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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_submarine_Ajax | French submarine Ajax | ["1 Construction and characteristics","2 Second World War","3 References","3.1 Citations","3.2 Sources"] | For other ships with the same name, see French ship Ajax.
Ajax
Ajax in 1930
History
France
NameAjax
NamesakeAjax the Great, a hero in Greek mythology
OperatorFrench Navy
BuilderBrest Arsenal
Laid down1 September 1928
Launched28 May 1930
Commissioned1 February 1934
FateScuttled on 24 September 1940
General characteristics
Class and typeRedoutable-class submarine
Displacement
1,572 tonnes (surfaced)
2,092 tonnes (submerged)
Length92.30 m (302 ft 10 in)
Beam8.10 m (26 ft 7 in)
Propulsion
2 × diesels, of 6,000 hp (4,500 kW)
2 × electric engines of 2,250 hp (1,680 kW)
Speed
17.5 knots (32.4 km/h; 20.1 mph) (surfaced)
10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) (submerged)
Range14,000 nmi (26,000 km; 16,000 mi) at 7 knots (13 km/h; 8.1 mph)
Test depth80 m (260 ft)
Complement
5 officers (6 in operations)
66 men
Armament
11 torpedo tubes
1 × 100 mm (3.9 in) gun
1 × 13.2 mm (0.52 in) machine gun
Ajax was a Redoutable-class submarine of the French Navy launched in 1930 at Brest, France. It participated in the Second World War, first on the side of the Allies from 1939 to 1940 then on the side of the Axis for the rest of the war. On 23 September 1940, during the Battle of Dakar she was badly damaged by depth charges from HMS Fortune and was then scuttled.
Construction and characteristics
Profile of Casbianca, sister ship of Ajax
Ajax was ordered as part of the French fleet expansion program from in 1926. The project was an improvement of the first post-war French submarines - the Requin type. The design was designed to be especially faster and more maneuverable over the previous class, as well as a larger range and larger weapons storing capacities.
Ajax was one of 31 Redoutable-class submarines, also designated as the 1500 ton boats because of their displacement. The class entered service between 1931 and 1939.
92.3 m (302 ft 10 in) long, with a beam of 8.2 m (26 ft 11 in) and a draught of 4.9 m (16 ft 1 in), she could dive up to 80 m (260 ft). Redoutable-class submarines had a surfaced displacement of 1,572 tonnes (1,547 long tons) and a submerged displacement of 2,082 tonnes (2,049 long tons). Propulsion while surfaced was provided by two 6,000 hp (4,500 kW) diesel motors, with a maximum speed of 18.6 knots (34.4 km/h; 21.4 mph). The submarines' electrical propulsion allowed them to attain speeds of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) while submerged. Designated as "large cruiser submarines" (French: « sous-marins de grande croisière »), their surfaced range was 10,000 nautical miles (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), and 14,000 nautical miles (26,000 km; 16,000 mi) at 7 knots (13 km/h; 8.1 mph), with a submerged range of 100 nautical miles (190 km; 120 mi) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph).
Ordered in 1927, Ajax was laid down on 1 September 1928 at the Brest Arsenal. She was launched on 28 May 1930; and commissioned on 1 February 1934.
Second World War
At the start of World War II, Ajax was assigned to the 6th Submarine Division, based in Brest, along with her sister ships Persée, Archimède and Poncelet. In April 1940, with her sister ship Archimède, she escorted convoy HX 41 from Halifax to Britain. In front of the advancing German forces, she left Brest along 6:30 pm with thirteen other French submarines and one tanker. The force arrived at Casablanca on 23 June. After the attack on Mers-el-Kébir, she patrolled along the Moroccan coast.
Ajax sinking after being scuttled by her crew. A lifeboat from HMS Fortune picks up survivors
On 23 September 1940, she arrived at Dakar with Persée and Poncelet. On the 23rd, she sighted the British force preparing to attack Dakar. She turned to attack it along with Persée, who was quickly sunk by British depth charges. Ajax itself was forced to crash-dive and was then depth charged, but sustained only minor damage. The next day, she attempted to torpedo the battleships HMS Barham and HMS Resolution but was detected on sonar and critically damaged by depth charges from the destroyer Fortune. She was forced to surface and scuttled by its crew, most of which was then rescued by lifeboats from Fortune.
References
Citations
^ a b c d e Helgason, Guðmundur. "FR Ajax of the French Navy – French Submarine of the Redoutable class – Allied Warships of WWII". uboat.net. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
^ a b c Gardiner & Chesneau 1980, p. 274.
^ Couhat 1971, p. 76.
^ Fontenoy 2007, p. 187.
^ "RF Sidi Ferruch of the French Navy – French Submarine of the Agosta class – Allied Warships of WWII". uboat.net. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
^ Huan 2004, p. 66.
^ Huan 2004, p. 49.
^ Huan 2004, p. 67.
^ Picard 2006, p. 39.
^ Huan 2004, pp. 88–89.
^ a b "Q 148 L'Ajax". sous.marin.france.pagesperso-orange.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
^ Picard 2006, p. 40.
^ Huan 2004, p. 94.
^ Mason, Geoffrey B. (2003). "HMS Fortune, later HMCS Saskatchewan – F-class destroyer". Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2. Naval-History.net. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
Sources
Couhat, Jean Labayle (1971). French Warships of World War II. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0153-7.
Fontenoy, Paul E. (2007). Submarines: An Illustrated History of Their Impact (Weapons and Warfare). Santa Barbara, California. ISBN 978-1-85367-623-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
Huan, Claude (2004). Les Sous-marins français 1918–1945 (in French). Rennes: Marines Éditions. ISBN 9782915379075.
Picard, Claude (2006). Les Sous-marins de 1 500 tonnes (in French). Rennes: Marines Éditions. ISBN 2-915379-55-6.
vteRedoutable-class submarineSeries 1
Achéron
Achille
Actéon
Ajax
Archimède
Argo
Fresnel
Henri Poincaré
Monge
Pascal
Pasteur
Pégase
Persée
Phénix
Poncelet
Prométhée
Protée
Redoutable
Vengeur
Series 2
Le Centaure
Le Conquérant
L'Espoir
Le Glorieux
Le Héros
Le Tonnant
Series 3
Agosta
Bévéziers
Casabianca
Ouessant
Sfax
Sidi Ferruch
Preceded by: Circé class
Followed by: Saphir class
List of submarines of France
vteFrench naval ship classes of World War IIAircraft carriers
BéarnS
JoffreX
DixmudeSLL
Battleships
Courbet
Bretagne
Dunkerque
Richelieu
AlsaceX
Heavy cruisers
Duquesne
Suffren
AlgérieS
Saint-LouisX
Light cruisers
Duguay-Trouin
Jeanne d'ArcS
Émile BertinS
La Galissonnière
De GrasseS
Large destroyers
Chacal
Guépard
Aigle
Vauquelin
Le Fantasque
Mogador
Destroyers
Bourrasque
L'Adroit
Le Hardi
Torpedo boats
La Melpomène
Le FierX
La CombattanteSLL
Escorteurs
French Flower
CannonLL
PC-461LL
RiverLL
Submarines
Sirène
Ariane
Circé
Argonaute
Orion
Diane
Saphir
Requin
Redoutable
SurcoufS
Minerve
Aurore
CurieSLL
NarvalSLL
Avisos
Arabis
Ville d'YsS
Arras
Scarpe
Bougainville
Élan
Chamois
Other
Commandant TesteS (seaplane tender)
Jules VerneS (submarine tender)
Sans SouciX (seaplane tender)
PlutonS (minelaying cruiser)
LL
Lend-Lease
S
Single ship of class
X
Cancelled
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in September 1940Shipwrecks
1 Sep: HMS Ivanhoe
2 Sep: UJ-121 Jochen
3 Sep: U-57
5 Sep: V 201 Gebrüder Kähler, V 403 Deutschland
7 Sep: HMS Inanda, HMS Inkosi
8 Sep: Antonios Chandris
13 Sep: Flandre
15 Sep: HMS Dundee
17 Sep: Borea, Aquilone, Crown Arun, HMS Sussex, Tregenna, V 304 Breslau
18 Sep: City of Benares
20 Sep: Commissaire Ramel, Java, New Sevilla
21 Sep: Canonesa
23 Sep: Empire Adventure, Empire Airman, L'Audacieux, Persée
24 Sep: Ajax, HMS Wellesley
Other incidents
4 Sep: Sakito Maru
7 Sep: Méduse
21 Sep: Empire Adventure
25 Sep: HMS Resolution
1939 1940 1941 August 1940 October 1940 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French ship Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Ajax"},{"link_name":"Redoutable-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redoutable-class_submarine_(1928)"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar"},{"link_name":"HMS Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Fortune_(H70)"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see French ship Ajax.Ajax was a Redoutable-class submarine of the French Navy launched in 1930 at Brest, France. It participated in the Second World War, first on the side of the Allies from 1939 to 1940 then on the side of the Axis for the rest of the war. On 23 September 1940, during the Battle of Dakar she was badly damaged by depth charges from HMS Fortune and was then scuttled.","title":"French submarine Ajax"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casabianca_profile_view.svg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardinerChesneau1980274-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouhat197176-3"},{"link_name":"Requin type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requin-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardinerChesneau1980274-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardinerChesneau1980274-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFontenoy2007187-4"},{"link_name":"displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uboat-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sidi-ferruch-5"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"draught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(hull)"},{"link_name":"surfaced displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"long tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton"},{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"long tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"nautical miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuan200466-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uboat-1"},{"link_name":"Brest Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uboat-1"}],"text":"Profile of Casbianca, sister ship of AjaxAjax was ordered as part of the French fleet expansion program from in 1926.[2][3] The project was an improvement of the first post-war French submarines - the Requin type.[2] The design was designed to be especially faster and more maneuverable over the previous class, as well as a larger range and larger weapons storing capacities.[2][4]Ajax was one of 31 Redoutable-class submarines, also designated as the 1500 ton boats because of their displacement. The class entered service between 1931 and 1939.[1][5]92.3 m (302 ft 10 in) long, with a beam of 8.2 m (26 ft 11 in) and a draught of 4.9 m (16 ft 1 in), she could dive up to 80 m (260 ft). Redoutable-class submarines had a surfaced displacement of 1,572 tonnes (1,547 long tons) and a submerged displacement of 2,082 tonnes (2,049 long tons). Propulsion while surfaced was provided by two 6,000 hp (4,500 kW) diesel motors, with a maximum speed of 18.6 knots (34.4 km/h; 21.4 mph). The submarines' electrical propulsion allowed them to attain speeds of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) while submerged. Designated as \"large cruiser submarines\" (French: « sous-marins de grande croisière »), their surfaced range was 10,000 nautical miles (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), and 14,000 nautical miles (26,000 km; 16,000 mi) at 7 knots (13 km/h; 8.1 mph), with a submerged range of 100 nautical miles (190 km; 120 mi) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph).[6][1]Ordered in 1927, Ajax was laid down on 1 September 1928 at the Brest Arsenal. She was launched on 28 May 1930; and commissioned on 1 February 1934.[1]","title":"Construction and characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_France"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuan200449-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuan200467-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicard200639-9"},{"link_name":"attack on Mers-el-Kébir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuan200488%E2%80%9389-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-web.archive.org-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ajax_French_submarine_scuttling.jpg"},{"link_name":"HMS Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Fortune_(H70)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicard200640-12"},{"link_name":"attack Dakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar"},{"link_name":"HMS Barham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Barham_(04)"},{"link_name":"HMS Resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(09)"},{"link_name":"Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Fortune_(H70)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuan200494-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortune-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uboat-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-web.archive.org-11"}],"text":"At the start of World War II, Ajax was assigned to the 6th Submarine Division, based in Brest, along with her sister ships Persée, Archimède and Poncelet.[7] In April 1940, with her sister ship Archimède, she escorted convoy HX 41 from Halifax to Britain.[8] In front of the advancing German forces, she left Brest along 6:30 pm with thirteen other French submarines and one tanker. The force arrived at Casablanca on 23 June.[9] After the attack on Mers-el-Kébir, she patrolled along the Moroccan coast.[10][11]Ajax sinking after being scuttled by her crew. A lifeboat from HMS Fortune picks up survivorsOn 23 September 1940, she arrived at Dakar with Persée and Poncelet.[12] On the 23rd, she sighted the British force preparing to attack Dakar. She turned to attack it along with Persée, who was quickly sunk by British depth charges. Ajax itself was forced to crash-dive and was then depth charged, but sustained only minor damage. The next day, she attempted to torpedo the battleships HMS Barham and HMS Resolution but was detected on sonar and critically damaged by depth charges from the destroyer Fortune. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:HU | ISO 3166-2:HU | ["1 Current codes","2 Changes","3 See also","4 External links"] | Entry for Hungary in ISO 3166-2
ISO 3166-2:HU is the entry for Hungary in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.
Currently for Hungary, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 1 capital city, 19 counties, and 23 cities with county rights. The capital of the country Budapest has special status equal to the counties, while the cities with county rights, often called urban counties, have extended powers but are technically not independent of the counties.
Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is HU, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Hungary. The second part is two letters.
Current codes
Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA).
Click on the button in the header to sort each column.
Map of the Hungarian counties.
Code
Subdivision name (hu)
Subdivision category
HU-BK
Bács-Kiskun
county
HU-BA
Baranya
county
HU-BE
Békés
county
HU-BC
Békéscsaba
city with county rights
HU-BZ
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén
county
HU-BU
Budapest
capital city
HU-CS
Csongrád-Csanád
county
HU-DE
Debrecen
city with county rights
HU-DU
Dunaújváros
city with county rights
HU-EG
Eger
city with county rights
HU-ER
Érd
city with county rights
HU-FE
Fejér
county
HU-GY
Győr
city with county rights
HU-GS
Győr-Moson-Sopron
county
HU-HB
Hajdú-Bihar
county
HU-HE
Heves
county
HU-HV
Hódmezővásárhely
city with county rights
HU-JN
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok
county
HU-KV
Kaposvár
city with county rights
HU-KM
Kecskemét
city with county rights
HU-KE
Komárom-Esztergom
county
HU-MI
Miskolc
city with county rights
HU-NK
Nagykanizsa
city with county rights
HU-NO
Nógrád
county
HU-NY
Nyíregyháza
city with county rights
HU-PS
Pécs
city with county rights
HU-PE
Pest
county
HU-ST
Salgótarján
city with county rights
HU-SO
Somogy
county
HU-SN
Sopron
city with county rights
HU-SZ
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg
county
HU-SD
Szeged
city with county rights
HU-SF
Székesfehérvár
city with county rights
HU-SS
Szekszárd
city with county rights
HU-SK
Szolnok
city with county rights
HU-SH
Szombathely
city with county rights
HU-TB
Tatabánya
city with county rights
HU-TO
Tolna
county
HU-VA
Vas
county
HU-VM
Veszprém
city with county rights
HU-VE
Veszprém
county
HU-ZA
Zala
county
HU-ZE
Zalaegerszeg
city with county rights
Changes
The following changes to the entry have been announced by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998:
Newsletter
Date issued
Description of change in newsletter
Code/Subdivision change
Newsletter II-2
2010-06-30
Update of the administrative structure and of the list source
Subdivisions added: HU-ER Érd
Online BrowsingPlatform (OBP)
2021-11-25
Change of name of HU-CS; Update List Source
Subdivision renamed: HU-CS Csongrád → Csongrád-Csanád
See also
Subdivisions of Hungary
FIPS region codes of Hungary
NUTS codes of Hungary
Neighbouring countries: AT, HR, RO, RS, SI, SK, UA
External links
ISO Online Browsing Platform: HU
Counties of Hungary, Statoids.com
vteISO 3166 – Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisionsList of ISO 3166 country codesISO 3166-1country codes
alpha-2
alpha-3
numeric
ISO 3166-2country subdivision codes
AD
AE
AF
AG
AI
AL
AM
AO
AQ
AR
AS
AT
AU
AW
AX
AZ
BA
BB
BD
BE
BF
BG
BH
BI
BJ
BL
BM
BN
BO
BQ
BR
BS
BT
BV
BW
BY
BZ
CA
CC
CD
CF
CG
CH
CI
CK
CL
CM
CN
CO
CR
CU
CV
CW
CX
CY
CZ
DE
DJ
DK
DM
DO
DZ
EC
EE
EG
EH
ER
ES
ET
FI
FJ
FK
FM
FO
FR
GA
GB
GD
GE
GF
GG
GH
GI
GL
GM
GN
GP
GQ
GR
GS
GT
GU
GW
GY
HK
HM
HN
HR
HT
HU
ID
IE
IL
IM
IN
IO
IQ
IR
IS
IT
JE
JM
JO
JP
KE
KG
KH
KI
KM
KN
KP
KR
KW
KY
KZ
LA
LB
LC
LI
LK
LR
LS
LT
LU
LV
LY
MA
MC
MD
ME
MF
MG
MH
MK
ML
MM
MN
MO
MP
MQ
MR
MS
MT
MU
MV
MW
MX
MY
MZ
NA
NC
NE
NF
NG
NI
NL
NO
NP
NR
NU
NZ
OM
PA
PE
PF
PG
PH
PK
PL
PM
PN
PR
PS
PT
PW
PY
QA
RE
RO
RS
RU
RW
SA
SB
SC
SD
SE
SG
SH
SI
SJ
SK
SL
SM
SN
SO
SR
SS
ST
SV
SX
SY
SZ
TC
TD
TF
TG
TH
TJ
TK
TLa
TM
TN
TO
TR
TT
TV
TW
TZ
UA
UG
UM
US
UY
UZ
VA
VC
VE
VG
VI
VN
VU
WF
WS
YE
YT
ZA
ZM
ZW
Deleted
AN
CSb
ISO 3166-3codes for former names of countries
List
a Changed from TP
b Changed from YU | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"ISO 3166-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2"},{"link_name":"ISO 3166","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166"},{"link_name":"standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization"},{"link_name":"International Organization for Standardization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code"},{"link_name":"subdivisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_subdivision"},{"link_name":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province"},{"link_name":"states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(administrative_division)"},{"link_name":"countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country"},{"link_name":"ISO 3166-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1"},{"link_name":"1 capital city, 19 counties, and 23 cities with county rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"ISO 3166-1 alpha-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2"}],"text":"ISO 3166-2:HU is the entry for Hungary in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.Currently for Hungary, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 1 capital city, 19 counties, and 23 cities with county rights. The capital of the country Budapest has special status equal to the counties, while the cities with county rights, often called urban counties, have extended powers but are technically not independent of the counties.Each code consists of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is HU, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code of Hungary. The second part is two letters.","title":"ISO 3166-2:HU"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Counties_of_Hungary_2020.png"}],"text":"Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA).Click on the button in the header to sort each column.Map of the Hungarian counties.","title":"Current codes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following changes to the entry have been announced by the ISO 3166/MA since the first publication of ISO 3166-2 in 1998:","title":"Changes"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of the Hungarian counties.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Counties_of_Hungary_2020.png/500px-Counties_of_Hungary_2020.png"}] | [{"title":"Subdivisions of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Hungary"},{"title":"FIPS region codes of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FIPS_region_codes_(G-I)#HU:_Hungary"},{"title":"NUTS codes of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUTS_of_Hungary"},{"title":"AT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:AT"},{"title":"HR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:HR"},{"title":"RO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:RO"},{"title":"RS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:RS"},{"title":"SI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:SI"},{"title":"SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:SK"},{"title":"UA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:UA"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.iso.org/files/live/sites/isoorg/files/archive/pdf/en/iso_3166-2_newsletter_ii-2_2010-06-30.pdf","external_links_name":"Newsletter II-2"},{"Link":"https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:ET","external_links_name":"Online BrowsingPlatform (OBP)"},{"Link":"https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:HU","external_links_name":"ISO Online Browsing Platform: HU"},{"Link":"http://www.statoids.com/uhu.html","external_links_name":"Counties of Hungary"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%27attendais | J'attendais | ["1 Background and release","2 Commercial performance","3 Music video","4 Track listing and formats","5 Charts","6 Release history","7 References","8 External links"] | 1997 single by Celine Dion"J'attendais"Single by Celine Dionfrom the album Live à Paris B-side"J'attendais" (album version)Released30 June 1997 (1997-06-30)RecordedOctober–November 1995VenueZénith ParisGenrePopLength4:58LabelColumbiaSongwriter(s)Jean-Jacques GoldmanCeline Dion singles chronology
"Call the Man" (1997)
"J'attendais" (1997)
"Tell Him" (1997)
Music video"J'attendais" on YouTube
"J'attendais" (meaning "I was waiting") is a song by Canadian singer Celine Dion from her thirteenth studio album, D'eux (1995). It was written by Jean-Jacques Goldman, and produced by Goldman and Erick Benzi. The live version of the song from Live à Paris was released as a single on 30 June 1997. It reached numbers 22 in Belgium Wallonia, 46 in France and 88 in Belgium Flanders.
Background and release
Dion recorded D'eux in November and December 1994 in the Méga Studio in Paris, France. Most songs were written by Jean-Jacques Goldman, while the production was handled by Goldman and Erick Benzi. The live version of "J'attendais" from Live à Paris was released as a single in France on 30 June 1997 and in Belgium on 4 August 1997.
Commercial performance
In France, "J'attendais" reached number 46 in July 1997. In Belgium, the song peaked at numbers 22 in Wallonia and 88 in Flanders in August 1997.
Music video
The official live music video was filmed at the Zénith Paris in France, during the D'eux Tour in October and November 1995. It was directed by Gérard Pullicino and released in June 1997 to promote the Live à Paris CD and DVD of the same name. In 2009, the video was included on the 15th anniversary edition of D'eux.
Track listing and formats
French CD single
"J'attendais" (live) – 4:58
"J'attendais" (album version) – 4:24
Charts
Chart performance for "J'attendais"
Chart (1997)
Peakposition
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
88
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)
22
France (SNEP)
46
Release history
"J'attendais" release history
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ref.
France
30 June 1997
CD
Columbia
Belgium
4 August 1997
References
^ "Histoire de culte: comment l'album D'eux de Céline Dion est devenu le disque francophone le plus vendu de tous les temps". Elle (in French). 30 March 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
^ "D'eux by Céline Dion". Apple Music. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
^ a b "Celine Dion – J'attendais". Discogs. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
^ a b "Céline Dion – J'attendais" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
^ a b Sam Jaspers (2006). Ultratop 1995-2005. Book & Media Publishing. ISBN 90-5720-232-8.
^ "Live à Paris by Céline Dion". Apple Music. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
^ "Céline Dion: J'attendais (Live)". imvdb.com. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
^ "D'Eux Édition 15ème anniversaire". celinedion.com. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
^ "Céline Dion – J'attendais" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
External links
Celine Dion - "J'attendais" (audio) on YouTube
"J'attendais" at Discogs (list of releases)
vteCeline Dion songs
Singles discography
1980s singles
"Ce n'était qu'un rêve"
"La voix du bon Dieu"
"Tellement j'ai d'amour pour toi"
"D'amour ou d'amitié"
"Mon ami m'a quittée"
"Ne me plaignez pas"
"Une colombe"
"Mon rêve de toujours"
"Un amour pour moi"
"Vois comme c'est beau"
"C'est pour toi"
"C'est pour vivre"
"Dans la main d'un magicien"
"La ballade de Michel"
"L'univers a besoin d'amour"
"Fais ce que tu voudras"
"On traverse un miroir"
"Incognito"
"Je ne veux pas"
"Lolita (trop jeune pour aimer)"
"Comme un cœur froid"
"La religieuse"
"Ne partez pas sans moi"
"Délivre-moi"
"Jours de fièvre"
"D'abord, c'est quoi l'amour"
"Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You"
1990s singles
"(If There Was) Any Other Way"
"Unison"
"Where Does My Heart Beat Now"
"The Last to Know"
"Beauty and the Beast"
"Je danse dans ma tête"
"If You Asked Me To"
"Nothing Broken but My Heart"
"Love Can Move Mountains"
"Water from the Moon"
"Un garçon pas comme les autres (Ziggy)"
"When I Fall in Love"
"The Power of Love"
"L'amour existe encore"
"Misled"
"Think Twice"
"Only One Road"
"Calling You"
"Pour que tu m'aimes encore"
"Je sais pas"
"Next Plane Out"
"To Love You More"
"Falling into You"
"Because You Loved Me"
"It's All Coming Back to Me Now"
"The Power of the Dream"
"All by Myself"
"Call the Man"
"J'attendais"
"Tell Him"
"Be the Man"
"The Reason"
"My Heart Will Go On"
"Immortality"
"Zora sourit"
"I'm Your Angel"
"S'il suffisait d'aimer"
"On ne change pas"
"Treat Her Like a Lady"
"That's the Way It Is"
2000s singles
"Live (for the One I Love)"
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face"
"I Want You to Need Me"
"Sous le vent"
"A New Day Has Come"
"I'm Alive"
"Goodbye's (The Saddest Word)"
"I Drove All Night"
"One Heart"
"Tout l'or des hommes"
"Have You Ever Been in Love"
"Et je t'aime encore"
"Je ne vous oublie pas"
"Tous les secrets"
"Tout près du bonheur"
"I Believe in You (Je crois en toi)"
"Et s'il n'en restait qu'une (je serais celle-là)"
"Immensité"
"Taking Chances"
"Eyes on Me"
"A World to Believe In"
"The Prayer"
"Alone"
"My Love"
2010s singles
"Parler à mon père"
"Le miracle"
"Qui peut vivre sans amour?"
"Loved Me Back to Life"
"Incredible"
"The Show Must Go On"
"Encore un soir"
"Recovering"
"L'étoile"
"Si c'était à refaire"
"Je nous veux"
"Les yeux au ciel"
"Ashes"
"Imperfections"
"Lying Down"
"Courage"
2020s singles
"Set My Heart on Fire"
Promotional singles
"Have a Heart"
"Des mots qui sonnent"
"Quelqu'un que j'aime, quelqu'un qui m'aime"
"Did You Give Enough Love"
"Plus haut que moi"
"(You Make Me Feel Like A) Natural Woman"
"Le ballet"
"Les derniers seront les premiers"
"You've Got a Friend"
"It's Hard to Say Goodbye"
"En attendant ses pas"
"God Bless America"
"At Last"
"Stand by Your Side"
"Faith"
"Contre nature"
"You and I"
"Beautiful Boy"
"Je lui dirai"
"Ma Nouvelle-France"
"In Some Small Way"
"Voler"
"Breakaway"
"Water and a Flame"
"Celle qui m'a tout appris"
"L'hymne"
"Flying on My Own"
"Love Again"
"I'll Be"
Other songs
"Destin"
"J'irai où tu iras"
"Send Me a Lover"
"Miles to Go (Before I Sleep)"
"Dans un autre monde"
"O Holy Night"
"Happy Xmas (War Is Over)"
"On s'est aimé à cause"
"How Does a Moment Last Forever"
"The Gift"
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Celine Dion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celine_Dion"},{"link_name":"D'eux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27eux"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Goldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Goldman"},{"link_name":"Erick Benzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erick_Benzi"},{"link_name":"Live à Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_%C3%A0_Paris"}],"text":"1997 single by Celine Dion\"J'attendais\" (meaning \"I was waiting\") is a song by Canadian singer Celine Dion from her thirteenth studio album, D'eux (1995). It was written by Jean-Jacques Goldman, and produced by Goldman and Erick Benzi. The live version of the song from Live à Paris was released as a single on 30 June 1997. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Travis | June Travis | ["1 Background","2 Marriage","3 Screen actress","4 Radio","5 Death","6 Filmography","7 References","8 External links"] | American actress (1914–2008)
June TravisTravis in 1935BornJune Dorothea Grabiner(1914-08-07)August 7, 1914Chicago, Illinois, U.S.DiedApril 14, 2008(2008-04-14) (aged 93)Chicago, Illinois, U.S.Resting placeOak Woods Cemetery, ChicagoOther namesJune Travis FriedlobYears active1935–1965Spouse
Fred Friedlob
(m. 1940; died 1979)Children2
June Travis (born June Dorothea Grabiner; August 7, 1914 – April 14, 2008) was an American film actress.
Background
Born June Dorothea Grabiner, she was the daughter of Harry Grabiner, vice-president of the Chicago White Sox in the 1930s.
She had dark brown hair and green eyes. She stood 5'4" tall. She attended Parkside Grammar School in Chicago and the Starrett School for Girls. She later studied at UCLA. When she returned to Illinois, she matriculated at the University of Chicago.
Marriage
On January 3, 1940, Travis married Fred Friedlob. They had two daughters, Cathy and June. Friedlob died in May 1979 in Chicago.
Screen actress
With comedian Joe E. Brown in Earthworm Tractors (1936)
A Paramount Pictures vice-president noticed her in Miami, Florida, at a White Sox exhibition game. He offered Travis a screen test when she came to Pasadena, California, where the major league baseball team trained. The first time she was presented with a screen contract, she suffered from screen fright and turned it down. She returned to Chicago and school and the next winter, accepted a film studio offer in Palm Springs, California.
Travis made her screen debut in Stranded (1935), a film which starred Kay Francis and George Brent. She played the role of Mary Rand. She followed this with a part in Not On Your Life (1935), with Warren William and Claire Dodd. Howard Hawks directed her in Ceiling Zero (1936), a Warner Bros. feature. In preparation for her role, Travis learned flying, navigation, and parachute jumping from Amelia Earhart. The aviator gave her instructions in September 1935, including the film stars James Cagney and Pat O'Brien. Also in 1936, she portrayed secretary Della Street to Perry Mason as played by Ricardo Cortez in The Case of the Black Cat.
Travis (second from right) with Pat O'Brien, Martha Tibbetts, James Cagney and Stuart Erwin in Ceiling Zero (1936)
She was Ronald Reagan's leading lady in his first movie, Love Is on the Air, in 1937.
Her most notable film role was likely in The Star (1952) starring Bette Davis.
Travis became known as the Queen of the B-movies on the Warner Bros. lot. Later, she said that if she had remained in Hollywood two more years, she would have been a star. However, following three years, she came home to Chicago for Christmas with her parents. She did not return to making motion pictures. Travis stopped regularly appearing in films after 1938, though she made minor appearances in The Star and Monster a Go-Go.
Radio
Travis played Stormy Wilson Curtis in the radio soap opera Girl Alone and Bernice in Arnold Grimm's Daughter, another soap opera.
Death
On April 14, 2008, Travis, age 93, died in a hospital of complications from a stroke she suffered weeks earlier. She is buried in Chicago's Oak Woods Cemetery.
Filmography
Stranded (1935) (with Kay Francis and George Brent) – Mary Rand
Don't Bet on Blondes (1935) (with Warren William and Guy Kibbee) – Telephone Operator (uncredited)
Bright Lights (1935) (with Joe E. Brown) – Party Guest (uncredited)
Broadway Gondolier (1935) (with Dick Powell and Joan Blondell) – Hatcheck Girl (uncredited)
The Case of the Lucky Legs (1935) (with Warren William and Genevieve Tobin) – George's Lady Friend (uncredited)
Shipmates Forever (1935) (with Dick Powell and Ruby Keeler) – Cigarette Girl (uncredited)
Dr. Socrates (1935) (with Paul Muni) – Dublin
Broadway Hostess (1935) – Mrs. Bannister (uncredited)
Ceiling Zero (1936) (with James Cagney) – Tommy Thomas
Times Square Playboy (1936) (with Warren William) – Beth Calhoun,aka Fay Melody
Earthworm Tractors (1936) (with Joe E. Brown) – Mabel Johnson
Bengal Tiger (1936) (with Barton MacLane) – Laura Homan Ballenger
Jailbreak (1936) (with Barton Maclane and Craig Reynolds) – Jane Rogers
The Big Game (1936) (with Philip Huston and James Gleason) – Margaret Anthony
The Case of the Black Cat (1936) (with Ricardo Cortez) – Della Street
Join the Marines (1937) (with Paul Kelly) – Paula Denbrough
Circus Girl (1937) (with Robert Livingston and Donald Cook) – Kay Rogers
Men in Exile (1937) (with Dick Purcell) – Sally Haines
Love Is on the Air (1937) (with Ronald Reagan) – Jo Hopkins
Over the Goal (1937) (with William Hopper and Johnnie Davis) – Lucille Martin
Exiled to Shanghai (1937) (with Wallace Ford and Dean Jagger) – Nancy Jones
The Kid Comes Back (1938) (with Wayne Morris) – Mary Malone
Over the Wall (1938) (with Dick Foran) – Kay Norton
Go Chase Yourself (1938) (with Joe Penner and Lucille Ball) – Judy Daniels
The Marines Are Here (1938) (with Gordon Oliver) – Terry Foster
The Gladiator (1938) (with Joe E. Brown) – Iris Bennett
Mr. Doodle Kicks Off (1938) (with Joe Penner) – Janice Martin
The Night Hawk (1938) (with Robert Livingston) – Della Parrish
Little Orphan Annie (1938) (with Ann Gillis) – Mary Ellen
Federal Man-Hunt (1938) (with Robert Livingston) – Anne Lawrence
The Star (1952) (with Bette Davis) – Phyllis Stone
Monster A Go-Go (1965) (with Paul Morton) – Ruth (final film role)
References
Biography portalIllinois portalRadio portalFilm portal
^ a b "Say Hello to ..." (PDF). Radio and Television Mirror. 15 (1): 52. November 1940. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
^ a b "Chicago Girl, June Travis, nee Grabiner, Comes to the Lake Screen in 'Ceiling Zero'". Forest Parker. April 23, 1936. p. 18. Retrieved May 2, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Fred Friedlob death announcement". Chicago Tribune. May 17, 1979. p. 53. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
^ "Actress was two years off Hollywood stardom". The Sydney Morning Herald. May 22, 2008. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
^ Fairfax, Arthur (December 28, 1940). "Mr. Fairfax Replies" (PDF). Movie Radio Guide. 10 (12): 43. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 19, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
^ Wolf, Tom (October 30, 1941). "Television Promises to Create New Market for 'Etheral' Beauty". Indiana Gazette. p. 32. Retrieved March 7, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Lentz, Harris M. III (2009). Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 2008: Film, Television, Radio, Theatre, Dance, Music, Cartoons and Pop Culture. McFarland. p. 431. ISBN 978-0786434824. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
Long Beach Press-Telegram, "Actress looks back at what might have been", April 23, 1977, p. 16
Los Angeles Times, "Wrong Sex For Baseball, Girl Turns Actress", April 15, 1935, p. 19
Los Angeles Times, "Another Society Bud Lured To Movies", April 20, 1935, p. 13
Los Angeles Times, "The Pageant of the Film World", April 27, 1935, p. A9
Los Angeles Times, "Kirkland's Troth Seen", August 20, 1935, p. A1
The New York Times, "Screen Notes", September 21, 1935, p. 18
New York Times, "Miss Earhart Teaches Aviation", September 26, 1935, p. 25
Chicago Tribune, "June Travis Friedlob 1914 ~ 2008", April 16, 2008
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to June Travis.
June Travis at IMDb
June Travis at the TCM Movie Database
June Travis at Virtual History
Authority control databases International
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"}],"text":"June Travis (born June Dorothea Grabiner; August 7, 1914 – April 14, 2008) was an American film actress.","title":"June Travis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Grabiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Grabiner"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s-1"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fp-2"}],"text":"Born June Dorothea Grabiner, she was the daughter of Harry Grabiner, vice-president of the Chicago White Sox in the 1930s.[1]She had dark brown hair and green eyes.[1] She stood 5'4\" tall. She attended Parkside Grammar School in Chicago and the Starrett School for Girls. She later studied at UCLA. When she returned to Illinois, she matriculated at the University of Chicago.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"On January 3, 1940, Travis married Fred Friedlob. They had two daughters, Cathy and June. Friedlob died in May 1979 in Chicago.[3]","title":"Marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Earthworm_Tractors_(1936)_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"comedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Like_It_Hot"},{"link_name":"Joe E. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_E._Brown"},{"link_name":"Earthworm Tractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm_Tractors"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Miami, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Pasadena, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"Stranded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranded_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fp-2"},{"link_name":"Kay Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Francis"},{"link_name":"George Brent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brent"},{"link_name":"Warren William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_William"},{"link_name":"Claire Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Dodd"},{"link_name":"Howard Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Hawks"},{"link_name":"Ceiling Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceiling_Zero"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Amelia Earhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia_Earhart"},{"link_name":"James Cagney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cagney"},{"link_name":"Pat O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_O%27Brien_(actor)"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_in_film"},{"link_name":"Della Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Della_Street"},{"link_name":"Perry Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Mason"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Cortez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Cortez"},{"link_name":"The Case of the Black Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Case_of_the_Black_Cat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceiling_Zero_(1936)_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pat O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_O%27Brien_(actor)"},{"link_name":"James Cagney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cagney"},{"link_name":"Stuart Erwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Erwin"},{"link_name":"Ceiling Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceiling_Zero"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"leading lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_lady"},{"link_name":"Love Is on the Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_on_the_Air"},{"link_name":"The Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"Bette Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Davis"},{"link_name":"B-movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-movies"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-4"},{"link_name":"The Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"Monster a Go-Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_a_Go-Go"}],"text":"With comedian Joe E. Brown in Earthworm Tractors (1936)A Paramount Pictures vice-president noticed her in Miami, Florida, at a White Sox exhibition game. He offered Travis a screen test when she came to Pasadena, California, where the major league baseball team trained. The first time she was presented with a screen contract, she suffered from screen fright and turned it down. She returned to Chicago and school and the next winter, accepted a film studio offer in Palm Springs, California.Travis made her screen debut in Stranded (1935),[2] a film which starred Kay Francis and George Brent. She played the role of Mary Rand. She followed this with a part in Not On Your Life (1935), with Warren William and Claire Dodd. Howard Hawks directed her in Ceiling Zero (1936), a Warner Bros. feature. In preparation for her role, Travis learned flying, navigation, and parachute jumping from Amelia Earhart. The aviator gave her instructions in September 1935, including the film stars James Cagney and Pat O'Brien. Also in 1936, she portrayed secretary Della Street to Perry Mason as played by Ricardo Cortez in The Case of the Black Cat.Travis (second from right) with Pat O'Brien, Martha Tibbetts, James Cagney and Stuart Erwin in Ceiling Zero (1936)She was Ronald Reagan's leading lady in his first movie, Love Is on the Air, in 1937.Her most notable film role was likely in The Star (1952) starring Bette Davis.Travis became known as the Queen of the B-movies on the Warner Bros. lot. Later, she said that if she had remained in Hollywood two more years, she would have been a star.[4] However, following three years, she came home to Chicago for Christmas with her parents. She did not return to making motion pictures. Travis stopped regularly appearing in films after 1938, though she made minor appearances in The Star and Monster a Go-Go.","title":"Screen actress"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Girl Alone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Alone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Arnold Grimm's Daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Grimm%27s_Daughter"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ig103041-6"}],"text":"Travis played Stormy Wilson Curtis in the radio soap opera Girl Alone[5] and Bernice in Arnold Grimm's Daughter, another soap opera.[6]","title":"Radio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"Oak Woods Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Woods_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opa-7"}],"text":"On April 14, 2008, Travis, age 93, died in a hospital of complications from a stroke she suffered weeks earlier. She is buried in Chicago's Oak Woods Cemetery.[7]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stranded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranded_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"Kay Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Francis"},{"link_name":"George Brent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brent"},{"link_name":"Don't Bet on Blondes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Bet_on_Blondes"},{"link_name":"Warren William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_William"},{"link_name":"Guy Kibbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Kibbee"},{"link_name":"Bright Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_Lights_(1935_film)"},{"link_name":"Joe E. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_E._Brown"},{"link_name":"Broadway Gondolier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_Gondolier"},{"link_name":"Dick Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Powell"},{"link_name":"Joan Blondell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Blondell"},{"link_name":"The Case of the Lucky Legs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Case_of_the_Lucky_Legs"},{"link_name":"Warren William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_William"},{"link_name":"Genevieve Tobin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevieve_Tobin"},{"link_name":"Shipmates Forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipmates_Forever"},{"link_name":"Dick Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Powell"},{"link_name":"Ruby Keeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Keeler"},{"link_name":"Dr. Socrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Socrates"},{"link_name":"Paul Muni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Muni"},{"link_name":"Broadway Hostess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_Hostess"},{"link_name":"Ceiling Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceiling_Zero"},{"link_name":"James Cagney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cagney"},{"link_name":"Times Square Playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square_Playboy"},{"link_name":"Warren William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_William"},{"link_name":"Earthworm Tractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm_Tractors"},{"link_name":"Joe E. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_E._Brown"},{"link_name":"Bengal Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Tiger_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"Barton MacLane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton_MacLane"},{"link_name":"Jailbreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jailbreak_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"Barton Maclane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton_MacLane"},{"link_name":"Craig Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Reynolds_(actor)"},{"link_name":"The Big Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Game_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"James Gleason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gleason"},{"link_name":"The Case of the Black Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Case_of_the_Black_Cat"},{"link_name":"Ricardo Cortez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Cortez"},{"link_name":"Join the Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Join_the_Marines"},{"link_name":"Paul Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kelly_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Circus Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus_Girl_(film)"},{"link_name":"Robert Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Livingston_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Donald Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Cook_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Men in Exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_in_Exile"},{"link_name":"Dick Purcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Purcell"},{"link_name":"Love Is on the Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_on_the_Air"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Over the Goal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_the_Goal"},{"link_name":"William Hopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hopper"},{"link_name":"Johnnie Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnnie_Davis"},{"link_name":"Exiled to Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exiled_to_Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Wallace Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Ford"},{"link_name":"Dean Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Jagger"},{"link_name":"The Kid Comes Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kid_Comes_Back"},{"link_name":"Wayne Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Morris_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"Over the Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_the_Wall_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dick Foran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Foran"},{"link_name":"Go Chase Yourself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Chase_Yourself"},{"link_name":"Joe Penner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Penner"},{"link_name":"Lucille Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucille_Ball"},{"link_name":"The Marines Are Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marines_Are_Here"},{"link_name":"Gordon Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Oliver"},{"link_name":"The Gladiator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gladiator_(1938_film)"},{"link_name":"Joe E. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_E._Brown"},{"link_name":"Mr. Doodle Kicks Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Doodle_Kicks_Off"},{"link_name":"Joe Penner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Penner"},{"link_name":"The Night Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_Hawk_(1938_film)"},{"link_name":"Robert Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Livingston_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Little Orphan Annie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Orphan_Annie_(1938_film)"},{"link_name":"Ann Gillis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Gillis"},{"link_name":"Federal Man-Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Man-Hunt"},{"link_name":"Robert Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Livingston_(actor)"},{"link_name":"The Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"Bette Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Davis"},{"link_name":"Monster A Go-Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_A_Go-Go"}],"text":"Stranded (1935) (with Kay Francis and George Brent) – Mary Rand\nDon't Bet on Blondes (1935) (with Warren William and Guy Kibbee) – Telephone Operator (uncredited)\nBright Lights (1935) (with Joe E. Brown) – Party Guest (uncredited)\nBroadway Gondolier (1935) (with Dick Powell and Joan Blondell) – Hatcheck Girl (uncredited)\nThe Case of the Lucky Legs (1935) (with Warren William and Genevieve Tobin) – George's Lady Friend (uncredited)\nShipmates Forever (1935) (with Dick Powell and Ruby Keeler) – Cigarette Girl (uncredited)\nDr. Socrates (1935) (with Paul Muni) – Dublin\nBroadway Hostess (1935) – Mrs. Bannister (uncredited)\nCeiling Zero (1936) (with James Cagney) – Tommy Thomas\nTimes Square Playboy (1936) (with Warren William) – Beth Calhoun,aka Fay Melody\nEarthworm Tractors (1936) (with Joe E. Brown) – Mabel Johnson\nBengal Tiger (1936) (with Barton MacLane) – Laura Homan Ballenger\nJailbreak (1936) (with Barton Maclane and Craig Reynolds) – Jane Rogers\nThe Big Game (1936) (with Philip Huston and James Gleason) – Margaret Anthony\nThe Case of the Black Cat (1936) (with Ricardo Cortez) – Della Street\nJoin the Marines (1937) (with Paul Kelly) – Paula Denbrough\nCircus Girl (1937) (with Robert Livingston and Donald Cook) – Kay Rogers\nMen in Exile (1937) (with Dick Purcell) – Sally Haines\nLove Is on the Air (1937) (with Ronald Reagan) – Jo Hopkins\nOver the Goal (1937) (with William Hopper and Johnnie Davis) – Lucille Martin\nExiled to Shanghai (1937) (with Wallace Ford and Dean Jagger) – Nancy Jones\nThe Kid Comes Back (1938) (with Wayne Morris) – Mary Malone\nOver the Wall (1938) (with Dick Foran) – Kay Norton\nGo Chase Yourself (1938) (with Joe Penner and Lucille Ball) – Judy Daniels\nThe Marines Are Here (1938) (with Gordon Oliver) – Terry Foster\nThe Gladiator (1938) (with Joe E. Brown) – Iris Bennett\nMr. Doodle Kicks Off (1938) (with Joe Penner) – Janice Martin\nThe Night Hawk (1938) (with Robert Livingston) – Della Parrish\nLittle Orphan Annie (1938) (with Ann Gillis) – Mary Ellen\nFederal Man-Hunt (1938) (with Robert Livingston) – Anne Lawrence\nThe Star (1952) (with Bette Davis) – Phyllis Stone\nMonster A Go-Go (1965) (with Paul Morton) – Ruth (final film role)","title":"Filmography"}] | [{"image_text":"With comedian Joe E. Brown in Earthworm Tractors (1936)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Earthworm_Tractors_%281936%29_1.jpg/220px-Earthworm_Tractors_%281936%29_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Travis (second from right) with Pat O'Brien, Martha Tibbetts, James Cagney and Stuart Erwin in Ceiling Zero (1936)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ceiling_Zero_%281936%29_1.jpg/220px-Ceiling_Zero_%281936%29_1.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Say Hello to ...\" (PDF). 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Retrieved May 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cH3GCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22June+Travis%22&pg=PA431","url_text":"Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 2008: Film, Television, Radio, Theatre, Dance, Music, Cartoons and Pop Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786434824","url_text":"978-0786434824"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Radio-Mirror/40/Mirror-1940-Nov.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Say Hello to ...\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10714764/forest_parker/","external_links_name":"\"Chicago Girl, June Travis, nee Grabiner, Comes to the Lake Screen in 'Ceiling Zero'\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/25889845/fred_friedlob_death_announcement/","external_links_name":"\"Fred Friedlob death announcement\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/obituaries/actress-was-two-years-off-hollywood-stardom/2008/05/21/1211182889000.html","external_links_name":"\"Actress was two years off Hollywood stardom\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150119064204/http://www.otrr.org/FILES/Magz_pdf/Movie%20Radio%20Guide/MRG%20410103.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mr. Fairfax Replies\""},{"Link":"http://www.otrr.org/FILES/Magz_pdf/Movie%20Radio%20Guide/MRG%20410103.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/1938223/television_promises_to_create_new/","external_links_name":"\"Television Promises to Create New Market for 'Etheral' Beauty\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cH3GCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22June+Travis%22&pg=PA431","external_links_name":"Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 2008: Film, Television, Radio, Theatre, Dance, Music, Cartoons and Pop Culture"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0871403/","external_links_name":"June Travis"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/193801%7C*","external_links_name":"June Travis"},{"Link":"http://www.virtual-history.com/movie/person/27708/june-travis","external_links_name":"June Travis"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000021800526","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/67760706","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyGX8fT98Wtjrrr9kbyBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1078418187","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80050580","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sc7n8v","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangameshwar_railway_station | Sangameshwar Road railway station | ["1 References"] | Railway Station in Maharashtra, India
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Sangameshwar Road railway station" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2015)
Sangameshwar Road railway stationGeneral informationLocationSangameshwar Taluka Dist RatnagiriCoordinates17°12′06″N 73°32′47″E / 17.2016°N 73.5463°E / 17.2016; 73.5463Owned byIndian RailwaysLine(s)Konkan RailwayPlatforms2Tracks4ConstructionStructure typeOn GroundOther informationStatusActiveStation codeSGRFare zoneKonkan RailwayHistoryElectrifiedYesServices
Preceding station
Indian Railways
Following station
Aravalitowards Roha
Konkan RailwayKonkan Railway
Ukshitowards Thokur
Route map
Legend
km
to Panvel (CSTM)
0
Roha (RN)
12.916
Kolad
24
Indapur
30.300
Mangaon
41
Goregaon Road
46.885
Veer
Tunnel 1
Dasgaon Bridge over Savitri River
55
Sape Wamane
Tunnel 2
62.785
Karanjadi
Tunnel 3
Tunnel 4
Tunnel 5
71
Vinhere
Natuwadi Tunnel/ Tunnel 6 4.389 km2.727 mi
80.585
Diwankhavati
Tunnel 7
Kalambani
Bridge over Jagbudi River
98.285
Khed
Tunnel 8
Tunnel 9
Tunnel 10
Tunnel 11
Tunnel 12
111.690
Anjani
Tunnel 13
Tunnel 14
Tunnel 15
127.877
Chiplun
Bridge over Vashishti River
Chiplun Tunnel/ Tunnel 16 2.100 km1.305 mi
137.646
Kamathe
Savarde Tunnel/ Tunnel 17 3.429 km2.131 mi
146.302
Sawarda
Tunnel 18
Viaduct
Tunnel 19
Bridge over Jaigad River
156.414
Aravali Road
Tunnel 20
Aravali Tunnel/ Tunnel 21 2.161 km1.343 mi
Tunnel 22
Tunnel 23
170.285
Sangameshwar Road
Tunnel 24
Tunnel 25
Tunnel 26
178.200
Digni
Shastri Bridge over Bav River
Parchuri Tunnel/ Tunnel 27 2.552 km1.586 mi
Tunnel 28
Ukshi Tunnel/ Tunnel 29 0.104 km0.065 mi
183.962
Ukshi
Tunnel 30
Tunnel 31
Tunnel 32
Bridge at Ukshi Falls
Tunnel 33
Tunnel 34
Karbude Tunnel/ Tunnel 35 6.506 km4.043 mi
196.482
Bhoke
viaduct
Tunnel 36
Tunnel 37
203.600
Ratnagiri
Tunnel 38
Pomendi viaduct
Tunnel 39
Panval Nadi/ Panval Setu Viaduct over Panval River
Tike Tunnel/ Tunnel 40 4.077 km2.533 mi
Tunnel 41
218.993
Nivasar
Tunnel 42
Tunnel 43
Tunnel 44
Tunnel 45
Tunnel 46
Bridge over Kajali River
Tunnel 47
235.280
Adavali
Tunnel 48
Tunnel 49
Berdewadi Tunnel/ Tunnel 50 4.00 km2.49 mi
Veravali
Tunnel 51
Bridge over Muchkundi River
Tunnel 52
249.713 - 250.282
Tunnel 53 0.569 km0.354 mi
250.718
Vilavade
Tunnel 54
Tunnel 55
Tunnel 56
Tunnel 57
Tunnel 58
Tunnel 59
Tunnel 60
Saundal
Bridge over Arjuna River
Tunnel 61
Tunnel 62
267.349
Rajapur Road
Tunnel 63
Tunnel 64
Tunnel 65
Bridge over Vaghotan River
Chinchawali
Tunnel 66
Tunnel 67
Bridge over River
283.943
Vaibhavwadi Road
Bridge over Devgad tributary
Bridge over Devgad River
299.552
Nandgaon Road
Bridge over Janavali River
314
Kankavali
Bridge over Gad River
Bridge over Kasal River
332.560
Sindhudurg
Bridge over Karli River
343.037
Kudal
353
Zarap
363.880
Sawantwadi Road
371
Madure
MaharashtraGoa border RNKAWR limits
Bridge over Terekhol River
Pernem Tunnel/ Tunnel 69 1 km1 mi
385.520
Pernem
Revora Bridge over Chapora River
396.430
Thivim
Bridge over Assonora River
Bridge over Mandovi River (side branch)
Bridge over Mandovi River (major distributary)
411.866 - 412.410
Old Goa Tunnel/Tunnel 70 0.544 km0.338 mi
411
Karmali
Bridge over Zuari River
Tunnel 71
429.8
Verna
Guntakal–Vasco da Gama section to Vasco da Gama
434.8
Majorda Junction
Suravali
442.460
Madgaon Junction
Guntakal–Vasco da Gama section to Londa Junction
Tunnel 72
Tunnel 73
458.635
Balli
Tunnel 74
Barcem Tunnel/ Tunnel 75 3.343 km2.077 mi
Tunnel 76
Tunnel 77
475.240
Canacona
Bridge over Talpona River
Bridge over Galgibag River
Loliem Tunnel/Tunnel 78 0.835 km0.519 mi
482
Loliem
Tunnel 79
Goa stateKarnataka state
493.221
Asnoti
Karwar Bridge over Kalinadi River
501.021
Karwar
Karwar Tunnel/ Tunnel 80 2.950 km1.833 mi
Tunnel 81
Tunnel 82
514.636
Harwada
Hattikeri Bridge over River
Tunnel 83
529.001
Ankola
Bridge over Gangavali River
536.941
Gokarna Road
Tunnel 84
548.480
Mirjan
Tunnel 85
Bridge over Aghnashini River
556.032
Kumta
Bridge over River
569.812
Honnavar
Honnavar Tunnel/ Tunnel 87
Honnavar Tunnel/ Tunnel 88 1.254 km0.779 mi
Bridge over Badagani River
Bridge over Sharavati River
Tunnel 89
587.608
Manki
596.005
Murdeshwar
603
Chitrapur
Bridge over Venkatapur River
Tunnel 90 ("Tunnel No 91" on Google Maps)
610.740
Bhatkal
618.6
Shiroor
Tunnel 91 ("Tunnel No 92" on Google Maps)
625
Mookambika Road Byndoor
Bridge over Byndoor River
632.352
Bijoor
Bridge over Yadamavu River
Bridge over Kolluru River
646.192
Senapura
Bridge over Chakra River
Bridge over Panchagagavali River (side branch)
Bridge over Panchagagavali River (major distributary)
660.0
Kundapura
675.572
Barkur
Bridge over Sita River
Bridge over River am Uppoor/Heroor Damm
Bridge over Suvarna River
691.9
Udupi
Bridge over Udyavara River
700
Innanje
708.320
Padubidri
Siding to coal power station (Udupi Power Corp. Ltd.)
715
Nandikoor
Bridge over Shambavi River
724.8
Mulki
Bridge over Nandini River
733.825
Surathkal
738.440
Thokur (KAWR)
Konkan RailwaySouthern Railway Zone zonal border limits
Siding to New Mangalore Port
740
Jokatte
Gurupura River
to Hassan Junction (MYS)
to Mangalore Junction (PGTTooltip Palakkad railway division)
km
LocationSangameshwar RoadLocation within IndiaShow map of IndiaSangameshwar RoadSangameshwar Road (Maharashtra)Show map of Maharashtra
Sangameshwar Road railway station is a station on Konkan Railway. It is at a distance of 170.285 km (105.8 mi) down from origin. The preceding station on the line is Aravali railway station and the next station is Ukshi railway station. 6 regular trains stop at Sangameshwar Road Railway Station. Sangameshwarvasiy have demanded stops of 8 more regular trains and 1 special train.
References
^ Prakash, L. (31 March 2014). "Konkan railway system map". Konkan railway. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
^ "Sangameshwar Road Railway Station". India Rail Guide. 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
This article about a railway station in the Indian state of Maharashtra is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Konkan Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkan_Railway"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Aravali railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravali_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ukshi railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukshi_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KonkanRailway-20140331-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-India_Rail_Guide-2"}],"text":"Sangameshwar Road railway station is a station on Konkan Railway. It is at a distance of 170.285 km (105.8 mi) down from origin.[clarification needed] The preceding station on the line is Aravali railway station and the next station is Ukshi railway station.[1] 6 regular trains stop at Sangameshwar Road Railway Station. Sangameshwarvasiy have demanded stops of 8 more regular trains and 1 special train.[2]","title":"Sangameshwar Road railway station"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Prakash, L. (31 March 2014). \"Konkan railway system map\". Konkan railway. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045017/http://konkanrailway.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/System-map-12-08-2014.jpg","url_text":"\"Konkan railway system map\""},{"url":"http://konkanrailway.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/System-map-12-08-2014.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sangameshwar Road Railway Station\". India Rail Guide. 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiarailguide.com/2023/12/sangameshwar-road-railway-station-ratnagiri-maharashtra-india.html","url_text":"\"Sangameshwar Road Railway Station\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sangameshwar_Road_railway_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sangameshwar+Road+railway+station%22","external_links_name":"\"Sangameshwar Road railway station\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sangameshwar+Road+railway+station%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sangameshwar+Road+railway+station%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sangameshwar+Road+railway+station%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sangameshwar+Road+railway+station%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sangameshwar+Road+railway+station%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sangameshwar_Road_railway_station¶ms=17.2016_N_73.5463_E_type:railwaystation_region:IN","external_links_name":"17°12′06″N 73°32′47″E / 17.2016°N 73.5463°E / 17.2016; 73.5463"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045017/http://konkanrailway.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/System-map-12-08-2014.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Konkan railway system map\""},{"Link":"http://konkanrailway.com/english/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/System-map-12-08-2014.jpg","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.indiarailguide.com/2023/12/sangameshwar-road-railway-station-ratnagiri-maharashtra-india.html","external_links_name":"\"Sangameshwar Road Railway Station\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sangameshwar_Road_railway_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifesblood_for_the_Downtrodden | Lifesblood for the Downtrodden | ["1 Track listing","2 Music videos","3 Personnel","4 References"] | 2005 studio album by CrowbarLifesblood for the DowntroddenStudio album by CrowbarReleasedFebruary 8, 2005Recorded2004StudioNoizelab (New Orleans)Piety Studios (New Orleans)Middle Ear Studios (Miami) (track 11)GenreSludge metalLength49:59LabelCandlelightProducerWarren Riker, Rex BrownCrowbar chronology
Sonic Excess in Its Purest Form(2001)
Lifesblood for the Downtrodden(2005)
Sever the Wicked Hand(2011)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicBlabbermouth.netBW&BKSputnikmusicSea of Tranquility
Lifesblood for the Downtrodden is the eighth studio album by American sludge metal band Crowbar, released on February 8, 2005 through Candlelight Records. Its working title in 2004 had been You Don't Need an Enemy to Have a War. It is dedicated to the memory of guitarist Dimebag Darrell, who died after the band had recorded the album. The song "Coming Down" appeared on Fear Candy 13, a compilation CD issued by British extreme metal magazine Terrorizer.
Track listing
No.TitleLength1."New Dawn"3:592."Slave No More"4:283."Angel's Wings"2:544."Coming Down"5:195."Fall Back to Zero"6:266."Underworld"2:597."Dead Sun"3:398."Holding Something"4:089."Moon"3:4810."The Violent Reaction"4:5811."Lifesblood"7:16Total length:49:59
Music videos
"Dead Sun" (filmed in Miami, Florida, around August 2004 and directed by John-Martin Vogel and Robert Lisman)
"Slave No More" (filmed in Miami, Florida, on June 21, 2005 and directed by John-Martin Vogel)
Personnel
Crowbar
Kirk Windstein – vocals (tracks 1–11), rhythm guitar (tracks 1–10)
Steve Gibb – lead guitar, rhythm guitar (track 11)
Rex Brown – bass, acoustic guitar, keyboards
Craig Nunenmacher – drums
Additional musicians
Sid Montz – piano on "Lifesblood"
Production
Rex Brown – producer
Warren Riker – producer, engineering, mixing
Scott "Ish" Campbell – engineering, mixing (track 11)
Brett "Cosmo" Thorngren – mastering
References
^ Loftus, Johnny. "Crowbar - Life's Blood for the Downtrotten". AllMusic.
^ "Reviews - Lifesblood For The Downtrotten". Blabbermouth.
^ Lawson, Dom (February 1, 2005). "CROWBAR - Lifesblood for the Downtrodden". Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles. Retrieved November 18, 2022.
^ Davis, Robert (April 15, 2013). "Crowbar - Life's Blood For The Downtrodden (album review)". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved November 18, 2022.
^ Pardo, Pete (August 7, 2005). "Review: "Crowbar: Lifesblood for the Downtrotten"". Sea of Tranquility. Retrieved November 18, 2022.
vteCrowbar
Kirk Windstein
Tommy Buckley
Matt Brunson
Shane Wesley
Craig Nunenmacher
Tony Costanza
Steve Gibb
Studio albums
Obedience thru Suffering
Crowbar
Time Heals Nothing
Broken Glass
Odd Fellows Rest
Equilibrium
Sonic Excess in Its Purest Form
Lifesblood for the Downtrodden
Sever the Wicked Hand
Symmetry in Black
The Serpent Only Lies
Related bands
Eyehategod
Pantera
Down
Soilent Green
Goatwhore
Acid Bath
Kingdom of Sorrow
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sludge metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sludge_metal"},{"link_name":"Crowbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowbar_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Candlelight Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlelight_Records"},{"link_name":"Dimebag Darrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimebag_Darrell"},{"link_name":"Terrorizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorizer_(magazine)"}],"text":"2005 studio album by CrowbarLifesblood for the Downtrodden is the eighth studio album by American sludge metal band Crowbar, released on February 8, 2005 through Candlelight Records. Its working title in 2004 had been You Don't Need an Enemy to Have a War. It is dedicated to the memory of guitarist Dimebag Darrell, who died after the band had recorded the album. 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Retrieved November 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seaoftranquility.org/reviews.php?op=showcontent&id=2118","url_text":"\"Review: \"Crowbar: Lifesblood for the Downtrotten\"\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/lifes-blood-for-the-downtrodden-mw0000139323","external_links_name":"\"Crowbar - Life's Blood for the Downtrotten\""},{"Link":"https://blabbermouth.net/reviews/lifesblood-for-the-downtrodden","external_links_name":"\"Reviews - Lifesblood For The Downtrotten\""},{"Link":"https://bravewords.com/reviews/crowbar-lifesblood-for-the-downtrodden","external_links_name":"\"CROWBAR - Lifesblood for the Downtrodden\""},{"Link":"https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/56324/Crowbar-Lifes-Blood-For-The-Downtrodden/","external_links_name":"\"Crowbar - Life's Blood For The Downtrodden (album review)\""},{"Link":"https://www.seaoftranquility.org/reviews.php?op=showcontent&id=2118","external_links_name":"\"Review: \"Crowbar: Lifesblood for the Downtrotten\"\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/2dc97a0f-01c0-3c45-9448-86b84ef07b35","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Stood_the_Wind_for_France | Fair Stood the Wind for France | ["1 Plot introduction","2 Reception","3 Adaptations","4 References","5 External links"] | 1944 novel by H. E. Bates
Fair Stood the Wind for France First US editionAuthorH. E. BatesCover artistNicholas PanesisLanguageEnglishPublisherMichael Joseph (UK)Little Brown (US)Publication date1944Publication placeUnited KingdomMedia typePrintOCLC220638129Preceded byHow Sleep the Brave (1943) Followed byThe Cruise of the Breadwinner (1946)
Fair Stood the Wind for France is a novel written by English author H. E. Bates. The novel was first published in 1944 and was Bates's first financial success. The title comes from the first line of "Agincourt", a poem by Michael Drayton (1563–1631).
Plot introduction
The story concerns John Franklin, the pilot of a Wellington bomber, who badly injures his arm when he crash-lands the aircraft in German-occupied France during the Second World War. He and his crew make their way to an isolated farmhouse and are taken in by the family of a French farmer. Plans are made to smuggle them all back to Britain via Vichy-controlled Marseille but Franklin's conditions worsens and he remains at the farm during the hot summer weeks that follow and falls in love with the farmer's daughter Françoise. Eventually they make the hazardous journey together by rowing boat, bicycle and train.
Reception
Kirkus Reviews is positive: "A holding story - stark and sustaining interest -- less intricately plotted than some of the stories of escape, but with greater literary quality and emotional values...Bates is an accomplished stylist, he has an aesthetic awareness, a realization of the psychological casualties of war to make this more than external entertainment.
Adaptations
The book was adapted into a 4-part television mini-series in 1980 for the BBC, starring David Beames as Franklin and Cécile Paoli as Françoise. This production is available on DVD, distributed by Acorn Media UK. A stage adaptation was produced at the Royal Theatre (Northampton) in April and May 1986. It was written by Gregory Evans, directed by Michael Napier Brown and starred Katharine Schlesinger and Kim Wall. In January 1991 BBC Radio 4 a transmitted a three-part Classic Serial also adapted by Gregory Evans and directed by David Benedictus. In November 2009, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a new two-part dramatisation by Maddy Fredericks in the Classic Serial strand.
References
^ Fair Stood the Wind for France Book Review essays
^ Kirkus reviews Retrieved 12/1/2023.
^ "Fair Stood the Wind for France (1980)". IMDb. 2 September 1980. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
^ "Classic Serial: Fair Stood The Wind For France". BBC Radio 4 Programmes. BBC. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
External links
Fair Stood the Wind for France at BBC Online
Fair Stood the Wind for France at IMDb
Fair Stood the Wind for France at HEBates.com
vteH. E. BatesBooks written
The Two Sisters (1926)
My Uncle Silas (1939)
Fair Stood the Wind for France (1944)
The Cruise of the Breadwinner (1946)
The Purple Plain (1947)
Love for Lydia (1952)
A Moment in Time (1964)
The Triple Echo (1970)
The Larkins book series
The Darling Buds of May (1958)
A Breath of French Air (1959)
When the Green Woods Laugh (1960)
Oh! To be in England (1963)
A Little of What You Fancy (1970)
Illustrators
Edward Ardizzone
Lynton Lamb
John Nash (artist)
John Minton (artist)
Agnes Miller Parker
Randolph Schwabe
Charles Tunnicliffe
John Stanton Ward
James Broom-Lynne
Carol Barker
TV series
Country Matters (1972)
Love for Lydia (1977)
A Moment in Time (1979)
Fair Stood the Wind for France (1980)
The Darling Buds of May (1991)
My Uncle Silas (2001)
The Larkins (2021)
Film dramatisations
The Purple Plain (1953)
The Mating Game (1959)
Dulcima (1971)
The Triple Echo (1972)
A Month by the Lake (1995)
Feast of July (1995)
Bates family
Jonathan Bates
Victoria Wicks | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H. E. Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._E._Bates"},{"link_name":"Agincourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agincourt_(poem)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Drayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Drayton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Fair Stood the Wind for France is a novel written by English author H. E. Bates. The novel was first published in 1944 and was Bates's first financial success. The title comes from the first line of \"Agincourt\", a poem by Michael Drayton (1563–1631).[1]","title":"Fair Stood the Wind for France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wellington bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_bomber"},{"link_name":"occupied France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupied_France"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Vichy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"}],"text":"The story concerns John Franklin, the pilot of a Wellington bomber, who badly injures his arm when he crash-lands the aircraft in German-occupied France during the Second World War. He and his crew make their way to an isolated farmhouse and are taken in by the family of a French farmer. Plans are made to smuggle them all back to Britain via Vichy-controlled Marseille but Franklin's conditions worsens and he remains at the farm during the hot summer weeks that follow and falls in love with the farmer's daughter Françoise. Eventually they make the hazardous journey together by rowing boat, bicycle and train.","title":"Plot introduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirkus Reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Kirkus Reviews is positive: \"A holding story - stark and sustaining interest -- less intricately plotted than some of the stories of escape, but with greater literary quality and emotional values...Bates is an accomplished stylist, he has an aesthetic awareness, a realization of the psychological casualties of war to make this more than external entertainment.[2]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"David Beames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Beames&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cécile Paoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Paoli"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Acorn Media UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn_Media_UK"},{"link_name":"Royal Theatre (Northampton)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Theatre_(Northampton)"},{"link_name":"Gregory Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Evans_(dramatist)"},{"link_name":"Michael Napier Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Napier_Brown"},{"link_name":"Katharine Schlesinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Schlesinger"},{"link_name":"Kim Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Wall_(British_actor)"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"David Benedictus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Benedictus"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"Classic Serial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Serial"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The book was adapted into a 4-part television mini-series in 1980 for the BBC, starring David Beames as Franklin and Cécile Paoli as Françoise.[3] This production is available on DVD, distributed by Acorn Media UK. A stage adaptation was produced at the Royal Theatre (Northampton) in April and May 1986. It was written by Gregory Evans, directed by Michael Napier Brown and starred Katharine Schlesinger and Kim Wall. In January 1991 BBC Radio 4 a transmitted a three-part Classic Serial also adapted by Gregory Evans and directed by David Benedictus. In November 2009, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a new two-part dramatisation by Maddy Fredericks in the Classic Serial strand.[4]","title":"Adaptations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Fair Stood the Wind for France (1980)\". IMDb. 2 September 1980. Retrieved 15 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0397786/","url_text":"\"Fair Stood the Wind for France (1980)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Classic Serial: Fair Stood The Wind For France\". BBC Radio 4 Programmes. BBC. Retrieved 15 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00nsgvw","url_text":"\"Classic Serial: Fair Stood The Wind For France\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/220638129","external_links_name":"220638129"},{"Link":"http://www.megaessays.com/viewpaper/42557.html","external_links_name":"Fair Stood the Wind for France Book Review essays"},{"Link":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/a/h-e-bates-7/fair-stood-the-wind-for-france/","external_links_name":"Kirkus reviews"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0397786/","external_links_name":"\"Fair Stood the Wind for France (1980)\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00nsgvw","external_links_name":"\"Classic Serial: Fair Stood The Wind For France\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00ttyxp","external_links_name":"Fair Stood the Wind for France"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0397786/","external_links_name":"Fair Stood the Wind for France"},{"Link":"https://hebates.com/library/fair-stood-the-wind-for-france","external_links_name":"Fair Stood the Wind for France"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/585_BC | 585 BC | ["1 Events","2 Births","3 Deaths","4 References"] | Calendar year
Millennium:
1st millennium BC
Centuries:
7th century BC
6th century BC
5th century BC
Decades:
600s BC
590s BC
580s BC
570s BC
560s BC
Years:
588 BC
587 BC
586 BC
585 BC
584 BC
583 BC
582 BC
585 BC by topic
Politics
State leaders
Political entities
Categories
Deaths
vte
585 BC in various calendarsGregorian calendar585 BCDLXXXV BCAb urbe condita169Ancient Egypt eraXXVI dynasty, 80- PharaohApries, 5Ancient Greek era48th Olympiad, year 4Assyrian calendar4166Balinese saka calendarN/ABengali calendar−1177Berber calendar366Buddhist calendar−40Burmese calendar−1222Byzantine calendar4924–4925Chinese calendar乙亥年 (Wood Pig)2113 or 1906 — to —丙子年 (Fire Rat)2114 or 1907Coptic calendar−868 – −867Discordian calendar582Ethiopian calendar−592 – −591Hebrew calendar3176–3177Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat−528 – −527 - Shaka SamvatN/A - Kali Yuga2516–2517Holocene calendar9416Iranian calendar1206 BP – 1205 BPIslamic calendar1243 BH – 1242 BHJavanese calendarN/AJulian calendarN/AKorean calendar1749Minguo calendar2496 before ROC民前2496年Nanakshahi calendar−2052Thai solar calendar−42 – −41Tibetan calendar阴木猪年(female Wood-Pig)−458 or −839 or −1611 — to —阳火鼠年(male Fire-Rat)−457 or −838 or −1610
The year 585 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as year 169 Ab urbe condita . The denomination 585 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Events
28 May - Eclipse of Thales: A solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Thales, while Alyattes of Lydia fights Cyaxares of Media at the Battle of Halys, leading to a truce. This is a cardinal date from which other dates can be calculated. It is also the earliest event of which the precise date is known.
Destruction of Kirrha, ending the First Sacred War.
Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, legendary fifth king of Rome, defeats the Sabines in war, taking the town of Collatia and celebrating a triumph for his victories on 13 September.
King Jian of Zhou succeeds King Ding of Zhou as king of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty.
Astyages succeeds Cyaxares as king of the Medes.
Croesus succeeds Alyattes as king of Lydia.
Fall of the Kingdom of Urartu following a Median invasion. (The Scythians ruined the Kingdom of Urartu.)
Births
Anaximenes of Miletus, Greek philosopher (d. 528 BC)
Deaths
April 9 (according to legend) – Emperor Jimmu, the first Emperor of Japan (b. 711)
Cyaxares, king of the Medes
Alyattes, king of Lydia
Nitocris I, Egyptian priestess
Rusa IV, king of Urartu
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 585 BC.
^ Asimov, Isaac (1965) The Greeks, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. 91
^ a b Dale, Alexander (2015). "WALWET and KUKALIM: Lydian coin legends, dynastic succession, and the chronology of Mermnad kings". Kadmos. 54: 151–166. doi:10.1515/kadmos-2015-0008. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
This BC year article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pre-Julian Roman calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_calendar"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ab urbe condita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita"},{"link_name":"Anno Domini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini"},{"link_name":"calendar era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_era"}],"text":"The year 585 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as year 169 Ab urbe condita . The denomination 585 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.","title":"585 BC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"28 May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_May"},{"link_name":"Eclipse of Thales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_of_Thales"},{"link_name":"solar eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse"},{"link_name":"Thales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales"},{"link_name":"Alyattes of Lydia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyattes_of_Lydia"},{"link_name":"Cyaxares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyaxares"},{"link_name":"Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(region)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Halys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eclipse"},{"link_name":"truce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceasefire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kirrha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirrha"},{"link_name":"First Sacred War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sacred_War"},{"link_name":"Lucius Tarquinius Priscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Sabines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabines"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman-Sabine_wars#War_with_Tarquinius_Priscus"},{"link_name":"Collatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatia"},{"link_name":"triumph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_triumph"},{"link_name":"13 September","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_September"},{"link_name":"King Jian of Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Jian_of_Zhou"},{"link_name":"King Ding of Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Ding_of_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Zhou Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Astyages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astyages"},{"link_name":"Medes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes"},{"link_name":"Croesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croesus"},{"link_name":"Lydia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dale-2"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Urartu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Urartu"}],"text":"28 May - Eclipse of Thales: A solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Thales, while Alyattes of Lydia fights Cyaxares of Media at the Battle of Halys, leading to a truce. This is a cardinal date from which other dates can be calculated. It is also the earliest event of which the precise date is known.[1]\nDestruction of Kirrha, ending the First Sacred War.\nLucius Tarquinius Priscus, legendary fifth king of Rome, defeats the Sabines in war, taking the town of Collatia and celebrating a triumph for his victories on 13 September.\nKing Jian of Zhou succeeds King Ding of Zhou as king of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty.\nAstyages succeeds Cyaxares as king of the Medes.\nCroesus succeeds Alyattes as king of Lydia.[2]\nFall of the Kingdom of Urartu following a Median invasion. (The Scythians ruined the Kingdom of Urartu.)","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anaximenes of Miletus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus"},{"link_name":"528 BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/528_BC"}],"text":"Anaximenes of Miletus, Greek philosopher (d. 528 BC)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"April 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_9"},{"link_name":"Emperor Jimmu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Jimmu"},{"link_name":"Emperor of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Cyaxares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyaxares"},{"link_name":"Medes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes"},{"link_name":"Alyattes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyattes_of_Lydia"},{"link_name":"Lydia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dale-2"},{"link_name":"Nitocris I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitocris_I"},{"link_name":"Rusa IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusa_IV"},{"link_name":"Urartu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu"}],"text":"April 9 (according to legend) – Emperor Jimmu, the first Emperor of Japan (b. 711)\nCyaxares, king of the Medes\nAlyattes, king of Lydia[2]\nNitocris I, Egyptian priestess\nRusa IV, king of Urartu","title":"Deaths"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Dale, Alexander (2015). \"WALWET and KUKALIM: Lydian coin legends, dynastic succession, and the chronology of Mermnad kings\". Kadmos. 54: 151–166. doi:10.1515/kadmos-2015-0008. Retrieved 10 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/29719834/WALWET_and_KUKALIM_Lydian_coin_legends_dynastic_succession_and_the_chronology_of_Mermnad_kings","url_text":"\"WALWET and KUKALIM: Lydian coin legends, dynastic succession, and the chronology of Mermnad kings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fkadmos-2015-0008","url_text":"10.1515/kadmos-2015-0008"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/29719834/WALWET_and_KUKALIM_Lydian_coin_legends_dynastic_succession_and_the_chronology_of_Mermnad_kings","external_links_name":"\"WALWET and KUKALIM: Lydian coin legends, dynastic succession, and the chronology of Mermnad kings\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fkadmos-2015-0008","external_links_name":"10.1515/kadmos-2015-0008"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=585_BC&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_automorphism | Group isomorphism | ["1 Definition and notation","2 Examples","3 Properties","4 Cyclic groups","5 Consequences","6 Automorphisms","7 See also","8 References"] | Bijective group homomorphism
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Group isomorphism" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
In abstract algebra, a group isomorphism is a function between two groups that sets up a bijection between the elements of the groups in a way that respects the given group operations. If there exists an isomorphism between two groups, then the groups are called isomorphic. From the standpoint of group theory, isomorphic groups have the same properties and need not be distinguished.
Definition and notation
Given two groups
(
G
,
∗
)
{\displaystyle (G,*)}
and
(
H
,
⊙
)
,
{\displaystyle (H,\odot ),}
a group isomorphism from
(
G
,
∗
)
{\displaystyle (G,*)}
to
(
H
,
⊙
)
{\displaystyle (H,\odot )}
is a bijective group homomorphism from
G
{\displaystyle G}
to
H
.
{\displaystyle H.}
Spelled out, this means that a group isomorphism is a bijective function
f
:
G
→
H
{\displaystyle f:G\to H}
such that for all
u
{\displaystyle u}
and
v
{\displaystyle v}
in
G
{\displaystyle G}
it holds that
f
(
u
∗
v
)
=
f
(
u
)
⊙
f
(
v
)
.
{\displaystyle f(u*v)=f(u)\odot f(v).}
The two groups
(
G
,
∗
)
{\displaystyle (G,*)}
and
(
H
,
⊙
)
{\displaystyle (H,\odot )}
are isomorphic if there exists an isomorphism from one to the other. This is written
(
G
,
∗
)
≅
(
H
,
⊙
)
.
{\displaystyle (G,*)\cong (H,\odot ).}
Often shorter and simpler notations can be used. When the relevant group operations are understood, they are omitted and one writes
G
≅
H
.
{\displaystyle G\cong H.}
Sometimes one can even simply write
G
=
H
.
{\displaystyle G=H.}
Whether such a notation is possible without confusion or ambiguity depends on context. For example, the equals sign is not very suitable when the groups are both subgroups of the same group. See also the examples.
Conversely, given a group
(
G
,
∗
)
,
{\displaystyle (G,*),}
a set
H
,
{\displaystyle H,}
and a bijection
f
:
G
→
H
,
{\displaystyle f:G\to H,}
we can make
H
{\displaystyle H}
a group
(
H
,
⊙
)
{\displaystyle (H,\odot )}
by defining
f
(
u
)
⊙
f
(
v
)
=
f
(
u
∗
v
)
.
{\displaystyle f(u)\odot f(v)=f(u*v).}
If
H
=
G
{\displaystyle H=G}
and
⊙
=
∗
{\displaystyle \odot =*}
then the bijection is an automorphism (q.v.).
Intuitively, group theorists view two isomorphic groups as follows: For every element
g
{\displaystyle g}
of a group
G
,
{\displaystyle G,}
there exists an element
h
{\displaystyle h}
of
H
{\displaystyle H}
such that
h
{\displaystyle h}
"behaves in the same way" as
g
{\displaystyle g}
(operates with other elements of the group in the same way as
g
{\displaystyle g}
). For instance, if
g
{\displaystyle g}
generates
G
,
{\displaystyle G,}
then so does
h
.
{\displaystyle h.}
This implies, in particular, that
G
{\displaystyle G}
and
H
{\displaystyle H}
are in bijective correspondence. Thus, the definition of an isomorphism is quite natural.
An isomorphism of groups may equivalently be defined as an invertible group homomorphism (the inverse function of a bijective group homomorphism is also a group homomorphism).
Examples
In this section some notable examples of isomorphic groups are listed.
The group of all real numbers under addition,
(
R
,
+
)
{\displaystyle (\mathbb {R} ,+)}
, is isomorphic to the group of positive real numbers under multiplication
(
R
+
,
×
)
{\displaystyle (\mathbb {R} ^{+},\times )}
:
(
R
,
+
)
≅
(
R
+
,
×
)
{\displaystyle (\mathbb {R} ,+)\cong (\mathbb {R} ^{+},\times )}
via the isomorphism
f
(
x
)
=
e
x
{\displaystyle f(x)=e^{x}}
.
The group
Z
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }
of integers (with addition) is a subgroup of
R
,
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ,}
and the factor group
R
/
Z
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} /\mathbb {Z} }
is isomorphic to the group
S
1
{\displaystyle S^{1}}
of complex numbers of absolute value 1 (under multiplication):
R
/
Z
≅
S
1
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} /\mathbb {Z} \cong S^{1}}
The Klein four-group is isomorphic to the direct product of two copies of
Z
2
=
Z
/
2
Z
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{2}=\mathbb {Z} /2\mathbb {Z} }
, and can therefore be written
Z
2
×
Z
2
.
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{2}\times \mathbb {Z} _{2}.}
Another notation is
Dih
2
,
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Dih} _{2},}
because it is a dihedral group.
Generalizing this, for all odd
n
,
{\displaystyle n,}
Dih
2
n
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Dih} _{2n}}
is isomorphic to the direct product of
Dih
n
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Dih} _{n}}
and
Z
2
.
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{2}.}
If
(
G
,
∗
)
{\displaystyle (G,*)}
is an infinite cyclic group, then
(
G
,
∗
)
{\displaystyle (G,*)}
is isomorphic to the integers (with the addition operation). From an algebraic point of view, this means that the set of all integers (with the addition operation) is the "only" infinite cyclic group.
Some groups can be proven to be isomorphic, relying on the axiom of choice, but the proof does not indicate how to construct a concrete isomorphism. Examples:
The group
(
R
,
+
)
{\displaystyle (\mathbb {R} ,+)}
is isomorphic to the group
(
C
,
+
)
{\displaystyle (\mathbb {C} ,+)}
of all complex numbers under addition.
The group
(
C
∗
,
⋅
)
{\displaystyle (\mathbb {C} ^{*},\cdot )}
of non-zero complex numbers with multiplication as the operation is isomorphic to the group
S
1
{\displaystyle S^{1}}
mentioned above.
Properties
The kernel of an isomorphism from
(
G
,
∗
)
{\displaystyle (G,*)}
to
(
H
,
⊙
)
{\displaystyle (H,\odot )}
is always {eG}, where eG is the identity of the group
(
G
,
∗
)
{\displaystyle (G,*)}
If
(
G
,
∗
)
{\displaystyle (G,*)}
and
(
H
,
⊙
)
{\displaystyle (H,\odot )}
are isomorphic, then
G
{\displaystyle G}
is abelian if and only if
H
{\displaystyle H}
is abelian.
If
f
{\displaystyle f}
is an isomorphism from
(
G
,
∗
)
{\displaystyle (G,*)}
to
(
H
,
⊙
)
,
{\displaystyle (H,\odot ),}
then for any
a
∈
G
,
{\displaystyle a\in G,}
the order of
a
{\displaystyle a}
equals the order of
f
(
a
)
.
{\displaystyle f(a).}
If
(
G
,
∗
)
{\displaystyle (G,*)}
and
(
H
,
⊙
)
{\displaystyle (H,\odot )}
are isomorphic, then
(
G
,
∗
)
{\displaystyle (G,*)}
is a locally finite group if and only if
(
H
,
⊙
)
{\displaystyle (H,\odot )}
is locally finite.
The number of distinct groups (up to isomorphism) of order
n
{\displaystyle n}
is given by sequence A000001 in the OEIS. The first few numbers are 0, 1, 1, 1 and 2 meaning that 4 is the lowest order with more than one group.
Cyclic groups
All cyclic groups of a given order are isomorphic to
(
Z
n
,
+
n
)
,
{\displaystyle (\mathbb {Z} _{n},+_{n}),}
where
+
n
{\displaystyle +_{n}}
denotes addition modulo
n
.
{\displaystyle n.}
Let
G
{\displaystyle G}
be a cyclic group and
n
{\displaystyle n}
be the order of
G
.
{\displaystyle G.}
Letting
x
{\displaystyle x}
be a generator of
G
{\displaystyle G}
,
G
{\displaystyle G}
is then equal to
⟨
x
⟩
=
{
e
,
x
,
…
,
x
n
−
1
}
.
{\displaystyle \langle x\rangle =\left\{e,x,\ldots ,x^{n-1}\right\}.}
We will show that
G
≅
(
Z
n
,
+
n
)
.
{\displaystyle G\cong (\mathbb {Z} _{n},+_{n}).}
Define
φ
:
G
→
Z
n
=
{
0
,
1
,
…
,
n
−
1
}
,
{\displaystyle \varphi :G\to \mathbb {Z} _{n}=\{0,1,\ldots ,n-1\},}
so that
φ
(
x
a
)
=
a
.
{\displaystyle \varphi (x^{a})=a.}
Clearly,
φ
{\displaystyle \varphi }
is bijective. Then
φ
(
x
a
⋅
x
b
)
=
φ
(
x
a
+
b
)
=
a
+
b
=
φ
(
x
a
)
+
n
φ
(
x
b
)
,
{\displaystyle \varphi (x^{a}\cdot x^{b})=\varphi (x^{a+b})=a+b=\varphi (x^{a})+_{n}\varphi (x^{b}),}
which proves that
G
≅
(
Z
n
,
+
n
)
.
{\displaystyle G\cong (\mathbb {Z} _{n},+_{n}).}
Consequences
From the definition, it follows that any isomorphism
f
:
G
→
H
{\displaystyle f:G\to H}
will map the identity element of
G
{\displaystyle G}
to the identity element of
H
,
{\displaystyle H,}
f
(
e
G
)
=
e
H
,
{\displaystyle f(e_{G})=e_{H},}
that it will map inverses to inverses,
f
(
u
−
1
)
=
f
(
u
)
−
1
for all
u
∈
G
,
{\displaystyle f(u^{-1})=f(u)^{-1}\quad {\text{ for all }}u\in G,}
and more generally,
n
{\displaystyle n}
th powers to
n
{\displaystyle n}
th powers,
f
(
u
n
)
=
f
(
u
)
n
for all
u
∈
G
,
{\displaystyle f(u^{n})=f(u)^{n}\quad {\text{ for all }}u\in G,}
and that the inverse map
f
−
1
:
H
→
G
{\displaystyle f^{-1}:H\to G}
is also a group isomorphism.
The relation "being isomorphic" is an equivalence relation. If
f
{\displaystyle f}
is an isomorphism between two groups
G
{\displaystyle G}
and
H
,
{\displaystyle H,}
then everything that is true about
G
{\displaystyle G}
that is only related to the group structure can be translated via
f
{\displaystyle f}
into a true ditto statement about
H
,
{\displaystyle H,}
and vice versa.
Automorphisms
An isomorphism from a group
(
G
,
∗
)
{\displaystyle (G,*)}
to itself is called an automorphism of the group. Thus it is a bijection
f
:
G
→
G
{\displaystyle f:G\to G}
such that
f
(
u
)
∗
f
(
v
)
=
f
(
u
∗
v
)
.
{\displaystyle f(u)*f(v)=f(u*v).}
The image under an automorphism of a conjugacy class is always a conjugacy class (the same or another).
The composition of two automorphisms is again an automorphism, and with this operation the set of all automorphisms of a group
G
,
{\displaystyle G,}
denoted by
Aut
(
G
)
,
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Aut} (G),}
itself forms a group, the automorphism group of
G
.
{\displaystyle G.}
For all abelian groups there is at least the automorphism that replaces the group elements by their inverses. However, in groups where all elements are equal to their inverses this is the trivial automorphism, e.g. in the Klein four-group. For that group all permutations of the three non-identity elements are automorphisms, so the automorphism group is isomorphic to
S
3
{\displaystyle S_{3}}
(which itself is isomorphic to
Dih
3
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Dih} _{3}}
).
In
Z
p
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{p}}
for a prime number
p
,
{\displaystyle p,}
one non-identity element can be replaced by any other, with corresponding changes in the other elements. The automorphism group is isomorphic to
Z
p
−
1
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{p-1}}
For example, for
n
=
7
,
{\displaystyle n=7,}
multiplying all elements of
Z
7
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{7}}
by 3, modulo 7, is an automorphism of order 6 in the automorphism group, because
3
6
≡
1
(
mod
7
)
,
{\displaystyle 3^{6}\equiv 1{\pmod {7}},}
while lower powers do not give 1. Thus this automorphism generates
Z
6
.
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{6}.}
There is one more automorphism with this property: multiplying all elements of
Z
7
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{7}}
by 5, modulo 7. Therefore, these two correspond to the elements 1 and 5 of
Z
6
,
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{6},}
in that order or conversely.
The automorphism group of
Z
6
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{6}}
is isomorphic to
Z
2
,
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{2},}
because only each of the two elements 1 and 5 generate
Z
6
,
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{6},}
so apart from the identity we can only interchange these.
The automorphism group of
Z
2
⊕
Z
2
⊕
⊕
Z
2
=
Dih
2
⊕
Z
2
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{2}\oplus \mathbb {Z} _{2}\oplus \oplus \mathbb {Z} _{2}=\operatorname {Dih} _{2}\oplus \mathbb {Z} _{2}}
has order 168, as can be found as follows. All 7 non-identity elements play the same role, so we can choose which plays the role of
(
1
,
0
,
0
)
.
{\displaystyle (1,0,0).}
Any of the remaining 6 can be chosen to play the role of (0,1,0). This determines which element corresponds to
(
1
,
1
,
0
)
.
