"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40640662","url_text":"40640662"}]},{"reference":"Hyman, PE; Milla, PJ; Benninga, MA; Davidson, GP; Fleisher, DF; Taminiau, J (April 2006). \"Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: neonate/toddler\". Gastroenterology. 130 (5): 1519–26. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.065. PMID 16678565.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2005.11.065","url_text":"\"Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: neonate/toddler\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2005.11.065","url_text":"10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.065"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16678565","url_text":"16678565"}]},{"reference":"Karp, Harvey (2003). The Happiest Baby on the Block: The New Way to Calm Crying and Help Your Baby Sleep Longer. New York: Bantam. ISBN 978-0-553-38146-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-38146-7","url_text":"978-0-553-38146-7"}]},{"reference":"Heine, Ralf G; Jordan, Brigid; Lubitz, Lionel; Meehan, Michele; Catto-Smith, Anthony G (2006). \"Clinical predictors of pathological gastro-oesophageal reflux in infants with persistent distress\". Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 42 (3): 134–9. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2006.00812.x. PMID 16509914. 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S2CID 41709424.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1440-1754.2011.02061.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02061.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21470331","url_text":"21470331"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41709424","url_text":"41709424"}]},{"reference":"Perry, R; Hunt, K; Ernst, E (April 2011). \"Nutritional supplements and other complementary medicines for infantile colic: a systematic review\". Pediatrics. 127 (4): 720–33. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-2098. PMID 21444591. 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Meta-analysis\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2017-1811","external_links_name":"10.1542/peds.2017-1811"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29279326","external_links_name":"29279326"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMPG.0000000000001075","external_links_name":"10.1097/MPG.0000000000001075"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26655941","external_links_name":"26655941"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26126920","external_links_name":"26126920"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2017-0062","external_links_name":"\"Herbal Medicines for Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2017-0062","external_links_name":"10.1542/peds.2017-0062"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28562281","external_links_name":"28562281"},{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/yourlife/health/children/articles/2005/03/29/bleary_parents_crave_colic_cure/","external_links_name":"\"Bleary parents crave colic cure\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131106025655/http://www.boston.com/yourlife/health/children/articles/2005/03/29/bleary_parents_crave_colic_cure/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://curlie.org/Health/Child_Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Digestive_Disorders/Infant_Colic/","external_links_name":"Baby colic"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/R10.4","external_links_name":"R10.4"},{"Link":"http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=789.7","external_links_name":"789.7"},{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D003085","external_links_name":"D003085"},{"Link":"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000978.htm","external_links_name":"000978"},{"Link":"https://emedicine.medscape.com/ped/434-overview","external_links_name":"ped/434"},{"Link":"https://patient.info/doctor/baby-colic-pro","external_links_name":"Baby colic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Chuman
Frank Chuman
["1 Early life","2 Legal career","3 Later years","4 References"]
American attorney Frank Fujio Chuman (Japanese: 中馬 不二男, born April 29, 1917) is a Japanese-American former civil rights attorney and author, involved in several important Japanese American civil rights cases and in the redress movement. Early life Frank Fujio Chuman was born in Montecito, California to parents who had emigrated from Japan's Kagoshima Prefecture. The middle of three children, Chuman attended Los Angeles High School, where he graduated in 1934 as class valedictorian. He went on to graduate from UCLA in 1938, and then enrolled in USC's Law School in 1940. In 1942, following Executive Order 9066, Chuman was forced to leave school and was incarcerated at Manzanar with his parents and older sister. While at Manzanar, Chuman served as chief administrator at the Manzanar Hospital. In 1943, Chuman was allowed to leave Manzanar and resume his legal education, first at the University of Toledo and then at the University of Maryland, where he was the institution's first Asian American law student. Chuman received his law degree in 1945. While at the University of Maryland, Chuman took a course in which he became acquainted with the writ of error coram nobis — a legal order that would play an important role later in his life. Legal career In 1945, Chuman returned to Los Angeles, where he worked for a law firm which provided counsel to the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL). While working there, Chuman helped draft initial briefs for Oyama v. California and Takahashi v. Fish & Game Commission. In 1947, Chuman left the firm and joined the law firm of John Aiso in a partnership where he stayed until 1954. In 1946, Chuman became president of the Los Angeles chapter of the JACL. He offered legal counsel for the national organization from 1953 to 1960, and was its national president from 1960 to 1962. While serving as JACL president, Chuman facilitated the launch of the Japanese American Research Project (JARP) and assisted with its fundraising. Chuman's work with JARP led to his research on the Japanese American legal history in the United States, including laws dealing with citizenship and immigration restrictions, alien land laws, and wartime confinement. Chuman published his finding in his 1976 book "The Bamboo People". In this comprehensive book, Chuman delved into the varying reasons and motivations of the individuals, groups and organizations that were behind these laws. In the 1960s, Chuman became involved in the civil rights movement and was named commissioner of the Los Angeles County Human Relations commission. Chuman became active in Japanese American redress efforts starting in the 1970s, and with the effort to overturn court rulings for the World War II convictions of internment resisters Fred Korematsu, Gordon Hirabayashi, and Minoru Yasui. Years earlier, Chuman had discussed the idea of using the writ of coram nobis that he had learned as a law student to support this effort. Chuman repeated his suggestion of using the writ to help overturn the rulings during 1981 testimony before the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC), and shortly thereafter the scholar Peter Irons and attorney Dale Minami undertook a coram nobis petition in this effort. Chuman joined the legal team as an adviser, and the petition led to the reversal by federal court judges of the two convictions. Later years After 2000, Chuman moved to Thailand with his wife, Donna. He received a Distinguished Graduate Award from University of Maryland School of Law in 2005, and in 2011 he published his memoirs, "Manzanar and Beyond". In 2021, at the age of 104, Chuman received an honorary degree from USC. References ^ ^ Barth, Melissa; McLaughlin, Thomas; Winders, James A. (1993). Reading for Difference: Texts on Gender, Race, and Class. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-155002-16-6. ^ a b c d "An Oral History with Frank Chuman Part II: Interviewed by Arthur A. Hansen". California State University Fullerton. January 6, 1975. ^ a b c d e f g Robinson, Greg. "Densho Encyclopedia: Frank Chuman". encyclopedia.densho.org. Densho. Retrieved 2022-09-11. ^ "Japanese American Internee Data File: Frank Chuman". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved September 11, 2022. ^ "An Oral History with Frank Chuman Part I: Interviewed by Arthur A. Hansen". California State University Fullerton. January 6, 1975. ^ a b c Hirahara, Naomi (2018). Life after Manzanar. Heyday. ISBN 9781597144001. ^ a b Mackovich-Rodriguez, Ron (4 February 2022). "Overcoming war, detention and racism, 104-year-old Trojan receives honorary degree". USC News. University of Southern California. Retrieved 2022-02-04. ^ Ishikawa, Troy (December 26, 2011). "It began with a laugh and ended with a laugh: My interview with Frank Chuman". Discover Nikkei.