{\displaystyle (1,1,0).}
For
(
0
,
0
,
1
)
{\displaystyle (0,0,1)}
we can choose from 4, which determines the rest. Thus we have
7
×
6
×
4
=
168
{\displaystyle 7\times 6\times 4=168}
automorphisms. They correspond to those of the Fano plane, of which the 7 points correspond to the 7 non-identity elements. The lines connecting three points correspond to the group operation:
a
,
b
,
{\displaystyle a,b,}
and
c
{\displaystyle c}
on one line means
a
+
b
=
c
,
{\displaystyle a+b=c,}
a
+
c
=
b
,
{\displaystyle a+c=b,}
and
b
+
c
=
a
.
{\displaystyle b+c=a.}
See also general linear group over finite fields.
For abelian groups, all non-trivial automorphisms are outer automorphisms.
Non-abelian groups have a non-trivial inner automorphism group, and possibly also outer automorphisms.
See also
Group isomorphism problem
Bijection – One-to-one correspondence
References
Herstein, I. N. (1975). Topics in Algebra (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471010901.
^ a b Barnard, Tony & Neil, Hugh (2017). Discovering Group Theory: A Transition to Advanced Mathematics. Boca Ratan: CRC Press. p. 94. ISBN 9781138030169.
^ Budden, F. J. (1972). The Fascination of Groups (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 142. ISBN 0521080169. Retrieved 12 October 2022 – via VDOC.PUB.
^ Ash (1973). "A Consequence of the Axiom of Choice". Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. 19 (3): 306–308. doi:10.1017/S1446788700031505. Retrieved 21 September 2013. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"abstract algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra"},{"link_name":"function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"bijection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijection"},{"link_name":"group theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_theory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnard-2017-1"}],"text":"In abstract algebra, a group isomorphism is a function between two groups that sets up a bijection between the elements of the groups in a way that respects the given group operations. If there exists an isomorphism between two groups, then the groups are called isomorphic. From the standpoint of group theory, isomorphic groups have the same properties and need not be distinguished.[1]","title":"Group isomorphism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bijective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijection"},{"link_name":"group homomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_homomorphism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnard-2017-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Budden-1972-2"},{"link_name":"subgroups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgroup"},{"link_name":"bijection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijection"},{"link_name":"automorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automorphism"},{"link_name":"generates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generating_set_of_a_group"},{"link_name":"invertible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertible_function"}],"text":"Given two groups \n \n \n \n (\n G\n ,\n ∗\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (G,*)}\n \n and \n \n \n \n (\n H\n ,\n ⊙\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (H,\\odot ),}\n \n a group isomorphism from \n \n \n \n (\n G\n ,\n ∗\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (G,*)}\n \n to \n \n \n \n (\n H\n ,\n ⊙\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (H,\\odot )}\n \n is a bijective group homomorphism from \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n to \n \n \n \n H\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H.}\n \n Spelled out, this means that a group isomorphism is a bijective function \n \n \n \n f\n :\n G\n →\n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:G\\to H}\n \n such that for all \n \n \n \n u\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u}\n \n and \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n {\\displaystyle v}\n \n in \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n it holds thatf\n (\n u\n ∗\n v\n )\n =\n f\n (\n u\n )\n ⊙\n f\n (\n v\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(u*v)=f(u)\\odot f(v).}The two groups \n \n \n \n (\n G\n ,\n ∗\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (G,*)}\n \n and \n \n \n \n (\n H\n ,\n ⊙\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (H,\\odot )}\n \n are isomorphic if there exists an isomorphism from one to the other.[1][2] This is written(\n G\n ,\n ∗\n )\n ≅\n (\n H\n ,\n ⊙\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (G,*)\\cong (H,\\odot ).}Often shorter and simpler notations can be used. When the relevant group operations are understood, they are omitted and one writesG\n ≅\n H\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G\\cong H.}Sometimes one can even simply write \n \n \n \n G\n =\n H\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G=H.}\n \n Whether such a notation is possible without confusion or ambiguity depends on context. For example, the equals sign is not very suitable when the groups are both subgroups of the same group. See also the examples.Conversely, given a group \n \n \n \n (\n G\n ,\n ∗\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (G,*),}\n \n a set \n \n \n \n H\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H,}\n \n and a bijection \n \n \n \n f\n :\n G\n →\n H\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:G\\to H,}\n \n we can make \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n a group \n \n \n \n (\n H\n ,\n ⊙\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (H,\\odot )}\n \n by definingf\n (\n u\n )\n ⊙\n f\n (\n v\n )\n =\n f\n (\n u\n ∗\n v\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(u)\\odot f(v)=f(u*v).}If \n \n \n \n H\n =\n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H=G}\n \n and \n \n \n \n ⊙\n =\n ∗\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\odot =*}\n \n then the bijection is an automorphism (q.v.).Intuitively, group theorists view two isomorphic groups as follows: For every element \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g}\n \n of a group \n \n \n \n G\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G,}\n \n there exists an element \n \n \n \n h\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h}\n \n of \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n h\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h}\n \n \"behaves in the same way\" as \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g}\n \n (operates with other elements of the group in the same way as \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g}\n \n). For instance, if \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g}\n \n generates \n \n \n \n G\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G,}\n \n then so does \n \n \n \n h\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h.}\n \n This implies, in particular, that \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n and \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n are in bijective correspondence. Thus, the definition of an isomorphism is quite natural.An isomorphism of groups may equivalently be defined as an invertible group homomorphism (the inverse function of a bijective group homomorphism is also a group homomorphism).","title":"Definition and notation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"real numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"positive real numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_real_numbers"},{"link_name":"integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"factor group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_group"},{"link_name":"complex numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number"},{"link_name":"absolute value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_value"},{"link_name":"Klein four-group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein_four-group"},{"link_name":"direct product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_product_of_groups"},{"link_name":"dihedral group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_group"},{"link_name":"odd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"infinite cyclic group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_cyclic_group"},{"link_name":"axiom of choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_choice"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In this section some notable examples of isomorphic groups are listed.The group of all real numbers under addition, \n \n \n \n (\n \n R\n \n ,\n +\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\mathbb {R} ,+)}\n \n, is isomorphic to the group of positive real numbers under multiplication \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n R\n \n \n +\n \n \n ,\n ×\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\mathbb {R} ^{+},\\times )}\n \n:\n\n \n \n \n (\n \n R\n \n ,\n +\n )\n ≅\n (\n \n \n R\n \n \n +\n \n \n ,\n ×\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\mathbb {R} ,+)\\cong (\\mathbb {R} ^{+},\\times )}\n \n via the isomorphism \n \n \n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n e\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x)=e^{x}}\n \n.\nThe group \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} }\n \n of integers (with addition) is a subgroup of \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ,}\n \n and the factor group \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n /\n \n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} /\\mathbb {Z} }\n \n is isomorphic to the group \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S^{1}}\n \n of complex numbers of absolute value 1 (under multiplication):\n\n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n /\n \n \n Z\n \n ≅\n \n S\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} /\\mathbb {Z} \\cong S^{1}}\n \n\nThe Klein four-group is isomorphic to the direct product of two copies of \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n Z\n \n \n /\n \n 2\n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} _{2}=\\mathbb {Z} /2\\mathbb {Z} }\n \n, and can therefore be written \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ×\n \n \n Z\n \n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} _{2}\\times \\mathbb {Z} _{2}.}\n \n Another notation is \n \n \n \n \n Dih\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Dih} _{2},}\n \n because it is a dihedral group.\nGeneralizing this, for all odd \n \n \n \n n\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n,}\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Dih\n \n 2\n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Dih} _{2n}}\n \n is isomorphic to the direct product of \n \n \n \n \n Dih\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Dih} _{n}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} _{2}.}\n \n\nIf \n \n \n \n (\n G\n ,\n ∗\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (G,*)}\n \n is an infinite cyclic group, then \n \n \n \n (\n G\n ,\n ∗\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (G,*)}\n \n is isomorphic to the integers (with the addition operation). From an algebraic point of view, this means that the set of all integers (with the addition operation) is the \"only\" infinite cyclic group.Some groups can be proven to be isomorphic, relying on the axiom of choice, but the proof does not indicate how to construct a concrete isomorphism. Examples:The group \n \n \n \n (\n \n R\n \n ,\n +\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\mathbb {R} ,+)}\n \n is isomorphic to the group \n \n \n \n (\n \n C\n \n ,\n +\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\mathbb {C} ,+)}\n \n of all complex numbers under addition.[3]\nThe group \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n C\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n ,\n ⋅\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\mathbb {C} ^{*},\\cdot )}\n \n of non-zero complex numbers with multiplication as the operation is isomorphic to the group \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S^{1}}\n \n mentioned above.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(algebra)"},{"link_name":"identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_element"},{"link_name":"abelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_group"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(group_theory)"},{"link_name":"locally finite group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally_finite_group"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_a_group"},{"link_name":"sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_sequence"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OEIS"}],"text":"The kernel of an isomorphism from \n \n \n \n (\n G\n ,\n ∗\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (G,*)}\n \n to \n \n \n \n (\n H\n ,\n ⊙\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (H,\\odot )}\n \n is always {eG}, where eG is the identity of the group \n \n \n \n (\n G\n ,\n ∗\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (G,*)}If \n \n \n \n (\n G\n ,\n ∗\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (G,*)}\n \n and \n \n \n \n (\n H\n ,\n ⊙\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (H,\\odot )}\n \n are isomorphic, then \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n is abelian if and only if \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n is abelian.If \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n is an isomorphism from \n \n \n \n (\n G\n ,\n ∗\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (G,*)}\n \n to \n \n \n \n (\n H\n ,\n ⊙\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (H,\\odot ),}\n \n then for any \n \n \n \n a\n ∈\n G\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a\\in G,}\n \n the order of \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a}\n \n equals the order of \n \n \n \n f\n (\n a\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(a).}If \n \n \n \n (\n G\n ,\n ∗\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (G,*)}\n \n and \n \n \n \n (\n H\n ,\n ⊙\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (H,\\odot )}\n \n are isomorphic, then \n \n \n \n (\n G\n ,\n ∗\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (G,*)}\n \n is a locally finite group if and only if \n \n \n \n (\n H\n ,\n ⊙\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (H,\\odot )}\n \n is locally finite.The number of distinct groups (up to isomorphism) of order \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n is given by sequence A000001 in the OEIS. The first few numbers are 0, 1, 1, 1 and 2 meaning that 4 is the lowest order with more than one group.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"modulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic"}],"text":"All cyclic groups of a given order are isomorphic to \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n Z\n \n \n n\n \n \n ,\n \n +\n \n n\n \n \n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\mathbb {Z} _{n},+_{n}),}\n \n where \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle +_{n}}\n \n denotes addition modulo \n \n \n \n n\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n.}Let \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n be a cyclic group and \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n be the order of \n \n \n \n G\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G.}\n \n Letting \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n be a generator of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n, \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n is then equal to \n \n \n \n ⟨\n x\n ⟩\n =\n \n {\n \n e\n ,\n x\n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n }\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle x\\rangle =\\left\\{e,x,\\ldots ,x^{n-1}\\right\\}.}\n \n \nWe will show thatG\n ≅\n (\n \n \n Z\n \n \n n\n \n \n ,\n \n +\n \n n\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G\\cong (\\mathbb {Z} _{n},+_{n}).}Defineφ\n :\n G\n →\n \n \n Z\n \n \n n\n \n \n =\n {\n 0\n ,\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n n\n −\n 1\n }\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi :G\\to \\mathbb {Z} _{n}=\\{0,1,\\ldots ,n-1\\},}φ\n (\n \n x\n \n a\n \n \n )\n =\n a\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi (x^{a})=a.}φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi }φ\n (\n \n x\n \n a\n \n \n ⋅\n \n x\n \n b\n \n \n )\n =\n φ\n (\n \n x\n \n a\n +\n b\n \n \n )\n =\n a\n +\n b\n =\n φ\n (\n \n x\n \n a\n \n \n )\n \n +\n \n n\n \n \n φ\n (\n \n x\n \n b\n \n \n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi (x^{a}\\cdot x^{b})=\\varphi (x^{a+b})=a+b=\\varphi (x^{a})+_{n}\\varphi (x^{b}),}G\n ≅\n (\n \n \n Z\n \n \n n\n \n \n ,\n \n +\n \n n\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G\\cong (\\mathbb {Z} _{n},+_{n}).}","title":"Cyclic groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relation_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"equivalence relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_relation"}],"text":"From the definition, it follows that any isomorphism \n \n \n \n f\n :\n G\n →\n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:G\\to H}\n \n will map the identity element of \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n to the identity element of \n \n \n \n H\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H,}f\n (\n \n e\n \n G\n \n \n )\n =\n \n e\n \n H\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(e_{G})=e_{H},}inversesf\n (\n \n u\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n f\n (\n u\n \n )\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n for all \n \n u\n ∈\n G\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(u^{-1})=f(u)^{-1}\\quad {\\text{ for all }}u\\in G,}n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}f\n (\n \n u\n \n n\n \n \n )\n =\n f\n (\n u\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n for all \n \n u\n ∈\n G\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(u^{n})=f(u)^{n}\\quad {\\text{ for all }}u\\in G,}f\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n :\n H\n →\n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f^{-1}:H\\to G}The relation \"being isomorphic\" is an equivalence relation. If \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n is an isomorphism between two groups \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n and \n \n \n \n H\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H,}\n \n then everything that is true about \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n that is only related to the group structure can be translated via \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n into a true ditto statement about \n \n \n \n H\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H,}\n \n and vice versa.","title":"Consequences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"automorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automorphism"},{"link_name":"image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"conjugacy class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugacy_class"},{"link_name":"composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_composition"},{"link_name":"automorphism group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automorphism_group"},{"link_name":"trivial automorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivial_automorphism"},{"link_name":"Klein four-group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein_four-group"},{"link_name":"permutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permutation"},{"link_name":"prime number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number"},{"link_name":"Fano plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fano_plane"},{"link_name":"general linear group over finite fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_linear_group#Over_finite_fields"},{"link_name":"outer automorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_automorphism"},{"link_name":"inner automorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_automorphism"}],"text":"An isomorphism from a group \n \n \n \n (\n G\n ,\n ∗\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (G,*)}\n \n to itself is called an automorphism of the group. Thus it is a bijection \n \n \n \n f\n :\n G\n →\n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f:G\\to G}\n \n such thatf\n (\n u\n )\n ∗\n f\n (\n v\n )\n =\n f\n (\n u\n ∗\n v\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(u)*f(v)=f(u*v).}The image under an automorphism of a conjugacy class is always a conjugacy class (the same or another).The composition of two automorphisms is again an automorphism, and with this operation the set of all automorphisms of a group \n \n \n \n G\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G,}\n \n denoted by \n \n \n \n Aut\n \n (\n G\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Aut} (G),}\n \n itself forms a group, the automorphism group of \n \n \n \n G\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G.}For all abelian groups there is at least the automorphism that replaces the group elements by their inverses. However, in groups where all elements are equal to their inverses this is the trivial automorphism, e.g. in the Klein four-group. For that group all permutations of the three non-identity elements are automorphisms, so the automorphism group is isomorphic to \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S_{3}}\n \n (which itself is isomorphic to \n \n \n \n \n Dih\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Dih} _{3}}\n \n).In \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n p\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} _{p}}\n \n for a prime number \n \n \n \n p\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p,}\n \n one non-identity element can be replaced by any other, with corresponding changes in the other elements. The automorphism group is isomorphic to \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n p\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} _{p-1}}\n \n For example, for \n \n \n \n n\n =\n 7\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n=7,}\n \n multiplying all elements of \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n 7\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} _{7}}\n \n by 3, modulo 7, is an automorphism of order 6 in the automorphism group, because \n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n 6\n \n \n ≡\n 1\n \n \n (\n mod\n \n 7\n )\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 3^{6}\\equiv 1{\\pmod {7}},}\n \n while lower powers do not give 1. Thus this automorphism generates \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n 6\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} _{6}.}\n \n There is one more automorphism with this property: multiplying all elements of \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n 7\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} _{7}}\n \n by 5, modulo 7. Therefore, these two correspond to the elements 1 and 5 of \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n 6\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} _{6},}\n \n in that order or conversely.The automorphism group of \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n 6\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} _{6}}\n \n is isomorphic to \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} _{2},}\n \n because only each of the two elements 1 and 5 generate \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n 6\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} _{6},}\n \n so apart from the identity we can only interchange these.The automorphism group of \n \n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ⊕\n \n \n Z\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ⊕\n ⊕\n \n \n Z\n \n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n Dih\n \n 2\n \n \n ⊕\n \n \n Z\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} _{2}\\oplus \\mathbb {Z} _{2}\\oplus \\oplus \\mathbb {Z} _{2}=\\operatorname {Dih} _{2}\\oplus \\mathbb {Z} _{2}}\n \n has order 168, as can be found as follows. All 7 non-identity elements play the same role, so we can choose which plays the role of \n \n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (1,0,0).}\n \n Any of the remaining 6 can be chosen to play the role of (0,1,0). This determines which element corresponds to \n \n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (1,1,0).}\n \n For \n \n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (0,0,1)}\n \n we can choose from 4, which determines the rest. Thus we have \n \n \n \n 7\n ×\n 6\n ×\n 4\n =\n 168\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 7\\times 6\\times 4=168}\n \n automorphisms. They correspond to those of the Fano plane, of which the 7 points correspond to the 7 non-identity elements. The lines connecting three points correspond to the group operation: \n \n \n \n a\n ,\n b\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a,b,}\n \n and \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c}\n \n on one line means \n \n \n \n a\n +\n b\n =\n c\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a+b=c,}\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n +\n c\n =\n b\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a+c=b,}\n \n and \n \n \n \n b\n +\n c\n =\n a\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b+c=a.}\n \n See also general linear group over finite fields.For abelian groups, all non-trivial automorphisms are outer automorphisms.Non-abelian groups have a non-trivial inner automorphism group, and possibly also outer automorphisms.","title":"Automorphisms"}] | [] | [{"title":"Group isomorphism problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_isomorphism_problem"},{"title":"Bijection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijection"}] | [{"reference":"Herstein, I. N. (1975). Topics in Algebra (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471010901.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471010901","url_text":"0471010901"}]},{"reference":"Barnard, Tony & Neil, Hugh (2017). Discovering Group Theory: A Transition to Advanced Mathematics. Boca Ratan: CRC Press. p. 94. ISBN 9781138030169.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138030169","url_text":"9781138030169"}]},{"reference":"Budden, F. J. (1972). The Fascination of Groups (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 142. ISBN 0521080169. Retrieved 12 October 2022 – via VDOC.PUB.","urls":[{"url":"https://vdoc.pub/download/the-fascination-of-groups-4qkp907dmbl0","url_text":"The Fascination of Groups"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521080169","url_text":"0521080169"}]},{"reference":"Ash (1973). \"A Consequence of the Axiom of Choice\". Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. 19 (3): 306–308. doi:10.1017/S1446788700031505. Retrieved 21 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FJAZ%2FJAZ1_19_03%2FS1446788700031505a.pdf&code=d2e5b0d7bbbbe7368eb4aa14d4bda045","url_text":"\"A Consequence of the Axiom of Choice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1446788700031505","url_text":"10.1017/S1446788700031505"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Group+isomorphism%22","external_links_name":"\"Group isomorphism\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Group+isomorphism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Group+isomorphism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Group+isomorphism%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Group+isomorphism%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Group+isomorphism%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://vdoc.pub/download/the-fascination-of-groups-4qkp907dmbl0","external_links_name":"The Fascination of Groups"},{"Link":"http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FJAZ%2FJAZ1_19_03%2FS1446788700031505a.pdf&code=d2e5b0d7bbbbe7368eb4aa14d4bda045","external_links_name":"\"A Consequence of the Axiom of Choice\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1446788700031505","external_links_name":"10.1017/S1446788700031505"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyot | Payot | ["1 Rabbinic interpretation","1.1 Reason","1.2 Specifics","2 Specifics by communities","3 Styles","3.1 Yemenite Jews","3.2 Hasidic groups","3.3 Lithuanian groups","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References and notes","7 External links"] | Not to be confused with Piyyut.
Hebrew term for sidelocks or sideburns
Peotפֵּאוֹת (pe’ot)סִימָנִים (simanim)Halakhic texts relating to this articleTorah:Leviticus 19:27Babylonian Talmud:Makkot 20aMishneh Torah:Avodath Kokhavim 12:6Shulchan Aruch:Yoreh Deah 181
Sidelocks in English, or pe'ot in Hebrew, anglicized as payot (Hebrew: פֵּאוֹת, romanized: pēʾōt, "corners") or payes (Yiddish pronunciation: ), is the Hebrew term for sidelocks or sideburns. Payot are worn by some men and boys in the Orthodox Jewish community based on an interpretation of the Tanakh's injunction against shaving the "sides" of one's head. Literally, pe'a means "corner, side, edge". There are different styles of payot among Haredi or Hasidic, Yemenite, and Chardal Jews. Yemenite Jews call their sidelocks simanim (סִימָנִים), literally, "signs", because their long-curled sidelocks served as a distinguishing feature in the Yemenite society (differentiating them from their non-Jewish neighbors).
Rabbinic interpretation
Reason
According to Maimonides, shaving the sidelocks was a heathen practice.
Specifics
The Torah says, "you shall not round off the pe'a of your head (פְּאַת רֹאשְׁכֶם)". The word pe'a was taken to mean the hair in front of the ears extending to beneath the cheekbone, on a level with the nose (Talmud – Makkot 20a). The Mishnah interpreted the regulation as applying only to men. Thus it became the custom in certain circles to allow the hair over the ears to grow, and hang down in curls or ringlets. There is considerable discussion in the halachic literature as to the precise location of the payot and of the ways in which their removal is prohibited.
Jewish haircut (1657)
Specifics by communities
As kabbalistic teachings spread into Slavonic lands, the custom of pe'ot became accepted there. In 1845, the practice was banned in the Russian Empire.
Crimean Karaites did not wear payot, and the Crimean Tatars consequently referred to them as zulufsız çufutlar ("Jews without payot"), to distinguish them from the Krymchaks, referred to as zuluflı çufutlar ("Jews with payot").
Many Hasidic and Yemenite ("Teimani") Jews let their sidelocks grow particularly long. Some Haredi men grow sidelocks, but trim them or tuck them behind the ears.
Even in some communities where peot are not customary among the men, young boys may grow them until the age of bar mitzvah.
Styles
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The lengths and maintenance of the pe'ot vary noticeably among Jewish groups.
Yemenite Jews
Some traditional Yemenite Jews still wear distinctive long and thin twisted locks, often reaching to the upper arm. The actual area where the hair grows and where the ringlet begins is neat and tidy.
Hasidic groups
Satmar Jews have notably thicker sidelocks. They also tend to tuck their sidelocks behind their ears.
Belz Hasidim wrap their sidelocks around their ears as many times as necessary without trimming.
Many Breslov Hasidim wear long twisted locks as did their Rabbi, Nachman of Breslov. However, others wear different styles in line with the teaching of Rabbi Nachman that his followers do not have to have a uniform garb.
The Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidim's payot are not evident, but they exist. So long as there is hair around the ear and behind it that can be plucked out, that is considered payot.
Some Gerer Hasidim raise their sidelocks from the temples and tuck them under their yarmulke. Others, especially in Israel, let them hang down.
The Skver Hasidim twist their sidelocks into a tight coil, and leave them protruding in front of the ear.
Most other Hasidic groups wear their payot down and curled.
Lithuanian groups
The Lithuanian Jews are less influenced by Kabbalistic practises, but still retain sidelocks to a degree, in a small number of variant styles:
Lithuanian Jews often cut their sidelocks, but leave a bunch of strands uncut, and place them behind the ear; this style is most commonly found among yeshiva students, who sometimes remove the uncut strands when they have grown sideburns.
The Brisk movement's members brush their hair straight down, usually so that it reaches to the ear lobe; sometimes, some of the sidelock is not cut, and is curled back behind the ear.
Gallery
Pre-bar mitzvah age boy with payot
Religious Jew with beard and payot tucked behind ear
A Teimani (Yemenite) Jew with payot
Young Hasidic man with payot
A religious Jew with payots, Jerusalem, Israel
An Orthodox man with payot
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Payots.
613 mitzvot
Shaving in Judaism
Upsherin
List of hairstyles
References and notes
Notes
^ Also spelled Peot, peyot, peyes, payes, payos, peyos, peyois, payois.
References
^ Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh Deah:181
^ Leviticus 19:27
^ "Shaving in Judaism". Judaism.about.com. 2009-06-11. Archived from the original on 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
^ a b Jewish Encyclopedia
^ "Halachos Of Payos Harosh". Yutorah.org. Retrieved 2013-11-10.
^ a b Why do some Chassidic Jews have long sidelocks
^ (Sichot Haran?); The Master of Prayer (from Tales of Rabbi Nachman), where the Master is "not particular about garb at all; see for a video showing a variety of styles among Breslevers.
External links
Media related to Payots at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of payot at Wiktionary
vteHuman hairClassificationby type
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Hair fetishism | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Piyyut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyyut"},{"link_name":"anglicized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"[peyes]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"sideburns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideburns"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Tanakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakh"},{"link_name":"Haredi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredi_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Hasidic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Yemenite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_Jews"},{"link_name":"Chardal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardal"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Piyyut.Hebrew term for sidelocks or sideburnsSidelocks in English, or pe'ot in Hebrew, anglicized as payot[a] (Hebrew: פֵּאוֹת, romanized: pēʾōt, \"corners\") or payes (Yiddish pronunciation: [peyes]), is the Hebrew term for sidelocks or sideburns. Payot are worn by some men and boys in the Orthodox Jewish community based on an interpretation of the Tanakh's injunction against shaving the \"sides\" of one's head. Literally, pe'a means \"corner, side, edge\". There are different styles of payot among Haredi or Hasidic, Yemenite, and Chardal Jews. Yemenite Jews call their sidelocks simanim (סִימָנִים), literally, \"signs\", because their long-curled sidelocks served as a distinguishing feature in the Yemenite society (differentiating them from their non-Jewish neighbors).","title":"Payot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rabbinic interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maimonides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Reason","text":"According to Maimonides, shaving the sidelocks was a heathen practice.[1]","title":"Rabbinic interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Talmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"},{"link_name":"Makkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makkot"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mishnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jewish_Encyclopedia-5"},{"link_name":"halachic literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jewish_haircut.png"}],"sub_title":"Specifics","text":"The Torah says, \"you shall not round off the pe'a of your head (פְּאַת רֹאשְׁכֶם)\".[2] The word pe'a was taken to mean the hair in front of the ears extending to beneath the cheekbone, on a level with the nose (Talmud – Makkot 20a).[3] The Mishnah interpreted the regulation as applying only to men. Thus it became the custom in certain circles to allow the hair over the ears to grow, and hang down in curls or ringlets.[4] There is considerable discussion in the halachic literature as to the precise location of the payot and of the ways in which their removal is prohibited.[5]Jewish haircut (1657)","title":"Rabbinic interpretation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kabbalistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalistic"},{"link_name":"Slavonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slav"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jewish_Encyclopedia-5"},{"link_name":"Crimean Karaites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Karaites"},{"link_name":"Crimean Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars"},{"link_name":"Krymchaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krymchaks"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chabad-7"},{"link_name":"Hasidic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Yemenite (\"Teimani\") Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_Jews"},{"link_name":"Haredi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haredi_Judaism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chabad-7"},{"link_name":"bar mitzvah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_mitzvah"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"As kabbalistic teachings spread into Slavonic lands, the custom of pe'ot became accepted there. In 1845, the practice was banned in the Russian Empire.[4]Crimean Karaites did not wear payot, and the Crimean Tatars consequently referred to them as zulufsız çufutlar (\"Jews without payot\"), to distinguish them from the Krymchaks, referred to as zuluflı çufutlar (\"Jews with payot\").[6]Many Hasidic and Yemenite (\"Teimani\") Jews let their sidelocks grow particularly long. Some Haredi men grow sidelocks, but trim them or tuck them behind the ears.[6]Even in some communities where peot are not customary among the men, young boys may grow them until the age of bar mitzvah.[clarification needed][citation needed]","title":"Specifics by communities"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The lengths and maintenance of the pe'ot vary noticeably among Jewish groups.","title":"Styles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yemenite Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_Jews"}],"sub_title":"Yemenite Jews","text":"Some traditional Yemenite Jews still wear distinctive long and thin twisted locks, often reaching to the upper arm. The actual area where the hair grows and where the ringlet begins is neat and tidy.","title":"Styles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Satmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satmar"},{"link_name":"Belz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belz_(Hasidic_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Breslov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslov_(Hasidic_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Nachman of Breslov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachman_of_Breslov"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Chabad-Lubavitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabad"},{"link_name":"Gerer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ger_(Hasidic_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"yarmulke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarmulke"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Skver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skver"}],"sub_title":"Hasidic groups","text":"Satmar Jews have notably thicker sidelocks. They also tend to tuck their sidelocks behind their ears.\nBelz Hasidim wrap their sidelocks around their ears as many times as necessary without trimming.\nMany Breslov Hasidim wear long twisted locks as did their Rabbi, Nachman of Breslov. However, others wear different styles in line with the teaching of Rabbi Nachman that his followers do not have to have a uniform garb.[7]\nThe Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidim's payot are not evident, but they exist. So long as there is hair around the ear and behind it that can be plucked out, that is considered payot.\nSome Gerer Hasidim raise their sidelocks from the temples and tuck them under their yarmulke. Others, especially in Israel, let them hang down.\nThe Skver Hasidim twist their sidelocks into a tight coil, and leave them protruding in front of the ear.Most other Hasidic groups wear their payot down and curled.","title":"Styles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lithuanian Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews"},{"link_name":"yeshiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva"},{"link_name":"Brisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisk_yeshivas_and_methods"}],"sub_title":"Lithuanian groups","text":"The Lithuanian Jews are less influenced by Kabbalistic practises, but still retain sidelocks to a degree, in a small number of variant styles:Lithuanian Jews often cut their sidelocks, but leave a bunch of strands uncut, and place them behind the ear; this style is most commonly found among yeshiva students, who sometimes remove the uncut strands when they have grown sideburns.\nThe Brisk movement's members brush their hair straight down, usually so that it reaches to the ear lobe; sometimes, some of the sidelock is not cut, and is curled back behind the ear.","title":"Styles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boy_wearing_kippah.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rabbi_with_beard_and_payot.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yemen1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Teimani (Yemenite) Jew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_Jews"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Young_hasid.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hasidic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kotel_payot1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orthodox_Man_with_Beard_by_David_Shankbone.jpg"}],"text":"Pre-bar mitzvah age boy with payot\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tReligious Jew with beard and payot tucked behind ear\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Teimani (Yemenite) Jew with payot\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tYoung Hasidic man with payot\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA religious Jew with payots, Jerusalem, Israel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn Orthodox man with payot","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Shulchan Aruch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch"},{"link_name":"Yoreh Deah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoreh_De%27ah"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Leviticus 19:27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0319.htm#27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Shaving in Judaism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150105150941/http://judaism.about.com/od/glossary/fl/Shaving-in-Judaism.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//judaism.about.com/od/glossary/fl/Shaving-in-Judaism.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jewish_Encyclopedia_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jewish_Encyclopedia_5-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Halachos Of Payos Harosh\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/735346/Rabbi_Aryeh_Lebowitz/Halachos_of_Peyos_Harosh"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chabad_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Chabad_7-1"},{"link_name":"Why do some Chassidic Jews have long sidelocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/2963669/jewish/Why-Do-Some-Chassidic-Jews-Have-Long-Sidelocks-Peyot.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDFObUtcrME"}],"text":"Notes^ Also spelled Peot, peyot, peyes, payes, payos, peyos, peyois, payois.References^ Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh Deah:181\n\n^ Leviticus 19:27\n\n^ \"Shaving in Judaism\". Judaism.about.com. 2009-06-11. Archived from the original on 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2013-11-10.\n\n^ a b Jewish Encyclopedia\n\n^ \"Halachos Of Payos Harosh\". Yutorah.org. Retrieved 2013-11-10.\n\n^ a b Why do some Chassidic Jews have long sidelocks\n\n^ (Sichot Haran?); The Master of Prayer (from Tales of Rabbi Nachman), where the Master is \"not particular about garb at all; see [1] for a video showing a variety of styles among Breslevers.","title":"References and notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Jewish haircut (1657)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jewish_haircut.png/220px-Jewish_haircut.png"}] | [{"title":"Payots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Payots"},{"title":"613 mitzvot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/613_mitzvot"},{"title":"Shaving in Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaving_in_Judaism"},{"title":"Upsherin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upsherin"},{"title":"List of hairstyles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hairstyles"}] | [{"reference":"\"Shaving in Judaism\". Judaism.about.com. 2009-06-11. Archived from the original on 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2013-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150105150941/http://judaism.about.com/od/glossary/fl/Shaving-in-Judaism.htm","url_text":"\"Shaving in Judaism\""},{"url":"http://judaism.about.com/od/glossary/fl/Shaving-in-Judaism.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Halachos Of Payos Harosh\". Yutorah.org. Retrieved 2013-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/735346/Rabbi_Aryeh_Lebowitz/Halachos_of_Peyos_Harosh","url_text":"\"Halachos Of Payos Harosh\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2019:27&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"Leviticus 19:27"},{"Link":"https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0319.htm#27","external_links_name":"Leviticus 19:27"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150105150941/http://judaism.about.com/od/glossary/fl/Shaving-in-Judaism.htm","external_links_name":"\"Shaving in Judaism\""},{"Link":"http://judaism.about.com/od/glossary/fl/Shaving-in-Judaism.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/735346/Rabbi_Aryeh_Lebowitz/Halachos_of_Peyos_Harosh","external_links_name":"\"Halachos Of Payos Harosh\""},{"Link":"https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/2963669/jewish/Why-Do-Some-Chassidic-Jews-Have-Long-Sidelocks-Peyot.htm","external_links_name":"Why do some Chassidic Jews have long sidelocks"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDFObUtcrME","external_links_name":"[1]"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Isaac_II | Ignatius Isaac II | ["1 Biography","2 Works","3 Episcopal succession","4 References","5 Bibliography"] | 107th Patriarch of Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch
Ignatius Isaac IISyriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the EastChurchSyriac Orthodox ChurchSeeAntiochInstalled1709Term ended1723PredecessorIgnatius George IISuccessorIgnatius Shukrallah IIPersonal detailsBornIsaac ʿAzar1647Mosul, Ottoman EmpireDied11/18 July 1724Mosul, Ottoman Empire
Ignatius Isaac II (Syriac: ܐܝܣܚܩ ܥܐܙܐܪ, Arabic: اسحق بطريارك انطاكية) was the Patriarch of Antioch and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 1709 until his resignation in 1723.
Biography
Isaac ʿAzar was born at Mosul in 1647, and was the son of Maqdisi 'Azar and Maryam. He had brothers named Matthew and Jacob, and two uncles, George and Rizq Allah, through his mother. Isaac became a monk at the nearby monastery of Saint Matthew, where he and his uncle George were both ordained as priests in 1669 by Basil Yeldo, Maphrian of the East. In 1673, Isaac and George aided Basil Yeldo in renovating the monastery of Saint Matthew, for which the three of them were imprisoned by the governor of Mosul for a short while. Basil Yeldo appointed Isaac as the abbot of the monastery of Saint Matthew in 1675, and he was later ordained as archbishop of the monastery of Saint Matthew by Patriarch Ignatius Abdulmasih I in early 1684 at the monastery of Saint Ananias, upon which he assumed the name Severus. This took place at the same time as George's ordination as Basil Yeldo's successor as Maphrian of the East.
In April 1687, Isaac was ordained as Maphrian of the East at the Great Church of Mardin by his uncle George, who had been elevated to patriarch of Antioch at the same time, upon which he assumed the name Basil. Throughout George's tenure as patriarch, Isaac was entrusted with the administration of the whole church, and thus he ordained several bishops and a number of presbyters, deacons and monks. At Amida, he rebuilt the church of Saint Jacob in 1691, and renovated the church of Saint Mary in 1693, and added the nave of Saint Jacob of Serugh, on instruction from the patriarch. In 1701, he received permission from the Ottoman government to rebuild the churches of Mardin after having travelled to Constantinople and other places, accompanied by the priest Shukrallah.
Whilst Isaac was at Aleppo, George died on 5 June 1708. A synod was subsequently held at the monastery of Saint Ananias in 1709, with Maphrian Basil Lazarus of Tur Abdin presiding, and Isaac was unanimously chosen to succeed George as patriarch of Antioch. After having received a firman from the Ottoman government recognising his ascension to the patriarchal office, Isaac was consecrated as patriarch by Basil Lazarus at Amida on 8 February 1709, upon which he assumed the name Ignatius. Isaac served as patriarch until ill health led him to resign, and, as a result, a synod was convened at the monastery of Saint Ananias on 20 July 1723, at which Dionysius Shukrallah, archbishop of Aleppo, was elected as patriarch with Isaac's approval. Isaac returned to Mosul, where he died on 11 or 18 July 1724, and was buried in his father's mausoleum at the Church of Saint Thomas. As maphrian and patriarch, Isaac ordained seventeen bishops.
Works
At the time of the reconstruction of the church of Saint Jacob at Amida in 1691, Isaac issued a decree on behalf of the Shamsis, a small former sun-worshipping sect that had joined the Syriac Orthodox Church yet faced suspicion, to attest to their adherence to the Church. The decree was a copy of a document written by the monk David of Homs in c. 1460; it was later found by Patriarch Ignatius George V in 1825 and copied again in Garshuni.
He also composed a short grammar book in Syriac in 15 chapters on etymology and morphology whilst maphrian, before 1699.
Episcopal succession
As maphrian and patriarch, Isaac ordained the following bishops:
Dioscorus Shukr Allah, archbishop of Gazarta (1687)
Timothy Shukr Allah, archbishop of Amida (1690)
Severus Malke, archbishop of the monastery of Saint Matthew (1694)
Athanasius Murad, archbishop of Gazarta (1695)
Timothy ‘Ata Allah, bishop of Edessa (1699)
Dionysius Shukr Allah, archbishop of Aleppo (1709)
Basil Lazarus III, Maphrian of the East (1709)
Basil Simon II, Maphrian of Tur Abdin (1710)
John of Mardin, archbishop of the monastery of Saint Abhai, Gargar, and Ḥisn Manṣūr (1712)
Basil Matthew II, Maphrian of the East (1713)
Gregorius Job, archbishop of the monastery of Saint Abhai (1714)
Timothy ’Isa, archbishop of monastery of Saint Ananias and Mardin (1718)
Severus Elias, archbishop of Edessa (1718)
Dioscorus Aho, archbishop of Gazarta (1718)
Gregorius ‘Abd al-Ahad, archbishop of Jerusalem (1719)
Iyawannis Karas, archbishop of the monastery of Saint Behnam (1722)
Basil George, archbishop (1722)
References
Notes
^ Isaac's abdication is alternatively placed in 1722, or 1724.
Citations
^ James E. Walters (9 December 2016). "Isaac ʿAzar, patriarch of Antioch". A Guide to Syriac Authors. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
^ a b c d e f Barsoum (2009a), p. 13.
^ a b Barsoum (2009a), pp. 1, 13.
^ a b c Kiraz (2011), p. 217.
^ a b c Ignatius Jacob III (2008), pp. 118–119.
^ Ignatius Jacob III (2008), p. 120.
^ Ignatius Jacob III (2008), p. 206.
^ Barsoum (2009b), pp. 1, 190.
^ Barsoum (2009a), p. 29.
^ a b Barsoum (2008), p. 49.
^ Wilmshurst (2019), p. 809.
^ a b Barsoum (2003), p. 516.
^ a b c Barsoum (2009a), p. 14.
^ Barsoum (2008), p. 50.
^ Barsoum (2009b), p. 190.
^ a b Barsoum (2009b), pp. 179–180.
^ Barsoum (2009a), pp. 14–28.
Bibliography
Barsoum, Aphrem (2003). The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (2nd ed.). Gorgias Press. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
Barsoum, Aphrem (2008). History of the Za'faran Monastery. Translated by Matti Moosa. Gorgias Press. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
Barsoum, Aphrem (2009a). History of the Syriac Dioceses. Vol. 1. Translated by Matti Moosa. Gorgias Press. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
Barsoum, Aphrem (2009b). The Collected Historical Essays of Aphram I Barsoum. Vol. 1. Translated by Matti Moosa. Gorgias Press. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
Ignatius Jacob III (2008). History of the Monastery of Saint Matthew in Mosul. Translated by Matti Moosa. Gorgias Press. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
Kiraz, George A. (2011). "Isḥoq ʿAzar". In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.). Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition. Gorgias Press. p. 217. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
Wilmshurst, David (2019). "West Syrian patriarchs and maphrians". In Daniel King (ed.). The Syriac World. Routledge. pp. 806–813.
Preceded byBasil George
Syriac Orthodox Maphrian of the East 1687–1709
Succeeded byBasil Lazarus III
Preceded byIgnatius George II
Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch 1709–1723
Succeeded byIgnatius Shukrallah II
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VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Patriarch of Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch"},{"link_name":"Syriac Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church"}],"text":"Ignatius Isaac II (Syriac: ܐܝܣܚܩ ܥܐܙܐܪ, Arabic: اسحق بطريارك انطاكية)[1] was the Patriarch of Antioch and head of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 1709 until his resignation in 1723.","title":"Ignatius Isaac II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsoum2009a13-2"},{"link_name":"Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Matthew_II"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_George_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsoum2009a1,_13-3"},{"link_name":"monastery of Saint Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Mattai_Monastery"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiraz2011217-4"},{"link_name":"Basil Yeldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baselios_Yeldo"},{"link_name":"Maphrian of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maphrian"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgnatius_Jacob_III2008118%E2%80%93119-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgnatius_Jacob_III2008118%E2%80%93119-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgnatius_Jacob_III2008118%E2%80%93119-5"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Abdulmasih I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ignatius_Abdulmasih_I&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"monastery of Saint Ananias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Hananyo_Monastery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsoum2009a13-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgnatius_Jacob_III2008120-6"},{"link_name":"Mardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsoum2009a13-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiraz2011217-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgnatius_Jacob_III2008206-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsoum2009a13-2"},{"link_name":"Amida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"church of Saint Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary_Church,_Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"Jacob of Serugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_of_Serugh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsoum2009b1,_190-8"},{"link_name":"Ottoman government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublime_Porte"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Shukrallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Shukrallah_II"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsoum2009a29-9"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsoum2009a1,_13-3"},{"link_name":"Basil Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basil_Lazarus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tur Abdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur_Abdin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsoum2009a13-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsoum200849-10"},{"link_name":"firman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman"},{"link_name":"Ottoman government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublime_Porte"},{"link_name":"Amida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsoum2009a13-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsoum200849-10"},{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Dionysius Shukrallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Shukrallah_II"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsoum2009a14-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsoum200850-15"},{"link_name":"Church of Saint Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Thomas,_Mosul"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsoum2009a14-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsoum2009b190-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsoum2009a14-14"}],"text":"Isaac ʿAzar was born at Mosul in 1647, and was the son of Maqdisi 'Azar and Maryam.[2] He had brothers named Matthew and Jacob, and two uncles, George and Rizq Allah, through his mother.[3] Isaac became a monk at the nearby monastery of Saint Matthew,[4] where he and his uncle George were both ordained as priests in 1669 by Basil Yeldo, Maphrian of the East.[5] In 1673, Isaac and George aided Basil Yeldo in renovating the monastery of Saint Matthew, for which the three of them were imprisoned by the governor of Mosul for a short while.[5] Basil Yeldo appointed Isaac as the abbot of the monastery of Saint Matthew in 1675,[5] and he was later ordained as archbishop of the monastery of Saint Matthew by Patriarch Ignatius Abdulmasih I in early 1684 at the monastery of Saint Ananias, upon which he assumed the name Severus.[2] This took place at the same time as George's ordination as Basil Yeldo's successor as Maphrian of the East.[6]In April 1687, Isaac was ordained as Maphrian of the East at the Great Church of Mardin by his uncle George, who had been elevated to patriarch of Antioch at the same time, upon which he assumed the name Basil.[2][4] Throughout George's tenure as patriarch, Isaac was entrusted with the administration of the whole church,[7] and thus he ordained several bishops and a number of presbyters, deacons and monks.[2] At Amida, he rebuilt the church of Saint Jacob in 1691, and renovated the church of Saint Mary in 1693, and added the nave of Saint Jacob of Serugh, on instruction from the patriarch.[8] In 1701, he received permission from the Ottoman government to rebuild the churches of Mardin after having travelled to Constantinople and other places, accompanied by the priest Shukrallah.[9]Whilst Isaac was at Aleppo, George died on 5 June 1708.[3] A synod was subsequently held at the monastery of Saint Ananias in 1709, with Maphrian Basil Lazarus of Tur Abdin presiding, and Isaac was unanimously chosen to succeed George as patriarch of Antioch.[2][10] After having received a firman from the Ottoman government recognising his ascension to the patriarchal office, Isaac was consecrated as patriarch by Basil Lazarus at Amida on 8 February 1709, upon which he assumed the name Ignatius.[2][10] Isaac served as patriarch until ill health led him to resign, and, as a result, a synod was convened at the monastery of Saint Ananias on 20 July 1723,[nb 1] at which Dionysius Shukrallah, archbishop of Aleppo, was elected as patriarch with Isaac's approval.[13][14] Isaac returned to Mosul, where he died on 11 or 18 July 1724, and was buried in his father's mausoleum at the Church of Saint Thomas.[13][15] As maphrian and patriarch, Isaac ordained seventeen bishops.[13]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shamsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_deity"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsoum2009b179%E2%80%93180-17"},{"link_name":"Homs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homs"},{"link_name":"Ignatius George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ignatius_George_V&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Garshuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garshuni"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsoum2009b179%E2%80%93180-17"},{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology"},{"link_name":"morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiraz2011217-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsoum2003516-12"}],"text":"At the time of the reconstruction of the church of Saint Jacob at Amida in 1691, Isaac issued a decree on behalf of the Shamsis, a small former sun-worshipping sect that had joined the Syriac Orthodox Church yet faced suspicion, to attest to their adherence to the Church.[16] The decree was a copy of a document written by the monk David of Homs in c. 1460; it was later found by Patriarch Ignatius George V in 1825 and copied again in Garshuni.[16]He also composed a short grammar book in Syriac in 15 chapters on etymology and morphology whilst maphrian, before 1699.[4][12]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarsoum2009a14%E2%80%9328-18"},{"link_name":"Gazarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cizre#Syriac_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"Amida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r"},{"link_name":"monastery of Saint Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Mattai_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Gazarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cizre#Syriac_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"bishop of Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Edessa"},{"link_name":"Dionysius Shukr Allah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Shukrallah_II"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Basil Lazarus III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Lazarus_III"},{"link_name":"Maphrian of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maphrian"},{"link_name":"Maphrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maphrian"},{"link_name":"Tur Abdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur_Abdin"},{"link_name":"Mardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin"},{"link_name":"Gargar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerger"},{"link_name":"Ḥisn Manṣūr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C4%B1yaman"},{"link_name":"Basil Matthew II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Matthew_II"},{"link_name":"Maphrian of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maphrian"},{"link_name":"monastery of Saint Ananias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Hananyo_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Mardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin"},{"link_name":"archbishop of Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Edessa"},{"link_name":"Gazarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cizre#Syriac_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"archbishop of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Archbishop_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"monastery of Saint Behnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Behnam_Monastery"}],"text":"As maphrian and patriarch, Isaac ordained the following bishops:[17]Dioscorus Shukr Allah, archbishop of Gazarta (1687)\nTimothy Shukr Allah, archbishop of Amida (1690)\nSeverus Malke, archbishop of the monastery of Saint Matthew (1694)\nAthanasius Murad, archbishop of Gazarta (1695)\nTimothy ‘Ata Allah, bishop of Edessa (1699)\nDionysius Shukr Allah, archbishop of Aleppo (1709)\nBasil Lazarus III, Maphrian of the East (1709)\nBasil Simon II, Maphrian of Tur Abdin (1710)\nJohn of Mardin, archbishop of the monastery of Saint Abhai, Gargar, and Ḥisn Manṣūr (1712)\nBasil Matthew II, Maphrian of the East (1713)\nGregorius Job, archbishop of the monastery of Saint Abhai (1714)\nTimothy ’Isa, archbishop of monastery of Saint Ananias and Mardin (1718)\nSeverus Elias, archbishop of Edessa (1718)\nDioscorus Aho, archbishop of Gazarta (1718)\nGregorius ‘Abd al-Ahad, archbishop of Jerusalem (1719)\nIyawannis Karas, archbishop of the monastery of Saint Behnam (1722)\nBasil George, archbishop (1722)","title":"Episcopal succession"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barsoum, Aphrem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Aphrem_I"},{"link_name":"The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/EphremBarsoumMattiMoosaTheScatteredPearlsAHistoryOfSyriacLiteratureAndSciences"},{"link_name":"Barsoum, Aphrem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Aphrem_I"},{"link_name":"History of the Za'faran Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/history-of-the-zafaran-monastery-by-ignatius-aphram-barsoum-z-lib.org"},{"link_name":"Barsoum, Aphrem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Aphrem_I"},{"link_name":"History of the Syriac Dioceses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/history-of-syriac-dioceses.-aphrem-barsoum"},{"link_name":"Barsoum, Aphrem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Aphrem_I_Barsoum"},{"link_name":"The Collected Historical Essays of Aphram I Barsoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/the-collected-historical-essays-of-aphram-i-barsoum"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Jacob III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Jacob_III"},{"link_name":"History of the Monastery of Saint Matthew in Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/history-of-the-monastery-of-saint-matthew-in-mosul-by-ignatius-aphram-barsoum-z-lib.org"},{"link_name":"Kiraz, George A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Kiraz"},{"link_name":"\"Isḥoq ʿAzar\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Ishoq-Azar"},{"link_name":"George A. Kiraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Kiraz"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Maphrians_and_Metropolitans_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Maphrians_and_Metropolitans_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maphrians_and_Metropolitans_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Maphrians and Grand Metropolitans of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_maphrians"},{"link_name":"Ahudemmeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahudemmeh"},{"link_name":"Qamishoʿ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qamisho%CA%BF"},{"link_name":"Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_of_Ctesiphon"},{"link_name":"Marutha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marutha_of_Tikrit"},{"link_name":"Denha I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denha_I_of_Tikrit"},{"link_name":"John V Sarugoyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_V_Sarugoyo"},{"link_name":"Dionysius bar Masih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_bar_Masih"},{"link_name":"Ignatius III David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_III_David"},{"link_name":"John VI bar Maʿdani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_XIII_bar_Ma%27dani"},{"link_name":"Gregory II bar Hebraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus"},{"link_name":"Basil Behnam I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Behnam_Hadloyo"},{"link_name":"Basil Noah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Noah_of_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Basil Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Solomon"},{"link_name":"Basil Ni'matallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Ni%27matallah"},{"link_name":"Basil Peter Hadaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Hidayat_Allah"},{"link_name":"Basil Yeldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baselios_Yeldo"},{"link_name":"Basil George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_George_II"},{"link_name":"Basil Isaac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Basil Lazarus III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Lazarus_III"},{"link_name":"Basil Matthew II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Matthew_II"},{"link_name":"Basil Shukrallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baselios_Sakralla_III_of_Aleppo"},{"link_name":"Baselios Augen I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baselios_Augen_I"},{"link_name":"Baselios Paulose II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baselios_Paulose_II"},{"link_name":"Baselios Thomas I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baselios_Thomas_I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"link_name":"Christianity 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II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Shukrallah II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Shukrallah_II"},{"link_name":"Ignatius George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ignatius_George_III&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ignatius George IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ignatius_George_IV&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ignatius_Matthew&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ignatius John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ignatius_John&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ignatius George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ignatius_George_V&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Elias II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ignatius_Elias_II&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Jacob II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ignatius_Jacob_II&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Peter IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Peter_IV"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Abdulmasih II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Abded_Mshiho_II"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Abdullah II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Abded_Aloho_II"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Elias III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Elias_III"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Aphrem_I_Barsoum"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Jacob III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Jacob_III"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Zakka I Iwas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Zakka_I_Iwas"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Aphrem II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Aphrem_II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"link_name":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5992741#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/306479446"}],"text":"Barsoum, Aphrem (2003). The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (2nd ed.). Gorgias Press. Retrieved 14 July 2020.\nBarsoum, Aphrem (2008). History of the Za'faran Monastery. Translated by Matti Moosa. Gorgias Press. Retrieved 26 June 2021.\nBarsoum, Aphrem (2009a). History of the Syriac Dioceses. Vol. 1. Translated by Matti Moosa. Gorgias Press. Retrieved 26 June 2021.\nBarsoum, Aphrem (2009b). The Collected Historical Essays of Aphram I Barsoum. Vol. 1. Translated by Matti Moosa. Gorgias Press. Retrieved 26 June 2021.\nIgnatius Jacob III (2008). History of the Monastery of Saint Matthew in Mosul. Translated by Matti Moosa. Gorgias Press. Retrieved 25 May 2021.\nKiraz, George A. (2011). \"Isḥoq ʿAzar\". In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.). Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition. Gorgias Press. p. 217. Retrieved 18 September 2020.\nWilmshurst, David (2019). \"West Syrian patriarchs and maphrians\". In Daniel King (ed.). The Syriac World. Routledge. pp. 806–813.vteMaphrians and Grand Metropolitans of the EastGrand Metropolitans of the East(559–1075)\nAhudemmeh (559–575)\nQamishoʿ (578–609)\nSamuel (614–624)\nMarutha (629–649)\nDenha I (649–659)\nMaphrians of the East (1075–1859)\nJohn V Sarugoyo (1164–1188)\nDionysius bar Masih (1189–1190)†\nIgnatius III David (1215–1222)\nJohn VI bar Maʿdani (1232–1252)\nGregory II bar Hebraeus (1264–1286)\nBasil Behnam I (1404–1412)\nBasil Noah (1490–1494)\nBasil Solomon (1509–1518)\nBasil Ni'matallah (1555–1557)\nBasil Peter Hadaya (1597–1598)\nBasil Yeldo (c. 1671–1683)\nBasil George (1683–1686)\nBasil Isaac (1687–1709)\nBasil Lazarus III (1709–1713)\nBasil Matthew II (1713-1727)\nBasil Shukrallah (1748–1764)§\nCatholicoi of the East (1964–2002)\nBaselios Augen I (1964–1975)\nBaselios Paulose II (1975–1996)\nCatholicoi of India (2002–present)\nBaselios Thomas I (2002–present)\n† Illegitimate; § Maphrian of Malabar\n Christianity portalvtePatriarchs of the Syriac Orthodox Church6th–9th centuries\nSeverus I (512–538)\nSergius of Tella (c. 544–c. 547; c. 557–560)\nPaul II (c. 551/564–578)\nPeter III (578/581–591)\nJulian II (591–594)\nAthanasius I Gammolo (594/595–631)\nJohn III (631–648)\nTheodore (649–666/667)\nSeverus II bar Masqeh (667/668–680/684)\nAthanasius II Baldoyo (683/684–687)\nJulian III (687–707/708)\nElias I (709–723/724)\nAthanasius III (724–739/740)\nIwannis I (739/740–754/755)\nIsaac I (755–756)†\nAthanasius Sandalaya (756–758)†\nGeorge I (758/759–789/790)\nJohn of Raqqa (758–762)†\nDavid of Dara (762–774)†\nJoseph (790–791/792)\nQuriaqos (793–817)\nAbraham (807/808–837)†\nDionysius I Telmaharoyo (818–845)\nSimeon (c. 837)†\nJohn IV (846/847–873/874)\nIgnatius II (878–883)\nTheodosius Romanus (887–896)\nDionysius II (896/897–908/909)\n10th–13th centuries\nJohn V (910–922)\nBasil I (923–935)\nJohn VI (936–953)\nIwannis II (954–957)\nDionysius III (958–961)\nAbraham I (962–963)\nJohn VII Sarigta (965–985)\nAthanasius IV Salhoyo (986/987–1002/1003)\nJohn VIII bar Abdoun (1004–1030/1031/1033)\nDionysius IV Yahyo (1031–1042)\nJohn IX bar ʿAbdun (1042/1048/1049–1057)\nAthanasius V Yahyo (1057/1058–1062/1064)\nJohn X bar Shushan (1063/1064–1072/1073)\nBasil II (1074–1075)\nJohn bar ʿAbdun (1075–1076/1077)†\nDionysius V Laʿzar (1077–1078/1079)\nIwannis III (1086–1087/1088)\nDionysius VI (1088–1090)\nAthanasius VI bar Khamoro (1090/1091–1129)\nJohn XI bar Mawdyono (1129/1130–1137)\nAthanasius VII bar Qatra (1138/1139–1166)\nMichael I Rabo (1166–1199)\nTheodore bar Wahbun (1180–1193)†\nAthanasius VIII (1199–1207)\nMichael II the Younger (1199/1200–1215)†\nJohn XII (1207/1208–1219/1220)\nIgnatius III David (1222–1252)\nDionysius VII ʿAngur (1252–1261)†\nJohn XIII bar Ma'dani (1252–1263)\nIgnatius IV Yeshu (1264–1282/1283)\nPhiloxenus I Nemrud (1283–1292)\nMichael II (1292–1312)\nPatriarchs of Mardin, 1293–1445\nIgnatius bar Wahib (1293–1333)\nIgnatius Ismail (1333–1365/1366)\nIgnatius Shahab (1365/1366–1381)\nIgnatius Abraham bar Gharib (1381/1382–1412)\nIgnatius Behnam Hadloyo (1412–1445)\nPatriarchs of Melitene, 1293–1360\nIgnatius Constantine (1292–1293)\nIgnatius Philoxenus (1349–c. 1360)\nPatriarchs of Tur Abdin,1364–1844\nIgnatius Saba I (1364–1389)\nIgnatius Yeshu I (1389–1418)\nIgnatius Masʿud I (1418–1420)\nIgnatius Enoch (1421–1444/1445)\nIgnatius Qumo (1444/1446–1454/1455)\nIgnatius Yeshu II (1455–1460)\nIgnatius Philoxenus Aziz bar Sobto (1460–1482)\nIgnatius Saba II (1482–1488/1489)\nIgnatius John Quphar ʿEnwardoyo (1489–1492/1493)\nIgnatius Masʿud II (1492/1493–1494/1509/1512)\nIgnatius Yeshu III (1515–1524)\nIgnatius Simon of Hattakh (1524–1551)\nIgnatius Jacob of Hesna d’Kifa (1551–1571)\nIgnatius Sohdo of Midyat (1584–1621)\nIgnatius Abdallah of Midyat (c. 1628)\nIgnatius Habib of Midyat (1674–1707)\nIgnatius Denho of Arnas (1707–1725)\nIgnatius Barsawmo of Midyat (1740–1791)\nIgnatius Aho of Arbo (1791–1816)\nIgnatius Ishaʿya of Arbo (1791–1816)\nSeverus Isaac of Azekh (1804–1816)\nJoseph of Arnas (1805–1834)\nBarsawmo of Hbob (1816–1839)\nMirza of Beth Sbirino (1816–1842)\nGregory Zaitun Ghomo of Midyat (1821–1844)\nSeverus Abd al-Nur of Arbo (1834–1839)\n14th–17th centuries\nMichael III Yeshu (1313–1349)\nBasil III Gabriel (1349–1387)\nPhiloxenus II (1387–c. 1421)\nBasil IV Simon (1421/1422–1444/1445)\nIgnatius Behnam Hadloyo (1445–1455)\nIgnatius Khalaf Maʿdnoyo (1455/1456–1484)\nIgnatius John XIV (1484–1493)\nIgnatius Noah of Lebanon (1493/1494–1509)\nIgnatius Yeshu I (1509–1510/1519)\nIgnatius Jacob I (1510/1512–1517/1519)\nIgnatius David I (1519–1521)\nIgnatius Abdullah I (1521–1557)\nIgnatius Ni'matallah (1557–1576)\nIgnatius David II Shah (1576–1591)\nIgnatius Pilate (1591–1597)\nIgnatius Hidayat Allah (1597/1598–1639/1640)\nIgnatius Simon I (1640–1653)\nIgnatius Shukrallah I (1640–1670)†\nIgnatius Yeshu II (1653/1655–1661)\nIgnatius Abdulmasih I (1661/1662–1686)\nIgnatius George II (1687–1708)\n18th century–present\nIgnatius Isaac II (1709–1722)\nIgnatius Shukrallah II (1722/1723–1745)\nIgnatius George III (1745/1746–1768)\nIgnatius George IV (1768–1781)\nIgnatius Matthew (1782–1817/1819)\nIgnatius John (1817–1818)\nIgnatius George V (1819–1836/1839)\nIgnatius Elias II (1836/1839–1847)\nIgnatius Jacob II (1847–1871)\nIgnatius Peter IV (1872–1894)\nIgnatius Abdulmasih II (1894/1895–1903)\nIgnatius Abdullah II (1906–1915)\nIgnatius Elias III (1917–1932/1933)\nIgnatius Aphrem I Barsoum (1933–1957)\nIgnatius Jacob III (1957–1980)\nIgnatius Zakka I Iwas (1980–2014)\nIgnatius Aphrem II (2014–Present)\n† Illegitimate\n Christianity portalAuthority control databases \nVIAF","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"James E. Walters (9 December 2016). \"Isaac ʿAzar, patriarch of Antioch\". A Guide to Syriac Authors. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://syriaca.org/person/289","url_text":"\"Isaac ʿAzar, patriarch of Antioch\""}]},{"reference":"Barsoum, Aphrem (2003). The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (2nd ed.). Gorgias Press. Retrieved 14 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Aphrem_I","url_text":"Barsoum, Aphrem"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/EphremBarsoumMattiMoosaTheScatteredPearlsAHistoryOfSyriacLiteratureAndSciences","url_text":"The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences"}]},{"reference":"Barsoum, Aphrem (2008). History of the Za'faran Monastery. Translated by Matti Moosa. Gorgias Press. Retrieved 26 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Aphrem_I","url_text":"Barsoum, Aphrem"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-zafaran-monastery-by-ignatius-aphram-barsoum-z-lib.org","url_text":"History of the Za'faran Monastery"}]},{"reference":"Barsoum, Aphrem (2009a). History of the Syriac Dioceses. Vol. 1. Translated by Matti Moosa. Gorgias Press. Retrieved 26 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Aphrem_I","url_text":"Barsoum, Aphrem"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/history-of-syriac-dioceses.-aphrem-barsoum","url_text":"History of the Syriac Dioceses"}]},{"reference":"Barsoum, Aphrem (2009b). The Collected Historical Essays of Aphram I Barsoum. Vol. 1. Translated by Matti Moosa. Gorgias Press. Retrieved 26 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Aphrem_I_Barsoum","url_text":"Barsoum, Aphrem"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/the-collected-historical-essays-of-aphram-i-barsoum","url_text":"The Collected Historical Essays of Aphram I Barsoum"}]},{"reference":"Ignatius Jacob III (2008). History of the Monastery of Saint Matthew in Mosul. Translated by Matti Moosa. Gorgias Press. Retrieved 25 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Jacob_III","url_text":"Ignatius Jacob III"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-monastery-of-saint-matthew-in-mosul-by-ignatius-aphram-barsoum-z-lib.org","url_text":"History of the Monastery of Saint Matthew in Mosul"}]},{"reference":"Kiraz, George A. (2011). \"Isḥoq ʿAzar\". In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.). Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition. Gorgias Press. p. 217. Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Kiraz","url_text":"Kiraz, George A."},{"url":"https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Ishoq-Azar","url_text":"\"Isḥoq ʿAzar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Kiraz","url_text":"George A. Kiraz"}]},{"reference":"Wilmshurst, David (2019). \"West Syrian patriarchs and maphrians\". In Daniel King (ed.). The Syriac World. Routledge. pp. 806–813.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://syriaca.org/person/289","external_links_name":"\"Isaac ʿAzar, patriarch of Antioch\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/EphremBarsoumMattiMoosaTheScatteredPearlsAHistoryOfSyriacLiteratureAndSciences","external_links_name":"The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-zafaran-monastery-by-ignatius-aphram-barsoum-z-lib.org","external_links_name":"History of the Za'faran Monastery"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/history-of-syriac-dioceses.-aphrem-barsoum","external_links_name":"History of the Syriac Dioceses"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/the-collected-historical-essays-of-aphram-i-barsoum","external_links_name":"The Collected Historical Essays of Aphram I Barsoum"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/history-of-the-monastery-of-saint-matthew-in-mosul-by-ignatius-aphram-barsoum-z-lib.org","external_links_name":"History of the Monastery of Saint Matthew in Mosul"},{"Link":"https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Ishoq-Azar","external_links_name":"\"Isḥoq ʿAzar\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/306479446","external_links_name":"VIAF"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1466%E2%80%931467) | Siege of Krujë (1466–1467) | ["1 Background","2 Campaign","2.1 Ottoman activities in Albania","2.2 Siege","2.3 Construction of Elbasan Fortress","3 Skanderbeg in Rome","4 Final battles","5 References","6 Sources"] | Coordinates: 41°30′27″N 19°47′42″E / 41.50750°N 19.79500°E / 41.50750; 19.79500Second siege of Krujë
This article is about the second siege of Krujë. For other events, see Siege of Krujë.
Second siege of KrujëPart of Albanian–Ottoman Wars (1432–1479)The second siege of Krujë by Jost Amman (1467)DateJune 1466 – 23 April 1467LocationKrujë, Albania41°30′27″N 19°47′42″E / 41.50750°N 19.79500°E / 41.50750; 19.79500Result
Albanian-Venetian victoryBelligerents
League of LezhëRepublic of Venice
Ottoman EmpireCommanders and leaders
SkanderbegTanush ThopiaLekë DukagjiniBaldassare PerducciNicolo Moneta
Ballaban Badera †Mehmed IIStrength
13,400 men
30,000 class=notpageimage| Location within AlbaniavteMedieval Albanian–Ottoman WarsEarly Ottoman invasions and rule (1385–1443)
Ohrid (1375)
Savra (1385)
Kosovo (1389)
Bayezid I's Campaign (1394)
Ohrid (1395)
Zenevisi War (1414-18)
Krujë (1415)
Muzaka War (1415-1417)
Kastrioti War (1428-1430)
Albanian Revolt (1432-1436)
Muzaka Revolt (1437-1438)
Arianiti Revolt (1443)
Skanderbeg's Rebellion (1443–1468)
Svetigrad (1443)
Torvioll (1444)
Mokra (1445)
Otonetë (1446)
Svetigrad (1448)
Oranik (1448)
Krujë (1450)
Mehmed II's first Campaign (Modrica (1452) • Meçad (1452))
Pollog (1453)
Berat (1455)
Oranik (1456)
Albulena (1457)
Sati (1459)
Mokra (1462)
Macedonian Campaign (Mokra (1462) • Pollog (1462) • Livad (1462))
Ohrid (1464)
Vaikal (1465)
Meçad (1465)
Ballaban's fourth Campaign (Vaikal (1465) • Kashari (1465))
Krujë (1466-67)
Krujë (1467)
Contemporaneous Campaigns (1447–1462)
Venetian War (1447-1448)
Dukagjini Civil War (1456-1457)
Italian Expedition (1460-1462)
Resistance until the Fall of Shkodra (1468–1479)
Himarë (1473-1479)
Shkodra (1474)
Krujë (1478)
Shkodra (1478-1479)Wars involving Albania
The second siege of Krujë took place from 1466 to 1467. Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire led an army into Albania to defeat Skanderbeg, the leader of the League of Lezhë, which was created in 1444 after he began his war against the Ottomans. During the almost year-long siege, Skanderbeg's main fortress, Krujë, withstood the siege while Skanderbeg roamed Albania to gather forces and facilitate the flight of refugees from the civilian areas that were attacked by the Ottomans. Krujë managed to withstand the siege put on it by Ballaban Badera, sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Ohrid, an Albanian brought up in the Ottoman army through the devşirme. By 23 April 1467, the Ottoman army had been defeated and Skanderbeg entered Krujë.
Mehmed had decided to construct a fortress in what is now Elbasan which would provide a perennial base for future Ottoman assaults on Skanderbeg's domains. The fortress especially worried Venice since Elbasan was constructed on the banks of the Shkumbin River which would allow the Ottomans to send ships into the Adriatic and threaten Venetian colonies. Seeing that his situation had become unfavorable, Skanderbeg made a trip to Italy where he would try to convince Pope Paul II and Ferdinand I of Naples to give him aid for his war. Despite many promises from the pope, Skanderbeg received little due to the fear of a Neapolitan war with Rome and infighting in the Roman Curia. Ferdinand and the Republic of Venice likewise deferred Skanderbeg's requests to the pope. By the time he left Italy, the League of Lezhë had been weakened and needed his intervention.
After his return the Venetians decided to send troops against the Ottoman advances. Skanderbeg gathered 13,400 men, among whom were many Venetians, to launch an assault on the Ottoman besieging camp, who had taken command once Mehmed left Albania after the construction of Elbasan. Skanderbeg had split his army into three parts and surrounded the besiegers. Ballaban was killed during the fighting and the Ottoman forces were left without a commander and a depleted force which was surrounded. Afterwards the Albanian-Venetian forces completed the rout by killing the remaining Ottoman forces before they could escape by way of Dibër. The victory was well received by both Albanians and Italians. This did not signal the end of the war, however, as soon after, Skanderbeg took up some assaults on Elbasan after being urged to by Venice, but was not able to take the fortress due to lack of artillery. Venice itself was in conflict with its Italian neighbors, which led Mehmed to begin another campaign against the Albanians. This would result in another siege on Krujë.
Background
Skanderbeg
Mehmed II
Skanderbeg had been an Ottoman sanjakbey, who defected from the empire and united several Albanian princes under the League of Lezhë. From Krujë, his main fort, he led the league in the Ottoman-Albanian wars. Having defeated the Ottomans in many battles he allied with Western Christian states and leaders, especially with Alfonso V of Aragon and the Papal States. On 14 August 1464, Pope Pius II, one of Skanderbeg's major benefactors, died and his plans for a crusade against the Ottoman Empire disintegrated. The alliances and promises for help from the major Christian powers were canceled with the exception of the Kingdom of Hungary under Matthias Corvinus and the Republic of Venice. Sultan Mehmed II realized the power vacuum created after Pius died and he tried to take advantage of the situation. He thus attempted to sign a peace agreement with Hungary and Venice so that his forces could focus on Albania to gain a base for future campaigns in the Italian peninsula. His efforts were unsuccessful, however, since neither Venice nor Hungary accepted his proposed treaty. Mehmed thus kept his armies stationed in the Balkans, one force near Jajce in Bosnia, one in Ohrid, and another one in the Morea.
Skanderbeg led an incursion into Ottoman territory near Ohrid with the aid of Venetian forces under a condottiero named Antonio da Cosenza, also known as Cimarosto, on 6 September 1464. Together, they defeated the Ottoman forces under Şeremet bey stationed there on 14 or 15 September. The Venetian Senate informed the Hungarians of the joint Albanian-Venetian success on 29 September. Mehmed, sensing the weakness in his frontier, assigned Ballaban Badera as commander, replacing Şeremet. Ballaban was an Albanian by birth who had been incorporated into the Ottoman army through the devşirme system and was sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Ohrid in 1464 and 1465. In the meantime, Pope Paul II began planning his own crusade, but with means different from his predecessor. He planned to get the major European states to help fund the crusade while Venice, Hungary, and Albania would do the fighting. He also wanted to aid the Albanians as much as possible and urged the Kingdom of Naples to supply Skanderbeg with able forces. Venice began to consider peace with the Ottomans since its resources had significantly decreased, while Hungary adopted a defensive strategy, however, pressure from the Pope and Skanderbeg forced them to abort their efforts.
The Ottoman-Albanian war continued through 1465 with Ballaban Badera meeting Skanderbeg at Vaikal, Meçad, Vaikal again, and Kashari. In the meantime, Mehmed continued to negotiate peace with Hungary and Venice. Skanderbeg found himself isolated during these negotiations, even if they did not succeed, as the conflicting powers temporarily ceased conflict. Furthermore, Ferdinand I of Naples did not send his promised forces and the Venetian forces under Cimarosto left Albania. During the autumn of 1465, Ottoman forces moved from the Morea and Bosnia in order to speed up the peace negotiations. Venice, however, refused peace and Skanderbeg believed that a new Albanian-Venetian campaign would begin. He kept Pal Engjëlli, his ambassador, in constant correspondence with the Signoria (Venetian Senate), which sent him to Albania to inform Skanderbeg that troops were being raised, although only 300 had been recruited at the time, with Cimarosto as the commander. Venice was also in the process of sending its provveditores in Albania Veneta 3,000 ducats to recruit men. They would also send four cannons, ten springalds, and ten barrels of gunpowder. Throughout April, rumors spread that the Ottomans were preparing to march into Albania. By 18 April 1466, Venice received knowledge that the Ottomans were heading towards Albania.
Campaign
Main Albanian towns during the 15th century, including settlements in neighboring regions
Once news of the Ottoman approach arrived, Venice sent reinforcements to its cities along Albania; Durazzo (Durrës) had already garrisoned 3,000 men. The Scutari Fortress was also reinforced after Skanderbeg's counsel and the walls were rebuilt. On 19 April 1466, news spread that the sultan was going to march into Avlonya (Vlorë) with an army of 100,000 men although the Ragusans reported that the number was 30,000. Ottoman forces were ready to enter the Kingdom of Naples and pressured Ferdinand to form an alliance with Mehmed. The situation was not clear in the Balkans, however, as it was thought that the Ottomans could march against Bosnia, Serbia, Dalmatia, Negroponte, or Albania. By the beginning of May, however, it was clear that the Ottomans would attack Albania because of the approach of Mehmed's troops towards Albania after the end of his campaigns in Wallachia, Karaman, and the Morea. None of the promised reinforcements from Naples and Venice arrived and Skanderbeg was thus left to fight Ottoman forces only with the league's troops.
Ottoman activities in Albania
News arrived from eastern Albania that the Ottomans had initiated massacres in the area. The pope was distressed by this and called on the Christian princes of Europe to aid Skanderbeg. Soon after, Mehmed's men marched into Albania. Unlike his father Murad II, Mehmed considered that the only way Albania could be conquered would be through isolating Krujë, the main Albanian fortress, by reducing Skanderbeg's manpower, supplies, and political and moral backing. Afterwards, Krujë would be put under siege. The Ottoman campaign was thus sent in two directions: one through the Shkumbin River valley and another through the Black Drin River valley. Both fielded men in the frontier regions, right and left of both valleys, and would engage in massacring the local populations, raiding inhabited areas, and burning every village which offered resistance. The populations thus decided to flee into safe areas.
Skanderbeg did not expect such a campaign and his army was not ready to halt the advances. According to an act released Monopoli in Apulia, an army of 300,000 soldiers (a figure considered to be exaggerated) had marched into Albania, massacred 7,000 people, and sacked many populated areas, while Skanderbeg was preparing to flee to Italy. However, Skanderbeg had remained in Albania but he had sent twelve ships with many inhabitants of Krujë to Italy as refugees. With them, he sent his wife, Donika, and his son, Gjon. They were headed to Monte Sant'Angelo, a castle awarded to Skanderbeg after his campaigns to restore Ferdinand's rule. The arrival of Albanian refugees further distressed the pope and many Italians who had come to believe that Albania had been conquered and that Mehmed was now preparing to march into Italy. News to the contrary also reached Rome saying that the League of Lezhë had not been broken and that Krujë still stood.
The League of Lezhë saw a massive struggle against Ottoman forces and its front was expanded throughout Albania. Skanderbeg retreated to the mountains surrounding Scutari (Shkodër) where he collected men to relieve Krujë. Mehmed's akıncı were allowed to raid the country, a decision which, according to scholar Mehmed Neshriu, was an act of reprisal regarding Skanderbeg's raids in Macedonia in 1464, which interrupted his siege on Jajce. Idris Bitlisi, however, says that Mehmed's campaign was a response to the breaking of the ceasefire in 1463 when Skanderbeg learned that the crusade against the Ottomans organized by Pius II was ready to set off from Ancona. The resistance itself was described by Tursun Bey: the Albanians had gained control of the mountaintops and valleys where they had their kulle (fortified towers) which were dismantled when captured; those inside, especially the young men and women, were sold to slavery for 3,000–4,000 akçe each. Michael Critobulus, a Greek historian for the sultan, also describes the resistance and its aftermath. The Albanians in his chronicle had likewise gained the mountaintops; the light Ottoman infantry climbed up the heights where they cornered the Albanians behind a cliff and fell on them. Many Albanians jumped from the cliffs to escape massacre. The soldiers then spread throughout the mountains and captured many as slaves while also taking anything of value. Furthermore, in order to secure future marches into Albania, Mehmed ordered forests through which the main roads ran through to be cut down. In this way, he created wide military roads which were secure.
Siege
The first phase of the Ottoman campaign to isolate Krujë lasted for two months. According to Marin Barleti, Skanderbeg's main biographer, Skanderbeg had placed 4,400 men under Tanush Thopia as defenders of the castle. This force included 1,000 Venetian infantry under Baldassare Perducci and 200 Neapolitan marksmen. Skanderbeg removed his men from the fortress of Krujë in a manner similar to the first siege. Mehmed had marched into Albania with Ballaban Badera under his command. He offered rewards to the garrison if they surrendered, but the garrison responded by bombarding the Ottoman positions. The Ottomans then began to heavily bombard the fortress but this came to no effect. According to documentary sources, the siege began in mid-June, one month after Mehmed began his campaign to force the eastern regions of Albania into submission. Mehmed's campaigns there had put Skanderbeg under massive strain while the latter had yet to receive financial aid from abroad.
In the beginning of July, Skanderbeg sent Pal Engjëlli to Venice. On 7 July, Engjëlli informed the Venetians that the League of Lezhë continued and Krujë still stood, contrary to rumors that said otherwise. He thus requested the arrival of promised Venetian forces when they signed a treaty of alliance on 20 August 1463 and the promised contribution of 3,000 ducats. The Venetians responded that they were already in a difficult situation due to the Ottoman threat in Dalmatia and the Aegean where they possessed territories. They also responded that they had had difficulty recruiting new soldiers due to financial trouble and could only send 1,000 ducats to its provveditores in Albania. Despite these difficulties, Skanderbeg and his men continued fighting. After becoming convinced that Krujë would not be taken by force, Mehmed left 18,000 cavalry and 5,000 infantry under Ballaban and in June 1466 withdrew with his main army. He withdrew from the siege to Durazzo where he pillaged the area in rage. When Mehmed withdrew from Albania, he deposed Dorotheos, the Archbishop of Ohrid, and expatriated him together with his clerks and boyars and a considerable number of citizens of Ohrid to Istanbul, probably because of their anti-Ottoman activities during Skanderbeg's campaigns since many of them supported Skanderbeg and his fight. He took with him 3,000 Albanian prisoners.
Construction of Elbasan Fortress
The fortress in Elbasan, Albania
Despite his inability to subdue Krujë, Mehmed decided that the Ottoman presence would not depart from Albania. He organized a timar in eastern Albania to weaken Skanderbeg's domains. The new Ottoman possessions were collected and placed under the administration of the Sanjak of Dibra. He also decided to build a powerful fortress in central Albania to counterbalance Krujë's position and to form a base for further Ottoman campaigns. The fortress would be called Ilbasan (Elbasan). According to Ottoman chronicler Kemal Pashazade, the sultan would place several hundred men to patrol the area and defend the fortress. The foundations were built upon a field called Jundi, located in a Shkumbin valley, where the geographic conditions were regarded as favorable. Since the resources had been gathered and stored beforehand, Elbasan was built within a short time (one month) and Franz Babinger believes the work to have begun in July. Critobulus, who accompanied Mehmed in this campaign, describes that the men stationed in Elbasan would constantly harass the Albanians, to leave them no place for refuge, and to repel any Albanian force which descended from the mountains. Due to his personal guidance, Mehmed was able to see the construction finish before the summer ended. There would also be inhabitants inside to serve the 400 soldiers stationed there along with cannons and catapults; the fortress would be under the command of Ballaban Badera.
The personal care and attention Mehmed paid to Elbasan's construction testifies its importance in the sultan's plans. This is further testified by the message Mehmed gave to his son, the future Bayezid II, describing how he had devastated the country and at its center built a powerful fortress. Upon his exit from Albania, Marin Barleti says that Mehmed passed through Dibra and massacred 8,000 people, a figure close to the number given by the Ottoman chronicler Oruc ben Adil of 7,500. The importance of the fortress was further underscored by its position on the ancient Via Egnatia and its central position in the Shkumbin valley from where the Ottomans could travel to the coast. Elbasan concerned not only the Albanians, but also the Venetians, who considered its proximity to Durazzo (30 mi (48 km)) alarmant. On 16 August, around the time that the building of Elbasan was completed, Venice urged its proveditors in Albania to cooperate with the Italian and native forces in their proposed siege on Elbasan. Venetian faith in Skanderbeg began to subside, however, since the sultan took a much more aggressive approach in his relations with Venice. Since the Signoria still had not delivered its promised aid, Skanderbeg sent his son John to Venice. Even though the war was at its apogee, John returned from Venice empty-handed. This forced Skanderbeg to look towards Rome and Naples for aid.
Skanderbeg in Rome
Skanderbeg's portrait above the entrance to the palace where he stayed in Rome
During October 1466, Skanderbeg travelled to Italy to reach an agreement with Ferdinand of Naples and Pope Paul II over the provisions, which they would be willing to provide. As a result of the inter-Italian rivalries, the possibility of a crusade was abandoned. Since Paul was Venetian, Ferdinand was also worried that his interests could be inhibited by the pope and eventually he didn't send any resources to Skanderbeg until disagreements with his neighbors were resolved. Thus, Skanderbeg departed from Naples without any definitive agreement on the aid that would be provided by Naples. Venice offered the same and Skanderbeg went to Paul after the latter had declared that the Christian League had raised 100,000 ducats for the planned crusade. Skanderbeg reached Rome on 12 December 1466 where he was greeted by the cardinals and their families. Here they received the impression of Skanderbeg as a poor old man, dressed as an ordinary soldier. He was offered residence in Palazzo di San Marco, in what is now called Piazza Venezia but refused it and instead wanted to stay with another Albanian whose house later took the name Palazzo Scanderbeg. He was greeted by Italian ambassadors from the various states who offered "aid and favors" and by several bishops and prelates. Paul, however, was still wary of giving Skanderbeg aid because he reasoned that the Neapolitan threat was more powerful than the Ottoman one. Unlike his predecessors, Paul never attempted to form a crusade against the Ottomans and instead preferred the use of pacification methods. Nevertheless, Skanderbeg continued to stay in Rome, hoping that Paul would allocate part of his funds (of about 500,000 ducats) to Albania. Paul asserted to Skanderbeg that Venice's refusal to cooperate with him prevented him from directly helping Skanderbeg. Thus, Skanderbeg was sent to the Signoria to negotiate their stance.
During the last weeks of the year in Albania, there was no fighting since the Ottomans did not normally engage in battle during the winter. But Krujë was still under siege and Ottoman garrisons in other areas remained. Life became harder for the population after the destruction of crops and villages and the masses of refugees. By 22 November, news came to Venice about the campaigns of Sinan bey against Albania Veneta in order to pressure the Republic to accept a peace or a ceasefire. The Signoria was slow to come to terms with Mehmed due to the pressure put on it by Pope Paul, Hungary, and Naples to remain at war. The attempt to sway the Venetians failed and the campaign was cancelled. This had an adverse effect for the Ottomans since Lekë Dukagjini, Skanderbeg's ally in northern Albania, decided to work without reservation with Skanderbeg against the Ottomans. In Rome, the pope continued to hold Skanderbeg and would only give him 300 ducats to support his stay. On Christmas Eve, Paul invited Skanderbeg to a ceremony where he was awarded with a sword and helmet and referred to him as Alexander, king of the Epirotes. By 7 January 1467, a consistory convened where Skanderbeg and the pope were present. According to Cardinal Francesco Gonzaga, the pope's appeal to fund Skanderbeg with only 5,000 ducats was heard and when the Cardinals responded that the fund was minimal, Paul explained that he would send more once Italy was pacified. Paul's decision led to a fierce debate on Italy's future which left Albania's fate undiscussed. A second consistory was called on 12 January but did not result in anything favorable for Skanderbeg. Contemporaries were critical of the pope's delays but he explained that he was waiting to see what Ferdinand of Naples was willing to offer before offering anything himself, in order not to waste funds.
Skanderbeg's view of the situation worsened with news coming from Albania, which strengthened his opinion that his time in Italy was becoming more and more irrational. His pessimism grew once he found out that Venice was now pressuring Paul into refusing Skanderbeg aid since they wished to put an end to the war and capitulate Krujë. During the first days of February, news arrived from the Republic of Ragusa that the campaign was nearing its end and that if the necessary actions were not brought up to speed, Albania would fall along with Venice's possessions. Skanderbeg's requests for proper aid were continually rejected on the basis that Italy's peace must first be secured and instead Paul ordered Ferdinand to award to Skanderbeg what tribute would have been given to Rome. Skanderbeg lost all hope and decided to return to Albania before pleas from several cardinals convinced to stay, offering aid from their own pockets and hope in persuading Paul. A third consistory was convened on 13 February 1467 which, like the other two, came to nothing regarding aid to Skanderbeg. Skanderbeg thus began his departure from Rome. Paul met with Skanderbeg and gave him the authority to pull 7,500 ducats from Ferdinand's aforementioned tribute to Rome. This amount had not been gathered, however, and Paul thus offered Skanderbeg 2,300 ducats. Skanderbeg departed from Rome on 14 February and soon received news from Albania: the war was nearing its end and needed Skanderbeg to return; an Ottoman force sent to defeat the League of Lezhë definitively, however, had been defeated. He met with Giosafat Barbaro in Scutari, the Venetian provveditore in Albania Veneta, where he gathered help from Venetian nobles.
Final battles
The defeat of the Ottoman forces showed that the League of Lezhë had yet to be fully defeated. This allowed Skanderbeg to visit Ferdinand before his departure from Italy, but he received only 1,000 ducats, 300 carts of grain, and 500 ducats to support Krujë's munitions. While Skanderbeg was in his court, Ferdinand received an ambassador from Mehmed offering peace, signaling that the Ottomans did not have any aggressive intentions towards Naples. Ferdinand accepted the proposal and Skanderbeg thus began his return to Albania. Ballaban continued to strengthen the siege against Krujë. Upon returning to Albania, the political situation began to change. The once distant Albanian nobles, among them Dukagjini, were now convinced of their impending defeat and allied themselves with Skanderbeg. Meanwhile, the Venetians ended their attempts to negotiate peace with Mehmed and accepted cooperation with Skanderbeg. Skanderbeg met with Dukagjini and other northern Albanian nobles in Alessio (Lezhë) where they gathered an army to assault Ballaban's forces. Together with 400 of Dukagjini's cavalry and a large number of infantry, 600 heavily armed Italian soldiers, and 4,000 locals from Durazzo, Scutari, Alessio, Drivast (Drisht), and Antivari (Bar), Skanderbeg commanded 13,400 men to relieve Krujë as reported by Demetrio Franco, one of Skanderbeg's primary biographers and personal associates, who also served in Skanderbeg's ranks. Among those who joined Skanderbeg was Nicolo Moneta, a lord of Scutari and wealthy Venetian patrician.
Ballaban's camp was located on the hills southwest of Krujë and at the bottom of the mountain nowadays known as Mt. Sarisalltëk, he placed a guarding force. The rest of his army surrounded Krujë. Skanderbeg and his allies marched through the mouth of the Mat River and cut through the woods of Jonima to the boundaries of Krujë. Skanderbeg's commanders were assigned different groups for an assault on the main Ottoman camp: northern Albanian forces would be put under Dukagjini's command, Venetian battalions were under the command of Moneta, and Skanderbeg's most trusted forces would be assigned to another group under his command; Krujë's garrison would continue to defend the fortress. Moneta's and Dukagjini's men would attack the besieging forces from the north and Skanderbeg's men would attack from south of Krujë while also blocking any possible Ottoman reinforcements from the east. Skanderbeg first assaulted the guarding force which Ballaban had left and he gained control of this strategic point. Skanderbeg then managed to defeat the Ottoman relief forces under Ballaban's brother, Jonuz, and captured him and his son. Four days later, an organized attack from Skanderbeg and the forces from Krujë was carried during which Ballaban forces retreated and he himself was killed in the resulting clashes by Gjergj Lleshi (Georgius Alexius).
Map of south-eastern Europe in 1464 AD
With the death of Ballaban, Ottoman forces were left surrounded and according to Bernandino de Geraldinis, a Neapolitan functionary, 10,000 men remained in the besieging camp. Those inside the encirclement asked to leave freely to Ottoman territory, offering to surrender all that was within the camp to the Albanians. Skanderbeg was prepared to accept, but many nobles refused. Among them was Dukagjini, who wanted to attack and destroy the Turkish camp. Demetrio Franco described Dukagjini's proposal with the Albanian word Embetha which in modern Albanian means Mbë ta or in English Upon them. The Albanians thus began to annihilate the surrounded army before the Ottomans cut a narrow path through their opponents and fled through Dibra. On 23 April 1467, Skanderbeg entered Krujë. Meanwhile, the Venetians had taken advantage of Mehmed's absence in Albania and sent a fleet under Vettore Capello into the Aegean. Capello attacked and occupied the islands of Imbros and Lemnos after which he sailed back and laid siege to Patras. Ömer Bey, the Ottoman commander in Greece, led a relief force to Patras where he was initially repelled before turning on his pursuers, forcing them to flee, terminating their campaign.
The victory was well received among the Albanians, and Skanderbeg's recruits increased as documented by Geraldini: Skanderbeg was in his camp with 16,000 men and every day his camp grows with young warriors. The victory was also well received in Italy with contemporaries hoping for more such news. But, despite the Ottoman loss, the victory did not signal an end to the war. Skanderbeg's damaged forces, however, had been renewed with northern warriors and Venetian battalions. The situation remained critical, however, due to the economic hardships suffered during the siege. Skanderbeg's only expectancy was for help to come from Italy, but the Italian states, despite sending congratulatory messages, sent no financial aid. Hungary continued its defensive war and thus Skanderbeg's only remaining ally was Venice. Even Venice became skeptical of continuing the war and was alone in allying with Skanderbeg. Venice reported to Hungary that Mehmed had offered peace and was willing to accept it. Hungary also opted for peace, but Mehmed only sought peace with Venice in order to isolate Skanderbeg and thus peace was not signed. Skanderbeg and Venice continually began to worry about the Ottoman garrison in Elbasan. Skanderbeg led some assaults on the fortress after being urged to by Venice but failed to capture it due to lack of artillery. According to Critobulos, Mehmed was troubled after learning of the Ottoman defeat and began preparations for a new campaign. Venice itself was in conflict with its Italian neighbors who had grown wary of its increasing influence in the Balkans. With the western powers fighting among themselves, the road to Albania was open. Mehmed thus decided to send a force to subdue Albania conclusively which resulted in a new siege on Krujë.
References
^ a b c d Babinger 1978, p. 252
^ Schmitt 2009, p. 363
^ a b Frashëri 2002, p. 417
^ Frashëri 2002, p. 418
^ Schmitt 2009, p. 359
^ Frashëri 2002, p. 419
^ Frashëri 2002, p. 420
^ a b Frashëri 2002, p. 421
^ Schmitt 2009, p. 361
^ Frashëri 2002, p. 422
^ a b c d Frashëri 2002, p. 423
^ Schmitt 2009, p. 365
^ a b Frashëri 2002, p. 424
^ Frashëri 2002, p. 425
^ a b Freely 2009, p. 110
^ a b Frashëri 2002, p. 426
^ Schmitt 2009, p. 374
^ Frashëri 2002, p. 427
^ a b Frashëri 2002, p. 428
^ a b Freely 2009, p. 109
^ Hodgkinson 1999, pp. 209–210
^ a b Frashëri 2002, p. 429
^ Hodgkinson 1999, p. 210
^ Schmitt 2009, p. 380
^ Noli 1947, p. 330
^ Schmitt 2009, p. 372
^ a b Frashëri 2002, p. 430
^ Franco 1539, p. 343
^ a b c d Karaiskaj 1981
^ a b c d Frashëri 2002, p. 431
^ a b Setton 1978, p. 279
^ Franco 1539, pp. 343–344
^ Shukarova 2008, p. 133
^ Srpsko arheološko društvo 1951, p. 181
^ Institut za balkanistika 1984, p. 71
^ Babinger 1978, p. 253
^ a b Noli 1947, p. 331
^ Frashëri 2002, p. 433
^ Frashëri 2002, pp. 433–434
^ Hodgkinson 1999, p. 212
^ a b Frashëri 2002, p. 437
^ Hodgkinson 1999, p. 211
^ Frashëri 2002, p. 438
^ Schmitt 2009, p. 391
^ Frashëri 2002, pp. 438–439
^ Frashëri 2002, p. 440
^ Frashëri 2002, p. 441
^ Schmitt 2009, p. 393
^ Hodgkinson 1999, p. 215
^ Frashëri 2002, p. 442
^ Noli 1947, p. 332
^ Frashëri 2002, p. 445
^ a b c Frashëri 2002, p. 446
^ a b c Freely 2009, p. 111
^ Schmitt 2009, p. 382
^ a b Schmitt 2009, p. 395
^ Frashëri 2002, p. 447
^ a b Frashëri 2002, p. 448
^ Frashëri 2002, p. 449
^ Schmitt 2009, p. 396
^ a b Frashëri 2002, p. 450
^ Franco 1539, p. 344
^ Hodgkinson 1999, p. 216
^ a b Schmitt 2009, p. 399
^ Frashëri 2002, p. 451
^ Frashëri 2002, p. 453
^ Franco 1539, pp. 344–345
^ Schmitt 2009, p. 400
^ a b Frashëri 2002, p. 454
^ Noli 1947, p. 333
^ Franco 1539, p. 345
^ a b Frashëri 2002, p. 455
^ a b c d Frashëri 2002, p. 456
^ Franco 1539, p. 346
^ Hodgkinson 1999, p. 217
^ Noli 1947, p. 334
^ Freely 2009, p. 112
^ Frashëri 2002, p. 457
^ Noli 1947, p. 335
^ a b Schmitt 2009, p. 402
^ Schmitt 2009, p. 401
Sources
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Franco, Demetrio (1539), Comentario de le cose de' Turchi, et del S. Georgio Scanderbeg, principe d' Epyr, Venice: Altobello Salkato, ISBN 99943-1-042-9
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Freely, John (2009), The grand Turk: Sultan Mehmet II, conqueror of Constantinople and master of an empire, New York: The Overlook Press, ISBN 978-1-59020-248-7
Hodgkinson, Harry (1999), Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero, London: Centre for Albanian Studies, ISBN 978-1-873928-13-4
Institut za balkanistika (1984), Balkan studies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, archived from the original on 23 April 2023, retrieved 16 May 2016
Karaiskaj, Gjerak (1981), "Rrethimi i dytë dhe i tretë i Krujës (1466–1467)", Pesë mijë vjet fortifikime në Shqipëri, Tirana: Shtëpia Botuese "8 Nëntori", archived from the original on 4 March 2016, retrieved 5 July 2011
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Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_Italian_expedition"},{"link_name":"Himarë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himar%C3%AB#History"},{"link_name":"Shkodra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra_(1474)"},{"link_name":"Krujë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1478)"},{"link_name":"Shkodra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra"},{"link_name":"Wars involving Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Albania"},{"link_name":"Mehmed II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Skanderbeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg"},{"link_name":"League of Lezhë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Krujë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Ballaban Badera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballaban_Badera"},{"link_name":"Sanjak of Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak_of_Ohrid"},{"link_name":"devşirme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dev%C5%9Firme"},{"link_name":"Elbasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbasan"},{"link_name":"Shkumbin River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkumbin_River"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Roman Curia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Curia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"siege on Krujë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1467)"}],"text":"Second siege of KrujëThis article is about the second siege of Krujë. For other events, see Siege of Krujë.Second siege of KrujëPart of Albanian–Ottoman Wars (1432–1479)The second siege of Krujë by Jost Amman (1467)DateJune 1466 – 23 April 1467LocationKrujë, Albania41°30′27″N 19°47′42″E / 41.50750°N 19.79500°E / 41.50750; 19.79500Result\nAlbanian-Venetian victoryBelligerents\nLeague of LezhëRepublic of Venice\nOttoman EmpireCommanders and leaders\nSkanderbegTanush ThopiaLekë DukagjiniBaldassare PerducciNicolo Moneta\nBallaban Badera †Mehmed IIStrength\n13,400 men\n30,000 [1]class=notpageimage| Location within AlbaniavteMedieval Albanian–Ottoman WarsEarly Ottoman invasions and rule (1385–1443)\nOhrid (1375)\nSavra (1385)\nKosovo (1389)\nBayezid I's Campaign (1394)\nOhrid (1395)\nZenevisi War (1414-18)\nKrujë (1415)\nMuzaka War (1415-1417)\nKastrioti War (1428-1430)\nAlbanian Revolt (1432-1436)\nMuzaka Revolt (1437-1438)\nArianiti Revolt (1443)\nSkanderbeg's Rebellion (1443–1468)\n\nSvetigrad (1443)\nTorvioll (1444)\nMokra (1445)\nOtonetë (1446)\nSvetigrad (1448)\nOranik (1448)\nKrujë (1450)\nMehmed II's first Campaign (Modrica (1452) • Meçad (1452))\nPollog (1453)\nBerat (1455)\nOranik (1456)\nAlbulena (1457)\nSati (1459)\nMokra (1462)\nMacedonian Campaign (Mokra (1462) • Pollog (1462) • Livad (1462))\nOhrid (1464)\nVaikal (1465)\nMeçad (1465)\nBallaban's fourth Campaign (Vaikal (1465) • Kashari (1465))\nKrujë (1466-67)\nKrujë (1467)\nContemporaneous Campaigns (1447–1462)\n\nVenetian War (1447-1448)\nDukagjini Civil War (1456-1457)\nItalian Expedition (1460-1462)\nResistance until the Fall of Shkodra (1468–1479)\n\nHimarë (1473-1479)\nShkodra (1474)\nKrujë (1478)\nShkodra (1478-1479)Wars involving AlbaniaThe second siege of Krujë took place from 1466 to 1467. Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire led an army into Albania to defeat Skanderbeg, the leader of the League of Lezhë, which was created in 1444 after he began his war against the Ottomans. During the almost year-long siege, Skanderbeg's main fortress, Krujë, withstood the siege while Skanderbeg roamed Albania to gather forces and facilitate the flight of refugees from the civilian areas that were attacked by the Ottomans. Krujë managed to withstand the siege put on it by Ballaban Badera, sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Ohrid, an Albanian brought up in the Ottoman army through the devşirme. By 23 April 1467, the Ottoman army had been defeated and Skanderbeg entered Krujë.Mehmed had decided to construct a fortress in what is now Elbasan which would provide a perennial base for future Ottoman assaults on Skanderbeg's domains. The fortress especially worried Venice since Elbasan was constructed on the banks of the Shkumbin River which would allow the Ottomans to send ships into the Adriatic and threaten Venetian colonies. Seeing that his situation had become unfavorable, Skanderbeg made a trip to Italy where he would try to convince Pope Paul II and Ferdinand I of Naples to give him aid for his war. Despite many promises from the pope, Skanderbeg received little due to the fear of a Neapolitan war with Rome and infighting in the Roman Curia. Ferdinand and the Republic of Venice likewise deferred Skanderbeg's requests to the pope. By the time he left Italy, the League of Lezhë had been weakened and needed his intervention.After his return the Venetians decided to send troops against the Ottoman advances. Skanderbeg gathered 13,400 men, among whom were many Venetians, to launch an assault on the Ottoman besieging camp, who had taken command once Mehmed left Albania after the construction of Elbasan. Skanderbeg had split his army into three parts and surrounded the besiegers. Ballaban was killed during the fighting and the Ottoman forces were left without a commander and a depleted force which was surrounded. Afterwards the Albanian-Venetian forces completed the rout by killing the remaining Ottoman forces before they could escape by way of Dibër. The victory was well received by both Albanians and Italians. This did not signal the end of the war, however, as soon after, Skanderbeg took up some assaults on Elbasan after being urged to by Venice, but was not able to take the fortress due to lack of artillery. Venice itself was in conflict with its Italian neighbors, which led Mehmed to begin another campaign against the Albanians. This would result in another siege on Krujë.","title":"Siege of Krujë (1466–1467)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg"},{"link_name":"Skanderbeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gentile_Bellini_003.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mehmed II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II"},{"link_name":"Skanderbeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg"},{"link_name":"sanjakbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjakbey"},{"link_name":"League of Lezhë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Krujë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Alfonso V of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmitt363-2"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Matthias Corvinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri417-3"},{"link_name":"Mehmed II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_II"},{"link_name":"Jajce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajce_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrid"},{"link_name":"Morea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri417-3"},{"link_name":"condottiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condottiero"},{"link_name":"defeated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ohrid"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmitt359-5"},{"link_name":"Ballaban Badera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballaban_Badera"},{"link_name":"devşirme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dev%C5%9Firme"},{"link_name":"Sanjak of Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak_of_Ohrid"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri419-6"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri420-7"},{"link_name":"Vaikal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vaikal"},{"link_name":"Meçad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Me%C3%A7ad_(1465)"},{"link_name":"Vaikal again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballaban%27s_campaign_of_1465#Battle_of_Vaikal"},{"link_name":"Kashari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballaban%27s_campaign_of_1465#Battle_of_Kashari"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri421-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmitt361-9"},{"link_name":"Pal Engjëlli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal_Engj%C3%ABlli"},{"link_name":"Signoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signoria"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri421-8"},{"link_name":"provveditores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provveditore"},{"link_name":"Albania Veneta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania_Veneta"},{"link_name":"ducats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducats"},{"link_name":"springalds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springald"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri422-10"}],"text":"SkanderbegMehmed IISkanderbeg had been an Ottoman sanjakbey, who defected from the empire and united several Albanian princes under the League of Lezhë. From Krujë, his main fort, he led the league in the Ottoman-Albanian wars. Having defeated the Ottomans in many battles he allied with Western Christian states and leaders, especially with Alfonso V of Aragon and the Papal States. On 14 August 1464, Pope Pius II, one of Skanderbeg's major benefactors, died and his plans for a crusade against the Ottoman Empire disintegrated.[2] The alliances and promises for help from the major Christian powers were canceled with the exception of the Kingdom of Hungary under Matthias Corvinus and the Republic of Venice.[3] Sultan Mehmed II realized the power vacuum created after Pius died and he tried to take advantage of the situation. He thus attempted to sign a peace agreement with Hungary and Venice so that his forces could focus on Albania to gain a base for future campaigns in the Italian peninsula. His efforts were unsuccessful, however, since neither Venice nor Hungary accepted his proposed treaty. Mehmed thus kept his armies stationed in the Balkans, one force near Jajce in Bosnia, one in Ohrid, and another one in the Morea.[3]Skanderbeg led an incursion into Ottoman territory near Ohrid with the aid of Venetian forces under a condottiero named Antonio da Cosenza, also known as Cimarosto, on 6 September 1464. Together, they defeated the Ottoman forces under Şeremet bey stationed there on 14 or 15 September.[4][5] The Venetian Senate informed the Hungarians of the joint Albanian-Venetian success on 29 September. Mehmed, sensing the weakness in his frontier, assigned Ballaban Badera as commander, replacing Şeremet. Ballaban was an Albanian by birth who had been incorporated into the Ottoman army through the devşirme system and was sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Ohrid in 1464 and 1465. In the meantime, Pope Paul II began planning his own crusade, but with means different from his predecessor. He planned to get the major European states to help fund the crusade while Venice, Hungary, and Albania would do the fighting.[6] He also wanted to aid the Albanians as much as possible and urged the Kingdom of Naples to supply Skanderbeg with able forces. Venice began to consider peace with the Ottomans since its resources had significantly decreased, while Hungary adopted a defensive strategy, however, pressure from the Pope and Skanderbeg forced them to abort their efforts.[7]The Ottoman-Albanian war continued through 1465 with Ballaban Badera meeting Skanderbeg at Vaikal, Meçad, Vaikal again, and Kashari. In the meantime, Mehmed continued to negotiate peace with Hungary and Venice. Skanderbeg found himself isolated during these negotiations, even if they did not succeed, as the conflicting powers temporarily ceased conflict. Furthermore, Ferdinand I of Naples did not send his promised forces and the Venetian forces under Cimarosto left Albania.[8][9] During the autumn of 1465, Ottoman forces moved from the Morea and Bosnia in order to speed up the peace negotiations. Venice, however, refused peace and Skanderbeg believed that a new Albanian-Venetian campaign would begin. He kept Pal Engjëlli, his ambassador, in constant correspondence with the Signoria (Venetian Senate), which sent him to Albania to inform Skanderbeg that troops were being raised, although only 300 had been recruited at the time, with Cimarosto as the commander.[8] Venice was also in the process of sending its provveditores in Albania Veneta 3,000 ducats to recruit men. They would also send four cannons, ten springalds, and ten barrels of gunpowder. Throughout April, rumors spread that the Ottomans were preparing to march into Albania. By 18 April 1466, Venice received knowledge that the Ottomans were heading towards Albania.[10]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albania_mid_XVth_century_AD.png"},{"link_name":"Durazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs"},{"link_name":"Scutari Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozafa_Castle"},{"link_name":"Avlonya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri423-11"},{"link_name":"Ragusans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Babinger252-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmit365-12"},{"link_name":"Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"Negroponte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euboea"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri423-11"},{"link_name":"Wallachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia"},{"link_name":"Karaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamanids"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri423-11"}],"text":"Main Albanian towns during the 15th century, including settlements in neighboring regionsOnce news of the Ottoman approach arrived, Venice sent reinforcements to its cities along Albania; Durazzo (Durrës) had already garrisoned 3,000 men. The Scutari Fortress was also reinforced after Skanderbeg's counsel and the walls were rebuilt. On 19 April 1466, news spread that the sultan was going to march into Avlonya (Vlorë) with an army of 100,000 men[11] although the Ragusans reported that the number was 30,000.[1] Ottoman forces were ready to enter the Kingdom of Naples and pressured Ferdinand to form an alliance with Mehmed.[12] The situation was not clear in the Balkans, however, as it was thought that the Ottomans could march against Bosnia, Serbia, Dalmatia, Negroponte, or Albania.[11] By the beginning of May, however, it was clear that the Ottomans would attack Albania because of the approach of Mehmed's troops towards Albania after the end of his campaigns in Wallachia, Karaman, and the Morea. None of the promised reinforcements from Naples and Venice arrived and Skanderbeg was thus left to fight Ottoman forces only with the league's troops.[11]","title":"Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri423-11"},{"link_name":"Murad II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murad_II"},{"link_name":"Krujë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Shkumbin River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkumbin_River"},{"link_name":"Black Drin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Drin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri424-13"},{"link_name":"Monopoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoli"},{"link_name":"Apulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri424-13"},{"link_name":"Donika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donika_Kastrioti"},{"link_name":"Gjon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjon_Kastrioti_II"},{"link_name":"Monte Sant'Angelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Sant%27Angelo"},{"link_name":"campaigns to restore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_Italian_expedition"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri425-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freely110-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri426-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri426-16"},{"link_name":"Scutari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmitt374-17"},{"link_name":"akıncı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akinji"},{"link_name":"Idris Bitlisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_Bitlisi"},{"link_name":"Ancona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancona"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri427-18"},{"link_name":"Tursun Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tursun_Beg"},{"link_name":"akçe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C3%A7e"},{"link_name":"Michael Critobulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Critobulus"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri428-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freely109-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri428-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freely109-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri429-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodgkinson210-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmitt380-24"}],"sub_title":"Ottoman activities in Albania","text":"News arrived from eastern Albania that the Ottomans had initiated massacres in the area. The pope was distressed by this and called on the Christian princes of Europe to aid Skanderbeg.[11] Soon after, Mehmed's men marched into Albania. Unlike his father Murad II, Mehmed considered that the only way Albania could be conquered would be through isolating Krujë, the main Albanian fortress, by reducing Skanderbeg's manpower, supplies, and political and moral backing. Afterwards, Krujë would be put under siege. The Ottoman campaign was thus sent in two directions: one through the Shkumbin River valley and another through the Black Drin River valley. Both fielded men in the frontier regions, right and left of both valleys, and would engage in massacring the local populations, raiding inhabited areas, and burning every village which offered resistance. The populations thus decided to flee into safe areas.[13]Skanderbeg did not expect such a campaign and his army was not ready to halt the advances. According to an act released Monopoli in Apulia, an army of 300,000 soldiers (a figure considered to be exaggerated) had marched into Albania, massacred 7,000 people, and sacked many populated areas, while Skanderbeg was preparing to flee to Italy.[13] However, Skanderbeg had remained in Albania but he had sent twelve ships with many inhabitants of Krujë to Italy as refugees. With them, he sent his wife, Donika, and his son, Gjon. They were headed to Monte Sant'Angelo, a castle awarded to Skanderbeg after his campaigns to restore Ferdinand's rule. The arrival of Albanian refugees further distressed the pope and many Italians who had come to believe that Albania had been conquered and that Mehmed was now preparing to march into Italy.[14][15] News to the contrary also reached Rome saying that the League of Lezhë had not been broken and that Krujë still stood.[16]The League of Lezhë saw a massive struggle against Ottoman forces and its front was expanded throughout Albania.[16] Skanderbeg retreated to the mountains surrounding Scutari (Shkodër) where he collected men to relieve Krujë.[17] Mehmed's akıncı were allowed to raid the country, a decision which, according to scholar Mehmed Neshriu, was an act of reprisal regarding Skanderbeg's raids in Macedonia in 1464, which interrupted his siege on Jajce. Idris Bitlisi, however, says that Mehmed's campaign was a response to the breaking of the ceasefire in 1463 when Skanderbeg learned that the crusade against the Ottomans organized by Pius II was ready to set off from Ancona.[18] The resistance itself was described by Tursun Bey: the Albanians had gained control of the mountaintops and valleys where they had their kulle (fortified towers) which were dismantled when captured; those inside, especially the young men and women, were sold to slavery for 3,000–4,000 akçe each. Michael Critobulus, a Greek historian for the sultan, also describes the resistance and its aftermath. The Albanians in his chronicle had likewise gained the mountaintops;[19][20] the light Ottoman infantry climbed up the heights where they cornered the Albanians behind a cliff and fell on them. Many Albanians jumped from the cliffs to escape massacre.[19][20][21] The soldiers then spread throughout the mountains and captured many as slaves while also taking anything of value.[22][23] Furthermore, in order to secure future marches into Albania, Mehmed ordered forests through which the main roads ran through to be cut down. In this way, he created wide military roads which were secure.[24]","title":"Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri429-22"},{"link_name":"Marin Barleti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Barleti"},{"link_name":"Tanush Thopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanush_Thopia"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noli330-25"},{"link_name":"Baldassare Perducci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baldassare_Perducci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Babinger252-1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmitt372-26"},{"link_name":"first siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1450)"},{"link_name":"Ballaban Badera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballaban_Badera"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri430-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franco343-28"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freely110-15"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri430-27"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karaiskaj-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri431-30"},{"link_name":"Pal Engjëlli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal_Engj%C3%ABlli"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri431-30"},{"link_name":"Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"Aegean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri431-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Setton279-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Babinger252-1"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Setton279-31"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Ohrid"},{"link_name":"Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrid"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Skanderbeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Babinger253-36"}],"sub_title":"Siege","text":"The first phase of the Ottoman campaign to isolate Krujë lasted for two months.[22] According to Marin Barleti, Skanderbeg's main biographer, Skanderbeg had placed 4,400 men under Tanush Thopia as defenders of the castle.[25] This force included 1,000 Venetian infantry under Baldassare Perducci[1] and 200 Neapolitan marksmen.[26] Skanderbeg removed his men from the fortress of Krujë in a manner similar to the first siege. Mehmed had marched into Albania with Ballaban Badera under his command.[27] He offered rewards to the garrison if they surrendered, but the garrison responded by bombarding the Ottoman positions.[28] The Ottomans then began to heavily bombard the fortress but this came to no effect.[15][27][29] According to documentary sources, the siege began in mid-June, one month after Mehmed began his campaign to force the eastern regions of Albania into submission. Mehmed's campaigns there had put Skanderbeg under massive strain while the latter had yet to receive financial aid from abroad.[30]In the beginning of July, Skanderbeg sent Pal Engjëlli to Venice. On 7 July, Engjëlli informed the Venetians that the League of Lezhë continued and Krujë still stood, contrary to rumors that said otherwise. He thus requested the arrival of promised Venetian forces when they signed a treaty of alliance on 20 August 1463 and the promised contribution of 3,000 ducats.[30] The Venetians responded that they were already in a difficult situation due to the Ottoman threat in Dalmatia and the Aegean where they possessed territories. They also responded that they had had difficulty recruiting new soldiers due to financial trouble and could only send 1,000 ducats to its provveditores in Albania. Despite these difficulties, Skanderbeg and his men continued fighting.[30] After becoming convinced that Krujë would not be taken by force, Mehmed left 18,000 cavalry and 5,000 infantry under Ballaban and in June 1466 withdrew with his main army.[31][32] He withdrew from the siege to Durazzo where he pillaged the area in rage.[1][31] When Mehmed withdrew from Albania, he deposed Dorotheos, the Archbishop of Ohrid, and expatriated him together with his clerks and boyars and a considerable number of citizens of Ohrid to Istanbul, probably because of their anti-Ottoman activities during Skanderbeg's campaigns since many of them supported Skanderbeg and his fight.[33][34][35] He took with him 3,000 Albanian prisoners.[36]","title":"Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elbasan_Castle_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Elbasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbasan"},{"link_name":"timar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timar"},{"link_name":"Sanjak of Dibra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak_of_Dibra"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri431-30"},{"link_name":"Elbasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbasan_Castle"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noli331-37"},{"link_name":"Franz Babinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Babinger"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri433-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodgkinson212-40"},{"link_name":"Bayezid II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_II"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri437-41"},{"link_name":"Via Egnatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Egnatia"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri437-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodgkinson211-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri438-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmitt391-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Construction of Elbasan Fortress","text":"The fortress in Elbasan, AlbaniaDespite his inability to subdue Krujë, Mehmed decided that the Ottoman presence would not depart from Albania. He organized a timar in eastern Albania to weaken Skanderbeg's domains. The new Ottoman possessions were collected and placed under the administration of the Sanjak of Dibra. He also decided to build a powerful fortress in central Albania to counterbalance Krujë's position and to form a base for further Ottoman campaigns.[30] The fortress would be called Ilbasan (Elbasan). According to Ottoman chronicler Kemal Pashazade, the sultan would place several hundred men to patrol the area and defend the fortress. The foundations were built upon a field called Jundi, located in a Shkumbin valley, where the geographic conditions were regarded as favorable. Since the resources had been gathered and stored beforehand, Elbasan was built within a short time (one month[37]) and Franz Babinger believes the work to have begun in July.[38] Critobulus, who accompanied Mehmed in this campaign, describes that the men stationed in Elbasan would constantly harass the Albanians, to leave them no place for refuge, and to repel any Albanian force which descended from the mountains. Due to his personal guidance, Mehmed was able to see the construction finish before the summer ended. There would also be inhabitants inside to serve the 400 soldiers stationed there along with cannons and catapults; the fortress would be under the command of Ballaban Badera.[39][40]The personal care and attention Mehmed paid to Elbasan's construction testifies its importance in the sultan's plans. This is further testified by the message Mehmed gave to his son, the future Bayezid II, describing how he had devastated the country and at its center built a powerful fortress. Upon his exit from Albania, Marin Barleti says that Mehmed passed through Dibra and massacred 8,000 people, a figure close to the number given by the Ottoman chronicler Oruc ben Adil of 7,500.[41] The importance of the fortress was further underscored by its position on the ancient Via Egnatia and its central position in the Shkumbin valley from where the Ottomans could travel to the coast. Elbasan concerned not only the Albanians, but also the Venetians, who considered its proximity to Durazzo (30 mi (48 km)) alarmant.[41][42] On 16 August, around the time that the building of Elbasan was completed, Venice urged its proveditors in Albania to cooperate with the Italian and native forces in their proposed siege on Elbasan. Venetian faith in Skanderbeg began to subside, however, since the sultan took a much more aggressive approach in his relations with Venice. Since the Signoria still had not delivered its promised aid, Skanderbeg sent his son John to Venice.[43][44] Even though the war was at its apogee, John returned from Venice empty-handed. This forced Skanderbeg to look towards Rome and Naples for aid.[45]","title":"Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scanderbeg.jpg"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri440-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri441-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmitt393-48"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noli331-37"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodgkinson215-49"},{"link_name":"Palazzo di San Marco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Venezia"},{"link_name":"Piazza Venezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_Venezia"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Scanderbeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Scanderbeg"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri442-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noli332-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri445-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri446-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freely111-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri446-53"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmitt382-55"},{"link_name":"Lekë Dukagjini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lek%C3%AB_Dukagjini"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri446-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freely111-54"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmitt395-56"},{"link_name":"consistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_consistory"},{"link_name":"Francesco Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Gonzaga_(1444-1483)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freely111-54"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmitt395-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri447-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri448-58"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ragusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri448-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri449-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmitt396-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri450-61"},{"link_name":"Giosafat Barbaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giosafat_Barbaro"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franco344-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodgkinson216-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmitt399-64"}],"text":"Skanderbeg's portrait above the entrance to the palace where he stayed in RomeDuring October 1466, Skanderbeg travelled to Italy to reach an agreement with Ferdinand of Naples and Pope Paul II over the provisions, which they would be willing to provide. As a result of the inter-Italian rivalries, the possibility of a crusade was abandoned. Since Paul was Venetian, Ferdinand was also worried that his interests could be inhibited by the pope and eventually he didn't send any resources to Skanderbeg until disagreements with his neighbors were resolved.[46] Thus, Skanderbeg departed from Naples without any definitive agreement on the aid that would be provided by Naples. Venice offered the same and Skanderbeg went to Paul after the latter had declared that the Christian League had raised 100,000 ducats for the planned crusade. Skanderbeg reached Rome on 12 December 1466 where he was greeted by the cardinals and their families. Here they received the impression of Skanderbeg as a poor old man,[47][48] dressed as an ordinary soldier.[37][49] He was offered residence in Palazzo di San Marco, in what is now called Piazza Venezia but refused it and instead wanted to stay with another Albanian whose house later took the name Palazzo Scanderbeg. He was greeted by Italian ambassadors from the various states who offered \"aid and favors\"[50] and by several bishops and prelates.[51] Paul, however, was still wary of giving Skanderbeg aid because he reasoned that the Neapolitan threat was more powerful than the Ottoman one. Unlike his predecessors, Paul never attempted to form a crusade against the Ottomans and instead preferred the use of pacification methods. Nevertheless, Skanderbeg continued to stay in Rome, hoping that Paul would allocate part of his funds (of about 500,000 ducats) to Albania.[52] Paul asserted to Skanderbeg that Venice's refusal to cooperate with him prevented him from directly helping Skanderbeg. Thus, Skanderbeg was sent to the Signoria to negotiate their stance.[53][54]During the last weeks of the year in Albania, there was no fighting since the Ottomans did not normally engage in battle during the winter. But Krujë was still under siege and Ottoman garrisons in other areas remained. Life became harder for the population after the destruction of crops and villages and the masses of refugees.[53] By 22 November, news came to Venice about the campaigns of Sinan bey against Albania Veneta[55] in order to pressure the Republic to accept a peace or a ceasefire. The Signoria was slow to come to terms with Mehmed due to the pressure put on it by Pope Paul, Hungary, and Naples to remain at war. The attempt to sway the Venetians failed and the campaign was cancelled. This had an adverse effect for the Ottomans since Lekë Dukagjini, Skanderbeg's ally in northern Albania, decided to work without reservation with Skanderbeg against the Ottomans.[53] In Rome, the pope continued to hold Skanderbeg and would only give him 300 ducats to support his stay.[54] On Christmas Eve, Paul invited Skanderbeg to a ceremony where he was awarded with a sword and helmet[56] and referred to him as Alexander, king of the Epirotes. By 7 January 1467, a consistory convened where Skanderbeg and the pope were present. According to Cardinal Francesco Gonzaga, the pope's appeal to fund Skanderbeg with only 5,000 ducats was heard and when the Cardinals responded that the fund was minimal, Paul explained that he would send more once Italy was pacified.[54] Paul's decision led to a fierce debate on Italy's future which left Albania's fate undiscussed.[56][57] A second consistory was called on 12 January but did not result in anything favorable for Skanderbeg. Contemporaries were critical of the pope's delays but he explained that he was waiting to see what Ferdinand of Naples was willing to offer before offering anything himself, in order not to waste funds.[58]Skanderbeg's view of the situation worsened with news coming from Albania, which strengthened his opinion that his time in Italy was becoming more and more irrational. His pessimism grew once he found out that Venice was now pressuring Paul into refusing Skanderbeg aid since they wished to put an end to the war and capitulate Krujë. During the first days of February, news arrived from the Republic of Ragusa that the campaign was nearing its end and that if the necessary actions were not brought up to speed, Albania would fall along with Venice's possessions.[58] Skanderbeg's requests for proper aid were continually rejected on the basis that Italy's peace must first be secured and instead Paul ordered Ferdinand to award to Skanderbeg what tribute would have been given to Rome. Skanderbeg lost all hope and decided to return to Albania before pleas from several cardinals convinced to stay, offering aid from their own pockets and hope in persuading Paul. A third consistory was convened on 13 February 1467 which, like the other two, came to nothing regarding aid to Skanderbeg. Skanderbeg thus began his departure from Rome. Paul met with Skanderbeg and gave him the authority to pull 7,500 ducats from Ferdinand's aforementioned tribute to Rome.[59][60] This amount had not been gathered, however, and Paul thus offered Skanderbeg 2,300 ducats. Skanderbeg departed from Rome on 14 February and soon received news from Albania: the war was nearing its end and needed Skanderbeg to return; an Ottoman force sent to defeat the League of Lezhë definitively, however, had been defeated.[61] He met with Giosafat Barbaro in Scutari, the Venetian provveditore in Albania Veneta, where he gathered help from Venetian nobles.[62][63][64]","title":"Skanderbeg in Rome"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri450-61"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri451-65"},{"link_name":"Lezhë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri453-66"},{"link_name":"Drivast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drivast"},{"link_name":"Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar,_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Demetrio Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhimit%C3%ABr_Fr%C3%ABngu"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"patrician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmitt399-64"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karaiskaj-29"},{"link_name":"Mat River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat_River"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmitt400-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri454-69"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karaiskaj-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karaiskaj-29"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noli333-70"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri454-69"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franco345-71"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South-eastern_Europe_1464.jpg"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri455-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri456-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franco346-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hodgkinson217-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noli334-76"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri455-72"},{"link_name":"Aegean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Imbros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbros"},{"link_name":"Lemnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnos"},{"link_name":"Patras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patras"},{"link_name":"Ömer Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turahano%C4%9Flu_%C3%96mer_Bey"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Freely112-77"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri456-73"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri456-73"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri456-73"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frasheri457-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noli335-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmitt402-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmitt401-81"},{"link_name":"siege on Krujë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1467)"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schmitt402-80"}],"text":"The defeat of the Ottoman forces showed that the League of Lezhë had yet to be fully defeated.[61] This allowed Skanderbeg to visit Ferdinand before his departure from Italy, but he received only 1,000 ducats, 300 carts of grain, and 500 ducats to support Krujë's munitions. While Skanderbeg was in his court, Ferdinand received an ambassador from Mehmed offering peace, signaling that the Ottomans did not have any aggressive intentions towards Naples. Ferdinand accepted the proposal and Skanderbeg thus began his return to Albania.[65] Ballaban continued to strengthen the siege against Krujë. Upon returning to Albania, the political situation began to change. The once distant Albanian nobles, among them Dukagjini, were now convinced of their impending defeat and allied themselves with Skanderbeg. Meanwhile, the Venetians ended their attempts to negotiate peace with Mehmed and accepted cooperation with Skanderbeg. Skanderbeg met with Dukagjini and other northern Albanian nobles in Alessio (Lezhë) where they gathered an army to assault Ballaban's forces.[66] Together with 400 of Dukagjini's cavalry and a large number of infantry, 600 heavily armed Italian soldiers, and 4,000 locals from Durazzo, Scutari, Alessio, Drivast (Drisht), and Antivari (Bar), Skanderbeg commanded 13,400 men to relieve Krujë as reported by Demetrio Franco, one of Skanderbeg's primary biographers and personal associates,[67] who also served in Skanderbeg's ranks. Among those who joined Skanderbeg was Nicolo Moneta, a lord of Scutari and wealthy Venetian patrician.[64]Ballaban's camp was located on the hills southwest of Krujë and at the bottom of the mountain nowadays known as Mt. Sarisalltëk, he placed a guarding force. The rest of his army surrounded Krujë.[29] Skanderbeg and his allies marched through the mouth of the Mat River and cut through the woods of Jonima to the boundaries of Krujë.[68] Skanderbeg's commanders were assigned different groups for an assault on the main Ottoman camp: northern Albanian forces would be put under Dukagjini's command, Venetian battalions were under the command of Moneta, and Skanderbeg's most trusted forces would be assigned to another group under his command; Krujë's garrison would continue to defend the fortress. Moneta's and Dukagjini's men would attack the besieging forces from the north and Skanderbeg's men would attack from south of Krujë while also blocking any possible Ottoman reinforcements from the east.[69] Skanderbeg first assaulted the guarding force which Ballaban had left and he gained control of this strategic point.[29] Skanderbeg then managed to defeat the Ottoman relief forces under Ballaban's brother, Jonuz, and captured him and his son.[29][70] Four days later, an organized attack from Skanderbeg and the forces from Krujë was carried during which Ballaban forces retreated and he himself was killed in the resulting clashes by Gjergj Lleshi (Georgius Alexius).[69][71]Map of south-eastern Europe in 1464 ADWith the death of Ballaban, Ottoman forces were left surrounded and according to Bernandino de Geraldinis, a Neapolitan functionary, 10,000 men remained in the besieging camp. Those inside the encirclement asked to leave freely to Ottoman territory, offering to surrender all that was within the camp to the Albanians. Skanderbeg was prepared to accept, but many nobles refused.[72] Among them was Dukagjini, who wanted to attack and destroy the Turkish camp. Demetrio Franco described Dukagjini's proposal with the Albanian word Embetha which in modern Albanian means Mbë ta or in English Upon them.[73][74][75] The Albanians thus began to annihilate the surrounded army before the Ottomans cut a narrow path through their opponents and fled through Dibra.[76] On 23 April 1467, Skanderbeg entered Krujë.[72] Meanwhile, the Venetians had taken advantage of Mehmed's absence in Albania and sent a fleet under Vettore Capello into the Aegean. Capello attacked and occupied the islands of Imbros and Lemnos after which he sailed back and laid siege to Patras. Ömer Bey, the Ottoman commander in Greece, led a relief force to Patras where he was initially repelled before turning on his pursuers, forcing them to flee, terminating their campaign.[77]The victory was well received among the Albanians, and Skanderbeg's recruits increased as documented by Geraldini: Skanderbeg was in his camp with 16,000 men and every day his camp grows with young warriors.[73] The victory was also well received in Italy with contemporaries hoping for more such news. But, despite the Ottoman loss, the victory did not signal an end to the war.[73] Skanderbeg's damaged forces, however, had been renewed with northern warriors and Venetian battalions. The situation remained critical, however, due to the economic hardships suffered during the siege. Skanderbeg's only expectancy was for help to come from Italy, but the Italian states, despite sending congratulatory messages, sent no financial aid. Hungary continued its defensive war and thus Skanderbeg's only remaining ally was Venice. Even Venice became skeptical of continuing the war and was alone in allying with Skanderbeg.[73] Venice reported to Hungary that Mehmed had offered peace and was willing to accept it. Hungary also opted for peace, but Mehmed only sought peace with Venice in order to isolate Skanderbeg and thus peace was not signed. Skanderbeg and Venice continually began to worry about the Ottoman garrison in Elbasan. Skanderbeg led some assaults on the fortress after being urged to by Venice but failed to capture it due to lack of artillery.[78] According to Critobulos, Mehmed was troubled after learning of the Ottoman defeat and began preparations for a new campaign.[79][80] Venice itself was in conflict with its Italian neighbors who had grown wary of its increasing influence in the Balkans. With the western powers fighting among themselves, the road to Albania was open.[81] Mehmed thus decided to send a force to subdue Albania conclusively which resulted in a new siege on Krujë.[80]","title":"Final battles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Babinger, Franz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Babinger"},{"link_name":"Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC"},{"link_name":"Ralph Manheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Manheim"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"164968842","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/164968842"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"99943-1-042-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/99943-1-042-9"},{"link_name":"Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu: jeta dhe vepra, 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Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians_in_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Arbanasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbanasi_people"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"Arvanites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvanites"},{"link_name":"Cham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham_Albanians"},{"link_name":"Souliotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souliotes"},{"link_name":"Western Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians_of_Western_Thrace"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Arbëreshë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians_in_Syria"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Albania"}],"text":"Babinger, Franz (1978). Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. Bollingen Series 96. Translated from the German by Ralph Manheim. Edited, with a preface, by William C. Hickman. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. OCLC 164968842.\nFranco, Demetrio (1539), Comentario de le cose de' Turchi, et del S. Georgio Scanderbeg, principe d' Epyr, Venice: Altobello Salkato, ISBN 99943-1-042-9\nFrashëri, Kristo (2002), Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu: jeta dhe vepra, 1405–1468 (in Albanian), Tiranë: Botimet Toena, ISBN 99927-1-627-4, archived from the original on 12 April 2023, retrieved 16 May 2016\nFreely, John (2009), The grand Turk: Sultan Mehmet II, conqueror of Constantinople and master of an empire, New York: The Overlook Press, ISBN 978-1-59020-248-7\nHodgkinson, Harry (1999), Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero, London: Centre for Albanian Studies, ISBN 978-1-873928-13-4\nInstitut za balkanistika (1984), Balkan studies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, archived from the original on 23 April 2023, retrieved 16 May 2016\nKaraiskaj, Gjerak (1981), \"Rrethimi i dytë dhe i tretë i Krujës (1466–1467)\", Pesë mijë vjet fortifikime në Shqipëri, Tirana: Shtëpia Botuese \"8 Nëntori\", archived from the original on 4 March 2016, retrieved 5 July 2011\nNoli, Fan Stilian (1947), George Castroiti Scanderbeg (1405–1468), International Universities Press, OCLC 732882\nSchmitt, Oliver Jens (2009), Skënderbeu, Tiranë: K&B, ISBN 978-3-7917-2229-0\nSetton, Kenneth M. (1978). The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-127-2.\nShukarova, Aneta (2008), Todor Chepreganov (ed.), History of the Macedonian People, Skopje: Institute of National History, ISBN 978-9989-159-24-4, OCLC 276645834, archived from the original on 6 March 2016, retrieved 11 September 2017\nSrpsko arheološko društvo (1951), Starinar (in Serbian), Belgrade: Arheološki institut, OCLC 1586392, archived from the original on 23 April 2023, retrieved 16 May 2016vteAlbanians under the Ottoman EmpireBackgroundHistoryRebellion\nSkanderbeg's rebellion\nItalian expedition\nMacedonian campaign\nAlbanian revolts\n1432 – 1436\n1843 – 1844\n1845\n1847\n1910\n1911\n1912\nAlbanian–Venetian War\nAli Pasha's Rebellion\nBallaban's campaign\nMassacre of the Albanian Beys\nMehmed II's campaign\nMorea revolt\nMustafa Pasha's Rebellion\nBattles\nAlbulena\nAnkara\nDeçiq\nKosovo\nLopate\nLumë\nMartinići\nMeçad\nMokra I\nMokra II\nMurino\nNovšiće\nOhrid\nOranik I\nOranik II\nOtonetë\nPolog\nSavra\nTorvioll\nUlcinj\nVaikal\nCongregations\nDibër\nDibra\nDukagjin\nElbasan\nFrashër\nKuçi\nLezhë\nManastir I\nManastir II\nMat\nPeja\nPreveza\nPrizren\nSieges\nKrujë\n1450\n1466 – 1467\n1467\n1478\nBerat\nShkodër\n1474\n1478 – 1479\n1912 – 1913\nSvetigrad\nOther events\nAlbanian Renaissance\nArmatoles\nBalkan Wars\nMassacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars\nDeclaration of Independence\nJanissary\nBashi-Bazouk\nDevshirme\nMësonjëtorja\nNationalism\nAlbania\nKosovo\nNorth Macedonia\nPartition of Albania\nPiracy\nPrincipalities\nDukagjini\nKastrioti\nMuzaka\nRum Millet\nSkanderbeg myth\nSpahiu\nStratioti\nVithkuqi script\nGeography\nEyalets\nIoannina\nRumelia\nPashaliks\nBerat\nScutari\nYanina\nSanjaks\nAlbania\nAvlona\nDelvina\nDibra\nElbasan\nGörice\nIoannina\nMonastir\nOhrid\nScutari\nVilayets\nAlbania\nJanina\nKosovo\nManastir\nScutari\nSocietyCulture\nBesa\nIslamization\nBektashism\nKanun\nNobility\nTribes\nPeople\n15th century\n16th century\n17th century\n18th century\n19th century\n20th century\nGrand Viziers\nOttoman – Albanian nobility\nPashas\nCommunities\nBosnia and Herzegovina\nBulgaria\nCroatia\nArbanasi\nEgypt\nGreece\nArvanites\nCham\nSouliotes\nWestern Thrace\nItaly\nArbëreshë\nRomania\nSyria\nTurkey\nUkraine\n\n Category","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Skanderbeg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg/180px-Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mehmed II","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gentile_Bellini_003.jpg/180px-Gentile_Bellini_003.jpg"},{"image_text":"Main Albanian towns during the 15th century, including settlements in neighboring regions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Albania_mid_XVth_century_AD.png/220px-Albania_mid_XVth_century_AD.png"},{"image_text":"The fortress in Elbasan, Albania","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Elbasan_Castle_1.JPG/220px-Elbasan_Castle_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Skanderbeg's portrait above the entrance to the palace where he stayed in Rome","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Scanderbeg.jpg/250px-Scanderbeg.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of south-eastern Europe in 1464 AD","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/South-eastern_Europe_1464.jpg/220px-South-eastern_Europe_1464.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Babinger, Franz (1978). Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. Bollingen Series 96. Translated from the German by Ralph Manheim. Edited, with a preface, by William C. Hickman. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. OCLC 164968842.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Babinger","url_text":"Babinger, Franz"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC","url_text":"Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Manheim","url_text":"Ralph Manheim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/164968842","url_text":"164968842"}]},{"reference":"Franco, Demetrio (1539), Comentario de le cose de' Turchi, et del S. Georgio Scanderbeg, principe d' Epyr, Venice: Altobello Salkato, ISBN 99943-1-042-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/99943-1-042-9","url_text":"99943-1-042-9"}]},{"reference":"Frashëri, Kristo (2002), Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu: jeta dhe vepra, 1405–1468 (in Albanian), Tiranë: Botimet Toena, ISBN 99927-1-627-4, archived from the original on 12 April 2023, retrieved 16 May 2016","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vwR3PQAACAAJ","url_text":"Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu: jeta dhe vepra, 1405–1468"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/99927-1-627-4","url_text":"99927-1-627-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230412005921/https://books.google.com/books?id=vwR3PQAACAAJ","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Freely, John (2009), The grand Turk: Sultan Mehmet II, conqueror of Constantinople and master of an empire, New York: The Overlook Press, ISBN 978-1-59020-248-7","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59020-248-7","url_text":"978-1-59020-248-7"}]},{"reference":"Hodgkinson, Harry (1999), Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero, London: Centre for Albanian Studies, ISBN 978-1-873928-13-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hodgkinson_(writer)","url_text":"Hodgkinson, Harry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873928-13-4","url_text":"978-1-873928-13-4"}]},{"reference":"Institut za balkanistika (1984), Balkan studies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, archived from the original on 23 April 2023, retrieved 16 May 2016","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Uj9pAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Balkan studies"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230423071128/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uj9pAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Karaiskaj, Gjerak (1981), \"Rrethimi i dytë dhe i tretë i Krujës (1466–1467)\", Pesë mijë vjet fortifikime në Shqipëri, Tirana: Shtëpia Botuese \"8 Nëntori\", archived from the original on 4 March 2016, retrieved 5 July 2011","urls":[{"url":"http://letersi.com/karaiskaj_gjerak/kapitulli_xi_vii.htm","url_text":"\"Rrethimi i dytë dhe i tretë i Krujës (1466–1467)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114623/http://letersi.com/karaiskaj_gjerak/kapitulli_xi_vii.htm","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Noli, Fan Stilian (1947), George Castroiti Scanderbeg (1405–1468), International Universities Press, OCLC 732882","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_Stilian_Noli","url_text":"Noli, Fan Stilian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/732882","url_text":"732882"}]},{"reference":"Schmitt, Oliver Jens (2009), Skënderbeu, Tiranë: K&B, ISBN 978-3-7917-2229-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Jens_Schmitt","url_text":"Schmitt, Oliver Jens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7917-2229-0","url_text":"978-3-7917-2229-0"}]},{"reference":"Setton, Kenneth M. (1978). The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-127-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Setton","url_text":"Setton, Kenneth M."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC","url_text":"The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-127-2","url_text":"0-87169-127-2"}]},{"reference":"Shukarova, Aneta (2008), Todor Chepreganov (ed.), History of the Macedonian People, Skopje: Institute of National History, ISBN 978-9989-159-24-4, OCLC 276645834, archived from the original on 6 March 2016, retrieved 11 September 2017","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/66035878/History-of-The-Macedonian-People-ed-Todor-Chepreganov-Institute-of-National-History-Skopje-2008","url_text":"History of the Macedonian People"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9989-159-24-4","url_text":"978-9989-159-24-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/276645834","url_text":"276645834"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306080743/https://www.scribd.com/doc/66035878/History-of-The-Macedonian-People-ed-Todor-Chepreganov-Institute-of-National-History-Skopje-2008","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Srpsko arheološko društvo (1951), Starinar (in Serbian), Belgrade: Arheološki institut, OCLC 1586392, archived from the original on 23 April 2023, retrieved 16 May 2016","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nIDjAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Starinar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1586392","url_text":"1586392"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230423071127/https://books.google.com/books?id=nIDjAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1466%E2%80%931467)¶ms=41_30_27_N_19_47_42_E_type:event","external_links_name":"41°30′27″N 19°47′42″E / 41.50750°N 19.79500°E / 41.50750; 19.79500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1466%E2%80%931467)¶ms=41_30_27_N_19_47_42_E_type:event","external_links_name":"41°30′27″N 19°47′42″E / 41.50750°N 19.79500°E / 41.50750; 19.79500"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC","external_links_name":"Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/164968842","external_links_name":"164968842"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vwR3PQAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu: jeta dhe vepra, 1405–1468"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230412005921/https://books.google.com/books?id=vwR3PQAACAAJ","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Uj9pAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Balkan studies"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230423071128/https://books.google.com/books?id=Uj9pAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://letersi.com/karaiskaj_gjerak/kapitulli_xi_vii.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rrethimi i dytë dhe i tretë i Krujës (1466–1467)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114623/http://letersi.com/karaiskaj_gjerak/kapitulli_xi_vii.htm","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/732882","external_links_name":"732882"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC","external_links_name":"The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century"},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/66035878/History-of-The-Macedonian-People-ed-Todor-Chepreganov-Institute-of-National-History-Skopje-2008","external_links_name":"History of the Macedonian People"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/276645834","external_links_name":"276645834"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306080743/https://www.scribd.com/doc/66035878/History-of-The-Macedonian-People-ed-Todor-Chepreganov-Institute-of-National-History-Skopje-2008","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nIDjAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Starinar"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1586392","external_links_name":"1586392"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230423071127/https://books.google.com/books?id=nIDjAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_(TV_channel) | Inter (TV channel) | ["1 History","2 Inter Plus","2.1 Programming","2.2 Personalities","3 Ownership","4 Clock","5 Controversies","5.1 Criticism","5.2 Russian and Russian-language broadcasting content","5.3 Scandal on New Year's night TV shows","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"] | Ukrainian television channel
Not to be confused with Inter TV or Rede InterTV.
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Television channel
ІнтерCountryUkraineBroadcast areaUkraineEurope (As Inter+)United States (As Inter+)HeadquartersKyivProgrammingPicture format16:9 (576i, SDTV)OwnershipOwnerGDF Media LimitedSister channelsDomestic : NTNK1K2ZoomMegaPixel TVEnter-Film International :Inter+HistoryLaunchedOctober 20, 1996ReplacedORTClosedInter+:January 1, 2021 (Russia)December 1, 2021 (Ukraine on HD)December 3, 2021 (Denmark)January 23, 2022 (Romania, Sweden, Turkey)January 31, 2022 (on Dish Network)February 2, 2022 (Colombia, Uruguay)February 20, 2022 (Peru)February 28, 2022 (Mexico)March 1, 2022 (Macedonia, Poland, Latin America)Replaced byInter in the context of the 2014 annexation of Crimea:Channel One Russia (in Sevastopol)NTV (in Simferopol)LinksWebsitehttp://inter.ua/AvailabilityTerrestrialZeonbudMX-1 (7)Streaming mediaInter LiveWatch live
Inter (Ukrainian: Інтер) is a Ukrainian television channel. It covers 99.7 percent of Ukraine's territory. According to Kyiv Post it is among the most-watched television channels in Ukraine.
Inter features a general programming mix appealing to both young and old audience, includes movies, music, drama, documentaries, news, kids' programs etc.
In between of 2014 and 2016 the channel was heavily criticized by pro-western political activists and accused of spreading pro-Russian propaganda and advancing Russian political agenda in context of ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War at the time.
History
The channel was founded by the Ukrainian Independent TV-Corporation in 1996.
Besides its international version of the channel as the business project, Inter now consists of several similar projects. Those are 07 Production - a studio of the documentary films, NIS - an information studio featuring Podrobytsi, Pirat Production - a studio of the entertaining shows.
There are also over five other independent channels such as NTN, K1, K2, Megasport, Enter-Film, and Enter-Music (a Ukrainian version of MTV).
On September 15, 2016, Kateryna Shkuratova was appointed Chairperson of the Board of Inter TV channel.
Inter Plus
Inter Plus (Ukrainian: Інтер+) is the international network of Inter Channel that broadcasts the 'best of Inter' programming to Ukrainians abroad in North America & Europe. The channel first started broadcasting on January 13, 2003, available via Dish Network in the United States and in Germany through Kabel Deutschland and encrypted in Europe & Russia on Sirius 2 & ABS 1 satellites. As of March 30, 2011, Inter Plus is no longer available on Dish Network.
Inter+ is also available in Canada via IMB+ Records, an IPTV provider.
Programming
Ahenty Vplyvu (Agents of Influence)
Kartata Potata
Kliuchovy Moment (Key Moment) - a talk show led by Nataliya Sumska. The show is oriented to help people to find each other, or to restore long-forgotten relationships, or simply let one of the guests tell a story of their life that they would wish to change.
Kvadratny metr (Square meter)
Lehendy Bandytskoi Odesy (Legends of Criminal Odessa) - a historical show that was discontinued in 2009. The show narrated criminal stories of the Odessa city at the times known in history as Russian Civil War and afterwards.
Liniya Konfliktu (Line of Conflict) - a talk show of Masha Yefrosinina. It is a thrilling socially-psychological project. The show brings up the hottest topics of the everyday's life. The participants of the discussions are bright, inordinary, and confident in the correctness of their views characters. The main task of Masha in the project is to tilt the guests to the sharp debate, literally to the edge of a scandal. At the Line of Conflict will be laid the line of fire!
Na Svoyu Holovu (On Your Head) - a real-life, adventure-oriented game-show led by Ihor Pelykh.
Nayrozumnishy (Smartest) - an intellectual game-show with a lightning-fast diction anchor-lady, Tina Kandelaki.
Novatsii i Shtukentsii (Inventions and Stuff)
Park Avtomobilnoho Periodu (Park of the Automobile Era)
Podrobytsi (Details)
Podrobytsi Tyzhnia (Details Weekly)
Pozaochi (Pass the Eyes) - a talk show with celebrities. The authors of the show are Hanna Bezliudna and Irina Ionova. The show is led by Yulia Lytvynenko. The goal of the show is to let the audience to get to know their favorite characters a little bit closer.
Ranok z Interom (Morning with Inter)
Sudovi Spravy (Court Affairs)
Svoboda na Interi (Freedom on Inter)
Vechirniy Kvartal (Evening Neighborhood)
Vidverto pro Futbol (Sincerely about the Soccer)
Znak yakosti (Sign of Quality)
Personalities
Andriy Danilevych (Podrobytsi Tyzhnia)
Hanna Homonai (Novyny)
Volodymyr Horiansky (Ranok z Interom)
Yevhen Koshovy (Vechirniy Kvartal)
Olha Kotlytska (Na Pershy Pohliad)
Olena Kravets (Vechirniy Kvartal)
Yulia Lytvynenko (Pozaochi)
Dasha Malakhova Archived 2017-07-03 at the Wayback Machine (Kartata Potata)
Ihor Pelykh (Na Svoyu Holovu) (died in a car crash May 8, 2009)
Ruslan Senichkin (Podrobytsi)
Nataliya Sumska (Kliuchovy Moment)
Olha Sumska (Ranok z Interom)
Masha Yefrosinina (Liniya Konfliktu)
Iryna Yusupova (Podrobytsi)
Anastasia Zavorotniuk (Kukhnia dlia Chaynykiv)
Volodymyr Zelensky (Vechirniy Kvartal)
Yevgeny Kiselyov (in charge of the news production)
Ownership
The channel was founded by the Ukrainian Independent TV-Corporation in 1996. The Ukrainian independent TV-corporation's shareholders were Dilovyi Svit 51%, Russian Channel One 29%, Pegas Television 20%. About 82.5% of Pegas Television was the personal property of Ihor Pluzhnikov. The other shares of the company were split between Pegas and Overseas sales Ltd. 17.3% and Bersted Ukraina .2%. Those two companies were his property as well. Besides Pegas he had some share in the Dilovyi Svit which consisted of Bersted Ukraina, RIF-Service, Play Enterprise, insurance company Sindek, and legal services of Konnov and Sozanovskyi. In 2005 Ihor Pluzhnikov unexpectedly died in a hospital. His death caused a lot of discussions on the political level. In August all of the shares Dilovyi Svit and half of Pegas Television (total of 61%) became a property of what later became known as Ukrainian Mediaproject headed by Valeriy Khoroshkovsky. Pegas was taken over by Pluzhnikov's wife, Svitlana, who has 10% ownership of the Ukrainian independent TV-corporation. There is speculation that she does not have any influence on the business of the telechannel, Inter. As of December 2012 61% of the shares are owned by Ukrainian Mediaproject, 29% by Channel One and 10% by Pluzhnikov's widow. According to Yaroslav Porokhniak, head of the management board of Inter, the Russian shareholders have no say in the channel's editorial or programming policies.
In September Valeriy became the head of the Observing Council and in 2006 made some changes in the management. In 2007 on the base of Ukrainian Mediaproject was established U.A. Inter Media Group financial holdings.
General producers
Oleksandr Zinchenko (20 October 1996 – 27 May 2002)
Vladyslav Riashyn (20 October 1996 – 15 January 2006)
Leonid Mazor (24 March-31 December 2006)
Hanna Bezliudna (1 January 2007 – 6 September 2009)
Information service managers
Hanna Bezliudna 1997-2001
Oleksiy Mustafin 2001-2005
Maksym Karyzhskyi 2006
Anton Nikitin 2006-2009
Oleksandr Pylypets 2009
The channel is part of GDF Media Limited; since Dmytro Firtash bought 100 percent of Inter Media Group Limited (back) from Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi on 1 February 2013. In June 2007 Khoroshkovskyi had expanded his U.A. Inter Media Group Ltd with various other channels bought from Firtash.
GDF Media Limited also owns NTN, K1, Mega, Enter-Film, K2, Pixel and Zoom.
Clock
Clock is shown before information programs to indicate the beginning and the end of air, and before and after preventive prevention. From October 20, 1996 to October 19, 2000 the clock was silent.
From October 20, 1996 to October 19, 2000 on a black background show the watch with a green dial, white numbers, white lettering ІНТЕР, white hour and minute hands, red second hand. The clock was silent.
From 20 October 2000 to 23 August 2007 on a blue background in the lower left corner shows the blue cubes in the center on a white strip running news line (in the morning and in the afternoon in the Ukrainian language, in the evening - in Russian), below there were sites www. inter.ua and www.podrobnosti.ua on the gray bar, even lower on a white strip - electronic time. In the evening, there was podrobnosti.ua site on the right.
From 24 August 2007 to 30 June 2013 a clock in the earthTV format was shown, against cities in the world above shows a city, country information, current time, the weather in the city, the word "ПРЯМЕ ВКЛЮЧЕННЯ" at the bottom of the inscription "В КІЄВІ" and electronic time.
From 6 September 2010 to 30 June 2013 on the background of Ukrainian cities at the top was shown the information about the city, the word "ПРЯМЕ ВКЛЮЧЕННЯ", in the bottom right corner the electronic time.
From July 1 to August 25, 2013 on a blue background in the center was shown up the globe, "signals" in the center of a three-dimensional ball, white dial, hands also white.
Since August 26, 2013 to the present time, against the backdrop of a cloudy sky is shown an electronic time on the windows of a skyscraper.
Controversies
According to critics the channel used to be directly controlled by the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) until the 2004 Orange Revolution.
In January 2009 (former) Ukrainian Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko refused to appear on Inter television programs criticizing the channel's associates of their professional ethics.
On 21 February 2014, 16 journalists of the channel claimed to have been the victim of censorship (in the form of having been forced to make "pro-government propaganda") and called on the higher management to objectively cover events concerning Euromaidan. On 22 February 2014 the channel normal programming was replaced, amid rumours of a possible attack or arson on its headquarters, by live broadcast of Parliamentary sessions. On 22 February 2014, as a part of the "Maidan revolution", President Viktor Yanukovych (the one the 16 journalist had complained about being forced to make propaganda for) was removed from office.
Early September 2016 the Inter studios were attacked and then blockaded for three days by St Mary's battalion who accused it of being to pro-Russian amidst of the Russo-Ukrainian War.
Criticism
In 2014 "Inter" the TV channel informational policy repeatedly caused negative reaction of society. There even was created a Facebook group Blacklist Inter (Ukrainian: «Інтер в ігнор»). Also Euromaidan activists have called for boycott of this TV channel and asked its employees not to lie in air. Censorship on "Inter" was reported earlier.
Russian and Russian-language broadcasting content
See also: Boycott Russian Films
Since 2014 "Inter" was criticized for the broadcasting of Russian serials. According to results of monitoring made by "Boycott Russian cinema" activists, in September "Inter" took 3rd place among top-10 nationwide TV-channels which demonstrate Russian films and serials. During the period from 8th to 14 September Russian content lasted in average 11 hours and 15 minutes per day. According to monitoring data of 27 September Russian content took already 67% on this channel.
On December 11, 2014 "Boycott Russian Films" activists were picketing "Inter" main office in Kyiv. During the action named "Do not kill our protectors by Russian propaganda!" young people placed photos of Ukrainian soldiers, killed during the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, on the main entrance. Activists claimed that "Inter" takes second place among TV channels concerning the amount of Russian origin content. Protesters announced that Russian films and serials on "Inter" glorify Russian armed forces, which is unacceptable during the war.
According to monitoring results held from 1 to 7 December the amount of Russian origin content has increased up to 13 hours and 15 minutes per day.
Scandal on New Year's night TV shows
From December 31, 2014 to January 1, 2015 during celebration of the New Year this channel broadcast New Year show "Wait for me in the New Year" (Russian: «Жди меня в Новый год») with Russian stars who have supported occupation of Crimea by Russia (Joseph Kobzon, Oleg Gazmanov, Valeriya, etc.). This event immediately caused a burst of resentment in Ukrainian blogosphere and social network. On January 1, a number of Ukrainian high-ranked officials, politicians and cultural workers reacted. Particularly, the secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine Oleksandr Turchynov announced that National Council of Television and Radio of Ukraine must consider about cancellation of channel's licence immediately. In the evening the news program of the channel "Podrobnosti" publicly dissociated from New Year shows with Russian stars participating, and announced that the timetable of TV programs was changed incorrectly.
Member of expert commission on distributing and showing films Serhiy Osnach claims that "Inter" violates regulation about compulsory 50% of Ukrainian content (article 9 of Law Of Ukraine "About television and radiobroadcasting"). From December 5 to 11, 2015 activists of "Boycott Russian Films" campaign have made a monitoring, results of which confirmed what expert said. Activists calculated that there is 17% of Ukrainian content on "Inter".
On January 15, 2015 National Council for Radio and Television of Ukraine gave a warning to "Inter" for program broadcasting.
In January 2015 "Kyivstar" company cancelled its advertisement movies on "Inter": "We stopped placing advertisement movies on "Inter". It is important for us that our advertisement correspond with patriotic values, which "Kyivstar" puts in advertisement as a national Ukrainian operator."
See also
List of Ukrainian language television channels
Channel One (Russia)
Notes
^ According to the channel's own information
References
^ a b c d e Khoroshkovsky sells Inter channel to Firtash (UPDATED), Kyiv Post (1 February 2013)
^ a b Ukrainian siege of 'pro-Russian' Inter TV studios ends, BBC News (6 September 2016)
^ a b c d Shills no more? Inter TV comes cleaner on ownership, pledges fairer news coverage, Kyiv Post (27 December 2012)
^ The visit card of the channel
^ "3/30/2011 2:46pm - Uplink Activity Report - 33 changes". www.satelliteguys.us. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28.
^ http://www.imb-plus.tv/
^ Famous TV host Pelykh dies in car crash in Kyiv early on Friday, Interfax-Ukraine (May 8, 2009)
^ Shuster back at Inter channel, Kyiv Post (19 February 2013)
^ a b Inter TV Channel Denies Businessman Firtash's Being Among Shareholders Of Company Archived 2013-02-08 at archive.today, Ukrainian News Agency (January 23, 2009)
^ "U.A. Inter Media Group - Official website". Archived from the original on 2012-12-14. Retrieved 2009-01-30.
^ "Khoroshkovsky Creates New Media Giant in Ukraine". Kommersant. June 27, 2007. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2010. (in English and Russian)Oligarchs strengthen grip over TV. Kyiv Post (August 19, 2011)Tax administration to check on TV channels of Inter media group, Kyiv Post (4 January 2012)
^ Virtual Politics - Faking Democraty in the Post-Soviet World, Andrew Wilson, Yale University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-300-09545-7
^ =30800 UKRAINIAN PARTIES SCRAMBLE FOR MEDIA, FOREIGN ALLIES, AHEAD OF PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS, The Jamestown Foundation (August 17, 2005)
^ (in Ukrainian) Journalists 'Inter' outraged censorship and pro-government propaganda channel, Ukrayinska Pravda (21 February 2014)
^ (in Ukrainian) Russia is concerned about the fate of "Inter" and Russian channels in Ukraine, Ukrayinska Pravda (25 February 2014)
^ Ukraine: Speaker Oleksandr Turchynov named interim president, BBC News (23 February 2014)Ukraine protests timeline, BBC News (23 February 2014)
^ "Інтер: INTER V IGNOR". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2021-10-01.
^ "Совет "Майдана" призвал украинцев к бойкоту телеканала "Интер"". LB.ua. 5 January 2014. Retrieved 2021-10-01.
^ Протистояння на Грушевського: Журналіст "Інтера" бреше у прямому ефірі (відео повністю). 20.01.2014.
^ Про цензуру на «Інтері» на сайті «Лівий берег»
^ Російське кіно все ще домінує на українському телепросторі (in Ukrainian). Espreso TV. 09.09.2014
^ Українські канали показують у день по 7,5 годин російських передач (in Ukrainian). Tvoye misto. 23.09.2014
^ Кількість російського контенту на українських екранах збільшується, - дослідження (in Ukrainian). Espreso TV. 30.09.2014
^ Активісти заблокували вхід до «Інтеру» протестуючи проти російських серіалів (in Ukrainian). Radio Liberty. 11.12.2014
^ «Російські фільми на «Інтері» - наші герої на цвинтарі!» – біля офісу "Інтера" пройшла протестна акція (in Ukrainian). Espreso TV. 11.12.2014
^ Обсяги російського контенту на українському ТБ зростають попри війну, — «Відсіч» (in Ukrainian). Galinfo. 19.11.2014
^ «Интер», как и все каналы, боится потерять аудиторию, — Береза Archived 2015-01-07 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian). Пресса Украины. 01.01.2015
^ У соцмережах повстали проти «Інтера» за концерт зірок, які підтримали агресію РФ (in Ukrainian). ТСН. 1+1. 01.01.2015
^ #ИнтерБойкот. Соцсети взорвались из-за «российских песен и плясок» на «Интере» (in Russian). Obozrevatel. 01.01.2015
^ «Подробности» на «Інтері» про новорічний концерт» каналу: це «російський шабаш» (in Ukrainian). Radio Liberty. 01.01.2015
^ Нацсовет по телевидению займется «пророссийским» Новым годом на «Интере» (in Russian). Obozrevatel. 01.01.2015
^ Юрий Стець не будет лишать «Интер» лицензии Archived 2015-01-01 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian). Delo. 01.01.2015
^ Турчинов вимагає негайно розглянути питання щодо позбавлення ліцензії «Інтера» (in Ukrainian). ТСН. 1+1. 01.01.2015
^ У «Інтера» вимагають забрати ліцензію за антиукраїнських російських виконавців в новорічному ефірі (in Ukrainian). Telekrytyka. 01.01.2015
^ Новогодний концерт на «Интере» стал шоком для «Подробностей» (in Russian). Podrobnosti. Inter. 01.01.2015
^ Як «Інтер» у душу плюнув, а потім забрав свій плювок назад (in Ukrainian). Telekrytyka. 01.01.2015
^ «Інтер» знімає з ефіру всі святкові концерти та мюзикли, в тому числі і власного виробництва (in Ukrainian). Telekrytyka. 02.01.2015
^ Інтер порушує норму про 50% українського контенту, — експерт Оснач (in Ukrainian). Hromadske Radio. 04.01.2015
^ "Бойкот російського кіно on Facebook". Facebook. Archived from the original on 2022-04-27.(in Ukrainian)
^ Телеканали «Україна» та «Інтер» порушують закон, - Громадянський рух Відсіч (in Ukrainian). Galinfo. 12.01.2015
^ a b "Інтер" залишився без реклами "Київстару" через концерт за участю російських симпатиків сепаратистів (in Ukrainian). ТСН. 1+1. 16.01.2015
External links
Інтер (in Ukrainian, Russian, and English)
Інтер+ (in Ukrainian, Russian, and English)
Megasport (in Ukrainian)
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State Committee for TV and Radio | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Inter TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_TV"},{"link_name":"Rede InterTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_InterTV"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FirtashbInter-1"},{"link_name":"Kyiv Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Post"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FirtashbInter-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIsBBC6916-3"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InterChangeeKP271212-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Russo-Ukrainian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Inter TV or Rede InterTV.Television channelInter (Ukrainian: Інтер) is a Ukrainian television channel. It covers 99.7 percent of Ukraine's territory.[note 1][1] According to Kyiv Post it is among the most-watched television channels in Ukraine.[1][2][failed verification][3]Inter features a general programming mix appealing to both young and old audience, includes movies, music, drama, documentaries, news, kids' programs etc.[citation needed]In between of 2014 and 2016 the channel was heavily criticized by pro-western political activists and accused of spreading pro-Russian propaganda and advancing Russian political agenda in context of ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War at the time.","title":"Inter (TV channel)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Podrobytsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.podrobnosti.ua"},{"link_name":"NTN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTN_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"K1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K1_(Ukraine)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"K2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K2_(Ukraine)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Megasport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_(Ukrainian_television_channel)"},{"link_name":"Enter-Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enter-Film&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Enter-Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enter-Music&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"}],"text":"The channel was founded by the Ukrainian Independent TV-Corporation in 1996.Besides its international version of the channel as the business project, Inter now consists of several similar projects. Those are 07 Production - a studio of the documentary films, NIS - an information studio featuring Podrobytsi, Pirat Production - a studio of the entertaining shows.There are also over five other independent channels such as NTN, K1, K2, Megasport, Enter-Film, and Enter-Music (a Ukrainian version of MTV).On September 15, 2016, Kateryna Shkuratova was appointed Chairperson of the Board of Inter TV channel.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interpluslogo.svg"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dish Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dish_Network"},{"link_name":"Kabel Deutschland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabel_Deutschland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Inter Plus (Ukrainian: Інтер+) is the international network of Inter Channel that broadcasts the 'best of Inter' programming to Ukrainians abroad in North America & Europe. The channel first started broadcasting on January 13, 2003,[4] available via Dish Network in the United States and in Germany through Kabel Deutschland and encrypted in Europe & Russia on Sirius 2 & ABS 1 satellites. As of March 30, 2011, Inter Plus is no longer available on Dish Network.[5]Inter+ is also available in Canada via IMB+ Records, an IPTV provider.[6]","title":"Inter Plus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Odessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa"},{"link_name":"Russian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Masha Yefrosinina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Efrosinina"},{"link_name":"Nayrozumnishy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cleverest"},{"link_name":"Tina Kandelaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Kandelaki"}],"sub_title":"Programming","text":"Ahenty Vplyvu (Agents of Influence)\nKartata Potata\nKliuchovy Moment (Key Moment) - a talk show led by Nataliya Sumska. The show is oriented to help people to find each other, or to restore long-forgotten relationships, or simply let one of the guests tell a story of their life that they would wish to change.\nKvadratny metr (Square meter)\nLehendy Bandytskoi Odesy (Legends of Criminal Odessa) - a historical show that was discontinued in 2009. The show narrated criminal stories of the Odessa city at the times known in history as Russian Civil War and afterwards.\nLiniya Konfliktu (Line of Conflict) - a talk show of Masha Yefrosinina. It is a thrilling socially-psychological project. The show brings up the hottest topics of the everyday's life. The participants of the discussions are bright, inordinary, and confident in the correctness of their views characters. The main task of Masha in the project is to tilt the guests to the sharp debate, literally to the edge of a scandal. At the Line of Conflict will be laid the line of fire!\nNa Svoyu Holovu (On Your Head) - a real-life, adventure-oriented game-show led by Ihor Pelykh.\nNayrozumnishy (Smartest) - an intellectual game-show with a lightning-fast diction anchor-lady, Tina Kandelaki.\nNovatsii i Shtukentsii (Inventions and Stuff)\nPark Avtomobilnoho Periodu (Park of the Automobile Era)\nPodrobytsi (Details)\nPodrobytsi Tyzhnia (Details Weekly)\nPozaochi (Pass the Eyes) - a talk show with celebrities. The authors of the show are Hanna Bezliudna and Irina Ionova. The show is led by Yulia Lytvynenko. The goal of the show is to let the audience to get to know their favorite characters a little bit closer.\nRanok z Interom (Morning with Inter)\nSudovi Spravy (Court Affairs)\nSvoboda na Interi (Freedom on Inter)\nVechirniy Kvartal (Evening Neighborhood)\nVidverto pro Futbol (Sincerely about the Soccer)\nZnak yakosti (Sign of Quality)","title":"Inter Plus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hanna Homonai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_Homonai"},{"link_name":"Yevhen Koshovy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevhen_Koshovy"},{"link_name":"Olena Kravets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olena_Kravets"},{"link_name":"Yulia Lytvynenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulia_Lytvynenko"},{"link_name":"Dasha Malakhova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theatreonpodol.com/eng/actors/malakhova"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170703071044/http://www.theatreonpodol.com/eng/actors/malakhova"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Nataliya Sumska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nataliya_Sumska"},{"link_name":"Olha Sumska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olha_Sumska"},{"link_name":"Masha Yefrosinina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Efrosinina"},{"link_name":"Anastasia Zavorotniuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anastasia_Zavorotniuk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Volodymyr Zelensky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelensky"},{"link_name":"Yevgeny Kiselyov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny_Kiselyov"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJKiselyov-9"}],"sub_title":"Personalities","text":"Andriy Danilevych (Podrobytsi Tyzhnia)\nHanna Homonai (Novyny)\nVolodymyr Horiansky (Ranok z Interom)\nYevhen Koshovy (Vechirniy Kvartal)\nOlha Kotlytska (Na Pershy Pohliad)\nOlena Kravets (Vechirniy Kvartal)\nYulia Lytvynenko (Pozaochi)\nDasha Malakhova Archived 2017-07-03 at the Wayback Machine (Kartata Potata)\nIhor Pelykh (Na Svoyu Holovu) (died in a car crash May 8, 2009)[7]\nRuslan Senichkin (Podrobytsi)\nNataliya Sumska (Kliuchovy Moment)\nOlha Sumska (Ranok z Interom)\nMasha Yefrosinina (Liniya Konfliktu)\nIryna Yusupova (Podrobytsi)\nAnastasia Zavorotniuk (Kukhnia dlia Chaynykiv)\nVolodymyr Zelensky (Vechirniy Kvartal)\nYevgeny Kiselyov (in charge of the news production)[8]","title":"Inter Plus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian independent TV-corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_independent_TV-corporation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dilovyi Svit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dilovyi_Svit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Channel One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_One_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Pegas Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pegas_Television&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ihor Pluzhnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ihor_Pluzhnikov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-owner-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Mediaproject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.A._Inter_Media_Group"},{"link_name":"Valeriy Khoroshkovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeriy_Khoroshkovsky"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian independent TV-corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_independent_TV-corporation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InterChangeeKP271212-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InterChangeeKP271212-4"},{"link_name":"Yaroslav Porokhniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yaroslav_Porokhniak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InterChangeeKP271212-4"},{"link_name":"U.A. Inter Media Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.A._Inter_Media_Group"},{"link_name":"Oleksandr Zinchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleksandr_Zinchenko_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Vladyslav Riashyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladyslav_Riashyn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leonid Mazor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Mazor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hanna Bezliudna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_Bezliudna"},{"link_name":"Hanna Bezliudna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_Bezliudna"},{"link_name":"Oleksiy Mustafin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleksiy_Mustafin"},{"link_name":"Maksym Karyzhskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maksym_Karyzhskyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anton Nikitin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_Nikitin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oleksandr Pylypets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oleksandr_Pylypets&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"GDF Media Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDF_Media_Limited"},{"link_name":"Dmytro Firtash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmytro_Firtash"},{"link_name":"Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeriy_Khoroshkovskyi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FirtashbInter-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_(Spanish_television_channel)"},{"link_name":"Zoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_(Indian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FirtashbInter-1"}],"text":"The channel was founded by the Ukrainian Independent TV-Corporation in 1996. The Ukrainian independent TV-corporation's shareholders were Dilovyi Svit 51%, Russian Channel One 29%, Pegas Television 20%. About 82.5% of Pegas Television was the personal property of Ihor Pluzhnikov. The other shares of the company were split between Pegas and Overseas sales Ltd. 17.3% and Bersted Ukraina .2%. Those two companies were his property as well. Besides Pegas he had some share in the Dilovyi Svit which consisted of Bersted Ukraina, RIF-Service, Play Enterprise, insurance company Sindek, and legal services of Konnov and Sozanovskyi. In 2005 Ihor Pluzhnikov unexpectedly died in a hospital. His death caused a lot of discussions on the political level. In August all of the shares Dilovyi Svit and half of Pegas Television (total of 61%)[9][10] became a property of what later became known as Ukrainian Mediaproject headed by Valeriy Khoroshkovsky. Pegas was taken over by Pluzhnikov's wife, Svitlana, who has 10% ownership of the Ukrainian independent TV-corporation.[3] There is speculation that she does not have any influence on the business of the telechannel, Inter. As of December 2012 61% of the shares are owned by Ukrainian Mediaproject, 29% by Channel One and 10% by Pluzhnikov's widow.[3] According to Yaroslav Porokhniak, head of the management board of Inter, the Russian shareholders have no say in the channel's editorial or programming policies.[3]In September Valeriy became the head of the Observing Council and in 2006 made some changes in the management. In 2007 on the base of Ukrainian Mediaproject was established U.A. Inter Media Group financial holdings.General producersOleksandr Zinchenko (20 October 1996 – 27 May 2002)\nVladyslav Riashyn (20 October 1996 – 15 January 2006)\nLeonid Mazor (24 March-31 December 2006)\nHanna Bezliudna (1 January 2007 – 6 September 2009)Information service managersHanna Bezliudna 1997-2001\nOleksiy Mustafin 2001-2005\nMaksym Karyzhskyi 2006\nAnton Nikitin 2006-2009\nOleksandr Pylypets 2009The channel is part of GDF Media Limited; since Dmytro Firtash bought 100 percent of Inter Media Group Limited (back) from Valeriy Khoroshkovskyi on 1 February 2013.[1] In June 2007 Khoroshkovskyi had expanded his U.A. Inter Media Group Ltd with various other channels bought from Firtash.[11]GDF Media Limited also owns NTN, K1, Mega, Enter-Film, K2, Pixel and Zoom.[1]","title":"Ownership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"earthTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EarthTV"}],"text":"Clock is shown before information programs to indicate the beginning and the end of air, and before and after preventive prevention. From October 20, 1996 to October 19, 2000 the clock was silent.From October 20, 1996 to October 19, 2000 on a black background show the watch with a green dial, white numbers, white lettering ІНТЕР, white hour and minute hands, red second hand. The clock was silent.\nFrom 20 October 2000 to 23 August 2007 on a blue background in the lower left corner shows the blue cubes in the center on a white strip running news line (in the morning and in the afternoon in the Ukrainian language, in the evening - in Russian), below there were sites www. inter.ua and www.podrobnosti.ua on the gray bar, even lower on a white strip - electronic time. In the evening, there was podrobnosti.ua site on the right.\nFrom 24 August 2007 to 30 June 2013 a clock in the earthTV format was shown, against cities in the world above shows a city, country information, current time, the weather in the city, the word \"ПРЯМЕ ВКЛЮЧЕННЯ\" at the bottom of the inscription \"В КІЄВІ\" and electronic time.\nFrom 6 September 2010 to 30 June 2013 on the background of Ukrainian cities at the top was shown the information about the city, the word \"ПРЯМЕ ВКЛЮЧЕННЯ\", in the bottom right corner the electronic time.\nFrom July 1 to August 25, 2013 on a blue background in the center was shown up the globe, \"signals\" in the center of a three-dimensional ball, white dial, hands also white.\nSince August 26, 2013 to the present time, against the backdrop of a cloudy sky is shown an electronic time on the windows of a skyscraper.","title":"Clock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Ukraine_(united)"},{"link_name":"Orange Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Prime_Minister"},{"link_name":"Yulia Tymoshenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulia_Tymoshenko"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-owner-10"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Azarov_Government"},{"link_name":"Euromaidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromaidan"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Maidan revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ukrainian_revolution"},{"link_name":"Viktor Yanukovych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yanuousted-17"},{"link_name":"St Mary's battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_battalion"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Russo-Ukrainian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIsBBC6916-3"}],"text":"According to critics the channel used to be directly controlled by the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) until the 2004 Orange Revolution.[12][13]In January 2009 (former) Ukrainian Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko refused to appear on Inter television programs criticizing the channel's associates of their professional ethics.[9]On 21 February 2014, 16 journalists of the channel claimed to have been the victim of censorship (in the form of having been forced to make \"pro-government propaganda\") and called on the higher management to objectively cover events concerning Euromaidan.[14] On 22 February 2014 the channel normal programming was replaced, amid rumours of a possible attack or arson on its headquarters, by live broadcast of Parliamentary sessions.[15] On 22 February 2014, as a part of the \"Maidan revolution\", President Viktor Yanukovych (the one the 16 journalist had complained about being forced to make propaganda for) was removed from office.[16]Early September 2016 the Inter studios were attacked and then blockaded for three days by St Mary's battalion who accused it of being to pro-Russian amidst of the Russo-Ukrainian War.[2]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Euromaidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromaidan"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Criticism","text":"In 2014 \"Inter\" the TV channel informational policy repeatedly caused negative reaction of society. There even was created a Facebook group Blacklist Inter (Ukrainian: «Інтер в ігнор»).[17] Also Euromaidan activists have called for boycott of this TV channel[18] and asked its employees not to lie in air.[19] Censorship on \"Inter\" was reported earlier.[20]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boycott Russian Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycott_Russian_Films"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espreso_09.09.2014-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Boycott Russian Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycott_Russian_Films"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Russian and Russian-language broadcasting content","text":"See also: Boycott Russian FilmsSince 2014 \"Inter\" was criticized for the broadcasting of Russian serials. According to results of monitoring made by \"Boycott Russian cinema\" activists, in September \"Inter\" took 3rd place among top-10 nationwide TV-channels which demonstrate Russian films and serials. During the period from 8th to 14 September Russian content lasted in average 11 hours and 15 minutes per day.[21][22] According to monitoring data of 27 September Russian content took already 67% on this channel.[23]On December 11, 2014 \"Boycott Russian Films\" activists were picketing \"Inter\" main office in Kyiv. During the action named \"Do not kill our protectors by Russian propaganda!\" young people placed photos of Ukrainian soldiers, killed during the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, on the main entrance. Activists claimed that \"Inter\" takes second place among TV channels concerning the amount of Russian origin content. Protesters announced that Russian films and serials on \"Inter\" glorify Russian armed forces, which is unacceptable during the war.[24][25]According to monitoring results held from 1 to 7 December the amount of Russian origin content has increased up to 13 hours and 15 minutes per day.[26]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"occupation of Crimea by Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kobzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kobzon"},{"link_name":"Oleg Gazmanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Gazmanov"},{"link_name":"Valeriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeriya"},{"link_name":"blogosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogosphere"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"social network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_and_Defense_Council_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Oleksandr Turchynov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleksandr_Turchynov"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Podrobnosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podrobnosti"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Boycott Russian Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycott_Russian_Films"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1+1_Kyivstar-42"},{"link_name":"Kyivstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyivstar"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1+1_Kyivstar-42"}],"sub_title":"Scandal on New Year's night TV shows","text":"From December 31, 2014 to January 1, 2015 during celebration of the New Year this channel broadcast New Year show \"Wait for me in the New Year\" (Russian: «Жди меня в Новый год») with Russian stars who have supported occupation of Crimea by Russia (Joseph Kobzon, Oleg Gazmanov, Valeriya, etc.). This event immediately caused a burst of resentment in Ukrainian blogosphere[27] and social network.[28][29] On January 1, a number of Ukrainian high-ranked officials, politicians and cultural workers reacted.[30][31][32] Particularly, the secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine Oleksandr Turchynov announced that National Council of Television and Radio of Ukraine must consider about cancellation of channel's licence immediately.[33][34] In the evening the news program of the channel \"Podrobnosti\" publicly dissociated from New Year shows with Russian stars participating,[35] and announced that the timetable of TV programs was changed incorrectly.[36][37]Member of expert commission on distributing and showing films Serhiy Osnach claims that \"Inter\" violates regulation about compulsory 50% of Ukrainian content[38] (article 9 of Law Of Ukraine \"About television and radiobroadcasting\"). From December 5 to 11, 2015 activists of \"Boycott Russian Films\" campaign have made a monitoring, results of which confirmed what expert said. Activists calculated that there is 17% of Ukrainian content on \"Inter\".[39][40]On January 15, 2015 National Council for Radio and Television of Ukraine gave a warning to \"Inter\" for program broadcasting.[41]In January 2015 \"Kyivstar\" company cancelled its advertisement movies on \"Inter\": \"We stopped placing advertisement movies on \"Inter\". It is important for us that our advertisement correspond with patriotic values, which \"Kyivstar\" puts in advertisement as a national Ukrainian operator.\"[41]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ According to the channel's own information","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Interpluslogo.svg/201px-Interpluslogo.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"List of Ukrainian language television channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ukrainian_language_television_channels"},{"title":"Channel One (Russia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_One_(Russia)"}] | [{"reference":"\"3/30/2011 2:46pm - Uplink Activity Report - 33 changes\". www.satelliteguys.us. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110728182738/http://www.satelliteguys.us/dish-network-uplink-center/249019-3-30-2011-2-46pm-uplink.html","url_text":"\"3/30/2011 2:46pm - Uplink Activity Report - 33 changes\""},{"url":"http://www.satelliteguys.us/dish-network-uplink-center/249019-3-30-2011-2-46pm-uplink.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.A. Inter Media Group - Official website\". Archived from the original on 2012-12-14. Retrieved 2009-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121214152137/http://www.uaimg.com/en/about.html","url_text":"\"U.A. Inter Media Group - Official website\""},{"url":"http://www.uaimg.com/en/about.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Khoroshkovsky Creates New Media Giant in Ukraine\". Kommersant. June 27, 2007. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120205152552/http://www.kommersant.com/p778375/r_500/%D0%9A1_%D0%9A2_Megasport_Inter/","url_text":"\"Khoroshkovsky Creates New Media Giant in Ukraine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommersant","url_text":"Kommersant"},{"url":"http://www.kommersant.com/p778375/r_500/%D0%9A1_%D0%9A2_Megasport_Inter/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Інтер: INTER V IGNOR\". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2021-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/groups/antyinter/","url_text":"\"Інтер: INTER V IGNOR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Совет \"Майдана\" призвал украинцев к бойкоту телеканала \"Интер\"\". LB.ua. 5 January 2014. Retrieved 2021-10-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://lb.ua/news/2014/01/05/250843_sovet_maydana_prizval_ukraintsev.html","url_text":"\"Совет \"Майдана\" призвал украинцев к бойкоту телеканала \"Интер\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Бойкот російського кіно on Facebook\". Facebook. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Courtenay | Earl of Devon | ["1 Ealdormen of Devon","2 The post-Norman earldom","3 Second creation, 1469","4 Restored first creation, 1470","5 Third creation, 1485","6 Fourth creation, 1511","7 Fifth creation, 1553","8 Interregnum","9 Residences","10 Earls of Devon, First Creation (1141)","11 Earls of Devon of the early Courtenay line","12 Earl of Devon, Second Creation (1469)","13 Earl of Devon, Third Creation (1485)","14 Earls of Devon, Fourth Creation (1511)","15 Marquess of Exeter, First Creation (1525)","16 Earls of Devon, Fifth Creation (1553)","16.1 Earls de jure, of Powderham","16.2 Revived (1831)","17 Family tree","18 Earls of Devonshire","19 See also","20 Footnotes","21 References"] | Title in the Peerage of England
Not to be confused with Earl of Devonshire.