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The middle of three children,[3] \nChuman attended Los Angeles High School, where he graduated in 1934 as class valedictorian. He went on to graduate from UCLA in 1938, and then enrolled in USC's Law School in 1940.[4] \nIn 1942, following Executive Order 9066, Chuman was forced to leave school and was incarcerated at Manzanar with his parents and older sister.[5][6]While at Manzanar, Chuman served as chief administrator at the Manzanar Hospital.[7] In 1943, Chuman was allowed to leave Manzanar and resume his legal education, \nfirst at the University of Toledo and then at the University of Maryland, where he was the institution's first Asian American law student. Chuman received his law degree in 1945.[8] While at the University of Maryland, Chuman took a course in which he became acquainted with the writ of error coram nobis — a legal order that would play an important role later in his life.[7]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese American Citizens League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American_Citizens_League"},{"link_name":"Oyama v. California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyama_v._California"},{"link_name":"Takahashi v. Fish & Game Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takahashi_v._Fish_%26_Game_Commission"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-robinson-4"},{"link_name":"John Aiso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aiso"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview2-3"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hirahara-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview2-3"},{"link_name":"alien land laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_land_laws"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-robinson-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview2-3"},{"link_name":"civil rights movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-robinson-4"},{"link_name":"Fred Korematsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Korematsu"},{"link_name":"Gordon Hirabayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Hirabayashi"},{"link_name":"Minoru Yasui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoru_Yasui"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-robinson-4"},{"link_name":"Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Wartime_Relocation_and_Internment_of_Civilians"},{"link_name":"Peter Irons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Irons"},{"link_name":"Dale Minami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Minami"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishikawa-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-robinson-4"}],"text":"In 1945, Chuman returned to Los Angeles, where he worked for a law firm which provided counsel to the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL). While working there, Chuman helped draft initial briefs for Oyama v. California and Takahashi v. Fish & Game Commission.[4] In 1947, Chuman left the firm and joined the law firm of John Aiso in a partnership where he stayed until 1954.[3]In 1946, Chuman became president of the Los Angeles chapter of the JACL.[7] He offered legal counsel for the national organization from 1953 to 1960, and was its national president from 1960 to 1962.[3] While serving as JACL president, Chuman facilitated the launch of the Japanese American Research Project (JARP) and assisted with its fundraising. Chuman's work with JARP led to his research on the Japanese American legal history in the United States, \nincluding laws dealing with citizenship and immigration restrictions, alien land laws, and wartime confinement. Chuman published his finding in his 1976 book \"The Bamboo People\".[4] In this comprehensive book, Chuman delved into the varying reasons and motivations of the individuals, groups and organizations that were behind these laws.[3]In the 1960s, Chuman became involved in the civil rights movement and was named commissioner of the Los Angeles County Human Relations commission.[4]Chuman became active in Japanese American redress efforts starting in the 1970s, and with the effort to overturn court rulings for the World War II convictions of internment resisters Fred Korematsu, Gordon Hirabayashi, and Minoru Yasui. Years earlier, Chuman had discussed the idea of using the writ of coram nobis that he had learned as a law student to support this effort.[4] Chuman repeated his suggestion of using the writ to help overturn the rulings during 1981 testimony before the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC), and shortly thereafter the scholar Peter Irons and attorney Dale Minami undertook a coram nobis petition in this effort.[9] Chuman joined the legal team as an adviser, and the petition led to the reversal by federal court judges of the two convictions.[4]","title":"Legal career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-robinson-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usc-8"}],"text":"After 2000, Chuman moved to Thailand with his wife, Donna. He received a Distinguished Graduate Award from University of Maryland School of Law in 2005, and in 2011 he published his memoirs, \"Manzanar and Beyond\".[4] In 2021, at the age of 104, Chuman received an honorary degree from USC.[8]","title":"Later years"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Scarpaleggia
Francis Scarpaleggia
["1 Education","2 Career before politics","3 Political career","4 Personal life","5 Electoral record","6 References","7 External links"]
Canadian politician (born 1957) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Francis ScarpaleggiaMPMember of the Canadian Parliamentfor Lac-Saint-LouisIncumbentAssumed office June 28, 2004Preceded byClifford Lincoln Personal detailsBorn (1957-06-06) June 6, 1957 (age 67)Montreal, Quebec, CanadaPolitical partyLiberalSpouseJan Ramsay Francis Scarpaleggia MP (born June 6, 1957 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian politician. He is a member of the Liberal Party of Canada and Member of Parliament for the riding of Lac-Saint-Louis, which encompasses the west of the island of Montreal, Quebec. Scarpaleggia was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 2004 federal election, and was re-elected in 2006, 2008, 2011, 2015, 2019, and 2021. He is chair of the House of Commons Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development and previously served on a variety of House of Commons committees; namely, the committees on Public Safety, Canadian Heritage, Transport, and Government Operations and Estimates. He was also chair of the House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform, a committee created pursuant to a 2015 Liberal election platform commitment on electoral reform. From 2011 to 2021 he served as the chair of the National Liberal Caucus, an eventful period in Canadian politics that saw the Liberal Party of Canada move from third-party status in the House of Commons (second opposition party) to forming government in one election cycle under the leadership of Justin Trudeau. Education Scarpaleggia attended Loyola High School, a semi-private Jesuit-run high school in western Montreal, and subsequently Marianopolis College and McGill University where he obtained an honours degree in economics. Following graduation from McGill, he studied at Columbia University in New York, obtaining a master's degree in economics. He then obtained an MBA at Montreal's Concordia University. Career before politics Following graduation from business school, he joined the private sector working for Petro-Canada and Comterm, a Quebec-based microcomputer and keyboard-terminal manufacturer and local-area-network software developer. He subsequently entered Montreal's pharmaceutical industry as a corporate financial analyst working for Bristol-Myers Squibb, and transitioned to education, teaching business administration at Montreal's Dawson College. Political career Scarpaleggia's involvement in politics began as a volunteer in the riding of Mount Royal during the 1981 Quebec election, working for the Liberal incumbent John Ciaccia, who was re-elected to the provincial legislature. Following the election, which saw the separatist Parti Québécois elected for a second term, he remained active as a grassroots provincial Liberal organizer, notably serving as the youngest riding president (Mount Royal provincial riding association) in the Quebec Liberal Party at the time. In 1984, he became involved in the Liberal Party of Canada in the federal riding of Mount Royal. Prior to being elected, he worked from 1994 to 2004 as legislative assistant to Clifford Lincoln, a former environment minister in the Quebec government who then served, after entering federal politics, as parliamentary secretary to the Minister of the Environment and then as chair of the House of Commons Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage. Scarpaleggia was first elected to Parliament in the 2004 Canadian federal election following a competitive local nomination contest. Since first being elected, he has focused on issues of freshwater protection, introducing various water bills and motions in the House of Commons, including a bill to ban bulk-water exports. As a member of the House of Commons environment committee, he has initiated water-focused studies such a study on the Alberta oilsands industry's impacts on the Athabasca River watershed. He holds a reputation as a dedicated constituency representative, close to his electors and focused on their political concerns and priorities. Personal life Scarpaleggia was born in 1957, the son of Maurice Scarpaleggia, a businessman turned college administrator, and Lois Doucet. His paternal grandfather, Frank Scarpaleggia, was a Montreal barber and barbershop owner. His maternal grandfather, Louis Doucet, worked in building services at Montreal's historic Sun Life Building. His paternal grandparents immigrated from Italy and his maternal grandmother immigrated from Ireland. His maternal grandfather was French-Canadian born in Quebec. He was raised in Laval, Quebec, and later in the Town of Mount Royal, a Montreal-island suburb. He has been married to Jan Ramsay since 1998. They have two grown daughters. Electoral record vte2021 Canadian federal election: Lac-Saint-Louis Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures Liberal Francis Scarpaleggia 32,477 56.3 -1.9 $82,540.53 Conservative Ann Francis 10,911 18.9 +3.6 $6,039.07 New Democratic Jonathan Gray 7,679 13.3 +1.1 $2,178.95 Bloc Québécois Rémi Lebeuf 3,078 5.3 ±0.0 $2,242.01 Green Milan Kona-Mancini 1,868 3.2 -3.8 $0.00 People's Afia Lassy 1,712 3.0 +1.6 $4,594.81 Total valid votes/expense limit 57,725 99.1 – $113,303.53 Total rejected ballots 524 0.9 Turnout 58,249 69.7 Registered voters 83,616 Liberal hold Swing -2.8 Source: Elections Canada vte2019 Canadian federal election: Lac-Saint-Louis Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures Liberal Francis Scarpaleggia 34,622 58.16 -5.97 $79,198.20 Conservative Ann Francis 9,083 15.26 -2.16 $47,678.03 New Democratic Dana Chevalier 7,263 12.20 -0.63 $1,823.39 Green Milan Kona-Mancini 4,176 7.02 +4.11 $11,504.53 Bloc Québécois Julie Benoît 3,169 5.32 +2.63 $1,149.75 People's Gary Charles 805 1.35 – $10,581.28 Animal Protection Victoria de Martigny 379 0.64 – none listed Canadian Nationalist Ralston Coelho 28 0.05 – $0.00 Total valid votes/expense limit 59,525 99.26   TBD Total rejected ballots 445 0.74 +0.23 Turnout 59,970 71.33 -1.61 Eligible voters 84,074 Liberal hold Swing -1.90 Source: Elections Canada 2015 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures Liberal Francis Scarpaleggia 39,965 64.14 +30.03 – Conservative Eric Girard 10,857 17.42 -11.02 – New Democratic Ryan Young 7,997 12.83 -17.23 – Green Bradford Dean 1,812 2.91 -1.36 – Bloc Québécois Gabriel Bernier 1,681 2.7 -0.42 – Total valid votes/Expense limit 62,312 100.0   $224,522.81 Total rejected ballots 321 0.51 -0.02 Turnout 62,633 73.06 +6.93 Eligible voters 85,727 Liberal hold Swing +23.63 Source: Elections Canada 2011 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures Liberal Francis Scarpaleggia 18,457 34.11 -12.27 New Democratic Alain Ackad 16,253 30.04 +14.28 Conservative Larry Smith 15,394 28.45 +4.94 Green Bruno Tremblay 2,315 4.28 -4.30 Bloc Québécois Éric Taillefer 1,689 3.12 -2.62 Total valid votes/Expense limit 54,108 100.00 – Rejected ballots 287 0.53 -0.01 Turnout 54,395 66.13 +2.10 Liberal hold Swing -13.28 2008 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures Liberal Francis Scarpaleggia 23,842 46.38 -1.8 $71,566 Conservative Andrea Paine 12,085 23.51 -3.2 $54,850 New Democratic Daniel Quinn 8,105 15.76 +5.1 Green Peter Graham 4,415 8.58 +1.8 $7,679 Bloc Québécois Maxime Clément 2,953 5.74 -2.0 $6,931 Total valid votes/Expense limit 51,400 100.00 – Rejected ballots 277 0.54 Turnout 51,677 64.03 Liberal hold Swing -2.5 2006 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures Liberal Francis Scarpaleggia 25,588 48.2 -15.7 $46,751 Conservative Andrea Paine 14,164 26.7 +14.6 $74,919 New Democratic Daniel Quinn 5,702 10.7 +5.6 $8,129 Bloc Québécois Anne-Marie Guertin 4,064 7.7 -2.5 $9,298 Green Peter Graham 3,605 6.8 +1.6 $1,340 Total valid votes/Expense limit 53,123 100.0 $80,616 Liberal hold Swing -215.15 2004 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures Liberal Francis Scarpaleggia 32,122 63.9 -10.3 $41,498 Conservative Jeff Howard 6,082 12.1 -2.6 $15,262 Bloc Québécois Maxime Côté 5,106 10.2 +3.5 $7,084 New Democratic Daniel Quinn 3,789 7.5 +5.0 $6,036 Green Peter Graham 2,584 5.1 – $1,808 Marijuana Patrick Cardinal 578 1.1 -0.6 Total valid votes/Expense limit 50,261 100.0 $79,772 Liberal hold Swing -6.45 References ^ "Confirmed candidates — Lac-Saint-Louis". Elections Canada. Retrieved 20 September 2021. ^ "Official Voting Results". Elections Canada. Retrieved 7 August 2021. ^ Elections Canada – Confirmed candidates for Lac-Saint-Louis, 30 September 2015 ^ Elections Canada – Preliminary Election Expenses Limits for Candidates Archived August 15, 2015, at the Wayback Machine External links Francis Scarpaleggia – Parliament of Canada biography vteMembers of the House of Commons of CanadaPresiding Officer (Speaker): Greg FergusGovernmentvteLiberal PartyTrudeau Alghabra Ali Anand Anandasangaree Arseneault Arya Atwin Badawey Bains Baker Battiste Beech Bendayan Bibeau Bittle Blair Blois Boissonnault Bradford Brière Carr Casey Chagger Chahal Champagne Chatel Chen Chiang C. Collins Cormier Coteau Dabrusin Damoff Dhaliwal Dhillon Diab Drouin Dubourg Duclos Duguid K. Duncan Dzerowicz Ehsassi El-Khoury Erskine-Smith Fergus Fillmore Fisher Fonseca Fortier Fragiskatos Fraser Freeland Fry Gaheer Gainey Gerretsen Gould Guilbeault Hajdu Hanley Hardie Hepfner Holland Housefather Hussen Hutchings Iacono Ien Jaczek Joly Jones Jowhari Kayabaga Kelloway Khalid Khera Koutrakis Kusmierczyk Lalonde Lambropoulos Lamoureux Lapointe Lattanzio Lauzon LeBlanc Lebouthillier Lightbound Long Longfield Louis MacAulay MacDonald MacKinnon Maloney Martinez Ferrada B. May McDonald McGuinty McKay McKinnon McLeod Mendès Mendicino Miao Miller Morrissey Murray Naqvi Ng Noormohamed O'Connell O'Regan Oliphant Petitpas Taylor Powlowski Qualtrough Robillard Rodriguez Rogers Romanado Rota Sahota Sajjan Saks Samson Sarai Scarpaleggia Schiefke Serré Sgro Shanahan Sheehan M. Sidhu S. Sidhu Sorbara Sousa St-Onge Sudds Tassi Taylor Roy Thompson Turnbull Valdez Van Bynen van Koeverden Vandal Vandenbeld Virani Weiler Wilkinson Yip Zahid ZuberiOfficial OppositionvteConservative PartyPoilievre Aboultaif Aitchison Albas Allison Arnold Baldinelli Barlow Barrett Berthold Bezan Block Bragdon Brassard Brock Calkins Caputo Carrie Chambers Chong Cooper d'Entremont Dalton Dancho Davidson Deltell Doherty Dowdall Dreeshen E. Duncan Ellis Epp R. Falk T. Falk Fast Ferreri Findlay Gallant Généreux Genuis Gladu Godin Goodridge Gourde Gray Hallan Hoback Jeneroux Jivani Kelly Khanna Kitchen Kmiec Kram Kramp-Neuman Kurek Kusie Lake Lantsman Lawrence Lehoux Leslie C. Lewis L. Lewis Liepert Lloyd Lobb Maguire Majumdar Martel Mazier McCauley McLean Melillo Moore Morantz Morrison Motz Muys Nater Patzer Paul-Hus Perkins Redekopp Reid Rempel Garner Richards Roberts Rood Ruff Scheer Schmale Seeback Shields Shipley Small Soroka Steinley Stewart Strahl Stubbs Thomas Tochor Tolmie Uppal van Popta Vecchio Vidal Vien Viersen Vis Wagantall Warkentin Waugh Webber Williams Williamson ZimmerRecognized partiesvteBloc QuébécoisBlanchet Barsalou-Duval Beaulieu Bergeron Bérubé Blanchette-Joncas Brunelle-Duceppe Chabot Champoux DeBellefeuille Desbiens Desilets Fortin Garon Gaudreau Gill Larouche Lemire Michaud Normandin Pauzé Perron Plamondon Savard-Tremblay Simard Sinclair-Desgagné Ste-Marie Thériault Therrien Trudel Vignola VillemurevteNew Democratic PartySingh Angus Ashton Bachrach Barron Blaney Boulerice Cannings L. Collins Davies Desjarlais Garrison Gazan Green Hughes Idlout Johns Julian Kwan MacGregor Masse Mathyssen McPherson ZarrilloOther parties/groupsvteGreen PartyE. May MorricevteIndependent Dong Rayes Vuong 44th Canadian Parliament Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Montreal, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Lac-Saint-Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac-Saint-Louis_(electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"House of Commons of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"2004 federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Justin Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau"}],"text":"Francis Scarpaleggia MP (born June 6, 1957 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian politician. He is a member of the Liberal Party of Canada and Member of Parliament for the riding of Lac-Saint-Louis, which encompasses the west of the island of Montreal, Quebec. Scarpaleggia was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 2004 federal election, and was re-elected in 2006, 2008, 2011, 2015, 2019, and 2021. He is chair of the House of Commons Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development and previously served on a variety of House of Commons committees; namely, the committees on Public Safety, Canadian Heritage, Transport, and Government Operations and Estimates. He was also chair of the House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform, a committee created pursuant to a 2015 Liberal election platform commitment on electoral reform. From 2011 to 2021 he served as the chair of the National Liberal Caucus, an eventful period in Canadian politics that saw the Liberal Party of Canada move from third-party status in the House of Commons (second opposition party) to forming government in one election cycle under the leadership of Justin Trudeau.","title":"Francis Scarpaleggia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loyola High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_High_School_(Montreal)"},{"link_name":"Marianopolis College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianopolis_College"},{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Concordia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_University"}],"text":"Scarpaleggia attended Loyola High School, a semi-private Jesuit-run high school in western Montreal, and subsequently Marianopolis College and McGill University where he obtained an honours degree in economics. Following graduation from McGill, he studied at Columbia University in New York, obtaining a master's degree in economics. He then obtained an MBA at Montreal's Concordia University.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petro-Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro-Canada"},{"link_name":"Bristol-Myers Squibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol-Myers_Squibb"},{"link_name":"Dawson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_College"}],"text":"Following graduation from business school, he joined the private sector working for Petro-Canada and Comterm, a Quebec-based microcomputer and keyboard-terminal manufacturer and local-area-network software developer. He subsequently entered Montreal's pharmaceutical industry as a corporate financial analyst working for Bristol-Myers Squibb, and transitioned to education, teaching business administration at Montreal's Dawson College.","title":"Career before politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party"},{"link_name":"John Ciaccia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ciaccia"},{"link_name":"Parti Québécois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois"},{"link_name":"Clifford Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"2004 Canadian federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Athabasca River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athabasca_River"}],"text":"Scarpaleggia's involvement in politics began as a volunteer in the riding of Mount Royal during the 1981 Quebec election, working for the Liberal incumbent John Ciaccia, who was re-elected to the provincial legislature. Following the election, which saw the separatist Parti Québécois elected for a second term, he remained active as a grassroots provincial Liberal organizer, notably serving as the youngest riding president (Mount Royal provincial riding association) in the Quebec Liberal Party at the time. In 1984, he became involved in the Liberal Party of Canada in the federal riding of Mount Royal.Prior to being elected, he worked from 1994 to 2004 as legislative assistant to Clifford Lincoln, a former environment minister in the Quebec government who then served, after entering federal politics, as parliamentary secretary to the Minister of the Environment and then as chair of the House of Commons Standing Committee on Canadian Heritage.Scarpaleggia was first elected to Parliament in the 2004 Canadian federal election following a competitive local nomination contest.Since first being elected, he has focused on issues of freshwater protection, introducing various water bills and motions in the House of Commons, including a bill to ban bulk-water exports. As a member of the House of Commons environment committee, he has initiated water-focused studies such a study on the Alberta oilsands industry's impacts on the Athabasca River watershed.He holds a reputation as a dedicated constituency representative, close to his electors and focused on their political concerns and priorities.