Earldom of DevonArms: Quarterly, 1st & 4th: Or, three Torteaux (Courtenay); 2nd & 3rd: Or, a Lion rampant Azure (Redvers). Crests: 1st: Out of a Ducal Coronet Or, a Plume of seven Ostrich Feathers, four Or, three Argent (Redvers, Earl of Devon); 2nd: A Dolphin embowed proper (Courtenay). Supporters: On either side a Boar Argent, tusked and unguled Or.Creation date3 September 1553CreationFifthCreated byMary I of EnglandPeeragePeerage of EnglandFirst holderEdward CourtenayPresent holderCharles Courtenay, 19th Earl of DevonHeir apparentJack Courtenay, Lord CourtenayRemainder to1st Earl's heirs male whatsoeverSubsidiary titlesBaronet, of Powderham CastleSeat(s)Powderham CastleFormer seat(s)Tiverton CastleColcombe CastleMotto1st: QUOD VERUM TUTUM (What is true is safe)2nd: UBI LAPSUS QUID FECI (Where I have fallen, what have I done?)
Tiverton Castle, Devon, the few remains of the early mediaeval castle and seat of the Redvers and Courtenay Earls of Devon. Forfeited and recovered many times, it was finally sold by the daughters and co-heiresses of Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (d.1556), of the 1553 creation. It never was besieged during the Courtenay tenure, but was afterwards captured during the Civil War by a stroke of luck. It was then largely demolished as a preventative measure.
Powderham Castle, Devon, the ancient seat of the family of Courtenay of Powderham, which successfully claimed the dormant Earldom of Devon in the 19th century. Here seen from the southwest, flying the heraldic banner of the Earl of Devon.
Earl of Devon is a title that has been created several times in the Peerage of England. It was possessed first (after the Norman Conquest of 1066) by the Redvers family (alias de Reviers, Revieres, etc.), and later by the Courtenay family. It is not to be confused with the title of Earl of Devonshire, which is held by the Duke of Devonshire, although the letters patent for the creation of the latter peerages used the same Latin words, Comes Devon(iae). It was a re-invention, if not an actual continuation, of the pre-Conquest office of Ealdorman of Devon.
Close kinsmen and powerful allies of the Plantagenet kings, especially Edward III, Richard II, Henry IV and Henry V, the Earls of Devon were treated with suspicion by the Tudors, perhaps unfairly, partly because William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (1475–1511), had married Princess Catherine of York, a younger daughter of King Edward IV, bringing the Earls of Devon very close to the line of succession to the English throne. During the Tudor period, all but the last Earl were attainted, and there were several recreations and restorations. The last recreation was to the heirs male of the grantee, not (as would be usual) to the heirs male of his body. When he died unmarried, it was assumed the title was extinct, but a much later very distant Courtenay cousin, of the family seated at Powderham, whose common ancestor was Hugh de Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon (d.1377), seven generations before this Earl, successfully claimed the title in 1831. During this period of dormancy, the de jure Earls of Devon, the Courtenays of Powderham, were created baronets and later viscounts.
During this time, an unrelated earldom of a similar name, now called for distinction the Earldom of Devonshire, was created twice, once for Charles Blount, 8th Baron Mountjoy, who had no legitimate children, and a second time for the Cavendish family, now Dukes of Devonshire. Unlike the Dukes of Devonshire, seated in Derbyshire, the Earls of Devon were strongly connected to the county of Devon. Their seat is Powderham Castle, near Starcross on the River Exe.
The Earl of Devon has not inherited the ancient and original Barony of Courtenay or the Viscountcy of Courtenay of Powderham (1762–1835); nevertheless, his heir is styled Lord Courtenay by courtesy.
Ealdormen of Devon
Main article: Ealdorman of Devon
Before the Norman Conquest of 1066, the highest sub-regal authority in Devon was the Ealdorman, of which office the later Earldom of Devon was a re-invention, if not an actual continuation.
Odda, under Alfred the Great, led Anglo-Saxon forces in the Battle of Cynwit, ultimately defeating an army led by Viking chieftain Ubba.
Ordgar (d.971), under King Edgar (ruled 959–975). He founded Tavistock Abbey in 961. His son was Ordwulf (died after 1005), who realised the founding.
The post-Norman earldom
The first Earl of Devon was Baldwin de Redvers (c. 1095–1155), son of Richard de Redvers (d.1107), feudal baron of Plympton, Devon, one of the principal supporters of King Henry I (1100–1135). It was believed by some that Richard de Redvers had in fact been created the first Earl of Devon, and although in the past this caused confusion concerning the numerical ordering of the Earls of Devon, the point is now more clearly settled in favour of Baldwin as the first. Baldwin de Redvers was a great noble in Devon and the Isle of Wight, where his seat was Carisbrooke Castle, and was one of the first to rebel against King Stephen (1135–1154). He seized Exeter Castle, and mounted naval raids from Carisbrooke, but was driven out of England to Anjou, France, where he joined the Empress Matilda. She created him Earl of Devon after she established herself in England, probably in early 1141.
Baldwin de Redvers, 1st Earl of Devon, was succeeded by his son, Richard de Redvers, 2nd Earl of Devon, and grandson, Baldwin de Redvers, 3rd Earl of Devon, and the latter was succeeded by his brother, Richard de Redvers, 4th Earl of Devon, who died childless.
William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon (d.1217) was the third son of Baldwin, the 1st Earl. He had only two children who left children. His son Baldwin died on 1 September 1216 at the age of sixteen, leaving his wife Margaret pregnant with Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon. King John (1199–1216) forced her to marry Falkes de Breauté, but she was rescued at the fall of Bedford Castle in 1224 and divorced from him, as having been in no true marriage. She is thus called Countess of Devon in several records. The fifth Earl's youngest daughter, Mary de Redvers, known as 'de Vernon', was eventually the sole heiress of the 1141 Earldom. She married firstly, Pierre de Preaux, and secondly, Robert de Courtenay (d.1242), feudal baron of Okehampton, Devon.
The 6th Earl was succeeded by his son, Baldwin de Redvers, 7th Earl of Devon (d.1262), who died without children. His sister, Isabel de Forz, widow of William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle, became Countess of Devon suo jure. Her children predeceased her and she had no grandchildren.
Her lands were inherited by her second cousin once removed, Hugh de Courtenay (1276–1340), feudal baron of Okehampton, the great-grandson of Mary de Redvers and Robert de Courtenay (d.1242) of Okehampton. He descended from Renaud de Courtenay, anglicised to Reginald I de Courtenay, of Sutton, a French nobleman of the House of Courtenay who took up residence in England after the conquest and founded the English branch of the Courtenay family, who became Earls of Devon in 1335. The title is still held today, by his direct male descendant.
Hugh de Courtenay was summoned by writ to Parliament in 1299 as Hugo de Curtenay, whereby he is held to have become Baron Courtenay. However, forty-one years after the death of Isabella de Fortibus, Countess of Devon|Isabel de Forz, letters patent were issued on 22 February 1335 declaring him Earl of Devon, and stating that he "should assume such title and style as his ancestors, Earls of Devon, had wont to do", by which he was confirmed as Earl of Devon. Although some sources consider this a new grant the wording of the grant arguably indicates a confirmation and that he became thereby 9th Earl. Historic sources thus variously refer to him as either 1st Earl or 9th Earl, and the position cannot be decided either way due to the uncertainty of the surviving evidence. For the last years of his life he thus held two titles, 1st/9th Earl of Devon, by reason of the 1335 letters patent, and 1st Baron Courtenay, the title by which he had been summoned to Parliament in the years prior to the 1335 letters patent.
The 1st/9th Earl was succeeded by his son, Hugh de Courtenay, 2nd/10th Earl of Devon. Three of the eight sons of the 2nd/10th Earl had descendants; a fourth, William Courtenay, was Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor. Sir Hugh Courtenay (1326–1349), KG, eldest son and heir of the 2nd/10th Earl, was one of the founding members of the Order of the Garter, but both he and his only son, Sir Hugh Courtenay (died 1374), predeceased the 2nd/10th Earl. Sir Edward de Courtenay (died 1368/71), the third son, also predeceased his father, but left an eldest son, Edward de Courtenay, 3rd Earl of Devon (1357–1419), "The Blind", who inherited as the 3rd/11th Earl. The 3rd/11th Earl's eldest son, Sir Edward Courtenay (died 1418), married Eleanor Mortimer, daughter of Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, but predeceased his father, leaving no children, and the 3rd/11th Earl's second son, Hugh de Courtenay, 4th Earl of Devon (d.1422) succeeded him as became 4th/12th Earl of Devon. The 4th/12th Earl was succeeded by his son, Thomas Courtenay, 5th/13th Earl of Devon (d.1458).
The Wars of the Roses were disastrous for the Courtenay earls. The 5th/13th Earl's son, Thomas Courtenay, 6th/14th Earl of Devon (d.1461), fought on the losing Lancastrian side at the Battle of Towton (1461), was captured and beheaded, and all his honours forfeited by attainder. Tiverton Castle and all the other vast Courtenay lands were forfeited to the crown, later to be partially restored.
Second creation, 1469
Edward IV had made Humphrey Stafford, grandson and heir of Humphrey Stafford of Hooke, Dorset, his agent in the West Country. On 17 May 1469, Stafford was created Earl of Devon, but was killed only three months later, having led royal forces against the rebel army of Robin of Redesdale, a deputy of the Earl of Warwick. Captured in the Battle of Edgecote, he was beheaded at Bridgwater on 17 August 1469. He left no children, and with his death the second creation of the earldom became extinct. He is known as the "Three Months' Earl".
Restored first creation, 1470
The Wars of the Roses continued and in 1470 the Lancastrian forces under Warwick prevailed, and Henry VI was restored to the throne. The 1461 attainders were reversed, and the earldom of Devon was restored to John Courtenay, 7th/15th Earl of Devon (d.1471), youngest brother of Thomas, the 6th/14th Earl. There had been a middle brother also, Henry Courtenay (d.1469), who also perished in the Wars. When the Yorkists again prevailed in the following year, Edward IV had the legislation of Henry VI's second reign cancelled, and all of John Courtenay's honours were forfeited. A few weeks later, on 4 May 1471, he died fighting on the losing side at the Battle of Tewkesbury (1471), leaving no children. According to Cokayne, "on his death the representation of the ancient Earls of Devon (of the family of Reviers from whom the Courtenays had inherited it) and of the Barony of Courtenay (created by the writ of 1299) fell into abeyance between his sisters or their descendants, subject to the attainder of Edward IV (1461), which revived on that King's re-accession 14 April 1471".
Third creation, 1485
Diagram showing the descent of the Courtenay Earls of Devon during the Wars of the Roses. Sir Hugh I Courtenay (d.1425) of Boconnoc was the link between the senior line made extinct following the Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471 and the post-War creation of a new Earldom in 1485 by King Henry VII
Sir Edward Courtenay (d.1509), great-nephew of the 3rd/11th Earl, fought on the winning side at Bosworth on 22 August 1485, ending the Wars of the Roses and two months later the new King, Henry VII (1485–1509), by letters patent dated 16 October 1485, created Edward Courtenay Earl of Devon (or Devonshire), with the usual remainder to the heirs male of his body. As the son and heir of Sir Hugh Courtenay (died 1471/2) of Bocconoc, Sir Edward Courtenay was the heir male of his family, his father being the son and heir of Sir Hugh Courtenay of Haccombe, younger brother of Edward de Courtenay, 3rd/11th Earl of Devon (d.1419), "The Blind". He united the Tiverton and Powderham lines of the family, having married Elizabeth Courtenay, a daughter of a younger son of the Powderham line. He died 28 May 1509, when the earldom was forfeited by the attainder in 1504 of his son and heir, William Courtenay (d.1511).
Fourth creation, 1511
William Courtenay (d.1511) had married Princess Catherine of York, a younger daughter of King Edward IV, and was thus brother-in-law to Elizabeth of York but nonetheless Elizabeth's husband Henry VII had Courtenay imprisoned and attainted for his supposed, but unproven, complicity in the conspiracy of Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk. However, during the reign of his son and successor King Henry VIII (1509–1547) William Courtenay was gradually forgiven. His lands were restored as far as was possible, and by letters patent of 10 May 1511, he was created Earl of Devon with remainder to the heirs of his body. He died suddenly of pleurisy a month later on 11 June 1511, leaving his only surviving son, Henry Courtenay (d.1539), to inherit the earldom.
In December 1512 Henry Courtenay (d.1539) obtained by Act of Parliament the reversal of the 1504 attainder of his father, William Courtenay. In 1512 he thus inherited the earldom of Devon as held by his grandfather, having at his father's death the previous year already inherited the earldom conferred by patent on his father in 1511. In 1525 he was created Marquess of Exeter by Henry VIII. However, in 1538 he was tried, convicted, attainted and beheaded by the same king for conspiring with the Poles and Nevilles against the government of Thomas Cromwell in the aftermath of the Pilgrimage of Grace. All his titles were forfeited by his attainder.
Fifth creation, 1553
Edward Courtenay (d.1556), Henry Courtenay's second but only surviving son, was a prisoner in the Tower of London for fifteen years, from the time of his father's arrest to the beginning of the reign of Queen Mary (1553–1558), when he was released and created by her Earl of Devon. The patent differed from earlier patents in that it granted the earldom to his heirs male forever, rather than to the heirs male of his body. (This meant, as was decided in 1831, that the earldom could pass to his cousins, the Courtenays of Powderham, more specifically to William IV Courtenay (1527–1557), known retrospectively as the de jure 2nd Earl, which family had existed since the 14th century at that seat as prominent country gentry.) He was proposed as a prospective husband for his cousin Queen Mary, herself keen on the match, but is said to have refused her advances, after which Queen Mary married Philip II of Spain. He was considered as a possible husband for her sister, the future Queen Elizabeth I. This made him a threat to Mary's reign. Moreover, he was implicated in Wyatt's rebellion, and was again locked up in the Tower. In 1555 he was permitted to travel to Italy, where he died at Padua in 1556, possibly due to poisoning. With his death, his male line was extinguished, and the earldom with it, or so it was considered until 1831.
Interregnum
Since there was no Earl of Devon, James I granted the title in 1603 to Charles Blount, 8th Baron Mountjoy, whose aunt had been the last Earl's mother. He died without legitimate children three years later, and the King gave (or rather sold) the Earldom to William Cavendish, 1st Baron Cavendish.
Meanwhile, the descendants of Sir Philip Courtenay (1340–1406), of Powderham, a younger son of the 2nd/10th Earl, having fought against the Courtenay Earls during the Wars of the Roses, lived under the Tudors as prominent country gentlemen. The baronetcy was created in the Baronetage of England during the English Civil War in February 1644 for William VI Courtenay (1628–1702) de jure 5th Earl of Devon, of Powderham, Devon. The third baronet gained the title Viscount Courtenay of Powderham in 1762.
In 1831, the senior living Courtenay of this line was William Courtenay, 3rd Viscount Courtenay (died 1835), an aged rake and bachelor, then living in exile in Paris, having fled a bill of indictment. Were he to die unmarried, the viscountcy would become extinct, while the baronetcy would be inherited by his third cousin, another William Courtenay (1777–1859), who was Clerk Assistant to Parliament and High Steward of Oxford University. William Courtenay (d.1859) persuaded the House of Lords that "heir male" in the last 1553 creation of the title had meant "heir male collateral", and that his cousin the 3rd Viscount was therefore also 9th Earl of Devon, and his ancestors the Courtenays of Powderham had been de jure Earls of Devon from 1556. William Courtenay (died 1859) duly succeeded his cousin as 10th Earl in 1835, and from him, the present Earls are descended. (A madman, John Nichols Thom, claimed to be "Sir William Courtenay" in 1832, and stood for Parliament twice, as representative of the extreme Philosophical Radicals, and proclaimed his right to the Earldom. He organized an agricultural rising outside Canterbury in 1838, and was shot dead in the Battle of Bossenden Wood during its suppression.)
The inconvenience, since 1831, of having two Earls for the same county has been dealt with thus: The Cavendish Earls, who were elevated to a Dukedom in 1694, had been spelling their title Duke of Devonshire; the ancient Earls had usually been Earls of Devon. This is due in part to the differences between English and "law Latin", the language in which royal decrees were traditionally written. This has now become the difference between the two peerages, and it is convenient to call the Blount Earl (1603–06) Earl of Devonshire also.
Residences
The principal seat of the Earls of Devon until the expiry of the senior line in 1556 was Tiverton Castle in Devon, and as a subsidiary seat Colcombe Castle, Devon, both of which are now largely demolished. The Earls of Devon created after 1556, or in existence de jure, had occupied the manor of Powderham in Devon since the late 14th century, and Powderham Castle continues to be the principal seat of the present Earl of Devon.
Earls of Devon, First Creation (1141)
Arms of de Redvers, adopted at the start of the age of heraldry (c. 1200–1215), probably by William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon(died 1217), : Or, a lion rampant azure
Baldwin de Redvers, 1st Earl of Devon (c. 1095–1155)
Richard de Redvers, 2nd Earl of Devon (died 1162) son
Baldwin de Redvers, 3rd Earl of Devon (died 1188) son
Richard de Redvers, 4th Earl of Devon (died c. 1193), brother
William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon (died 1217), uncle
Baldwin de Redvers (died 1216)
Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon (1217–1245), grandson of the 5th Earl
Baldwin de Redvers, 7th Earl of Devon (1236–1262) son
Isabel de Redvers, 8th Countess of Devon (1237–1293), sister
Earls of Devon of the early Courtenay line
Arms of first Courtenay Earls of Devon: Or, three torteaux a label azure, as depicted (without tinctures) impaling Bohun on the monumental brass in Exeter Cathedral, Devon, of Sir Peter Courtenay (died 1405), 5th son of Hugh Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon (died 1377)
The ordinal number given to the early Courtenay Earls of Devon depends on whether the earldom is deemed a new creation by the letters patent granted 22 February 1334/5 or whether it is deemed a restitution of the old dignity of the de Redvers family. Authorities differ in their opinions, and thus alternative ordinal numbers exist, given here.
Hugh de Courtenay, 1st/9th Earl of Devon (1276–1340) (cousin; declared Earl 1335)
Hugh de Courtenay, 2nd/10th Earl of Devon (1303–1377) (son)
Edward de Courtenay (died bef. 1272)
Edward de Courtenay, 3rd/11th Earl of Devon (1357–1419), "The Blind", (grandson of the 2nd/10th Earl)
Hugh de Courtenay, 4th/12th Earl of Devon (1389–1422) (son)
Thomas de Courtenay, 5th/13th Earl of Devon (1414–1458) (son)
Thomas Courtenay, 6th/14th Earl of Devon (1432–1461) (son) (attainted 1461)
John Courtenay, 7th/15th Earl of Devon (1435–1471) (brother) (restored 1469; in abeyance from 4 May 1471 to 14 October 1485, subject to revival of earlier attainder of 1461)
Earl of Devon, Second Creation (1469)
Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon (1439–1469) (granted May 1469; forfeited August 1469)
Earl of Devon, Third Creation (1485)
Original undifferenced coat of arms of the House of Courtenay: Or, three torteaux, as shown sculpted within a Garter on the chancel arch of St Peter's Church, Tiverton, Devon, being the arms of Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon, KG (died 1509)
Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (died 1509), KG, (forfeited at his death by son's attainder; restored 1512 to his grandson)
Heir male to John Courtenay above; attainted 1484; restored to lands and honours then lost in 1485; if this was intended to restore the first Earldom, it was also forfeit 1538/9.
Earls of Devon, Fourth Creation (1511)
Arms of William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (1475–1511): Quarterly 1st & 4th, Courtenay; 2nd & 3rd Redvers, as sculpted on south porch of St Peter's Church, Tiverton, Devon, impaling the arms of King Edward IV, the father of his wife Princess Katherine
William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (1475–1511) (attainted 1504; restored to the rights of a subject 1511; new creation two days later; died the next month without investiture, but buried as an Earl) son of Edward above.
Henry Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon (1498–1539) KG; (heir to both 3rd and 4th creations after 1512); son of William above. (created Marquess of Exeter in 1525).
Marquess of Exeter, First Creation (1525)
Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter (1498-1539); attainted 1538/9, executed and all titles and honours forfeit.
Earls of Devon, Fifth Creation (1553)
Arms of later Earls of Devon, with the label azure further differenced by annulets or plates
Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (1527–1556) (also restored in blood, but not honours, 1553; fifth creation dormant 1556†) son of Henry above. Died unmarried and without children.
Earls de jure, of Powderham
William Courtenay, de jure 2nd Earl of Devon (1529–1557), of Powderham, sixth cousin once removed of Edward above,
William Courtenay, de jure 3rd Earl of Devon (1553–1630)
William Courtenay (died 1605), his eldest son, died before his father
Francis Courtenay, de jure 4th Earl of Devon (1576–1638), his brother
William Courtenay, de jure 5th Earl of Devon, 1st Baronet (1628–1702) (created 1644)
Francis Courtenay (died 1699), his eldest son, died before his father
William Courtenay, de jure 6th Earl of Devon, 2nd Baronet (1675–1735), son of Francis
William Courtenay, de jure 7th Earl of Devon, 1st Viscount Courtenay (11 February 1709/1710 – 16 May 1762) (created Viscount Courtenay 1762)
William Courtenay, de jure 8th Earl of Devon, 2nd Viscount Courtenay (30 October 1742 – 14 October 1788)
William Courtenay, de jure 9th Earl of Devon (1788–1835), de facto 9th Earl of Devon (1831–1835), 3rd Viscount Courtenay (1768–1835; earldom retrospectively revived 1831†)
Revived (1831)
Earl's coronet worn by Charles Courtenay, 17th Earl of Devon (1916–1998) at the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953. Displayed at Powderham Castle
William Courtenay, 9th Earl of Devon (1768–1835), died unmarried
William Courtenay, 10th Earl of Devon (1777–1859), his second cousin: elder son of Rt. Rev. Henry Reginald Courtenay, Bishop of Exeter, who was the second son of Henry Reginald Courtenay, MP, who was the second son of Sir William Courtenay, 2nd Baronet
William Reginald Courtenay, 11th Earl of Devon (1807–1888), his eldest son
William Reginald Courtenay (1832–1853), his eldest son, died — unmarried — before his grandfather
Edward Baldwin Courtenay, 12th Earl of Devon (1836–1891), his brother, died unmarried
Henry Hugh Courtenay, 13th Earl of Devon (1811–1904), a priest; his uncle, second son of the 10th Earl
Henry Reginald Courtenay, Lord Courtenay (1836–1898), his eldest son, died before his father
Charles Pepys Courtenay, 14th Earl of Devon (1870–1927), his eldest son
Henry Hugh Courtenay, 15th Earl of Devon (1872–1935), a priest; his brother
Frederick Leslie Courtenay, 16th Earl of Devon (1875–1935), a priest; his brother
Henry John Baldwin Courtenay, Lord Courtenay (b. and d. 1915), his elder son, died before his father
Charles Christopher Courtenay, 17th Earl of Devon (1916–1998), Frederick's younger son
Hugh Rupert Courtenay, 18th Earl of Devon (1942–2015), his only son
Charles Peregrine Courtenay, 19th Earl of Devon (born 1975), his only son
The heir apparent is the present holder's only son Jack Haydon Langer Courtenay, Lord Courtenay (born 2009)
†: 1553 creation was with remainder to his heirs male whatsoever, so theoretically succeeded by his sixth cousin once removed; thus the 1831 revival was to the ninth member of the family with respect to said creation.
Family tree
vtede Redvers & Courtenay Family Tree, including:Earls of Devon (Creations of 1141, 1485, 1511 & 1553); Courtenay Barons (1299); Marquess of Exeter (1525); Viscount Courtenay (1762); Courtenay Baronets of Powderham Castle (1644)
Richard de Redvers(d. 1107)
Earl of Devon (1st creation), probably in early 1141
Baldwin de Redvers(c. 1095–1155)Created 11411st Earl of Devon
Richard de Redvers(d. 1162)2nd Earl of DevonWilliam de Redvers (aka de Vernon)(d. 1217)5th Earl of DevonRenaud de Courtenay(d. 1194)
Baldwin de Redvers(d. 1188)3rd Earl of DevonRichard de Redvers(fl. c. 1066 d. 1234)4th Earl of DevonBaldwin de Redvers(d. 1216)Mary de VernonRobert de Courtenay(d. 1242)
Baldwin de Redvers(1217–1245)6th Earl of DevonJohn de Courtenay(d. 1274)
Baldwin de Redvers(1236–1262)7th Earl of DevonIsabel de Redvers(1237–1293)suo jure8th Countess of DevonHugh Courtenay(1249–1292)
Baron Courtenay, 1299Earl of Devon (2nd creation or continuation of 1st creation), 1335
Hugh de Courtenay(1276–1340)1st Baron Courtenay1st/9th Earl of Devon
Hugh de Courtenay(1303–1377)2nd Baron Courtenay2nd/10th Earl of Devon
Hugh Courtenay(1327–1348)Edward Courtenay of Godlington(c. 1331–1368/1371)William Courtenay(c. 1342–1396)Archbishop of CanterburyPhilip Courtenay(c. 1355–1406)
Hugh Courtenay(c. 1345–1374)3rd Baron CourtenayEdward de Courtenay(1357–1419)4th Baron Courtenay3rd/11th Earl of DevonHugh CourtenayJohn Courtenay(d. before 1415)
Edward de Courtenay(c. 1385–1418)Styled Lord CourtenayHugh de Courtenay(1389–1422)5th Baron Courtenay4th/12th Earl of DevonHugh Courtenay(d. 1471)Philip Courtenay(1404–1463)
Thomas de Courtenay(1414–1458)6th Baron Courtenay5th/13th Earl of DevonEdward Courtenay(d. 1509)Created 14851st Earl of DevonForfeit at his death byhis son's attainder 1504William Courtenay(d. 1485)
Thomas Courtenay(1432–1461)7th Baron Courtenay6th/14th Earl of DevonJohn Courtenay(1435–1471)Attaider of 1461 reversedTitle restored 14707th/15th Earl of DevonTitle in Abeyance 1471–1485Attainder of 1461re-invoked 1485, title forfeitWilliam Courtenay(d. 1511)Attainted 1504Restored and Created 15111st Earl of DevonWilliam Courtenay(d. 1512)
Earldom of Devon and Barony of Courtenay forfeit, 1461Earldom of Devon forfeit, 1485
Marquess of Exeter, 1525
Henry Courtenay(1498–1538)2nd Earl of DevonCreated 15251st Marquess of ExeterAttainted 1538Titles forfeitWilliam Courtenay(1477–1535)
Marquessate of Exeter and Earldom of Devon forfeit, 1538
Earl of Devon, (2nd creation) 1553
Edward Courtenay(1527–1556)Created 15531st Earl of DevonTitle granted with remainderto heirs male whatsoeverTitle Dormant until 1831George Courtenay
William Courtenay(1529–1557)de jure2nd Earl of Devon
William Courtenay(1543–1630)de jure3rd Earl of Devon
William Courtenay(d. 1605)Francis Courtenayde jure4th Earl of Devon(c. 1576–1638)
William Courtenay(1628–1702)Created 16441st Baronet of Powderham Castlede jure5th Earl of Devon
Francis Courtenay(1650–1699)
William Courtenay(1675/6-1735)2nd Baronet of Powderham Castlede jure6th Earl of Devon
William Courtenay(1709–1762)3rd Baronet of Powderham CastleCreated 17621st Viscount Courtenayde jure7th Earl of DevonHenry Reginald Courtenay(1714–1763)
William Courtenay(1742–1788)2nd Viscount Courtenayde jure8th Earl of DevonWilliam Courtenay(1738–1783)Henry Reginald Courtenay(1741–1803)Bishop of Exeter
William Courtenay(1768–1835)3rd Viscount CourtenayClaim established1831 to Earldom9th Earl of DevonViscountcy ExtinctWilliam Courtenay(1777–1859)10th Earl of Devon
William Reginald Courtenay(1807–1888)11th Earl of DevonHenry Hugh Courtenay(1811–1904)13th Earl of DevonThomas Peregrine Courtenay(1782–1841)
Edward Baldwin Courtenay(1836–1891)12th Earl of DevonHenry Reginald Courtenay(1850–1897)Styled Lord Courtenay
Charles Pepys Courtenay(1870–1927)14th Earl of DevonHenry Hugh Courtenay(1872–1935)15th Earl of DevonFrederick Leslie Courtenay(1875–1935)16th Earl of Devon
Charles Christopher Courtenay(1916–1998)17th Earl of Devon
Hugh Rupert Courtenay(1942–2015)18th Earl of Devon
Charles Peregrine Courtenay(b. 1975)19th Earl of Devon
Jack Haydon Langer Courtenay(b. 2009)Styled Lord CourtenayHeir Apparent
Earls of Devonshire
While the title was supposed extinct, there were two recreations, to the families of Blount and Cavendish, of a Devon Earldom; for which see:
Charles Blount, 1st Earl of Devonshire (1603–1606)
Duke of Devonshire
See also
Countess of Devon
Footnotes
^ "Comes", Latin "companion"; the original Norman earl was different from an Anglo-Saxon ealdorman or Norse jarl, being a companion of the Duke of Normandy who was the war leader or dux and in 1066 led his army across the Channel.
^ Thorn, Caroline & Frank, (eds.) Domesday Book, (Morris, John, gen.ed.) Vol. 9, Devon, Parts 1 & 2, Phillimore Press, Chichester, 1985, part 2 (notes), chapter 5. Thorn refers to Ordgar, Ealdorman of Devon as "Earl of Devon"
^ Thorn, Caroline & Frank, (eds.) Domesday Book, (Morris, John, gen.ed.) Vol. 9, Devon, Parts 1 & 2, Phillimore Press, Chichester, 1985, part 2 (notes), chapter 5. Thorn refers to Ordgar, Ealdorman of Devon as "Earl of Devon"
^ Thorn, Caroline & Frank, (eds.) Domesday Book, (Morris, John, gen.ed.) Vol. 9, Devon, Parts 1 & 2, Phillimore Press, Chichester, 1985, part 2 (notes), chapter 5. Thorn refers to Ordgar, Ealdorman of Devon as "Earl of Devon"
^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 311–12.
^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 309–11.
^ Sanders, I.J., English Baronies, Oxford, 1960, p.137, Plympton
^ For details see Richard de Redvers – Was Richard the first Earl of Devon?
^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 312–13.
^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 313–14.
^ Cokayne 1916, p. 315.
^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 315–16.
^ Sanders, I.J., English Baronies, Oxford, 1960, p.70, Okehampton
^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 318–19.
^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 319–22.
^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 322–3.
^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 323–4
^ Hugo nominative Latin form, Hugoni dative, i.e. writ to Hugoni...
^ Cokayne 1916, p. 323; Richardson I 2011, p. 539.
^ Cokayne 1916, p. 323.
^ Richardson I 2011, p. 539.
^ Cokayne 1916, p. 324.
^ Cokayne 1912, pp. 324–5; Richardson I 2011, p. 542.
^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 325–6; Richardson I 2011, pp. 546–7.
^ Cokayne 1916, p. 326; Richardson I 2011, p. 546.
^ Cokayne 1916, p. 326.
^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 326–7; Richardson I 2011, pp. 546–7.
^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 327–8.
^ Cokayne 1916, p. 328.
^ Cokayne 1916, p. 328.
^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 328–9.
^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 328–30.
^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 328–30.
^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 328–30.
^ Prince, Worthies of Devon
^ See Battle of Clyst Heath
^ Cokayne, George Edward, ed. (1902), Complete Baronetage volume 2 (1625-1649), vol. 2, Exeter: William Pollard and Co, retrieved 9 October 2018
^ Watson, in Cokayne, The Complete Peerage, new edition, IV, p.324 & footnote (c): "This would appear more like a restitution of the old dignity than the creation of a new earldom"; Debrett's Peerage, however, gives the ordinal numbers as if a new earldom had been created. (Montague-Smith, P.W. (ed.), Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage, Kelly's Directories Ltd, Kingston-upon-Thames, 1968, p.353)
References
Hesilrige, Arthur G. M. (1921). Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy. London: Dean & Son. p. 291.
Burke, Sir Bernard, The English Peerage (London, 1865)
Burke, J.T., The Dormant, Extinct and Abeyant peerages (1971)
107th edition of Burke's Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage of Great Britain and Ireland, 3 vols., (London: 2005)
Watson, G.W., Earl of Devon, published in The Complete Peerage by Cokayne, George Edward, Volume IV, H.A. Doubleday (ed.), St. Catherine Press, London, 1916, pp. 308–338
Cokayne, G. E. (1912). Gibbs, Vicary (ed.). The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct or dormant (Bass to Canning). Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). London: The St Catherine Press.
Cokayne, G. E. (1916). Gibbs, Vicary & Doubleday, H. Arthur (eds.). The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct or dormant (Dacre to Dysart). Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). London: The St Catherine Press. – note: very useful appendices on Law of Primogeniture and blood lines, including cases in the High Court in parliament; as is the extensively researched footnotes.
Debrett's Peerage
Richardson, Douglas (2011). Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, ed. Kimball G. Everingham. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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Snowdon
Stockton
Italics: This title is held by a peer who holds another earldom of higher precedence. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earl of Devonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Devonshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiverton_,_Tiverton_Castle_Ruins_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1272097.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tiverton Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiverton_Castle"},{"link_name":"Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Courtenay,_1st_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Powderham_Castle,_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Powderham Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powderham_Castle"},{"link_name":"heraldic banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldic_banner"},{"link_name":"Peerage of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_England"},{"link_name":"Norman Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest"},{"link_name":"Reviers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reviers"},{"link_name":"Courtenay family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtenay_family"},{"link_name":"Earl of Devonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Devonshire"},{"link_name":"Duke of Devonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Devonshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ealdorman of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealdorman_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Edward III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III"},{"link_name":"Richard II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II"},{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England"},{"link_name":"Henry V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_of_England"},{"link_name":"William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Courtenay,_1st_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Catherine of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_York"},{"link_name":"King Edward IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_IV"},{"link_name":"attainted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attainted"},{"link_name":"Hugh de Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_de_Courtenay,_2nd_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"baronets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronet"},{"link_name":"viscounts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount"},{"link_name":"Earldom of Devonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earldom_of_Devonshire"},{"link_name":"Charles Blount, 8th Baron Mountjoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Blount,_8th_Baron_Mountjoy"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Devonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Devonshire"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"Powderham Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powderham_Castle"},{"link_name":"Starcross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starcross"},{"link_name":"River Exe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Exe"},{"link_name":"Barony of Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barony_of_Courtenay"},{"link_name":"courtesy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy_title"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Earl of Devonshire.Tiverton Castle, Devon, the few remains of the early mediaeval castle and seat of the Redvers and Courtenay Earls of Devon. Forfeited and recovered many times, it was finally sold by the daughters and co-heiresses of Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (d.1556), of the 1553 creation. It never was besieged during the Courtenay tenure, but was afterwards captured during the Civil War by a stroke of luck. It was then largely demolished as a preventative measure.Powderham Castle, Devon, the ancient seat of the family of Courtenay of Powderham, which successfully claimed the dormant Earldom of Devon in the 19th century. Here seen from the southwest, flying the heraldic banner of the Earl of Devon.Earl of Devon is a title that has been created several times in the Peerage of England. It was possessed first (after the Norman Conquest of 1066) by the Redvers family (alias de Reviers, Revieres, etc.), and later by the Courtenay family. It is not to be confused with the title of Earl of Devonshire, which is held by the Duke of Devonshire, although the letters patent for the creation of the latter peerages used the same Latin words, Comes Devon(iae).[1] It was a re-invention, if not an actual continuation, of the pre-Conquest office of Ealdorman of Devon.[2]Close kinsmen and powerful allies of the Plantagenet kings, especially Edward III, Richard II, Henry IV and Henry V, the Earls of Devon were treated with suspicion by the Tudors, perhaps unfairly, partly because William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (1475–1511), had married Princess Catherine of York, a younger daughter of King Edward IV, bringing the Earls of Devon very close to the line of succession to the English throne. During the Tudor period, all but the last Earl were attainted, and there were several recreations and restorations. The last recreation was to the heirs male of the grantee, not (as would be usual) to the heirs male of his body. When he died unmarried, it was assumed the title was extinct, but a much later very distant Courtenay cousin, of the family seated at Powderham, whose common ancestor was Hugh de Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon (d.1377), seven generations before this Earl, successfully claimed the title in 1831. During this period of dormancy, the de jure Earls of Devon, the Courtenays of Powderham, were created baronets and later viscounts.During this time, an unrelated earldom of a similar name, now called for distinction the Earldom of Devonshire, was created twice, once for Charles Blount, 8th Baron Mountjoy, who had no legitimate children, and a second time for the Cavendish family, now Dukes of Devonshire. Unlike the Dukes of Devonshire, seated in Derbyshire, the Earls of Devon were strongly connected to the county of Devon. Their seat is Powderham Castle, near Starcross on the River Exe.The Earl of Devon has not inherited the ancient and original Barony of Courtenay or the Viscountcy of Courtenay of Powderham (1762–1835); nevertheless, his heir is styled Lord Courtenay by courtesy.","title":"Earl of Devon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norman Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest"},{"link_name":"Ealdorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealdorman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Odda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odda,_Ealdorman_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Alfred the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cynwit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cynwit"},{"link_name":"Ubba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubba"},{"link_name":"Ordgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordgar"},{"link_name":"King Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_the_Peaceable"},{"link_name":"Tavistock Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavistock_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Ordwulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordwulf"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Before the Norman Conquest of 1066, the highest sub-regal authority in Devon was the Ealdorman, of which office the later Earldom of Devon was a re-invention, if not an actual continuation.[3]Odda, under Alfred the Great, led Anglo-Saxon forces in the Battle of Cynwit, ultimately defeating an army led by Viking chieftain Ubba.\nOrdgar (d.971), under King Edgar (ruled 959–975). He founded Tavistock Abbey in 961. His son was Ordwulf (died after 1005), who realised the founding.[4]","title":"Ealdormen of Devon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baldwin de Redvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_de_Redvers"},{"link_name":"Richard de Redvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_de_Redvers"},{"link_name":"feudal baron of Plympton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_baron_of_Plympton"},{"link_name":"Henry I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"Carisbrooke Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carisbrooke_Castle"},{"link_name":"King Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_of_England"},{"link_name":"Exeter Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_Castle"},{"link_name":"Carisbrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carisbrooke"},{"link_name":"Anjou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou"},{"link_name":"Empress Matilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Matilda"},{"link_name":"Baldwin de Redvers, 1st Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_de_Redvers,_1st_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Richard de Redvers, 2nd Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_de_Redvers,_2nd_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Baldwin de Redvers, 3rd Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_de_Redvers,_3rd_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Richard de Redvers, 4th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_de_Redvers,_4th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Redvers,_5th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_de_Redvers,_6th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"King John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_England"},{"link_name":"Falkes de Breauté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkes_de_Breaut%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Bedford Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_Castle"},{"link_name":"Countess of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Pierre de Preaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Preaux"},{"link_name":"feudal baron of Okehampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_baron_of_Okehampton"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"6th Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_de_Redvers,_6th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Baldwin de Redvers, 7th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_de_Redvers,_7th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Isabel de Forz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_de_Fortibus,_Countess_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Forz,_4th_Earl_of_Albemarle"},{"link_name":"suo jure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suo_jure"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Hugh de Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_de_Courtenay,_9th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"writ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writ"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Hugh de Courtenay, 2nd/10th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_de_Courtenay,_2nd_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"William Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Courtenay"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Sir Hugh Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Courtenay_(KG)"},{"link_name":"KG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"Order of the Garter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"Sir Hugh Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Courtenay_(died_1374)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Edward de Courtenay, 3rd Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_de_Courtenay,_3rd_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edward_de_Courtenay"},{"link_name":"Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Mortimer,_4th_Earl_of_March"},{"link_name":"Hugh de Courtenay, 4th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_de_Courtenay,_4th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Thomas Courtenay, 5th/13th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Courtenay,_5th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Wars of the Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses"},{"link_name":"Thomas Courtenay, 6th/14th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Courtenay,_6th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Battle of Towton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Towton"},{"link_name":"attainder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attainder"},{"link_name":"Tiverton Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiverton_Castle"}],"text":"The first Earl of Devon was Baldwin de Redvers (c. 1095–1155), son of Richard de Redvers (d.1107), feudal baron of Plympton, Devon, one of the principal supporters of King Henry I (1100–1135).[5][6][7] It was believed by some that Richard de Redvers had in fact been created the first Earl of Devon, and although in the past this caused confusion concerning the numerical ordering of the Earls of Devon, the point is now more clearly settled in favour of Baldwin as the first.[8] Baldwin de Redvers was a great noble in Devon and the Isle of Wight, where his seat was Carisbrooke Castle, and was one of the first to rebel against King Stephen (1135–1154). He seized Exeter Castle, and mounted naval raids from Carisbrooke, but was driven out of England to Anjou, France, where he joined the Empress Matilda. She created him Earl of Devon after she established herself in England, probably in early 1141.Baldwin de Redvers, 1st Earl of Devon, was succeeded by his son, Richard de Redvers, 2nd Earl of Devon, and grandson, Baldwin de Redvers, 3rd Earl of Devon, and the latter was succeeded by his brother, Richard de Redvers, 4th Earl of Devon, who died childless.[9][10][11]William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon (d.1217) was the third son of Baldwin, the 1st Earl.[12] He had only two children who left children. His son Baldwin died on 1 September 1216 at the age of sixteen, leaving his wife Margaret pregnant with Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon. King John (1199–1216) forced her to marry Falkes de Breauté, but she was rescued at the fall of Bedford Castle in 1224 and divorced from him, as having been in no true marriage. She is thus called Countess of Devon in several records. The fifth Earl's youngest daughter, Mary de Redvers, known as 'de Vernon', was eventually the sole heiress of the 1141 Earldom. She married firstly, Pierre de Preaux, and secondly, Robert de Courtenay (d.1242), feudal baron of Okehampton, Devon.[13]The 6th Earl was succeeded by his son, Baldwin de Redvers, 7th Earl of Devon (d.1262), who died without children.[14][15] His sister, Isabel de Forz, widow of William de Forz, 4th Earl of Albemarle, became Countess of Devon suo jure.[16] Her children predeceased her and she had no grandchildren.Her lands were inherited by her second cousin once removed, Hugh de Courtenay (1276–1340), feudal baron of Okehampton, the great-grandson of Mary de Redvers and Robert de Courtenay (d.1242) of Okehampton.[17] He descended from Renaud de Courtenay, anglicised to Reginald I de Courtenay, of Sutton, a French nobleman of the House of Courtenay who took up residence in England after the conquest and founded the English branch of the Courtenay family, who became Earls of Devon in 1335. The title is still held today, by his direct male descendant.Hugh de Courtenay was summoned by writ to Parliament in 1299 as Hugo de Curtenay, whereby he is held to have become Baron Courtenay.[18][19] However, forty-one years after the death of Isabella de Fortibus, Countess of Devon|Isabel de Forz, letters patent were issued on 22 February 1335 declaring him Earl of Devon, and stating that he \"should assume such title and style as his ancestors, Earls of Devon, had wont to do\", by which he was confirmed as Earl of Devon.[20] Although some sources consider this a new grant the wording of the grant arguably indicates a confirmation and that he became thereby 9th Earl. Historic sources thus variously refer to him as either 1st Earl or 9th Earl, and the position cannot be decided either way due to the uncertainty of the surviving evidence. For the last years of his life he thus held two titles, 1st/9th Earl of Devon, by reason of the 1335 letters patent, and 1st Baron Courtenay, the title by which he had been summoned to Parliament in the years prior to the 1335 letters patent.[21]The 1st/9th Earl was succeeded by his son, Hugh de Courtenay, 2nd/10th Earl of Devon.[22] Three of the eight sons of the 2nd/10th Earl had descendants; a fourth, William Courtenay, was Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor. Sir Hugh Courtenay (1326–1349), KG, eldest son and heir of the 2nd/10th Earl, was one of the founding members of the Order of the Garter, but both he and his only son, Sir Hugh Courtenay (died 1374), predeceased the 2nd/10th Earl.[23] Sir Edward de Courtenay (died 1368/71), the third son, also predeceased his father, but left an eldest son, Edward de Courtenay, 3rd Earl of Devon (1357–1419), \"The Blind\", who inherited as the 3rd/11th Earl.[24] The 3rd/11th Earl's eldest son, Sir Edward Courtenay (died 1418), married Eleanor Mortimer, daughter of Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, but predeceased his father, leaving no children, and the 3rd/11th Earl's second son, Hugh de Courtenay, 4th Earl of Devon (d.1422) succeeded him as became 4th/12th Earl of Devon.[25][26] The 4th/12th Earl was succeeded by his son, Thomas Courtenay, 5th/13th Earl of Devon (d.1458).[27]The Wars of the Roses were disastrous for the Courtenay earls. The 5th/13th Earl's son, Thomas Courtenay, 6th/14th Earl of Devon (d.1461), fought on the losing Lancastrian side at the Battle of Towton (1461), was captured and beheaded, and all his honours forfeited by attainder. Tiverton Castle and all the other vast Courtenay lands were forfeited to the crown, later to be partially restored.","title":"The post-Norman earldom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Hooke, Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooke,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"West Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Country"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Robin of Redesdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_of_Redesdale"},{"link_name":"Earl of Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick"},{"link_name":"Battle of Edgecote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Edgecote"},{"link_name":"Bridgwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgwater"}],"text":"Edward IV had made Humphrey Stafford, grandson and heir of Humphrey Stafford of Hooke, Dorset, his agent in the West Country.[28] On 17 May 1469, Stafford was created Earl of Devon, but was killed only three months later, having led royal forces against the rebel army of Robin of Redesdale, a deputy of the Earl of Warwick. Captured in the Battle of Edgecote, he was beheaded at Bridgwater on 17 August 1469. He left no children, and with his death the second creation of the earldom became extinct. He is known as the \"Three Months' Earl\".","title":"Second creation, 1469"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England"},{"link_name":"restored to the throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readeption_of_Henry_VI"},{"link_name":"John Courtenay, 7th/15th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Courtenay,_7th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Courtenay,_6th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tewkesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tewkesbury"},{"link_name":"Barony of Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Courtenay"},{"link_name":"abeyance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeyance"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"The Wars of the Roses continued and in 1470 the Lancastrian forces under Warwick prevailed, and Henry VI was restored to the throne. The 1461 attainders were reversed, and the earldom of Devon was restored to John Courtenay, 7th/15th Earl of Devon (d.1471), youngest brother of Thomas, the 6th/14th Earl.[29] There had been a middle brother also, Henry Courtenay (d.1469), who also perished in the Wars. When the Yorkists again prevailed in the following year, Edward IV had the legislation of Henry VI's second reign cancelled, and all of John Courtenay's honours were forfeited. A few weeks later, on 4 May 1471, he died fighting on the losing side at the Battle of Tewkesbury (1471), leaving no children. According to Cokayne, \"on his death the representation of the ancient Earls of Devon (of the family of Reviers from whom the Courtenays had inherited it) and of the Barony of Courtenay (created by the writ of 1299) fell into abeyance between his sisters or their descendants, subject to the attainder of Edward IV (1461), which revived on that King's re-accession 14 April 1471\".[30]","title":"Restored first creation, 1470"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Courtenay_EarlsOfDevon_InWarsOfRoses_Diagram.svg"},{"link_name":"Hugh I Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Courtenay_(died_1425)"},{"link_name":"Boconnoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boconnoc"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tewkesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tewkesbury"},{"link_name":"Sir Edward Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Courtenay,_1st_Earl_of_Devon_(1485_creation)"},{"link_name":"Bosworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field"},{"link_name":"Wars of the Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses"},{"link_name":"Henry VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England"},{"link_name":"letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Edward de Courtenay, 3rd/11th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_de_Courtenay,_3rd_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"William Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Courtenay,_1st_Earl_of_Devon"}],"text":"Diagram showing the descent of the Courtenay Earls of Devon during the Wars of the Roses. Sir Hugh I Courtenay (d.1425) of Boconnoc was the link between the senior line made extinct following the Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471 and the post-War creation of a new Earldom in 1485 by King Henry VIISir Edward Courtenay (d.1509), great-nephew of the 3rd/11th Earl, fought on the winning side at Bosworth on 22 August 1485, ending the Wars of the Roses and two months later the new King, Henry VII (1485–1509), by letters patent dated 16 October 1485, created Edward Courtenay Earl of Devon (or Devonshire), with the usual remainder to the heirs male of his body.[31] As the son and heir of Sir Hugh Courtenay (died 1471/2) of Bocconoc, Sir Edward Courtenay was the heir male of his family, his father being the son and heir of Sir Hugh Courtenay of Haccombe, younger brother of Edward de Courtenay, 3rd/11th Earl of Devon (d.1419), \"The Blind\". He united the Tiverton and Powderham lines of the family, having married Elizabeth Courtenay, a daughter of a younger son of the Powderham line. He died 28 May 1509, when the earldom was forfeited by the attainder in 1504 of his son and heir, William Courtenay (d.1511).","title":"Third creation, 1485"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Courtenay,_1st_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Catherine of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_York"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York"},{"link_name":"Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_de_la_Pole,_3rd_Duke_of_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England"},{"link_name":"pleurisy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurisy"},{"link_name":"Henry Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Courtenay,_1st_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Act of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Marquess of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"Pilgrimage of Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage_of_Grace"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"William Courtenay (d.1511) had married Princess Catherine of York, a younger daughter of King Edward IV, and was thus brother-in-law to Elizabeth of York but nonetheless Elizabeth's husband Henry VII had Courtenay imprisoned and attainted for his supposed, but unproven, complicity in the conspiracy of Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk. However, during the reign of his son and successor King Henry VIII (1509–1547) William Courtenay was gradually forgiven. His lands were restored as far as was possible, and by letters patent of 10 May 1511, he was created Earl of Devon with remainder to the heirs of his body. He died suddenly of pleurisy a month later on 11 June 1511, leaving his only surviving son, Henry Courtenay (d.1539), to inherit the earldom.[32]In December 1512 Henry Courtenay (d.1539) obtained by Act of Parliament the reversal of the 1504 attainder of his father, William Courtenay. In 1512 he thus inherited the earldom of Devon as held by his grandfather, having at his father's death the previous year already inherited the earldom conferred by patent on his father in 1511.[33] In 1525 he was created Marquess of Exeter by Henry VIII. However, in 1538 he was tried, convicted, attainted and beheaded by the same king for conspiring with the Poles and Nevilles against the government of Thomas Cromwell in the aftermath of the Pilgrimage of Grace. All his titles were forfeited by his attainder.[34]","title":"Fourth creation, 1511"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Courtenay,_1st_Earl_of_Devon_(1553_creation)"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"},{"link_name":"de jure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Wyatt's rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyatt%27s_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padua"}],"text":"Edward Courtenay (d.1556), Henry Courtenay's second but only surviving son, was a prisoner in the Tower of London for fifteen years, from the time of his father's arrest to the beginning of the reign of Queen Mary (1553–1558), when he was released and created by her Earl of Devon. The patent differed from earlier patents in that it granted the earldom to his heirs male forever, rather than to the heirs male of his body. (This meant, as was decided in 1831, that the earldom could pass to his cousins, the Courtenays of Powderham, more specifically to William IV Courtenay (1527–1557), known retrospectively as the de jure 2nd Earl, which family had existed since the 14th century at that seat as prominent country gentry.) He was proposed as a prospective husband for his cousin Queen Mary, herself keen on the match, but is said to have refused her advances, after which Queen Mary married Philip II of Spain.[35] He was considered as a possible husband for her sister, the future Queen Elizabeth I. This made him a threat to Mary's reign. Moreover, he was implicated in Wyatt's rebellion, and was again locked up in the Tower. In 1555 he was permitted to travel to Italy, where he died at Padua in 1556, possibly due to poisoning. With his death, his male line was extinguished, and the earldom with it, or so it was considered until 1831.","title":"Fifth creation, 1553"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Charles Blount, 8th Baron Mountjoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Blount,_8th_Baron_Mountjoy"},{"link_name":"William Cavendish, 1st Baron Cavendish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cavendish,_1st_Baron_Cavendish"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"baronetcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtenay_baronets"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"William VI Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Courtenay,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Powderham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powderham"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cokayne2-37"},{"link_name":"William Courtenay, 3rd Viscount Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Courtenay,_9th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"William Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Courtenay,_10th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"10th Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Courtenay,_10th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"John Nichols Thom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nichols_Thom"},{"link_name":"Philosophical Radicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Radical"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bossenden Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bossenden_Wood"},{"link_name":"Duke of Devonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Devonshire"}],"text":"Since there was no Earl of Devon, James I granted the title in 1603 to Charles Blount, 8th Baron Mountjoy, whose aunt had been the last Earl's mother. He died without legitimate children three years later, and the King gave (or rather sold) the Earldom to William Cavendish, 1st Baron Cavendish.Meanwhile, the descendants of Sir Philip Courtenay (1340–1406), of Powderham, a younger son of the 2nd/10th Earl, having fought against the Courtenay Earls during the Wars of the Roses, lived under the Tudors as prominent country gentlemen.[36] The baronetcy was created in the Baronetage of England during the English Civil War in February 1644 for William VI Courtenay (1628–1702) de jure 5th Earl of Devon, of Powderham, Devon.[37] The third baronet gained the title Viscount Courtenay of Powderham in 1762.In 1831, the senior living Courtenay of this line was William Courtenay, 3rd Viscount Courtenay (died 1835), an aged rake and bachelor, then living in exile in Paris, having fled a bill of indictment. Were he to die unmarried, the viscountcy would become extinct, while the baronetcy would be inherited by his third cousin, another William Courtenay (1777–1859), who was Clerk Assistant to Parliament and High Steward of Oxford University. William Courtenay (d.1859) persuaded the House of Lords that \"heir male\" in the last 1553 creation of the title had meant \"heir male collateral\", and that his cousin the 3rd Viscount was therefore also 9th Earl of Devon, and his ancestors the Courtenays of Powderham had been de jure Earls of Devon from 1556. William Courtenay (died 1859) duly succeeded his cousin as 10th Earl in 1835, and from him, the present Earls are descended. (A madman, John Nichols Thom, claimed to be \"Sir William Courtenay\" in 1832, and stood for Parliament twice, as representative of the extreme Philosophical Radicals, and proclaimed his right to the Earldom. He organized an agricultural rising outside Canterbury in 1838, and was shot dead in the Battle of Bossenden Wood during its suppression.)The inconvenience, since 1831, of having two Earls for the same county has been dealt with thus: The Cavendish Earls, who were elevated to a Dukedom in 1694, had been spelling their title Duke of Devonshire; the ancient Earls had usually been Earls of Devon. This is due in part to the differences between English and \"law Latin\", the language in which royal decrees were traditionally written. This has now become the difference between the two peerages, and it is convenient to call the Blount Earl (1603–06) Earl of Devonshire also.","title":"Interregnum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tiverton Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiverton_Castle"},{"link_name":"Colcombe Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colcombe_Castle"},{"link_name":"Powderham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powderham_Castle"},{"link_name":"Powderham Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powderham_Castle"}],"text":"The principal seat of the Earls of Devon until the expiry of the senior line in 1556 was Tiverton Castle in Devon, and as a subsidiary seat Colcombe Castle, Devon, both of which are now largely demolished. The Earls of Devon created after 1556, or in existence de jure, had occupied the manor of Powderham in Devon since the late 14th century, and Powderham Castle continues to be the principal seat of the present Earl of Devon.","title":"Residences"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Redvers.svg"},{"link_name":"heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry"},{"link_name":"William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Redvers,_5th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"lion rampant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_rampant"},{"link_name":"azure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"Baldwin de Redvers, 1st Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_de_Redvers,_1st_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Richard de Redvers, 2nd Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_de_Redvers,_2nd_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Baldwin de Redvers, 3rd Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_de_Redvers,_3rd_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Richard de Redvers, 4th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_de_Redvers,_4th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Redvers,_5th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Baldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_de_Redvers,_6th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Baldwin de Redvers, 7th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_de_Redvers,_7th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Isabel de Redvers, 8th Countess of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_de_Fortibus"}],"text":"Arms of de Redvers, adopted at the start of the age of heraldry (c. 1200–1215), probably by William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon(died 1217), : Or, a lion rampant azureBaldwin de Redvers, 1st Earl of Devon (c. 1095–1155)\nRichard de Redvers, 2nd Earl of Devon (died 1162) son\nBaldwin de Redvers, 3rd Earl of Devon (died 1188) son\nRichard de Redvers, 4th Earl of Devon (died c. 1193), brother\nWilliam de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon (died 1217), uncle\nBaldwin de Redvers (died 1216)\nBaldwin de Redvers, 6th Earl of Devon (1217–1245), grandson of the 5th Earl\nBaldwin de Redvers, 7th Earl of Devon (1236–1262) son\nIsabel de Redvers, 8th Countess of Devon (1237–1293), sister","title":"Earls of Devon, First Creation (1141)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_House_of_Courtenay,_earls_of_Devon_(label).svg"},{"link_name":"torteaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundel_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Label_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"monumental brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumental_brass"},{"link_name":"Exeter Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Sir Peter Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Courtenay_(died_1405)"},{"link_name":"Hugh Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Courtenay,_2nd_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Hugh de Courtenay, 1st/9th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_de_Courtenay,_1st/9th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Hugh de Courtenay, 2nd/10th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_de_Courtenay,_2nd/10th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Edward de Courtenay, 3rd/11th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_de_Courtenay,_3rd/11th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Hugh de Courtenay, 4th/12th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_de_Courtenay,_4th/12th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Thomas de Courtenay, 5th/13th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Courtenay,_5th/13th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Thomas Courtenay, 6th/14th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Courtenay,_6th/14th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"John Courtenay, 7th/15th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Courtenay,_7th_Earl_of_Devon"}],"text":"Arms of first Courtenay Earls of Devon: Or, three torteaux a label azure, as depicted (without tinctures) impaling Bohun on the monumental brass in Exeter Cathedral, Devon, of Sir Peter Courtenay (died 1405), 5th son of Hugh Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon (died 1377)The ordinal number given to the early Courtenay Earls of Devon depends on whether the earldom is deemed a new creation by the letters patent granted 22 February 1334/5 or whether it is deemed a restitution of the old dignity of the de Redvers family. Authorities differ in their opinions, and thus alternative ordinal numbers exist, given here.[38]Hugh de Courtenay, 1st/9th Earl of Devon (1276–1340) (cousin; declared Earl 1335)\nHugh de Courtenay, 2nd/10th Earl of Devon (1303–1377) (son)\nEdward de Courtenay (died bef. 1272)\nEdward de Courtenay, 3rd/11th Earl of Devon (1357–1419), \"The Blind\", (grandson of the 2nd/10th Earl)\nHugh de Courtenay, 4th/12th Earl of Devon (1389–1422) (son)\nThomas de Courtenay, 5th/13th Earl of Devon (1414–1458) (son)\nThomas Courtenay, 6th/14th Earl of Devon (1432–1461) (son) (attainted 1461)\nJohn Courtenay, 7th/15th Earl of Devon (1435–1471) (brother) (restored 1469; in abeyance from 4 May 1471 to 14 October 1485, subject to revival of earlier attainder of 1461)","title":"Earls of Devon of the early Courtenay line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Stafford,_1st_Earl_of_Devon"}],"text":"Humphrey Stafford, 1st Earl of Devon (1439–1469) (granted May 1469; forfeited August 1469)","title":"Earl of Devon, Second Creation (1469)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_House_of_Courtenay_(undifferencied_arms).svg"},{"link_name":"undifferenced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"House of Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Courtenay"},{"link_name":"torteaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundel_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"Garter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"Tiverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiverton,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Courtenay,_1st_Earl_of_Devon_(1485_creation)"},{"link_name":"KG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Courtenay,_1st_Earl_of_Devon_(1485_creation)"},{"link_name":"KG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_the_Garter"}],"text":"Original undifferenced coat of arms of the House of Courtenay: Or, three torteaux, as shown sculpted within a Garter on the chancel arch of St Peter's Church, Tiverton, Devon, being the arms of Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon, KG (died 1509)Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (died 1509), KG, (forfeited at his death by son's attainder; restored 1512 to his grandson)\nHeir male to John Courtenay above; attainted 1484; restored to lands and honours then lost in 1485; if this was intended to restore the first Earldom, it was also forfeit 1538/9.","title":"Earl of Devon, Third Creation (1485)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_House_of_Courtenay,_earls_of_Devon_(quarterly).svg"},{"link_name":"William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Courtenay,_1st_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Tiverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiverton,_Devon"},{"link_name":"William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Courtenay,_1st_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Henry Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Courtenay,_1st_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"KG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_the_Garter"}],"text":"Arms of William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (1475–1511): Quarterly 1st & 4th, Courtenay; 2nd & 3rd Redvers, as sculpted on south porch of St Peter's Church, Tiverton, Devon, impaling the arms of King Edward IV, the father of his wife Princess KatherineWilliam Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (1475–1511) (attainted 1504; restored to the rights of a subject 1511; new creation two days later; died the next month without investiture, but buried as an Earl) son of Edward above.\nHenry Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon (1498–1539) KG; (heir to both 3rd and 4th creations after 1512); son of William above. (created Marquess of Exeter in 1525).","title":"Earls of Devon, Fourth Creation (1511)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Courtenay,_1st_Marquess_of_Exeter"}],"text":"Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter (1498-1539); attainted 1538/9, executed and all titles and honours forfeit.","title":"Marquess of Exeter, First Creation (1525)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_Hugh_de_Courtenay.svg"},{"link_name":"plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundel_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Courtenay,_1st_Earl_of_Devon"}],"text":"Arms of later Earls of Devon, with the label azure further differenced by annulets or platesEdward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (1527–1556) (also restored in blood, but not honours, 1553; fifth creation dormant 1556†) son of Henry above. Died unmarried and without children.","title":"Earls of Devon, Fifth Creation (1553)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Courtenay, de jure 2nd Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Courtenay_(died_1557)"},{"link_name":"Powderham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powderham_Castle"},{"link_name":"sixth cousin once removed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousin"},{"link_name":"William Courtenay, de jure 3rd Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Courtenay_(died_1630)"},{"link_name":"Francis Courtenay, de jure 4th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Courtenay_(died_1638)"},{"link_name":"William Courtenay, de jure 5th Earl of Devon, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Courtenay,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Francis Courtenay (died 1699)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Courtenay_(died_1699)"},{"link_name":"William Courtenay, de jure 6th Earl of Devon, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Courtenay,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"William Courtenay, de jure 7th Earl of Devon, 1st Viscount Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Courtenay,_1st_Viscount_Courtenay"},{"link_name":"William Courtenay, de jure 8th Earl of Devon, 2nd Viscount Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Courtenay,_2nd_Viscount_Courtenay"},{"link_name":"William Courtenay, de jure 9th Earl of Devon (1788–1835), de facto 9th Earl of Devon (1831–1835), 3rd Viscount Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Courtenay,_9th_Earl_of_Devon"}],"sub_title":"Earls de jure, of Powderham","text":"William Courtenay, de jure 2nd Earl of Devon (1529–1557), of Powderham, sixth cousin once removed of Edward above,\nWilliam Courtenay, de jure 3rd Earl of Devon (1553–1630)William Courtenay (died 1605), his eldest son, died before his fatherFrancis Courtenay, de jure 4th Earl of Devon (1576–1638), his brother\nWilliam Courtenay, de jure 5th Earl of Devon, 1st Baronet (1628–1702) (created 1644)Francis Courtenay (died 1699), his eldest son, died before his fatherWilliam Courtenay, de jure 6th Earl of Devon, 2nd Baronet (1675–1735), son of Francis\nWilliam Courtenay, de jure 7th Earl of Devon, 1st Viscount Courtenay (11 February 1709/1710 – 16 May 1762) (created Viscount Courtenay 1762)\nWilliam Courtenay, de jure 8th Earl of Devon, 2nd Viscount Courtenay (30 October 1742 – 14 October 1788)\nWilliam Courtenay, de jure 9th Earl of Devon (1788–1835), de facto 9th Earl of Devon (1831–1835), 3rd Viscount Courtenay (1768–1835; earldom retrospectively revived 1831†)","title":"Earls of Devon, Fifth Creation (1553)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_EarlOfDevon_PowderhamCastle.jpg"},{"link_name":"coronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronet"},{"link_name":"Charles Courtenay, 17th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Courtenay,_17th_Earl_of_Devon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Courtenay, 9th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Courtenay,_9th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"William Courtenay, 10th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Courtenay,_10th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Henry Reginald Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Courtenay_(Bishop_of_Exeter)"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Henry Reginald Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Reginald_Courtenay_(MP)"},{"link_name":"Sir William Courtenay, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Courtenay,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"William Reginald Courtenay, 11th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Courtenay,_11th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Edward Baldwin Courtenay, 12th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Courtenay,_12th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Henry Hugh Courtenay, 13th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Courtenay,_13th_Earl_of_Devon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles Pepys Courtenay, 14th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Courtenay,_14th_Earl_of_Devon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henry Hugh Courtenay, 15th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Courtenay,_15th_Earl_of_Devon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frederick Leslie Courtenay, 16th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Courtenay,_16th_Earl_of_Devon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles Christopher Courtenay, 17th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Courtenay,_17th_Earl_of_Devon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hugh Rupert Courtenay, 18th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Courtenay,_18th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Charles Peregrine Courtenay, 19th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Courtenay,_19th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"},{"link_name":"Jack Haydon Langer Courtenay, Lord Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Courtenay,_Lord_Courtenay&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Revived (1831)","text":"Earl's coronet worn by Charles Courtenay, 17th Earl of Devon (1916–1998) at the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953. Displayed at Powderham CastleWilliam Courtenay, 9th Earl of Devon (1768–1835), died unmarried\nWilliam Courtenay, 10th Earl of Devon (1777–1859), his second cousin: elder son of Rt. Rev. Henry Reginald Courtenay, Bishop of Exeter, who was the second son of Henry Reginald Courtenay, MP, who was the second son of Sir William Courtenay, 2nd Baronet\nWilliam Reginald Courtenay, 11th Earl of Devon (1807–1888), his eldest sonWilliam Reginald Courtenay (1832–1853), his eldest son, died — unmarried — before his grandfatherEdward Baldwin Courtenay, 12th Earl of Devon (1836–1891), his brother, died unmarried\nHenry Hugh Courtenay, 13th Earl of Devon (1811–1904), a priest; his uncle, second son of the 10th EarlHenry Reginald Courtenay, Lord Courtenay (1836–1898), his eldest son, died before his fatherCharles Pepys Courtenay, 14th Earl of Devon (1870–1927), his eldest son\nHenry Hugh Courtenay, 15th Earl of Devon (1872–1935), a priest; his brother\nFrederick Leslie Courtenay, 16th Earl of Devon (1875–1935), a priest; his brotherHenry John Baldwin Courtenay, Lord Courtenay (b. and d. 1915), his elder son, died before his fatherCharles Christopher Courtenay, 17th Earl of Devon (1916–1998), Frederick's younger son\nHugh Rupert Courtenay, 18th Earl of Devon (1942–2015), his only son\nCharles Peregrine Courtenay, 19th Earl of Devon (born 1975), his only sonThe heir apparent is the present holder's only son Jack Haydon Langer Courtenay, Lord Courtenay (born 2009)†: 1553 creation was with remainder to his heirs male whatsoever, so theoretically succeeded by his sixth cousin once removed; thus the 1831 revival was to the ninth member of the family with respect to said creation.","title":"Earls of Devon, Fifth Creation (1553)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Family tree"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Blount, 1st Earl of Devonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Blount,_1st_Earl_of_Devonshire"},{"link_name":"Duke of Devonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Devonshire"}],"text":"While the title was supposed extinct, there were two recreations, to the families of Blount and Cavendish, of a Devon Earldom; for which see:Charles Blount, 1st Earl of Devonshire (1603–1606)\nDuke of Devonshire","title":"Earls of Devonshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Ordgar, Ealdorman of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordgar,_Ealdorman_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Ordgar, Ealdorman of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordgar,_Ealdorman_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Ordgar, Ealdorman of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordgar,_Ealdorman_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Richard de Redvers – Was Richard the first Earl of Devon?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_de_Redvers#Was_Richard_the_first_Earl_of_Devon.3F"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"Richardson I 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRichardson_I2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Richardson I 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRichardson_I2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1912"},{"link_name":"Richardson I 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRichardson_I2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"Richardson I 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRichardson_I2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"Richardson I 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRichardson_I2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"Richardson I 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRichardson_I2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Cokayne 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCokayne1916"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"Clyst Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyst_Heath"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cokayne2_37-0"},{"link_name":"Complete Baronetage volume 2 (1625-1649)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.archive.org/stream/cu31924092524382#page/n259/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"The Complete Peerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Complete_Peerage"}],"text":"^ \"Comes\", Latin \"companion\"; the original Norman earl was different from an Anglo-Saxon ealdorman or Norse jarl, being a companion of the Duke of Normandy who was the war leader or dux and in 1066 led his army across the Channel.\n\n^ Thorn, Caroline & Frank, (eds.) Domesday Book, (Morris, John, gen.ed.) Vol. 9, Devon, Parts 1 & 2, Phillimore Press, Chichester, 1985, part 2 (notes), chapter 5. Thorn refers to Ordgar, Ealdorman of Devon as \"Earl of Devon\"\n\n^ Thorn, Caroline & Frank, (eds.) Domesday Book, (Morris, John, gen.ed.) Vol. 9, Devon, Parts 1 & 2, Phillimore Press, Chichester, 1985, part 2 (notes), chapter 5. Thorn refers to Ordgar, Ealdorman of Devon as \"Earl of Devon\"\n\n^ Thorn, Caroline & Frank, (eds.) Domesday Book, (Morris, John, gen.ed.) Vol. 9, Devon, Parts 1 & 2, Phillimore Press, Chichester, 1985, part 2 (notes), chapter 5. Thorn refers to Ordgar, Ealdorman of Devon as \"Earl of Devon\"\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 311–12.\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 309–11.\n\n^ Sanders, I.J., English Baronies, Oxford, 1960, p.137, Plympton\n\n^ For details see Richard de Redvers – Was Richard the first Earl of Devon?\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 312–13.\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 313–14.\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, p. 315.\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 315–16.\n\n^ Sanders, I.J., English Baronies, Oxford, 1960, p.70, Okehampton\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 318–19.\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 319–22.\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 322–3.\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 323–4\n\n^ Hugo nominative Latin form, Hugoni dative, i.e. writ to Hugoni...\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, p. 323; Richardson I 2011, p. 539.\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, p. 323.\n\n^ Richardson I 2011, p. 539.\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, p. 324.\n\n^ Cokayne 1912, pp. 324–5; Richardson I 2011, p. 542.\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 325–6; Richardson I 2011, pp. 546–7.\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, p. 326; Richardson I 2011, p. 546.\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, p. 326.\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 326–7; Richardson I 2011, pp. 546–7.\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 327–8.\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, p. 328.\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, p. 328.\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 328–9.\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 328–30.\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 328–30.\n\n^ Cokayne 1916, pp. 328–30.\n\n^ Prince, Worthies of Devon\n\n^ See Battle of Clyst Heath\n\n^ Cokayne, George Edward, ed. (1902), Complete Baronetage volume 2 (1625-1649), vol. 2, Exeter: William Pollard and Co, retrieved 9 October 2018\n\n^ Watson, in Cokayne, The Complete Peerage, new edition, IV, p.324 & footnote (c): \"This would appear more like a restitution of the old dignity than the creation of a new earldom\"; Debrett's Peerage, however, gives the ordinal numbers as if a new earldom had been created. (Montague-Smith, P.W. (ed.), Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage, Kelly's Directories Ltd, Kingston-upon-Thames, 1968, p.353)","title":"Footnotes"}] | [{"image_text":"Tiverton Castle, Devon, the few remains of the early mediaeval castle and seat of the Redvers and Courtenay Earls of Devon. Forfeited and recovered many times, it was finally sold by the daughters and co-heiresses of Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (d.1556), of the 1553 creation. It never was besieged during the Courtenay tenure, but was afterwards captured during the Civil War by a stroke of luck. It was then largely demolished as a preventative measure.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tiverton_%2C_Tiverton_Castle_Ruins_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1272097.jpg/220px-Tiverton_%2C_Tiverton_Castle_Ruins_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1272097.jpg"},{"image_text":"Powderham Castle, Devon, the ancient seat of the family of Courtenay of Powderham, which successfully claimed the dormant Earldom of Devon in the 19th century. Here seen from the southwest, flying the heraldic banner of the Earl of Devon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Powderham_Castle%2C_2009.jpg/220px-Powderham_Castle%2C_2009.jpg"},{"image_text":"Diagram showing the descent of the Courtenay Earls of Devon during the Wars of the Roses. Sir Hugh I Courtenay (d.1425) of Boconnoc was the link between the senior line made extinct following the Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471 and the post-War creation of a new Earldom in 1485 by King Henry VII","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Courtenay_EarlsOfDevon_InWarsOfRoses_Diagram.svg/400px-Courtenay_EarlsOfDevon_InWarsOfRoses_Diagram.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Arms of de Redvers, adopted at the start of the age of heraldry (c. 1200–1215), probably by William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon(died 1217), : Or, a lion rampant azure","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Redvers.svg/220px-Redvers.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Arms of first Courtenay Earls of Devon: Or, three torteaux a label azure, as depicted (without tinctures) impaling Bohun on the monumental brass in Exeter Cathedral, Devon, of Sir Peter Courtenay (died 1405), 5th son of Hugh Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon (died 1377)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Arms_of_the_House_of_Courtenay%2C_earls_of_Devon_%28label%29.svg/220px-Arms_of_the_House_of_Courtenay%2C_earls_of_Devon_%28label%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Original undifferenced coat of arms of the House of Courtenay: Or, three torteaux, as shown sculpted within a Garter on the chancel arch of St Peter's Church, Tiverton, Devon, being the arms of Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon, KG (died 1509)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Arms_of_the_House_of_Courtenay_%28undifferencied_arms%29.svg/220px-Arms_of_the_House_of_Courtenay_%28undifferencied_arms%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Arms of William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon (1475–1511): Quarterly 1st & 4th, Courtenay; 2nd & 3rd Redvers, as sculpted on south porch of St Peter's Church, Tiverton, Devon, impaling the arms of King Edward IV, the father of his wife Princess Katherine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Arms_of_the_House_of_Courtenay%2C_earls_of_Devon_%28quarterly%29.svg/220px-Arms_of_the_House_of_Courtenay%2C_earls_of_Devon_%28quarterly%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Arms of later Earls of Devon, with the label azure further differenced by annulets or plates","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Arms_of_Hugh_de_Courtenay.svg/220px-Arms_of_Hugh_de_Courtenay.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Earl's coronet worn by Charles Courtenay, 17th Earl of Devon (1916–1998) at the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in 1953. Displayed at Powderham Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Coronet_EarlOfDevon_PowderhamCastle.jpg/220px-Coronet_EarlOfDevon_PowderhamCastle.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Countess of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_of_Devon"}] | [{"reference":"Cokayne, George Edward, ed. (1902), Complete Baronetage volume 2 (1625-1649), vol. 2, Exeter: William Pollard and Co, retrieved 9 October 2018","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924092524382#page/n259/mode/2up","url_text":"Complete Baronetage volume 2 (1625-1649)"}]},{"reference":"Hesilrige, Arthur G. M. (1921). Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy. London: Dean & Son. p. 291.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/debrettspeeraget00unse/page/291","url_text":"Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_%26_Son","url_text":"Dean & Son"}]},{"reference":"Cokayne, G. E. (1912). Gibbs, Vicary (ed.). The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct or dormant (Bass to Canning). Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). London: The St Catherine Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/completepeerageo02coka","url_text":"The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct or dormant (Bass to Canning)"}]},{"reference":"Cokayne, G. E. (1916). Gibbs, Vicary & Doubleday, H. Arthur (eds.). The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct or dormant (Dacre to Dysart). Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). London: The St Catherine Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/completepeerageo04coka","url_text":"The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct or dormant (Dacre to Dysart)"}]},{"reference":"Richardson, Douglas (2011). Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, ed. Kimball G. Everingham. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924092524382#page/n259/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Complete Baronetage volume 2 (1625-1649)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/debrettspeeraget00unse/page/291","external_links_name":"Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/completepeerageo02coka","external_links_name":"The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct or dormant (Bass to Canning)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/completepeerageo04coka","external_links_name":"The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct or dormant (Dacre to Dysart)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Boy_Martin | Horace Martin | ["1 Titles","2 Kickboxing record","3 See also","4 References"] | Jamaican-Dutch kickboxer (born 1985)
For the American ice hockey player and coach, see Horace "Pepper" Martin.
Horace MartinBorn(1985-05-07)May 7, 1985Other namesBoy BoyNationalityDutch JamaicanHeight1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)Weight96 kg (212 lb; 15 st 2 lb)DivisionLight HeavyweightCruiserweightStyleKickboxingFighting out ofArnhem, NetherlandsKickboxing recordTotal49Wins42By knockout20Losses6Draws1
Last updated on: June 13, 2015
Horace Martin (born 7 May 1985) is a Jamaican-Dutch kickboxer. He is two times W.A.K.O. Pro and W.F.C.A. world champion.
Titles
2014 W.F.C.A. Thaiboxing World Champion -95 kg
2012 Troyes Trophy Tournament Champion -91 kg
2013 W.A.K.O. Pro K-1 Rules Cruiser Light Heavyweight World Champion -85.1 kg (1 Title Def.)
2010 Fight Night Merseburg K-1 Rules Tournament Champion
Kickboxing record
Professional kickboxing record
Date
Result
Opponent
Event
Location
Method
Round
Time
2017-10-29
Win
Fred Sikking
WFL: Manhoef vs. Bonjasky, Final 16
Almere, Netherlands
Decision Overturned
3
3:00
2015-06-13
Loss
Bogdan Stoica
SUPERKOMBAT Special Edition
Spreitenbach, Switzerland
TKO (referee stoppage)
2
2:44
SUPERKOMBAT Cruiserweight Championship eliminator.
2015-04-19
Win
Fred Sikking
The Best of all Elements
Almere, Netherlands
Decision
3
3:00
2014-04-21
Win
Jegish Yegoian
Born 2 Fight
Elst, Netherlands
KO
2
Wins W.F.C.A. Thaiboxing World Championship -95 kg.
2013-03-09
Win
Yassine Ahaggan
Monte Carlo Fighting Masters
Monte Carlo, Monaco
KO
2
Defended W.A.K.O. Pro K-1 Rules Cruiser Light Heavyweight World Title -85.1 kg.
2012-12-01
Win
Hicham El Gaoui
Fighters Heart
Arnhem, Netherlands
TKO (Doc. Stop.)
2012-02-18
Win
Emmanuel Payet
K-1 Event 3, Final
Troyes, France
TKO
3
Wins Troyes Trophy Tournament Title -91 kg.
2012-02-18
Win
Aristote Quitusisa
K-1 Event 3, Semi Finals
Troyes, France
Decision
3
3:00
2011-05-14
Win
Andrei Manzolo
Fight Night
Tallinn, Estonia
KO (Kneeto the Head)
1
Wins W.A.K.O. Pro K-1 Rules Cruiser Light Heavyweight World Title -85.1 kg.
2011-04-25
Win
Samir al Mansouri
Born 2 Fight VI
Westervoort, Netherlands
TKO (Doctor Stop.)
2
2011-02-26
Win
Ali Cenik
Kickbox Gala Golden Glory Helmond
Eindhoven, Netherlands
Decision
3
3:00
2010-08-29
Win
Jan Reimann
3. Fight Night Merseburg, Semi Finals
Merseburg, Germany
TKO
1
3:00
Wins Fight Night Merseburg K-1 Rules Tournament Title. Had a walktrought in the final over Sascha Poppendieck.
2010-08-29
Win
Dimitar Iliev
3. Fight Night Merseburg, Quarter Finals
Merseburg, Germany
Ext. R. Decision
4
3:00
2010-04-05
Loss
Hakan Aksoy
Born 2 Fight
Westervoort, Netherlands
Decision
5
3:00
For The Dutch -86 kg Championship.
2010-03-19
Loss
Dzianis Hancharonak
K-1 World Max 2010
Minsk, Belarus
KO
1
1:20
2009-10-17
Loss
Ville Aalto
Fight Festival 26
Helsinki, Finland
TKO (Cut)
2
2009-08-01
Win
Selim Öztürk
Ergen Ring Ateşi 7
Turkey
Legend: Win Loss Draw/No contest Notes
See also
List of male kickboxers
List of male mixed martial artists
List of It's Showtime events
References
^ "Round1Network » Boy Boy Martin wint wereldtitel in Elst". Round1network.com. Retrieved 2015-09-25.
^ "K-1 MUAY THAI Results: Brice Guidon, Krush 16 Yuta Kubo vs Charles Francois, Sato vs Merza, Yuya Yamamoto vs ..." AllTheBestFights.com. 19 February 2012.
^ "Horace Martin wereldkampioen kickboksen". Gelderlander.nl. Retrieved 2015-09-25.
^ "16/05/11 14:47 - HORACE MARTIN (Holland) NEW K1 WORLD CHAMP. Kg -85.100 - WAKOPRO". WAKOPRO.
^ "11/03/13 11:44 - All results of Monte-Carlo Kickboxing Fighting Masters, 9/03/2013 - WAKO". WAKO. 11 March 2013.
^ "3. Merseburger Fightnight | la familia Fightclub Halle". La-familia-fightclub.de. 2015-09-14. Retrieved 2015-09-25.
^ "3. Merseburger Fight Night (K1, MMA, Muay Thai, Kickboxing, Boxing)". Flickr.com. Retrieved 2015-09-25.
^ Uitslagen WFL: Manhoef vs. Bonjasky(in Dutch)
^ "Uitslagen The Best of all Elements". Round1Network. Retrieved 2015-09-25.
^ "Round1Network » Uitslagen Arnhem". Round1network.com. Retrieved 2015-09-25.
^ "Fightersheart Dennis Koeiman vs Big Mo Boubkari". Round1Network. Retrieved 2015-09-25.
^ "7.Ergen Ri̇ng Ateşi̇". Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 9, 2015. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Horace \"Pepper\" Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_%22Pepper%22_Martin"},{"link_name":"Jamaican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaicans"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"W.A.K.O. Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Kickboxing_Organizations"}],"text":"For the American ice hockey player and coach, see Horace \"Pepper\" Martin.Horace Martin (born 7 May 1985) is a Jamaican-Dutch kickboxer. He is two times W.A.K.O. Pro and W.F.C.A. world champion.","title":"Horace Martin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"W.A.K.O. 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Pro K-1 Rules Cruiser Light Heavyweight World Champion -85.1 kg [3][4] (1 Title Def.)[5]\n2010 Fight Night Merseburg K-1 Rules Tournament Champion [6][7]","title":"Titles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Kickboxing record"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of male kickboxers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_male_kickboxers"},{"title":"List of male mixed martial artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_male_mixed_martial_artists"},{"title":"List of It's Showtime events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_It%27s_Showtime_events"}] | [{"reference":"\"Round1Network » Boy Boy Martin wint wereldtitel in Elst\". Round1network.com. 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La-familia-fightclub.de. 2015-09-14. Retrieved 2015-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.la-familia-fightclub.de/3-merseburger-fightnight","url_text":"\"3. Merseburger Fightnight | la familia Fightclub Halle\""}]},{"reference":"\"3. Merseburger Fight Night (K1, MMA, Muay Thai, Kickboxing, Boxing)\". Flickr.com. Retrieved 2015-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/fchmksfkcb/sets/72157624717045071/comments/","url_text":"\"3. Merseburger Fight Night (K1, MMA, Muay Thai, Kickboxing, Boxing)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uitslagen The Best of all Elements\". Round1Network. Retrieved 2015-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.round1network.com/news/46364/uitslagen-the-best-of-all-elements.html","url_text":"\"Uitslagen The Best of all Elements\""}]},{"reference":"\"Round1Network » Uitslagen Arnhem\". Round1network.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Ceccarini | Matteo Ceccarini | ["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Film scores","3 Personal life","4 Selected discography","4.1 Releases","5 Awards","6 References","7 External links"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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Matteo CeccariniMatteo Ceccarini in 2008Background informationBirth nameMatteo CeccariniAlso known asVision, Deriva Collective, AstroMat.Born (1972-04-03) 3 April 1972 (age 52)GenresElectronica, ambient, techno, contemporary classical, minimalisticOccupation(s)DJ, Composer, Sound Designer, ProducerInstrument(s)Turntables, Emulator, Moog, DoepferYears active1993–presentLabelsSony, Edel, WagramWebsitewww.derivacollective.co.ukMusical artist
Matteo Ceccarini (born April 3, 1972, in Milan, Italy) is a DJ, music producer and sound designer.
Early life
In the nineties Matteo began his career as an international deejay in some trendy clubs of Milan, including La Gare, Shocking Club, Plastic, Hollywood, Armani Privè. He worked in Paris at the Queen Club, La Locomotive and in Bali,Indonesia, where he became resident DJ at the Double Six Club in Legian from 1996 to 1999 and at the Cafè Luna for the White Parties.
Matteo has spent many years of his life in Asia, especially in India, where he has researched traditional sacred music.
Matteo was discovered by the designer Gianfranco Ferré who introduced him to the world of fashion.
In 1993 he began working for some international designers composing music, DJing and sound designing for their shows.
Career
Since 1992 Matteo has composed and played music as DJ for fashion designers and parties such as Giorgio Armani, Christian Dior , Vivienne Westwood, Valentino, Gianfranco Ferré, Ferragamo, Donna Karan, Hermes. In 1992 he released his first EP, Politic Dance. This was followed the following year by an EP under the pseudonym of "Lady Kiova" which contained 2 tracks; "Rotation" which was based on the music by Herb Alpert and the track "Macumba Love" was released on "Unknown Label", a sub-label of Klf Music.
In 1997 he worked with Richard Gere composing the music for Richard Gere's pro Tibetan photographic exhibition "Zanskar and Tibet" in Milan.
In 1999 Matteo composed a scandalous soundtrack for the Swish fashion show. Newspaper headlines said "Fashion Shock!" The sound contained a blessing by Pope Karol Wojtyla mixed with an avant-garde performance of the Greek actress Irene Papas simulating an orgasm. Matteo was questioned by the authorities. He explained that the concept was a blessing of procreation and was therefore released. The same year under the pseudonym "Vision" he released an album on the label Edel Music where the song Ponger Star featured on international compilations like Hôtel Costes, Buddha Bar and Nirvana Lounge.
In 2000 his dj set opened the "Frock 'n' Roll" event in Barcelona . The event was attended by Nelson Mandela and U2. In 2003 Matteo played at Mick Jagger's private 60th birthday party.
From 2003 until 2015, he produced the Emporio Armani Caffè and Giorgio Armani Privè compilations.
On 4 September 2004 Ceccarini curated the music for the wedding of John Elkann and Lavinia Borromeo Arese Taverna, at the Isola Madre, Stresa, Italy.
In 2009 Matteo and his partner Eva Riccobono composed and sang "Labbra" ("Lips"), a song recorded in bed. The song was a tribute for the 30th anniversary of "Je t'aime moi non plus" by Serge Gainsbourg.
In 2009 the photographer Paolo Roversi chose to shoot Matteo Ceccarini and Eva Riccobono as part of "L'Uomo Vogue" celebrities feature.
In 2012 Matteo composed the song "Petit Essai" that became the soundtrack of a film for Jaeger Lecoultre The song is a part of a mini album of piano solos called "Ma richesse c'est ma libertè".
The same year he composed 2 more songs : "The Tube" and "Dimmi tu cos’è" for the soundtrack of the movie "E la chiamano estate" They Call It Summer by Paolo Franchi. The movie went on to win best director and best actress at the Rome International Film Festival .
In 2013 he released the EP Money Maker, with included a cover song by the band The Black Keys, The EP was recorded and mastered at the Abbey Road Studios, London.
2013 was the beginning of his collaboration with the Italian fashion magazine Flair. In his column Matteo interviewed international celebrities using visual stimulus only.
In the same year his aesthetic sense in photography led him to be chosen to shoot Jacob Cohen's new international campaign, previously shot by the legendary photographer Elliott Erwitt.
In 2014 he founded the "Deriva Collective", a collective of artists who deal with sound research and experimentation known as sound sculpture. The Deriva Collective is based in London.
In August 2015 Ceccarini curated the music for the wedding of Beatrice Borromeo and Pierre Casiraghi, at the Rocca Borromeo di Angera, Italy.
Matteo Ceccarini has frequently curated the soundtrack for the annual Life Ball in Wien. Each year he collaborated with various international fashion designers, Missoni (2003), Gianfranco Ferré (2004), Calvin Klein, Kenneth Cole, Diane von Fürstenberg (2010), Vogue Italia hosts the 20th Anniversary Life Ball Fashion Show (2012), Roberto Cavalli (2013), Givenchy, Viktor & Rolf, Lanvin, Vivienne Westwood, Etro and DSquared², under the direction of Franca Sozzani (2014), Jean Paul Gaultier (2015).
Since its advent in 2013 every year Ceccarini has curated the entire sound for Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience, including fashion shows, the Dubai Mall soundscape and the party at the Armani Privè Club.
From February 2016, Matteo Ceccarini is the music columnist for GQ magazine.
In February 2016, Matteo Ceccarini released the sound project Ballchestra.
Film scores
Matteo Ceccarini contributed with two songs to the score of Paolo Franchi's film "E la chiamano Estate" (2012 film) : "The Tube" and " Dimmi tu cos'è" on label Sode Records.
The original soundtrack of Asia Argento's short film for Telecom Italia "Twittastorie" (2013).
The original soundtrack of Alessandra Cardone's film "In love with Shakespeare" (2014).
The original soundtrack One Planet One Future (2016) a movie project by Anne De Carbuccia.
The soundtrack of Made in Italy TV series (2019).
Personal life
Matteo Ceccarini has a daughter Virginia born in 2001, from his relationship with Floriana Lainati. A son Leo born in London in 2014 and a daughter Livia born in 2020 with Eva Riccobono. In 2004, in Wien during the Life Ball Event, Matteo met the Italian top model Eva Riccobono with whom he lives in London.
Selected discography
Releases
Politic Dance Vol. 1 (1992) Cadorna Records
Rotation (1993) Klf Music
Baje Bodie (1993) Future Rhythm
Ponger Star (1999) Wagram
Rites (2000) Edel Music
Santa Maria (2000) Edel Music
Beyond (2001) Edel Music
Gomorra (2002) George V Records
Until the fucking piano (2002) Wagram
Silver Cox (2003) Neverstop
Shotgun ( 2004) Sony Bmg
Gate of heaven ( 2004) Ediemme Edizioni Musicali
Jazz Suite, No. 2, Waltz 2 (2004) Sony Bmg
Africanism (2004) Sony Bmg
Labbra "Lips" (2009) SoDe Records
Blue Ice (2010) SoDe Records
Strong String (2011) SoDe Records
Emporio Armani Caffe' Vol. 1 (2003) Neverstop Music
Emporio Armani Caffe' Vol. 2 (2004) Sony Bmg
Emporio Armani Caffe' Vol. 3 (2006) SoDe Records
Emporio Armani Caffe' Vol. 4 (2008) SoDe Records
Emporio Armani Caffe' Vol. 5 (2009) SoDe Records
Emporio Armani Caffe' Vol. 6 (2011) SoDe Records
Emporio Armani Caffe' Vol. 7 (2012) SoDe Records- Giorgio Armani
Emporio Armani Caffe' Vol. 8 (2015) Deriva Collective Records - Giorgio Armani
Emporio Armani Caffe' Vol. 9 (2017) Deriva Collective Records - Giorgio Armani
Emporio Armani Caffe' Vol. X (2018) Deriva Collective Records - Giorgio Armani
Amigdala (2012) SoDe Records
Petit Essai (2012) SoDe Records
Money Maker (2013) SoDe Records
The Tube (2013) SoDe Records
Beijing Blues (2013) SoDe Records
Light me (2013) SoDe Records
Giorgio Armani Privè (2014) Deriva Collective Records-Giorgio Armani
Matteo Ceccarini for Oxfam (2015) Deriva Collective Records
Ballchestra (2016) Deriva Collective Records
One Planet One Future (2016) (Original Soundtrack) Deriva Collective Records
Geometric Physical (2018) Deriva Collective Records
Ode (2019) Deriva Collective Records
Private Ouverture (2019) Deriva Collective Records
Medusa (2020) Deriva Collective Records
Awards
In 2013, he produced in association with Ginevra Elkann, Ryan Gosling, Babak Jalali, Eva Riccobono the movie White Shadow by the director Noaz Deshe, who went on to win the Gold Lion of the Future at the 70° Venice International Film Festival. In 2018 he won the best music for fashion Chi e' Chi Award.
References
^ "DJ Matteo Ceccarini". 2008.
^ "King of Soundtrack" (in Italian). 2011.
^ "Matteo Ceccarini Vogue" (in Italian). 2013.
^ "M Ceccarini on Euromax". 2012.
^ "M Ceccarini Soundtrack" (in Italian). 2014.
^ "M Ceccarini Fashion" (in Italian). 2003.
^ "Fashion Shock" (in Italian). 1999.
^ "Frock 'n' Roll, a fashion and music tribute to Nelson Mandela". July 2001.
^ "Sound Designer" (in Italian). 2009.
^ "Una sexy canzone nata a letto" (in Italian). 2010.
^ "Ceccarini Riccobono". 2009.
^ "Ceccarini Riccobono LeCoultre" (in Italian). 2013.
^ "Matteo Ceccarini Vogue interview" (in Italian). January 2013.
^ "M Ceccarini E la chiamano estate" (in Italian). 2013.
^ "M Ceccarini Money Maker" (in Italian). 2013.
^ "Ceccarini shoot Jacob Cohen Campaign" (in Italian). 2013.
^ "Matteo Ceccarini Emulator" (in Italian). 2012.
^ "CNN interview". 2014.
^ Altan, Emanuela Cavalca (2001). Sound Designer (in Italian). FrancoAngeli. ISBN 9788846452580.
^ "Matrimonio da favola Borromeo Casiraghi" (in Italian). 2015.
^ "Life Ball". 2010.
^ "Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience" (in Italian). 2015.
^ "Vogue Arts" (in Italian). 2016.
^ "Family 2.0 Corriere Della Sera". 2015.
^ "M Ceccarini Life Ball". 2003.
^ "Ceccarini family" (in Italian). 2014.
^ "Vanity Fair" (in Italian). 2013.
^ "Imdb". IMDb. 2013.
^ "Matteo Ceccarini Senecultures". 2014.
^ "Matteo Ceccarini Award". 2013.
^ "Matteo Ceccarini White Shadow" (in Italian). 2013.
^ "Matteo Ceccarini LATimes". Los Angeles Times. 2013. Archived from the original on 8 September 2013.
External links
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ"},{"link_name":"music producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_producer"},{"link_name":"sound designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_design"}],"text":"Musical artistMatteo Ceccarini (born April 3, 1972, in Milan, Italy) is a DJ, music producer and sound designer.","title":"Matteo Ceccarini"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Gianfranco Ferré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfranco_Ferr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"DJing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In the nineties Matteo began his career as an international deejay [1] in some trendy clubs of Milan, including La Gare, Shocking Club, Plastic, Hollywood, Armani Privè. He worked in Paris at the Queen Club, La Locomotive and in Bali,Indonesia, where he became resident DJ at the Double Six Club in Legian from 1996 to 1999 and at the Cafè Luna for the White Parties.Matteo has spent many years of his life in Asia, especially in India, where he has researched traditional sacred music.Matteo was discovered by the designer Gianfranco Ferré who introduced him to the world of fashion.\nIn 1993 he began working for some international designers [2] composing music, DJing and sound designing for their shows.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Armani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Armani"},{"link_name":"Christian Dior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Dior"},{"link_name":"Vivienne Westwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Valentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentino_SpA"},{"link_name":"Gianfranco Ferré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfranco_Ferr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Ferragamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferragamo"},{"link_name":"Donna Karan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Karan"},{"link_name":"Hermes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Richard Gere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gere"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ponger Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ponger_Star&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hôtel Costes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Costes"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mick Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jagger"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Armani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Armani"},{"link_name":"John Elkann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Elkann"},{"link_name":"Borromeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borromeo"},{"link_name":"Eva Riccobono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Riccobono"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Serge Gainsbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Gainsbourg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Paolo Roversi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Roversi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"They Call It Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Call_It_Summer"},{"link_name":"Rome International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Black Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Keys"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Abbey Road Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios"},{"link_name":"Elliott Erwitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Erwitt"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Beatrice Borromeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_Borromeo"},{"link_name":"Pierre Casiraghi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Casiraghi"},{"link_name":"Rocca Borromeo di Angera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocca_Borromeo_di_Angera"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Life Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Ball"},{"link_name":"Missoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missoni"},{"link_name":"Gianfranco Ferré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfranco_Ferr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Calvin Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Klein"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Cole_Productions"},{"link_name":"Diane von Fürstenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg"},{"link_name":"Vogue Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_Italia"},{"link_name":"Roberto Cavalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli"},{"link_name":"Givenchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givenchy"},{"link_name":"Viktor & Rolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_%26_Rolf"},{"link_name":"Lanvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanvin_(company)"},{"link_name":"Vivienne Westwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood"},{"link_name":"Etro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etro"},{"link_name":"DSquared²","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSquared%C2%B2"},{"link_name":"Franca Sozzani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca_Sozzani"},{"link_name":"Jean Paul Gaultier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Paul_Gaultier"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Dubai Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Mall"},{"link_name":"Armani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armani"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Since 1992 Matteo has composed and played music as DJ for fashion designers and parties [4] such as Giorgio Armani, Christian Dior , Vivienne Westwood,[5] Valentino, Gianfranco Ferré, Ferragamo, Donna Karan, Hermes.[6] In 1992 he released his first EP, Politic Dance. This was followed the following year by an EP under the pseudonym of \"Lady Kiova\" which contained 2 tracks; \"Rotation\" which was based on the music by Herb Alpert and the track \"Macumba Love\" was released on \"Unknown Label\", a sub-label of Klf Music.In 1997 he worked with Richard Gere composing the music for Richard Gere's pro Tibetan photographic exhibition \"Zanskar and Tibet\" in Milan.In 1999 Matteo composed a scandalous soundtrack for the Swish fashion show. Newspaper headlines said \"Fashion Shock!\" The sound contained a blessing by Pope Karol Wojtyla mixed with an avant-garde performance of the Greek actress Irene Papas simulating an orgasm. Matteo was questioned by the authorities. He explained that the concept was a blessing of procreation and was therefore released.[7] The same year under the pseudonym \"Vision\" he released an album on the label Edel Music where the song Ponger Star featured on international compilations like Hôtel Costes, Buddha Bar and Nirvana Lounge.In 2000 his dj set opened the \"Frock 'n' Roll\" event in Barcelona .[8] The event was attended by Nelson Mandela and U2. In 2003 Matteo played at Mick Jagger's private 60th birthday party.From 2003 until 2015, he produced the Emporio Armani Caffè and Giorgio Armani Privè compilations.On 4 September 2004 Ceccarini curated the music for the wedding of John Elkann and Lavinia Borromeo Arese Taverna, at the Isola Madre, Stresa, Italy.In 2009 Matteo and his partner Eva Riccobono composed and sang \"Labbra\" (\"Lips\"),[9] a song recorded in bed.[10] The song was a tribute for the 30th anniversary of \"Je t'aime moi non plus\" by Serge Gainsbourg.[11]In 2009 the photographer Paolo Roversi chose to shoot Matteo Ceccarini and Eva Riccobono as part of \"L'Uomo Vogue\" celebrities feature.In 2012 Matteo composed the song \"Petit Essai\" that became the soundtrack of a film for Jaeger Lecoultre [12] The song is a part of a mini album of piano solos called \"Ma richesse c'est ma libertè\".\nThe same year he composed 2 more songs : \"The Tube\" and \"Dimmi tu cos’è\" for the soundtrack of the movie \"E la chiamano estate\" [13]They Call It Summer by Paolo Franchi. The movie went on to win best director and best actress at the Rome International Film Festival .[14]In 2013 he released the EP Money Maker, with included a cover song by the band The Black Keys,[15] The EP was recorded and mastered at the Abbey Road Studios, London.2013 was the beginning of his collaboration with the Italian fashion magazine Flair. In his column Matteo interviewed international celebrities using visual stimulus only. \nIn the same year his aesthetic sense in photography led him to be chosen to shoot Jacob Cohen's new international campaign, previously shot by the legendary photographer Elliott Erwitt.[16]In 2014 he founded the \"Deriva Collective\", a collective of artists who deal with sound research and experimentation [17] known as sound sculpture.[18][19] The Deriva Collective is based in London.In August 2015 Ceccarini curated the music for the wedding of Beatrice Borromeo and Pierre Casiraghi, at the Rocca Borromeo di Angera, Italy.[20]Matteo Ceccarini has frequently curated the soundtrack for the annual Life Ball in Wien. Each year he collaborated with various international fashion designers, Missoni (2003), Gianfranco Ferré (2004), Calvin Klein, Kenneth Cole, Diane von Fürstenberg (2010), Vogue Italia hosts the 20th Anniversary Life Ball Fashion Show (2012), Roberto Cavalli (2013), Givenchy, Viktor & Rolf, Lanvin, Vivienne Westwood, Etro and DSquared², under the direction of Franca Sozzani (2014), Jean Paul Gaultier (2015).[21]Since its advent in 2013 every year Ceccarini has curated the entire sound for Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience, including fashion shows, the Dubai Mall soundscape and the party at the Armani Privè Club.[22]From February 2016, Matteo Ceccarini is the music columnist for GQ magazine.In February 2016, Matteo Ceccarini released the sound project Ballchestra.[23]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asia Argento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Argento"}],"sub_title":"Film scores","text":"Matteo Ceccarini contributed with two songs to the score of Paolo Franchi's film \"E la chiamano Estate\" (2012 film) : \"The Tube\" and \" Dimmi tu cos'è\" on label Sode Records.The original soundtrack of Asia Argento's short film for Telecom Italia \"Twittastorie\" (2013).The original soundtrack of Alessandra Cardone's film \"In love with Shakespeare\" (2014).The original soundtrack One Planet One Future (2016) a movie project by Anne De Carbuccia.The soundtrack of Made in Italy TV series (2019).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Life Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Ball"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Eva Riccobono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Riccobono"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Matteo Ceccarini has a daughter Virginia born in 2001, from his relationship with Floriana Lainati. A son Leo born in London in 2014 and a daughter Livia born in 2020 with Eva Riccobono.[24] In 2004, in Wien during the Life Ball Event,[25] Matteo met the Italian top model Eva Riccobono with whom he lives in London.[26][27]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Releases","text":"Politic Dance Vol. 1 (1992) Cadorna Records\nRotation (1993) Klf Music\nBaje Bodie (1993) Future Rhythm\nPonger Star (1999) Wagram\nRites (2000) Edel Music\nSanta Maria (2000) Edel Music\nBeyond (2001) Edel Music\nGomorra (2002) George V Records\nUntil the fucking piano (2002) Wagram\nSilver Cox (2003) Neverstop\nShotgun ( 2004) Sony Bmg\nGate of heaven ( 2004) Ediemme Edizioni Musicali\nJazz Suite, No. 2, Waltz 2 (2004) Sony Bmg\nAfricanism (2004) Sony Bmg\nLabbra \"Lips\" (2009) SoDe Records\nBlue Ice (2010) SoDe Records\nStrong String (2011) SoDe Records\nEmporio Armani Caffe' Vol. 1 (2003) Neverstop Music\nEmporio Armani Caffe' Vol. 2 (2004) Sony Bmg\nEmporio Armani Caffe' Vol. 3 (2006) SoDe Records\nEmporio Armani Caffe' Vol. 4 (2008) SoDe Records\nEmporio Armani Caffe' Vol. 5 (2009) SoDe Records\nEmporio Armani Caffe' Vol. 6 (2011) SoDe Records\nEmporio Armani Caffe' Vol. 7 (2012) SoDe Records- Giorgio Armani\nEmporio Armani Caffe' Vol. 8 (2015) Deriva Collective Records - Giorgio Armani\nEmporio Armani Caffe' Vol. 9 (2017) Deriva Collective Records - Giorgio Armani\nEmporio Armani Caffe' Vol. X (2018) Deriva Collective Records - Giorgio Armani\nAmigdala (2012) SoDe Records\nPetit Essai (2012) SoDe Records\nMoney Maker (2013) SoDe Records\nThe Tube (2013) SoDe Records\nBeijing Blues (2013) SoDe Records\nLight me (2013) SoDe Records\nGiorgio Armani Privè (2014) Deriva Collective Records-Giorgio Armani\nMatteo Ceccarini for Oxfam (2015) Deriva Collective Records\nBallchestra (2016) Deriva Collective Records\nOne Planet One Future (2016) (Original Soundtrack) Deriva Collective Records\nGeometric Physical (2018) Deriva Collective Records\nOde (2019) Deriva Collective Records\nPrivate Ouverture (2019) Deriva Collective Records\nMedusa (2020) Deriva Collective Records","title":"Selected discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Ryan Gosling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Gosling"},{"link_name":"Babak Jalali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babak_Jalali"},{"link_name":"Eva Riccobono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Riccobono"},{"link_name":"White Shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Shadow_(film)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"In 2013,[28] he produced in association with Ginevra Elkann, Ryan Gosling, Babak Jalali, Eva Riccobono the movie White Shadow[29] by the director Noaz Deshe, who went on to win the Gold Lion of the Future[30][31] at the 70° Venice International Film Festival.[32] In 2018 he won the best music for fashion Chi e' Chi Award.","title":"Awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"DJ Matteo Ceccarini\". 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.style.com/stylefile/2008/09/a-day-in-the-life-of-matteo-ceccarini-dj/","url_text":"\"DJ Matteo Ceccarini\""}]},{"reference":"\"King of Soundtrack\" (in Italian). 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gqitalia.it/moda-static/static/2011/9/il-dj-delle-sfilate-e-delle-modelle-intervista-a-matteo-ceccarini/","url_text":"\"King of Soundtrack\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matteo Ceccarini Vogue\" (in Italian). 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vogue.it/people-are-talking-about/musica-teatro-cinema/2010/07/matteo-ceccarini","url_text":"\"Matteo Ceccarini Vogue\""}]},{"reference":"\"M Ceccarini on Euromax\". 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://wn.com/Euromaxx__Matteo_Ceccarini","url_text":"\"M Ceccarini on Euromax\""}]},{"reference":"\"M Ceccarini Soundtrack\" (in Italian). 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/e-i-vestiti-colonna-sonora-dautore-993652.html","url_text":"\"M Ceccarini Soundtrack\""}]},{"reference":"\"M Ceccarini Fashion\" (in Italian). 2003.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.repubblica.it/online/esteri/modafrancia/modafrancia/modafrancia.html?ref=search","url_text":"\"M Ceccarini Fashion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fashion Shock\" (in Italian). 1999.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1999/settembre/25/Milano_ricomincia_dall_intimo_co_0_9909256195.shtml","url_text":"\"Fashion Shock\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frock 'n' Roll, a fashion and music tribute to Nelson Mandela\". July 2001.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.u2.com/news/article/311","url_text":"\"Frock 'n' Roll, a fashion and music tribute to Nelson Mandela\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sound Designer\" (in Italian). 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.corriere.it/spettacoli/09_settembre_15/riccobono_ceccarini_A_ff053e2a-a1fc-11de-a593-00144f02aabc.shtml","url_text":"\"Sound Designer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Una sexy canzone nata a letto\" (in Italian). 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leiweb.it/celebrity/personaggi-news/09_a_riccobono-ceccarini-canzone-amore.shtml","url_text":"\"Una sexy canzone nata a letto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ceccarini Riccobono\". 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yoox.com/project/riccobonoceccarini","url_text":"\"Ceccarini Riccobono\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ceccarini Riccobono LeCoultre\" (in Italian). 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vanityfair.it/fashion/style-news/13/02/13/san-valentino-eva-riccobono-e-matteo-ceccarini-per-jager-le-coultre","url_text":"\"Ceccarini Riccobono LeCoultre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matteo Ceccarini Vogue interview\" (in Italian). January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vogue.it/people-are-talking-about/vogue-arts/2013/01/matteo-ceccarini-intervista","url_text":"\"Matteo Ceccarini Vogue interview\""}]},{"reference":"\"M Ceccarini E la chiamano estate\" (in Italian). 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://bari.repubblica.it/cronaca/2012/11/17/foto/e_la_chiamano_estate_vola_al_festival_di_roma-44225099/1/","url_text":"\"M Ceccarini E la chiamano estate\""}]},{"reference":"\"M Ceccarini Money Maker\" (in Italian). 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://cultura.panorama.it/musica/matteo-ceccarini-money-maker","url_text":"\"M Ceccarini Money Maker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ceccarini shoot Jacob Cohen Campaign\" (in Italian). 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2013/luglio/20/Bottoni_fodere_ricami_all_interno_co_0_20130720_554b7704-f0ff-11e2-a841-95e2b9c73fcd.shtml","url_text":"\"Ceccarini shoot Jacob Cohen Campaign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matteo Ceccarini Emulator\" (in Italian). 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vogue.it/people-are-talking-about/musica-teatro-cinema/2012/01/matteo-ceccarini-consolle-emulator","url_text":"\"Matteo Ceccarini Emulator\""}]},{"reference":"\"CNN interview\". 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/video/?/video/international/2014/04/08/spc-cnngo-milan-italy-c.cnn&video_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2F","url_text":"\"CNN interview\""}]},{"reference":"Altan, Emanuela Cavalca (2001). Sound Designer (in Italian). FrancoAngeli. ISBN 9788846452580.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BGkznjVj7tsC&q=matteo+ceccarini&pg=PA111","url_text":"Sound Designer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788846452580","url_text":"9788846452580"}]},{"reference":"\"Matrimonio da favola Borromeo Casiraghi\" (in Italian). 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vanityfair.it/people/mondo/15/08/01/beatrice-borromeo-pierre-casiraghi-foto-festa-matrimonio-nozze-rocca-angera-gossip","url_text":"\"Matrimonio da favola Borromeo Casiraghi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Life Ball\". 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vogue.it/en/people-are-talking-about/parties-events/2010/07/life-ball","url_text":"\"Life Ball\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience\" (in Italian). 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vogue.it/sfilate/fashion-events/2015/10/vfde-2015-vogue-fashion-dubai-experience-the-fashion-show","url_text":"\"Vogue Fashion Dubai Experience\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vogue Arts\" (in Italian). 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vogue.it/news/vogue-arte/2016/02/16/ballchestra-album-matteo-ceccarini/","url_text":"\"Vogue Arts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Family 2.0 Corriere Della Sera\". 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iodonna.it/attualita/appuntamenti-ed-eventi/gallery/eva-riccobono-mamma-social-e-top-model","url_text":"\"Family 2.0 Corriere Della Sera\""}]},{"reference":"\"M Ceccarini Life Ball\". 2003.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lifeball.org/","url_text":"\"M Ceccarini Life Ball\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ceccarini family\" (in Italian). 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vanityfair.it/people/family-vip/14/08/01/eva-riccobono-matteo-ceccarini-foto","url_text":"\"Ceccarini family\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vanity Fair\" (in Italian). 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vanityfair.it/show/musica/13/05/23/matteo-ceccarini-mini-album-money-maker-intervista","url_text":"\"Vanity Fair\""}]},{"reference":"\"Imdb\". IMDb. 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3077150/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast","url_text":"\"Imdb\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Matteo Ceccarini Senecultures\". 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://senecultures.net/en/file.film.white-shadow.16628.html","url_text":"\"Matteo Ceccarini Senecultures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matteo Ceccarini Award\". 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sicvenezia.it/2249/edizione-2013/news-2013/leone-del-futuro-a-white-shadow/?lang=en","url_text":"\"Matteo Ceccarini Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matteo Ceccarini White Shadow\" (in Italian). 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sicvenezia.it/1856/edizione-2013/film-2013/white-shadow/","url_text":"\"Matteo Ceccarini White Shadow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matteo Ceccarini LATimes\". Los Angeles Times. 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyageur_(Kathleen_Edwards_album) | Voyageur (Kathleen Edwards album) | ["1 Track listing","2 Chart performance","3 References"] | 2012 studio album by Kathleen EdwardsVoyageurStudio album by Kathleen EdwardsReleasedJanuary 17, 2012RecordedAugust 2010 – May 2011 GenreFolk, country, rockLength44:17LabelMapleMusic Recordings (CDA) Zoë Records (US)ProducerKathleen Edwards and Justin VernonKathleen Edwards chronology
Asking for Flowers(2008)
Voyageur(2012)
Total Freedom(2020)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe A.V. ClubB−Boston PhoenixPitchfork6.4/10Slant MagazineToronto Star
Voyageur is the fourth studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Kathleen Edwards, released on January 17, 2012. The album was produced by Edwards and Justin Vernon of Bon Iver. Voyageur reached the 39th position on the US Billboard 200 chart, becoming Edwards' first top 100 and top 40 album in the US, and her first top ten album in Canada, peaking at number two.
In addition to Edwards' regular backing band, guest musicians on the album include Francis and the Lights, Norah Jones, The Good Lovelies, Stornoway, John Roderick, Phil Cook of Megafaun, S. Carey and Afie Jurvanen.
The album was named as a longlisted nominee for the 2012 Polaris Music Prize on June 14, 2012, and later listed as one of the 10 shortlisted nominees for the prize on July 17.
Track listing
All songs written by Kathleen Edwards except as noted.
"Empty Threat" – 3:37
"Chameleon/Comedian" – 4:41
"A Soft Place to Land" (Kathleen Edwards, John Roderick) – 4:25
"Change the Sheets" – 4:30
"House Full of Empty Rooms" – 3:01
"Mint" – 4:52
"Sidecar" (Kathleen Edwards, Jim Bryson) – 2:38
"Pink Champagne" (Kathleen Edwards, John Roderick) – 5:09
"Going to Hell" – 4:18
"For the Record" – 7:06
Chart performance
Chart (2012)
Peakposition
Canadian Albums Chart
2
US Billboard 200
39
US Folk Albums
3
US Rock Albums
11
References
^ http://www.rounder.com/2011/11/kathleen-edwards-new-full-length-record-voyageur-out-january-17-on-zoerounder-records/
^ Ruhlmann, William. "Voyageur review". AllMusic. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
^ Marcus Gilmer (January 17, 2012). "Kathleen Edwards, Voyageur". The A.V. Club. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
^ "Kathleen Edwards | Voyageur - CD Reviews". Thephoenix.com. 2012-01-17. Archived from the original on 2012-04-21. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
^ Stephen M. Deusner (January 18, 2012). "Voyageur". Pitchfork.
^ "Kathleen Edwards: Voyageur | Album Review". Slant Magazine. 16 January 2012. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
^ Ben Rayner (January 17, 2012). "Album reviews: Kathleen Edwards' shimmering sadness, Skrillex's mean skills". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
^ a b c "Kathleen Edwards Unveils 'Voyageur'". Exclaim!, October 11, 2011.
^ "Polaris Prize long list includes lots of Toronto bands". Toronto Star, June 14, 2012.
^ a b c d "Chart listing for Voyageur". Billboard. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
vteKathleen EdwardsStudio albums
Failer (2002)
Back to Me (2005)
Asking for Flowers (2008)
Voyageur (2012)
Total Freedom (2020)
Live albums
Building 55 (1999)
Live from the Bowery Ballroom (2003)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
This 2010s country album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kathleen Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Edwards"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exclaim-8"},{"link_name":"Justin Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Bon Iver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Iver"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exclaim-8"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Francis and the Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_and_the_Lights"},{"link_name":"Norah Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norah_Jones"},{"link_name":"The Good Lovelies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Lovelies"},{"link_name":"Stornoway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stornoway_(band)"},{"link_name":"John Roderick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roderick_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Megafaun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megafaun"},{"link_name":"S. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinolittorina_placida | Echinolittorina placida | ["1 Distribution","2 Habitat","3 References"] | Species of gastropod
Echinolittorina placida
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
Subclass:
Caenogastropoda
Order:
Littorinimorpha
Family:
Littorinidae
Genus:
Echinolittorina
Species:
E. placida
Binomial name
Echinolittorina placidaReid, 2009
Echinolittorina placida is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Littorinidae, the winkles. This species was not described until 2009 because it had previously been confused with, and not differentiated from, a similar-looking species, Echinolittorina interrupta.
Distribution
This species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico.
Habitat
Rocks or other hard substrates of the splash zone (supralittoral) where they spend most of their time out of the water. A herbivorous species that feeds on microscopic marine algae, growing on rocks.
References
^ Reid D. G. (2009) "The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the western Atlantic Ocean." Zootaxa 2184: 1-103. abstract
Taxon identifiersEchinolittorina placida
Wikidata: Q5332547
Wikispecies: Echinolittorina placida
BOLD: 901916
CoL: 6DVCW
GBIF: 5856845
iNaturalist: 370894
IRMNG: 11814869
NCBI: 633380
OBIS: 458208
SeaLifeBase: 150970
WoRMS: 458208
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouge_(pop_group) | Rouge (group) | ["1 Biography","1.1 2002: Popstars formation","1.2 2002–03: Rouge, C'est La Vie and Andrade's departure","1.3 2004–06: Blá Blá Blá, Mil e Uma Noites and breakup","1.4 2007–11: Solo careers and reunion plans","1.5 2012–16: Comeback attempt and avoidance","1.6 2017–2019: Return and fifth studio album Les 5inq","2 Advertising","3 Legacy","4 Member Timeline","5 Discography","6 Concert tours","7 Filmography","7.1 Television","7.2 Film","8 Awards and nominations","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"] | Brazilian pop girl group
For other uses, see Rouge (disambiguation).
RougeRouge performing during their last tour in April 2018. (L–R) Lu Andrade, Aline Wirley, Li Martins, Fantine Thó and Karin Hils.Background informationOriginSão Paulo, BrazilGenresPopdance-popYears active2002 (2002)–2006 (2006)20132017 (2017)–20192022LabelsColumbiaSony MusicMembers
Aline Wirley
Fantine Thó
Karin Hils
Li Martins
Lu Andrade
Websitegruporouge.com.br
Rouge was a Brazilian pop girl group formed in 2002, through the SBT and Disney Channel talent show Popstars produced by RGB. The group comprised singers Aline Wirley, Fantine Thó, Karin Hils, Li Martins (then known as Patrícia Lissah) and Lu Andrade.
The group's debut studio album, the best-selling self-titled Rouge (2002), sold more than 1,5 million copies in Brazil. The success of the album was boosted by the songs "Não Dá pra Resistir", "Beijo Molhado" and, mainly, "Ragatanga", which helped to establish the group on a national platform. Their follow-up album, C'est La Vie (2003) produced the singles "Brilha La Luna", "Um Anjo Veio Me Falar" and "Vem Cair na Zueira", sold over 900,000 copies. After the departure of Andrade, the four remaining members continued and released the albums Blá Blá Blá (2004) and Mil e Uma Noites (2005). The group disbanded in June 2006, when the contract with Sony Music was not renewed.
Measures of their success include, have sold 6 million records sales, becoming the most successful pop girl group in Brazil and Latin America, Under the guidance of their mentor and entrepreneur, music producer Rick Bonadio, they embarked on sold-out tours throughout Brazil and several countries in Latin America, Europe and Africa. They were also stars of commercials and television programs, as well as the faces of various licensed products such as sticker albums, sandals and dolls.
On September 12, 2017, they reformed for a second time, this time as a five-members, to celebrate a fifteen-year birthday, embarked on a tour of sold-out shows all over Brazil, the 15 Anos Tour. In followed, he released his first unreleased song since 2005, "Bailando". And, on February 1, 2019 the fifth studio album, Les 5inq, was released. On January 24, 2019, a new hiatus was announced for an indefinite time. It is unknown if Rouge will reunite after this new hiatus.
Biography
2002: Popstars formation
Main article: Popstars (Brazilian TV series)
The origins of the group lie in the talent show Popstars, produced by RGB and broadcast in Brazil by SBT and Disney Channel from April 27 to September 7, 2002. The aim of the show was to form a pop girl group in Brazil and auditions were held country-wide. Over 20 episodes, candidates were whittled down by a panel of five judges. After five qualifying rounds, eight girls were selected for the final stage that and the judges selected Aline Wirley, Fantine Thó, Karin Hils, Li Martins (at the time known as Patrícia Lissa) and Luciana Andrade. The name chosen for the group was Rouge "because it has five letters and also because in French it means red, a color associated with sensuality and it's pop!".
2002–03: Rouge, C'est La Vie and Andrade's departure
After the talent show, the band signed the agreement with Sony Music and RGB Entertainment, an international producer, producer of the Popstars serie in Brazil and Argentina, the self-titled debut album Rouge, released August 19, 2002, had 14 tracks, being the majority of them of the music producer Rick Bonadio. The record bet heavily on the band and distributed around 150,000 copies of the debut album in the stores already in first consignment. The album, reached the mark of 750,000 copies sold in only the first two months of sales. His Lead single was "Não Dá para Resistir", Its follow-up single, "Ragatanga", a track with a featured by Las Ketchup, winning the charts quickly, even with its unintelligible lyrics. The song reached the first position of the radios, remaining for 11 consecutive weeks in the first place. After five months, the album had sold 1 million copies. Rouge sold more than 1,2 million copies and was Brazil's second best selling album in 2002. The third single "Beijo Molhado", it was also a hit on the radios. Also the group released the remix album titled Rouge Remixes, selling 150 thousand copies, receiving certificate of gold, and the video album O Sonho de Ser Uma Popstar, bringing its first show.
On May 4, 2003, the Rouge released their second album, C'est La Vie, The album mixes sweetheart ballads with pop music, in addition to mixing with the zouk dance. According to the members of the band, the first album was already ready for the band that won the contest, already on the second album, they participated in the production process and introduced their compositions to work. The example is the song "Um Anjo Veio Me Falar", composed by the five members. Also part of the production process was the change of look of the five girls, who started to wear much more modern and superhero clothes, as well as hair and makeup. The album sold 100,000 copies in just the first week, the first single "Brilha La Luna" was among the most played on radios all over Brazil. Also released as singles were the songs "Um Anjo Veio Me Falar" and "Vem Cair na Zueira", which reached the Top 20 in Brazil, Argentina, Portugal and Angola. C'est La Vie in total, sold over 350,000 copies. On February 11, 2004, Luciana Andrade announced her departure from the group, after not adapting to the style of music they were performing, and also for not having adapted to sudden fame, besides wanting to make another type of sound like folk and the rock. Although Luciana Andrade was the leading voice of the group, at the time, the media reported that the girls would earn little, around R$500 for each show, while the rest would be for the entrepreneurs. The other members said that her exit had a positive effect because it made them re-evaluate everything that was happening in their careers.
2004–06: Blá Blá Blá, Mil e Uma Noites and breakup
Main articles: Blá Blá Blá and Mil e Uma Noites
On June 16, 2004, the group released Blá Blá Blá, is marked by the absence of Luciana Andrade. On the album the Rouge bets on a more aggressive and mature pop. From the album, four singles were taken: "Blá Blá Blá", "Sem Você" (which became the most successful songs on the album), "Vem Dançar" and "Pá Pá Lá Lá" (who achieved more modest success). The members themselves composed several tracks on this album. There is a multimedia computer track that opens as a CD-ROM containing games with the band members. In that same year the group received the Prize of Better Band by the Academia Brasileira de Letras. Blá Blá Blá sold more than 150,000 copies.
The following year they released the album Mil e Uma Noites, in 2005. The album featured six previously unreleased songs, featuring the hit song "Vem Habib (Wala Wala)", and went Gold (50,000 copies sold). Since then, no new Rouge material has been announced or released. With the end of the contract with Sony Music and the non renewal of the same, the group ends up to separate in June 2006.
2007–11: Solo careers and reunion plans
Patricia Martins changed her name to Li Martins in 2007. She became a musical actress and starred some plays, including the Brazilian montage of musical Miss Saigon and The Beauty and the Beast. She released few singles by Walt Disney Records as the Brazilian version of the High School Musical's song "Gotta Go My Own Way", entitled "Vou Ser do Jeito Que Sou (en: I'll Be The Way I Am). In 2011 the Brazilian producer E.Motion released the single "Promise (Till The End Of Time)" featuring Lissah and DJ Tonanni. Luciana Andrade was prevented from release an album for 7 years, because breaking the contract in 2004. During this period she did backing vocals for famous singers and participated in festivals and music events. Luciana also recorded many live songs for her fans and made some pocket during this years. For a long time she refused to sing Rouge's songs, but in 2008 she returned to sing songs like "Um Anjo Veio Me Falar". In 2010 the ban for breaking the contract in 2004 is over and she released the independent album Tão Diferente (en: So Different) with live songs recorded at pocket shows and 4 studio recordings. In the same year she released a free digital album, Ao Vivo Music (en: Live Music). She also participates in musical, she starred in Cinderella.
Aline Silva change her name to Aline Wirley and, in 2006, planned to release a pop album, but was canceled. In 2009 release a samba album Saudade do Samba (en: I Miss the Samba) and received good reviews, but unsuccessfully sales. Currently she participates in musicals such as Hairspray, Hair and Aladdin. Karin Hils tried to release an album, but failed to record. In 2008/2009 worked as a backing vocalist for the rapper Tulio Dek. In 2010 she played a role in the Brazilian montage of Hairspray, as Motormouth Maybelle. In 2012, she portrayed Bernardete in Rede Globo's Aquele Beijo.
Before moving to the Netherlands Fantine formed the Thó Band with her brother Jonathan Thó and release some singles and music videos. Fantine continuously writes and records with artist such as Clay Perry, currently on tour with Julio Iglesias, Jean Dolabella, former drummer of Sepultura and Marcelo Lima who is known to collaborate with George Benson. Her album "Dusty but New" is a live recording session at Sandlane Studios from the Netherlands produced by Joost van den Broek composer and member of the band "After Forever". The album is a combination of songs written between 1996 and now and available for free download on soundcloud. www.soundcloud.com/fantine-tho. Fantine is taking part in The Voice of Holland season 4, singles available for download on iTunes.
In 2010 the fans started a petition to the group's return. The intention of the petition was recording a DVD celebrating 10 years of career in 2012. The petition started on the Internet, but received attention from the television because of the video aired on YouTube and had millions of views. In a few months, the Twitter of 5 members began to have thousands of messages asking for the return of the Rouge. In 2011, Li (formerly known as Patricia), Aline and Karin accepted a return, and Sony BMG showed interest in the DVD recording, but the fight between Luciana and Fantine was a hindrance to the return. Recently, Fantine said she'd stumble back to the group as long as they record new songs. Luciana said in an interview that she had no interest in returning to the group.
2012–16: Comeback attempt and avoidance
In late 2012, rumours about a return restarted on social networks, specially Twitter, as Rick Bonadio, producer of the band and judge of Popstars show, posted the hashtag #VoltaRouge (en: Come Back Rouge). Some meetings of the girls were noticed and published through the web. Officially, a return of the band was confirmed by Bonadio and the girls itself, although Luciana Andrade refused to join the band members, saying that she needed to be truthful with herself and her decision. Luciana also said that "They are Rouge, the girls that stayed. They are the soul of the group, so they are the ones who must come back".
A tour commemorating 10 years of creation of the group was confirmed for 2013, in Brazil. Along with it, a new Realitty Show for Multishow, Fabrica de Estrelas broadcast was announced for Bonadio to select girls for a new girlgroup. Rouge will have some appearances on the show showing the process of composition, recording and release of two new singles.
The new single, "Tudo É Rouge" (en: It's All Rouge) was confirmed for releasing April 2013, along with the start of the new reality show. Fantine shares that she went scouting for songs knowing Rouge would soon be recording, Luke Christopher, songwriter and rapper who works alongside Common, sent them "No Feeling", "love at first sight" said Fantine. Karin and Fantine wrote the Portuguese version of the original song and released "Tudo Outra Vez" (en: All again).
Bonadio and Lissah/Patricia said in interviews that "it's not a goodbye tour. We don't discard the possibility of a definitive come back".
The original come back plans include a three months tour in Brazil, a live CD-DVD release, and a few new songs.
Despite all efforts, though, bureaucracy got in their way as they were not the legal owners of the name and brand Rouge, this being owned by their previous recording label. Bonadio and the girls decided on quitting the plans for a return as well as the release of single "Tudo É Rouge", and an apologizing letter for the fans was released through social media.
In 2015, Patrícia (now going with stage name Li Martins, her middle and surname respectively) joined the cast for reality TV show A Fazenda (Brazilian version of Swedish Reality Show The Farm) in Rede Record channel. Some comments she made in the show led fans to believe new comeback plans have been discussed with the girls, but no official information was released yet.
2017–2019: Return and fifth studio album Les 5inq
Main article: Les 5inq
Rouge performing as the opening number of their Chá Rouge, in 2017.
In August 2017 the 15th anniversary of the Rouge was intensely celebrated by the fans and all the former members. The following month, the official profile of the "Tea House of Alice", show published a pink banner with the words: "If alone they already cause, imagine together." The image caused an uproar among fans, who began speculating that the group might be the theme of one of the parties. On September 12, the profile released a pink and glittery image, alluding to the cover of the first album and promising an official statement the next day. The show not only marks the 15 years of the group, but also the return of Luciana Andrade. On September 13 was announced the return of the group with the original formation on October 13. On September 14, tickets were put up for sale and sold out in a minute. But as there were problems with some purchases, it was still possible to get some tickets. After three hours, the organization of the event announced that the five thousand tickets had been exhausted and an extra show was scheduled for the following day. The show reverberated and was so intense that the group decided to announce a new tour of the main capitals of Brazil in 2018. And on October 15, one day after the second session of the Tea Rouge in Rio de Janeiro, Karin Hills announced in his Instagram teaser of #RougeDoc, documentary containing the backstage of the show. On October 26, sales for the São Paulo show began on November 25, and just as in Rio, the 7,000 tickets offered for sale sold out in just over 3 hours. The site responsible for the purchase of the tickets did not withstand such high demand and remained out of the air for a few minutes. According to the company responsible, about 240,000 people accessed the site at the same time. The virtual queue has reached almost 20,000 people. Which caused a great inconvenience with the public. A new extra show was scheduled for December 2, and was sold out the same day. In October 2017, it was confirmed that Rouge had returned definitively. On November 29, the group signed again with Sony Music Brasil and on December 1, 2017 their complete discography was made available for sale and streaming on digital platforms. After the digital release, the four albums reached the Top 10 of the Brazilian iTunes charts, seven songs being in the Top 100 singles, in addition to seven songs entering Brazil's Spotify Top 200.
Rouge performing "Olha Só" in Curitiba, Paraná at the 15 Anos Tour.
The group's comeback first single, "Bailando" was released January 2018. On August 21, 2018, the group announced their second single after the return, "Dona da Minha Vida". The track was officially released on August 31. On September 6, the group announced the release of an extended play (EP) before the entire album exclusively on Gazeta TV's show Todos Seu, presented by Ronnie Von, opting for the program to tell the information because the host was the only one to open space for the members to divulge his solo work during the period that the group had closed the activities. On October 2, the group announced on the social networks the title of the EP as 5, in reference to the fact that it is their fifth unpublished work, in addition to containing five tracks, revealing that the release would be on the 8th of that month. On January 19, 2019 was released "Solo Tu", which was chosen as single through a vote in Spotify.
On January 24, 2019, the group announced through its official pages that they would enter into an indefinite break and on February 1 the fifth album Les Les 5inq was released and on the 4th, the Rouge Sessions - De Portas Abertas.
Advertising
Even before the Rouge group became a success, there was already a planning by its producers to launch several products using the name of the members of the group, and the brand Rouge itself. Initially, the group starred commercials of Marisa's women's store network, campaigning for Mother's Day and Christmas, and even with autographed stickers of the members being distributed through Marisa stores throughout the country. Baby Brink dolls were also produced for the five members of the group, which were distributed as of September 9, 2003. The group also closed with a contract with Arcor, a company that produced chewing gum, confectionery and Easter eggs, all with the image of the girls. More than seven types of products were produced to promote the Rouge group.
In 2003, Editora Abril launched the illustrated Rouge book, with 180 figurines for fans of the group to collect and the following year, Kromo Publishing launched a picture book composed of 72 photos of Rouge girls for fans to collect and paste in the picture book. The quality of the chromos was well connoted by the collectors of figurine albums. The group also launched the "Sandália Rouge" by Grendene, shortly after becoming a media success, the following year they launched a new sandal, which came with a pendant. The last launch with Grendene, was the Tamanco Rouge, a great sales success. There has also been a brand of school products launched at the height of the group, however, due to the fact that it is a rarity, it is difficult to know which company was responsible for this release.
In 2011, Tilibra launched a line of notebooks inspired by the group, with a different color for each notebook.
Legacy
During their career, Rouge became one of Brazil's record-breaking acts, with more than 6 million albums sold, being the best-selling girl group in Brazil and Latin America. One of the group's albums also appears in the list of the best selling albums in the history of the Brazilian music industry – the debut album of the group, certificated double platinum. Described as the "Brazilian Spice Girls", some vehicles credited the group for being part of Brazilian pop; Some critics called them "laboratory rats" and "pop cinderellas."
Eduardo Coelho of ‘’Fatos Desconhecidos’’ website revered the reality show Popstars for revealing the group, writing that "even with the pros and cons of the format, something that is undeniable with regards to reality shows on national soil is that they at least created, shaped and produced a true phenomenon called: Rouge, in the year 2002". The writer also praised the group's most successful song "Ragatanga", claiming it impossible to forget and saying its choreography is epic. Cristiano Freitas, from the website A Escotilha, defined the contribution of the group to Brazilian pop as a "major phenomenon of the genre ever revealed in Brazil." Diário do Nordeste credited the group for giving “face to pure Brazilian pop music, bringing the “girl band” concept to Brazil, popularized especially by the Spice Girls. Journalist Diego Bargas from the site Folha compared Rouge even further to the Spice Girls, stating that both have many similarities. Like Rouge, the British quintet experienced the meteoric success still young; at their career momentum, they both suffered the departure of a member. Both groups had little time in total activity, but they have kept many fans.”
Several artists cited Rouge as an influence in some aspect in their careers; among them are the Brazilian singers Anitta, Pabllo Vittar, Gloria Groove, the girl group Girls, and the actors Maisa Silva, Tiago Abravanel, and Fernanda Souza.
Member Timeline
Discography
Main article: Rouge discography
Rouge (2002)
C'est La Vie (2003)
Blá Blá Blá (2004)
Mil e Uma Noites (2005)
Les 5inq (2019)
Concert tours
Headlining
Popstar Tour (2002—03)
C'est La Vie Tour (2003—04)
Blá Blá Blá Tour (2004)
Mil e Uma Noites Tour (2005)
15 Anos Tour (2018)
Co-headlining
Planeta Pop: Rouge & Br'oz Tour (2004)
Promotional tours
Chá Rouge Tour (2017–22)
Filmography
Television
Year
Name
Role
Notes
2002
Popstars
Contestants
20 episodes
2002
Muito Mais Popstars
Themselves
TV hosts
2005
Floribella
Themselves
Episode: "July 14"
2013
Fábrica de Estrelas
Themselves
Episode: "A Volta do Rouge"Episode: "Tudo É Rouge"Episode: "Faria Tudo Outra Vez"
Film
Year
Name
Role
2002
Xuxa Abracadabra
Themselves
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Category
Nomination
Result
2002
Prêmio Qualidade Brasil
Best New Group
Rouge
Won
Prêmio Austregésilo de Athayde
Best New Group
Rouge
Won
Prêmio Jovem Brasil
Best New Group
Rouge
Won
Best Song
Ragatanga
Won
2003
Video Music Brasil
Viewer's Choice
Brilha La Luna
Nominated
4th Latin Grammy Awards
Best Pop Album By A Duo Or Group With Vocal
Rouge
Nominated
Prêmio Multishow
Best New Group
Rouge
Won
Best DVD
O Sonho de Ser Uma Popstar
Nominated
Prêmio Miscelânea Design (ABRE)
Best Music Album Art
CD + DVD C'est La Vie
Won
Meus Prêmios Nick (Nickelodeon's Kids Choice Awards Brazil)
Best Song
Brilla La Luna
Won
Best Video
Brilla La Luna
Won
Prêmio Troféu Imprensa
Best Group
Rouge
Won
2004
Video Music Brasil
Viewer's Choice
Blá Blá Blá
Nominated
Prêmio Academia Brasileira de Letras
Best Group
Rouge
Won
Prêmio Troféu Imprensa
Best Group
Rouge
Won
2005
Meus Prêmios Nick (Nickelodeon's Kids Choice Awards Brazil)
Best Group
Rouge
Won
2017
Prêmio Contigo
Best Group
Rouge
Won
See also
List of best-selling girl groups
List of girl groups
References
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^ "Fãs vão escolher novo single do Rouge". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "Rouge anuncia pausa na carreira: "Conseguimos cumprir nossa missão"". revistaquem.globo.com. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
^ "Rouge anuncia nova pausa na carreira e lançamento de álbum: 'Rumo ao desconhecido'". F5 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2019-01-24. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
^ "Rouge anuncia uma nova pausa: "Decidimos seguir em frente"". Metropolitana FM (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2019-01-24. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
^ "Mais um fim! Rouge anuncia separação do grupo pela segunda vez". CARAS (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2019-01-24. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
^ "Rouge anuncia nova pausa na carreira e lançamento de álbum". CidadeVerde.com. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
^ "Grupo Rouge anuncia nova pausa em comunicado oficial". SBT – Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
^ "Rouge, uma banda sob encomenda". O Estado de S.Paulo. 20 August 2002.
^ "Grupo Rouge comercial de dia das Mães Loja Marisa". UOL. Archived from the original on 2004-01-18. Retrieved 2017-10-14.
^ "Preço do ovo de Páscoa deverá aumentar 9%, segundo dados da Abicab". O Documento. 5 March 2004. Archived from the original on 18 January 2004. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
^ "Rouge 2003". Editora Abril. 2 March 2013.
^ "Álbuns de figurinhas – Uma pequena coleção particular". Mania de Colecionador. 2 March 2013. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
^ "Sandália do Rouge". UOL. 2 March 2013.
^ "Tilibra apresenta linha de cadernos Rouge". Maxpress. 16 March 2011.
^ a b c Noticias.bol. "Muito mais que "Ragatanga": Retorno do Rouge vai além do flashback". Uol. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
^ "Rebobine: reviva Rouge, a "Spice Girls" brasileira mais querida!". Agambiarra. January 29, 2016.
^ "A volta do Rouge: o grupo brasileiro pop de maior sucesso prepara novo material e nova turnê". Popssauro. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
^ "VENHA CONFERIR COMO ESTÃO AS MENINAS DO ROUGE ATUALMENTE". Fatos Desconhecidos. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
^ "O Rouge está de volta!". Aescotilha.com.br. 4 October 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
^ "Rouge: brilho do pop". Diário do Nordeste. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
^ "'Esse sonho ainda tem muita potência', diz Aline sobre reencontro do Rouge". Folha de S.Paulo. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
^ "Anitta tieta Li Martins, ex-Rouge, e relembra hits do grupo no programa de Sabrina Sato na Record!". Purebreak. January 29, 2016. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
^ "De biquíni, Anitta se diverte ao cantar 'Beijo molhado', da Rouge, em karaokê com amigo". Extra. January 29, 2016.
^ ""Bailando": Veja a reação de Pabllo Vittar, Aretuza Lovi e Gloria Groove ao ouvir o novo single do Rouge em primeira mão!". POPLINE. January 5, 2011.
^ "Entrevista Exclusiva: Girls contam tudo sobre os primeiros passos da girlband e revelam sua opinião sobre Miley Cyrus e Britney Spears". POPLINE. January 29, 2016. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
^ ""Eu era a maior fã de todas", declara Maisa sobre Rouge no Teleton". TV Foco. January 29, 2016.
^ "Tiago Abravanel posa com meninas do Rouge e festeja: "Estão de Volta"". Quem. January 29, 2016.
^ "'Rouge' grava com Fernanda Souza para o 'Vai, Fernandinha'". Sessao.tv.br. Archived from the original on May 28, 2008. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
^ a b Terra (4 June 2003). "Os Tribalistas levam três troféus no 10° Prêmio Multishow" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 20 June 2010.
External links
Rouge Website Archived 2017-11-08 at the Wayback Machine
vteRouge
Aline Wirley
Fantine Thó
Karin Hils
Li Martins
Lu Andrade
Discography
Studio albums
Rouge
C'est La Vie
Blá Blá Blá
Mil e Uma Noites
Les 5inq
EPs
5
Rouge Sessions - De Portas Abertas
Compilations
Rouge Remixes
Video albums
O Sonho de Ser Uma Popstar
A Festa dos Seus Sonhos
Singles
"Não Dá pra Resistir"
"Ragatanga"
"Beijo Molhado"
"Brilha La Luna"
"Um Anjo Veio Me Falar"
"Vem Cair na Zueira"
"Blá Blá Blá"
"Sem Você"
"Pá Pá Lá Lá"
"Vem Habib (Wala Wala)"
"O Amor é Ilusão"
"Bailando"
"Dona da Minha Vida"
"Solo Tu"
Other songs
"Tudo É Rouge"
"Tudo Outra Vez"
Concerts and tours
Rouge 15 Anos
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rouge (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouge_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"girl group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_group"},{"link_name":"SBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_Brasileiro_de_Televis%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel"},{"link_name":"Popstars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popstars_(Brazilian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"RGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Aline Wirley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aline_Wirley"},{"link_name":"Fantine Thó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantine_Th%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Karin Hils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_Hils"},{"link_name":"Li Martins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Martins"},{"link_name":"Lu Andrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Andrade"},{"link_name":"Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouge_(Rouge_album)"},{"link_name":"Não Dá pra Resistir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A3o_D%C3%A1_pra_Resistir"},{"link_name":"Beijo Molhado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry_Kisses#Rouge_version"},{"link_name":"Ragatanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asereje#Rouge_version"},{"link_name":"C'est La Vie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%27est_La_Vie_(Rouge_album)"},{"link_name":"Brilha La Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brilha_La_Luna"},{"link_name":"Um Anjo Veio Me Falar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um_Anjo_Veio_Me_Falar"},{"link_name":"Vem Cair na Zueira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vem_Cair_na_Zueira"},{"link_name":"Blá Blá Blá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A1_Bl%C3%A1_Bl%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Mil e Uma Noites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil_e_Uma_Noites"},{"link_name":"Sony Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tremilh%C3%B5es-1"},{"link_name":"Rick Bonadio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Bonadio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"15 Anos Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Anos_Tour"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terra.com.br-3"},{"link_name":"Bailando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailando_(Rouge_song)"},{"link_name":"Les 5inq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_5inq"}],"text":"For other uses, see Rouge (disambiguation).Rouge was a Brazilian pop girl group formed in 2002, through the SBT and Disney Channel talent show Popstars produced by RGB. The group comprised singers Aline Wirley, Fantine Thó, Karin Hils, Li Martins (then known as Patrícia Lissah) and Lu Andrade.The group's debut studio album, the best-selling self-titled Rouge (2002), sold more than 1,5 million copies in Brazil. The success of the album was boosted by the songs \"Não Dá pra Resistir\", \"Beijo Molhado\" and, mainly, \"Ragatanga\", which helped to establish the group on a national platform. Their follow-up album, C'est La Vie (2003) produced the singles \"Brilha La Luna\", \"Um Anjo Veio Me Falar\" and \"Vem Cair na Zueira\", sold over 900,000 copies. After the departure of Andrade, the four remaining members continued and released the albums Blá Blá Blá (2004) and Mil e Uma Noites (2005). The group disbanded in June 2006, when the contract with Sony Music was not renewed.Measures of their success include, have sold 6 million records sales,[1] becoming the most successful pop girl group in Brazil and Latin America, Under the guidance of their mentor and entrepreneur, music producer Rick Bonadio, they embarked on sold-out tours throughout Brazil and several countries in Latin America, Europe and Africa. They were also stars of commercials and television programs, as well as the faces of various licensed products such as sticker albums, sandals and dolls.On September 12, 2017, they reformed for a second time, this time as a five-members,[2] to celebrate a fifteen-year birthday, embarked on a tour of sold-out shows all over Brazil, the 15 Anos Tour.[3] In followed, he released his first unreleased song since 2005, \"Bailando\". And, on February 1, 2019 the fifth studio album, Les 5inq, was released. On January 24, 2019, a new hiatus was announced for an indefinite time. It is unknown if Rouge will reunite after this new hiatus.","title":"Rouge (group)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Popstars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popstars_(Brazilian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"RGB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"SBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_Brasileiro_de_Televis%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel"},{"link_name":"girl group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_group"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Estad%C3%A3o1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Aline Wirley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aline_Wirley"},{"link_name":"Fantine Thó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantine_Th%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Karin Hils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_Hils"},{"link_name":"Li Martins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Martins"},{"link_name":"Luciana Andrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Andrade"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terraa-7"}],"sub_title":"2002: Popstars formation","text":"The origins of the group lie in the talent show Popstars, produced by RGB and broadcast in Brazil by SBT and Disney Channel from April 27 to September 7, 2002. The aim of the show was to form a pop girl group in Brazil and auditions were held country-wide. Over 20 episodes, candidates were whittled down by a panel of five judges.[4][5][6] After five qualifying rounds, eight girls were selected for the final stage that and the judges selected Aline Wirley, Fantine Thó, Karin Hils, Li Martins (at the time known as Patrícia Lissa) and Luciana Andrade. The name chosen for the group was Rouge \"because it has five letters and also because in French it means red, a color associated with sensuality [...] and it's pop!\".[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sony Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music"},{"link_name":"RGB Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouge_(Rouge_album)"},{"link_name":"Rick Bonadio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Bonadio"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terraa-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Estad%C3%A3o1-4"},{"link_name":"Lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"Não Dá para Resistir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A3o_D%C3%A1_pra_Resistir"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ragatanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asereje#Rouge_version"},{"link_name":"Las Ketchup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Ketchup"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinderelas1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-primeiro-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Beijo Molhado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strawberry_Kisses#Rouge_version"},{"link_name":"remix album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix_album"},{"link_name":"Rouge Remixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouge_Remixes"},{"link_name":"video album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_album"},{"link_name":"O Sonho de Ser Uma Popstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Sonho_de_Ser_Uma_Popstar"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABPD-13"},{"link_name":"C'est La Vie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%27est_La_Vie_(Rouge_album)"},{"link_name":"ballads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballad"},{"link_name":"zouk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zouk_(musical_movement)"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_pop"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foco1-14"},{"link_name":"Um Anjo Veio Me Falar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um_Anjo_Veio_Me_Falar"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Brilha La Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brilha_La_Luna"},{"link_name":"Um Anjo Veio Me Falar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um_Anjo_Veio_Me_Falar"},{"link_name":"Vem Cair na Zueira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vem_Cair_na_Zueira"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paginas09-16"},{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chance1-17"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinderelas1-10"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Isto%C3%A9-20"}],"sub_title":"2002–03: Rouge, C'est La Vie and Andrade's departure","text":"After the talent show, the band signed the agreement with Sony Music and RGB Entertainment, an international producer, producer of the Popstars serie in Brazil and Argentina, the self-titled debut album Rouge, released August 19, 2002, had 14 tracks, being the majority of them of the music producer Rick Bonadio.[7] The record bet heavily on the band and distributed around 150,000 copies of the debut album in the stores already in first consignment.[4] The album, reached the mark of 750,000 copies sold in only the first two months of sales. His Lead single was \"Não Dá para Resistir\",[8] Its follow-up single, \"Ragatanga\", a track with a featured by Las Ketchup, winning the charts quickly, even with its unintelligible lyrics. The song reached the first position of the radios, remaining for 11 consecutive weeks in the first place.[9] After five months, the album had sold 1 million copies.[10] Rouge sold more than 1,2 million copies and was Brazil's second best selling album in 2002.[11][12] The third single \"Beijo Molhado\", it was also a hit on the radios. Also the group released the remix album titled Rouge Remixes, selling 150 thousand copies, receiving certificate of gold, and the video album O Sonho de Ser Uma Popstar, bringing its first show.[13]On May 4, 2003, the Rouge released their second album, C'est La Vie, The album mixes sweetheart ballads with pop music, in addition to mixing with the zouk dance.[14] According to the members of the band, the first album was already ready for the band that won the contest, already on the second album, they participated in the production process and introduced their compositions to work. The example is the song \"Um Anjo Veio Me Falar\", composed by the five members.[15] Also part of the production process was the change of look of the five girls, who started to wear much more modern and superhero clothes, as well as hair and makeup. The album sold 100,000 copies in just the first week, the first single \"Brilha La Luna\" was among the most played on radios all over Brazil. Also released as singles were the songs \"Um Anjo Veio Me Falar\" and \"Vem Cair na Zueira\", which reached the Top 20 in Brazil, Argentina, Portugal and Angola. C'est La Vie in total, sold over 350,000 copies.[16] On February 11, 2004, Luciana Andrade announced her departure from the group, after not adapting to the style of music they were performing, and also for not having adapted to sudden fame, besides wanting to make another type of sound like folk and the rock.[17] Although Luciana Andrade was the leading voice of the group,[10] at the time, the media reported that the girls would earn little, around R$500 for each show, while the rest would be for the entrepreneurs.[18] The other members said that her exit had a positive effect because it made them re-evaluate everything that was happening in their careers.[19][20]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blá Blá Blá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A1_Bl%C3%A1_Bl%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Blá Blá Blá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A1_Bl%C3%A1_Bl%C3%A1_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sem Você","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sem_Voc%C3%AA"},{"link_name":"Pá Pá Lá Lá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algo_tienes#Rouge_version"},{"link_name":"Academia Brasileira de Letras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Brasileira_de_Letras"},{"link_name":"Mil e Uma Noites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil_e_Uma_Noites"},{"link_name":"Vem Habib (Wala Wala)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vem_Habib_(Wala_Wala)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"2004–06: Blá Blá Blá, Mil e Uma Noites and breakup","text":"On June 16, 2004, the group released Blá Blá Blá, is marked by the absence of Luciana Andrade. On the album the Rouge bets on a more aggressive and mature pop. From the album, four singles were taken: \"Blá Blá Blá\", \"Sem Você\" (which became the most successful songs on the album), \"Vem Dançar\" and \"Pá Pá Lá Lá\" (who achieved more modest success). The members themselves composed several tracks on this album. There is a multimedia computer track that opens as a CD-ROM containing games with the band members. In that same year the group received the Prize of Better Band by the Academia Brasileira de Letras. Blá Blá Blá sold more than 150,000 copies.The following year they released the album Mil e Uma Noites, in 2005. The album featured six previously unreleased songs, featuring the hit song \"Vem Habib (Wala Wala)\", and went Gold (50,000 copies sold).[21] Since then, no new Rouge material has been announced or released. With the end of the contract with Sony Music and the non renewal of the same, the group ends up to separate in June 2006.[22]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Li Martins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Martins"},{"link_name":"actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actress"},{"link_name":"Miss Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Saigon"},{"link_name":"The Beauty and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beauty_and_the_Beast"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Records"},{"link_name":"High School Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_School_Musical"},{"link_name":"Gotta Go My Own Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotta_Go_My_Own_Way"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"DJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Cinderella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_(Rodgers_and_Hammerstein_musical)"},{"link_name":"Aline Wirley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aline_Wirley"},{"link_name":"samba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba"},{"link_name":"Hairspray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairspray_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Aladdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin"},{"link_name":"Karin Hils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_Hils"},{"link_name":"Hairspray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairspray_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Rede Globo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_Globo"},{"link_name":"Aquele Beijo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquele_Beijo"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Sony BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG"}],"sub_title":"2007–11: Solo careers and reunion plans","text":"Patricia Martins changed her name to Li Martins in 2007. She became a musical actress and starred some plays, including the Brazilian montage of musical Miss Saigon and The Beauty and the Beast. She released few singles by Walt Disney Records as the Brazilian version of the High School Musical's song \"Gotta Go My Own Way\", entitled \"Vou Ser do Jeito Que Sou (en: I'll Be The Way I Am).[23] In 2011 the Brazilian producer E.Motion released the single \"Promise (Till The End Of Time)\" featuring Lissah and DJ Tonanni.[24] Luciana Andrade was prevented from release an album for 7 years, because breaking the contract in 2004. During this period she did backing vocals for famous singers and participated in festivals and music events. Luciana also recorded many live songs for her fans and made some pocket during this years. For a long time she refused to sing Rouge's songs, but in 2008 she returned to sing songs like \"Um Anjo Veio Me Falar\". In 2010 the ban for breaking the contract in 2004 is over and she released the independent album Tão Diferente (en: So Different) with live songs recorded at pocket shows and 4 studio recordings. In the same year she released a free digital album, Ao Vivo Music (en: Live Music). She also participates in musical, she starred in Cinderella.Aline Silva change her name to Aline Wirley and, in 2006, planned to release a pop album, but was canceled. In 2009 release a samba album Saudade do Samba (en: I Miss the Samba) and received good reviews, but unsuccessfully sales. Currently she participates in musicals such as Hairspray, Hair and Aladdin. Karin Hils tried to release an album, but failed to record. In 2008/2009 worked as a backing vocalist for the rapper Tulio Dek. In 2010 she played a role in the Brazilian montage of Hairspray, as Motormouth Maybelle. In 2012, she portrayed Bernardete in Rede Globo's Aquele Beijo.Before moving to the Netherlands Fantine formed the Thó Band with her brother Jonathan Thó and release some singles and music videos. Fantine continuously writes and records with artist such as Clay Perry, currently on tour with Julio Iglesias, Jean Dolabella, former drummer of Sepultura and Marcelo Lima who is known to collaborate with George Benson. Her album \"Dusty but New\" is a live recording session at Sandlane Studios from the Netherlands produced by Joost van den Broek composer and member of the band \"After Forever\". The album is a combination of songs written between 1996 and now and available for free download on soundcloud. www.soundcloud.com/fantine-tho. Fantine is taking part in The Voice of Holland season 4, singles available for download on iTunes.In 2010 the fans started a petition to the group's return. The intention of the petition was recording a DVD celebrating 10 years of career in 2012. The petition started on the Internet, but received attention from the television because of the video aired on YouTube and had millions of views. In a few months, the Twitter of 5 members began to have thousands of messages asking for the return of the Rouge. In 2011, Li (formerly known as Patricia), Aline and Karin accepted a return, and Sony BMG showed interest in the DVD recording, but the fight between Luciana and Fantine was a hindrance to the return. Recently, Fantine said she'd stumble back to the group as long as they record new songs. Luciana said in an interview that she had no interest in returning to the group.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caras2012-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Multishow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multishow"},{"link_name":"Tudo É Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudo_%C3%89_Rouge"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Luke Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Christopher"},{"link_name":"Tudo Outra Vez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudo_Outra_Vez"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"A Fazenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Fazenda"},{"link_name":"The Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Farm_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Rede Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_Record"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"2012–16: Comeback attempt and avoidance","text":"In late 2012, rumours about a return restarted on social networks, specially Twitter, as Rick Bonadio, producer of the band and judge of Popstars show, posted the hashtag #VoltaRouge (en: Come Back Rouge). Some meetings of the girls were noticed and published through the web. Officially, a return of the band was confirmed by Bonadio and the girls itself, although Luciana Andrade refused to join the band members, saying that she needed to be truthful with herself and her decision.[25] Luciana also said that \"They are Rouge, the girls that stayed. They are the soul of the group, so they are the ones who must come back\".[26]\nA tour commemorating 10 years of creation of the group was confirmed for 2013, in Brazil. Along with it, a new Realitty Show for Multishow, Fabrica de Estrelas broadcast was announced for Bonadio to select girls for a new girlgroup. Rouge will have some appearances on the show showing the process of composition, recording and release of two new singles.The new single, \"Tudo É Rouge\" (en: It's All Rouge) was confirmed for releasing April 2013, along with the start of the new reality show.[27] Fantine shares that she went scouting for songs knowing Rouge would soon be recording, Luke Christopher, songwriter and rapper who works alongside Common, sent them \"No Feeling\", \"love at first sight\" said Fantine. Karin and Fantine wrote the Portuguese version of the original song and released \"Tudo Outra Vez\" (en: All again).[28]Bonadio and Lissah/Patricia said in interviews that \"it's not a goodbye tour. We don't discard the possibility of a definitive come back\".\nThe original come back plans include a three months tour in Brazil, a live CD-DVD release, and a few new songs.Despite all efforts, though, bureaucracy got in their way as they were not the legal owners of the name and brand Rouge, this being owned by their previous recording label. Bonadio and the girls decided on quitting the plans for a return as well as the release of single \"Tudo É Rouge\", and an apologizing letter for the fans was released through social media.[29]In 2015, Patrícia (now going with stage name Li Martins, her middle and surname respectively) joined the cast for reality TV show A Fazenda (Brazilian version of Swedish Reality Show The Farm) in Rede Record channel. Some comments she made in the show led fans to believe new comeback plans have been discussed with the girls, but no official information was released yet.[30]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A1_Rouge_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retorno1-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retorno3-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retorno3-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retorno1-31"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retorno2-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retorno3-32"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Retorno4-34"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terra.com.br-3"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Sony Music Brasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"Spotify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Curitiba_rouge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Curitiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curitiba"},{"link_name":"Bailando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailando_(Rouge_song)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Dona da Minha Vida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dona_da_Minha_Vida"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Gazeta TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Gazeta"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Von","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Von"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Solo Tu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo_Tu_(Rouge_song)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Les 5inq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_5inq"},{"link_name":"Rouge Sessions - De Portas Abertas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouge_Sessions_-_De_Portas_Abertas"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"sub_title":"2017–2019: Return and fifth studio album Les 5inq","text":"Rouge performing as the opening number of their Chá Rouge, in 2017.In August 2017 the 15th anniversary of the Rouge was intensely celebrated by the fans and all the former members. The following month, the official profile of the \"Tea House of Alice\", show published a pink banner with the words: \"If alone they already cause, imagine together.\"[31][32] The image caused an uproar among fans, who began speculating that the group might be the theme of one of the parties.[32] On September 12, the profile released a pink and glittery image, alluding to the cover of the first album and promising an official statement the next day. The show not only marks the 15 years of the group, but also the return of Luciana Andrade.[31] On September 13 was announced the return of the group with the original formation on October 13. On September 14, tickets were put up for sale and sold out in a minute. But as there were problems with some purchases, it was still possible to get some tickets. After three hours, the organization of the event announced that the five thousand tickets had been exhausted and an extra show was scheduled for the following day.[33][32][34] The show reverberated and was so intense that the group decided to announce a new tour of the main capitals of Brazil in 2018. And on October 15, one day after the second session of the Tea Rouge in Rio de Janeiro, Karin Hills announced in his Instagram teaser of #RougeDoc, documentary containing the backstage of the show. On October 26, sales for the São Paulo show began on November 25, and just as in Rio, the 7,000 tickets offered for sale sold out in just over 3 hours. The site responsible for the purchase of the tickets did not withstand such high demand and remained out of the air for a few minutes. According to the company responsible, about 240,000 people accessed the site at the same time. The virtual queue has reached almost 20,000 people. Which caused a great inconvenience with the public.[35][36] A new extra show was scheduled for December 2, and was sold out the same day.[3][37][38] In October 2017, it was confirmed that Rouge had returned definitively. On November 29, the group signed again with Sony Music Brasil and on December 1, 2017 their complete discography was made available for sale and streaming on digital platforms.[39][40] After the digital release, the four albums reached the Top 10 of the Brazilian iTunes charts, seven songs being in the Top 100 singles, in addition to seven songs entering Brazil's Spotify Top 200.[41][42]Rouge performing \"Olha Só\" in Curitiba, Paraná at the 15 Anos Tour.The group's comeback first single, \"Bailando\" was released January 2018.[43] On August 21, 2018, the group announced their second single after the return, \"Dona da Minha Vida\".[44][45][46][47][48] The track was officially released on August 31.[49][50] On September 6, the group announced the release of an extended play (EP) before the entire album exclusively on Gazeta TV's show Todos Seu, presented by Ronnie Von, opting for the program to tell the information because the host was the only one to open space for the members to divulge his solo work during the period that the group had closed the activities. On October 2, the group announced on the social networks the title of the EP as 5, in reference to the fact that it is their fifth unpublished work, in addition to containing five tracks, revealing that the release would be on the 8th of that month.[51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] On January 19, 2019 was released \"Solo Tu\", which was chosen as single through a vote in Spotify.[62][63][64][65]On January 24, 2019, the group announced through its official pages that they would enter into an indefinite break and on February 1 the fifth album Les Les 5inq was released and on the 4th, the Rouge Sessions - De Portas Abertas.[66][67][68][69][70][71]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Mother's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Arcor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Arcor"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Editora Abril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editora_Abril"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Grendene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grendene"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"text":"Even before the Rouge group became a success, there was already a planning by its producers to launch several products using the name of the members of the group, and the brand Rouge itself.[72] Initially, the group starred commercials of Marisa's women's store network, campaigning for Mother's Day and Christmas, and even with autographed stickers of the members being distributed through Marisa stores throughout the country. Baby Brink dolls were also produced for the five members of the group, which were distributed as of September 9, 2003.[73] The group also closed with a contract with Arcor, a company that produced chewing gum, confectionery and Easter eggs, all with the image of the girls. More than seven types of products were produced to promote the Rouge group.[74]In 2003, Editora Abril launched the illustrated Rouge book, with 180 figurines for fans of the group to collect[75] and the following year, Kromo Publishing launched a picture book composed of 72 photos of Rouge girls for fans to collect and paste in the picture book.[76] The quality of the chromos was well connoted by the collectors of figurine albums. The group also launched the \"Sandália Rouge\" by Grendene, shortly after becoming a media success, the following year they launched a new sandal, which came with a pendant. The last launch with Grendene, was the Tamanco Rouge, a great sales success.[77] There has also been a brand of school products launched at the height of the group, however, due to the fact that it is a rarity, it is difficult to know which company was responsible for this release.In 2011, Tilibra launched a line of notebooks inspired by the group, with a different color for each notebook.[78]","title":"Advertising"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tremilh%C3%B5es-1"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9CUol-79"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABPD-13"},{"link_name":"Spice Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_Girls"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9CUol-79"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinderelas1-10"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fatos_Desconhecidos-82"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9CUol-79"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Spice Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_Girls"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Folha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folha_de_S.Paulo"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Anitta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anitta_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Pabllo Vittar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabllo_Vittar"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rea%C3%A7%C3%A3o-88"},{"link_name":"Gloria Groove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Groove"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foco1-14"},{"link_name":"Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_(Brazilian_band)"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Maisa Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisa_Silva"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Tiago Abravanel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiago_Abravanel"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Fernanda Souza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernanda_Souza"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"text":"During their career, Rouge became one of Brazil's record-breaking acts, with more than 6 million albums sold,[1] being the best-selling girl group in Brazil and Latin America.[79] One of the group's albums also appears in the list of the best selling albums in the history of the Brazilian music industry – the debut album of the group, certificated double platinum.[13] Described as the \"Brazilian Spice Girls\",[80] some vehicles credited the group for being part of Brazilian pop;[81] Some critics called them \"laboratory rats\"[79] and \"pop cinderellas.\"[10]Eduardo Coelho of ‘’Fatos Desconhecidos’’ website revered the reality show Popstars for revealing the group, writing that \"even with the pros and cons of the format, something that is undeniable with regards to reality shows on national soil is that they at least created, shaped and produced a true phenomenon called: Rouge, in the year 2002\".[82] The writer also praised the group's most successful song \"Ragatanga\", claiming it impossible to forget and saying its choreography is epic.[79] Cristiano Freitas, from the website A Escotilha, defined the contribution of the group to Brazilian pop as a \"major phenomenon of the genre ever revealed in Brazil.\"[83] Diário do Nordeste credited the group for giving “face to pure Brazilian pop music, bringing the “girl band” concept to Brazil, popularized especially by the Spice Girls.[84] Journalist Diego Bargas from the site Folha compared Rouge even further to the Spice Girls, stating that both have many similarities. Like Rouge, the British quintet experienced the meteoric success still young; at their career momentum, they both suffered the departure of a member. Both groups had little time in total activity, but they have kept many fans.”[85]Several artists cited Rouge as an influence in some aspect in their careers; among them are the Brazilian singers Anitta,[86][87] Pabllo Vittar,[88] Gloria Groove,[14] the girl group Girls,[89] and the actors Maisa Silva,[90] Tiago Abravanel,[91] and Fernanda Souza.[92]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Member Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouge_(Rouge_album)"},{"link_name":"C'est La Vie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%27est_La_Vie_(Rouge_album)"},{"link_name":"Blá Blá Blá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A1_Bl%C3%A1_Bl%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Mil e Uma Noites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil_e_Uma_Noites"},{"link_name":"Les 5inq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_5inq"}],"text":"Rouge (2002)\nC'est La Vie (2003)\nBlá Blá Blá (2004)\nMil e Uma Noites (2005)\nLes 5inq (2019)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"15 Anos Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Anos_Tour"}],"text":"HeadliningPopstar Tour (2002—03)\nC'est La Vie Tour (2003—04)\nBlá Blá Blá Tour (2004)\nMil e Uma Noites Tour (2005)\n15 Anos Tour (2018)Co-headliningPlaneta Pop: Rouge & Br'oz Tour (2004)Promotional toursChá Rouge Tour (2017–22)","title":"Concert tours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}] | [{"image_text":"Rouge performing as the opening number of their Chá Rouge, in 2017.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ch%C3%A1_Rouge_2017.jpg/170px-Ch%C3%A1_Rouge_2017.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rouge performing \"Olha Só\" in Curitiba, Paraná at the 15 Anos Tour.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Curitiba_rouge.jpg/230px-Curitiba_rouge.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of best-selling girl groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_girl_groups"},{"title":"List of girl groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_girl_groups"}] | [{"reference":"\"Show de retorno do grupo Rouge em Curitiba ainda tem ingressos disponíveis\". Tribuna do Paraná. 7 March 2018. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200705020433/https://www.tribunapr.com.br/mais-pop/show-de-retorno-do-grupo-rouge-em-curitiba-ainda-tem-ingressos-disponiveis/","url_text":"\"Show de retorno do grupo Rouge em Curitiba ainda tem ingressos disponíveis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tribuna_do_Paran%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Tribuna do Paraná"},{"url":"https://www.tribunapr.com.br/mais-pop/show-de-retorno-do-grupo-rouge-em-curitiba-ainda-tem-ingressos-disponiveis/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rouge anuncia show no Rio com formação original\". G1. 12 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://g1.globo.com/musica/noticia/rouge-anuncia-show-no-rio-com-formacao-original.ghtml","url_text":"\"Rouge anuncia show no Rio com formação original\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rouge está de volta para show no Rio de Janeiro: saiba como conseguir ingressos\". Terra (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2018-08-15. Retrieved 2017-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180815233000/https://www.terra.com.br/diversao/purebreak/rouge-esta-de-volta-para-show-no-rio-de-janeiro-saiba-como-conseguir-ingressos,37cd6618c008dee84180b07cf98dab96bmwo2qsh.html","url_text":"\"Rouge está de volta para show no Rio de Janeiro: saiba como conseguir ingressos\""},{"url":"https://www.terra.com.br/diversao/purebreak/rouge-esta-de-volta-para-show-no-rio-de-janeiro-saiba-como-conseguir-ingressos,37cd6618c008dee84180b07cf98dab96bmwo2qsh.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Estadao.com.br. \"Rouge, uma banda sob encomenda\". Retrieved 19 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.estadao.com.br/arquivo/arteelazer/2002/not20020820p4277.htm","url_text":"\"Rouge, uma banda sob encomenda\""}]},{"reference":"\"[CAMPANHA] Rouge 10 anos\". All Pop Stuff. Retrieved 19 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allpopstuff.com/2011/01/campanha-rouge-10-anos.html","url_text":"\"[CAMPANHA] Rouge 10 anos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grupo Rouge pode voltar\". O Fuxico. Retrieved 19 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://ofuxico.terra.com.br/noticias-sobre-famosos/grupo-rouge-pode-voltar/2011/12/09-125161.html","url_text":"\"Grupo Rouge pode voltar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rouge lança CD e clipe na esperança de manter o sucesso\" (in Portuguese). August 19, 2002. Retrieved June 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.terra.com.br/exclusivo/popstars/2002/08/19/001.htm","url_text":"\"Rouge lança CD e clipe na esperança de manter o sucesso\""}]},{"reference":"Terra (July 6, 2002). \"Candidatas ensaiam primeira música de trabalho das Popstars\" (in Portuguese). Retrieved June 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.terra.com.br/exclusivo/popstars/2002/07/06/000.htm","url_text":"\"Candidatas ensaiam primeira música de trabalho das Popstars\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Foi tenso\", revela integrante do Rouge sobre retorno\". 22 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054808/http://rd1.ig.com.br/entrevista/foi-tenso-revela-integrante-do-rouge-sobre-retorno/175103","url_text":"\"\"Foi tenso\", revela integrante do Rouge sobre retorno\""},{"url":"http://rd1.ig.com.br/entrevista/foi-tenso-revela-integrante-do-rouge-sobre-retorno/175103","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"As cinderelas do pop\". 6 October 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://revistaquem.globo.com/Revista/Quem/0,,EMI35085-9531,00-AS+CINDERELAS+DO+POP.html","url_text":"\"As cinderelas do pop\""}]},{"reference":"Correia, Sarah (26 May 2003). \"Rouge busca inspiração no Caribe\". Correio Braziliense (in Portuguese). Retrieved 25 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/028274_05/39511","url_text":"\"Rouge busca inspiração no Caribe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correio_Braziliense","url_text":"Correio Braziliense"}]},{"reference":"\"Ano 2002 – 20 CDs mais vendidos no Brasil\". Pro-Música Brasil. Archived from the original on 2015-09-26. 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Rouge marca retorno em show no Rio de Janeiro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rouge volta com formação original e já tem data para primeiro show!\". Catraca Livre. 2017-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://catracalivre.com.br/geral/inusitado/indicacao/rouge-volta-com-formacao-original-e-ja-tem-data-de-1o-show/","url_text":"\"Rouge volta com formação original e já tem data para primeiro show!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rouge está de volta para show no Rio de Janeiro: saiba como conseguir ingressos\". Terra. 2017-09-20. Archived from the original on 2018-08-15. 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Rouge entra para listas de álbuns e músicas mais vendidos do iTunes Brasil\". portalpopline.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). December 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://portalpopline.com.br/sucesso-rouge-entra-para-listas-de-albuns-e-musicas-mais-vendidos-itunes-brasil/","url_text":"\"Sucesso! Rouge entra para listas de álbuns e músicas mais vendidos do iTunes Brasil\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rouge entra para o Top 50 do Spotify Brasil e coloca outras seis músicas no Top 200\". portalpopline.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2 December 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://portalpopline.com.br/rouge-entra-para-o-top-50-spotify-brasil-e-coloca-outras-seis-musicas-no-top-200/","url_text":"\"Rouge entra para o Top 50 do Spotify Brasil e coloca outras seis músicas no Top 200\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rouge grava novo single \"Bailando\", primeira música nova desde 2013!\". Terra (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2017-12-03. 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Portal AZ (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2018-08-31. Retrieved 2019-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.portalaz.com.br/publicacao/1959","url_text":"\"Rouge lança 'Dona da minha vida', música que aborda empoderamento e relacionamento abusivo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vai ter EP do Rouge na semana que vem!\". PAPELPOP (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2019-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.papelpop.com/2018/10/vai-ter-ep-do-rouge-na-semana-que-vem/","url_text":"\"Vai ter EP do Rouge na semana que vem!\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Listen: EP \"5\" do Rouge aponta novos caminhos para a girlband\". POPline (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2018-10-07. Retrieved 2019-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://portalpopline.com.br/first-listen-ep-5-do-rouge-aponta-novos-caminhos-para-girlband/","url_text":"\"First Listen: EP \"5\" do Rouge aponta novos caminhos para a girlband\""}]},{"reference":"Sabbaga, Julia (2018-10-03). \"Rouge anuncia lançamento de novo EP, EP 5\". 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Retrieved 2019-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.destakjornal.com.br/diversao---arte/musica/detalhe/rouge-lanca-clipe-da-musica-solo-tu","url_text":"\"Rouge lança clipe da música 'Solo Tu'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rouge aposta na sensualidade e lança clipe da canção 'Solo Tu'\". contigo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2019-01-18. Retrieved 2019-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://contigo.uol.com.br/noticias/ultimas/rouge-lanca-clipe-da-cancao-solo-tu-marcado-pela-sensualidade.phtml","url_text":"\"Rouge aposta na sensualidade e lança clipe da canção 'Solo Tu'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fãs vão escolher novo single do Rouge\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etcepop.com/2018/10/fas-vao-escolher-novo-single-do-rouge.html","url_text":"\"Fãs vão escolher novo single do Rouge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rouge anuncia pausa na carreira: \"Conseguimos cumprir nossa missão\"\". revistaquem.globo.com. Retrieved 2019-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://revistaquem.globo.com/Musica/noticia/2019/01/rouge-anuncia-hiato.html","url_text":"\"Rouge anuncia pausa na carreira: \"Conseguimos cumprir nossa missão\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rouge anuncia nova pausa na carreira e lançamento de álbum: 'Rumo ao desconhecido'\". F5 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2019-01-24. Retrieved 2019-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://f5.folha.uol.com.br/musica/2019/01/rouge-anuncia-nova-pausa-na-carreira-e-lancamento-de-album-rumo-ao-desconhecido.shtml","url_text":"\"Rouge anuncia nova pausa na carreira e lançamento de álbum: 'Rumo ao desconhecido'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rouge anuncia uma nova pausa: \"Decidimos seguir em frente\"\". Metropolitana FM (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2019-01-24. Retrieved 2019-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://metropolitanafm.com.br/musicas/rouge-anuncia-uma-nova-pausa-decidimos-seguir-em-frente","url_text":"\"Rouge anuncia uma nova pausa: \"Decidimos seguir em frente\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mais um fim! Rouge anuncia separação do grupo pela segunda vez\". CARAS (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2019-01-24. Retrieved 2019-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://caras.uol.com.br/musica/mais-um-fim-rouge-anuncia-separacao-do-grupo-pela-segunda-vez.phtml","url_text":"\"Mais um fim! Rouge anuncia separação do grupo pela segunda vez\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rouge anuncia nova pausa na carreira e lançamento de álbum\". CidadeVerde.com. Retrieved 2019-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://cidadeverde.com/noticias/291983/rouge-anuncia-nova-pausa-na-carreira-e-lancamento-de-album","url_text":"\"Rouge anuncia nova pausa na carreira e lançamento de álbum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grupo Rouge anuncia nova pausa em comunicado oficial\". SBT – Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão. Retrieved 2019-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sbt.com.br/fofocalizando/fiquepordentro/120380/grupo-rouge-anuncia-nova-pausa-em-comunicado-oficial.html","url_text":"\"Grupo Rouge anuncia nova pausa em comunicado oficial\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rouge, uma banda sob encomenda\". O Estado de S.Paulo. 20 August 2002.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.estadao.com.br/arquivo/arteelazer/2002/not20020820p4277.htm","url_text":"\"Rouge, uma banda sob encomenda\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grupo Rouge comercial de dia das Mães Loja Marisa\". UOL. Archived from the original on 2004-01-18. Retrieved 2017-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040118134750/http://pegacifras.uol.com.br/video/fantine-tho/grupo-rouge-comercial-de-dia-das-maes-loja-marisa/C9XtogbkUPg","url_text":"\"Grupo Rouge comercial de dia das Mães Loja Marisa\""},{"url":"http://pegacifras.uol.com.br/video/fantine-tho/grupo-rouge-comercial-de-dia-das-maes-loja-marisa/C9XtogbkUPg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Preço do ovo de Páscoa deverá aumentar 9%, segundo dados da Abicab\". O Documento. 5 March 2004. Archived from the original on 18 January 2004. Retrieved 14 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040118134750/http://www.odocumento.com.br/materia.php?id=89406","url_text":"\"Preço do ovo de Páscoa deverá aumentar 9%, segundo dados da Abicab\""},{"url":"http://www.odocumento.com.br/materia.php?id=89406","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rouge 2003\". Editora Abril. 2 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trocafigurinhas.com/album/215/abril/rouge-2003.html","url_text":"\"Rouge 2003\""}]},{"reference":"\"Álbuns de figurinhas – Uma pequena coleção particular\". Mania de Colecionador. 2 March 2013. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120526053101/http://www.maniadecolecionador.com.br/albumnskromoeditora.htm","url_text":"\"Álbuns de figurinhas – Uma pequena coleção particular\""},{"url":"http://www.maniadecolecionador.com.br/albumnskromoeditora.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sandália do Rouge\". UOL. 2 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://virgula.uol.com.br/ver/video/famosos/2009/05/06/3303-sandalia-do-rouge","url_text":"\"Sandália do Rouge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tilibra apresenta linha de cadernos Rouge\". Maxpress. 16 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maxpressnet.com.br/Conteudo/1,400396,Tilibra_apresenta_linha_de_cadernos_rouge,400396,6.htm","url_text":"\"Tilibra apresenta linha de cadernos Rouge\""}]},{"reference":"Noticias.bol. \"Muito mais que \"Ragatanga\": Retorno do Rouge vai além do flashback\". Uol. Retrieved 29 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://noticias.bol.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/entretenimento/2017/11/25/muito-mais-que-ragatanga-retorno-do-rouge-vai-alem-do-flashback.htm","url_text":"\"Muito mais que \"Ragatanga\": Retorno do Rouge vai além do flashback\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo_Online","url_text":"Uol"}]},{"reference":"\"Rebobine: reviva Rouge, a \"Spice Girls\" brasileira mais querida!\". Agambiarra. January 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.agambiarra.com/rebobine-rouge/","url_text":"\"Rebobine: reviva Rouge, a \"Spice Girls\" brasileira mais querida!\""}]},{"reference":"\"A volta do Rouge: o grupo brasileiro pop de maior sucesso prepara novo material e nova turnê\". Popssauro. Retrieved 10 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.opovo.com.br/popssauro/2012/11/05/rouge-voltou-com-novo-material-e-nova-turne/","url_text":"\"A volta do Rouge: o grupo brasileiro pop de maior sucesso prepara novo material e nova turnê\""}]},{"reference":"\"VENHA CONFERIR COMO ESTÃO AS MENINAS DO ROUGE ATUALMENTE\". Fatos Desconhecidos. Retrieved 19 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fatosdesconhecidos.com.br/venha-conferir-como-estao-as-meninas-do-rouge-atualmente/","url_text":"\"VENHA CONFERIR COMO ESTÃO AS MENINAS DO ROUGE ATUALMENTE\""}]},{"reference":"\"O Rouge está de volta!\". Aescotilha.com.br. 4 October 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aescotilha.com.br/colunas/vale-um-like/o-rouge-esta-de-volta/","url_text":"\"O Rouge está de volta!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rouge: brilho do pop\". Diário do Nordeste. Retrieved January 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://diariodonordeste.verdesmares.com.br/cadernos/zoeira/rouge-brilho-do-pop-1.1884929","url_text":"\"Rouge: brilho do pop\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Esse sonho ainda tem muita potência', diz Aline sobre reencontro do Rouge\". Folha de S.Paulo. Retrieved January 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/paywall/login.shtml?https%3A%2F%2Ff5.folha.uol.com.br%2Fmusica%2F2017%2F09%2Fesse-sonho-ainda-tem-muita-potencia-diz-aline-sobre-reencontro-do-rouge.shtml","url_text":"\"'Esse sonho ainda tem muita potência', diz Aline sobre reencontro do Rouge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folha_de_S.Paulo","url_text":"Folha de S.Paulo"}]},{"reference":"\"Anitta tieta Li Martins, ex-Rouge, e relembra hits do grupo no programa de Sabrina Sato na Record!\". Purebreak. January 29, 2016. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142048/http://www.purebreak.com.br/noticias/anitta-tieta-li-martins-ex-rouge-e-relembra-hits-do-grupo-no-programa-de-sabrina-sato-na-record/23043","url_text":"\"Anitta tieta Li Martins, ex-Rouge, e relembra hits do grupo no programa de Sabrina Sato na Record!\""},{"url":"http://www.purebreak.com.br/noticias/anitta-tieta-li-martins-ex-rouge-e-relembra-hits-do-grupo-no-programa-de-sabrina-sato-na-record/23043","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"De biquíni, Anitta se diverte ao cantar 'Beijo molhado', da Rouge, em karaokê com amigo\". Extra. January 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://extra.globo.com/tv-e-lazer/musica/de-biquini-anitta-se-diverte-ao-cantar-beijo-molhado-da-rouge-em-karaoke-com-amigo-14923339.html","url_text":"\"De biquíni, Anitta se diverte ao cantar 'Beijo molhado', da Rouge, em karaokê com amigo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_(newspaper)","url_text":"Extra"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Bailando\": Veja a reação de Pabllo Vittar, Aretuza Lovi e Gloria Groove ao ouvir o novo single do Rouge em primeira mão!\". POPLINE. January 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://portalpopline.com.br/bailando-veja-reacao-de-pabllo-vittar-aretuza-lovi-e-gloria-groove-ao-ouvir-o-novo-single-rouge-em-primeira-mao/","url_text":"\"\"Bailando\": Veja a reação de Pabllo Vittar, Aretuza Lovi e Gloria Groove ao ouvir o novo single do Rouge em primeira mão!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POPLINE","url_text":"POPLINE"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrevista Exclusiva: Girls contam tudo sobre os primeiros passos da girlband e revelam sua opinião sobre Miley Cyrus e Britney Spears\". POPLINE. January 29, 2016. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131016135321/http://portalpopline.com.br/entrevista-exclusiva-girls-contam-tudo-sobre-os-primeiros-passos-da-girlband-e-revelam-sua-opiniao-sobre-miley-cyrus-e-britney-spears/","url_text":"\"Entrevista Exclusiva: Girls contam tudo sobre os primeiros passos da girlband e revelam sua opinião sobre Miley Cyrus e Britney Spears\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POPLINE","url_text":"POPLINE"},{"url":"http://portalpopline.com.br/entrevista-exclusiva-girls-contam-tudo-sobre-os-primeiros-passos-da-girlband-e-revelam-sua-opiniao-sobre-miley-cyrus-e-britney-spears/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Eu era a maior fã de todas\", declara Maisa sobre Rouge no Teleton\". TV Foco. January 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.otvfoco.com.br/eu-era-maior-fa-de-todas-declara-maisa-sobre-rouge-no-teleton/","url_text":"\"\"Eu era a maior fã de todas\", declara Maisa sobre Rouge no Teleton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tiago Abravanel posa com meninas do Rouge e festeja: \"Estão de Volta\"\". Quem. January 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://revistaquem.globo.com/QUEM-News/noticia/2017/10/tiago-abravanel-posa-com-meninas-do-rouge-e-festeja-estao-de-volta.html","url_text":"\"Tiago Abravanel posa com meninas do Rouge e festeja: \"Estão de Volta\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Rouge' grava com Fernanda Souza para o 'Vai, Fernandinha'\". Sessao.tv.br. Archived from the original on May 28, 2008. Retrieved January 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080528131603/http://sessao.tv.br/2017/11/08/rouge-grava-com-fernanda-souza-para-o-vai-fernandinha/","url_text":"\"'Rouge' grava com Fernanda Souza para o 'Vai, Fernandinha'\""},{"url":"http://sessao.tv.br/2017/11/08/rouge-grava-com-fernanda-souza-para-o-vai-fernandinha/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Terra (4 June 2003). \"Os Tribalistas levam três troféus no 10° Prêmio Multishow\" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 20 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.terra.com.br/musica/2003/06/04/000.htm","url_text":"\"Os Tribalistas levam três troféus no 10° Prêmio Multishow\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://gruporouge.com.br/","external_links_name":"gruporouge.com.br"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200705020433/https://www.tribunapr.com.br/mais-pop/show-de-retorno-do-grupo-rouge-em-curitiba-ainda-tem-ingressos-disponiveis/","external_links_name":"\"Show de retorno do grupo Rouge em Curitiba ainda tem ingressos disponíveis\""},{"Link":"https://www.tribunapr.com.br/mais-pop/show-de-retorno-do-grupo-rouge-em-curitiba-ainda-tem-ingressos-disponiveis/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://g1.globo.com/musica/noticia/rouge-anuncia-show-no-rio-com-formacao-original.ghtml","external_links_name":"\"Rouge anuncia show no Rio com formação original\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180815233000/https://www.terra.com.br/diversao/purebreak/rouge-esta-de-volta-para-show-no-rio-de-janeiro-saiba-como-conseguir-ingressos,37cd6618c008dee84180b07cf98dab96bmwo2qsh.html","external_links_name":"\"Rouge está de volta para show no Rio de Janeiro: saiba como conseguir ingressos\""},{"Link":"https://www.terra.com.br/diversao/purebreak/rouge-esta-de-volta-para-show-no-rio-de-janeiro-saiba-como-conseguir-ingressos,37cd6618c008dee84180b07cf98dab96bmwo2qsh.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.estadao.com.br/arquivo/arteelazer/2002/not20020820p4277.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rouge, uma banda sob encomenda\""},{"Link":"http://www.allpopstuff.com/2011/01/campanha-rouge-10-anos.html","external_links_name":"\"[CAMPANHA] Rouge 10 anos\""},{"Link":"http://ofuxico.terra.com.br/noticias-sobre-famosos/grupo-rouge-pode-voltar/2011/12/09-125161.html","external_links_name":"\"Grupo Rouge pode voltar\""},{"Link":"http://www.terra.com.br/exclusivo/popstars/2002/08/19/001.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rouge lança CD e clipe na esperança de manter o sucesso\""},{"Link":"http://www.terra.com.br/exclusivo/popstars/2002/07/06/000.htm","external_links_name":"\"Candidatas ensaiam primeira música de trabalho das Popstars\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002054808/http://rd1.ig.com.br/entrevista/foi-tenso-revela-integrante-do-rouge-sobre-retorno/175103","external_links_name":"\"\"Foi tenso\", revela integrante do Rouge sobre retorno\""},{"Link":"http://rd1.ig.com.br/entrevista/foi-tenso-revela-integrante-do-rouge-sobre-retorno/175103","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://revistaquem.globo.com/Revista/Quem/0,,EMI35085-9531,00-AS+CINDERELAS+DO+POP.html","external_links_name":"\"As cinderelas do pop\""},{"Link":"http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/028274_05/39511","external_links_name":"\"Rouge busca inspiração no Caribe\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150926113834/http://abpd.org.br/home/numeros-do-mercado/ano-2002/","external_links_name":"\"Ano 2002 – 20 CDs mais vendidos no Brasil\""},{"Link":"http://abpd.org.br/home/numeros-do-mercado/ano-2002/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://abpd.org.br/home/certificados/?busca_artista=rouge","external_links_name":"\"Rouge\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233856/http://www.terra.com.br/istoegente/201/diversao_arte/musica_foco_rouge.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rouge emplaca de novo\""},{"Link":"http://www.terra.com.br/istoegente/201/diversao_arte/musica_foco_rouge.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Revista/Epoca/0,,EDG58682-5856,00-MENINAS+DO+ROUGE+FALAM+A+EPOCA+EM+ENTREVISTA+EXCLUSIVA.html","external_links_name":"\"Meninas do Rouge falam à ÉPOCA em entrevista exclusiva\""},{"Link":"http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/028274_05/69180","external_links_name":"\"Quase Famosos: Queda Livre\""},{"Link":"http://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/mat/2007/03/07/294833348.asp","external_links_name":"\"Uma nova chance para as cantoras do Rouge\""},{"Link":"http://comcarinholuciana.zip.net/","external_links_name":"\"Luciana deixa o grupo Rouge\""},{"Link":"http://www.terra.com.br/chatshow/rouge_2004/capa_rouge2004.htm","external_links_name":"\"As pródigas meninas do pop\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210211051055/http://www.terra.com.br/istoegente/237/reportagens/luciana_andrade.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bye bye Rouge\""},{"Link":"http://www.terra.com.br/istoegente/237/reportagens/luciana_andrade.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.parana-online.com.br/editoria/almanaque/news/132853/?noticia=ROUGE+AUTOGRAFA+NOVO+CD","external_links_name":"\"Rouge autografa novo CD\""},{"Link":"http://ofuxico.terra.com.br/noticias-sobre-famosos/grupo-rouge-pode-voltar/2011/12/09-125161.html","external_links_name":"\"Grupo Rouge pode voltar\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RiQGH0A9Dvc","external_links_name":"Brazilian version of Gotta Go My Own Way"},{"Link":"http://www.arteview.com.br/index.php/noticias/ouca-agora-promise-till-the-end-of-time-com-tonanni-feat-lissah-martins/","external_links_name":"Ouça agora ‘Promise (‘Till The End of Time)’ com Tonanni feat. Lissah Martins"},{"Link":"http://caras.uol.com.br/canal/nacionais/post/rouge-nao-vai-voltar-mas-ira-celebrar-o-sucesso-karin-hils-popstar-luciana-aline-lissah-fantine-rick#image3","external_links_name":"\"'Rouge não vai voltar, mas irá celebrar o sucesso desta história linda', diz a cantora Karin Hils\""},{"Link":"http://multishow.globo.com/Fabrica-de-Estrelas/Noticias/T01-E-02---A-volta-do-Rouge.shtml","external_links_name":"\"T01.E02 – A volta do Rouge\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140331112714/http://portalpopline.com.br/ouca-tudo-e-rouge-musica-inedita-do-grupo-rouge/","external_links_name":"\"Ouça \"Tudo é Rouge\", música inédita do grupo Rouge\""},{"Link":"http://portalpopline.com.br/ouca-tudo-e-rouge-musica-inedita-do-grupo-rouge/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160630040138/http://virgula.uol.com.br/ver/noticia/musica/2013/04/06/323186-grupo-rouge-retorna-com-turne-e-novos-singles/","external_links_name":"\"Grupo Rouge retorna com turnê e novos singles\""},{"Link":"http://virgula.uol.com.br/ver/noticia/musica/2013/04/06/323186-grupo-rouge-retorna-com-turne-e-novos-singles","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021231045/http://www.portalfamososbr.com/rouge-divulga-carta-aberta-para-os-fas-informando-que-o-grupo-nao-lancara-novos-projetos-em-2014/","external_links_name":"\"'Rouge' divulga carta aberta para os fãs informando que o grupo não lançará novos projetos em 2014\""},{"Link":"http://www.portalfamososbr.com/rouge-divulga-carta-aberta-para-os-fas-informando-que-o-grupo-nao-lancara-novos-projetos-em-2014/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://mdpop.com.br/li-martins-comenta-possivel-retorno-de-rouge/","external_links_name":"\"Li Martins comenta possível retorno do Rouge\""},{"Link":"http://portalpopline.com.br/e-oficial-rouge-marca-retorno-em-show-no-rio-de-janeiro/","external_links_name":"\"É oficial! 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Rouge entra para listas de álbuns e músicas mais vendidos do iTunes Brasil\""},{"Link":"http://portalpopline.com.br/rouge-entra-para-o-top-50-spotify-brasil-e-coloca-outras-seis-musicas-no-top-200/","external_links_name":"\"Rouge entra para o Top 50 do Spotify Brasil e coloca outras seis músicas no Top 200\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171203013846/https://www.terra.com.br/diversao/purebreak/rouge-grava-novo-single-bailando-primeira-musica-nova-desde-2013,d53e6862928e39c55db863245d2b75f38s5zoha3.html","external_links_name":"\"Rouge grava novo single \"Bailando\", primeira música nova desde 2013!\""},{"Link":"https://www.terra.com.br/diversao/purebreak/rouge-grava-novo-single-bailando-primeira-musica-nova-desde-2013,d53e6862928e39c55db863245d2b75f38s5zoha3.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.emaisgoias.com.br/rouge-revela-nome-e-data-de-lancamento-de-musica-nova/","external_links_name":"\"Rouge revela nome e data de lançamento de música nova\""},{"Link":"https://www.terra.com.br/diversao/purebreak/nova-era-do-rouge-girlband-anuncia-musica-dona-da-minha-vida-e-empolga-fas,9a976b2a919869947ae1921da3890525qc3wsukv.html","external_links_name":"\"Nova era do Rouge: girlband anuncia música \"Dona Da Minha Vida\" e empolga fãs!\""},{"Link":"http://poltronavip.com/dona-da-minha-vida-rouge-anuncia-lancamento-de-novo-single/","external_links_name":"\"\"Dona da Minha Vida\": Rouge anuncia lançamento de novo single\""},{"Link":"http://jconline.ne10.uol.com.br/canal/cultura/musica/noticia/2018/08/22/rouge-anuncia-a-musica-inedita-dona-da-minha-vida-351931.php","external_links_name":"\"Rouge anuncia a música inédita 'Dona da Minha Vida'\""},{"Link":"http://www.purebreak.com.br/noticias/rouge-anuncia-nova-musica-dona-da-minha-vida-e-empolga-fas/77293","external_links_name":"\"Nova era do Rouge: girlband anuncia música \"Dona Da Minha Vida\" e empolga fãs!\""},{"Link":"http://sweeps5026.cmcgates10.life/?t=main9_4f27261f978bfd6e5a0c","external_links_name":"\"2019 Annual Visitor Survey\""},{"Link":"http://www.portalaz.com.br/publicacao/1959","external_links_name":"\"Rouge lança 'Dona da minha vida', música que aborda empoderamento e relacionamento abusivo\""},{"Link":"https://www.papelpop.com/2018/10/vai-ter-ep-do-rouge-na-semana-que-vem/","external_links_name":"\"Vai ter EP do Rouge na semana que vem!\""},{"Link":"http://portalpopline.com.br/first-listen-ep-5-do-rouge-aponta-novos-caminhos-para-girlband/","external_links_name":"\"First Listen: EP \"5\" do Rouge aponta novos caminhos para a girlband\""},{"Link":"https://www.omelete.com.br/musica/rouge-anuncia-lancamento-de-novo-ep-ep-5","external_links_name":"\"Rouge anuncia lançamento de novo EP, EP 5\""},{"Link":"https://observatoriog.bol.uol.com.br/noticias/2018/10/rouge-lanca-ep-5-com-faixas-ineditas-ouca","external_links_name":"\"Rouge lança \"EP 5\" com faixas inéditas; 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Rouge anuncia separação do grupo pela segunda vez\""},{"Link":"https://cidadeverde.com/noticias/291983/rouge-anuncia-nova-pausa-na-carreira-e-lancamento-de-album","external_links_name":"\"Rouge anuncia nova pausa na carreira e lançamento de álbum\""},{"Link":"http://www.sbt.com.br/fofocalizando/fiquepordentro/120380/grupo-rouge-anuncia-nova-pausa-em-comunicado-oficial.html","external_links_name":"\"Grupo Rouge anuncia nova pausa em comunicado oficial\""},{"Link":"http://www.estadao.com.br/arquivo/arteelazer/2002/not20020820p4277.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rouge, uma banda sob encomenda\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040118134750/http://pegacifras.uol.com.br/video/fantine-tho/grupo-rouge-comercial-de-dia-das-maes-loja-marisa/C9XtogbkUPg","external_links_name":"\"Grupo Rouge comercial de dia das Mães Loja Marisa\""},{"Link":"http://pegacifras.uol.com.br/video/fantine-tho/grupo-rouge-comercial-de-dia-das-maes-loja-marisa/C9XtogbkUPg","external_links_name":"the 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelogram_rule | Parallelogram law | ["1 Proof","2 The parallelogram law in inner product spaces","3 Normed vector spaces satisfying the parallelogram law","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | The sum of the squares of the 4 sides of a parallelogram equals that of the 2 diagonals
Not to be confused with Parallelogram rule (physics).