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sun Life Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Life_Building"},{"link_name":"Laval, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laval,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Mount Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Royal,_Quebec"}],"text":"Scarpaleggia was born in 1957, the son of Maurice Scarpaleggia, a businessman turned college administrator, and Lois Doucet. His paternal grandfather, Frank Scarpaleggia, was a Montreal barber and barbershop owner. His maternal grandfather, Louis Doucet, worked in building services at Montreal's historic Sun Life Building. His paternal grandparents immigrated from Italy and his maternal grandmother immigrated from Ireland. His maternal grandfather was French-Canadian born in Quebec.He was raised in Laval, Quebec, and later in the Town of Mount Royal, a Montreal-island suburb. He has been married to Jan Ramsay since 1998. They have two grown daughters.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral record"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Confirmed candidates — Lac-Saint-Louis\". Elections Canada. Retrieved 20 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elections.ca/Scripts/vis/candidates?L=e&ED=24036&EV=53&EV_TYPE=1&PROV=QC&PROVID=24&QID=-1&PAGEID=17","url_text":"\"Confirmed candidates — Lac-Saint-Louis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Voting Results\". Elections Canada. Retrieved 7 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elections.ca/res/rep/off/ovr2019app/51/11000e.html","url_text":"\"Official Voting Results\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.elections.ca/Scripts/vis/candidates?L=e&ED=24036&EV=53&EV_TYPE=1&PROV=QC&PROVID=24&QID=-1&PAGEID=17","external_links_name":"\"Confirmed candidates — Lac-Saint-Louis\""},{"Link":"https://www.elections.ca/res/rep/off/ovr2019app/51/11000e.html","external_links_name":"\"Official Voting Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.elections.ca/Scripts/vis/candidates?L=e&ED=24036&EV=41&EV_TYPE=1&PC=&PROV=QC&PROVID=24&MAPID=&QID=8&PAGEID=17&TPAGEID=&PD=&STAT_CODE_ID=-1","external_links_name":"Elections Canada – Confirmed candidates for Lac-Saint-Louis, 30 September 2015"},{"Link":"https://www.elections.ca/content2.aspx?section=can&dir=cand/canlim&document=index&lang=e","external_links_name":"Elections Canada – Preliminary Election Expenses Limits for Candidates"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150815061116/http://www.elections.ca/content2.aspx?section=can&dir=cand%2Fcanlim&document=index&lang=e","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=12434","external_links_name":"Francis Scarpaleggia – Parliament of Canada biography"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/5935148753700241320002","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_City_Casino
River City Casino
["1 History","2 Casino","3 Restaurants","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°31′51″N 90°15′52″W / 38.5308°N 90.2645°W / 38.5308; -90.2645For the casino in New Orleans, see River City Casino (New Orleans). River City Casino and Hotel Location Lemay, Missouri Address 777 River City Casino Boulevard (Lemay)Opening dateMarch 4, 2010Theme1904 World’s FairTotal gaming space90,000 sq ft (8,400 m2)Casino typeLandOwnerGaming and Leisure PropertiesOperating license holderPenn EntertainmentArchitectBergman Walls & AssociatesCoordinates38°31′51″N 90°15′52″W / 38.5308°N 90.2645°W / 38.5308; -90.2645Websiterivercity.com River City Casino is a casino in Lemay, Missouri, in Greater St. Louis. It is owned by Gaming and Leisure Properties and operated by Penn Entertainment. It opened on March 4, 2010. History Located in Lemay, Missouri, River City Casino is on the western bank of the Mississippi River. The property's decor uses a 1904 World’s Fair theme. Built for an initial $380 million, the project's second phase requires an additional $75 million investment within the first three years for construction of a hotel. In 2010, the Riverfront Times named River City Casino the Best St. Louis Casino in their annual awards. In April 2016, Pinnacle Entertainment sold the property to Gaming and Leisure Properties and leased it back, along with almost all of Pinnacle's real estate assets. Penn National Gaming (now Penn Entertainment) acquired River City's operations in October 2018 as part of the acquisition of Pinnacle. Casino River City Casino is 56 acres (230,000 m2) with parking for 3,000 vehicles. A 90,000-square-foot (8,400 m2) gaming floor has approximately 2,000 slots and 55 gaming tables. It is the only casino in the St. Louis area that does not currently offer a poker room: its 8-table room was shuttered in 2018 and renovated into an Asian gaming lounge specializing in baccarat. The casino includes the 75-seat Judy’s Velvet lounge, a sports bar by day and a music venue by night. Restaurants There are five dining establishments in the casino including Burger Brothers, The 1904 Steakhouse, The Beerhouse, Asia Noodles, and Cibare Italian Kitchen. See also List of casinos in Missouri References ^ Pinnacle to open River City Casino March 4 ^ Officials: River City Casino Boulevard leads to jobs ^ River City Casino opens with questions, and a dollop of spectacle ^ St. Louis Best Casino ^ "Missouri Gaming Commission approves transfer of casino properties". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. March 23, 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-23. ^ "Gaming and Leisure Properties, Inc. completes the previously announced acquisition of the real estate assets of Pinnacle Entertainment, Inc" (Press release). Pinnacle Entertainment. April 28, 2016. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-22. ^ Diana Barr (October 16, 2018). "St. Louis casino operations, real estate change hands". St. Louis Business Journal. Retrieved 2018-10-16. ^ River City ^ River City Casino Unveils Classy Gaming Experience at VIP Preview Archived External links River City Casino vtePenn Entertainment, Inc.Midwest U.S. Illinois Argosy Casino Alton Hollywood Casino Aurora Hollywood Casino Joliet Indiana Ameristar Casino Hotel East Chicago Hollywood Casino Lawrenceburg Iowa Ameristar Casino Council Bluffs Kansas Hollywood Casino at Kansas Speedway Michigan Hollywood Casino at Greektown Missouri Argosy Casino Riverside Hollywood Casino St. Louis River City Casino Ohio Hollywood Casino Columbus Hollywood Casino Toledo Hollywood Gaming at Dayton Raceway Hollywood Gaming at Mahoning Valley Race Course West Virginia Hollywood Casino at Charles Town Races Northeast U.S. Maine Hollywood Casino Hotel & Raceway Bangor Maryland Hollywood Casino Perryville Massachusetts Plainridge Park Casino New Jersey Freehold Raceway Pennsylvania Hollywood Casino at Penn National Race Course Hollywood Casino York Hollywood Casino at The Meadows Southern U.S. Louisiana Boomtown Bossier City Boomtown New Orleans L'Auberge Baton Rouge L'Auberge Casino Resort Lake Charles Margaritaville Resort Casino Mississippi Ameristar Casino Vicksburg Boomtown Biloxi 1st Jackpot Casino Tunica Hollywood Casino Gulf Coast Hollywood Casino Tunica Western U.S. Colorado Ameristar Black Hawk Nevada Cactus Petes Resort Casino Horseshu Hotel and Casino M Resort New Mexico Zia Park Casino Texas Retama Park Sam Houston Race Park Valley Race Park Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz place
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River City Casino (New Orleans)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_City_Casino_(New_Orleans)"},{"link_name":"casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino"},{"link_name":"Lemay, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemay,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Greater St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Gaming and Leisure Properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaming_and_Leisure_Properties"},{"link_name":"Penn Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the casino in New Orleans, see River City Casino (New Orleans).River City Casino is a casino in Lemay, Missouri, in Greater St. Louis. It is owned by Gaming and Leisure Properties and operated by Penn Entertainment. It opened on March 4, 2010.[1]","title":"River City Casino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lemay, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemay,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1904 World’s Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_World%E2%80%99s_Fair"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Riverfront Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverfront_Times"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pinnacle Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnacle_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"leased it back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaseback"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Penn National Gaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_National_Gaming"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Located in Lemay, Missouri, River City Casino is on the western bank of the Mississippi River.[2] The property's decor uses a 1904 World’s Fair theme. Built for an initial $380 million, the project's second phase requires an additional $75 million investment within the first three years for construction of a hotel.[3] In 2010, the Riverfront Times named River City Casino the Best St. Louis Casino in their annual awards.[4]In April 2016, Pinnacle Entertainment sold the property to Gaming and Leisure Properties and leased it back, along with almost all of Pinnacle's real estate assets.[5][6] Penn National Gaming (now Penn Entertainment) acquired River City's operations in October 2018 as part of the acquisition of Pinnacle.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"baccarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccarat"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"River City Casino is 56 acres (230,000 m2) with parking for 3,000 vehicles. A 90,000-square-foot (8,400 m2) gaming floor has approximately 2,000 slots and 55 gaming tables.[8] It is the only casino in the St. Louis area that does not currently offer a poker room: its 8-table room was shuttered in 2018 and renovated into an Asian gaming lounge specializing in baccarat. The casino includes the 75-seat Judy’s Velvet lounge, a sports bar by day and a music venue by night.[9]","title":"Casino"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There are five dining establishments in the casino including Burger Brothers, The 1904 Steakhouse, The Beerhouse, Asia Noodles, and Cibare Italian Kitchen.","title":"Restaurants"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of casinos in Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_casinos_in_Missouri"}]
[{"reference":"\"Missouri Gaming Commission approves transfer of casino properties\". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. March 23, 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stltoday.com/business/local/missouri-gaming-commission-approves-transfer-of-casino-properties/article_492e9923-c055-50f1-8d5d-822534a0f186.html","url_text":"\"Missouri Gaming Commission approves transfer of casino properties\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gaming and Leisure Properties, Inc. completes the previously announced acquisition of the real estate assets of Pinnacle Entertainment, Inc\" (Press release). Pinnacle Entertainment. April 28, 2016. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160822091400/http://investors.pnkinc.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=968091","url_text":"\"Gaming and Leisure Properties, Inc. completes the previously announced acquisition of the real estate assets of Pinnacle Entertainment, Inc\""},{"url":"http://investors.pnkinc.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=968091","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Diana Barr (October 16, 2018). \"St. Louis casino operations, real estate change hands\". St. Louis Business Journal. Retrieved 2018-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/news/2018/10/16/st-louis-casino-operations-real-estate-change.html","url_text":"\"St. Louis casino operations, real estate change hands\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldas_de_S%C3%A3o_Jorge
Caldas de São Jorge
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 40°58′N 8°30′W / 40.967°N 8.500°W / 40.967; -8.500Civil parish in Norte, PortugalCaldas de São JorgeCivil parish Coat of armsCaldas de São JorgeLocation in PortugalCoordinates: 40°58′N 8°30′W / 40.967°N 8.500°W / 40.967; -8.500Country PortugalRegionNorteMetropolitan areaPortoDistrictAveiroMunicipalitySanta Maria da FeiraDisbanded2013Area • Total4.70 km2 (1.81 sq mi)Population (2001) • Total2,728 • Density580/km2 (1,500/sq mi)Time zoneUTC±00:00 (WET) • Summer (DST)UTC+01:00 (WEST) Caldas de São Jorge is a former civil parish in the municipality of Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Caldas de São Jorge e Pigeiros. It has a population of 2,728 inhabitants and a total area of 4.70 km2. The major attraction of the town is the spa and its hotel. References ^ Diário da República. "Law nr. 11-A/2013, pages 552 106-107" (pdf) (in Portuguese). Retrieved 30 July 2014. External links Information concerning the spa This Aveiro location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresilioidea
Bresilioidea
["1 References"]
Superfamily of crustaceans Bresilioidea Rimicaris kairei Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Malacostraca Order: Decapoda Suborder: Pleocyemata Infraorder: Caridea Superfamily: BresilioideaCalman, 1896 Families Agostocarididae Hart & Manning, 1986 Alvinocarididae Christoffersen, 1986 Bresiliidae Calman, 1896 Disciadidae Rathbun, 1902 Pseudochelidae De Grave & Moosa, 2004 Genus Occultocaris Bresilioidea is a superfamily of shrimp. It is likely to be an artificial group, containing five families which may or may not be related. References Wikispecies has information related to Bresilioidea. ^ "Bresilioidea". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. ^ WoRMS. "Bresilioidea Calman, 1896". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Sammy De Grave; N. Dean Pentcheff; Shane T. Ahyong; et al. (2009). "A classification of living and fossil genera of decapod crustaceans" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. Suppl. 21: 1–109. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-06. ^ Joel W. Martin & George E. Davis (2001). An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea (PDF). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. pp. 132 pp. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2010-02-09. vteSuperfamilies in infraorder Caridea Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Crustacea Class Malacostraca Order Decapoda Suborder Pleocyemata Alpheoidea Atyoidea Bresilioidea Campylonotoidea Crangonoidea Galatheacaridoidea Nematocarcinoidea Oplophoroidea Palaemonoidea Pandaloidea Pasiphaeoidea Physetocaridoidea Processoidea Psalidopodoidea Stylodactyloidea Taxon identifiersBresilioidea Wikidata: Q1059539 Wikispecies: Bresilioidea ADW: Bresilioidea AFD: Bresilioidea GBIF: 1620 iNaturalist: 330853 ITIS: 621188 NBN: NHMSYS0021049718 NCBI: 115575 Paleobiology Database: 215167 uBio: 6610074 WoRMS: 106710 This Caridea-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzie%C4%87morowice
Dziećmorowice
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 50°46′12″N 16°21′18″E / 50.77000°N 16.35500°E / 50.77000; 16.35500For the village in the Czech Republic, see Dětmarovice. Village in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, PolandDziećmorowiceVillageChurch of Saint John the EvangelistDziećmorowiceCoordinates: 50°46′12″N 16°21′18″E / 50.77000°N 16.35500°E / 50.77000; 16.35500Country PolandVoivodeshipLower SilesianCountyWałbrzychGminaWalimHighest elevation440 m (1,440 ft)Lowest elevation400 m (1,300 ft) Dziećmorowice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Walim, within Wałbrzych County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) north-west of Walim, 6 kilometres (4 mi) east of Wałbrzych, and 63 kilometres (39 mi) south-west of the regional capital Wrocław. References ^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01. vteGmina WalimSeat Walim Other villages Dziećmorowice Glinno Jugowice Michałkowa Niedźwiedzica Olszyniec Podlesie Rzeczka Zagórze Śląskie Authority control databases VIAF This Wałbrzych County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Film_Critics_Association_Award_for_Best_Actress
Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress
["1 Superlatives","2 Winners","3 See also","4 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor is an award presented annually at the Kerala Film Critics Association Awards, honouring the best performances by female actors in Malayalam films. Superlatives Wins Recipient(s) 3 Kavya MadhavanManju Warrier 2 Geetu MohandasJayabharathiSeemaShobanaSumalathaUrvashi Winners Year Recipient Film Ref. 1977 Jayabharathi Yuddha Kandam, Itha Ivide Vare 1978 Jayabharathi Asthamayam 1979 Srividya Idavazhiyile Poocha Minda Poocha 1980 Seema Kaantha Valayam 1981 Jalaja Venal 1982 Madhavi Ormakkayi, Novemberinte Nashtam 1983 Suhasini Koodevide 1984 Nadia Moidu Nokkethadhoorathu Kannum Nattu 1985 Seema Anubandham 1986 Geetha Panchagni 1987 Sumalatha New Delhi, Thoovanathumbikal 1988 Sumalatha Isabella 1989 Rekha Dasharatham 1990 Urvashi Thalayana Manthram, Thoovalsparsham 1991 Urvashi Mukha Chithram, Kakkathollayiram 1992 K. P. A. C. Lalitha Venkalam, Mukhamudra 1993 Shobana Manichitrathazhu, Meleparambil Anveedu 1994 Shanthi Krishna Chakoram 1995 Vani Viswanath The King, Mannar Mathai Speaking, Mangalam Veettil Manaseswari Gupta 1996 Manju Warrier Sallapam, Ee Puzhayum Kadannu, Thooval Kottaram 1997 Jomol Ennu Swantham Janakikutty 1998 Shobana Agnisakshi 1999 Praveena Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum 2000 Samyuktha Varma Madhuranombarakattu, Mazha 2001 Geetu Mohandas Sesham 2002 Navya Nair Nandanam, Kunjikoonan 2003 Meera Jasmine Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam, Kasthooriman, Gramophone 2004 Kavya Madhavan Perumazhakkalam, Annorikkal Geetu Mohandas Akale, Oridam 2005 Kavya Madhavan Anandabhadram, Seelabathi 2006 Padmapriya Karutha Pakshikal, Yes Your Honour 2007 Lakshmi Gopalaswamy Thaniye, Paradesi 2008 Sukumari Mizhikal Sakshi 2009 Kaniha Bhagyadevatha 2010 Kavya Madhavan Khaddama 2011 Rima Kallingal Indian Rupee 2012 Shwetha Menon Ozhimuri, Ithramathram 2013 Remya Nambeesan English: An Autumn in London, Nadan 2014 Asha Sarath Varsham 2015 Parvathy Ennu Ninte Moideen, Charlie 2016 Nayanthara Puthiya Niyamam 2017 Manju Warrier Udaharanam Sujatha, C/O Saira Banu 2018 Anusree Aadhi, Aanakkallan 2019 Manju Warrier Prathi Poovankozhi 2020 Samyuktha Menon Aanum Pennum, Vellam, Wolf Surabhi Lakshmi Jwalamukhi 2021 Durga Krishna Udal 2022 Darshana Rajendran Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey, Purusha Pretham See also Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress References ^ "കേരള ഫിലിം ക്രിട്ടിക്‌സ് അവാര്‍ഡ് 1977 - 2012". Kerala Film Critics Association. Retrieved 25 January 2023. ^ "'Pranayam' bags Film Critics Awards". The New Indian Express. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2023. ^ "'Drishyam' Bags Kerala Film Critics Association Awards". The New Indian Express. 30 January 2014. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2023. ^ "Critics award for Ottaal, Iyyobinte Pusthakam". The Hindu. 6 April 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2023. ^ "Kerala Film Critics Association Awards announced". The New Indian Express. 28 May 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2023. ^ "Film critics awards announced". The Hindu. 7 March 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2023. ^ "Film critics awards announced". The Hindu. 20 April 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2023. ^ "Kerala Film Critics Awards announced". The New Indian Express. 9 April 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2023. ^ "Film critics awards: Nivin Pauly & Manju Warrier are best actors, Jallikattu best film". Malayala Manorama. 20 October 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2023. ^ "Film Critics Awards 2020: The Great Indian Kitchen wins the best film". Malayala Manorama. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2023. ^ "Kerala Film Critics Awards announced, Dulquer Salmaan, Durga Krishna win big". Cinema Express. 19 October 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2023. ^ "Kerala Film Critics Awards: Darshana Rajendran, Kunchacko Boban are best actors; B 32 Muthal 44 Vare and Headmaster named best film". The Indian Express. 23 May 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023. vteKerala Film Critics Association AwardsFeature films Best Film Best Director Best Actor Best Actress Best Screenplay Best Story Second Best Film Best Popular Film Best Supporting Actor/Second Best Actor Best Supporting Actress/Second Best Actress Best Cinematographer Best Music Director Best Lyricist Best Female Playback Singer Best Male Playback Singer Honorary awards Chalachitra Ratnam Award Chalachitra Prathibha Award Ruby Jubilee Award Ceremonies 2002 2010 2011 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_Connection