The sides of parallelogram ABCD are shown in blue and the diagonals in red. The sum of the areas of the blue squares equal that of the red ones.
In mathematics, the simplest form of the parallelogram law (also called the parallelogram identity) belongs to elementary geometry. It states that the sum of the squares of the lengths of the four sides of a parallelogram equals the sum of the squares of the lengths of the two diagonals. We use these notations for the sides: AB, BC, CD, DA. But since in Euclidean geometry a parallelogram necessarily has opposite sides equal, that is, AB = CD and BC = DA, the law can be stated as
2
(
A
_
B
)
2
+
2
(
B
_
C
)
2
=
(
A
_
C
)
2
+
(
B
_
D
)
2
{\displaystyle 2(A\_B)^{2}+2(B\_C)^{2}=(A\_C)^{2}+(B\_D)^{2}\,}
If the parallelogram is a rectangle, the two diagonals are of equal lengths AC = BD, so
2
(
A
_
B
)
2
+
2
(
B
_
C
)
2
=
2
(
A
_
C
)
2
{\displaystyle 2(A\_B)^{2}+2(B\_C)^{2}=2(A\_C)^{2}}
and the statement reduces to the Pythagorean theorem. For the general quadrilateral (with four sides not necessarily equal) Euler's quadrilateral theorem states
A
B
2
+
B
C
2
+
C
D
2
+
D
A
2
=
A
C
2
+
B
D
2
+
4
x
2
,
{\displaystyle AB^{2}+BC^{2}+CD^{2}+DA^{2}=AC^{2}+BD^{2}+4x^{2},}
where
x
{\displaystyle x}
is the length of the line segment joining the midpoints of the diagonals. It can be seen from the diagram that
x
=
0
{\displaystyle x=0}
for a parallelogram, and so the general formula simplifies to the parallelogram law.
Proof
In the parallelogram on the right, let AD = BC = a, AB = DC = b,
∠
B
A
D
=
α
.
{\displaystyle \angle BAD=\alpha .}
By using the law of cosines in triangle
△
B
A
D
,
{\displaystyle \triangle BAD,}
we get:
a
2
+
b
2
−
2
a
b
cos
(
α
)
=
B
D
2
.
{\displaystyle a^{2}+b^{2}-2ab\cos(\alpha )=BD^{2}.}
In a parallelogram, adjacent angles are supplementary, therefore
∠
A
D
C
=
180
∘
−
α
.
{\displaystyle \angle ADC=180^{\circ }-\alpha .}
Using the law of cosines in triangle
△
A
D
C
,
{\displaystyle \triangle ADC,}
produces:
a
2
+
b
2
−
2
a
b
cos
(
180
∘
−
α
)
=
A
C
2
.
{\displaystyle a^{2}+b^{2}-2ab\cos(180^{\circ }-\alpha )=AC^{2}.}
By applying the trigonometric identity
cos
(
180
∘
−
x
)
=
−
cos
x
{\displaystyle \cos(180^{\circ }-x)=-\cos x}
to the former result proves:
a
2
+
b
2
+
2
a
b
cos
(
α
)
=
A
C
2
.
{\displaystyle a^{2}+b^{2}+2ab\cos(\alpha )=AC^{2}.}
Now the sum of squares
B
D
2
+
A
C
2
{\displaystyle BD^{2}+AC^{2}}
can be expressed as:
B
D
2
+
A
C
2
=
a
2
+
b
2
−
2
a
b
cos
(
α
)
+
a
2
+
b
2
+
2
a
b
cos
(
α
)
.
{\displaystyle BD^{2}+AC^{2}=a^{2}+b^{2}-2ab\cos(\alpha )+a^{2}+b^{2}+2ab\cos(\alpha ).}
Simplifying this expression, it becomes:
B
D
2
+
A
C
2
=
2
a
2
+
2
b
2
.
{\displaystyle BD^{2}+AC^{2}=2a^{2}+2b^{2}.}
The parallelogram law in inner product spaces
Vectors involved in the parallelogram law.
In a normed space, the statement of the parallelogram law is an equation relating norms:
2
‖
x
‖
2
+
2
‖
y
‖
2
=
‖
x
+
y
‖
2
+
‖
x
−
y
‖
2
for all
x
,
y
.
{\displaystyle 2\|x\|^{2}+2\|y\|^{2}=\|x+y\|^{2}+\|x-y\|^{2}\quad {\text{ for all }}x,y.}
The parallelogram law is equivalent to the seemingly weaker statement:
2
‖
x
‖
2
+
2
‖
y
‖
2
≤
‖
x
+
y
‖
2
+
‖
x
−
y
‖
2
for all
x
,
y
{\displaystyle 2\|x\|^{2}+2\|y\|^{2}\leq \|x+y\|^{2}+\|x-y\|^{2}\quad {\text{ for all }}x,y}
because the reverse inequality can be obtained from it by substituting
1
2
(
x
+
y
)
{\textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}\left(x+y\right)}
for
x
,
{\displaystyle x,}
and
1
2
(
x
−
y
)
{\textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}\left(x-y\right)}
for
y
,
{\displaystyle y,}
and then simplifying. With the same proof, the parallelogram law is also equivalent to:
‖
x
+
y
‖
2
+
‖
x
−
y
‖
2
≤
2
‖
x
‖
2
+
2
‖
y
‖
2
for all
x
,
y
.
{\displaystyle \|x+y\|^{2}+\|x-y\|^{2}\leq 2\|x\|^{2}+2\|y\|^{2}\quad {\text{ for all }}x,y.}
In an inner product space, the norm is determined using the inner product:
‖
x
‖
2
=
⟨
x
,
x
⟩
.
{\displaystyle \|x\|^{2}=\langle x,x\rangle .}
As a consequence of this definition, in an inner product space the parallelogram law is an algebraic identity, readily established using the properties of the inner product:
‖
x
+
y
‖
2
=
⟨
x
+
y
,
x
+
y
⟩
=
⟨
x
,
x
⟩
+
⟨
x
,
y
⟩
+
⟨
y
,
x
⟩
+
⟨
y
,
y
⟩
,
{\displaystyle \|x+y\|^{2}=\langle x+y,x+y\rangle =\langle x,x\rangle +\langle x,y\rangle +\langle y,x\rangle +\langle y,y\rangle ,}
‖
x
−
y
‖
2
=
⟨
x
−
y
,
x
−
y
⟩
=
⟨
x
,
x
⟩
−
⟨
x
,
y
⟩
−
⟨
y
,
x
⟩
+
⟨
y
,
y
⟩
.
{\displaystyle \|x-y\|^{2}=\langle x-y,x-y\rangle =\langle x,x\rangle -\langle x,y\rangle -\langle y,x\rangle +\langle y,y\rangle .}
Adding these two expressions:
‖
x
+
y
‖
2
+
‖
x
−
y
‖
2
=
2
⟨
x
,
x
⟩
+
2
⟨
y
,
y
⟩
=
2
‖
x
‖
2
+
2
‖
y
‖
2
,
{\displaystyle \|x+y\|^{2}+\|x-y\|^{2}=2\langle x,x\rangle +2\langle y,y\rangle =2\|x\|^{2}+2\|y\|^{2},}
as required.
If
x
{\displaystyle x}
is orthogonal to
y
,
{\displaystyle y,}
meaning
⟨
x
,
y
⟩
=
0
,
{\displaystyle \langle x,\ y\rangle =0,}
and the above equation for the norm of a sum becomes:
‖
x
+
y
‖
2
=
⟨
x
,
x
⟩
+
⟨
x
,
y
⟩
+
⟨
y
,
x
⟩
+
⟨
y
,
y
⟩
=
‖
x
‖
2
+
‖
y
‖
2
,
{\displaystyle \|x+y\|^{2}=\langle x,x\rangle +\langle x,y\rangle +\langle y,x\rangle +\langle y,y\rangle =\|x\|^{2}+\|y\|^{2},}
which is Pythagoras' theorem.
Normed vector spaces satisfying the parallelogram law
Most real and complex normed vector spaces do not have inner products, but all normed vector spaces have norms (by definition). For example, a commonly used norm for a vector
x
=
(
x
1
,
x
2
,
…
,
x
n
)
{\displaystyle x=(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{n})}
in the real coordinate space
R
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}
is the
p
{\displaystyle p}
-norm:
‖
x
‖
p
=
(
|
x
1
|
p
+
|
x
2
|
p
+
⋯
+
|
x
n
|
p
)
1
/
p
.
{\displaystyle \|x\|_{p}=\left(|x_{1}|^{p}+|x_{2}|^{p}+\dotsb +|x_{n}|^{p}\right)^{1/p}.}
Given a norm, one can evaluate both sides of the parallelogram law above. A remarkable fact is that if the parallelogram law holds, then the norm must arise in the usual way from some inner product. In particular, it holds for the
p
{\displaystyle p}
-norm if and only if
p
=
2
,
{\displaystyle p=2,}
the so-called Euclidean norm or standard norm.
For any norm satisfying the parallelogram law (which necessarily is an inner product norm), the inner product generating the norm is unique as a consequence of the polarization identity. In the real case, the polarization identity is given by:
⟨
x
,
y
⟩
=
‖
x
+
y
‖
2
−
‖
x
−
y
‖
2
4
,
{\displaystyle \langle x,y\rangle ={\frac {\|x+y\|^{2}-\|x-y\|^{2}}{4}},}
or equivalently by
‖
x
+
y
‖
2
−
‖
x
‖
2
−
‖
y
‖
2
2
or
‖
x
‖
2
+
‖
y
‖
2
−
‖
x
−
y
‖
2
2
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {\|x+y\|^{2}-\|x\|^{2}-\|y\|^{2}}{2}}\qquad {\text{ or }}\qquad {\frac {\|x\|^{2}+\|y\|^{2}-\|x-y\|^{2}}{2}}.}
In the complex case it is given by:
⟨
x
,
y
⟩
=
‖
x
+
y
‖
2
−
‖
x
−
y
‖
2
4
+
i
‖
i
x
−
y
‖
2
−
‖
i
x
+
y
‖
2
4
.
{\displaystyle \langle x,y\rangle ={\frac {\|x+y\|^{2}-\|x-y\|^{2}}{4}}+i{\frac {\|ix-y\|^{2}-\|ix+y\|^{2}}{4}}.}
For example, using the
p
{\displaystyle p}
-norm with
p
=
2
{\displaystyle p=2}
and real vectors
x
{\displaystyle x}
and
y
,
{\displaystyle y,}
the evaluation of the inner product proceeds as follows:
⟨
x
,
y
⟩
=
‖
x
+
y
‖
2
−
‖
x
−
y
‖
2
4
=
1
4
(
∑
i
|
x
i
+
y
i
|
2
−
∑
i
|
x
i
−
y
i
|
2
)
=
1
4
(
4
∑
i
x
i
y
i
)
=
x
⋅
y
,
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\langle x,y\rangle &={\frac {\|x+y\|^{2}-\|x-y\|^{2}}{4}}\\&={\tfrac {1}{4}}\left(\sum _{i}|x_{i}+y_{i}|^{2}-\sum _{i}|x_{i}-y_{i}|^{2}\right)\\&={\tfrac {1}{4}}\left(4\sum _{i}x_{i}y_{i}\right)\\&=x\cdot y,\\\end{aligned}}}
which is the standard dot product of two vectors.
Another necessary and sufficient condition for there to exist an inner product that induces the given norm
‖
⋅
‖
{\displaystyle \|\cdot \|}
is for the norm to satisfy Ptolemy's inequality:
‖
x
−
y
‖
‖
z
‖
+
‖
y
−
z
‖
‖
x
‖
≥
‖
x
−
z
‖
‖
y
‖
for all vectors
x
,
y
,
z
.
{\displaystyle \|x-y\|\,\|z\|~+~\|y-z\|\,\|x\|~\geq ~\|x-z\|\,\|y\|\qquad {\text{ for all vectors }}x,y,z.}
See also
Commutative property – Property of some mathematical operations
François Daviet – Italian mathematician and military officer (1734–1798)
Inner product space – Generalization of the dot product; used to define Hilbert spaces
Minkowski distance – Mathematical metric in normed vector space
Normed vector space – Vector space on which a distance is defined
Polarization identity – Formula relating the norm and the inner product in a inner product space
Ptolemy's inequality
References
^ Cantrell, Cyrus D. (2000). Modern mathematical methods for physicists and engineers. Cambridge University Press. p. 535. ISBN 0-521-59827-3. if p ≠ 2, there is no inner product such that
⟨
x
,
x
⟩
=
‖
x
‖
p
{\textstyle {\sqrt {\langle x,\ x\rangle }}=\|x\|_{p}}
because the p-norm violates the parallelogram law.
^ Saxe, Karen (2002). Beginning functional analysis. Springer. p. 10. ISBN 0-387-95224-1.
^ Apostol, Tom M. (1967). "Ptolemy's Inequality and the Chordal Metric". Mathematics Magazine. 40 (5): 233–235. doi:10.2307/2688275. JSTOR 2688275.
External links
Weisstein, Eric W. "Parallelogram Law". MathWorld.
The Parallelogram Law Proven Simply at Dreamshire blog
The Parallelogram Law: A Proof Without Words at cut-the-knot
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Ancient Greece portal • Mathematics portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parallelogram rule (physics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_force#Parallelogram_rule_for_the_addition_of_forces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parallelogram_law_squares.svg"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"parallelogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallelogram"},{"link_name":"Euclidean geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_geometry"},{"link_name":"rectangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectangle"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Parallelogram rule (physics).The sides of parallelogram ABCD are shown in blue and the diagonals in red. The sum of the areas of the blue squares equal that of the red ones.In mathematics, the simplest form of the parallelogram law (also called the parallelogram identity) belongs to elementary geometry. It states that the sum of the squares of the lengths of the four sides of a parallelogram equals the sum of the squares of the lengths of the two diagonals. We use these notations for the sides: AB, BC, CD, DA. But since in Euclidean geometry a parallelogram necessarily has opposite sides equal, that is, AB = CD and BC = DA, the law can be stated as2\n (\n A\n _\n B\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 2\n (\n B\n _\n C\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n (\n A\n _\n C\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n (\n B\n _\n D\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2(A\\_B)^{2}+2(B\\_C)^{2}=(A\\_C)^{2}+(B\\_D)^{2}\\,}If the parallelogram is a rectangle, the two diagonals are of equal lengths AC = BD, so2\n (\n A\n _\n B\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 2\n (\n B\n _\n C\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n 2\n (\n A\n _\n C\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2(A\\_B)^{2}+2(B\\_C)^{2}=2(A\\_C)^{2}}Pythagorean theoremquadrilateralEuler's quadrilateral theoremA\n \n B\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n B\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n C\n \n D\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n D\n \n A\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n A\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n B\n \n D\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 4\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle AB^{2}+BC^{2}+CD^{2}+DA^{2}=AC^{2}+BD^{2}+4x^{2},}x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}line segmentmidpointsx\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x=0}","title":"Parallelogram law"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Color_parallelogram.svg"},{"link_name":"law of cosines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_cosines"},{"link_name":"adjacent angles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjacent_angle"},{"link_name":"supplementary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplementary_angle"},{"link_name":"law of cosines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_cosines"},{"link_name":"trigonometric identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trigonometric_identities"}],"text":"In the parallelogram on the right, let AD = BC = a, AB = DC = b, \n \n \n \n ∠\n B\n A\n D\n =\n α\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\angle BAD=\\alpha .}\n \n By using the law of cosines in triangle \n \n \n \n △\n B\n A\n D\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\triangle BAD,}\n \n we get:a\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n b\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 2\n a\n b\n cos\n \n (\n α\n )\n =\n B\n \n D\n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a^{2}+b^{2}-2ab\\cos(\\alpha )=BD^{2}.}In a parallelogram, adjacent angles are supplementary, therefore \n \n \n \n ∠\n A\n D\n C\n =\n \n 180\n \n ∘\n \n \n −\n α\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\angle ADC=180^{\\circ }-\\alpha .}\n \n Using the law of cosines in triangle \n \n \n \n △\n A\n D\n C\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\triangle ADC,}\n \n produces:a\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n b\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 2\n a\n b\n cos\n \n (\n \n 180\n \n ∘\n \n \n −\n α\n )\n =\n A\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a^{2}+b^{2}-2ab\\cos(180^{\\circ }-\\alpha )=AC^{2}.}By applying the trigonometric identity \n \n \n \n cos\n \n (\n \n 180\n \n ∘\n \n \n −\n x\n )\n =\n −\n cos\n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\cos(180^{\\circ }-x)=-\\cos x}\n \n to the former result proves:a\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n b\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 2\n a\n b\n cos\n \n (\n α\n )\n =\n A\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a^{2}+b^{2}+2ab\\cos(\\alpha )=AC^{2}.}Now the sum of squares \n \n \n \n B\n \n D\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n A\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle BD^{2}+AC^{2}}\n \n can be expressed as:B\n \n D\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n A\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n b\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 2\n a\n b\n cos\n \n (\n α\n )\n +\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n b\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 2\n a\n b\n cos\n \n (\n α\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle BD^{2}+AC^{2}=a^{2}+b^{2}-2ab\\cos(\\alpha )+a^{2}+b^{2}+2ab\\cos(\\alpha ).}Simplifying this expression, it becomes:B\n \n D\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n A\n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n 2\n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 2\n \n b\n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle BD^{2}+AC^{2}=2a^{2}+2b^{2}.}","title":"Proof"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parallelogram_law.svg"},{"link_name":"normed space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normed_space"},{"link_name":"norms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"inner product space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_product_space"},{"link_name":"inner product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_product#Definition"}],"text":"Vectors involved in the parallelogram law.In a normed space, the statement of the parallelogram law is an equation relating norms:2\n ‖\n x\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 2\n ‖\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n ‖\n x\n +\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ‖\n x\n −\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n for all \n \n x\n ,\n y\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2\\|x\\|^{2}+2\\|y\\|^{2}=\\|x+y\\|^{2}+\\|x-y\\|^{2}\\quad {\\text{ for all }}x,y.}The parallelogram law is equivalent to the seemingly weaker statement:2\n ‖\n x\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 2\n ‖\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n ≤\n ‖\n x\n +\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ‖\n x\n −\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n for all \n \n x\n ,\n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2\\|x\\|^{2}+2\\|y\\|^{2}\\leq \\|x+y\\|^{2}+\\|x-y\\|^{2}\\quad {\\text{ for all }}x,y}1\n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n +\n y\n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\textstyle {\\frac {1}{2}}\\left(x+y\\right)}x\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x,}1\n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n −\n y\n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\textstyle {\\frac {1}{2}}\\left(x-y\\right)}y\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y,}‖\n x\n +\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ‖\n x\n −\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n ≤\n 2\n ‖\n x\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 2\n ‖\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n for all \n \n x\n ,\n y\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|x+y\\|^{2}+\\|x-y\\|^{2}\\leq 2\\|x\\|^{2}+2\\|y\\|^{2}\\quad {\\text{ for all }}x,y.}In an inner product space, the norm is determined using the inner product:‖\n x\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n ⟨\n x\n ,\n x\n ⟩\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|x\\|^{2}=\\langle x,x\\rangle .}As a consequence of this definition, in an inner product space the parallelogram law is an algebraic identity, readily established using the properties of the inner product:‖\n x\n +\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n ⟨\n x\n +\n y\n ,\n x\n +\n y\n ⟩\n =\n ⟨\n x\n ,\n x\n ⟩\n +\n ⟨\n x\n ,\n y\n ⟩\n +\n ⟨\n y\n ,\n x\n ⟩\n +\n ⟨\n y\n ,\n y\n ⟩\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|x+y\\|^{2}=\\langle x+y,x+y\\rangle =\\langle x,x\\rangle +\\langle x,y\\rangle +\\langle y,x\\rangle +\\langle y,y\\rangle ,}‖\n x\n −\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n ⟨\n x\n −\n y\n ,\n x\n −\n y\n ⟩\n =\n ⟨\n x\n ,\n x\n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n x\n ,\n y\n ⟩\n −\n ⟨\n y\n ,\n x\n ⟩\n +\n ⟨\n y\n ,\n y\n ⟩\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|x-y\\|^{2}=\\langle x-y,x-y\\rangle =\\langle x,x\\rangle -\\langle x,y\\rangle -\\langle y,x\\rangle +\\langle y,y\\rangle .}Adding these two expressions:‖\n x\n +\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ‖\n x\n −\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n 2\n ⟨\n x\n ,\n x\n ⟩\n +\n 2\n ⟨\n y\n ,\n y\n ⟩\n =\n 2\n ‖\n x\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 2\n ‖\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|x+y\\|^{2}+\\|x-y\\|^{2}=2\\langle x,x\\rangle +2\\langle y,y\\rangle =2\\|x\\|^{2}+2\\|y\\|^{2},}If \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n is orthogonal to \n \n \n \n y\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y,}\n \n meaning \n \n \n \n ⟨\n x\n ,\n \n y\n ⟩\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle x,\\ y\\rangle =0,}\n \n and the above equation for the norm of a sum becomes:‖\n x\n +\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n ⟨\n x\n ,\n x\n ⟩\n +\n ⟨\n x\n ,\n y\n ⟩\n +\n ⟨\n y\n ,\n x\n ⟩\n +\n ⟨\n y\n ,\n y\n ⟩\n =\n ‖\n x\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ‖\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|x+y\\|^{2}=\\langle x,x\\rangle +\\langle x,y\\rangle +\\langle y,x\\rangle +\\langle y,y\\rangle =\\|x\\|^{2}+\\|y\\|^{2},}Pythagoras' theorem","title":"The parallelogram law in inner product spaces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number"},{"link_name":"complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number"},{"link_name":"normed vector spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normed_vector_space"},{"link_name":"real coordinate space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_coordinate_space"},{"link_name":"p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n-norm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-norm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pelinovsky-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saxe-2"},{"link_name":"polarization identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_identity"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy's inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_inequality"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Most real and complex normed vector spaces do not have inner products, but all normed vector spaces have norms (by definition). For example, a commonly used norm for a vector \n \n \n \n x\n =\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x=(x_{1},x_{2},\\ldots ,x_{n})}\n \n in the real coordinate space \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{n}}\n \n is the \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n-norm:‖\n x\n \n ‖\n \n p\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n |\n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n +\n \n |\n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n +\n ⋯\n +\n \n |\n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n p\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n p\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|x\\|_{p}=\\left(|x_{1}|^{p}+|x_{2}|^{p}+\\dotsb +|x_{n}|^{p}\\right)^{1/p}.}Given a norm, one can evaluate both sides of the parallelogram law above. A remarkable fact is that if the parallelogram law holds, then the norm must arise in the usual way from some inner product. In particular, it holds for the \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n-norm if and only if \n \n \n \n p\n =\n 2\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p=2,}\n \n the so-called Euclidean norm or standard norm.[1][2]For any norm satisfying the parallelogram law (which necessarily is an inner product norm), the inner product generating the norm is unique as a consequence of the polarization identity. In the real case, the polarization identity is given by:⟨\n x\n ,\n y\n ⟩\n =\n \n \n \n ‖\n x\n +\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n ‖\n x\n −\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 4\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle x,y\\rangle ={\\frac {\\|x+y\\|^{2}-\\|x-y\\|^{2}}{4}},}‖\n x\n +\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n ‖\n x\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n ‖\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n or \n \n \n \n \n \n ‖\n x\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n ‖\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n ‖\n x\n −\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {\\|x+y\\|^{2}-\\|x\\|^{2}-\\|y\\|^{2}}{2}}\\qquad {\\text{ or }}\\qquad {\\frac {\\|x\\|^{2}+\\|y\\|^{2}-\\|x-y\\|^{2}}{2}}.}In the complex case it is given by:⟨\n x\n ,\n y\n ⟩\n =\n \n \n \n ‖\n x\n +\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n ‖\n x\n −\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 4\n \n \n +\n i\n \n \n \n ‖\n i\n x\n −\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n ‖\n i\n x\n +\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 4\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\langle x,y\\rangle ={\\frac {\\|x+y\\|^{2}-\\|x-y\\|^{2}}{4}}+i{\\frac {\\|ix-y\\|^{2}-\\|ix+y\\|^{2}}{4}}.}For example, using the \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n-norm with \n \n \n \n p\n =\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p=2}\n \n and real vectors \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n and \n \n \n \n y\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y,}\n \n the evaluation of the inner product proceeds as follows:⟨\n x\n ,\n y\n ⟩\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n ‖\n x\n +\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n ‖\n x\n −\n y\n \n ‖\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 1\n 4\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n +\n \n y\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n ∑\n \n i\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n −\n \n y\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 1\n 4\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n 4\n \n ∑\n \n i\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n y\n \n i\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n x\n ⋅\n y\n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\langle x,y\\rangle &={\\frac {\\|x+y\\|^{2}-\\|x-y\\|^{2}}{4}}\\\\[4mu]&={\\tfrac {1}{4}}\\left(\\sum _{i}|x_{i}+y_{i}|^{2}-\\sum _{i}|x_{i}-y_{i}|^{2}\\right)\\\\[2mu]&={\\tfrac {1}{4}}\\left(4\\sum _{i}x_{i}y_{i}\\right)\\\\&=x\\cdot y,\\\\\\end{aligned}}}dot productAnother necessary and sufficient condition for there to exist an inner product that induces the given norm \n \n \n \n ‖\n ⋅\n ‖\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|\\cdot \\|}\n \n is for the norm to satisfy Ptolemy's inequality:[3]‖\n x\n −\n y\n ‖\n \n ‖\n z\n ‖\n \n +\n \n ‖\n y\n −\n z\n ‖\n \n ‖\n x\n ‖\n \n ≥\n \n ‖\n x\n −\n z\n ‖\n \n ‖\n y\n ‖\n \n \n for all vectors \n \n x\n ,\n y\n ,\n z\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|x-y\\|\\,\\|z\\|~+~\\|y-z\\|\\,\\|x\\|~\\geq ~\\|x-z\\|\\,\\|y\\|\\qquad {\\text{ for all vectors }}x,y,z.}","title":"Normed vector spaces satisfying the parallelogram law"}] | [{"image_text":"The sides of parallelogram ABCD are shown in blue and the diagonals in red. The sum of the areas of the blue squares equal that of the red ones.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Parallelogram_law_squares.svg/220px-Parallelogram_law_squares.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Color_parallelogram.svg/220px-Color_parallelogram.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Vectors involved in the parallelogram law.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Parallelogram_law.svg/220px-Parallelogram_law.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Commutative property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_property"},{"title":"François Daviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Daviet_de_Foncenex"},{"title":"Inner product space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_product_space"},{"title":"Minkowski distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski_distance"},{"title":"Normed vector space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normed_vector_space"},{"title":"Polarization identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_identity"},{"title":"Ptolemy's inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_inequality"}] | [{"reference":"Cantrell, Cyrus D. (2000). Modern mathematical methods for physicists and engineers. Cambridge University Press. p. 535. ISBN 0-521-59827-3. if p ≠ 2, there is no inner product such that \n \n \n \n \n \n ⟨\n x\n ,\n \n x\n ⟩\n \n \n =\n ‖\n x\n \n ‖\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle {\\sqrt {\\langle x,\\ x\\rangle }}=\\|x\\|_{p}}\n \n because the p-norm violates the parallelogram law.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QKsiFdOvcwsC&pg=PA535","url_text":"Modern mathematical methods for physicists and engineers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-59827-3","url_text":"0-521-59827-3"}]},{"reference":"Saxe, Karen (2002). Beginning functional analysis. Springer. p. 10. ISBN 0-387-95224-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Saxe","url_text":"Saxe, Karen"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0LeWJ74j8GQC&pg=PA10","url_text":"Beginning functional analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-95224-1","url_text":"0-387-95224-1"}]},{"reference":"Apostol, Tom M. (1967). \"Ptolemy's Inequality and the Chordal Metric\". Mathematics Magazine. 40 (5): 233–235. doi:10.2307/2688275. JSTOR 2688275.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0025570X.1967.11975804","url_text":"\"Ptolemy's Inequality and the Chordal Metric\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2688275","url_text":"10.2307/2688275"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2688275","url_text":"2688275"}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Parallelogram Law\". MathWorld.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein","url_text":"Weisstein, Eric W."},{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/ParallelogramLaw.html","url_text":"\"Parallelogram Law\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld","url_text":"MathWorld"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QKsiFdOvcwsC&pg=PA535","external_links_name":"Modern mathematical methods for physicists and engineers"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0LeWJ74j8GQC&pg=PA10","external_links_name":"Beginning functional analysis"},{"Link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0025570X.1967.11975804","external_links_name":"\"Ptolemy's Inequality and the Chordal Metric\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2688275","external_links_name":"10.2307/2688275"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2688275","external_links_name":"2688275"},{"Link":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/ParallelogramLaw.html","external_links_name":"\"Parallelogram Law\""},{"Link":"http://blog.dreamshire.com/parallelogram-law-proven-analytically/","external_links_name":"The Parallelogram Law Proven Simply"},{"Link":"http://blog.dreamshire.com/","external_links_name":"Dreamshire blog"},{"Link":"http://www.cut-the-knot.org/Curriculum/Geometry/ParallelogramIdentity.shtml","external_links_name":"The Parallelogram Law: A Proof Without Words"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halesowen_Cricket_Club | Halesowen Cricket Club | ["1 Structure","2 Homeground","3 Honours","4 Accreditations","5 References"] | English cricket club in West Midlands
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Cricket team
Halesowen, West MidlandsPersonnelCaptainAlexei KervezeeChairmanCarl BustManagerJoe TromansTeam informationColorsRed & YellowFounded1856Home groundSeth Somers ParkOfficial websitewww.halesowencricletclub.co.uk
Halesowen Cricket Club is an English cricket club in Halesowen, West Midlands that has four senior Saturday cricket sides. Their 1st currently play in the Birmingham and District Premier League. The 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th & 6th XI's play in the Worcestershire County Cricket League. The Club also has a youth cricket section, where there are teams for children between the ages of five and 17. Each year group has its own team, and plays representative matches throughout the season. In addition to this, there are coaching nights run for children of all ages and abilities at the club.
Structure
Halesowen CC is a private members club run by Committee, the committee is elected at the AGM. There are currently senior and youth cricket sub-committees, which fall under the category of 'playing cricketers'. The club also operates a social membership section.
Homeground
From its founding until 1948, Halesowen Cricket Club played at the Grove Recreation Ground (named the "Stourbridge Road Ground" until 1929). In 1948, the club temporarily moved to the newly-built Manor Abbey Sports Ground which it shared with Halesowen Athletics and Cycling Club. In 1954, club president Dan Wellings announced that "it was time that the club had a ground of its own" and, with the financial support of the Seth Somers Trust, submitted plans to build a new ground and pavilion on the Grange estate. The club officially opened Seth Somers Park, their current home ground, on 27 April 1957 in a match against Solihull. The 3rd and 4th teams play at the second ground based at the Earls High School, Halesowen.
On 31 March 2021, the club announced via its website that it would be applying to the Seth Somers Trust to rename the ground "The Trevor Argent Memorial Ground, Seth Somers Park" in memory of late chairman Trevor Argent.
Honours
Birmingham & District Premier League, Premier Division 1st XI
2002 : Winners BDCPL Winners
ECB Premier League, First Division 1st XI
1999 : Promotion to Premier Division ECB Promotion
2016 : Winners of the Worcs County Canterbury Cup beating Hagley at New Road (WCCC)
2017 : Promotion to Division One Birmingham and District Premier League
Accreditations
Halesowen CC were awarded ClubMark status in 2008.
References
^ "Official site". Halesowen Cricket Club. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
^ "Halesowen Club's New ground". Birmingham Daily Post. 11 September 1954.
^ "New Ground for Halesowen C.C.". Sports Argus. 27 April 1957.
^ "TREVOR ARGENT FUNERAL ARRANGEMENTS". www.pitchero.com. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
^ "Clubmark". Halesowen CC Awarded ClubMark Accreditation. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Hardbr%C3%BCcke_railway_station | Zürich Hardbrücke railway station | ["1 History","2 Layout and facilities","3 Operation","3.1 Services","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 47°23′6″N 8°31′1″E / 47.38500°N 8.51694°E / 47.38500; 8.51694Railway station in Zürich, Switzerland
Zürich HardbrückeCentral pass-through railway stationZürich Hardbrücke station before it was rebuilt in 2017General informationLocationHardbrückeCH-8004/5 ZürichSwitzerlandCoordinates47°23′6″N 8°31′1″E / 47.38500°N 8.51694°E / 47.38500; 8.51694Elevation406 m (1,332 ft)Owned bySwiss Federal RailwaysLine(s)
Zürich–Baden railway line
Zurich–Winterthur railway line (the Käferberg tunnel variant)
Platforms
1 island platform
2 side platforms
Tracks5Train operatorsSwiss Federal RailwaysConnectionsZVV: Bhf. HardbrückeTramVBZ tram 8TrolleybusVBZ 33 72BusVBZ 83AirportA direct S-Bahn line S16 every half an hour to/from Zürich Airport in 0:11h and several other connections with one change
Other informationFare zone110 (ZVV)WebsiteBahnhof Zürich HardbrückeHistoryOpened1982 (1982)Rebuilt1990, 2017Passengers201859,700 per working dayRank11 of 1735
Services
Preceding station
Zürich S-Bahn
Following station
Zürich Oerlikontowards Bülach
S3
Zürich Hauptbahnhoftowards Wetzikon
Zürich Altstettentowards Zug
S5
Zürich Hauptbahnhoftowards Pfäffikon SZ
Zürich Oerlikontowards Baden
S6
Zürich Hauptbahnhoftowards Uetikon
Zürich Oerlikontowards Winterthur
S7
Zürich Hauptbahnhoftowards Rapperswil
Zürich Oerlikontowards Schaffhausen
S9
Zürich Hauptbahnhoftowards Uster
Zürich Altstettentowards Aarau
S11
Zürich Hauptbahnhoftowards Seuzach or Wila
Zürich Altstettentowards Brugg AG
S12
Zürich Hauptbahnhoftowards Schaffhausen or Wil
Zürich Oerlikontowards Niederweningen
S15
Zürich Hauptbahnhoftowards Rapperswil
Zürich Oerlikontowards Zürich Airport
S16
Zürich Hauptbahnhoftowards Herrliberg-Feldmeilen
Terminus
S20
Zürich Hauptbahnhoftowards Uerikon
Zürich Oerlikontowards Regensdorf-Watt
S21
Zürich HauptbahnhofTerminus
Zürich Altstettentowards Aarau
SN1Limited service
Zürich Hauptbahnhoftowards Winterthur
Zürich Altstettentowards Knonau
SN5Limited service
Zürich Hauptbahnhoftowards Pfäffikon SZ
Zürich Oerlikontowards Würenlos
SN6Limited service
Zürich Hauptbahnhoftowards Winterthur
Zürich Oerlikontowards Bassersdorf
SN7Limited service
Zürich Hauptbahnhoftowards Stäfa
Zürich Oerlikontowards Bülach
SN9Limited service
Zürich Hauptbahnhoftowards Uster
LocationNotes
Zürich Hardbrücke railway station (German: Bahnhof Zürich Hardbrücke) is a railway station in the central part of the Swiss city of Zürich. It is situated below Hardbrücke, a road bridge that lends its name to the station. Hardbrücke station is only 1.9 kilometres (1.2 mi) away from Zürich HB (main station) and situated near the business and entertainment district Zürich West, next to the Prime Tower.
History
The station was opened in 1982, with the provision of platforms on the line to Zürich Oerlikon (via Käferberg Tunnel). In 1990, in line with the introduction of the S-Bahn scheme, it was expanded to include platforms on the line to Zürich Altstetten. In conjunction with the extension of tram route 8 from Hardplatz over Hardbrücke to Hardturm in 2017, the station was partly rebuilt and platforms 2 and 3 were renewed.
Layout and facilities
The station sits in the approach to Zürich Hauptbahnhof (Zürich HB), Zürich's main station, on the Zürich–Baden line near its junction with the Käferberg Tunnel variant of the Zürich–Winterthur line, and to the north of the through tracks that carry long-distance passenger and occasional freight trains. It lies below the Hardbrücke, a road bridge that crosses the rail tracks and forms an important north–south connection within the city. The station has two side platforms and a central island platform served by four tracks, with the two inner tracks on the line to Zürich Oerlikon via the Käferberg Tunnel, and the two outer tracks on the line to Zürich Altstetten. The line to Oerlikon is sloped and at a higher level, and thus the platforms are not all at the same level.
Access to the station's platforms is either from the Hardbrücke bridge or an underpass. The bridge has station entrances and exits on either side, with separate access to and from all platforms. The entrance to the underpass is to the north of the station, below the bridge and adjacent to the bicycle and car parking. Access to all platforms from both the bridge and the underpass is through stairs and elevators. The station's underpass has a kiosk and a small supermarket.
The station is connected to the municipal tram and bus network. Zürich trolleybus routes 33, 72 and Zürich bus route 83, and since December 2017 tram route 8 serve the adjacent stop above on the bridge, called Bahnhof Hardbrücke. All routes are operated by VBZ.
Operation
The station is a major node in the Zürich S-Bahn system. It is served by eleven regional railway lines of this S-Bahn system: S3, S5, S6, S7, S9, S11, S12, S15, S16, S20, and S21. Eastward, all trains from Hardbrücke station operate via low-level platforms 41–44 at Hauptbahnhof, continuing to Stadelhofen station through the Hirschengraben Tunnel. They provide, for most of the day, 16 trains per hour (tph) to or from both of these two inner-city stations. In westward direction, trains continue to Zürich Oerlikon and Zürich Altstetten, respectively.
Other stations served include:
Aarau (S11; 2 tph)
Affoltern am Albis (S5; 2 tph)
Altstetten (S5 / S11 / S12; 6 tph)
Baden (S6 / S12; 4 tph)
Brugg AG (S12; 2 tph)
Bülach (S9; 2 tph; rush hour: S3 +2 tph)
Dietikon (S11 / S12; 4 tph)
Effretikon (S3 / S7; 4 tph)
Herrliberg-Feldmeilen (S6 / S16; 4 tph)
Meilen (S6 / S7; 4 tph; rush hour: S20 +1 tph)
Niederweningen (S15; 2 tph)
Oerlikon (S6 / S7 / S9 / S15 / S16; 10 tph; rush hour: S21 +1 tph)
Rafz (S9; 2 tph)
Rapperswil (S5 / S7 / S15; 6 tph)
Schaffhausen and Rhine Falls (S9 / S12; 2 tph)
Uster (S5 / S9 / S15, 6 tph)
Wetzikon (S3 / S5 / S15; 6 tph)
Winterthur (S7 / S11 / S12, 6 tph)
Zug (S5; 2 tph)
Zürich Airport (S16; 2 tph)
Services
Summary of all regional train services by Zürich S-Bahn at Zürich Hardbrücke:
S3 (Bülach –) Hardbrücke – Zürich HB – Effretikon – Wetzikon Extended from Hardbrücke to Bülach during rush hour, operating non-stop from Glattbrugg.
S5 Zug – Affoltern am Albis – Zürich HB – Uster – Wetzikon – Rapperswil – Pfäffikon SZ Stops between Stadelhofen and Wetzikon only in Uster.
S6 Baden AG – Regensdorf-Watt – Hardbrücke – Zürich HB – Uetikon
S7 Winterthur – Kloten – Hardbrücke – Zürich HB – Meilen – Rapperswil Operates non stop between Stadelhofen and Meilen, Winterthur and Effretikon, stops in Kemptthal as of 9:20 PM.
S9 (Schaffhausen –) Rafz – Hardbrücke – Zürich HB – Uster Operates every 30 minutes between Schaffhausen and Rafz only during rush hour, otherwise every hours.
S11 Aarau – Lenzburg – Dietikon – Zürich HB – Zürich Stettbach – Winterthur – Seuzach / Sennhof-Kyburg (– Wila) Operates non stop between Stettbach and Winterthur; the lines to Seuzach and Sennhof-Kybourg are operated alternately at hourly intervals; supplementary trains to Wila.
S12 Brugg AG – Zürich HB – Zürich Stettbach – Winterthur – Schaffhausen / Wil SG Operates non stop between Stettbach and Winterthur; the lines to Schaffhausen and Wil SG are operated alternately at hourly intervals.
S15 Niederweningen – Hardbrücke – Zürich HB – Uster – Wetzikon – Rapperswil Stops between Stadelhofen and Wetzikon only in Uster.
S16 Zürich Flughafen – Hardbrücke – Zürich HB – Herrliberg-Feldmeilen (– Meilen) Extended in the evening to Meilen.
S20 Uerikon – Zürich HB – Hardbrücke Operates only during rush hour; stops between Männedorf and Stadelhofen only in Meilen and Küsnacht ZH.
S21 Regensdorf-Watt – Hardbrücke – Zürich HB Operates only during rush hour; non-stop between Oerlikon and Regensdorf-Watt; morning services to Zürich HB and evening services to Regensdorf-Wall also stop in Zürich Affoltern.
During weekends, there are five nighttime S-Bahn services (SN1, SN5, SN6, SN7, SN9) calling at Hardbrücke station, offered by ZVV:
SN1: hourly service between Aarau and Winterthur via Zürich HB.
SN5: hourly service between Knonau and Pfäffikon SZ via Zürich HB.
SN6: hourly service between Würenlos and Winterthur via Zürich HB.
SN7: hourly service between Bassersdorf and Stäfa via Zürich HB.
SN9: hourly service between Bülach and Uster via Zürich HB.
References
^ "Passagierfrequenz (2018)". Berne, Switzerland: SBB CFF FFS. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-06 – via data.sbb.ch – SBB DATA PORTAL.
^ a b c Eisenbahnatlas Schweiz. Verlag Schweers + Wall GmbH. 2012. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-3-89494-130-7.
^ a b c d "Network plans". Zurich, Switzerland: ZVV. 9 December 2018. Retrieved 2019-11-06.
^ "Bahnhof Hardbrücke wird attraktiver und freundlicher" (in German). City of Zürich. 2005-01-31. Archived from the original on 2015-07-24. Retrieved 2015-07-24.
^ Moglestue, Andrew (March 2013). "City council approves Hardbrücke tram". Retrieved 2013-03-22.
^ Moglestue, Andrew (July 2013). "Vision 2030, looking at VBZ's plans for the future". Retrieved 2014-04-28.
^ Curtis, Malcolm (2014-12-02). "Work on new Zurich streetcar line set to begin". The Local. Retrieved 2014-12-17.
^ "City of Zurich Plan" (PDF). Zurich, Switzerland: ZVV. Retrieved 2019-11-06.
^ a b "Abfahrt: Bahnhof Zürich Hardbrücke" (PDF) (in German). Swiss Federal Railways. 10 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
^ https://www.zvv.ch/zvv/en/travelcards-and-tickets/fares/nighttime-network/nacht-fahrplan-und-liniennetz.html
^ https://www.zvv.ch/zvv-assets/fahrplan/pdf/nachtnetz.pdf
External links
Media related to Zürich Hardbrücke railway station at Wikimedia Commons
Zürich Hardbrücke railway station – SBB | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Hardbrücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardbr%C3%BCcke"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saw-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zvv-3"},{"link_name":"Zürich HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_HB_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Zürich West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_West"},{"link_name":"Prime Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Tower"}],"text":"Railway station in Zürich, SwitzerlandZürich Hardbrücke railway station (German: Bahnhof Zürich Hardbrücke) is a railway station in the central part of the Swiss city of Zürich. It is situated below Hardbrücke, a road bridge that lends its name to the station.[2][3] Hardbrücke station is only 1.9 kilometres (1.2 mi) away from Zürich HB (main station) and situated near the business and entertainment district Zürich West, next to the Prime Tower.","title":"Zürich Hardbrücke railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich%E2%80%93Winterthur_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Zürich Oerlikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Oerlikon_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Käferberg Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4ferberg_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_S-Bahn"},{"link_name":"line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich%E2%80%93Baden_railway"},{"link_name":"Zürich Altstetten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Altstetten_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"tram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Hardbrücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardbr%C3%BCcke"},{"link_name":"platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_(rail)"}],"text":"The station was opened in 1982, with the provision of platforms on the line to Zürich Oerlikon (via Käferberg Tunnel). 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It lies below the Hardbrücke, a road bridge that crosses the rail tracks and forms an important north–south connection within the city. The station has two side platforms and a central island platform served by four tracks, with the two inner tracks on the line to Zürich Oerlikon via the Käferberg Tunnel, and the two outer tracks on the line to Zürich Altstetten. The line to Oerlikon is sloped and at a higher level, and thus the platforms are not all at the same level.[2][3]Access to the station's platforms is either from the Hardbrücke bridge or an underpass. The bridge has station entrances and exits on either side, with separate access to and from all platforms. The entrance to the underpass is to the north of the station, below the bridge and adjacent to the bicycle and car parking. Access to all platforms from both the bridge and the underpass is through stairs and elevators. The station's underpass has a kiosk and a small supermarket.The station is connected to the municipal tram and bus network. Zürich trolleybus routes 33, 72 and Zürich bus route 83, and since December 2017[5][6][7] tram route 8 serve the adjacent stop above on the bridge, called Bahnhof Hardbrücke.[8] All routes are operated by VBZ.","title":"Layout and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zürich S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_S-Bahn"},{"link_name":"S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Bahn"},{"link_name":"S3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S3_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S5_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S6_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S7_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S9_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S11_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S12_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S15_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S16_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S20_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S21_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Hauptbahnhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_HB"},{"link_name":"Stadelhofen station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Stadelhofen_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hirschengraben Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirschengraben_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saw-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zvv-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sbbds-9"},{"link_name":"Zürich Oerlikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Oerlikon_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Zürich Altstetten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Altstetten_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zvv-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sbbds-9"},{"link_name":"Aarau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarau_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S11_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Affoltern am Albis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affoltern_am_Albis_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S5_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Altstetten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Altstetten_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S5_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S11_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S12_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S6_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S12_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Brugg AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brugg_AG_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S12_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Bülach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BClach_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S9_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S3_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Dietikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietikon_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S11_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S12_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Effretikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effretikon_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S3_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S7_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Herrliberg-Feldmeilen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrliberg-Feldmeilen_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S6_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S16_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Meilen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meilen_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S6_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S7_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S20_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Niederweningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederweningen_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S15_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Oerlikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Oerlikon_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S6_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S7_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S9_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S15_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S16_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S21_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Rafz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafz_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S9_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Rapperswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapperswil_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S5_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S7_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S15_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Schaffhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaffhausen_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Rhine Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine_Falls"},{"link_name":"S9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S9_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S12_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Uster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uster_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S5_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S9_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S15_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Wetzikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetzikon_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S3_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S5_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S15_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Winterthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterthur_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S7_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S11_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"S12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S12_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Zug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zug_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S5_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Zürich Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Airport_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S16_(ZVV)"}],"text":"The station is a major node in the Zürich S-Bahn system. It is served by eleven regional railway lines of this S-Bahn system: S3, S5, S6, S7, S9, S11, S12, S15, S16, S20, and S21. Eastward, all trains from Hardbrücke station operate via low-level platforms 41–44 at Hauptbahnhof, continuing to Stadelhofen station through the Hirschengraben Tunnel. They provide, for most of the day, 16 trains per hour (tph) to or from both of these two inner-city stations.[2][3][9] In westward direction, trains continue to Zürich Oerlikon and Zürich Altstetten, respectively.Other stations served include:[3][9]Aarau (S11; 2 tph)\nAffoltern am Albis (S5; 2 tph)\nAltstetten (S5 / S11 / S12; 6 tph)\nBaden (S6 / S12; 4 tph)\nBrugg AG (S12; 2 tph)\nBülach (S9; 2 tph; rush hour: S3 +2 tph)\nDietikon (S11 / S12; 4 tph)\nEffretikon (S3 / S7; 4 tph)\nHerrliberg-Feldmeilen (S6 / S16; 4 tph)\nMeilen (S6 / S7; 4 tph; rush hour: S20 +1 tph)\nNiederweningen (S15; 2 tph)\nOerlikon (S6 / S7 / S9 / S15 / S16; 10 tph; rush hour: S21 +1 tph)\nRafz (S9; 2 tph)\nRapperswil (S5 / S7 / S15; 6 tph)\nSchaffhausen and Rhine Falls (S9 / S12; 2 tph)\nUster (S5 / S9 / S15, 6 tph)\nWetzikon (S3 / S5 / S15; 6 tph)\nWinterthur (S7 / S11 / S12, 6 tph)\nZug (S5; 2 tph)\nZürich Airport (S16; 2 tph)","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regional train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Bahn"},{"link_name":"Zürich S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_S-Bahn"},{"link_name":"S3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S3_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Bülach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BClach_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hardbrücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardbr%C3%BCcke_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Zürich HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Effretikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effretikon_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wetzikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetzikon_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S5_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Zug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zug_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Affoltern am Albis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affoltern_am_Albis_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Zürich HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Uster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uster_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wetzikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetzikon_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Rapperswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapperswil_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Pfäffikon SZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pf%C3%A4ffikon_SZ_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S6_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Baden AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Regensdorf-Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regensdorf-Watt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hardbrücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Zürich HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Uetikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uetikon_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S7_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Winterthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterthur_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Kloten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloten_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hardbrücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Zürich HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Meilen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meilen_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Rapperswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapperswil_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S9_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Schaffhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaffhausen_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Rafz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafz_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hardbrücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Zürich HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Uster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uster_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S11_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Aarau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarau_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Lenzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenzburg_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Dietikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietikon_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Zürich HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Zürich Stettbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stettbach_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Winterthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterthur_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Seuzach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seuzach_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Sennhof-Kyburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennhof-Kyburg_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wila_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S12_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Brugg AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brugg_AG_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Zürich HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Zürich Stettbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stettbach_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Winterthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterthur_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Schaffhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaffhausen_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wil SG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wil_SG_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S15_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Niederweningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederweningen_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hardbrücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Zürich HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Uster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uster_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wetzikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetzikon_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Rapperswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapperswil_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S16_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Zürich Flughafen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Airport_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hardbrücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Zürich HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Herrliberg-Feldmeilen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrliberg-Feldmeilen_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Meilen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meilen_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S20_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Uerikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uerikon_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Zürich HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Hardbrücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardbr%C3%BCcke_railway_station"},{"link_name":"S21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S21_(ZVV)"},{"link_name":"Regensdorf-Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regensdorf-Watt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hardbrücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardbr%C3%BCcke_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Zürich HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"nighttime S-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_S-Bahn#Nighttime_services"},{"link_name":"ZVV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrcher_Verkehrsverbund"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"SN1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_S-Bahn#Nighttime_services"},{"link_name":"Aarau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarau_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Winterthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterthur_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Zürich HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_HB_railway_station"},{"link_name":"SN5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_S-Bahn#Nighttime_services"},{"link_name":"Knonau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knonau_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Pfäffikon SZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pf%C3%A4ffikon_SZ_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Zürich HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_HB_railway_station"},{"link_name":"SN6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_S-Bahn#Nighttime_services"},{"link_name":"Würenlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrenlos_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Winterthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterthur_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Zürich HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_HB_railway_station"},{"link_name":"SN7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_S-Bahn#Nighttime_services"},{"link_name":"Bassersdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassersdorf_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Stäfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4fa_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Zürich HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_HB_railway_station"},{"link_name":"SN9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_S-Bahn#Nighttime_services"},{"link_name":"Bülach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BClach_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Uster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uster_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Zürich HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_HB_railway_station"}],"sub_title":"Services","text":"Summary of all regional train services by Zürich S-Bahn at Zürich Hardbrücke:S3 (Bülach –) Hardbrücke – Zürich HB – Effretikon – Wetzikon Extended from Hardbrücke to Bülach during rush hour, operating non-stop from Glattbrugg.\nS5 Zug – Affoltern am Albis – Zürich HB – Uster – Wetzikon – Rapperswil – Pfäffikon SZ Stops between Stadelhofen and Wetzikon only in Uster.\nS6 Baden AG – Regensdorf-Watt – Hardbrücke – Zürich HB – Uetikon\nS7 Winterthur – Kloten – Hardbrücke – Zürich HB – Meilen – Rapperswil Operates non stop between Stadelhofen and Meilen, Winterthur and Effretikon, stops in Kemptthal as of 9:20 PM.\nS9 (Schaffhausen –) Rafz – Hardbrücke – Zürich HB – Uster Operates every 30 minutes between Schaffhausen and Rafz only during rush hour, otherwise every hours.\nS11 Aarau – Lenzburg – Dietikon – Zürich HB – Zürich Stettbach – Winterthur – Seuzach / Sennhof-Kyburg (– Wila) Operates non stop between Stettbach and Winterthur; the lines to Seuzach and Sennhof-Kybourg are operated alternately at hourly intervals; supplementary trains to Wila.\nS12 Brugg AG – Zürich HB – Zürich Stettbach – Winterthur – Schaffhausen / Wil SG Operates non stop between Stettbach and Winterthur; the lines to Schaffhausen and Wil SG are operated alternately at hourly intervals.\nS15 Niederweningen – Hardbrücke – Zürich HB – Uster – Wetzikon – Rapperswil Stops between Stadelhofen and Wetzikon only in Uster.\nS16 Zürich Flughafen – Hardbrücke – Zürich HB – Herrliberg-Feldmeilen (– Meilen) Extended in the evening to Meilen.\nS20 Uerikon – Zürich HB – Hardbrücke Operates only during rush hour; stops between Männedorf and Stadelhofen only in Meilen and Küsnacht ZH.\nS21 Regensdorf-Watt – Hardbrücke – Zürich HB Operates only during rush hour; non-stop between Oerlikon and Regensdorf-Watt; morning services to Zürich HB and evening services to Regensdorf-Wall also stop in Zürich Affoltern.During weekends, there are five nighttime S-Bahn services (SN1, SN5, SN6, SN7, SN9) calling at Hardbrücke station, offered by ZVV:[10][11]SN1: hourly service between Aarau and Winterthur via Zürich HB.\nSN5: hourly service between Knonau and Pfäffikon SZ via Zürich HB.\nSN6: hourly service between Würenlos and Winterthur via Zürich HB.\nSN7: hourly service between Bassersdorf and Stäfa via Zürich HB.\nSN9: hourly service between Bülach and Uster via Zürich HB.","title":"Operation"}] | [{"image_text":"Tram","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sinnbild_Stra%C3%9Fenbahn.svg/32px-Sinnbild_Stra%C3%9Fenbahn.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Trolleybus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/BSicon_OBUS.svg/15px-BSicon_OBUS.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Bus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Sinnbild_Kraftomnibus.svg/26px-Sinnbild_Kraftomnibus.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Airport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/BSicon_FLUG.svg/17px-BSicon_FLUG.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Passagierfrequenz (2018)\". Berne, Switzerland: SBB CFF FFS. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-06 – via data.sbb.ch – SBB DATA PORTAL.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.sbb.ch/explore/dataset/passagierfrequenz/table/?sort=bahnhof_haltestelle&refine.bezugsjahr=2018","url_text":"\"Passagierfrequenz (2018)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBB_CFF_FFS","url_text":"SBB CFF FFS"}]},{"reference":"Eisenbahnatlas Schweiz. Verlag Schweers + Wall GmbH. 2012. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-3-89494-130-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89494-130-7","url_text":"978-3-89494-130-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Network plans\". Zurich, Switzerland: ZVV. 9 December 2018. Retrieved 2019-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zvv.ch/zvv/en/timetable/network-maps.html","url_text":"\"Network plans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bahnhof Hardbrücke wird attraktiver und freundlicher\" [Bahnhof Hardbrücke is attractive and friendly] (in German). City of Zürich. 2005-01-31. Archived from the original on 2015-07-24. Retrieved 2015-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/internet/mm/home/mm_05/01_05/050131a.html","url_text":"\"Bahnhof Hardbrücke wird attraktiver und freundlicher\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150724140335/https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/internet/mm/home/mm_05/01_05/050131a.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Moglestue, Andrew (March 2013). \"City council approves Hardbrücke tram\". Retrieved 2013-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.proaktiva.ch/tram/zurich/newslog/newsitem.php?year=2013&item=220313","url_text":"\"City council approves Hardbrücke tram\""}]},{"reference":"Moglestue, Andrew (July 2013). \"Vision 2030, looking at VBZ's plans for the future\". Retrieved 2014-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.proaktiva.ch/tram/zurich/newslog/newsitem.php?year=2013&item=260713b","url_text":"\"Vision 2030, looking at VBZ's plans for the future\""}]},{"reference":"Curtis, Malcolm (2014-12-02). \"Work on new Zurich streetcar line set to begin\". The Local. Retrieved 2014-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thelocal.ch/20141202/work-on-new-zurich-streetcar-line-set-to-begin","url_text":"\"Work on new Zurich streetcar line set to begin\""}]},{"reference":"\"City of Zurich Plan\" (PDF). Zurich, Switzerland: ZVV. Retrieved 2019-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zvv.ch/zvv/en/timetable/network-maps.html","url_text":"\"City of Zurich Plan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abfahrt: Bahnhof Zürich Hardbrücke\" (PDF) (in German). Swiss Federal Railways. 10 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sbb.ch/content/dam/internet/sbb/all/pdf/fahrplan/gedruckte-fahrplaene/fahrplaene_2024/ab-an-taschenfahrplaene/ZHDB_231210_ab_3020.pdf.sbbdownload.pdf","url_text":"\"Abfahrt: Bahnhof Zürich Hardbrücke\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Z%C3%BCrich_Hardbr%C3%BCcke_railway_station¶ms=47_23_6_N_8_31_1_E_region:CH-ZH_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"47°23′6″N 8°31′1″E / 47.38500°N 8.51694°E / 47.38500; 8.51694"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Z%C3%BCrich_Hardbr%C3%BCcke_railway_station¶ms=47_23_6_N_8_31_1_E_region:CH-ZH_type:railwaystation","external_links_name":"47°23′6″N 8°31′1″E / 47.38500°N 8.51694°E / 47.38500; 8.51694"},{"Link":"https://www.zvv.ch/zvv/en/timetable/network-maps.html","external_links_name":"Bhf. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikyoung_Kim | Mikyoung Kim | ["1 Early life and education","2 Work","2.1 Mikyoung Kim Design","2.2 Teaching","2.3 Recent Awards","3 References","4 External links"] | American landscape architect and urban designer
Mikyoung KimEducationOberlin College, Harvard Graduate School of DesignOccupation(s)Landscape Architect, AcademicTitleFounding Principal of Mikyoung Kim Design
Mikyoung Kim, FASLA is an American landscape architect, urban designer, and founding principal of Mikyoung Kim Design. Kim has received the Smithsonian Cooper Hewitt National Design Award and the American Society of Landscape Architects National Design Medal. Her studio was named by Fast Company as one of the world's most innovative architecture firms.
Early life and education
Mikyoung Kim was born in Hartford, Connecticut . She initially aimed for a career as a concert pianist until she developed tendinitis in her early 20s.
While at Oberlin College, Kim also studied sculpture. She graduated with a BS in Sculpture/Art History in 1989. She subsequently studied landscape architecture at Harvard Graduate School of Design, graduating in 1992. At Harvard, she studied concurrently at the GSD and at the MIT VES (Visual and Environmental Studies) department, developing designs, sculpture, installations and videos. While at Harvard, she was the Norman T. Newton Scholar and received the Jacob Weidenmann Prize for Design.
Work
Mikyoung Kim Design
Kim's projects include the ChonGae Canal restoration in Seoul, Korea, TMC Helix Park at the Texas Medical Center Houston, TX, the Crown Sky Garden in Chicago, IL the Chicago Botanic Garden, the Plaza at the Prudential at 888 Boylston in Boston, the John Hancock Tower Roof Garden in Boston, MA, and Pier 4 Seaport Plaza in Boston, MA. The firm is best known for designing healing gardens, including the Crown Sky Garden at the Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, the Boston Children's Hospital Green Urban Design, and the Miami Healing Garden at the Jackson South Community Hospital. The ChonGae Canal in Seoul, South Korea opened in 2005. The Canal includes the conversion of one of the city's polluted waterways into a local amenity that attracts 90,000 pedestrians a day.
Teaching
In 1994 she became a full time faculty member at the Rhode Island School of Design and opened her own firm in Boston, MA. She was a professor at Rhode Island School of Design from 1994 to 2012 and was the Department Head at RISD for five years. She has taught a variety of design and sculpture studios and seminars. Since 2012, Kim has held a Professor Emerita position. She has also taught at the Harvard Graduate School of Design from 2017 to 2018 as a Design Critic in Landscape Architecture. In Fall 2018 Kim held the Glimcher Distinguished Visiting Professor at the Knowlton School of Architecture at The Ohio State University.
Recent Awards
2022: American Society of Landscape Architects, Firm Award American Society of Landscape Architects
2019: Mikyoung Kim Design awarded Fast Company Worlds Most Innovative Companies - Architecture
2010: Veronica Rudge Green Prize in Urban Design, Harvard University for ChonGae Canal in Seoul, South Korea - Architecture
References
^ "Mikyoung Kim". Landscape Architect + Designer Profiles. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
^ Julie, Lasky (6 February 2013). "Mikyoung Kim's Healing Gardens". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-09-25.
^ "2014 Fellows Profiles". American Society for Landscape Architects. Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
^ "Mikyoung Kim's new Glencoe learning and discovery campus encourages children's sensory discovery of the natural world—minus the gaudiness of plastic playgrounds or an over prescription of experiences". Global Design News. 26 September 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
^ "Mikyoung Kim Design's green master plan and gardens at Boston Children's Hospital are designed for healing".
^ a b "Most Innovative Companies: Mikyoung Kim Design". Fast Company. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
^ Revkin, Andrew C. (2009-07-16). "Peeling Back Pavement to Expose Watery Havens". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-03-08.
^ a b Hilderbrand, Gary. "You Must Engage: an Interview with Mikyoung Kim, FASLA". Landscape Architecture Magazine. Landscape Architecture Magazine. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
^ Taylor, Lindsey (4 March 2014). "Landscape Architects Share Their Favorite Things". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
^ "Prof. Mikyoung Kim - Designing Imaginative Playgrounds". WAMC. 15 March 2011. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
^ "Mikyoung Kim MLA '92 Receives 2018 ASLA Design Medal". Harvard GSD Grounded Visionaries - Alumni & Friends. 6 July 2018. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
^ "Mikyoung Kim is the 2018 Glimcher Distinguished Visiting Professor". Knowlton School. 9 August 2018. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
^ Robinson, Alexander; Hopton, Myvonwynn (2011). "Cheonggyecheon Stream Restoration Project". doi:10.31353/cs0140. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
External links
Mikyoung Kim Design Homepage
Landscape Architecture Magazine: Where We Get Stronger
The New York Times: Mikyoung Kim's Healing Gardens
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Mikyoung Kim, FASLA is an American landscape architect, urban designer, and founding principal of Mikyoung Kim Design. Kim has received the Smithsonian Cooper Hewitt National Design Award and the American Society of Landscape Architects National Design Medal. 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The firm is best known for designing healing gardens, including the Crown Sky Garden at the Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, the Boston Children's Hospital Green Urban Design,[5] and the Miami Healing Garden at the Jackson South Community Hospital.[6] The ChonGae Canal in Seoul, South Korea opened in 2005. The Canal includes the conversion of one of the city's polluted waterways into a local amenity that attracts 90,000 pedestrians a day.[7]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAM_Interview_2013-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAM_Interview_2013-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Teaching","text":"In 1994 she became a full time faculty member at the Rhode Island School of Design [8] and opened her own firm in Boston, MA. She was a professor at Rhode Island School of Design from 1994 to 2012 and was the Department Head at RISD[9][8] for five years. She has taught a variety of design and sculpture studios and seminars.[10] Since 2012, Kim has held a Professor Emerita position. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pok%C3%A9mon:_XY:_Kalos_Quest_episodes | Pokémon the Series: XY Kalos Quest | ["1 Episode list","1.1 Special episodes","2 Music","3 Home media releases","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | Eighteenth season of the Pokémon animated series
Season of television series
Pokémon the Series: XY Kalos QuestSeason 18Pokémon the Series: XY Kalos Quest logoNo. of episodes45 + 3 specialsReleaseOriginal networkTV TokyoOriginal releaseNovember 6, 2014 (2014-11-06) –October 22, 2015 (2015-10-22)Season chronology← PreviousXY Next →XYZ List of episodes
Pokémon the Series: XY Kalos Quest is the eighteenth season of the Pokémon anime series, and the second season of Pokémon the Series: XY, known in Japan as Pocket Monsters: XY (ポケットモンスター エックスワイ, Poketto Monsutā Ekkusu Wai). It originally aired in Japan from November 6, 2014, to October 22, 2015, on TV Tokyo, and in the United States from February 7 to December 19, 2015, on Cartoon Network.
Set in the Kalos region, the season follows the adventures of the Pokémon trainer Ash Ketchum, Serena, Clemont and his sister Bonnie as Ash and his Pikachu collect Gym Badges to compete in the Kalos League and as Pokémon Performer Serena wins Princess Keys from Pokémon Showcases so she can enter the Pokémon Showcase Master Class.
The episodes were directed by Tetsuo Yajima and produced by the animation studio OLM.
This is the only dubbed Pokémon season whose subtitle is used only in the DVD releases and not used within the episodes' openings themselves (excluding the first two seasons, referred to simply as "Pokémon" during their first original airings).
Episode list
Jap. overallEng. overallNo. in seasonEnglish titleJapanese titleOriginal air date English air date
8508441"Pathways to Performance Partnering!" (Dance, Yancham — Captivate, Fokko! The Dance for Tomorrow!!)Transliteration: "Odore Yanchamu, Misero Fokko! Ashita e no Suteppu!!" (Japanese: 踊れヤンチャム、魅せろフォッコ！明日へのステップ！！)November 13, 2014 (2014-11-13)February 7, 2015
After Pancham and Chespin get into a fight, Ash, Serena, Clemont, and Bonnie meet Nini, a Pokémon Performer preparing for the Pokémon Showcase. Serena demonstrates her Pokémon's performance to Nini. Nini helps Pancham improve its dance choreography for the Showcase. Team Rocket kidnaps Chespin, Fennekin, Pancham, and Nini's Pokémon: Smoochum and Farfetch'd. Pancham and Chespin temporarily stop fighting each other to team up and defeat Team Rocket.
8518452"An Undersea Place to Call Home!" (The Undersea Castle! Kuzumo and Dramidoro!!)Transliteration: "Kaitei no Shiro! Kuzumō to Doramidoro!!" (Japanese: 海底の城！クズモーとドラミドロ！！)November 20, 2014 (2014-11-20)February 7, 2015
Ash and Serena join the marine archaeologist Lindsey on an expedition to the sunken luxury liner known as the Cussler where Skrelp, Dragalge, and several marine Pokémon live. However, Team Rocket tries stealing a safe containing treasure inside the Cussler, which makes its structure begin to collapse. Ash helps the Water Pokémon who live in the Cussler prevent the Cussler from collapsing.
8528463"When Light and Dark Collide!" (Luchabull and Dark Luchabull!)Transliteration: "Ruchaburu to Dāku Ruchaburu!" (Japanese: ルチャブルとダークルチャブル！)November 27, 2014 (2014-11-27)February 7, 2015
Mistaking a play rehearsal at the Super Pokémon Battle Show for an actual kidnapping of a Snubbull, Ash accidentally causes the show's star Gallade to be injured. Ash lets his Hawlucha understudy for Gallade while it recovers. Team Rocket tries stealing the Pokémon from the show. Ash's Hawlucha teams up with its Dark Hawlucha costar to beat them. When the show starts, Ash's Hawlucha and Dark Hawlucha have an unscripted battle with each other.
8538474"A Stealthy Challenge!" (Ninja Arts Showdown! Gekogashira VS Gamenodes!)Transliteration: "Ninpō Taiketsu! Gekogashira Tai Gamenodesu!!" (Japanese: 忍法対決！ゲコガシラ対ガメノデス！！)December 11, 2014 (2014-12-11)February 28, 2015
Sanpei's ninja master Saizo sends Sanpei on a mission to deliver a secret scroll to some fellow ninjas before sundown. The scroll is actually blank, and the mission is intended as a test to prove how much Sanpei has improved his ninja abilities. As part of the test, Saizo disguises himself as a masked ninja who pursues Sanpei and the scroll with a Barbaracle. Ash and Froakie assist in battle against Saizo's Barbaracle, during which Froakie evolves into Frogadier.
8548485"A Race for Home!" (Serena's Earnest! The Wild Meecle Race!!)Transliteration: "Serena no Honki! Gekisō Mēkuru Rēsu!" (Japanese: セレナの本気！激走メェークルレース！)December 18, 2014 (2014-12-18)March 7, 2015
When Serena's mother Grace meets up with the group on their journey and learns of her daughter's new goal of becoming a Pokémon Performer, Grace wonders if her daughter is truly dedicated to her goals so Serena challenges her to a Skiddo race to prove her determination.
8558496"Facing the Grand Design!" (Calamanero VS Maaiika! The Bonds that Would Save the World!!)Transliteration: "Karamanero Tai Māīka! Kizuna wa Sekai o Sukuu!!" (Japanese: カラマネロ対マーイーカ！絆は世界を救う！！)December 25, 2014 (2014-12-25)March 14, 2015
At the peak of a mountain called Grace Tower, three evil Malamar plot to change the world's environment to suit them using a device created by some scientists, while holding Ash, Pikachu, Serena, Bonnie, Jessie, and Officer Jenny captive. James, Meowth, and Clemont escape and convince a group of wild Inkay and Malamar to free their friends. An evil Malamar puts James's Inkay under hypnosis, but Inkay being reminded of its friendship with James frees it. Jenny's Manectric stops the device with a Thunder attack. The evil Malamar escapes into the future to avoid arrest.
8568507"A Slippery Encounter!" (The Weakest Dragon!? Numera Appears!!)Transliteration: "Saijaku no Doragon!? Numera Tōjō!!" (Japanese: 最弱のドラゴン！？ヌメラ登場！！)January 8, 2015 (2015-01-08)March 21, 2015
Ash and his friends encounter and rehydrate an extremely timid but friendly Goomy. Team Rocket kidnaps Pikachu and Goomy, but they break out of their cage with the help of Goomy's slippery body and return to Ash. Team Rocket has the upper hand in the battle against Ash when Inkay confuses Pikachu and Fletchinder. Goomy saves Pikachu and Fletchinder with a Bide attack, giving Pikachu enough time to break out of confusion and beat Team Rocket.
8578518"One for the Goomy!" (Do Your Best, Dedenne! Do it for Numera!!)Transliteration: "Dedenne Ganbaru! Numera no Tame ni!!" (Japanese: デデンネがんばる！ヌメラのために！！)January 15, 2015 (2015-01-15)March 28, 2015
Serena, Bonnie, Dedenne, Goomy and Pancham get separated from their friends when Team Rocket disturbs some Lotad and Lombre. When Goomy gets frightened off by Serena battling Team Rocket, Dedenne goes looking for it. Dedenne protects Goomy from being taken by Team Rocket. Ash, Serena, and Clemont find them and Pikachu finishes off Team Rocket.
8588529"Thawing an Icy Panic!" (Vanipeti Panic! An Ice-Covered Whiteout!!)Transliteration: "Baniputchi Panikku! Howaitoauto wa Kōrigōri!!" (Japanese: バニプッチ・パニック！ホワイトアウトはこおりごおり！！)January 22, 2015 (2015-01-22)April 4, 2015
In Coumarine City, Team Rocket steals a Vanillite to make ice cream from it, incurring the anger of its fellow Pokémon, Vanillish and Vanilluxe, who cause a sudden snowstorm. The Coumarine City Gym Leader Ramos has his Jumpluff use its Sunny Day to stop the snowstorm, while his many Sunflora melt the fallen snow with their combined Solar Beam. As a back-up plan, Team Rocket steals Vanillite, Vanillish and Vanilluxe with their giant robot. Ramos' Gogoat and Ash's Frogadier destroy the robot's air vent which is blasting cold air from the stolen Pokémon, and Pikachu frees the Pokémon with Iron Tail.
85985310"The Green, Green Grass Types of Home!" (Hiyoku Gym Battle! Gekogashira VS Gogoat!!)Transliteration: "Hiyoku Jimu Sen! Gekogashira Bui Esu Gōgōto!" (Japanese: ヒヨクジム戦！ゲコガシラVSゴーゴート！！)January 29, 2015 (2015-01-29)April 11, 2015
Ash arrives at the Coumarine City Gym to challenge Ramos for the Plant Badge.
86085411"Under the Pledging Tree!" (Satoshi and Serena's First Date!? The Tree of Promises and the Presents!!)Transliteration: "Satoshi to Serena Hatsu Dēto!? Chikai no Ki to Purezento!!" (Japanese: サトシとセレナ初デート！？誓いの樹とプレゼント！！)February 5, 2015 (2015-02-05)April 18, 2015
Coumarine City holds an annual festival to celebrate the bond between Trainer and Pokémon. When Ash has trouble deciding on a present for his Pokémon, Serena suggests getting them something that would make Ash happy, as they think just like he does. Inspired by Serena, Ash hand picks a bunch of berries for all of his Pokémon to feast on.
86185512"A Showcase Debut!" (Aim to be the Kalos Queen! Serena Makes her Debut!!)Transliteration: "Mezase Karos Kwīn! Serena, Debyū Desu!!" (Japanese: 目指せカロスクィーン！セレナ、デビューです！！)February 12, 2015 (2015-02-12)April 25, 2015
Serena, Shauna and Jessie enter the Pokémon Showcase in Coumarine City. The theme for the first round is Pokémon styling. Serena loses in the first round after Fennekin trips up. Shauna wins enough votes from the audience in both rounds to win the contest and additionally, wins a Princess Key.