Rotary Connection
["1 Career","1.1 Foundation and debut album","1.2 Electric Mud and The Howlin' Wolf Album","1.3 Further albums, Texas International Pop Festival and disbandment","1.4 Revival","2 Discography","3 Further reading","4 References","5 External links"]
American psychedelic soul band (1966–74) Rotary ConnectionRotary Connection c. 1968Background informationOriginChicago, Illinois, United StatesGenres Psychedelic soul psychedelic rock psychedelic pop Years active1965 (1965)–1973 (1973)Labels Chess Cadet Past membersMinnie RipertonPhil UpchurchMitch AliottaSidney BarnesBobby SimmsCharles StepneyTommy VincentKenny VenegasTom DonlingerJim DonlingerJim NyeholtJudy HauffShirley WahlsJon Stocklin Rotary Connection was an American psychedelic soul band, formed in Chicago in 1966. In addition to their own recordings, including their 1967 debut album Rotary Connection, the band backed Muddy Waters on his 1968 psychedelic blues album Electric Mud. The band's members included Minnie Riperton, who would later emerge as a solo artist. Career Foundation and debut album The highly experimental band was the idea of Marshall Chess, son of Chess Records founder Leonard Chess. Marshall was the director behind a start-up label, Cadet Concept Records, and wanted to focus on music outside of the blues and rock genres, which had made the Chess label popular. This led Marshall to turn his attention to the burgeoning psychedelic movement. He recruited Charles Stepney, a vibraphonist and classically trained arranger and producer. Marshall then recruited members of a little-known white rock band, the Proper Strangers: Bobby Simms, Mitch Aliotta, and Ken Venegas. Sidney Barnes, a songwriter within the Chess organization, also joined, as did Judy Hauff and a Chess receptionist named Minnie Riperton, who would later be successful in her own solo career. Marshall also called up prominent session musicians associated with the Chess label, including guitarist Phil Upchurch and drummer Morris Jennings. Chess described the band's members as "the hottest, most avant garde rock guys in Chicago". The band released their self-titled debut album in late 1967. It had various styles, borrowing heavily from pop, rock, and soul, but was not radio friendly. The album also boasted an Eastern influence through its use of the sitar on the tracks "Turn Me On" and "Memory Band". Stepney's arrangements, brought to life by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, imbued the album with a certain dreamlike quality; this would become a trademark of both the arranger and the mouthpiece. Electric Mud and The Howlin' Wolf Album As a result of the success of The Rotary Connection, Chess felt that he could revive the career of bluesmen Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf, by recording two albums of experimental, psychedelic blues with members of Rotary Connection as the backing band for the singers, producing the albums Electric Mud (1968) and The Howlin' Wolf Album (1969). Chess hoped the new albums would sell well among fans of psychedelic rock bands influenced by Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf. In place of Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf's regular musicians were Gene Barge, Pete Cosey, Roland Faulkner, Morris Jennings, Louis Satterfield, Charles Stepney and Phil Upchurch. Cosey, Upchurch and Jennings joked about calling the group "The Electric Niggers". Marshall Chess liked the suggestion, but Leonard Chess refused to allow the name. Ultimately, blues purists criticized the psychedelic sound of Electric Mud and The Howlin' Wolf Album. Further albums, Texas International Pop Festival and disbandment In 1968, Rotary Connection released their second and third albums, Aladdin and Peace. Aladdin found Riperton assuming a more prominent vocal role than the "background instrument" status she had on the debut. The latter was a Christmas release, with strong messages of love and understanding for a nation in the grips of Vietnam. The album's cover art featured a hippie Santa Claus. Peace was notable for being involved in controversy: an anti-war cartoon, in a December 1968 edition of Billboard magazine, featured a graphic image of a bruised and bloodied Santa on a Vietnam battlefield. Mistaking this cartoon for the album's cover art, a drunken executive at Montgomery Ward cancelled all shipments of the album. On August 30, 1969, the band played at the Texas International Pop Festival followed by the Palm Beach Pop Festival on November 29. Rotary Connection released three more albums: Songs, in 1969, a collection of drastic reworkings of other artists' songs, including Otis Redding's "Respect" and The Band's "The Weight"; Dinner Music in 1970, in which they added elements of folk and country into the mix along with some electronic experimentation; and Hey, Love in 1971, a more jazz-oriented LP on which the band was billed as the New Rotary Connection. From this album came "I Am the Black Gold of the Sun". The outfit disbanded in 1974. Revival As part of the documentary film series The Blues (2003), produced by Martin Scorsese, members of the Rotary Connection recorded with rapper Chuck D and members of The Roots, to reflect the legacy of Electric Mud (1968). Discography Main albums 1967: Rotary Connection (U.S. No. 37) 1968: Aladdin (U.S. No. 176) 1968: Peace (U.S. No. 24) 1969: Songs 1970: Dinner Music (written by Jon Stocklin) 1971: Hey, Love (as The New Rotary Connection) As backing band 1968: Muddy Waters: Electric Mud 1969: Howlin' Wolf: The Howlin' Wolf Album Compilations 2006: Black Gold: The Very Best of Rotary Connection Further reading Move On Up: Chicago Soul Music and Black Cultural Power by Aaron Cohen; chapter four: "Psychedelic Soul"; published by University of Chicago Press; September 25, 2019 (ISBN 9780226653037) References ^ Kellman, Andy. "Rotary Connection Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 2023-02-05. ^ Metzger, Richard (February 22, 2019). "ROTARY CONNECTION: THE HEAVENLY-SOUNDING PSYCHEDELIC SOULSTERS WHO TURNED DOWN WOODSTOCK". Dangerous Minds. 2023-02-05 ^ Ollison, Rashod (March 16, 2016). "You can see inside me: Minnie Riperton and 'Adventures in Paradise'". The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved 2023-02-05. sang lead vocals in Rotary Connection, an ambitious psychedelic rock band ^ George-Warren, Holly; Romanowski, Patricia (eds.). The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll. p. 825. ^ a b c d e f g h i Colin Larkin, ed. (1993). The Guinness Who's Who of Soul Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 222. ISBN 0-85112-733-9. ^ Shannon, Tim (December 2006). "Muddy Waters: His most hated, misunderstood album". Perfect Sound Forever. Retrieved 2009-03-18. ^ Murray, Charles Shaar (1991). "Blue are the Life-giving Waters". Crosstown traffic: Jimi Hendrix and the post-war rock'n'roll revolution. Macmillan. p. 134. ISBN 0-312-06324-5. ^ a b Humphrey, Mark (1996). Electric Mud (liner notes). Chess/MCA. OCLC 779181053. UPC: 076732936429. ^ a b c Cohodas, Nadine (2001). "Final Tracks". Spinning Blues Into Gold: The Chess Brothers and the Legendary Chess Records. Macmillan. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-312-28494-7. ^ Woods, Paul A., ed. (2005). Scorsese: A Journey Through the American Psyche. Plexus. p. 272. ISBN 0-85965-355-2. ^ Andy Kellman. "Rotary Connection | Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-03-02. External links Rotary Connection biography by Andy Kellman, discography, album reviews, credits and releases at AllMusic.com Rotary Connection discography, album releases & credits at Discogs.com Rotary Connection songs to be listened as music stream at Play.Spotify.com List of artists who have sampled Rotary Connection vteMinnie RipertonStudio albums Come to My Garden Perfect Angel Adventures in Paradise Stay in Love Minnie Love Lives Forever Compilation albums The Best of Minnie Riperton Gold: The Best of Minnie Riperton Petals: The Minnie Riperton Collection Rotary Connection albums Rotary Connection Aladdin Peace Songs Dinner Music Hey, Love Singles "Lovin' You" "Inside My Love" Related articles Richard Rudolph Maya Rudolph Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz
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The latter was a Christmas release, with strong messages of love and understanding for a nation in the grips of Vietnam. The album's cover art featured a hippie Santa Claus. Peace was notable for being involved in controversy: an anti-war cartoon, in a December 1968 edition of Billboard magazine, featured a graphic image of a bruised and bloodied Santa on a Vietnam battlefield. Mistaking this cartoon for the album's cover art, a drunken executive at Montgomery Ward cancelled all shipments of the album.On August 30, 1969, the band played at the Texas International Pop Festival followed by the Palm Beach Pop Festival on November 29. Rotary Connection released three more albums: Songs, in 1969, a collection of drastic reworkings of other artists' songs, including Otis Redding's \"Respect\" and The Band's \"The Weight\"; Dinner Music in 1970,[5] in which they added elements of folk and country into the mix along with some electronic experimentation; and Hey, Love in 1971,[5] a more jazz-oriented LP on which the band was billed as the New Rotary Connection. From this album came \"I Am the Black Gold of the Sun\".The outfit disbanded in 1974.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blues_(film)"},{"link_name":"Martin Scorsese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese"},{"link_name":"Chuck D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_D"},{"link_name":"The Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roots"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Revival","text":"As part of the documentary film series The Blues (2003), produced by Martin Scorsese, members of the Rotary Connection recorded with rapper Chuck D and members of The Roots, to reflect the legacy of Electric Mud (1968).[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotary Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_Connection_(album)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Aladdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin_(Rotary_Connection_album)"},{"link_name":"Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_(Rotary_Connection_album)"},{"link_name":"Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs_(Rotary_Connection_album)"},{"link_name":"Dinner Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinner_Music_(Rotary_Connection_album)"},{"link_name":"Hey, Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey,_Love"},{"link_name":"Muddy Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muddy_Waters"},{"link_name":"Electric Mud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Mud"},{"link_name":"Howlin' Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howlin%27_Wolf"},{"link_name":"The Howlin' Wolf Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Howlin%27_Wolf_Album"}],"text":"Main albums1967: Rotary Connection (U.S. No. 37)[11]\n1968: Aladdin (U.S. No. 176)\n1968: Peace (U.S. No. 24)\n1969: Songs\n1970: Dinner Music (written by Jon Stocklin)\n1971: Hey, Love (as The New Rotary Connection)As backing band1968: Muddy Waters: Electric Mud\n1969: Howlin' Wolf: The Howlin' Wolf AlbumCompilations2006: Black Gold: The Very Best of Rotary Connection","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Chicago Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780226653037","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226653037"}],"text":"Move On Up: Chicago Soul Music and Black Cultural Power by Aaron Cohen; chapter four: \"Psychedelic Soul\"; published by University of Chicago Press; September 25, 2019 (ISBN 9780226653037)","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Kellman, Andy. \"Rotary Connection Biography\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2023-02-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/rotary-connection-mn0000852405/biography","url_text":"\"Rotary Connection Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Metzger, Richard (February 22, 2019). \"ROTARY CONNECTION: THE HEAVENLY-SOUNDING PSYCHEDELIC SOULSTERS WHO TURNED DOWN WOODSTOCK\". Dangerous Minds. 2023-02-05","urls":[{"url":"https://dangerousminds.net/comments/rotary_connection_the_heavenly-sounding_psychedelic_soulsters_who_turned_do","url_text":"\"ROTARY CONNECTION: THE HEAVENLY-SOUNDING PSYCHEDELIC SOULSTERS WHO TURNED DOWN WOODSTOCK\""}]},{"reference":"Ollison, Rashod (March 16, 2016). \"You can see inside me: Minnie Riperton and 'Adventures in Paradise'\". The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved 2023-02-05. sang lead vocals in Rotary Connection, an ambitious psychedelic rock band","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pilotonline.com/entertainment/columns/article_10578ec6-d714-51c3-b697-da3905727623.html","url_text":"\"You can see inside me: Minnie Riperton and 'Adventures in Paradise'\""}]},{"reference":"George-Warren, Holly; Romanowski, Patricia (eds.). The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll. p. 825.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/det","url_text":"The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll"}]},{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1993). The Guinness Who's Who of Soul Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 222. ISBN 0-85112-733-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Guinness Who's Who of Soul Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Publishing","url_text":"Guinness Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-733-9","url_text":"0-85112-733-9"}]},{"reference":"Shannon, Tim (December 2006). \"Muddy Waters: His most hated, misunderstood album\". Perfect Sound Forever. Retrieved 2009-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.furious.com/Perfect/muddywaterselectricmud.html","url_text":"\"Muddy Waters: His most hated, misunderstood album\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_Sound_Forever_(magazine)","url_text":"Perfect Sound Forever"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Charles Shaar (1991). \"Blue are the Life-giving Waters\". Crosstown traffic: Jimi Hendrix and the post-war rock'n'roll revolution. Macmillan. p. 134. ISBN 0-312-06324-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/crosstowntraffic00murr/page/134","url_text":"\"Blue are the Life-giving Waters\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/crosstowntraffic00murr/page/134","url_text":"134"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-06324-5","url_text":"0-312-06324-5"}]},{"reference":"Humphrey, Mark (1996). Electric Mud (liner notes). Chess/MCA. OCLC 779181053. UPC: 076732936429.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Records","url_text":"Chess"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCA_Records","url_text":"MCA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/779181053","url_text":"779181053"}]},{"reference":"Cohodas, Nadine (2001). \"Final Tracks\". Spinning Blues Into Gold: The Chess Brothers and the Legendary Chess Records. Macmillan. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-312-28494-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/spinningbluesint00coho","url_text":"Spinning Blues Into Gold: The Chess Brothers and the Legendary Chess Records"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/spinningbluesint00coho/page/289","url_text":"289"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-28494-7","url_text":"978-0-312-28494-7"}]},{"reference":"Woods, Paul A., ed. (2005). Scorsese: A Journey Through the American Psyche. Plexus. p. 272. ISBN 0-85965-355-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85965-355-2","url_text":"0-85965-355-2"}]},{"reference":"Andy Kellman. \"Rotary Connection | Awards\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/rotary-connection-mn0000852405/awards","url_text":"\"Rotary Connection | Awards\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/rotary-connection-mn0000852405/biography","external_links_name":"\"Rotary Connection Biography\""},{"Link":"https://dangerousminds.net/comments/rotary_connection_the_heavenly-sounding_psychedelic_soulsters_who_turned_do","external_links_name":"\"ROTARY CONNECTION: THE HEAVENLY-SOUNDING PSYCHEDELIC SOULSTERS WHO TURNED DOWN WOODSTOCK\""},{"Link":"https://www.pilotonline.com/entertainment/columns/article_10578ec6-d714-51c3-b697-da3905727623.html","external_links_name":"\"You can see inside me: Minnie Riperton and 'Adventures in Paradise'\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/det","external_links_name":"The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll"},{"Link":"http://www.furious.com/Perfect/muddywaterselectricmud.html","external_links_name":"\"Muddy Waters: His most hated, misunderstood album\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/crosstowntraffic00murr/page/134","external_links_name":"\"Blue are the Life-giving Waters\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/crosstowntraffic00murr/page/134","external_links_name":"134"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/779181053","external_links_name":"779181053"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/spinningbluesint00coho","external_links_name":"Spinning Blues Into Gold: The Chess Brothers and the Legendary Chess Records"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/spinningbluesint00coho/page/289","external_links_name":"289"},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/rotary-connection-mn0000852405/awards","external_links_name":"\"Rotary Connection | Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/rotary-connection-mn0000852405/biography","external_links_name":"Rotary Connection biography by Andy Kellman, discography, album reviews, credits and releases"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/8286-Rotary-Connection","external_links_name":"Rotary Connection discography, album releases & credits"},{"Link":"https://play.spotify.com/artist/3dGTi4MZZo4zXdQaKAS1va","external_links_name":"Rotary Connection songs to be listened"},{"Link":"http://www.the-breaks.com/search.php?term=rotary+connection&type=0","external_links_name":"List of artists who have sampled Rotary Connection"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000099090835","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/146986881","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/10318827-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no99062232","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3b7698a3-7ab2-4481-8425-f5ab45f91a75","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43_Club
43 Club
["1 Kate Meyrick","2 Legacy","3 References"]
Coordinates: 51°30′43″N 0°7′49″W / 51.51194°N 0.13028°W / 51.51194; -0.13028 The 43 Club or "The 43" was a nightclub at 43 Gerrard Street in Soho, London that became notorious during the Jazz Age for outrageous parties frequented by the decadent rich and famous. Local myth provides many tales of provocative, licentious and sometimes criminal goings on. Kate Meyrick The proprietor, Kate Meyrick, was eventually gaoled five times before the club finally closed. She and her clubs were targeted by the Home Secretary, William Joynson-Hicks, who instructed the head of London’s Metropolitan Police, William Horwood that ‘it is a place of the most intense mischief and immorality doped women and drunken men. I want you to put this matter in the hands of your most experienced men and whatever the cost will be, find out the truth about this Club and if it is as bad as I am informed prosecute it with the utmost rigour of the law’. Legacy Occasionally modern nightclub ventures in London and elsewhere call themselves "Club 43" and other variations of the name in honour of this infamous 1920s venue. A recreation of The 43 Club was part of the UK National Archives 2022 exhibition 20sPeople, which marked the release of the 1921 census. The layout was based on the plans of the club recorded as part of criminal proceedings, and held in the archives of the Metropolitan Police. References ^ a b Chinatown London, History through the ages Archived 2009-12-07 at the Wayback Machine ^ B, Lizzie (24 June 2021). "Kate Meyrick (1875-1933)". Women Who Meant Business. Retrieved 30 April 2022. ^ Archives, The National (20 April 2022). "The National Archives - Jix's 'war on night club evils'". The National Archives blog. Retrieved 30 April 2022. ^ Archives, The National. "The National Archives - The 43 Club in pictures". Portals. Retrieved 30 April 2022. ^ Archives, The National. "The National Archives - Kate Meyrick - 20 People of the 20s - 20sPeople". Portals. Retrieved 30 April 2022. 51°30′43″N 0°7′49″W / 51.51194°N 0.13028°W / 51.51194; -0.13028