86285613"An Oasis of Hope!" (Decisive Battle in the Wilderness! Fight, Numera!!)Transliteration: "Kōya no Kettō! Tatakae Numera!!" (Japanese: 荒野の決闘！戦えヌメラ！！)February 19, 2015 (2015-02-19)May 2, 2015
Ash and friends find and heal an injured Spoink in the Lumiose Badlands. The Spoink takes them to the area's oasis, where Team Rocket and a Grumpig bully have taken over the food and water. The Grumpig chases the group into a cave where Team Rocket traps Ash and friends inside a prison cell. Ash escapes, and while he defends Goomy from Grumpig, Goomy evolves into Sliggoo and defeats Grumpig.
86385714"The Future Is Now, Thanks to Determination!" (Protect the Future of Science! The Electric Labyrinth!!)Transliteration: "Saiensu no Mirai o Mamore! Denki no Meikyū!!" (Japanese: サイエンスの未来を守れ！電気の迷宮！！)February 26, 2015 (2015-02-26)May 9, 2015
Team Rocket takes over the Kalos Power Plant and use it to control the Electric Pokémon in the area with a microwave antenna, including Pikachu, Dedenne and Luxio, who enter the Power Plant with the other Pokémon. Ash and friends sneak inside. Clemont gets through to Luxio, who overloads the system with Discharge and stops the Pokémon-controlling waves, causing Luxio to evolve into Luxray with Clemont.
86485815"A Fork in the Road! A Parting of the Ways!" (A Fork in the Path of Indecision!? Musashi and Sonans!!)Transliteration: "Mayoimichi Wakaremichi!? Musashi to Sōnansu!!" (Japanese: 迷い道は分かれ道！？ムサシとソーナンス！！)March 5, 2015 (2015-03-05)May 16, 2015
Jessie and Wobbuffet are separated from James and Meowth after being sent flying by Pikachu's Thunderbolt. A doctor named White saves Jessie from drowning in a river. Jessie falls in love with White and decides to quit Team Rocket to live with him. When a Pokémon hunter steals Meowth, Inkay and Pumpkaboo, Jessie realizes that White is in love with his childhood friend Beatrice. Ash and Serena distract the hunter to help James free Team Rocket's Pokémon, and Jessie and Wobbuffet reunite with them. Ash and Serena temporarily team up with Team Rocket to defeat the hunter's Rhyperior.
86585916"Battling with Elegance And a Big Smile!" (Fokko VS Mahoxy! A Splendid Performance Battle!!)Transliteration: "Fokko VS Mafokushī! Karei Naru Pafōmansu Batoru!!" (Japanese: はフォッコVSマフォクシー！華麗なるパフォーマンスバトル！！)March 12, 2015 (2015-03-12)May 23, 2015
Pancham and Fennekin start fighting while training with Serena for their next Pokémon Showcase, and she inadvertently yells at them. The Kalos Queen Aria, disguised as a performer called Arianna, prompts Serena to apologize to Pancham and Fennekin. She challenges Serena to a double battle to show how Serena, Pancham and Fennekin can work as a team, during which Fennekin evolves into Braixen.
86686017"Good Friends, Great Training!" (Kameil and Raichu Appear! Good Luck Numeil!!)Transliteration: "Kamēru, Raichuu Tōjō! Numeiru Ganbaru!!" (Japanese: カメール、ライチュウ登場！ヌメイルがんばる！！)March 26, 2015 (2015-03-26)May 30, 2015
Ash reunites with Tierno and decides to prepare for his Lumiose Gym match by challenging Tierno to a double battle. While trying to steal Pikachu before the battle can start, Team Rocket takes Sliggoo and Tierno's Raichu and Wartortle by mistake. Jessie angrily frees the Pokémon when Wartortle soaks her hair. When Pumpkaboo starts a forest fire while trying to catch Pikachu, Sliggoo stops the fire with its Rain Dance, causing Sliggoo evolves into Goodra, who defeats Team Rocket with its new move, Dragon Pulse.
86786118"Confronting the Darkness!" (The Miare City Investigation! Citroid VS Black Citroid!!)Transliteration: "Miare Shiti Sōsasen! Shitoroido tai Burakku Shitoroido!!" (Japanese: ミアレシティ走査線！シトロイド対ブラック・シトロイド！！)April 2, 2015 (2015-04-02)June 6, 2015
Ash and the others arrive in Lumiose City and reunite with Clemont and discover that a robot builder called Belmondo had invented a Dark Clembot robot, which he had been using to commit crimes all over the city to frame Clemont's Clembot. Clemont discovers Clembot's blueprints were stolen in a hack of the Prism Tower computer, and traces the hack to Belmondo. Allying with Officer Jenny, Clemont and a freed Clembot head to the museum to stop Belmondo and Dark Clembot from sneaking inside.
86886219"The Moment of Lumiose Truth!" (Miare Gym Battle! Satoshi VS Citron!!)Transliteration: "Miare Jimu Sen! Satoshi VS Shitoron!!" (Japanese: ミアレジム戦！サトシVSシトロン！！)April 9, 2015 (2015-04-09)June 13, 2015
Ash starts his match against Clemont in Prism Tower to win a Voltage Badge.
86986320"Garchomp's Mega Bond!" (The Coveted Mega Evolution! Gaburias's Bonds!!)Transliteration: "Neraware ta Megashinka! Gaburiasu no Kizuna!!" (Japanese: 狙われたメガシンカ！ガブリアスの絆！！)April 16, 2015 (2015-04-16)June 20, 2015
Ash and the others visit Professor Sycamore to observe his experiment with a Key Stone and a Mega Stone. However, when Team Rocket crashes the experiment and gets away with the Mega Stone and Garchomp, Ash attaches a tracking device to them for him and the others to follow their escape, in order to retrieve the Mega Stone and Garchomp.
87086421"Defending the Homeland!" (Battle in the Wetlands! Numelgon VS Florges!!)Transliteration: "Shicchi tai no Tatakai! Numerugon tai Furājesu!!" (Japanese: 湿地帯の戦い！ヌメルゴン対フラージェス！！)April 23, 2015 (2015-04-23)June 27, 2015
Ash and his friends return to the wetlands Goodra originally lived in as a Goomy before the Pokémon there were terrorized by a Florges and its army of Bug-type Pokémon. Goodra protects its friends from being attacked by Florges. When it seems that Goodra has won, Jessie's Pumpkaboo and James's Inkay create a distraction, allowing Florges to retreat. Later, some Bug Pokémon steal Pikachu and Dedenne.
87186522"Beyond the Rainbow!" (Conclusion! Numelgon, Go Over the Rainbow!!)Transliteration: "Kecchaku! Numerugon Niji no Kanata ni!!" (Japanese: 決着！ヌメルゴン虹の彼方に！！)April 30, 2015 (2015-04-30)July 4, 2015
Team Rocket deceives Florges into an alliance to help the sickly Floette it is taking care of. They double-cross Florges when they drain all the water in the spring Florges had taken over to heal Floette. Team Rocket takes the water, Pikachu and Dedenne in their airship, and Ash and Goodra ally with Florges to stop them. Florges frees the stolen Pokémon, but the water is lost during the battle. Goodra uses its Rain Dance and Florges uses its Grassy Terrain to restore the dried up wetlands to life. Believing that Goodra belongs in the wetlands, Ash decides to leave it behind.
87286623"So You're Having a Bad Day!" (The Worst Luck? Eureka VS Nyarth!!)Transliteration: "Unsei Saiaku? Yurīka tai Nyāsu!!" (Japanese: 運勢最悪? ユリーカ対ニャース！！)May 7, 2015 (2015-05-07)July 11, 2015
When Team Rocket steals some Berries from some Pangoro (who are enraged at the theft), Ash's group and Team Rocket get separated. Bonnie and Dedenne find themselves lost in the forest with Meowth, with Bonnie and Meowth getting stuck together.
87386724"Scary Hospitality!" (The Scary House's Welcoming Services!)Transliteration: "Kowaiie no Omotenashi!" (Japanese: こわいイエのおもてなし！)May 14, 2015 (2015-05-14)July 18, 2015
Ash and his friends find themselves in a mansion called the Scary House to shelter from the rain. Its owner Lon offers them some food. A Gastly, Haunter and Gengar scare Ash and his friends as a playful way of showing hospitality. Ash, Pikachu, Serena and Bonnie fall down some trapdoors into the basement. After rescuing them, Clemont finds a 200-year-old journal which talks about the secret room the trapdoors lead to which was created for Lon to hide in when he was a boy. Ash and the others are shocked to discover a 200-year-old photograph of Lon and that Lon is no longer alive. Afterwards, everyone wakes up in the forest, with Ash, Serena and Clemont unsure if they were dreaming.
87486825"A Fashionable Battle!" (Battle at the Fashion Show! Tatsubay VS Shushupu!!)Transliteration: "Fasshonshō de Batoru desu! Tatsubei VS Shushupu!!" (Japanese: ファッションショーでバトルです！タツベイVSシュシュプ！！)May 21, 2015 (2015-05-21)July 25, 2015
Ash and his friends finally arrive in Laverre City and immediately head over to the Gym only to find it closed due to its seasonal Fashion Show. They instead meet Sawyer, who had a Gym battle with Clemont recently and gets to challenge the Gym Leader Valerie during the show. Sawyer's Dragon-type Pokémon Bagon loses to Valerie's Fairy-type Spritzee due to a type disadvantage.
87586926"Fairy-Type Trickery!" (Kunoe Gym Battle! The Beautiful Fairy Trap!!)Transliteration: "Kunoe Jimu Sen! Utsukushiki Fearī no Wana! !" (Japanese: クノエジム戦！美しきフェアリーの罠！！)May 28, 2015 (2015-05-28)August 1, 2015
Ash challenges Valerie to a two-on-two Gym battle for the Fairy Badge.
87687027"Rivals: Today and Tomorrow!" (Three-Match Rival Battle! Towards the Future!!)Transliteration: "Raibaru Batoru San hon Shōbu! Ashita ni Mukatte!!" (Japanese: ライバルバトル３本勝負！ 明日に向かって！！)June 4, 2015 (2015-06-04)August 8, 2015
Sawyer accidentally loses his notebook, which is found by Team Rocket who think it belongs to Steven Stone, the Hoenn Region Champion and that the information inside it will help them with their plans. Ash and Sawyer prove Team Rocket wrong and stop them from stealing the group's Pokémon.
87787128"A Not-So-Flying Start!" (The Wind, the Egg and Onbat!)Transliteration: "Kaze to Tamago to Onbatto!" (Japanese: 風とタマゴとオンバット！)June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)August 22, 2015
Hawlucha finds a Pokémon egg near a tree. When Hawlucha hands the egg to Ash, it hatches into a Noibat. Ash, Ash's friends, and their Pokémon help find some Berries for the hungry Noibat to eat. Although Noibat is unable to fly very well, Team Rocket plots to take it and make it evolve into a more useful Noivern.
87887229"A Relay in the Sky!" (The Pokémon Sky Relay Challenge! Fly, Onbat!!)Transliteration: "Chōsen Pokemon Sukai Rirē! Tobe, Onbatto!!" (Japanese: 挑戦ポケモンスカイリレー！飛べ、オンバット！！)June 18, 2015 (2015-06-18)August 29, 2015
Ash competes in the Pokémon Sky Relay, a race for flying Pokémon, and enters with Fletchinder, Hawlucha and Noibat to train Noibat to fly properly. Team Rocket, expecting Noibat to evolve during the race, enters the race with Pumpkaboo, Meowth (piloting a Pelipper-shaped machine), and Inkay to steal Noibat when it evolves.
87988430"Lights! Camera! Pika!" (Pikachu Becomes a Star!? Its Movie Debut!!)(How to Pikachu The Movie! OK! Action!!)
The Lightning-fast Hero! Super Pikachu!!Transliteration: "Pikachu no dokidoki NG taishō" (Japanese: ピカチュウはスター！？映画デビュー！!How to ピカチュウ・ザ・ムービー！よーい！アクション！！迅雷のヒーロー！スーパーピカチュウ！！)June 18, 2015 (2015-06-18)November 21, 2015
Ash and his friends arrive at a village, where they meet a group of Pikachu and their owners, Frank and Jean. Impressed with Ash's Pikachu, Frank wants to cast him in a movie with the Cosplay Pikachu.
88087331"A Frenzied Factory Fiasco!" (Fierce Battle in the Monster Ball Factory! Pikachu VS Nyarth!!)Transliteration: "Gekitō Monsutā Bōru Kōjō! Pikachuu VS Nyāsu!!" (Japanese: 激闘モンスターボール工場！ピカチュウVSニャース！！)June 25, 2015 (2015-06-25)September 5, 2015
Ash and his friends arrive at a factory which makes Poké Balls. Team Rocket tricks them into handing over their Pokémon, while also stealing the Poké Balls in the factory.
88187432"Performing with Fiery Charm!" (Tairenar and Yancham!! A Captivating Fiery Performance!!)Transliteration: "Tērunā to Yanchamu!! Misero Honoo no Pafōmansu!!" (Japanese: テールナーとヤンチャム！！魅せろ炎のパフォーマンス！！)July 2, 2015 (2015-07-02)September 12, 2015
Serena, Jessie, and Serena's old rival Miette compete in the Pokémon Showcase in Dendemille Town. They make it through the themed round by cooking Poké Puffs that impress the judges and their Pokémon. Serena wins her first Princess Key after the audience votes Pancham and Braixen's performance in the freestyle round their favorite.
88287533"Rotom's Wish!" (Satoshi Leaps Through Time! Rotom's Wish!!)Transliteration: "Toki o Kakeru Satoshi! Rotomu no Negai!!" (Japanese: 時をかけるサトシ！ロトムの願い！！)July 9, 2015 (2015-07-09)September 19, 2015
Ash and the others check in to run-down hotel, where its owner Mantle wagers Pokémon as prizes for battles. They meet a timid Rotom once owned by the front desk clerk Weston. Rotom uses a television to show Ash and the others that ten years ago at the founding of the hotel, Weston had lost ownership of the hotel to Mantle by forfeiting a match after Rotom was scared off. Rotom sends Ash and his friends ten years into the past to change history.
88387634"A Festival Trade! A Festival Farewell?" (The Pumpjin Festival! Farewell, Bakeccha!?)Transliteration: "Panpujin Fesutibaru! Sayonara Bakeccha!?" (Japanese: パンプジンフェスティバル！さよならバケッチャ！?)July 23, 2015 (2015-07-23)September 26, 2015
Ash, his friends, and Team Rocket arrive at a town holding the Gourgeist Festival, where humans and Pokémon get dressed up in costume. Jessie tricks the castle's count, Count Pumpka, into thinking that Ash and his friends are Pokémon thieves who took Team Rocket's Pikachu and asks him to retrieve Pikachu in return for Count Pumpka's Prince Pumpkaboo to live with Jessie's Pumpkaboo, who are mutually attracted to each other.
88487735"Over the Mountain of Snow!" (Crossing the Snow Mountains! Mammoo and Yukinooh!!)Transliteration: "Yukiyama o Koete! Manmū to Yukino ō!!" (Japanese: 雪山をこえて！マンムーとユキノオー！！)July 30, 2015 (2015-07-30)October 3, 2015
Ash and his friends ride on some Mamoswine to climb a snowy mountain which they have to pass through to get to Anistar City. The Mamoswine lead them to a cave where an Abomasnow is taking care of a sick Snover. Ash and his friends go looking for plants that grow on the mountain to make medicine to help Snover. Team Rocket snatches Abomasnow, but Braixen and Chespin free Abomasnow from its net.
88587836"Adventures in Running Errands!" (Harimaron! Its First Errand!!)Transliteration: "Harimaron! Hajimete no o Tsukai!!" (Japanese: ハリマロン ！はじめてのつかい！！)August 13, 2015 (2015-08-13)October 10, 2015
A Pokémon Center loses power due to the generator short-circuiting from a leaky roof. Clemont starts repairs on the generator, while Ash fixes the roof. Clemont sends Chespin and Bunnelby on an errand to pick up a replacement fuse for the generator. After they successfully bring a new fuse from the shop, Clemont brings the Pokémon Center back online.
88687937"Mending a Broken Spirit!" (A Broken Twig and a Broken Heart! Tairenar's Strong Feelings!!)Transliteration: "Ore ta sae Ore ta Kokoro! Tērunā no Tsuyoki Omoi!!" (Japanese: 折れた小枝、折れた心！テールナーの強い思い！！)August 20, 2015 (2015-08-20)October 17, 2015
When Braixen accidentally breaks her branch while practicing for the next Pokémon Showcase, Serena seeks help after seeing that the branch means so much to her Pokémon. Serena goes to the famous tree surgeon Mr. Woodward to have Braixen's branch repaired. Woodward has his Gallade battle Braixen to help prove Serena and Braixen's desire to have the branch repaired. Team Rocket interrupts the match, and Braixen further shatters her branch fighting them off. Woodward explains to Braixen that while holding onto precious things from the past is fine, being too attached can leave someone stuck in the past. Braixen accepts a new branch from Pancham.
88788038"A Legendary Photo Op!" (Photo Op on Fire! Snap the Legend!!)Transliteration: "Shattā Chansu wa Faiyā! Densetsu o Tore!!" (Japanese: シャッターチャンスはファイヤー ！伝説を撮れ！！)August 27, 2015 (2015-08-27)October 24, 2015
Ash and friends reunite with Trevor. He explains his interest in snapping a picture of the legendary Moltres rumored to have been spotted nearby on Mt. Molteau. When Team Rocket comes to steal Pikachu once more, their battle disturbs Moltres.
88888139"The Tiny Caretaker!" (Eureka the Caretaker! The Spoiled Chigoras!!)Transliteration: "Yurīka Osewa desu! Amaenbō no Chigorasu!!" (Japanese: ユリーカお世話です！甘えん坊のチゴラス！！)September 10, 2015 (2015-09-10)October 31, 2015
When Team Rocket tries and fails to steal a Tyrunt from a Pokémon fossil research laboratory. Bonnie finds Tyrunt stuck between some rocks in a river and rescues it. Bonnie and Tyrunt try escaping from Team Rocket, but get cornered. When Team Rocket drops Bonnie from above, Tyrunt evolves into Tyrantrum and saves her life. After Tyrantrum beats Team Rocket, its original owners take it back to the laboratory.
88988240"A Trip Down Memory Train!" (Memories of the Train! Citron and Horubee!!)Transliteration: "Tsuioku no Torein! Shitoron to Horubī!!" (Japanese: 追憶のトレイン！シトロンとホルビー！！)September 17, 2015 (2015-09-17)November 7, 2015
After defeating Team Rocket, Clemont and Bonnie tell Ash and Serena a story of how they first met Bunnelby.
89088341"A Frolicking Find in the Flowers!" (The Eievui Who is Shy of Strangers!? Capture at the Flower Garden!!)Transliteration: "ībui wa Hito Mishiri!? Ohanabatake de Tsukamae te!!" (Japanese: イーブイはひとみしり！？お花畑でつかまえて！！)September 24, 2015 (2015-09-24)November 14, 2015
Serena finds an Eevee who loves dancing and performing, but it turns out to be shy and afraid of people. Serena sets out to bond with it.
89188542"Tag Team Battle Inspiration!" (A Tag Battle is a Friendship Battle! Eievui's First Time in a Fight!!)Transliteration: "Taggu batoru wa Yūjō Batoru! ībui Hatsu Sansen!!" (Japanese: タッグバトルは友情バトル！イーブイ初参戦！！)October 1, 2015 (2015-10-01)November 28, 2015
While Serena helps her newly captured Eevee, Tierno and Shauna, along with their newly evolved Blastoise and Ivysaur, appear and help her to attempt to address Eevee's shyness.
89288643"A Performance Pop Quiz!" (The Happy Dance Comes After the Quiz!? The Hyakkoku TriPokalon Tournament!!)Transliteration: "Happī Dansu wa Kuizu no Ato de!? Toraipokaron Hyakkoku Taikai!!" (Japanese: ハッピーダンスはクイズのあとで！？トライポカロン・ヒャッコク大会！！)October 8, 2015 (2015-10-08)December 5, 2015
The time has come for Serena's third Pokémon Showcase. Serena gets ready to begin her next performance hoping to obtain her second key in the Showcase.
89388744"Cloudy Fate, Bright Future!" (The Crisis in Kalos! The Battle of the Giant Sundial!!)Transliteration: "Karosu no Kiki! Kyodai Hidokei no Tatakai!!" (Japanese: カロスの危機！巨大日時計の戦い！！)October 15, 2015 (2015-10-15)December 12, 2015
With the Showcase a success for Serena, Ash and his friends continue their visit to Anistar City for Ash's next gym battle with Olympia who foresees the events of the future. After meeting her and learning about Frogadier's past, the Anistar sundial seems to be in trouble.
89488845"All Eyes on the Future!" (The Double Battle in the Hyakkoku Gym! Gojika's Future Sight!!)Transliteration: "Hyakkokujimu no Daburu Batoru! Gojika no Mirai Yochi!!" (Japanese: ヒャッコクジムのダブルバトル！ゴジカの未来予知!!)October 22, 2015 (2015-10-22)December 19, 2015
The time for Ash's Gym Battle has finally arrived. He gets prepared to win his next Gym Badge.
Special episodes
Jap. overallEng. overallNo. in seasonEnglish titleJapanese titleOriginal air dateEnglish air date
SP–6SP–2SP–1"Pokémon: Mega Evolution Special II" (The Strongest Mega Evolution: Act II)Transliteration: "Saikyō Mega Shinka ~Act II~" (Japanese: 最強メガシンカ～Act II～)November 6, 2014 (2014-11-06)February 7, 2015
Alain continues his journey to find and defeat all of the Mega Evolutions in the world. He next meets up with the Hoenn Region Champion, Steven Stone, who has also been traveling to understand the secrets of Mega Evolution and the Mega Stones, but both are caught off guard when Rayquaza appears in the skies.
SP–7SP–3SP–2"Pokémon: Mega Evolution Special III" (The Strongest Mega Evolution: Act III)Transliteration: "Saikyō Mega Shinka ~Act III~" (Japanese: 最強メガシンカ～Act III～)March 19, 2015 (2015-03-19)August 15, 2015
Alain and Steven must find a way to stop an apocalyptic clash between Groudon, Kyogre and Rayquaza before these titans turn the Hoenn Region into a ruin.
SP–8SP–4SP–3"Pokémon: Mega Evolution Special IV" (The Strongest Mega Evolution: Act IV)Transliteration: "Saikyō Mega Shinka ~Act IV~" (Japanese: 最強メガシンカ～Act IV～)October 29, 2015 (2015-10-29)December 26, 2015
Alain has returned to Kalos with Lysandre to be tested in a match against ten Mega Evolved Pokémon. Alain loses his Mega Stone and Key Stone if he fails. Meanwhile, Chespin discovers scientists performing experiments on an unknown Pokémon, which leads it to fall victim to a mysterious illness.
Music
The Japanese opening songs are "Mega V (Mega Volt)" (メガV (メガボルト), Megaboruto) performed by Yusuke Kaiji for 6 episodes, and "Mad-Paced Getter" (ゲッタバンバン, Getta Banban) performed by Tomohisa Sako for 39 episodes. The ending songs are "DreamDream" (ドリドリ, DoriDori) performed by Shoko Nakagawa for 19 episodes, "Roaring All-Stars" (ガオガオ・オールスター, Gaogao Ōrusutā) performed by Little Glee Monster for 26 episodes, and the English opening song is "Be a Hero", performed by Ben Dixon and The Sad Truth, featuring composer Ed Goldfarb. Its instrumental version serves as the ending theme.
Home media releases
Viz Media and Warner Home Video have released the series in the United States on two three-disc volume sets.
The first volume was released on July 12, 2016, and contains 22 episodes and the second was released on December 13, 2016, and contains 23 episodes.
Notes
^ a b c d e f The English episode numbers are based on their first airing in the United States in syndication on Cartoon Network. Other English-speaking nations largely follow either this order or the Japanese order.
^ This episode is chronologically set before Ash's Gym battle with Grant in the XY episode "Climbing the Walls!" Due to the sinking of MV Sewol, the April 24, 2014, broadcast of this episode was delayed until November 20, 2014, due to its inclusion of a sunken ship.
References
^ "ポケットモンスター エックスワイ：あにてれ：テレビ東京". TV Tokyo. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
^ "Pokémon the Series: XY Season 18". Cartoon Network. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
^ "Pokémon XY Episode About Sunken Passenger Ship Delayed". Anime News Network. April 21, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
^ "Pokémon XY's Sunken Ship Episode to Air After Being Delayed". Anime News Network. October 7, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
^ "Ed Goldfarb & The Sad Truth". Facebook.com. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
^ "Ed Goldfarb, Composer". EdGoldfarbMusic.com. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
^ "Pokémon the Series: XY Kalos Quest, Set 1". Viz.com. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
^ "Pokémon the Series: XY Kalos Quest, Set 2". Viz.com. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
External links
Pokémon anime website at TV Tokyo (in Japanese)
Pokémon XY page at Pokémon JP official website (in Japanese)
Pokémon TV Anime at Pokémon JP official website (in Japanese)
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pokémon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"TV Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"Pokémon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pok%C3%A9mon"},{"link_name":"Ash Ketchum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Ketchum"},{"link_name":"Serena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_(Pok%C3%A9mon)"},{"link_name":"OLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLM,_Inc."}],"text":"Season of television seriesPokémon the Series: XY Kalos Quest is the eighteenth season of the Pokémon anime series, and the second season of Pokémon the Series: XY, known in Japan as Pocket Monsters: XY (ポケットモンスター エックスワイ, Poketto Monsutā Ekkusu Wai). It originally aired in Japan from November 6, 2014, to October 22, 2015, on TV Tokyo, and in the United States from February 7 to December 19, 2015, on Cartoon Network.Set in the Kalos region, the season follows the adventures of the Pokémon trainer Ash Ketchum, Serena, Clemont and his sister Bonnie as Ash and his Pikachu collect Gym Badges to compete in the Kalos League and as Pokémon Performer Serena wins Princess Keys from Pokémon Showcases so she can enter the Pokémon Showcase Master Class.The episodes were directed by Tetsuo Yajima and produced by the animation studio OLM.This is the only dubbed Pokémon season whose subtitle is used only in the DVD releases and not used within the episodes' openings themselves (excluding the first two seasons, referred to simply as \"Pokémon\" during their first original airings).","title":"Pokémon the Series: XY Kalos Quest"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episode list"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Special episodes","title":"Episode list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tomohisa Sako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomohisa_Sako"},{"link_name":"Shoko Nakagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoko_Nakagawa"},{"link_name":"Little Glee Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Glee_Monster"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Japanese opening songs are \"Mega V (Mega Volt)\" (メガV (メガボルト), Megaboruto) performed by Yusuke Kaiji for 6 episodes, and \"Mad-Paced Getter\" (ゲッタバンバン, Getta Banban) performed by Tomohisa Sako for 39 episodes. The ending songs are \"DreamDream\" (ドリドリ, DoriDori) performed by Shoko Nakagawa for 19 episodes, \"Roaring All-Stars\" (ガオガオ・オールスター, Gaogao Ōrusutā) performed by Little Glee Monster for 26 episodes, and the English opening song is \"Be a Hero\", performed by Ben Dixon and The Sad Truth,[5] featuring composer Ed Goldfarb.[6] Its instrumental version serves as the ending theme.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viz Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viz_Media"},{"link_name":"Warner Home Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Viz Media and Warner Home Video have released the series in the United States on two three-disc volume sets.The first volume was released on July 12, 2016, and contains 22 episodes[7] and the second was released on December 13, 2016, and contains 23 episodes.[8]","title":"Home media releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-English_episode_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-English_episode_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-English_episode_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-English_episode_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-English_episode_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-English_episode_1-5"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"XY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pok%C3%A9mon:_XY_episodes"},{"link_name":"sinking of MV Sewol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_MV_Sewol"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f The English episode numbers are based on their first airing in the United States in syndication on Cartoon Network. Other English-speaking nations largely follow either this order or the Japanese order.\n\n^ This episode is chronologically set before Ash's Gym battle with Grant in the XY episode \"Climbing the Walls!\" Due to the sinking of MV Sewol, the April 24, 2014, broadcast of this episode was delayed until November 20, 2014, due to its inclusion of a sunken ship.[3][4]","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"ポケットモンスター エックスワイ：あにてれ：テレビ東京\". TV Tokyo. Retrieved January 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tv-tokyo.co.jp/anime/pokemon_xy/episodes/","url_text":"\"ポケットモンスター エックスワイ：あにてれ：テレビ東京\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Tokyo","url_text":"TV Tokyo"}]},{"reference":"\"Pokémon the Series: XY Season 18\". Cartoon Network. Retrieved February 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cartoonnetwork.com/video/pokemon/episodes/season-18.html","url_text":"\"Pokémon the Series: XY Season 18\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network","url_text":"Cartoon Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Pokémon XY Episode About Sunken Passenger Ship Delayed\". Anime News Network. April 21, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-04-21/pokemon-xy-episode-about-sunken-passenger-ship-delayed","url_text":"\"Pokémon XY Episode About Sunken Passenger Ship Delayed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Pokémon XY's Sunken Ship Episode to Air After Being Delayed\". Anime News Network. October 7, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-10-07/pokemon-xy-sunken-ship-episode-to-air-after-being-delayed/.79393","url_text":"\"Pokémon XY's Sunken Ship Episode to Air After Being Delayed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"Ed Goldfarb & The Sad Truth\". Facebook.com. Retrieved 2021-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/thesadtruth","url_text":"\"Ed Goldfarb & The Sad Truth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook.com","url_text":"Facebook.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Ed Goldfarb, Composer\". EdGoldfarbMusic.com. Retrieved 2021-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://edgoldfarbmusic.com/","url_text":"\"Ed Goldfarb, Composer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pokémon the Series: XY Kalos Quest, Set 1\". Viz.com. Retrieved 2021-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.viz.com/watch/tv-series/pokemon-the-series-xy-video-volume-1/product/5423","url_text":"\"Pokémon the Series: XY Kalos Quest, Set 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viz.com","url_text":"Viz.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Pokémon the Series: XY Kalos Quest, Set 2\". Viz.com. Retrieved 2021-08-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.viz.com/watch/tv-series/pokemon-the-series-xy-video-volume-2/product/5048","url_text":"\"Pokémon the Series: XY Kalos Quest, Set 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viz.com","url_text":"Viz.com"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.tv-tokyo.co.jp/anime/pokemon_xy/episodes/","external_links_name":"\"ポケットモンスター エックスワイ：あにてれ：テレビ東京\""},{"Link":"https://www.cartoonnetwork.com/video/pokemon/episodes/season-18.html","external_links_name":"\"Pokémon the Series: XY Season 18\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-04-21/pokemon-xy-episode-about-sunken-passenger-ship-delayed","external_links_name":"\"Pokémon XY Episode About Sunken Passenger Ship Delayed\""},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-10-07/pokemon-xy-sunken-ship-episode-to-air-after-being-delayed/.79393","external_links_name":"\"Pokémon XY's Sunken Ship Episode to Air After Being Delayed\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/thesadtruth","external_links_name":"\"Ed Goldfarb & The Sad Truth\""},{"Link":"https://edgoldfarbmusic.com/","external_links_name":"\"Ed Goldfarb, Composer\""},{"Link":"https://www.viz.com/watch/tv-series/pokemon-the-series-xy-video-volume-1/product/5423","external_links_name":"\"Pokémon the Series: XY Kalos Quest, Set 1\""},{"Link":"https://www.viz.com/watch/tv-series/pokemon-the-series-xy-video-volume-2/product/5048","external_links_name":"\"Pokémon the Series: XY Kalos Quest, Set 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.tv-tokyo.co.jp/anime/pokemon/","external_links_name":"Pokémon anime website"},{"Link":"https://www.tv-tokyo.co.jp/anime/pokemon_xy/index2.html","external_links_name":"Pokémon XY page"},{"Link":"https://www.pokemon.co.jp/anime/tv/xy.html","external_links_name":"Pokémon TV Anime"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_North_Carolina_Senate | President pro tempore of the North Carolina Senate | ["1 History","2 Powers and duties","3 North Carolina Senate presiding officers","3.1 Speakers","3.2 Presidents pro tempore","4 See also","5 References","6 Works cited"] | President pro tempore of the North Carolina SenateState sealIncumbentPhil Bergersince January 26, 2011North Carolina SenateStatusPresiding officerSeatNorth Carolina State Legislative Building, Raleigh, North CarolinaNominatorMajor parties (normally)AppointerThe North Carolina SenateTerm lengthtwo years (currently)Constituting instrumentNorth Carolina ConstitutionFormation1777First holderSamuel Ashe
The president pro tempore of the North Carolina Senate (more commonly, "Pro-Tem") is the highest-ranking (internally elected) officer of one house of the North Carolina General Assembly. The president of the Senate is the Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina, but the president pro tempore actually holds most of the power and presides in the absence of the Lt. Governor. The president pro tempore, a senior member of the party with a majority of seats, appoints senators to committees and also appoints certain members of state boards and commissions. From 1777 to 1868, North Carolina had no Lieutenant Governor, and the highest-ranking officer of the Senate was known as the "Speaker". The Speaker of the Senate was next in line if the office of Governor became vacant. This occurred on two occasions.
Presidents pro tempore are elected at the beginning of each biennial session, currently in January of odd-numbered years. Between 1868 and 1992, it was rare for a president pro tempore to serve more than two terms. Marc Basnight, however, became arguably the most powerful North Carolina Senate leader in history and one of the state's most influential politicians when he served a record nearly 18 years as president pro tempore.
History
Upon Republican Jim Gardner's assumption of lieutenant gubernatorial office in 1989, Democrats in the Senate modified the body's rules, transferring the powers to appoint committees and assign bills away from the lieutenant governor and to the president pro tempore. This dramatically increased the influence of the latter position.
Powers and duties
The president pro tempore is responsible for appointing the members of the Senate's committees at the opening of each legislative session. They also have the power to appoint some members of state executive boards.
North Carolina Senate presiding officers
Speakers
Allen Jones, 1778–1779
Abner Nash, 1779–1780
Alexander Martin, 1785
The following members were elected speakers of the Senate:
Samuel Ashe 1777
Whitmell Hill 1778
Allen Jones 1778–1779
Abner Nash 1779–1780
Alexander Martin 1780–1782
Richard Caswell 1782–1784
Alexander Martin 1785
James Coor 1786–1787
Alexander Martin 1787–1788
Richard Caswell 1789
Charles Johnson 1789
William Lenoir 1790–1795
Benjamin Smith 1795–1799
Joseph Riddick 1800–1804
Alexander Martin 1805
Joseph Riddick 1806–1811
George Outlaw 1812–1814
John Branch 1815–1817
Bartlett Yancey 1817–1828
Jesse Speight 1828–1829
Bedford Brown 1829–1830
David F. Caldwell 1830–1832
William D. Moseley 1832–1835
Hugh Waddell (Whig) 1836–1837
Andrew Joyner 1838–1841
Louis Dicken Wilson 1842–1843
Burgess S. Gaither 1844–1845
Andrew Joyner 1846–1847
Calvin Graves 1848–1849
Andrew Joyner 1849
Weldon N. Edwards 1850–1852
Warren Winslow 1854–1855
William Waightstill Avery 1856–1857
Henry Toole Clark 1858–1861
Giles Mebane 1862–1865
Thomas Settle 1865–1866
C. S. Winstead 1866
Matthias Manly 1866
Joseph Harvey Wilson 1867
Presidents pro tempore
James L. Robinson 1876–1877
The following members were elected president pro tempore of the Senate:
Charles S. Winstead 1868–1869
Edward Jenner Warren (D) 1870–1872
James Turner Morehead Jr. 1872–1875
James L. Robinson (D) 1876–1877
William A. Graham (D) 1879–1880
William T. Dortch (D) 1881–1883
Edwin T. Boykin 1885–1887
Edwin W. Kerr (D) 1889
W. D. Turner (D) 1891
John L. King 1893
E. L. Franck Jr. (P) 1895–1897
R. L. Smith (D) 1899–1900
F. A. Whitaker (D) 1899—1900
Henry A. London (D) 1901–1903
Charles A. Webb (D) 1905–1908
Whitehead Klutz (D) 1909
Henry N. Pharr (D) 1911–1913
Oliver Max Gardner (D) 1915
Fordyce C. Harding (D) 1917
Lindsay C. Warren (D) 1919–1920
William L. Long (D) 1921–1924
William H. S. Burgwyn (D) 1925
William L. Long (D) 1927
Thomas L. Johnson (D) 1929
Rivers D. Johnson (D) 1931
William G. Clark (D) 1933
Paul D. Grady (D) 1935
Andrew H. Johnston (D) 1937–1938
James A. Bell (D) 1937–1938
Whitman E. Smith (D) 1939
John Davis Larkins Jr. (D) 1941
John H. Price (D) 1943
Archie C. Gay (D) 1945
Joseph L. Blythe (D) 1947
James C. Pittman (D) 1949
Rufus G. Rankin (D) 1951
Edwin Pate (D) 1953
Paul E. Jones (D) 1955–1956
Claude Currie (D) 1957
Robert F. Morgan (D) 1959
William L. Crew (D) 1961
Ralph H. Scott (D) 1963
Robert B. Morgan (D) 1965–1966
Herman A. Moore (D) 1967
Neill H. McGeachy (D) 1969
Frank N. Patterson Jr. (D) 1971
Gordon P. Allen (D) 1971–1974
John T. Henley (D) 1975–1978
W. Craig Lawing (D) 1979–1984
J. J. Harrington (D) 1985–1988
Henson P. Barnes (D) 1989–1992
Marc Basnight (D) 1993–2010
Phil Berger (R) 2011–present
See also
Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives
References
^ McLaughlin, Mike (January 1994). "President Pro Tem's Office Evolves into Senate Power Center" (PDF). N.C. Insight. N.C. Center for Public Policy Research. pp. 40–41.
^ "Structure of the North Carolina General Assembly". North Carolina General Assembly. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
^ Cooper & Knotts 2012, p. 145.
^ a b Connor, R. D. D. (1913). A Manual of North Carolina (PDF). Raleigh: North Carolina Historical Commission. pp. 453–. Retrieved April 27, 2019., Alternate link
^ a b Wheeler, John H. (1874). "The Legislative Manual and Political Register of the State of North Carolina". Retrieved April 9, 2019.
^ "Session Laws: North Carolina". HeinOnline. New York: William S. Hein & Co., Inc. Retrieved March 22, 2019. (subscription required)
^ a b Lewis, J. D. "NC Revolution State House 1780". The American Revolution in North Carolina. Retrieved April 27, 2019.
^ Carraway, Gertrude (1979). "James Coor". NCPedia. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
^ Robinson, Blackwell P. (1979). "David Caldwell". NCPedia. Retrieved Oct 3, 2019.
^ Keating, Mary R. (1996). "Hugh Waddell". NCPedia. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
^ "North Carolina portrait index, 1700-1860". NCDCR.gov. 1963. p. 234.
^ a b c Murphy, Eva (1988). "Andrew Joyner". NCPedia. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
^ Johnston, Hugh Buckner (1996). "Louis Dicken Wilson". NCPedia. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
^ Humber, John L. (1986). "Calvin Graves". NCPedia. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
^ a b Cheney, John L. Jr. (1974). North Carolina Government, 1585–1974. pp. 447–448.
^ Alexander, Roberta Sue (1996). "Edward Jenner Warren". NCPedia. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
^ R. F. Armfield was at some point elected President pro tempore but then immediately became President of the Senate due to the vacancy in the office that resulted when Lt. Gov. Curtis Hooks Brogden succeeded to the governorship. (see NC Manual of 1913, p. 476, where Armfield is listed as president of the Senate)
^ Powell, William S. (1991). "James Turner Morehead, Jr". Retrieved October 3, 2019.
^ Hunt, James L. "The Making of a Populist: Marion Butler, 1863-1895: Part I." The North Carolina Historical Review, vol. 62, no. 1, 1985, pp. 53–77. "Butler vigorously attacked Kerr and other conservative Democrats."
^ Biographical Sketches of the members of the General Assembly, 1895
^ T. Clarence Stone was elected President pro tempore when the 1963 legislature convened, but since President of the Senate (Lt. Governor) Harvey Cloyd Philpott had died, Stone immediately became President of the Senate. The Senate then elected Scott as President pro tem. (News & Observer blog comment by state legislative drafting director Gerry Cohen)
Structure of the North Carolina General Assembly
North Carolina Manual, published by the North Carolina Secretary of State
Works cited
Cooper, Christopher A.; Knotts, H. Gibbs, eds. (2012). The New Politics of North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9781469606583.
vte North Carolina General Assemblies by year convened and orderList of North Carolina state legislaturesSenatePresident pro tempore of the Senate House of CommonsHouse of RepresentativesSpeakers of the House of Representatives (see Note)
1 (1777)
2 (1778)
3 (1779)
4 (1780)
5 (1781)
6 (1782)
7 (1783)
8 (Apr 1784)
9 (Oct 1784)
10 (1785)
11 (1786)
12 (1787)
13 (1788)
14 (1789)
15 (1790)
16 (1791)
17 (1792)
18 (1793)
19 (1794)
20 (1795)
21 (1796)
22 (1797)
23 (1798)
24 (1799)
25 (1800)
26 (1801)
27 (1802)
28 (1803)
29 (1804)
30 (1805)
31 (1806)
32 (1807)
33 (1808)
34 (1809)
35 (1810)
36 (1811)
37 (1812)
38 (1813)
39 (1814)
40 (1815)
41 (1816)
42 (1817)
43 (1818)
44 (1819)
45 (1820)
46 (1821)
47 (1822)
48 (1823)
49 (1824)
50 (1825)
51 (1826)
52 (1827)
53 (1828)
54 (1829)
55 (1830)
56 (1831)
57 (1832)
58 (1833)
59 (1834)
60 (1835)
61 (1836)
62 (1840)
63 (1842)
64 (1844)
65 (1846)
66 (1846)
67 (1848)
68 (1850)
69 (1852)
70 (1854)
71 (1856)
72 (1858)
73 (1860)
74 (1862)
75 (1864)
76 (1865)
77 (1866)
78 (1868)
79 (1869)
80 (1870)
81 (1872)
82 (1874)
83 (1876)
84 (1879)
85 (1881)
86 (1883)
87 (1885)
88 (1887)
89 (1889)
90 (1891)
91 (1893)
92 (1895)
93 (1897)
94 (1899)
95 (1901)
96 (1903)
97 (1905)
98 (1907)
99 (1909)
100 (1911)
101 (1913)
102 (1915)
103 (1917)
104 (1919)
105 (1921)
106 (1923)
107 (1925)
108 (1927)
109 (1929)
110 (1931)
111 (1933)
112 (1935)
113 (1937)
114 (1939)
115 (1941)
116 (1943)
117 (1945)
118 (1947)
119 (1949)
120 (1951)
121 (1953)
122 (1955)
123 (1957)
124 (1959)
125 (1961)
126 (1963)
127 (1965)
128 (1967)
129 (1969)
130 (1971)
131 (1973)
132 (1975)
133 (1977)
134 (1979)
135 (1981)
136 (1983)
137 (1985)
138 (1987)
139 (1989)
140 (1991)
141 (1993)
142 (1995)
143 (1997)
144 (1999)
145 (2001)
146 (2003)
147 (2005)
148 (2007)
149 (2009)
150 (2011)
151 (2013)
152 (2015)
153 (2017)
154 (2019)
155 (2021)
156 (2023)
OtherExecutive Branch: Governor of North Carolina (List), Lieutenant Governor (since 1868), Cabinets, Council of State, Attorney GeneralConventionsHillsborough Convention of 1788, Fayetteville Convention of 1789Provincial Congresses and ConstitutionNorth Carolina Provincial Congress (1774–1776: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th), Constitution of North Carolina (1776, 1835 Convention, 1861 Convention, 1868 redraft, 1875 Convention, Constitution of 1971)Notes: Prior to the Constitution of 1868: the lower house of the North Carolina Legislature was known as the House of Commons and the leader of the Senate was called the Speaker of the Senate.
vtePresidents of state senatesUnited States Senate: ▌Kamala Harris (D), ▌Patty Murray (D)
AL ▌Ainsworth (R), ▌Reed (R)
AK ▌Stevens (R)
AZ ▌Petersen (R), ▌Shope (R)
AR ▌Rutledge (R), ▌Hester (R)
CA ▌Kounalakis (D), ▌McGuire (D)
CO ▌Fenberg (D), ▌Coleman (D)
CT ▌Bysiewicz (D), ▌Looney (D)
DE ▌Hall-Long (D), ▌Sokola (D)
FL ▌Passidomo (R), ▌Baxley (R)
GA ▌Jones (R), ▌Kennedy (R)
HI ▌Kouchi (D)
ID ▌Bedke (R), ▌Winder (R)
IL ▌Harmon (D), ▌Cunningham (D)
IN ▌Crouch (R), ▌Bray (R)
IA ▌Sinclair (R), ▌Zaun (R)
KS ▌Masterson (R)
KY ▌Stivers (R), ▌Givens (R)
LA ▌Henry (R), ▌Barrow (D)
ME ▌Jackson (D)
MD ▌Ferguson (D), ▌Augustine (D)
MA ▌Spilka (D), ▌Brownsberger (D)
MI ▌Gilchrist (D), ▌Moss (D)
MN ▌Champion (DFL), ▌Rest (DFL)
MS ▌Hosemann (R), ▌Kirby (R)
MO ▌Kehoe (R), ▌Rowden (R)
MT ▌Ellsworth (R), ▌Bogner (R)
NE ▌Kelly (R), ▌Arch (R)*
NV ▌Anthony (R), ▌Spearman (D)
NH ▌Bradley (R), ▌Gray (R)
NJ ▌Scutari (D), ▌Turner (D)
NM ▌Morales (D), ▌Stewart (D)
NY ▌Delgado (D), ▌Stewart-Cousins (D)
NC ▌Robinson (R), ▌Berger (R)
ND ▌Miller (R), ▌Schaible (R)
OH ▌Huffman (R), ▌Schuring (R)
OK ▌Pinnell (R), ▌Treat (R)
OR ▌Wagner (D), ▌Manning (D)
PA ▌Davis (D), ▌Ward (R)
RI ▌Ruggerio (D), ▌Gallo (D)
SC ▌Alexander (R)
SD ▌Rhoden (R), ▌Schoenbeck (R)
TN ▌McNally (R), ▌Haile (R)
TX ▌Patrick (R), ▌Schwertner (R)
UT ▌Adams (R)
VT ▌Zuckerman (D), ▌Baruth (D)
VA ▌Sears (R), ▌Lucas (D)
WA ▌Heck (D), ▌Keiser (D)
WV ▌Blair (R), ▌Boley (R)
WI ▌Kapenga (R), ▌Testin (R)
WY ▌Driskill (R)
Federal districts:
DC ▌Mendelson (D)*Territories:
AS ▌Fruean (I)
GU ▌Terlaje (D)*
MP ▌DeLeon Guerrero (D)
PR ▌Dalmau (PPD), ▌González (PPD)
VI ▌Francis (D)*
Italics indicate presidents pro tempore*Unicameral body | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pro tempore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_tempore"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Senate"},{"link_name":"North Carolina General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Marc Basnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Basnight"}],"text":"The president pro tempore of the North Carolina Senate (more commonly, \"Pro-Tem\") is the highest-ranking (internally elected) officer of one house of the North Carolina General Assembly. 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Marc Basnight, however, became arguably the most powerful North Carolina Senate leader in history and one of the state's most influential politicians when he served a record nearly 18 years as president pro tempore.","title":"President pro tempore of the North Carolina Senate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gardner_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Upon Republican Jim Gardner's assumption of lieutenant gubernatorial office in 1989, Democrats in the Senate modified the body's rules, transferring the powers to appoint committees and assign bills away from the lieutenant governor and to the president pro tempore. This dramatically increased the influence of the latter position.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperKnotts2012145-3"}],"text":"The president pro tempore is responsible for appointing the members of the Senate's committees at the opening of each legislative session.[2] They also have the power to appoint some members of state executive boards.[3]","title":"Powers and duties"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"North Carolina Senate presiding officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allen_Jones.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AbnerNash.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NCG-AlexanderMartin.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manual1913-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manual1874-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis1780-7"},{"link_name":"Samuel Ashe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Ashe_(1725-1813)"},{"link_name":"Whitmell Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitmell_Hill"},{"link_name":"Allen Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Jones_(delegate)"},{"link_name":"Abner Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abner_Nash"},{"link_name":"Alexander Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Martin"},{"link_name":"Richard Caswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Caswell"},{"link_name":"Alexander Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Martin"},{"link_name":"James Coor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Coor"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Alexander Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Martin"},{"link_name":"Richard Caswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Caswell"},{"link_name":"Charles Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Johnson_(U.S._politician)"},{"link_name":"William Lenoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lenoir_(general)"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Smith_(North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Riddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Riddick"},{"link_name":"Alexander Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Martin"},{"link_name":"Joseph Riddick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Riddick"},{"link_name":"George Outlaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Outlaw"},{"link_name":"John Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Branch"},{"link_name":"Bartlett Yancey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartlett_Yancey"},{"link_name":"Jesse Speight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Speight"},{"link_name":"Bedford Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_Brown"},{"link_name":"David F. Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_F._Caldwell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"William D. Moseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_D._Moseley"},{"link_name":"Hugh Waddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Waddell_(American_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Whig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Andrew Joyner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Joyner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joyner-12"},{"link_name":"Louis Dicken Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Dicken_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Burgess S. Gaither","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgess_S._Gaither"},{"link_name":"Andrew Joyner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Joyner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joyner-12"},{"link_name":"Calvin Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Graves"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Andrew Joyner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Joyner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joyner-12"},{"link_name":"Weldon N. Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weldon_N._Edwards"},{"link_name":"Warren Winslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Winslow"},{"link_name":"William Waightstill Avery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Waightstill_Avery"},{"link_name":"Henry Toole Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Toole_Clark"},{"link_name":"Giles Mebane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Mebane"},{"link_name":"Thomas Settle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Settle_(judge)"},{"link_name":"C. S. Winstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._S._Winstead&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Matthias Manly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Manly"},{"link_name":"Joseph Harvey Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Harvey_Wilson"}],"sub_title":"Speakers","text":"Allen Jones, 1778–1779Abner Nash, 1779–1780Alexander Martin, 1785The following members were elected speakers of the Senate:[4][5][6][7]Samuel Ashe 1777\nWhitmell Hill 1778\nAllen Jones 1778–1779\nAbner Nash 1779–1780\nAlexander Martin 1780–1782\nRichard Caswell 1782–1784\nAlexander Martin 1785\nJames Coor 1786–1787[8]\nAlexander Martin 1787–1788\nRichard Caswell 1789\nCharles Johnson 1789\nWilliam Lenoir 1790–1795\nBenjamin Smith 1795–1799\nJoseph Riddick 1800–1804\nAlexander Martin 1805\nJoseph Riddick 1806–1811\nGeorge Outlaw 1812–1814\nJohn Branch 1815–1817\nBartlett Yancey 1817–1828\nJesse Speight 1828–1829\nBedford Brown 1829–1830\nDavid F. Caldwell 1830–1832[9]\nWilliam D. Moseley 1832–1835\nHugh Waddell (Whig) 1836–1837 [10][11]\nAndrew Joyner 1838–1841[12]\nLouis Dicken Wilson 1842–1843[13]\nBurgess S. Gaither 1844–1845\nAndrew Joyner 1846–1847[12]\nCalvin Graves 1848–1849[14]\nAndrew Joyner 1849[12]\nWeldon N. Edwards 1850–1852\nWarren Winslow 1854–1855\nWilliam Waightstill Avery 1856–1857\nHenry Toole Clark 1858–1861\nGiles Mebane 1862–1865\nThomas Settle 1865–1866\nC. S. Winstead 1866\nMatthias Manly 1866\nJoseph Harvey Wilson 1867","title":"North Carolina Senate presiding officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_L_Robinson.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manual1913-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manual1874-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lewis1780-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cheney-15"},{"link_name":"Charles S. Winstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_S._Winstead&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cheney-15"},{"link_name":"Edward Jenner Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jenner_Warren"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"James Turner Morehead Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Turner_Morehead_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"James L. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Robinson"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"William A. Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Graham_(agriculture_commissioner)"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"William T. Dortch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Dortch"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Edwin T. Boykin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_T._Boykin"},{"link_name":"Edwin W. Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_W._Kerr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"W. D. Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._D._Turner"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"John L. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_L._King&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. L. Franck Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=E._L._Franck_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"R. L. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._L._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"F. A. Whitaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F._A._Whitaker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Henry A. London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_A._London&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Charles A. Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_A._Webb&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Whitehead Klutz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitehead_Klutz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Henry N. Pharr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_N._Pharr"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Max Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Max_Gardner"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Fordyce C. Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fordyce_C._Harding&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Lindsay C. Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_C._Warren"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"William L. Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_L._Long&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"William H. S. Burgwyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_H._S._Burgwyn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"William L. Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_L._Long&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Thomas L. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_L._Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Rivers D. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rivers_D._Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"William G. Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_G._Clark"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Paul D. Grady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_D._Grady&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Andrew H. Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_H._Johnston&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"James A. Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_A._Bell_(North_Carolina_state_senator)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Whitman E. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitman_E._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"John Davis Larkins Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Davis_Larkins_Jr."},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"John H. Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_H._Price&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Archie C. Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archie_C._Gay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Joseph L. Blythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_L._Blythe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"James C. Pittman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_C._Pittman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Rufus G. Rankin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rufus_G._Rankin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Edwin Pate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Pate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Paul E. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_E._Jones&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Claude Currie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claude_Currie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Robert F. Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_F._Morgan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"William L. Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_L._Crew&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Ralph H. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_H._Scott"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Robert B. Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B._Morgan"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Herman A. Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herman_A._Moore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Neill H. McGeachy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neill_H._McGeachy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Frank N. Patterson Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_N._Patterson_Jr."},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Gordon P. Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_P._Allen"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"John T. Henley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T._Henley"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"W. Craig Lawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Craig_Lawing"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"J. J. Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Harrington"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Henson P. Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henson_P._Barnes"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Marc Basnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Basnight"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Phil Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Berger_(politician)"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"}],"sub_title":"Presidents pro tempore","text":"James L. Robinson 1876–1877The following members were elected president pro tempore of the Senate:[4][5][7][15]Charles S. Winstead 1868–1869[15]\nEdward Jenner Warren (D) 1870–1872[16]\nJames Turner Morehead Jr. 1872–1875 [17][18]\nJames L. Robinson (D) 1876–1877\nWilliam A. Graham (D) 1879–1880\nWilliam T. Dortch (D) 1881–1883\nEdwin T. Boykin 1885–1887\nEdwin W. Kerr (D)[19] 1889\nW. D. Turner (D) 1891\nJohn L. King 1893\nE. L. Franck Jr. (P) 1895–1897[20]\nR. L. Smith (D) 1899–1900\nF. A. Whitaker (D) 1899—1900\nHenry A. London (D) 1901–1903\nCharles A. Webb (D) 1905–1908\nWhitehead Klutz (D) 1909\nHenry N. Pharr (D) 1911–1913\nOliver Max Gardner (D) 1915\nFordyce C. Harding (D) 1917\nLindsay C. Warren (D) 1919–1920\nWilliam L. Long (D) 1921–1924\nWilliam H. S. Burgwyn (D) 1925\nWilliam L. Long (D) 1927\nThomas L. Johnson (D) 1929\nRivers D. Johnson (D) 1931\nWilliam G. Clark (D) 1933\nPaul D. Grady (D) 1935\nAndrew H. Johnston (D) 1937–1938\nJames A. Bell (D) 1937–1938\nWhitman E. Smith (D) 1939\nJohn Davis Larkins Jr. (D) 1941\nJohn H. Price (D) 1943\nArchie C. Gay (D) 1945\nJoseph L. Blythe (D) 1947\nJames C. Pittman (D) 1949\nRufus G. Rankin (D) 1951\nEdwin Pate (D) 1953\nPaul E. Jones (D) 1955–1956\nClaude Currie (D) 1957\nRobert F. Morgan (D) 1959\nWilliam L. Crew (D) 1961\nRalph H. Scott (D) 1963 [21]\nRobert B. Morgan (D) 1965–1966\nHerman A. Moore (D) 1967\nNeill H. McGeachy (D) 1969\nFrank N. Patterson Jr. (D) 1971\nGordon P. Allen (D) 1971–1974\nJohn T. Henley (D) 1975–1978\nW. Craig Lawing (D) 1979–1984\nJ. J. Harrington (D) 1985–1988\nHenson P. Barnes (D) 1989–1992\nMarc Basnight (D) 1993–2010\nPhil Berger (R) 2011–present","title":"North Carolina Senate presiding officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New Politics of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FaQKnGIU-TwC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781469606583","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469606583"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:North_Carolina_State_Legislatures"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:North_Carolina_State_Legislatures"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_Carolina_State_Legislatures"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina General Assemblies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"List of North Carolina state legislatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_Carolina_state_legislatures"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Senate"},{"link_name":"President pro tempore of the Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"House of CommonsHouse of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Speakers of the House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_North_Carolina_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"1 (1777)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_General_Assembly_of_1777"},{"link_name":"2 (1778)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_General_Assembly_of_1778"},{"link_name":"3 (1779)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_General_Assembly_of_1779"},{"link_name":"4 (1780)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_General_Assembly_of_1780%E2%80%931781"},{"link_name":"5 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:"Rest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Rest"},{"link_name":"MS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"Hosemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delbert_Hosemann"},{"link_name":"Kirby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Kirby"},{"link_name":"MO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Senate"},{"link_name":"Kehoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Kehoe"},{"link_name":"Rowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Rowden"},{"link_name":"MT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_Senate"},{"link_name":"Ellsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Ellsworth"},{"link_name":"Bogner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Bogner"},{"link_name":"NE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Kelly_(attorney)"},{"link_name":"Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arch_(politician)"},{"link_name":"NV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_Senate"},{"link_name":"Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavros_Anthony"},{"link_name":"Spearman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Spearman"},{"link_name":"NH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Senate"},{"link_name":"Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bradley"},{"link_name":"Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_P._Gray_(New_Hampshire_politician)"},{"link_name":"NJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate"},{"link_name":"Scutari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Scutari"},{"link_name":"Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Turner"},{"link_name":"NM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_Senate"},{"link_name":"Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_Morales"},{"link_name":"Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimi_Stewart"},{"link_name":"NY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Delgado"},{"link_name":"Stewart-Cousins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Stewart-Cousins"},{"link_name":"NC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Senate"},{"link_name":"Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Robinson_(American_politician)"},{"link_name":"Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Berger_(politician)"},{"link_name":"ND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_Senate"},{"link_name":"Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammy_Miller_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Schaible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Schaible"},{"link_name":"OH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Senate"},{"link_name":"Huffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Huffman"},{"link_name":"Schuring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_Schuring"},{"link_name":"OK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Senate"},{"link_name":"Pinnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Pinnell"},{"link_name":"Treat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Treat"},{"link_name":"OR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Wagner_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Manning_Jr."},{"link_name":"PA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Davis_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Ward"},{"link_name":"RI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_Senate"},{"link_name":"Ruggerio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominick_J._Ruggerio"},{"link_name":"Gallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_Gallo"},{"link_name":"SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Senate"},{"link_name":"Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_C._Alexander"},{"link_name":"SD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Senate"},{"link_name":"Rhoden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Rhoden"},{"link_name":"Schoenbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Schoenbeck"},{"link_name":"TN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Senate"},{"link_name":"McNally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_McNally"},{"link_name":"Haile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrell_Haile"},{"link_name":"TX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Senate"},{"link_name":"Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Patrick_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Schwertner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Schwertner"},{"link_name":"UT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Adams"},{"link_name":"VT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Senate"},{"link_name":"Zuckerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Zuckerman_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Baruth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Baruth"},{"link_name":"VA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winsome_Sears"},{"link_name":"Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Lucas"},{"link_name":"WA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"Heck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Heck"},{"link_name":"Keiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Keiser"},{"link_name":"WV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_Senate"},{"link_name":"Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Blair"},{"link_name":"Boley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Boley"},{"link_name":"WI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Senate"},{"link_name":"Kapenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Kapenga"},{"link_name":"Testin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Testin"},{"link_name":"WY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Senate"},{"link_name":"Driskill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden_Driskill"},{"link_name":"DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Mendelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Mendelson"},{"link_name":"AS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa_Senate"},{"link_name":"Fruean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaolo_Manaia_Fruean"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"GU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature_of_Guam"},{"link_name":"Terlaje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therese_M._Terlaje"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands_Senate"},{"link_name":"DeLeon Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_DeLeon_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"PR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Dalmau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Dalmau"},{"link_name":"PPD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)"},{"link_name":"González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marially_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Huertas"},{"link_name":"VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature_of_the_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelle_Francis"}],"text":"Cooper, Christopher A.; Knotts, H. Gibbs, eds. (2012). The New Politics of North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9781469606583.vte North Carolina General Assemblies by year convened and orderList of North Carolina state legislaturesSenatePresident pro tempore of the Senate House of CommonsHouse of RepresentativesSpeakers of the House of Representatives (see Note)\n1 (1777)\n2 (1778)\n3 (1779)\n4 (1780)\n5 (1781)\n6 (1782)\n7 (1783)\n8 (Apr 1784)\n9 (Oct 1784)\n10 (1785)\n11 (1786)\n12 (1787)\n13 (1788)\n14 (1789)\n15 (1790)\n16 (1791)\n17 (1792)\n18 (1793)\n19 (1794)\n20 (1795)\n21 (1796)\n22 (1797)\n23 (1798)\n24 (1799)\n25 (1800)\n26 (1801)\n27 (1802)\n28 (1803)\n29 (1804)\n30 (1805)\n31 (1806)\n32 (1807)\n33 (1808)\n34 (1809)\n35 (1810)\n36 (1811)\n37 (1812)\n38 (1813)\n39 (1814)\n40 (1815)\n41 (1816)\n42 (1817)\n43 (1818)\n44 (1819)\n45 (1820)\n46 (1821)\n47 (1822)\n48 (1823)\n49 (1824)\n50 (1825)\n51 (1826)\n52 (1827)\n53 (1828)\n54 (1829)\n55 (1830)\n56 (1831)\n57 (1832)\n58 (1833)\n59 (1834)\n60 (1835)\n61 (1836)\n62 (1840)\n63 (1842)\n64 (1844)\n65 (1846)\n66 (1846)\n67 (1848)\n68 (1850)\n69 (1852)\n70 (1854)\n71 (1856)\n72 (1858)\n73 (1860)\n74 (1862)\n75 (1864)\n76 (1865)\n77 (1866)\n78 (1868)\n79 (1869)\n80 (1870)\n81 (1872)\n82 (1874)\n83 (1876)\n84 (1879)\n85 (1881)\n86 (1883)\n87 (1885)\n88 (1887)\n89 (1889)\n90 (1891)\n91 (1893)\n92 (1895)\n93 (1897)\n94 (1899)\n95 (1901)\n96 (1903)\n97 (1905)\n98 (1907)\n99 (1909)\n100 (1911)\n101 (1913)\n102 (1915)\n103 (1917)\n104 (1919)\n105 (1921)\n106 (1923)\n107 (1925)\n108 (1927)\n109 (1929)\n110 (1931)\n111 (1933)\n112 (1935)\n113 (1937)\n114 (1939)\n115 (1941)\n116 (1943)\n117 (1945)\n118 (1947)\n119 (1949)\n120 (1951)\n121 (1953)\n122 (1955)\n123 (1957)\n124 (1959)\n125 (1961)\n126 (1963)\n127 (1965)\n128 (1967)\n129 (1969)\n130 (1971)\n131 (1973)\n132 (1975)\n133 (1977)\n134 (1979)\n135 (1981)\n136 (1983)\n137 (1985)\n138 (1987)\n139 (1989)\n140 (1991)\n141 (1993)\n142 (1995)\n143 (1997)\n144 (1999)\n145 (2001)\n146 (2003)\n147 (2005)\n148 (2007)\n149 (2009)\n150 (2011)\n151 (2013)\n152 (2015)\n153 (2017)\n154 (2019)\n155 (2021)\n156 (2023)\nOtherExecutive Branch: Governor of North Carolina (List), Lieutenant Governor (since 1868), Cabinets, Council of State, Attorney GeneralConventionsHillsborough Convention of 1788, Fayetteville Convention of 1789Provincial Congresses and ConstitutionNorth Carolina Provincial Congress (1774–1776: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th), Constitution of North Carolina (1776, 1835 Convention, 1861 Convention, 1868 redraft, 1875 Convention, Constitution of 1971)Notes: Prior to the Constitution of 1868: the lower house of the North Carolina Legislature was known as the House of Commons and the leader of the Senate was called the Speaker of the Senate.vtePresidents of state senatesUnited States Senate: ▌Kamala Harris (D), ▌Patty Murray (D)\nAL ▌Ainsworth (R), ▌Reed (R)\nAK ▌Stevens (R)\nAZ ▌Petersen (R), ▌Shope (R)\nAR ▌Rutledge (R), ▌Hester (R)\nCA ▌Kounalakis (D), ▌McGuire (D)\nCO ▌Fenberg (D), ▌Coleman (D)\nCT ▌Bysiewicz (D), ▌Looney (D)\nDE ▌Hall-Long (D), ▌Sokola (D)\nFL ▌Passidomo (R), ▌Baxley (R)\nGA ▌Jones (R), ▌Kennedy (R)\nHI ▌Kouchi (D)\nID ▌Bedke (R), ▌Winder (R)\nIL ▌Harmon (D), ▌Cunningham (D)\nIN ▌Crouch (R), ▌Bray (R)\nIA ▌Sinclair (R), ▌Zaun (R)\nKS ▌Masterson (R)\nKY ▌Stivers (R), ▌Givens (R)\nLA ▌Henry (R), ▌Barrow (D)\nME ▌Jackson (D)\nMD ▌Ferguson (D), ▌Augustine (D)\nMA ▌Spilka (D), ▌Brownsberger (D)\nMI ▌Gilchrist (D), ▌Moss (D)\nMN ▌Champion (DFL), ▌Rest (DFL)\nMS ▌Hosemann (R), ▌Kirby (R)\nMO ▌Kehoe (R), ▌Rowden (R)\nMT ▌Ellsworth (R), ▌Bogner (R)\nNE ▌Kelly (R), ▌Arch (R)*\nNV ▌Anthony (R), ▌Spearman (D)\nNH ▌Bradley (R), ▌Gray (R)\nNJ ▌Scutari (D), ▌Turner (D)\nNM ▌Morales (D), ▌Stewart (D)\nNY ▌Delgado (D), ▌Stewart-Cousins (D)\nNC ▌Robinson (R), ▌Berger (R)\nND ▌Miller (R), ▌Schaible (R)\nOH ▌Huffman (R), ▌Schuring (R)\nOK ▌Pinnell (R), ▌Treat (R)\nOR ▌Wagner (D), ▌Manning (D)\nPA ▌Davis (D), ▌Ward (R)\nRI ▌Ruggerio (D), ▌Gallo (D)\nSC ▌Alexander (R)\nSD ▌Rhoden (R), ▌Schoenbeck (R)\nTN ▌McNally (R), ▌Haile (R)\nTX ▌Patrick (R), ▌Schwertner (R)\nUT ▌Adams (R)\nVT ▌Zuckerman (D), ▌Baruth (D)\nVA ▌Sears (R), ▌Lucas (D)\nWA ▌Heck (D), ▌Keiser (D)\nWV ▌Blair (R), ▌Boley (R)\nWI ▌Kapenga (R), ▌Testin (R)\nWY ▌Driskill (R)\nFederal districts:\nDC ▌Mendelson (D)*Territories:\nAS ▌Fruean (I)\nGU ▌Terlaje (D)*\nMP ▌DeLeon Guerrero (D)\nPR ▌Dalmau (PPD), ▌González (PPD)\nVI ▌Francis (D)*\nItalics indicate presidents pro tempore*Unicameral body","title":"Works cited"}] | [{"image_text":"Allen Jones, 1778–1779","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Allen_Jones.jpg/220px-Allen_Jones.jpg"},{"image_text":"Abner Nash, 1779–1780","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/AbnerNash.jpg/220px-AbnerNash.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alexander Martin, 1785","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/NCG-AlexanderMartin.jpg/220px-NCG-AlexanderMartin.jpg"},{"image_text":"James L. Robinson 1876–1877","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/James_L_Robinson.jpg/220px-James_L_Robinson.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_North_Carolina_House_of_Representatives"}] | [{"reference":"McLaughlin, Mike (January 1994). \"President Pro Tem's Office Evolves into Senate Power Center\" (PDF). N.C. Insight. N.C. Center for Public Policy Research. pp. 40–41.","urls":[{"url":"https://nccppr.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/President_Pro_Tems_Office_Evolves_into_Senate_Power_Center.pdf","url_text":"\"President Pro Tem's Office Evolves into Senate Power Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Structure of the North Carolina General Assembly\". North Carolina General Assembly. Retrieved August 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncleg.gov/Help/Topic/232","url_text":"\"Structure of the North Carolina General Assembly\""}]},{"reference":"Connor, R. D. D. (1913). A Manual of North Carolina (PDF). Raleigh: North Carolina Historical Commission. pp. 453–. Retrieved April 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.carolana.com/NC/NC_Manuals/NC_Manual_1913.pdf","url_text":"A Manual of North Carolina"}]},{"reference":"Wheeler, John H. (1874). \"The Legislative Manual and Political Register of the State of North Carolina\". Retrieved April 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GvBRAQAAMAAJ&q=Abraham+Jones+Hyde+County+NC&pg=PA255","url_text":"\"The Legislative Manual and Political Register of the State of North Carolina\""}]},{"reference":"\"Session Laws: North Carolina\". HeinOnline. New York: William S. Hein & Co., Inc. Retrieved March 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://home.heinonline.org/titles/Session-Laws-Library/North-Carolina/?letter=N","url_text":"\"Session Laws: North Carolina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HeinOnline","url_text":"HeinOnline"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, J. D. \"NC Revolution State House 1780\". The American Revolution in North Carolina. Retrieved April 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.carolana.com/NC/Revolution/nc_revolution_state_house_1780.html","url_text":"\"NC Revolution State House 1780\""}]},{"reference":"Carraway, Gertrude (1979). \"James Coor\". NCPedia. Retrieved October 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/coor-james","url_text":"\"James Coor\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Blackwell P. (1979). \"David Caldwell\". NCPedia. Retrieved Oct 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/caldwell-david","url_text":"\"David Caldwell\""}]},{"reference":"Keating, Mary R. (1996). \"Hugh Waddell\". NCPedia. Retrieved September 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/waddell-hugh-0","url_text":"\"Hugh Waddell\""}]},{"reference":"\"North Carolina portrait index, 1700-1860\". NCDCR.gov. 1963. p. 234.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm/ref/collection/p249901coll37/id/24246","url_text":"\"North Carolina portrait index, 1700-1860\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Eva (1988). \"Andrew Joyner\". NCPedia. Retrieved October 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/joyner-andrew","url_text":"\"Andrew Joyner\""}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Hugh Buckner (1996). \"Louis Dicken Wilson\". NCPedia. Retrieved October 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/wilson-louis-dicken","url_text":"\"Louis Dicken Wilson\""}]},{"reference":"Humber, John L. (1986). \"Calvin Graves\". NCPedia. Retrieved October 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/graves-calvin","url_text":"\"Calvin Graves\""}]},{"reference":"Cheney, John L. Jr. (1974). North Carolina Government, 1585–1974. pp. 447–448.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/northcarolinagov1975nort","url_text":"North Carolina Government, 1585–1974"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/northcarolinagov1975nort/page/447","url_text":"447"}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Roberta Sue (1996). \"Edward Jenner Warren\". NCPedia. Retrieved October 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/warren-edward-jenner","url_text":"\"Edward Jenner Warren\""}]},{"reference":"Powell, William S. (1991). \"James Turner Morehead, Jr\". Retrieved October 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/morehead-james-turner-jr","url_text":"\"James Turner Morehead, Jr\""}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Christopher A.; Knotts, H. Gibbs, eds. (2012). The New Politics of North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9781469606583.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FaQKnGIU-TwC","url_text":"The New Politics of North Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469606583","url_text":"9781469606583"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://nccppr.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/President_Pro_Tems_Office_Evolves_into_Senate_Power_Center.pdf","external_links_name":"\"President Pro Tem's Office Evolves into Senate Power Center\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncleg.gov/Help/Topic/232","external_links_name":"\"Structure of the North Carolina General Assembly\""},{"Link":"http://www.carolana.com/NC/NC_Manuals/NC_Manual_1913.pdf","external_links_name":"A Manual of North Carolina"},{"Link":"http://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/manual/manual.html","external_links_name":"Alternate link"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GvBRAQAAMAAJ&q=Abraham+Jones+Hyde+County+NC&pg=PA255","external_links_name":"\"The Legislative Manual and Political Register of the State of North Carolina\""},{"Link":"https://home.heinonline.org/titles/Session-Laws-Library/North-Carolina/?letter=N","external_links_name":"\"Session Laws: North Carolina\""},{"Link":"http://www.carolana.com/NC/Revolution/nc_revolution_state_house_1780.html","external_links_name":"\"NC Revolution State House 1780\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/coor-james","external_links_name":"\"James Coor\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/caldwell-david","external_links_name":"\"David Caldwell\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/waddell-hugh-0","external_links_name":"\"Hugh Waddell\""},{"Link":"http://digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm/ref/collection/p249901coll37/id/24246","external_links_name":"\"North Carolina portrait index, 1700-1860\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/joyner-andrew","external_links_name":"\"Andrew Joyner\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/wilson-louis-dicken","external_links_name":"\"Louis Dicken Wilson\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/graves-calvin","external_links_name":"\"Calvin Graves\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/northcarolinagov1975nort","external_links_name":"North Carolina Government, 1585–1974"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/northcarolinagov1975nort/page/447","external_links_name":"447"},{"Link":"https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/warren-edward-jenner","external_links_name":"\"Edward Jenner Warren\""},{"Link":"http://docsouth.unc.edu/nc/manual/manual.html","external_links_name":"NC Manual of 1913"},{"Link":"https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/morehead-james-turner-jr","external_links_name":"\"James Turner Morehead, Jr\""},{"Link":"https://digital.ncdcr.gov/digital/api/collection/p249901coll37/id/6446/download","external_links_name":"Biographical Sketches of the members of the General Assembly, 1895"},{"Link":"http://projects.newsobserver.com/under_the_dome/senate_dem_watch_dalton#comment","external_links_name":"News & Observer blog comment by state legislative drafting director Gerry Cohen"},{"Link":"https://www.ncleg.gov/Help/Topic/232","external_links_name":"Structure of the North Carolina General Assembly"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110125185118/https://www.secretary.state.nc.us/pubsweb/manual.aspx","external_links_name":"North Carolina Manual"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FaQKnGIU-TwC","external_links_name":"The New Politics of North Carolina"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_slow_lorises | Conservation of slow lorises | ["1 Background","2 Threats in the wild","3 Traditions and beliefs affecting conservation","4 Legal protection","5 Wildlife trade","5.1 Traditional medicine","5.2 Pet trade","5.3 International trade and smuggling","6 Conservation efforts","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Literature cited","9 External links"] | Conservation management of the nocturnal primates in Asia
Slow lorises, such as this Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis) were once considered common, but are now recognized as threatened species.
Slow lorises are nocturnal strepsirrhine primates in the genus Nycticebus that live in the rainforests of South and Southeast Asia. They are threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation from deforestation, selective logging, and slash-and-burn agriculture, as well as by collection and hunting for the wildlife trade, including the exotic pet trade, and for use in traditional medicine and as bushmeat. Because of these and other threats, all five species of slow loris are listed as either "Vulnerable" or "Endangered" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Their conservation status was originally listed as "Least Concern" in 2000 because of imprecise population surveys and the frequency in which these primates were found in animal markets. Because of their rapidly declining populations and local extinctions, their status was updated and in 2007 the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) elevated them to Appendix I, which prohibits international commercial trade. Local laws also protect slow lorises from hunting and trade, but enforcement is lacking in most areas.
Traditional beliefs regarding slow lorises have been part of the folklore of Southeast Asia for at least several hundred years. Their remains are buried under houses and roads to bring good luck, and every part of their body is used in traditional medicine to make products ranging from love potions to unproven cures for cancer, leprosy, epilepsy, and sexually transmitted diseases. The primary users of this traditional medicine are urban, middle-aged women who are reluctant to consider alternatives.
Despite being poor pets that are difficult to care for, with a dangerous toxic bite and a sleep cycle opposite to that of humans, a large number of slow lorises are traded as pets, both locally and internationally. Although it is illegal to import slow lorises for commercial sale, they are popular exotic pets in their native range, Japan and parts of Europe. This is mainly because of their "cute" appearance, popularized in highly viewed YouTube videos, which is due in part to their large eyes, adaptations to a nocturnal lifestyle. Hundreds of slow lorises have been confiscated at airports, but because they are easy to hide, these numbers are likely to be only a small fraction of the total number being trafficked. Traders cut or pull the teeth of slow lorises to make them appear to be an appropriate pet for small children, but this practice often leads to extreme blood loss, infection, and death. Slow lorises lacking their teeth would be unable to fend for themselves and therefore are not reintroduced into the wild. Most captive lorises in the pet trade also receive improper care and die from poor nutrition, stress, or infection. Despite this, demand has risen, and slow lorises are no longer captured opportunistically, but are now hunted on a commercial scale using flashlights, from which the animals do not flee.
Connected protected areas are important for the conservation of slow lorises because these primates are not adapted to travel long distances on the ground. Training for enforcement officials helps improve identification and the awareness of their legal protection. Sanctuaries and rescue facilities are available to provide both temporary and lifelong care for confiscated slow lorises. Zoo populations of some species have not bred much and have grown too old to reproduce, although the pygmy slow loris is doing well at some facilities, such as the San Diego Zoo.
Background
Slow lorises (genus Nycticebus) are primates that belong to the suborder Strepsirrhini. They are found throughout South and Southeast Asia and the surrounding islands, and live in the upper canopy of tropical rainforests. They are nocturnal, sleeping during the day curled up in the fork of a tree. Slow lorises are slow and deliberate climbers and rarely come to the ground. They have a round face, woolly fur, a dark stripe down their back, and a tail that is reduced to a stump. Their head and body length ranges from 18 to 38 cm (7.1 to 15.0 in). Their hands and feet are strong and good at grasping for long periods of time. Slow lorises are either solitary or live in pairs; the males are territorial and mark their territories with urine. Their diet consists of mollusks, small vertebrates, and fruit.
Slow lorises can produce a secretion on their brachial gland (a gland on their arm) which when mixed with their saliva creates a volatile, noxious toxin that can be, if necessary, delivered in a bite to an aggressor. A bite causes a painful swelling and is slow to heal; the toxin is mild and not typically fatal, although an anaphylactic reaction is possible.
Five species are currently recognized. The Javan slow loris (N. javanicus) is native to the Indonesian island of Java, whereas the Bornean slow loris (N. menagensis) can be found on Borneo and nearby islands, including the Sulu Islands in the Philippines. The Sunda slow loris is found on the Indonesian island of Sumatra as well as Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. The other two species are found entirely on the mainland, with the Bengal slow loris (N. bengalensis) native to Bangladesh, Cambodia, southern China, Northeast India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam and the pygmy slow loris (N. pygmaeus) found in Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and southern China. Nekaris and Nijman (2022) combined morphological, behavioural, karyotypical and genetic data and suggested that pygmy lorises are best placed in their own genus, Xanthonycticebus.
Threats in the wild
Deforestation is a threat to slow lorises throughout their range. By 2001, mainland Southeast Asia had lost much of its forest cover.
Slow lorises are threatened by deforestation and the wildlife trade, which includes the exotic pet trade, traditional medicine, and bushmeat. Other threats includes road construction, selective logging, and slash and burn agriculture. Habitat fragmentation obstructs biological dispersal for these species that rely on vines and lianas to move from tree to tree. Consequently, slow lorises are found dead on power lines or are victims of roadkill in areas where roads cut between forest patches.
All species are listed either as "Vulnerable" or "Endangered" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Populations are rapidly declining, and their distribution is becoming patchy because of local extinctions throughout their range. Although all species are protected by law in every country in which they occur, conservation efforts are hindered by a lack of public awareness, since many local villagers and remoter buyers of captive specimens are unaware of their endangered status. Recognition and awareness of slow lorises is even low among national park staff. In places like Vietnam, where these nocturnal primates have commonly been found, most local villagers were not familiar with them when shown photos. Only a few older hunters recognized them, but pointed out that they had not seen them in more than 10 or 15 years.
Traditionally, the slow lorises were thought to consist of very few species and were considered to be common across Southeast Asia. These assumptions were due to their nocturnal behavior and their high frequency of occurrence in animal markets throughout the region. Furthermore, researchers from the 20th century and earlier perpetuated the notion that slow lorises were common by reporting them as either present or absent rather than noting low population densities in their field research. As a result, slow lorises were seldom studied, resulting in the initial "Lower Risk/least concern" (LR/lc) conservation status assessment on the IUCN Red List (version 2.3) in 2000. Even in the mid-2000s, population estimates were based only on small surveys.
Other threats to slow lorises include selective logging, such as that in the Koh Kong Province of Cambodia (left), and increased agriculture, such as this upland rice field on a steep slope in southern Yunnan Province in China (right).
In 2009, primatologist James Thorn used environmental niche modelling in Indonesia to supplement the poor population data gathered to date to predict the remaining available habitat for slow lorises on the islands of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. These estimates indicated that the Javan slow loris was the most threatened by habitat loss, followed by the Sunda slow loris from Sumatra. The Bornean slow loris was in a better situation since much of its range consists of low-risk areas. Both the Bengal slow loris and pygmy slow loris are found in more than 20 protected areas, although their populations are either low or insufficiently recorded.
In Indonesia, logging and the clearing of land for agriculture have triggered large forest fires, first in between 1982 and 1983 when 27,000 km2 (10,000 sq mi) burned in Kalimantan, and then again between 1997 and 1998 when 23,750 km2 (9,170 sq mi) burned in Kalimantan and Sumatra. These fires occurred within the native range of slow loris populations.
Although habitat loss has been significant throughout the range of the slow lorises, their decline is most closely associated with unsustainable trade, either for exotic pets or for traditional medicine. Slow lorises are abundant at the markets and are among the most commonly sold primates. Slow lorises are easy to catch because they do not leap from tree to tree, often freezing and covering their face when spotted. (For this reason, Indonesians call them malu malu or "shy one".) They are hunted not only by expert hunters, but are also easily caught by opportunist villagers because of the financial reward they bring at the markets.
Traditions and beliefs affecting conservation
Traditional beliefs and uses for slow lorises vary, and many practices appear to have deep roots going back at least 300 years. Oral traditions suggest these practices go back even further. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, it was reported that the people from the interior of the island of Borneo believed that slow lorises were the gatekeepers for the heavens and that each person had a personal slow loris waiting for them in the afterlife. More often, however, slow lorises are used in traditional medicine or to ward off evil.
In the Mondulkiri Province of Cambodia, hunters believe that lorises can heal their own broken bones immediately after falling from a branch in order to climb back up the tree, and that slow lorises have medicinal powers because they require more than one hit with a stick to die. The hunters also believe that seeing a slow loris will bring bad luck on a hunting trip. In the province of North Sumatra, the slow loris is thought to bring good luck if it is buried under the foundation of a house. Similarly, villagers concerned about traffic safety might bury a slow loris under a road to prevent accidents. In Java, it is thought that putting a piece of its skull in a water jug would make a husband more docile and submissive, just like a slow loris in the daytime. Also, its body parts were used to place curses on enemies in North Sumatra. More recently, researchers have documented the belief that the consumption of loris meat was an aphrodisiac that improves "male power." The gall bladder of the Bengal slow loris has historically been used to make ink for tattoos by the village elders in Pursat and Koh Kong Provinces of Cambodia.
Legal protection
The trade in slow lorises, whether as pets or for medicine, is illegal because every nation in which they occur naturally has laws protecting them. Cambodia lists them as protected, with penalties of one month in prison and fines of US$2.50 to US$250 in 2010 for anyone who catches, hunts, poisons, or transports them. In Indonesia, the slow loris trade has been illegal since 1973, when the Agriculture Ministry passed Decree No. 66. This regulation was clarified in 1999 with Government Regulation No. 7 ("Protection of Wild Flora and Fauna") and Act No. 5 ("Biodiversity Conservation"). Violators are subject to five years in prison and a fine of 100 million rupiah (~US$10,000).
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) first listed the two known species of slow loris under Appendix II on 7 January 1975. All newly identified species were covered by Appendix II on 2 April 1977 when all primates were given either Appendix I or Appendix II protection. Appendix II only requires an export permit for international trade, as long as trade will not negatively impact the survival of wild populations. Most of the trade in slow lorises, however, is illegal and usually involves smuggling to Japan. The lack of legal trade reported to the CITES Secretariat is shown in the CITES trade database, where minimal trade by CITES Parties has been reported up until 2007. Regardless, slow lorises remained vulnerable to international trade under Appendix II, and the rampant Southeast Asian pet trade was another reason for concern. As a result, Cambodia proposed that slow lorises be elevated to Appendix I, which prohibits species from being traded internationally for commercial purposes and requires both import and export permits for certain types of non-commercial trade, such as scientific research. The proposal covered all three species recognized at the time—the Sunda slow loris, Bengal slow loris, and pygmy slow loris—because they have traditionally been managed collectively owing to a lack of knowledge as to how to distinguish them.
Before the CITES conference at which a vote would be taken on the proposal, support for the proposed change in status appeared to be limited because of the small amount of reported legal trade. In April 2007, the non-profit conservation group ProFauna Indonesia attracted news coverage with a demonstration held in Malang, Java. The demonstration—an appeal for increased protection for slow lorises—involved organization members suspending themselves from bridges while holding banners that read "Stop jual kukang" ("Stop the slow loris trade") and "Jangan beli kukang" ("Don't buy slow lorises"). From early to mid-June, the 14th CITES Conference of the Parties (CITES COP-14) was held in The Hague, Netherlands. On 8 June, Cambodia presented the proposal along with their rationale. Indonesia followed by announcing their support, along with Japan, India, Laos, Thailand, the United States, the European Union, Qatar, and many non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Although the proposal was adopted by consensus, some conservation groups objected on the grounds that rational analysis was being usurped by sentiment.
Despite the added protection of CITES Appendix I status, wild slow lorises still receive poor protection because enforcement of the international trade ban is difficult and the penalties are minor. Slow lorises are still found in large numbers at animal markets, most notably in Cambodia and Indonesia, but the traders show no concern for being caught. During a study by Nekaris et al. published in 2010, vendors in Medan, Jakarta, and Surabaya spoke freely to researchers about how they obtain slow lorises, their uses in medicine, prices, and sales numbers. The markets were not concealed, but were open daily in a designated area in town. Even law enforcement is involved in the trade, with park rangers and police admitting to the purchase of slow lorises for medicinal purposes. The wife of another law enforcement official from the Mondulkiri Province in Cambodia is one of the most notable sellers of slow loris parts.
Wildlife trade
Slow lorises are sold in Southeast Asia either as pets or for use in traditional medicine.
Humans have been hunting mammals in Asia for at least 40,000 years, but until recently, slow lorises were only hunted at a sustainable level. However, hunting pressure since the 1960s has become increasingly unsustainable, leading to overexploitation, because of growing demand, decreased supply, and the subsequent increased value of the marketed wildlife. In 1985, large wildlife markets began to appear in Phnom Penh and Sen Monorom, Cambodia, followed quickly by the development of networks of hunters, traders, and middlemen. Bright flashlights make spotting slow lorises much easier at night because of their eye shine, and in the 1990s, large-scale commercial harvesting of slow lorises began as improved batteries for spotlights became available.
The drive to capture wildlife, and particularly slow lorises, is increasingly dominated by demands from wealthy urban areas, replacing the subsistence hunting traditionally performed in poor rural areas. In the case of long-lived primates, such as the slow lorises, populations replenish themselves slowly. Slow lorises are particularly vulnerable because they tend to freeze when spotted. Lastly, increased access to new technologies, such as improved transport, guns, wire snares, and spotlights, have facilitated hunting and pushed extraction levels beyond the point of sustainability. These new factors threaten slow loris survival.
Opportunistic hunting of lorises has been a traditional practice, for example, when a tree in which the primate is living is cut down. When forests are cleared to create oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantations or for housing, the lorises are collected from the trees and then sold to the "loris man", who in turn sells them in the cities. Timber merchants in Kalimantan and Aceh also sell slow lorises to traders, and since the primates cling to branches instead of fleeing, they are often transported hundreds of miles on the original tree branches to which they clung.
Slow lorises and other exotic wildlife are sold domestically each year in open-air animal markets, such as this one in Myanmar.
Demand from middlemen and specialized animal trade mafias has increased the profitability of slow loris hunting and driven many hunters to catch any they spot by climbing or shaking trees. In the Mondulkiri Province in Cambodia, slow lorises are shaken out of trees and then bludgeoned to death with a stick. In Indonesia, slow lorises are worth more alive, so hunters climb the tree to reach them and place a V-shaped stick around their neck to immobilize them. If the slow loris is found in with an infant, the parent is often killed.