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nightclub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclub"},{"link_name":"Gerrard Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrard_Street,_London"},{"link_name":"Soho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soho"},{"link_name":"Jazz Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_Age"}],"text":"The 43 Club or \"The 43\" was a nightclub at 43 Gerrard Street in Soho, London that became notorious during the Jazz Age for outrageous parties frequented by the decadent rich and famous. Local myth provides many tales of provocative, licentious and sometimes criminal goings on.","title":"43 Club"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kate Meyrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Meyrick"},{"link_name":"gaoled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaol"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Home Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary"},{"link_name":"William Joynson-Hicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Joynson-Hicks,_1st_Viscount_Brentford"},{"link_name":"William Horwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Horwood_(police_commissioner)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The proprietor, Kate Meyrick, was eventually gaoled five times before the club finally closed.[1] She and her clubs were targeted by the Home Secretary, William Joynson-Hicks, who instructed the head of London’s Metropolitan Police, William Horwood that ‘it is a place of the most intense mischief and immorality [with] doped women and drunken men. I want you to put this matter in the hands of your most experienced men and whatever the cost will be, find out the truth about this Club and if it is as bad as I am informed prosecute it with the utmost rigour of the law’.[2][3]","title":"Kate Meyrick"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"UK National Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Occasionally modern nightclub ventures in London and elsewhere call themselves \"Club 43\" and other variations of the name in honour of this infamous 1920s venue.[1]A recreation of The 43 Club was part of the UK National Archives 2022 exhibition 20sPeople, which marked the release of the 1921 census. The layout was based on the plans of the club recorded as part of criminal proceedings, and held in the archives of the Metropolitan Police.[4][5]","title":"Legacy"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"B, Lizzie (24 June 2021). \"Kate Meyrick (1875-1933)\". Women Who Meant Business. Retrieved 30 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://womenwhomeantbusiness.com/2021/06/24/kate-meyrick-1875-1933/","url_text":"\"Kate Meyrick (1875-1933)\""}]},{"reference":"Archives, The National (20 April 2022). \"The National Archives - Jix's 'war on night club evils'\". The National Archives blog. Retrieved 30 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20speople-jixs-war-on-night-club-evils/","url_text":"\"The National Archives - Jix's 'war on night club evils'\""}]},{"reference":"Archives, The National. \"The National Archives - The 43 Club in pictures\". Portals. Retrieved 30 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20s-people/the-43/the-43-club-in-pictures/","url_text":"\"The National Archives - The 43 Club in pictures\""}]},{"reference":"Archives, The National. \"The National Archives - Kate Meyrick - 20 People of the 20s - 20sPeople\". Portals. Retrieved 30 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20s-people/20-people-of-the-20s/kate-meyrick/","url_text":"\"The National Archives - Kate Meyrick - 20 People of the 20s - 20sPeople\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=43_Club&params=51_30_43_N_0_7_49_W_type:landmark_region:GB-WSM","external_links_name":"51°30′43″N 0°7′49″W / 51.51194°N 0.13028°W / 51.51194; -0.13028"},{"Link":"http://www.chinatownlondon.org/history_throughtheages.php","external_links_name":"Chinatown London, History through the ages"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091207013930/http://www.chinatownlondon.org/history_throughtheages.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://womenwhomeantbusiness.com/2021/06/24/kate-meyrick-1875-1933/","external_links_name":"\"Kate Meyrick (1875-1933)\""},{"Link":"https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20speople-jixs-war-on-night-club-evils/","external_links_name":"\"The National Archives - Jix's 'war on night club evils'\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20s-people/the-43/the-43-club-in-pictures/","external_links_name":"\"The National Archives - The 43 Club in pictures\""},{"Link":"https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20s-people/20-people-of-the-20s/kate-meyrick/","external_links_name":"\"The National Archives - Kate Meyrick - 20 People of the 20s - 20sPeople\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=43_Club&params=51_30_43_N_0_7_49_W_type:landmark_region:GB-WSM","external_links_name":"51°30′43″N 0°7′49″W / 51.51194°N 0.13028°W / 51.51194; -0.13028"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_for_Space
Fighting for Space
["1 Summary","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"]
2020 non-fiction book by Amy Shira Teitel Fighting for Space AuthorAmy Shira TeitelCover artistPhil PascuzzoLanguageEnglishPublishedFebruary 18, 2020PublisherGrand Central PublishingPublication placeUnited StatesPages370ISBN978-1-5387-1604-5 Fighting for Space: Two Pilots and Their Historic Battle for Female Spaceflight is a nonfiction book by Amy Shira Teitel published in 2020. Summary Fighting for Space presents the intertwined biographies of two pilots, Jacqueline Cochran and Jerrie Cobb, and their competing visions of women in the space program. Reception In The Space Review, Jeff Foust says "Teitel certainly brings to life these two pioneering women who had similar visions, but conflicting views of how to realize them." Foust takes issue with the lack of footnotes and Teitel's reluctance to address inconsistencies between claims made by the women and historical evidence. Ethan Siegel, astrophysicist and science writer, says the book is "incredibly well-researched" and "what's perhaps most breathtaking about the book is the sheer number of long-buried letters and correspondences that Teitel has unearthed and reproduced in full." The Library Journal describes it as an "inspiring story" and an "awe-inducing biography that space junkies, feminists, and historians will eat up." Fighting for Space was a Library Journal Top Pick in women's history. Kirkus Reviews described it as a "well-researched contribution to women's and aviation history." References ^ "Fighting for Space". C-SPAN. Retrieved August 8, 2020. ^ "The Space Review: Review: Fighting for Space". thespacereview.com. Retrieved August 8, 2020. ^ Siegel, Ethan. "What Really Kept American Women From Going To Space For So Long?". Forbes. Retrieved August 8, 2020. ^ "Nonfiction". Library Journal. 145 (7): 32. July 2020. ^ Hoffert, Barbara. "Top Picks Including Pulitzer Prize Winners Edward J. Larson & David Zucchino, plus American History, African American History, Women's History, & World War II: History Previews, Feb. 2020". Library Journal. Retrieved August 8, 2020. ^ Fighting for Space. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) External links Interview with CBC Radio C-Span interview (video)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amy Shira Teitel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Shira_Teitel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Fighting for Space: Two Pilots and Their Historic Battle for Female Spaceflight is a nonfiction book by Amy Shira Teitel published in 2020.[1]","title":"Fighting for Space"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacqueline Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran"},{"link_name":"Jerrie Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerrie_Cobb"}],"text":"Fighting for Space presents the intertwined biographies of two pilots, Jacqueline Cochran and Jerrie Cobb, and their competing visions of women in the space program.","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Space Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Space_Review"},{"link_name":"Jeff Foust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Foust"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ethan Siegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Siegel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Library Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_Journal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In The Space Review, Jeff Foust says \"Teitel certainly brings to life these two pioneering women who had similar visions, but conflicting views of how to realize them.\" Foust takes issue with the lack of footnotes and Teitel's reluctance to address inconsistencies between claims made by the women and historical evidence.[2]Ethan Siegel, astrophysicist and science writer, says the book is \"incredibly well-researched\" and \"what's perhaps most breathtaking about the book is the sheer number of long-buried letters and correspondences that Teitel has unearthed and reproduced in full.\"[3]The Library Journal describes it as an \"inspiring story\" and an \"awe-inducing biography that space junkies, feminists, and historians will eat up.\"[4] Fighting for Space was a Library Journal Top Pick in women's history.[5] Kirkus Reviews described it as a \"well-researched contribution to women's and aviation history.\"[6]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Fighting for Space\". C-SPAN. Retrieved August 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.c-span.org/video/?468718-9/fighting-space","url_text":"\"Fighting for Space\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Space Review: Review: Fighting for Space\". thespacereview.com. Retrieved August 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://thespacereview.com/article/3882/1","url_text":"\"The Space Review: Review: Fighting for Space\""}]},{"reference":"Siegel, Ethan. \"What Really Kept American Women From Going To Space For So Long?\". Forbes. Retrieved August 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2020/02/18/what-really-kept-american-women-from-going-to-space-for-so-long/","url_text":"\"What Really Kept American Women From Going To Space For So Long?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nonfiction\". Library Journal. 145 (7): 32. July 2020.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hoffert, Barbara. \"Top Picks Including Pulitzer Prize Winners Edward J. Larson & David Zucchino, plus American History, African American History, Women's History, & World War II: History Previews, Feb. 2020\". Library Journal. Retrieved August 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.libraryjournal.com/?detailStory=top-picks-including-pulitzer-prize-winners-edward-j.-larson-david-zucchino-plus-american-history-african-american-history-womens-history-world-war-ii","url_text":"\"Top Picks Including Pulitzer Prize Winners Edward J. Larson & David Zucchino, plus American History, African American History, Women's History, & World War II: History Previews, Feb. 2020\""}]},{"reference":"Fighting for Space.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/amy-shira-teitel/fighting-for-space-teitel/","url_text":"Fighting for Space"}]}]
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