Middlemen buy as many as 30 slow lorises from rural hunters over a wide area, and then sell them in the major city markets for 300,000 to 500,000 rupiahs (US$32 to US$54) each. Western tourists and expatriates pay as much as 1,000,000 rupiahs (US$108). Traders have reported to researchers that they have difficulty keeping pace with demand, and one trader claimed to have sold nearly 1,200 pygmy slow lorises during 2001–2002. Hundreds of slow lorises are sold domestically each year in Indonesian at open-air animal markets (or "bird markets"), as well as in shopping malls. Slow lorises are the most commonly sold protected primate at these markets. Live trade is the most common, with only 13.6% of slow lorises traded for parts. In Phnom Penh, Cambodia during the 1990s, observers counted up to 204 slow lorises for sale at a single store; in 2007 a market in Mondulkiri Province displayed 30 dried specimens. A total of 234 slow lorises were confiscated by the Forestry Administration-Wildlife Alliance between 2002 and 2006. In Indonesia, nearly 6,000 to 7,000 slow lorises were traded domestically each year from 2000 to 2006. For international trade, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand were the biggest exporters, with exports having declined for all species except the pygmy slow loris from 1998 to 2007 (compared to 1978–1997).
Traditional medicine
Slow lorises are commonly dried and sold (top), and then later prepared for specific uses, such as loris ointment (bottom).
Slow lorises are commonly used in traditional medicine across their geographic range, a practice that has been reported since at least 1900. Thousands of slow lorises are captured each year for such use. Many human factors drive the trade in slow loris parts, including social customs, economic factors, and traditional belief systems.
In Cambodia, the deeply rooted tradition of using the Bengal and pygmy slow lorises in traditional medicine is widespread, and the pygmy slow loris is the most commonly requested animal in traditional medicine shops in Cambodia's capital, Phnom Penh. Some people in the country believe dried slow loris can cure cancer. Slow lorises are also smoked for other traditional remedies. Traditional Khmer medicine practitioners in that region claim that medicines made from slow lorises can cure 100 diseases, with some practitioners from the National Centre for Traditional Medicine reporting that slow loris are sometimes roasted alive under the assumption that this increases the medicine's potency. Slow lorises are also burned alive, causing their eyes to burst and release a liquid called minyak kukang (or loris oil), which is used in black magic and traditional medicine and is supposed to have life-giving qualities and act as a love potion.
In the case of the Bengal slow loris, every part—including the brain, urine, and skin—is used in traditional medicine in order to heal wounds and rheumatism. With the Sunda slow loris, people trade the skin, feet, skeletons, and skulls. The fur is reported to heal wounds, the flesh to cure epilepsy, eyes are used in love potions, and the meat is reported to cure asthma and stomach problems. The pygmy slow loris is primarily valued for the medicinal use of its hair, but it is also used to make bone glue of monkey, a medicine used mostly by local people, but sometimes sold to visitors. In general, wearing slow loris bones is considered good luck and the meat is sometimes thought to cure leprosy.
The main buyers of medicine made from slow lorises are middle- to upper-class women between the ages of 25 and 45 who primarily use loris rice wine tonic to alleviate the pain of childbirth. One bottle of wine is made by mixing rice wine with the carcasses of three dead animals. Minority groups in Cambodia also use loris-based medicine for treating broken bones, asthma, and sexually transmitted diseases. A survey by primatologist Anna Nekaris et al. (2010) showed that these belief systems were so strong that the majority of respondents expressed reluctance to consider alternatives to loris-based medicines.
In 1993, 200 dead slow lorises were found cut open and stretched out on sticks in the markets of Phnom Penh. In another shop, 150 dead slow lorises were found in two boxes. This suggests hunting on a commercial scale, which has had dramatic effects on local populations. At the time, these dried slow lorises were sold for US$4.25. However, the prices doubled between 1997 and 2007 and continue to rise. Most vendors (80%) surveyed in 2010 attributed the price increases to a decline in loris numbers and increased enforcement.
Pet trade
Slow lorises are sold locally at street markets, but are also sold internationally over the Internet and in pet stores. They are especially popular or trendy in Japan, particularly among women. The reasons for their popularity, according to the Japan Wildlife Conservation Society (JWCS), are that "they're easy to keep, they don't cry, they're small, and just very cute." Along with the common squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), slow lorises are the most popular primate pets in Japan. Pet shops frequently advertise them, even on their websites, with prices ranging between US$1,500 and more than US$5,000, or ¥450,000. Despite these frequent advertisements, the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) reported only a few dozen slow lorises were imported in 2006, suggesting frequent smuggling. Slow lorises are also smuggled to China, Taiwan, Europe, and Saudi Arabia for use as pets. Smuggling and trade in Poland and Russia are also common according to Nekaris.
Because of their "cuteness", viral videos of pet slow lorises are some of the mostly frequently watched animal videos on YouTube. In March 2011, a newly posted video of a slow loris holding a cocktail umbrella had been viewed more than two million times, while an older video of a slow loris being tickled had been viewed more than six million times. At the time, most viewers did not realize that the slow loris pet trade is illegal or that the docile behavior of the animals in the videos is a passive defensive reaction for dealing with stress. For instance, according to Nekaris, the slow loris with the umbrella—who was suffering from a head wound—was disoriented in the video by the bright lights and was grasping the umbrella like it would a piece of bamboo from its native habitat. Nekaris requested that YouTube remove the videos, but the UK-based newspaper, The Independent, reported that YouTube declined to comment on the slow loris videos. While YouTube currently has means for viewers to flag videos involving animal cruelty, pornography, and illegal weapons or drugs, it has no means for flagging videos involving illegally trafficked animals. The 'tickling slow loris' video was eventually removed in February 2012, after having received over 9 million views and generating over 12 thousand comments (although copies of it were later reposted). During the lifetime of the video two significant slow loris conservation-associated events occurred, the March 2011 posting of the English Wikipedia article on the subject and the January 2012 airing of a BBC television production entitled Jungle Gremlins of Java; both events were associated with a spike in viewership of the video, and were often mentioned in the comments made during those periods (3.2% and 13.3%, respectively). Celebrity endorsements stimulated viewing of the video without providing any increase in conservation awareness. Over time, the proportion of comments indicating a desire to have a slow loris as a pet remained high but trended downward, while the proportion of comments indicating awareness of slow loris's legal and conservation status increased after the conservation-related events but did not follow a long term trend. The removal of the video followed shortly after the airing of the BBC documentary, which dramatized the exploitation of slow lorises for the pet trade. In 2015 Nekaris published that slow lorises were also used as a promotional photo-ops in bars and beaches frequented by tourists. This new use for the illegally acquired animal stems from the newfound popularity that emerged from the widely shared YouTube videos and television programs.
Slow lorises have their front teeth cut or pulled before being sold as pets, a practice that often results in infection and death.
Within their countries of origin, slow lorises are very popular exotic pets. Indonesian species are mostly sold as pets, despite myths about their magical and curative properties. They are seen as a "living toy" for children by local people or are bought out of pity (to save the animals) by Western tourists or expatriates. Neither local nor foreign buyers usually know anything about these primates, their endangered status, or that the trade is illegal. During the late 2000s, Sunda slow lorises were regularly sold throughout the Medan bird market in North Sumatra. According to 59 monthly surveys and interviews with local traders, nearly a thousand locally sourced slow lorises exchanged hands in the market. During the surveys, between 15 and 45 slow lorises were seen around the market.
International trade usually results in a high mortality rate during transit, between 30% and 90%. Slow lorises also experience many health problems as a result of both local and international trade. To give the impression that the primates are tame and appropriate pets for children, to protect people from their potentially toxic bite, or to deceive buyers into thinking the animal is a baby, animal dealers either pull the front teeth with pliers or wire cutters or they cut them off with nail cutters. This results in severe bleeding, which sometimes causes shock or death, and frequently leads to dental infection, which is fatal in 90% of all cases. Without their teeth, the animals are no longer able to fend for themselves in the wild, and must remain in captivity for life. The slow lorises found in animal markets are usually underweight and malnourished, and have had their fur dyed, which complicates species identification at rescue centers. As many as 95% of the slow lorises rescued from the markets die of dental infection or improper care.
As part of the trade, infants are pulled prematurely from their parents, leaving them unable to remove their own urine, feces, and oily skin secretions from their fur. Slow lorises have a special network of blood vessels in their hands and feet, which makes them vulnerable to cuts when pulled from the wire cages they are kept in. Slow lorises are also very stress-sensitive and do not do well in captivity. Infection, stress, pneumonia, and poor nutrition lead to high death rates among pet lorises. The diets of wild slow lorises are poorly understood. Signs of an inappropriate diet in captivity include tooth decay, diabetes, obesity, and kidney failure. Pet owners also fail to provide proper care because they are often sleeping when the nocturnal pet is normally awake.
International trade and smuggling
Even the best breeding facilities have great difficulty breeding lorises, and those that do often have difficulty keeping them alive. It is so easy to get access to wild-caught lorises, it is highly doubtful that a seller who claims to have captive-bred ones is telling the truth.
Primatologist Anna Nekaris, in 2009 discussing the misleading information posted on YouTube.
One of the first cases of slow loris smuggling was documented by the International Primate Protection League (IPPL) in November 1974. The California Department of Fish and Game in San Francisco found 15 slow lorises in a bag labeled "spitting cobras" in a shipment from Thailand that also contained snakes, tortoises, and otters. Because of mistakes and inconsistencies in the order, it was unclear whether the receiving wildlife company was a target of a hoax or whether it had attempted to conceal the shipment.
Since the late 1990s, both high demand and resulting high prices have fueled increased smuggling of slow lorises to Japan. Although pet shop employees declare that their slow lorises are captive-bred, the advertisements on the pet store websites indicate that their stocks come from Java, Sumatra, or China. New arrivals to the stores are also variable in size and age, which has further led the JWCS to suspect the slow lorises are imported illegally. Official, legal trade of slow lorises prior to CITES Appendix I coverage (from 1998 to 2006) was limited to just ten Sunda slow lorises from Malaysia and Myanmar. A review of 24 surveys covering wildlife trade between 1990 and 2006 demonstrated 228 slow lorises were known to have been traded unofficially each year and had come from Cambodia, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Laos. The major trade hubs were Jakarta, Medan, Singapore and Bangkok. Numerous illegal trade routes for each species were also documented prior to the 2007 CITES vote over Appendix I coverage in the Notification to Parties publication.
Slow lorises are smuggled to countries like Japan and the United States, where they have become popular exotic pets, largely because of their "cute" appearance, which has been popularized on YouTube.
A report in 2010 by Nekaris et al. reported that Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand were the primary exporters of slow lorises, with Singapore and Malaysia also involved. China and Indonesia were also known for international trade, although their local trade was more significant. Slow loris parts were typically exported from Thailand and Cambodia, but Malaysia and Singapore primarily exported live animals. The most noteworthy importer was Japan, followed by the United States and then the European Union. More than half of 400 illegal imports were live animals (238), while the rest were either body parts (122) or unspecified (40).
In Japan alone, 39 confiscations including 363 live animals were made between 1998 and 2006, with 2006 being the peak year. During the same time period, Thai, Indonesian, and Singaporean officials discovered 358 lorises destined for Japan. Details of several confiscations from smuggling attempts between Thailand and Japan have been reported by the IPPL, including one event on 2 May 2007, where 40 slow lorises were confiscated at Narita Airport only a month before the CITES conference that elevated the slow loris status to Appendix I. Twelve of those animals died. The deaths are not unusual, with a mortality rate of 76% for all species of confiscated slow lorises, many dying before they are transferred to zoos. The JWCS suspects that the high mortality rate among smuggled slow lorises causes traders to smuggle more slow lorises than are needed to supply the market.
In Japan, enforcement is not considered very strict since only 23% of smugglers (9 out of 39 cases) were officially charged between 1998 and 2006. Instead, most only received fines. Based on reports taken from Kyodo News, the JWCS concluded that the primary concern of Customs officials was the prevention of infectious diseases, such as Ebola. Slow lorises are sometimes mixed in with other trade-restricted species, such as reptiles, and since confiscations target high-profile species, it is likely that the international smuggling numbers are "just the tip of the iceberg." Making detection even more difficult, slow lorises can easily be hidden in suitcases since they tend to instinctively curl up and remain quiet when startled.
Conservation efforts
Most slow lorises rescued from animal markets die quickly from infection, stress, or from previous neglect.
Surveys are needed to determine existing population densities and habitat viability for all species of slow loris. Connectivity between protected areas is important for slow lorises because they are not adapted to dispersing across the ground over large distances. For successful reintroductions, connectivity between sites with low population density is considered ideal. Protected area extensions are also needed in Borneo, Java, and Sumatra.
Despite being included in CITES Appendix I protection and covered by local conservation laws, slow lorises are still threatened by both local and international trade because of problems with enforcement. The continued illegal trade in wildlife has seriously jeopardized both the success and the future of a US$310 million investment program by the World Bank for East and Southeast Asia biodiversity. In 2008, training workshops for enforcement officials and rescue center personnel were held in Singapore to help teach slow loris identification, conservation status, and husbandry. Surveys prior to the training showed 87% of the trainees could not identify slow loris species, but the one-day workshops had a significant impact.
Rehabilitation is available to some confiscated slow lorises. Organizations such as the International Animal Rescue (IAR) run sanctuaries that offer lifelong care to slow lorises that have had their teeth removed, while also providing education and awareness programs to local people to help end domestic trade. By collaborating with authorities, healthy slow lorises are released back into the wild. However, identification is critical because authorities still manage all slow lorises as if they were from one species, resulting in species being released into the wrong locations and increasing confusion in taxonomy and conservation.
Populations of slow loris species, such as the Bengal and Sunda slow loris, are not faring well in zoos. In 2011, the International Species Information System (ISIS) had only 11 and 53 specimens (respectively) on file from reporting zoos worldwide. In North American zoos, for instance, several of the 29 captive specimens in 2008 were hybrids that could not breed while most were past their reproductive years, and the last captive birth was in 2001 at the San Diego Zoo. Only three Javan slow lorises were kept in zoos in 2011 according to ISIS. Pygmy slow lorises are doing better, with 100 specimens reported from zoos worldwide in 2011. In North American zoos, for instance, the population has grown to 74 animals between the time they were imported in the late 1980s and 2008, with most of them born at the San Diego Zoo.
The San Diego Zoo has also written husbandry manuals for slow lorises, promoted public awareness, conducted field surveys, and supported slow loris rescue facilities. The Vietnamese postal service recognized slow lorises on a postage stamp by using a picture of a Bengal slow loris and her infant published by the San Diego Zoo in February 1999.
See also
Environmental issues in Indonesia
References
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Navarro-Montes, Angelina; Nekaris, Anna; Parish, Tricia J. (2009). "Trade in Asian slow lorises (Nycticebus): using education workshops to counter an increase in illegal trade". Living Forests (15). Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
Nekaris, K. A. I.; Moore, R. S.; Rode, E.; Fry, B. G. (2013). "Mad, bad and dangerous to know: The biochemistry, ecology and evolution of slow loris venom". Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases. 19 (1): 21. doi:10.1186/1678-9199-19-21. PMC 3852360. PMID 24074353.
Nekaris, K.A.I.; Munds, R. (2010). "Using Facial Markings to Unmask Diversity: The Slow Lorises (Primates: Lorisidae: Nycticebus SPP.) of Indonesia". In Gursky-Doyen, S.; Supriatna, J (eds.). Indonesian Primates. New York: Springer. pp. 383–396. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1560-3_22. ISBN 978-1-4419-1559-7.
Nekaris, K. A. I.; Shepherd, C. R.; Starr, C. R.; Nijman, V. (2010). "Exploring cultural drivers for wildlife trade via an ethnoprimatological approach: a case study of slender and slow lorises (Loris and Nycticebus) in South and Southeast Asia". American Journal of Primatology. 72 (10): 877–886. doi:10.1002/ajp.20842. PMID 20806336. S2CID 21711250.
Nekaris, K. A. I.; Jaffe, S. (2007). "Unexpected diversity of slow lorises (Nycticebus spp.) within the Javan pet trade: implications for slow loris taxonomy". Contributions to Zoology. 76 (3): 187–196. doi:10.1163/18759866-07603004. S2CID 45718454. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
Nekaris, K.A.I.; Nijman, V. (2007). "CITES Proposal Highlights Rarity of Asian Nocturnal Primates (Lorisidae: Nycticebus)" (PDF). Folia Primatologica. 78 (4): 211–214. doi:10.1159/000102316. PMID 17495478. S2CID 1407149. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World (6th ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9. OCLC 41143087.
Redmond, I. (2005). "The primate pet trade and its impact on biodiversity conservation". Born to be wild: Primates are not pets (PDF). International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
Sanchez, K. L. (2008). "Indonesia's Slow Lorises Suffer in Trade" (PDF). IPPL News. 35 (2). International Primate Protection League: 10. ISSN 1040-3027. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
Starr, C.; Nekaris, K. A. I.; Streicher, U.; Leung, L. K. -P. (2011). "Field surveys of the Vulnerable pygmy slow loris Nycticebus pygmaeus using local knowledge in Mondulkiri Province, Cambodia". Oryx. 45 (1): 135–142. doi:10.1017/S0030605310001316.
Starr, C.; Nekaris, K. A. I.; Streicher, U.; Leung, L. (2010). "Traditional use of slow lorises Nycticebus bengalensis and N. pygmaeus in Cambodia: an impediment to their conservation" (PDF). Endangered Species Research. 12 (1): 17–23. doi:10.3354/esr00285.
Thorn, J.S.; Nijman, V.; Smith, D.; Nekaris, K.A.I. (2009). "Ecological niche modelling as a technique for assessing threats and setting conservation priorities for Asian slow lorises (Primates:Nycticebus)". Diversity and Distributions. 15 (2): 289–298. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00535.x. S2CID 21701018.
Wilde, H. (1972). "Anaphylactic shock following bite by a 'slow loris', Nycticebus coucang". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 21 (5): 592–594. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1972.21.592. PMID 5075669.
External links
Dr. Anna Nekaris' little fire face project: Saving the slow loris via ecology, education & empowerment—Slow loris research and conservation
loris-conservation.org – Provides links related to the conservation of Asian lorises and African pottos
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vteExtant species of family Lorisidae
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Strepsirrhini
PerodicticinaeArctocebus(Angwantibos)
Calabar angwantibo (A. calabarensis)
Golden angwantibo (A. aureus)
Perodicticus
Central African potto (P. edwardsi))
East African potto (P. ibeanus))
West African potto (P. potto))
Lorisinae(Lorises)Loris(Slender lorises)
Red slender loris (L. tardigradus)
Gray slender loris (L. lydekkerianus)
Nycticebus(Slow lorises)
Sunda slow loris (N. coucang)
Bengal slow loris (N. bengalensis)
Javan slow loris (N. javanicus)
Philippine slow loris (N. menagensis)
Bangka slow loris (N. bancanus)
Bornean slow loris (N. borneanus)
Kayan River slow loris (N. kayan)
Sumatran slow loris (N. hilleri)
Xanthonycticebus(Pygmy slow loris)
Pygmy slow loris (X. pygmaeus)
Category
Portals: Asia Environment PrimatesConservation of slow lorises at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nycticebus_bengalensis_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bengal slow loris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_slow_loris"},{"link_name":"threatened species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threatened_species"},{"link_name":"Slow lorises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_loris"},{"link_name":"nocturnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnality"},{"link_name":"strepsirrhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsirrhini"},{"link_name":"primates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"rainforests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"fragmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation"},{"link_name":"deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation"},{"link_name":"selective logging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_logging"},{"link_name":"slash-and-burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash-and-burn"},{"link_name":"wildlife trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_trade"},{"link_name":"exotic pet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_pet"},{"link_name":"traditional medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine"},{"link_name":"bushmeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmeat"},{"link_name":"Vulnerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_species"},{"link_name":"Endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species"},{"link_name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"conservation status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_status"},{"link_name":"Least Concern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concern"},{"link_name":"primates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate"},{"link_name":"local extinctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_extinction"},{"link_name":"CITES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES"},{"link_name":"Appendix I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES#Appendix_I"},{"link_name":"folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"leprosy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosy"},{"link_name":"epilepsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy"},{"link_name":"sexually transmitted diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_diseases"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisMooreRodeFry2013-1"},{"link_name":"cute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuteness#Juvenile_traits_and_cuteness"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"trafficked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_smuggling"},{"link_name":"reintroduced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reintroduction"},{"link_name":"protected areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas"},{"link_name":"Sanctuaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_sanctuary"},{"link_name":"pygmy slow loris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_slow_loris"},{"link_name":"San Diego Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Zoo"}],"text":"Conservation management of the nocturnal primates in AsiaSlow lorises, such as this Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis) were once considered common, but are now recognized as threatened species.Slow lorises are nocturnal strepsirrhine primates in the genus Nycticebus that live in the rainforests of South and Southeast Asia. They are threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation from deforestation, selective logging, and slash-and-burn agriculture, as well as by collection and hunting for the wildlife trade, including the exotic pet trade, and for use in traditional medicine and as bushmeat. Because of these and other threats, all five species of slow loris are listed as either \"Vulnerable\" or \"Endangered\" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Their conservation status was originally listed as \"Least Concern\" in 2000 because of imprecise population surveys and the frequency in which these primates were found in animal markets. Because of their rapidly declining populations and local extinctions, their status was updated and in 2007 the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) elevated them to Appendix I, which prohibits international commercial trade. Local laws also protect slow lorises from hunting and trade, but enforcement is lacking in most areas.Traditional beliefs regarding slow lorises have been part of the folklore of Southeast Asia for at least several hundred years. Their remains are buried under houses and roads to bring good luck, and every part of their body is used in traditional medicine to make products ranging from love potions to unproven cures for cancer, leprosy, epilepsy, and sexually transmitted diseases. The primary users of this traditional medicine are urban, middle-aged women who are reluctant to consider alternatives.Despite being poor pets that are difficult to care for, with a dangerous toxic bite[1] and a sleep cycle opposite to that of humans, a large number of slow lorises are traded as pets, both locally and internationally. Although it is illegal to import slow lorises for commercial sale, they are popular exotic pets in their native range, Japan and parts of Europe. This is mainly because of their \"cute\" appearance, popularized in highly viewed YouTube videos, which is due in part to their large eyes, adaptations to a nocturnal lifestyle. Hundreds of slow lorises have been confiscated at airports, but because they are easy to hide, these numbers are likely to be only a small fraction of the total number being trafficked. Traders cut or pull the teeth of slow lorises to make them appear to be an appropriate pet for small children, but this practice often leads to extreme blood loss, infection, and death. Slow lorises lacking their teeth would be unable to fend for themselves and therefore are not reintroduced into the wild. Most captive lorises in the pet trade also receive improper care and die from poor nutrition, stress, or infection. Despite this, demand has risen, and slow lorises are no longer captured opportunistically, but are now hunted on a commercial scale using flashlights, from which the animals do not flee.Connected protected areas are important for the conservation of slow lorises because these primates are not adapted to travel long distances on the ground. Training for enforcement officials helps improve identification and the awareness of their legal protection. Sanctuaries and rescue facilities are available to provide both temporary and lifelong care for confiscated slow lorises. Zoo populations of some species have not bred much and have grown too old to reproduce, although the pygmy slow loris is doing well at some facilities, such as the San Diego Zoo.","title":"Conservation of slow lorises"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slow lorises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_loris"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"suborder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Strepsirrhini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strepsirrhini"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"canopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"rainforests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnkel-Simons200782%E2%80%9383-2"},{"link_name":"nocturnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnality"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak199958-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnkel-Simons200782%E2%80%9383-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnkel-Simons200780-4"},{"link_name":"territorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(animal)"},{"link_name":"mark their territories with urine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spraying_(animal_behavior)"},{"link_name":"mollusks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca"},{"link_name":"vertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnkel-Simons200782%E2%80%9383-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENowak199958-3"},{"link_name":"secretion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretion"},{"link_name":"gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gland"},{"link_name":"volatile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"toxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlterman1995422%E2%80%93423-5"},{"link_name":"anaphylactic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylactic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisMooreRodeFry2013-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilde1972-6"},{"link_name":"Javan slow loris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan_slow_loris"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN_N._javanicus-7"},{"link_name":"Bornean slow loris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornean_slow_loris"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"Sulu Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu_Islands"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN_N._menagensis-8"},{"link_name":"Sunda slow loris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunda_slow_loris"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"link_name":"Peninsular Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN_N._coucang-9"},{"link_name":"Bengal slow loris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_slow_loris"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Northeast India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_India"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN_N._bengalensis-10"},{"link_name":"pygmy slow loris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygmy_slow_loris"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN_N._pygmaeus-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Slow lorises (genus Nycticebus) are primates that belong to the suborder Strepsirrhini. They are found throughout South and Southeast Asia and the surrounding islands, and live in the upper canopy of tropical rainforests.[2] They are nocturnal, sleeping during the day curled up in the fork of a tree. Slow lorises are slow and deliberate climbers and rarely come to the ground.[3] They have a round face, woolly fur, a dark stripe down their back, and a tail that is reduced to a stump. Their head and body length ranges from 18 to 38 cm (7.1 to 15.0 in).[2] Their hands and feet are strong and good at grasping for long periods of time.[4] Slow lorises are either solitary or live in pairs; the males are territorial and mark their territories with urine. Their diet consists of mollusks, small vertebrates, and fruit.[2][3]Slow lorises can produce a secretion on their brachial gland (a gland on their arm) which when mixed with their saliva creates a volatile, noxious toxin that can be, if necessary, delivered in a bite to an aggressor.[5] A bite causes a painful swelling and is slow to heal; the toxin is mild and not typically fatal, although an anaphylactic reaction is possible.[1][6]Five species are currently recognized. The Javan slow loris (N. javanicus) is native to the Indonesian island of Java,[7] whereas the Bornean slow loris (N. menagensis) can be found on Borneo and nearby islands, including the Sulu Islands in the Philippines.[8] The Sunda slow loris is found on the Indonesian island of Sumatra as well as Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand.[9] The other two species are found entirely on the mainland, with the Bengal slow loris (N. bengalensis) native to Bangladesh, Cambodia, southern China, Northeast India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam[10] and the pygmy slow loris (N. pygmaeus) found in Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and southern China.[11] Nekaris and Nijman (2022) combined morphological, behavioural, karyotypical and genetic data and suggested that pygmy lorises are best placed in their own genus, Xanthonycticebus. [12]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thailand.A2001334.0350.500m.jpg"},{"link_name":"deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation"},{"link_name":"wildlife trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_trade"},{"link_name":"exotic pet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_pet"},{"link_name":"traditional medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine"},{"link_name":"bushmeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmeat"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitch-SnyderLivingstone2008-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal2007a-14"},{"link_name":"selective logging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_logging"},{"link_name":"slash and burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash_and_burn"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006CITES-15"},{"link_name":"Habitat fragmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation"},{"link_name":"biological dispersal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_dispersal"},{"link_name":"lianas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liana"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN_N._javanicus-7"},{"link_name":"roadkill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadkill"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornNijmanSmithNekaris2009295-16"},{"link_name":"Vulnerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_species"},{"link_name":"Endangered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species"},{"link_name":"International Union for Conservation of Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hance2011-17"},{"link_name":"local extinctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_extinction"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006CITES-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010NatGeoNewsWatch-18"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitch-SnyderLivingstone2008-13"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanchez200810-19"},{"link_name":"national park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_park"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006CITES-15"},{"link_name":"primates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitch-SnyderLivingstone2008-13"},{"link_name":"nocturnal behavior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnality"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisMunds2010383-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarrNekarisStreicherLeung201017-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisNijman2007-22"},{"link_name":"Lower Risk/least concern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concern"},{"link_name":"conservation status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_status"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN_N._coucang-9"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisMunds2010383-20"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007Black-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koh_Kong_logging.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Upland_rice_in_Yunnan_Province.JPG"},{"link_name":"selective logging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_logging"},{"link_name":"Koh Kong Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh_Kong_Province"},{"link_name":"Yunnan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan_Province"},{"link_name":"primatologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primatologist"},{"link_name":"environmental niche modelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_niche_modelling"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisMunds2010383%E2%80%93384-24"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornNijmanSmithNekaris2009295-16"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisMunds2010383%E2%80%93384-24"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN_N._bengalensis-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IUCN_N._pygmaeus-11"},{"link_name":"forest fires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire"},{"link_name":"Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWF1-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWF2-26"},{"link_name":"exotic pets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_pet"},{"link_name":"traditional medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010878-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisMunds2010384-28"},{"link_name":"primates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarrNekarisStreicherLeung201017-21"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisMunds2010393-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisMunds2010384-28"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010882-30"}],"text":"Deforestation is a threat to slow lorises throughout their range. By 2001, mainland Southeast Asia had lost much of its forest cover.Slow lorises are threatened by deforestation and the wildlife trade, which includes the exotic pet trade, traditional medicine, and bushmeat.[13][14] Other threats includes road construction, selective logging, and slash and burn agriculture.[15] Habitat fragmentation obstructs biological dispersal for these species that rely on vines and lianas to move from tree to tree.[7] Consequently, slow lorises are found dead on power lines or are victims of roadkill in areas where roads cut between forest patches.[16]All species are listed either as \"Vulnerable\" or \"Endangered\" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).[17] Populations are rapidly declining, and their distribution is becoming patchy because of local extinctions throughout their range.[15] Although all species are protected by law in every country in which they occur,[18] conservation efforts are hindered by a lack of public awareness, since many local villagers and remoter buyers of captive specimens are unaware of their endangered status.[13][19] Recognition and awareness of slow lorises is even low among national park staff.[15] In places like Vietnam, where these nocturnal primates have commonly been found, most local villagers were not familiar with them when shown photos. Only a few older hunters recognized them, but pointed out that they had not seen them in more than 10 or 15 years.[13]Traditionally, the slow lorises were thought to consist of very few species and were considered to be common across Southeast Asia. These assumptions were due to their nocturnal behavior[20] and their high frequency of occurrence in animal markets throughout the region.[21] Furthermore, researchers from the 20th century and earlier perpetuated the notion that slow lorises were common by reporting them as either present or absent rather than noting low population densities in their field research.[22] As a result, slow lorises were seldom studied, resulting in the initial \"Lower Risk/least concern\" (LR/lc) conservation status assessment on the IUCN Red List (version 2.3) in 2000.[9][20] Even in the mid-2000s, population estimates were based only on small surveys.[23]Other threats to slow lorises include selective logging, such as that in the Koh Kong Province of Cambodia (left), and increased agriculture, such as this upland rice field on a steep slope in southern Yunnan Province in China (right).In 2009, primatologist James Thorn used environmental niche modelling in Indonesia to supplement the poor population data gathered to date to predict the remaining available habitat for slow lorises on the islands of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.[24] These estimates indicated that the Javan slow loris was the most threatened by habitat loss, followed by the Sunda slow loris from Sumatra. The Bornean slow loris was in a better situation since much of its range consists of low-risk areas.[16][24] Both the Bengal slow loris and pygmy slow loris are found in more than 20 protected areas, although their populations are either low or insufficiently recorded.[10][11]In Indonesia, logging and the clearing of land for agriculture have triggered large forest fires, first in between 1982 and 1983 when 27,000 km2 (10,000 sq mi) burned in Kalimantan, and then again between 1997 and 1998 when 23,750 km2 (9,170 sq mi) burned in Kalimantan and Sumatra. These fires occurred within the native range of slow loris populations.[25][26]Although habitat loss has been significant throughout the range of the slow lorises, their decline is most closely associated with unsustainable trade, either for exotic pets or for traditional medicine.[27] Slow lorises are abundant at the markets[28] and are among the most commonly sold primates.[21] Slow lorises are easy to catch because they do not leap from tree to tree, often freezing and covering their face when spotted. (For this reason, Indonesians call them malu malu or \"shy one\".)[29] They are hunted not only by expert hunters, but are also easily caught by opportunist villagers because of the financial reward they bring at the markets.[28][30]","title":"Threats in the wild"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010877%E2%80%93878-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010882-30"},{"link_name":"Mondulkiri Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondulkiri_Province"},{"link_name":"North Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sumatra"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010882-30"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009Adam-32"},{"link_name":"aphrodisiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodisiac"},{"link_name":"gall bladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall_bladder"},{"link_name":"Pursat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pursat_Province"},{"link_name":"Koh Kong Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh_Kong_Province"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010882-30"}],"text":"Traditional beliefs and uses for slow lorises vary, and many practices appear to have deep roots going back at least 300 years. Oral traditions suggest these practices go back even further.[31] In the late 1800s and early 1900s, it was reported that the people from the interior of the island of Borneo believed that slow lorises were the gatekeepers for the heavens and that each person had a personal slow loris waiting for them in the afterlife. More often, however, slow lorises are used in traditional medicine or to ward off evil.[30]In the Mondulkiri Province of Cambodia, hunters believe that lorises can heal their own broken bones immediately after falling from a branch in order to climb back up the tree, and that slow lorises have medicinal powers because they require more than one hit with a stick to die. The hunters also believe that seeing a slow loris will bring bad luck on a hunting trip. In the province of North Sumatra, the slow loris is thought to bring good luck if it is buried under the foundation of a house.[30] Similarly, villagers concerned about traffic safety might bury a slow loris under a road to prevent accidents.[32] In Java, it is thought that putting a piece of its skull in a water jug would make a husband more docile and submissive, just like a slow loris in the daytime. Also, its body parts were used to place curses on enemies in North Sumatra. More recently, researchers have documented the belief that the consumption of loris meat was an aphrodisiac that improves \"male power.\" The gall bladder of the Bengal slow loris has historically been used to make ink for tattoos by the village elders in Pursat and Koh Kong Provinces of Cambodia.[30]","title":"Traditions and beliefs affecting conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010NatGeoNewsWatch-18"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010882-30"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisMunds2010390-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal2007b-34"},{"link_name":"rupiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal2007b-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010883-35"},{"link_name":"Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES"},{"link_name":"Appendix II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES#Appendix_II"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CITES_N_coucang-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedmond200514-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CITES_Appendices-38"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal2007a-14"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal2007b-34"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007Sakamoto-39"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal2007a-14"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanchez200810-19"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisJaffe2007187-40"},{"link_name":"Appendix I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES#Appendix_I"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal2007a-14"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CITES_Appendices-38"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisJaffe2007187-40"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal2007a-14"},{"link_name":"ProFauna Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ProFauna_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Malang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malang"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal2007b-34"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisNijman2007-22"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal2007b-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal2007b-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisMunds2010390-33"},{"link_name":"non-governmental organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal2007b-34"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007Black-23"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitch-SnyderLivingstone2008-13"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisMunds2010390-33"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010NatGeoNewsWatch-18"},{"link_name":"Nekaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Nekaris"},{"link_name":"Medan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medan"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Surabaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surabaya"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010883-35"},{"link_name":"Mondulkiri Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondulkiri_Province"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010882-30"}],"text":"The trade in slow lorises, whether as pets or for medicine, is illegal because every nation in which they occur naturally has laws protecting them.[18] Cambodia lists them as protected, with penalties of one month in prison and fines of US$2.50 to US$250 in 2010 for anyone who catches, hunts, poisons, or transports them.[30] In Indonesia, the slow loris trade has been illegal since 1973, when the Agriculture Ministry passed Decree No. 66. This regulation was clarified in 1999 with Government Regulation No. 7 (\"Protection of Wild Flora and Fauna\") and Act No. 5 (\"Biodiversity Conservation\").[33][34] Violators are subject to five years in prison and a fine of 100 million rupiah (~US$10,000).[34][35]The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) first listed the two known species of slow loris under Appendix II on 7 January 1975. All newly identified species were covered by Appendix II on 2 April 1977[36] when all primates were given either Appendix I or Appendix II protection.[37] Appendix II only requires an export permit for international trade, as long as trade will not negatively impact the survival of wild populations.[38] Most of the trade in slow lorises, however, is illegal and usually involves smuggling to Japan.[14][34] The lack of legal trade reported to the CITES Secretariat is shown in the CITES trade database, where minimal trade by CITES Parties has been reported up until 2007.[39] Regardless, slow lorises remained vulnerable to international trade under Appendix II,[14][19] and the rampant Southeast Asian pet trade was another reason for concern.[40] As a result, Cambodia proposed that slow lorises be elevated to Appendix I,[14] which prohibits species from being traded internationally for commercial purposes and requires both import and export permits for certain types of non-commercial trade, such as scientific research.[38] The proposal covered all three species recognized at the time—the Sunda slow loris, Bengal slow loris, and pygmy slow loris—because they have traditionally been managed collectively owing to a lack of knowledge as to how to distinguish them.[40]Before the CITES conference at which a vote would be taken on the proposal, support for the proposed change in status appeared to be limited because of the small amount of reported legal trade.[14] In April 2007, the non-profit conservation group ProFauna Indonesia attracted news coverage with a demonstration held in Malang, Java. The demonstration—an appeal for increased protection for slow lorises—involved organization members suspending themselves from bridges while holding banners that read \"Stop jual kukang\" (\"Stop the slow loris trade\") and \"Jangan beli kukang\" (\"Don't buy slow lorises\").[34] From early to mid-June, the 14th CITES Conference of the Parties (CITES COP-14) was held in The Hague, Netherlands.[22][34] On 8 June, Cambodia presented the proposal along with their rationale.[34] Indonesia followed by announcing their support,[33] along with Japan, India, Laos, Thailand, the United States, the European Union, Qatar, and many non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Although the proposal was adopted by consensus,[34] some conservation groups objected on the grounds that rational analysis was being usurped by sentiment.[23]Despite the added protection of CITES Appendix I status, wild slow lorises still receive poor protection because enforcement of the international trade ban is difficult and the penalties are minor.[13][33] Slow lorises are still found in large numbers at animal markets, most notably in Cambodia and Indonesia, but the traders show no concern for being caught.[18] During a study by Nekaris et al. published in 2010, vendors in Medan, Jakarta, and Surabaya spoke freely to researchers about how they obtain slow lorises, their uses in medicine, prices, and sales numbers. The markets were not concealed, but were open daily in a designated area in town.[35] Even law enforcement is involved in the trade, with park rangers and police admitting to the purchase of slow lorises for medicinal purposes. The wife of another law enforcement official from the Mondulkiri Province in Cambodia is one of the most notable sellers of slow loris parts.[30]","title":"Legal protection"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animal_market_-_caged_Nycticebus_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarrNekarisStreicherLeung201017-21"},{"link_name":"sustainable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010878-27"},{"link_name":"overexploitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overexploitation"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarrNekarisStreicherLeung201017-21"},{"link_name":"Phnom Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"Sen Monorom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senmonorom"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarrNekarisStreicherLeung2011140-41"},{"link_name":"eye shine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarrNekarisStreicherLeung201022-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarrNekarisStreicherLeung2011140-41"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarrNekarisStreicherLeung201017-21"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010878-27"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010NatGeoNewsWatch-18"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarrNekarisStreicherLeung201022-42"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010878-27"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarrNekarisStreicherLeung201022-42"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010NatGeoNewsWatch-18"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010882-30"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarrNekarisStreicherLeung201022-42"},{"link_name":"oil palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_palm"},{"link_name":"Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Aceh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010883-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myanmar_Illicit_Endangered_Wildlife_Market_05.jpg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanchez200810-19"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010882-30"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010NatGeoNewsWatch-18"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010882-30"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010883-35"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010882-30"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010883-35"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hance2011-17"},{"link_name":"expatriates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriate"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanchez200810-19"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010882-30"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanchez200810-19"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal2007b-34"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornNijmanSmithNekaris2009295-16"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010879-43"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010882-30"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal2007b-34"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010877-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010879-43"}],"text":"Slow lorises are sold in Southeast Asia either as pets or for use in traditional medicine.Humans have been hunting mammals in Asia for at least 40,000 years,[21] but until recently, slow lorises were only hunted at a sustainable level.[27] However, hunting pressure since the 1960s has become increasingly unsustainable, leading to overexploitation, because of growing demand, decreased supply, and the subsequent increased value of the marketed wildlife.[21] In 1985, large wildlife markets began to appear in Phnom Penh and Sen Monorom, Cambodia, followed quickly by the development of networks of hunters, traders, and middlemen.[41] Bright flashlights make spotting slow lorises much easier at night because of their eye shine,[42] and in the 1990s, large-scale commercial harvesting of slow lorises began as improved batteries for spotlights became available.[41]The drive to capture wildlife, and particularly slow lorises, is increasingly dominated by demands from wealthy urban areas, replacing the subsistence hunting traditionally performed in poor rural areas.[21] In the case of long-lived primates, such as the slow lorises, populations replenish themselves slowly.[27] Slow lorises are particularly vulnerable because they tend to freeze when spotted.[18][42] Lastly, increased access to new technologies, such as improved transport, guns, wire snares, and spotlights, have facilitated hunting and pushed extraction levels beyond the point of sustainability.[27][42] These new factors threaten slow loris survival.[18]Opportunistic hunting of lorises has been a traditional practice, for example, when a tree in which the primate is living is cut down.[30][42] When forests are cleared to create oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) plantations or for housing, the lorises are collected from the trees and then sold to the \"loris man\", who in turn sells them in the cities. Timber merchants in Kalimantan and Aceh also sell slow lorises to traders, and since the primates cling to branches instead of fleeing, they are often transported hundreds of miles on the original tree branches to which they clung.[35]Slow lorises and other exotic wildlife are sold domestically each year in open-air animal markets, such as this one in Myanmar.Demand from middlemen and specialized animal trade mafias[19][30] has increased the profitability of slow loris hunting and driven many hunters to catch any they spot by climbing or shaking trees.[18][30][35] In the Mondulkiri Province in Cambodia, slow lorises are shaken out of trees and then bludgeoned to death with a stick.[30] In Indonesia, slow lorises are worth more alive, so hunters climb the tree to reach them and place a V-shaped stick around their neck to immobilize them.[35] If the slow loris is found in with an infant, the parent is often killed.[17]Middlemen buy as many as 30 slow lorises from rural hunters over a wide area, and then sell them in the major city markets for 300,000 to 500,000 rupiahs (US$32 to US$54) each. Western tourists and expatriates pay as much as 1,000,000 rupiahs (US$108).[19] Traders have reported to researchers that they have difficulty keeping pace with demand, and one trader claimed to have sold nearly 1,200 pygmy slow lorises during 2001–2002.[30] Hundreds of slow lorises are sold domestically each year in Indonesian at open-air animal markets (or \"bird markets\"), as well as in shopping malls.[19][34] Slow lorises are the most commonly sold protected primate at these markets.[16] Live trade is the most common, with only 13.6% of slow lorises traded for parts.[43] In Phnom Penh, Cambodia during the 1990s, observers counted up to 204 slow lorises for sale at a single store; in 2007 a market in Mondulkiri Province displayed 30 dried specimens. A total of 234 slow lorises were confiscated by the Forestry Administration-Wildlife Alliance between 2002 and 2006.[30] In Indonesia, nearly 6,000 to 7,000 slow lorises were traded domestically each year from 2000 to 2006.[34] For international trade, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand were the biggest exporters,[44] with exports having declined for all species except the pygmy slow loris from 1998 to 2007 (compared to 1978–1997).[43]","title":"Wildlife trade"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slow_loris_-_dried_01.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slow_loris_ointment_-_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarrNekarisStreicherLeung201017-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010NatGeoNewsWatch-18"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010878-27"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010877-44"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarrNekarisStreicherLeung201017-21"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaird199320-45"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007Black-23"},{"link_name":"Khmer medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khmer_medicine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010882-30"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarrNekarisStreicherLeung201018-46"},{"link_name":"black magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_magic"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009Adam-32"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal20088-47"},{"link_name":"rheumatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatism"},{"link_name":"epilepsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy"},{"link_name":"asthma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006CITES-15"},{"link_name":"leprosy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosy"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavarro-MontesNekarisParish2009-48"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarrNekarisStreicherLeung201017-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007Black-23"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010882-30"},{"link_name":"rice wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_wine"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007Black-23"},{"link_name":"sexually transmitted diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010882-30"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarrNekarisStreicherLeung201017-21"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaird199320-45"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarrNekarisStreicherLeung201017-21"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarrNekarisStreicherLeung201018%E2%80%9319-49"}],"sub_title":"Traditional medicine","text":"Slow lorises are commonly dried and sold (top), and then later prepared for specific uses, such as loris ointment (bottom).Slow lorises are commonly used in traditional medicine across their geographic range, a practice that has been reported since at least 1900.[21] Thousands of slow lorises are captured each year for such use.[18] Many human factors drive the trade in slow loris parts, including social customs, economic factors, and traditional belief systems.[27]In Cambodia, the deeply rooted tradition of using the Bengal and pygmy slow lorises in traditional medicine is widespread,[44] and the pygmy slow loris is the most commonly requested animal in traditional medicine shops in Cambodia's capital, Phnom Penh.[21] Some people in the country believe dried slow loris can cure cancer.[45] Slow lorises are also smoked for other traditional remedies.[23] Traditional Khmer medicine practitioners in that region claim that medicines made from slow lorises can cure 100 diseases,[30] with some practitioners from the National Centre for Traditional Medicine reporting that slow loris are sometimes roasted alive under the assumption that this increases the medicine's potency.[46] Slow lorises are also burned alive, causing their eyes to burst and release a liquid called minyak kukang (or loris oil), which is used in black magic and traditional medicine and is supposed to have life-giving qualities and act as a love potion.[32][47]In the case of the Bengal slow loris, every part—including the brain, urine, and skin—is used in traditional medicine in order to heal wounds and rheumatism. With the Sunda slow loris, people trade the skin, feet, skeletons, and skulls. The fur is reported to heal wounds, the flesh to cure epilepsy, eyes are used in love potions, and the meat is reported to cure asthma and stomach problems. The pygmy slow loris is primarily valued for the medicinal use of its hair, but it is also used to make bone glue of monkey, a medicine used mostly by local people, but sometimes sold to visitors.[15] In general, wearing slow loris bones is considered good luck and the meat is sometimes thought to cure leprosy.[48]The main buyers of medicine made from slow lorises are middle- to upper-class women between the ages of 25 and 45 who primarily use loris rice wine tonic to alleviate the pain of childbirth.[21][23][30] One bottle of wine is made by mixing rice wine with the carcasses of three dead animals.[23] Minority groups in Cambodia also use loris-based medicine for treating broken bones, asthma, and sexually transmitted diseases.[30] A survey by primatologist Anna Nekaris et al. (2010) showed that these belief systems were so strong that the majority of respondents expressed reluctance to consider alternatives to loris-based medicines.[21]In 1993, 200 dead slow lorises were found cut open and stretched out on sticks in the markets of Phnom Penh. In another shop, 150 dead slow lorises were found in two boxes. This suggests hunting on a commercial scale, which has had dramatic effects on local populations. At the time, these dried slow lorises were sold for US$4.25.[45] However, the prices doubled between 1997 and 2007[21] and continue to rise. Most vendors (80%) surveyed in 2010 attributed the price increases to a decline in loris numbers and increased enforcement.[49]","title":"Wildlife trade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007Sakamoto-39"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavarro-MontesNekarisParish2009-48"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007Black-23"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007Sakamoto-39"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007Black-23"},{"link_name":"common squirrel 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videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_video"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hance2011-17"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009Adam-32"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherwin2011-50"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hance2011-17"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherwin2011-50"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherwin2011-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TEDx2013-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nekaris2013-07-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC2012-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nekaris2013-07-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nekaris2013-07-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC2012-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nycticebus_tooth_removal_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010883-35"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010877-44"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanchez200810-19"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010883-35"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007Black-23"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal20088-47"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010NatGeoNewsWatch-18"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007Black-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanchez200810-19"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009Adam-32"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010883-35"},{"link_name":"shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009Adam-32"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanchez200810-19"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal20088-47"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanchez200810-19"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal20088-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavarro-MontesNekarisParish2009-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal20088-47"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007Black-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanchez200810-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hance2011-17"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal20088-47"}],"sub_title":"Pet trade","text":"Slow lorises are sold locally at street markets, but are also sold internationally over the Internet and in pet stores.[39][48] They are especially popular or trendy in Japan, particularly among women.[23][39] The reasons for their popularity, according to the Japan Wildlife Conservation Society (JWCS), are that \"they're easy to keep, they don't cry, they're small, and just very cute.\"[23] Along with the common squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), slow lorises are the most popular primate pets in Japan.[39] Pet shops frequently advertise them,[23] even on their websites,[15] with prices ranging between US$1,500 and more than US$5,000,[23][39] or ¥450,000.[15] Despite these frequent advertisements, the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) reported only a few dozen slow lorises were imported in 2006, suggesting frequent smuggling.[15] Slow lorises are also smuggled to China, Taiwan, Europe, and Saudi Arabia for use as pets.[23][48] Smuggling and trade in Poland and Russia are also common according to Nekaris.[50]Because of their \"cuteness\", viral videos of pet slow lorises are some of the mostly frequently watched animal videos on YouTube.[17][32] In March 2011, a newly posted video of a slow loris holding a cocktail umbrella had been viewed more than two million times, while an older video of a slow loris being tickled had been viewed more than six million times.[50] At the time, most viewers did not realize that the slow loris pet trade is illegal or that the docile behavior of the animals in the videos is a passive defensive reaction for dealing with stress.[17][50] For instance, according to Nekaris, the slow loris with the umbrella—who was suffering from a head wound—was disoriented in the video by the bright lights and was grasping the umbrella like it would a piece of bamboo from its native habitat. Nekaris requested that YouTube remove the videos, but the UK-based newspaper, The Independent, reported that YouTube declined to comment on the slow loris videos.[50] While YouTube currently has means for viewers to flag videos involving animal cruelty, pornography, and illegal weapons or drugs, it has no means for flagging videos involving illegally trafficked animals.[51] The 'tickling slow loris' video was eventually removed in February 2012, after having received over 9 million views and generating over 12 thousand comments[52] (although copies of it were later reposted). During the lifetime of the video two significant slow loris conservation-associated events occurred, the March 2011 posting of the English Wikipedia article on the subject and the January 2012 airing of a BBC television production entitled Jungle Gremlins of Java;[53] both events were associated with a spike in viewership of the video, and were often mentioned in the comments made during those periods (3.2% and 13.3%, respectively).[52] Celebrity endorsements stimulated viewing of the video without providing any increase in conservation awareness. Over time, the proportion of comments indicating a desire to have a slow loris as a pet remained high but trended downward, while the proportion of comments indicating awareness of slow loris's legal and conservation status increased after the conservation-related events but did not follow a long term trend. The removal of the video followed shortly after the airing of the BBC documentary, which dramatized the exploitation of slow lorises for the pet trade.[52][53] In 2015 Nekaris published that slow lorises were also used as a promotional photo-ops in bars and beaches frequented by tourists. This new use for the illegally acquired animal stems from the newfound popularity that emerged from the widely shared YouTube videos and television programs.[54]Slow lorises have their front teeth cut or pulled before being sold as pets, a practice that often results in infection and death.Within their countries of origin, slow lorises are very popular exotic pets.[35] Indonesian species are mostly sold as pets, despite myths about their magical and curative properties.[44] They are seen as a \"living toy\" for children by local people or are bought out of pity (to save the animals) by Western tourists or expatriates. Neither local nor foreign buyers usually know anything about these primates, their endangered status, or that the trade is illegal.[19] During the late 2000s, Sunda slow lorises were regularly sold throughout the Medan bird market in North Sumatra. According to 59 monthly surveys and interviews with local traders, nearly a thousand locally sourced slow lorises exchanged hands in the market. During the surveys, between 15 and 45 slow lorises were seen around the market.[35]International trade usually results in a high mortality rate during transit, between 30% and 90%. Slow lorises also experience many health problems as a result of both local and international trade.[23] To give the impression that the primates are tame and appropriate pets for children,[47] to protect people from their potentially toxic bite,[18] or to deceive buyers into thinking the animal is a baby,[23] animal dealers either pull the front teeth with pliers or wire cutters or they cut them off with nail cutters.[19][32][35] This results in severe bleeding, which sometimes causes shock or death,[32] and frequently leads to dental infection, which is fatal in 90% of all cases.[19][47] Without their teeth, the animals are no longer able to fend for themselves in the wild, and must remain in captivity for life.[19][47] The slow lorises found in animal markets are usually underweight and malnourished, and have had their fur dyed, which complicates species identification at rescue centers.[48] As many as 95% of the slow lorises rescued from the markets die of dental infection or improper care.[47]As part of the trade, infants are pulled prematurely from their parents, leaving them unable to remove their own urine, feces, and oily skin secretions from their fur. Slow lorises have a special network of blood vessels in their hands and feet, which makes them vulnerable to cuts when pulled from the wire cages they are kept in.[23] Slow lorises are also very stress-sensitive and do not do well in captivity. Infection, stress, pneumonia, and poor nutrition lead to high death rates among pet lorises.[19] The diets of wild slow lorises are poorly understood. Signs of an inappropriate diet in captivity include tooth decay, diabetes, obesity, and kidney failure.[17] Pet owners also fail to provide proper care because they are often sleeping when the nocturnal pet is normally awake.[47]","title":"Wildlife trade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hance2011-17"},{"link_name":"International Primate Protection League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Primate_Protection_League"},{"link_name":"California Department of Fish and Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Fish_and_Game"},{"link_name":"spitting cobras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitting_cobra"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal1974-55"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007Sakamoto-39"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavarro-MontesNekarisParish2009-48"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006CITES-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slow_Loris_Female.jpg"},{"link_name":"exotic pets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_pet"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010879%E2%80%93880-56"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007Sakamoto-39"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007Black-23"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal2007a-14"},{"link_name":"Narita Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narita_Airport"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGreal2007b-34"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007Sakamoto-39"},{"link_name":"Kyodo News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyodo_News"},{"link_name":"Ebola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007Sakamoto-39"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010883-35"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007Black-23"}],"sub_title":"International trade and smuggling","text":"Even the best breeding facilities have great difficulty breeding lorises, and those that do often have difficulty keeping them alive. It is so easy to get access to wild-caught lorises, it is highly doubtful that a seller who claims to have captive-bred ones is telling the truth.\n\n\nPrimatologist Anna Nekaris, in 2009 discussing the misleading information posted on YouTube.[17]One of the first cases of slow loris smuggling was documented by the International Primate Protection League (IPPL) in November 1974. The California Department of Fish and Game in San Francisco found 15 slow lorises in a bag labeled \"spitting cobras\" in a shipment from Thailand that also contained snakes, tortoises, and otters. Because of mistakes and inconsistencies in the order, it was unclear whether the receiving wildlife company was a target of a hoax or whether it had attempted to conceal the shipment.[55]Since the late 1990s, both high demand and resulting high prices have fueled increased smuggling of slow lorises to Japan. Although pet shop employees declare that their slow lorises are captive-bred, the advertisements on the pet store websites indicate that their stocks come from Java, Sumatra, or China. New arrivals to the stores are also variable in size and age, which has further led the JWCS to suspect the slow lorises are imported illegally. Official, legal trade of slow lorises prior to CITES Appendix I coverage (from 1998 to 2006) was limited to just ten Sunda slow lorises from Malaysia and Myanmar.[39] A review of 24 surveys covering wildlife trade between 1990 and 2006 demonstrated 228 slow lorises were known to have been traded unofficially each year and had come from Cambodia, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Laos. The major trade hubs were Jakarta, Medan, Singapore and Bangkok.[48] Numerous illegal trade routes for each species were also documented prior to the 2007 CITES vote over Appendix I coverage in the Notification to Parties publication.[15]Slow lorises are smuggled to countries like Japan and the United States, where they have become popular exotic pets, largely because of their \"cute\" appearance, which has been popularized on YouTube.A report in 2010 by Nekaris et al. reported that Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand were the primary exporters of slow lorises, with Singapore and Malaysia also involved. China and Indonesia were also known for international trade, although their local trade was more significant. Slow loris parts were typically exported from Thailand and Cambodia, but Malaysia and Singapore primarily exported live animals. The most noteworthy importer was Japan, followed by the United States and then the European Union. More than half of 400 illegal imports were live animals (238), while the rest were either body parts (122) or unspecified (40).[56]In Japan alone, 39 confiscations including 363 live animals were made between 1998 and 2006, with 2006 being the peak year.[39] During the same time period, Thai, Indonesian, and Singaporean officials discovered 358 lorises destined for Japan.[23] Details of several confiscations from smuggling attempts between Thailand and Japan have been reported by the IPPL,[14] including one event on 2 May 2007, where 40 slow lorises were confiscated at Narita Airport only a month before the CITES conference that elevated the slow loris status to Appendix I. Twelve of those animals died.[34] The deaths are not unusual, with a mortality rate of 76% for all species of confiscated slow lorises, many dying before they are transferred to zoos. The JWCS suspects that the high mortality rate among smuggled slow lorises causes traders to smuggle more slow lorises than are needed to supply the market.[39]In Japan, enforcement is not considered very strict since only 23% of smugglers (9 out of 39 cases) were officially charged between 1998 and 2006. Instead, most only received fines. Based on reports taken from Kyodo News, the JWCS concluded that the primary concern of Customs officials was the prevention of infectious diseases, such as Ebola. Slow lorises are sometimes mixed in with other trade-restricted species, such as reptiles,[39] and since confiscations target high-profile species, it is likely that the international smuggling numbers are \"just the tip of the iceberg.\"[35] Making detection even more difficult, slow lorises can easily be hidden in suitcases since they tend to instinctively curl up and remain quiet when startled.[23]","title":"Wildlife trade"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nycticebus_pygmaeus_007.jpg"},{"link_name":"reintroductions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reintroduction"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThornNijmanSmithNekaris2009295-16"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisShepherdStarrNijman2010882-30"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisMunds2010390-33"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarrNekarisStreicherLeung201018-46"},{"link_name":"husbandry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavarro-MontesNekarisParish2009-48"},{"link_name":"International Animal Rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Animal_Rescue"},{"link_name":"sanctuaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_sanctuary"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanchez200810-19"},{"link_name":"taxonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisJaffe2007187-40"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENekarisMunds2010392-57"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitch-SnyderLivingstone2008-13"},{"link_name":"International Species Information System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Species_Information_System"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISIS-58"},{"link_name":"hybrids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"San Diego Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Zoo"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitch-SnyderLivingstone2008-13"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISIS-58"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitch-SnyderLivingstone2008-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitch-SnyderLivingstone2008-13"}],"text":"Most slow lorises rescued from animal markets die quickly from infection, stress, or from previous neglect.Surveys are needed to determine existing population densities and habitat viability for all species of slow loris. Connectivity between protected areas is important for slow lorises because they are not adapted to dispersing across the ground over large distances. For successful reintroductions, connectivity between sites with low population density is considered ideal. Protected area extensions are also needed in Borneo, Java, and Sumatra.[16]Despite being included in CITES Appendix I protection and covered by local conservation laws, slow lorises are still threatened by both local and international trade because of problems with enforcement.[30][33] The continued illegal trade in wildlife has seriously jeopardized both the success and the future of a US$310 million investment program by the World Bank for East and Southeast Asia biodiversity.[46] In 2008, training workshops for enforcement officials and rescue center personnel were held in Singapore to help teach slow loris identification, conservation status, and husbandry. Surveys prior to the training showed 87% of the trainees could not identify slow loris species, but the one-day workshops had a significant impact.[48]Rehabilitation is available to some confiscated slow lorises. Organizations such as the International Animal Rescue (IAR) run sanctuaries that offer lifelong care to slow lorises that have had their teeth removed, while also providing education and awareness programs to local people to help end domestic trade. By collaborating with authorities, healthy slow lorises are released back into the wild.[19] However, identification is critical because authorities still manage all slow lorises as if they were from one species, resulting in species being released into the wrong locations and increasing confusion in taxonomy and conservation.[40][57]Populations of slow loris species, such as the Bengal and Sunda slow loris, are not faring well in zoos.[13] In 2011, the International Species Information System (ISIS) had only 11 and 53 specimens (respectively) on file from reporting zoos worldwide.[58] In North American zoos, for instance, several of the 29 captive specimens in 2008 were hybrids that could not breed while most were past their reproductive years, and the last captive birth was in 2001 at the San Diego Zoo.[13] Only three Javan slow lorises were kept in zoos in 2011 according to ISIS. Pygmy slow lorises are doing better, with 100 specimens reported from zoos worldwide in 2011.[58] In North American zoos, for instance, the population has grown to 74 animals between the time they were imported in the late 1980s and 2008, with most of them born at the San Diego Zoo.[13]The San Diego Zoo has also written husbandry manuals for slow lorises, promoted public awareness, conducted field surveys, and supported slow loris rescue facilities. The Vietnamese postal service recognized slow lorises on a postage stamp by using a picture of a Bengal slow loris and her infant published by the San Diego Zoo in February 1999.[13]","title":"Conservation efforts"}] | [{"image_text":"Slow lorises, such as this Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis) were once considered common, but are now recognized as threatened species.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nycticebus_bengalensis_001.jpg/170px-Nycticebus_bengalensis_001.jpg"},{"image_text":"Deforestation is a threat to slow lorises throughout their range. By 2001, mainland Southeast Asia had lost much of its forest cover.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Thailand.A2001334.0350.500m.jpg/220px-Thailand.A2001334.0350.500m.jpg"},{"image_text":"Slow lorises are sold in Southeast Asia either as pets or for use in traditional medicine.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Animal_market_-_caged_Nycticebus_2.jpg/220px-Animal_market_-_caged_Nycticebus_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Slow lorises and other exotic wildlife are sold domestically each year in open-air animal markets, such as this one in Myanmar.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Myanmar_Illicit_Endangered_Wildlife_Market_05.jpg/220px-Myanmar_Illicit_Endangered_Wildlife_Market_05.jpg"},{"image_text":"Slow lorises have their front teeth cut or pulled before being sold as pets, a practice that often results in infection and death.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Nycticebus_tooth_removal_01.jpg/220px-Nycticebus_tooth_removal_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Slow lorises are smuggled to countries like Japan and the United States, where they have become popular exotic pets, largely because of their \"cute\" appearance, which has been popularized on YouTube.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Slow_Loris_Female.jpg/220px-Slow_Loris_Female.jpg"},{"image_text":"Most slow lorises rescued from animal markets die quickly from infection, stress, or from previous neglect.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Nycticebus_pygmaeus_007.jpg/220px-Nycticebus_pygmaeus_007.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Environmental issues in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Indonesia"}] | [{"reference":"Nekaris, K.A.I. , Shekelle, M.; Wirdateti, Rode-Margono, E.J.; Nijman, V. (2020). \"Nycticebus javanicus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39761A204495100. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39761A204495100.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39761/204495100","url_text":"\"Nycticebus javanicus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39761A204495100.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39761A204495100.en"}]},{"reference":"Nekaris, A. & Streicher, U. (2008). \"Nycticebus menagensis\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T39760A10263652. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39760A10263652.en. Retrieved 14 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39760/10263652","url_text":"\"Nycticebus menagensis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39760A10263652.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39760A10263652.en"}]},{"reference":"Nekaris, A. & Streicher, U. (2008). \"Nycticebus coucang\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T39759A10263403. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39759A10263403.en. 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Retrieved 14 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39758/10263081","url_text":"\"Nycticebus bengalensis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39758A10263081.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39758A10263081.en"}]},{"reference":"Streicher, U., Ngoc Thanh, V., Nadler,T., Timmins, R. J. & Nekaris, A. (2008). \"Nycticebus pygmaeus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008: e.T14941A4481461. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T14941A4481461.en. 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(Mammalia, primates)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzse.98.81942","url_text":"10.3897/zse.98.81942"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1860-0743","url_text":"1860-0743"}]},{"reference":"Management Authority of Cambodia (3–15 June 2007). Notification to Parties: Consideration of Proposals for Amendment of Appendices I and II (PDF). Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). p. 31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2011. 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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Archived from the original on 19 February 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110219211251/http://www.cites.org/eng/app/index.shtml","url_text":"\"CITES Appendices\""},{"url":"http://www.cites.org/eng/app/index.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sakamoto, Masayuki (2007). \"Slow lorises fly so fast into Japan\" (PDF). Japan Wildlife Conservation Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webcitation.org/5w15o41GF?url=http://www.jwcs.org/english/07.5.26%20Cop14%20Slow%20lorise%20report.pdf","url_text":"\"Slow lorises fly so fast into Japan\""},{"url":"http://www.jwcs.org/english/07.5.26%20Cop14%20Slow%20lorise%20report.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sherwin, Adam (22 March 2011). \"YouTube sensation fuelling trade in an endangered species\". 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J.; Nijman, V. (2013-07-24). \"Tickled to Death: Analysing Public Perceptions of 'Cute' Videos of Threatened Species (Slow Lorises – Nycticebus spp.) on Web 2.0 Sites\". PLOS ONE. 8 (7): e69215. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...869215N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069215. PMC 3722300. 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loris Nycticebus pygmaeus using local knowledge in Mondulkiri Province, Cambodia\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0030605310001316","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0030605310001316"},{"Link":"https://www.int-res.com/articles/esr2010/12/n012p017.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Traditional use of slow lorises Nycticebus bengalensis and N. pygmaeus in Cambodia: an impediment to their conservation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fesr00285","external_links_name":"10.3354/esr00285"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1472-4642.2008.00535.x","external_links_name":"\"Ecological niche modelling as a technique for assessing threats and setting conservation priorities for Asian slow lorises 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliabad-e_Chah_Zar | Aliabad-e Chah Zar | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 28°31′32″N 61°24′00″E / 28.52556°N 61.40000°E / 28.52556; 61.40000For other places with similar names, see Aliabad.
Village in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranAliabad-e Chah Zar
علي آباد چه زارvillageAliabad-e Chah ZarCoordinates: 28°31′32″N 61°24′00″E / 28.52556°N 61.40000°E / 28.52556; 61.40000Country IranProvinceSistan and BaluchestanCountyKhashBakhshCentralRural DistrictSanganPopulation (2006) • Total42Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT)Aliabad-e Chah Zar (Persian: علي آباد چه زار, also Romanized as ‘Alīābād-e Chah Zār; also known as ‘Alīābād) is a village in Sangan Rural District, in the Central District of Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 42, in 9 families.
References
^ Aliabad-e Chah Zar can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "10606613" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Alīābād on Maplandia".
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.
vte Khash CountyCapital
Khash
DistrictsCentralCities
Khash
Rural Districts and villagesEsmailabad
Abbasabad
Akbarabad
Aliabad
Chah-e Sam
Eftekharabad
Esmailabad
Espidak
Gharibabad
Hajjiabad
Hajjiabad-e Esmailabad
Hasanabad
Industrial Estate
Kalchat-e Heydarabad
Karimabad-e Kheybar
Karuji
Khash Garrison
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Menab Ab
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Mowtowr-e Davazdah Bahman
Mowtowr-e Davazdah Farurdin
Mowtowr-e Fajr
Mowtowr-e Hajj Azim Gangu Zehi
Mowtowr-e Hajji Gaza Beyk
Mowtowr-e Hajji Hanif
Mowtowr-e Jamhuri
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Najafabad
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Nikabad
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Rud-e Gaz
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Ab Gushtukan
Agosk
Akramabad
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Allahabad
Allahabad-e Bala
Chah-e Baluch Khan
Chah-e Kamal
Chah-e Kan
Chah-e Salar
Chah-e Shahi
Darreh Garm
Eslamabad
Gadukan
Gardak
Gazdivan
Gidbast
Gol Shir
Gunich
Gur Mordan Tigh Ab
Habibabad
Hajjiabad
Heydarabad
Hoseynabad
Hoseynabad
Junazi
Kahnak
Karvandar
Kohan Nuk
Kug
Mirzaabad
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad-e Padgan
Mojtame-ye Mowtowr-e Hay Tigh Ab
Mowtowr-e Nur Mohmmadabad
Mowtowr-e Seyyed Mohammad
Ney Padan
Nukabad
Nurabad-e Dasht Abkhvan
Nurabad-e Sar Talap
Padgan-e Golzar
Pigol
Rahmanabad
Richkan
Saidabad
Shahruk
Sharifabad-e Chah Kan
Siah Kut
Tang-e Hanzab
Kuh Sefid
Abbasabad
Aliabad-e Garnechin
Allahabad
Bayatabad
Borhanabad
Chah-e Dar Mohammad
Chah-e Gargin
Chah-e Isa
Chah-e Jelai
Chah-e Mohammad Omar Dasht Robat
Chah-e Rahmat
Chah-e Saadat
Emamiyeh
Eslamabad-e Garnechin
Gharibabad
Gharibabad
Gidbast
Hesharkeh
Judin
Kalak Dinar
Kalkali
Kalkali-ye Now
Kamalabad
Khan Bibi
Mahmudabad
Mehrabad
Mirabad
Mirzaabad
Mohammadabad
Mohammadi
Mowtowr-e Garsaz Hoseynabad
Mowtowr-e Qader Bakhsh
Mowtowr-e Saheb Khan
Muzan
Naseri
Nosratabad
Nukabad
Posht Gorg
Qasemabad
Rahmatabad
Saidabad
Shahrak-e Piman
Poshtkuh
Afzalabad
Allahabad
Azadabad
Balalabad
Baluchabad
Bilari
Chah-e Dekal
Chah-e Kamal Nurollah
Chah-e Kamal Siah Jinad
Chah-e Nali
Chah-e Rahmat
Chahok
Chahtuk
Dasht-e Zar
Deh-e Bala
Esmailabad
Feyzabad
Gazdanan
Gazeh Shahnavazi
Gazu
Gurchan
Hasanabad-e Dastgerd
Heydarabad
Hoseynabad-e Nilgun
Kahn-e Karam Shah
Kalleh Sakan
Kam Zard
Kamalabad
Karimabad-e Seyyed Ali Khamenehi
Kashtag-e Dastgerd
Khalilabad
Lulakdan
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad
Mowtowr-e Khvabiar
Mowtowr-e Mirza
Naderabad
Nasrabad-e Rutak
Nukabad
Pil Gushkan
Posht Giaban
Poshteh-ye Kamal
Rahmatabad-e Pain
Roknabad
Sabz Gaz-e Olya
Sabz Gaz-e Sofla
Sabz Gaz-e Vosta
Shahid Qalanbar
Shahrak-e Posht Giaban
Shahr-e Deraz
Sharifabad
Tilag
Sangan
Aliabad-e Chah Zar
Amidiyeh-ye Chah Zar
Bar Abak
Bulani
Chah Zaman
Chakol
Cheh-e Zar
Deh-e Now
Deruk
Deruneh
Dorudi
Dumak
Espetk-e Hajji Gholam
Estakhr
Gazok
Golkan-e Shahid Medani
Gorz
Gurehi
Hajjiabad
Kalleh Kaz
Kand-e Zard
Kashik
Khalband
Kulaku
Khvoshab
Mowtowr-e Hajji Abbas
Paval
Sangan
Sangan-e Sofla
Sarsaru
Shundeh
Suleki
Tang-e Vajeg
Tappeh-ye Lal Mohammad
Terati
Terati-ye Sang
Tiab
Torshab
Tudi
Zaghak
IrandeganCities
none
Rural Districts and villagesIrandegan
Bala Qaleh
Dadkan
Dahaneh
Dakab-e Rughan
Damikan
Darin
Darreh-ye Shargan
Darsan
Deh Qaleh
Eslamabad
Gar Abdy
Gazaki
Genz
Genzerig
Hakimabad
Hedkan
Heshik
Hitgar
Jangal
Jangal-e Mukan
Jangaluk
Javadabad
Kah Gishan
Kaminak
Kashen
Kuh-e Nurk
Kuh-e Pasan
Nimgan
Perom
Pusar
Shahrak
Shavatk
Varedan
Zirkeyk
Kahnuk
Akbarabad
Ali Morady
Angiar
Anjirak
Anjirak
Baghak
Baha ol Din
Barataki
Bibah
Binag
Bok
Bumask
Chah-e Nikabakht
Chegerd
Cheshmeh-ye Kondur
Dak Jamal
Darenan
Darkeshan
Dasht Kuh-e Anjirak
Deh Qola
Deh-e Rais
Del Morad
Espah
Gari Dasht Kuh
Gary
Gat Rais Golestan
Gavatamak
Gavatamak
Gavi
Gomn
Gunak
Gur Band
Hashemabad
Hirgan
Hisek
Hushab Aluk
Kahurak
Kal Shab Ravan
Kallah Gur
Kalleh Garmak
Kalleh Maran
Karuchi
Kasab
Kasap Dasht Kuh
Kerstan
Keshikan
Khuki
Kuy Patkuk Dasht Kuh
Lashkeran
Mahmudabad
Marandegan
Mareghan Kand
Mirabad
Nabahri
Nagan
Nali
Nargan
Nilgan
Palizan
Pedehi
Pestak
Purjangi
Qaderabad
Qanat-e Mir Qalandar
Rahmanabad
Randak
Rasulabad
Rishpesh
Saptuk
Sar Kand
Seh Rud
Seyah Takan
Shamgat
Shandan
Sharaf ol Din
Shirabad
Shurak
Sir Gavanani
Sorkh Degar
Sorkh Gazi
Sorkhkan
Sur Chahi
Yek Muki
Yusefabad
Zardian
Zardin Gar
Ziarat Konar
Zirogdan
Zohian
NukabadCities
Nukabad
Rural Districts and villagesEskelabad
Allahabad
Anjir Mehi
Baluchabad-e Kahnaki
Bidak-e Bala
Bidak-e Pain
Bidan Sarzeh
Biduk-e Murtak
Chahak
Chah-e Nabiabad
Chah-e Shur
Deh-e Pabid
Eskelabad
Garjumak
Garuk
Gharibabad
Gunak
Gushan-e Bala
Hajjiabad
Kafeh Hajjiabad
Kahnak
Kahn-e Nuk
Karimabad-e Deh Tajgi
Khalilabad
Khaz-e Bahari
Kolli
Malekabad
Milman
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad
Murtak-e Pain
Narap
Rahmatabad
Rigabad
Rostamabad
Rubahuk
Sar Band
Sazink-e Olya
Senjedak
Siah Tir-e Pain
Sohrababad
Takhtun
Gowhar Kuh
Abd ol Azizabad
Aliabad
Arzantak
Azimabad
Azizabad
Bag
Bahadorabad
Beheshtiabad
Chacheragh
Chah-e Hajji Siah Khan
Chah-e Mirza
Deh-e Bala
Ebrahimabad
Eslamabad
Esmailabad (south)
Esmailabad (north)
Eydabad
Faqirabad
Fiselabad
Gowhar Kuh Shahrak
Habibabad
Hafezabad
Hajjiabad
Hajjiabad
Hasanabad-e Shandak
Hoseynabad
Jadidabad-e Shandak
Kalleh Shahu
Kalleh-ye Espid
Kalleh-ye Espid-e Eslamabad
Karimabad
Karimabad-e Hajji Karim
Kavari
Kureh-ye Bi Barg Khan
Lalabad
Malek Mohammadabad
Mansurabad
Mazraeh-ye Barani
Mohsenabad
Mowtowr-e Amirabad
Mowtowr-e Bajar
Mowtowr-e Bulan Zehi Kach
Mowtowr-e Hajji Mehrab
Mowtowr-e Hajji Qader Bakhsh
Mowtowr-e Hajji Yar Mohammad
Mowtowr-e Kamal ol Din Mohammadani
Mowtowr-e Khoda Nazer
Mowtowr-e Khodadad
Mowtowr-e Nowruz
Mowtowr-e Pasran Mahmud Isa Zehi
Mowtowr-e Qalandar
Mowtowr-e Saraj
Naserabad
Nazarabad
Nazarabad
Nazarabad
Nematabad
Nematabad
Nukabad
Nurabad
Padagi
Pardelabad
Qaderabad
Rahmatabad
Rigabad
Seyyedabad
Shahid Shah Nazar
Shahidayit-e Shandak
Sharifabad
Sherkat-e Tamp
Shirabad
Shurabad-e Fandaq
Tajabad
Vali Mohammadabad
Valiabad
Zafarabad
Ziruki-ye Gowhar Kuh
Nazil
Ab Namard
Ahmadabad
Akbarabad
Alamabad
Amirabad
Anari
Anjirak
Arzuni
Azizabad
Bahrabad
Bidak
Biduk-e Bala
Biduk-e Pain
Chah-e Ahmad
Chah-e Hajji Ahmad
Deh Nadam
Deh Shahdust
Dehnow
Eslamabad
Eslamabad
Esmailabad
Estakhru
Gharibabad-e Allah Dad
Gharibabad-e Nark
Gholam Nabi
Gol Gaz
Gol Kan
Golabad
Gorgunak
Gunak
Hajji Rasul
Hajjiabad
Haqabad
Hasanabad
Hasanabad
Hoseynabad
Hoseynabad
Hoseynabad
Hulmadian-e Bala
Hulmadian-e Pain
Kalak Shiman
Kalleh Shahtut
Kam-e Zard
Karamabad
Karimabad
Kheyrabad
Lalabad-e Huti
Mahmudabad
Malekabad
Mehrababad
Mirabad
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad
Mohammadabad-e Pain Talarak
Mohammadabad-e Shah Nur
Molla Qus
Moradabad
Mowtowr-e Abdol Vahad
Mowtowr-e Amid
Mowtowr-e Baluch Khan
Mowtowr-e Emanollah
Mowtowr-e Gol Zaman
Mowtowr-e Golab
Mowtowr-e Hajji Pir Mohammad
Mowtowr-e Hajji Yar Mohammad Shah Bakhsh
Mowtowr-e Khoda Nazer
Mowtowr-e Mir Beyk
Mowtowr-e Nader
Mowtowr-e Pasand
Mowtowr-e Rasul
Mowtowr-e Sharif
Mowtowr-e Zaman
Musaabad
Nabiabad
Nabiabad
Naimabad
|Nalaki
Naserabad
Naserabad
Naserabad
Naserabad-e Talarak
Nazil
Nukabad
Patmati
Pur Janki
Rahimabad
Rahmatabad
Rahmatabad
Rasulabad
Rihani
Saidabad
Sangary
Sar Kang
Sar Tall
Seyah Darreh
Shah Nazerabad
Shahidabad-e Saruk
Shahrak
Shand
Shirabad
Shurcheh-ye Purgazy
Siah Kelak
Siah Kut-e Anjireh
Tah Rud
Tuzaki
Valiabad
Yusefabad
Yusefabad
Taftan-e Jonubi(South Taftan)
Aliyeh Dorudy
Biahu Dushing-e Pain
Bida Setar
Chah Zilan
Chahak
Cheshmeh-ye Abek
Chihaki
Darreh-ye Talayi
Deh-e Mir Baluch
Dejang-e Bala
Dejang-e Pain
Do Dar
Do Rudi
Do Rudi Narun
Do Shang
Dowlatabad
Eslamabad
Firuzabad
Garuk
Gati
Gazmeh-ye Marishan
Gurmurik
Hamidabad
Jamchin
Kalleh-ye Shurehi
Kamsegari
Karimabad
Khanak
Kharaki
Kheyrabad
Kolangur
Kusheh
Kusheh-ye Gardak
Kusheh-ye Qaleh Rashid Khan
Kuteh
Lisabad
Mahmudabad
Malekabad
Marishan
Mashin
Mehran
Mohammadabad
Narun
Narun
Posht-e Zard
Rahmatabad
Rahmatabad
Rud-e Sanib
Sangan-e Kuknak
Sar Kam
Shandi
Sihaki
Sihaki Kuteh
Takht
Tamandan
Towd Lang
Tudak-e Taqiabad
Vellan
Yusefabad
Yusefabad-e Tudak
Iran portal
This Khash County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aliabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliabad_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sangan Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangan_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Khash_County)"},{"link_name":"Khash County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khash_County"},{"link_name":"Sistan and Baluchestan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For other places with similar names, see Aliabad.Village in Sistan and Baluchestan, IranAliabad-e Chah Zar (Persian: علي آباد چه زار, also Romanized as ‘Alīābād-e Chah Zār; also known as ‘Alīābād)[1] is a village in Sangan Rural District, in the Central District of Khash County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran.[2] At the 2006 census, its population was 42, in 9 families.[3]","title":"Aliabad-e Chah Zar"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Alīābād on Maplandia\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.maplandia.com/iran/sistan-and-baluchestan/aliabad-28-48-0-n-61-14-0-e/","url_text":"\"Alīābād on Maplandia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/11.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aliabad-e_Chah_Zar¶ms=28_31_32_N_61_24_00_E_region:IR_type:city(42)","external_links_name":"28°31′32″N 61°24′00″E / 28.52556°N 61.40000°E / 28.52556; 61.40000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Aliabad-e_Chah_Zar¶ms=28_31_32_N_61_24_00_E_region:IR_type:city(42)","external_links_name":"28°31′32″N 61°24′00″E / 28.52556°N 61.40000°E / 28.52556; 61.40000"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"http://www.maplandia.com/iran/sistan-and-baluchestan/aliabad-28-48-0-n-61-14-0-e/","external_links_name":"\"Alīābād on Maplandia\""},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/11.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/11.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aliabad-e_Chah_Zar&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Magnus | Johannes Magnus | ["1 Life","2 Works","3 See also","4 Footnotes","5 Sources","6 External links"] | Swedish Catholic prelate and historian (1488–1544)
The Most ReverendJohannes MagnusArchbishop of UppsalaPrimate of SwedenJohannes MagnusChurchCatholic ChurchDioceseUppsalaInstalled1524Term ended1531PredecessorGustav TrolleSuccessorOlaus MagnusPersonal detailsBornJohan Månsson19 March 1488Linköping, SwedenDied22 March 1544(1544-03-22) (aged 56)Rome, Papal StatesNationalitySwedishDenominationRoman CatholicParentsMåns Pedersson (father)Kristina Kruse (mother)OccupationHistorian, genealogist
Johannes Magnus (a modified form of Ioannes Magnus, a Latin translation of his birth name Johan Månsson; 19 March 1488 – 22 March 1544) was the last functioning Catholic Archbishop in Sweden, and also a theologian, genealogist, and historian.
Life
Johannes Magnus was born in Linköping, son of the burgess Måns Pedersson and his wife Kristina Kruse. (His own later claims to be descended from a noble family named Store are unverified.)
Magnus was selected by Gustav I Vasa to become Archbishop, in 1523. As he was about to travel to Rome to be ordained, a papal bull from Pope Clement VII was received, stating that the previous Archbishop Gustav Trolle, who was at the time in exile abroad, should be reinstated. The papal bull declared the deposition of Trolle unlawful.
Seal of Johannes Magnus
However, Gustav Vasa refused to reinstate Trolle. Instead he ignored the papal bull and took it upon himself to install Magnus without papal acceptance. Before long, however, Johannes Magnus rebelled by declaring his discontent with the Lutheran teachings spread by the brothers Olaus and Laurentius Petri, under the supervision of King Gustav Vasa. The King then sent him off to Russia as a diplomat in 1526. Johannes Magnus was careful not to return home during that time, realizing that he was unwanted. Gustav Vasa appointed a new archbishop, Laurentius Petri, in 1531, and Johannes realized that his time as archbishop was over.
His brother, Olaus Magnus, had meanwhile travelled to Rome to explain the matter of Gustav Trolle to the Pope. In 1533 the Pope finished investigating the Trolle matter and decided that Magnus was the most appropriate successor, and Magnus travelled to Rome to be ordained. However, as Sweden now no longer took direction from the Vatican, both brothers remained in Italy for the remainder of their lives.
Magnus spent his time in Venice and Rome, where he wrote two historical works about Sweden: Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus and Historia metropolitanæ ecclesiæ Upsaliensis, which are important for their historical information, but are also filled with tales that have no reliable foundation. After the death of Johannes in 1544, the line of Swedish archbishops consecrated by the Pope ended. He died in Rome.
Works
Gothorum Sveonumque Historia (1558)
The Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus ("History of all Kings of Goths and Swedes") is a work on Swedish history, which was printed posthumously in Rome in 1554 by Johannes' brother Olaus Magnus. Olaus sent it to Sweden with a dedication to the dukes Eric, John, Magnus and Charles, Gustav's sons. It was subsequently republished several times. It appeared in a Swedish translation by Er. Schroderus for the first time in 1620. It is a very unreliable source for early Swedish history.
Johannes Magnus made creative use of Jordanes' Getica and of Saxo Grammaticus to depict a history of the Swedish people, of their kings, and of the "Goths abroad". He states that Magog, son of Japheth, was Sweden's first king. The first 16 volumes are taken up by the period before AD 1000 in a strange mixture of tales from earlier writers and his own fiction, allegedly derived from runic records at Uppsala in the Younger Futhark, which he claimed had served the Goths as an alphabet for some two millennia before Christ. Johannes Magnus invented a list of kings of Sweden with six Erics before Eric the Victorious, where he started counting from Jordanes' Berig as Eric I. He also invented six kings of the name Charles before Charles Sverkersson. This is how Gustav I Vasa's sons could style themselves as Eric (XIV) and Charles (IX). While the work describes these fictional Erics and Charles in generally positive terms, it also includes a few invented tyrants with names similar to Gustav.
The work is exceedingly patriotic and suggests that Denmark was populated by convicts exiled from Sweden, a charge drawing a sharp rebuttal from the Danish court.
A milestone in Swedish and European Gothicism, Johannes’ work proved fundamental in the birth of various declensions of Nordicism, arguing that humankind stemmed from the North and imbuing this cardinal point with powerful political and prophetical meanings.
See also
Ballad of Eric
List of Archbishops of Uppsala
Footnotes
^ Sten Lindroth (1984), "Johannes Magnus", Svenskt biografiskt lexikon, vol. 24, p. 220
^ "Erik". Nordisk Familjebok. Runeberg.org. 1907.
^ Salvadori, Pierre-Ange (2021). Le Nord de la Renaissance: La carte, l'humanisme suédois et la genèse de l'Arctique. Paris: Classiques Garnier. doi:10.15122/isbn.978-2-406-10702-6.
Sources
F.F.V. Söderberg (1910), "Johannes Magnus", Nordisk familjebok (in Swedish)
Herman Hofberg; Frithiof Heurlin; Viktor Millqvist; Olof Rubenson (1906), "Magnus, Johannes", Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon (in Swedish), vol. II, p. 115
External links
Media related to Johannes Magnus at Wikimedia Commons
Religious titles
Preceded byGustav Trolle
Archbishop of Uppsala 1523–1531
Succeeded byOlaus Magnus
vteArchbishops of UppsalaPre-Reformation Catholic Church in Sweden (1164–1557), Protestant Church of Sweden (1531–present)12th century
Stefan
Johannes
Petrus
Insignia of Archbishop Stefan13th century
Olov Lambatunga
Valerius
Olov Basatömer
Jarler
Lars
Folke Johansson Ängel
Jakob Israelsson
Johan Odulfsson
Magnus Bosson
Johan
Nils Allesson
14th century
Nils Kettilsson
Olov Björnsson
Petrus Filipsson
Hemming Nilsson
Petrus Torkilsson
Birger Gregersson
Henrik Karlsson
15th–16th centuries
Jöns Gerekesson
Johan Håkansson
Olov Larsson
Arnold of Bergen
Nicolaus Ragvaldi
Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna
Tord Pedersson (Bonde)
Jakob Ulvsson
Gustav Trolle
Catholic titular Archbishopsin exile in Rome during the Reformation in Sweden
Johannes Magnus 1533–1544
Olaus Magnus 1544–1557
Reformation
Laurentius Petri (Nericius)
Archbishops during the Liturgical Struggle
Laurentius Petri Gothus
Andreas Laurentii Björnram
Abraham Angermannus
Nicolaus Olai Bothniensis
17th century
Olaus Martini
Petrus Kenicius
Laurentius Paulinus Gothus
Johannes Canuti Lenaeus
Lars Stigzelius
Johan Baazius the younger
Olov Svebilius
18th century
Erik Benzelius the elder
Haquin Spegel
Mathias Steuchius
Johannes Steuchius
Erik Benzelius the younger
Jacob Benzelius
Henric Benzelius
Samuel Troilius
Magnus Beronius
Carl Fredrik Mennander
Uno von Troil
19th century
Jakob Axelsson Lindblom
Carl von Rosenstein
Johan Olof Wallin
Carl Fredrik af Wingård
Hans Olof Holmström
Anton Niklas Sundberg
20th century
Johan August Ekman
Nathan Söderblom
Erling Eidem
Yngve Brilioth
Gunnar Hultgren
Ruben Josefson
Olof Sundby
Bertil Werkström
Gunnar Weman
Karl Gustav Hammar
21st century
Anders Wejryd
Antje Jackelén
Martin Modéus
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
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BnF data
Germany
Italy
Israel
United States
Sweden
Netherlands
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Portugal
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People
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Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinisation_of_names"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"Archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"}],"text":"Johannes Magnus (a modified form of Ioannes Magnus, a Latin translation of his birth name Johan Månsson; 19 March 1488 – 22 March 1544) was the last functioning Catholic Archbishop in Sweden, and also a theologian, genealogist, and historian.","title":"Johannes Magnus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linköping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping"},{"link_name":"burgess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgess_(title)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Gustav I Vasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"papal bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII"},{"link_name":"Gustav Trolle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Trolle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johannes_Magnus_sigill,_Nordisk_familjebok.png"},{"link_name":"Olaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaus_Petri"},{"link_name":"Laurentius Petri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentius_Petri"},{"link_name":"Laurentius Petri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentius_Petri"},{"link_name":"Olaus Magnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaus_Magnus"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"}],"text":"Johannes Magnus was born in Linköping, son of the burgess Måns Pedersson and his wife Kristina Kruse. (His own later claims to be descended from a noble family named Store are unverified.)[1]\nMagnus was selected by Gustav I Vasa to become Archbishop, in 1523. As he was about to travel to Rome to be ordained, a papal bull from Pope Clement VII was received, stating that the previous Archbishop Gustav Trolle, who was at the time in exile abroad, should be reinstated. The papal bull declared the deposition of Trolle unlawful.Seal of Johannes MagnusHowever, Gustav Vasa refused to reinstate Trolle. Instead he ignored the papal bull and took it upon himself to install Magnus without papal acceptance. Before long, however, Johannes Magnus rebelled by declaring his discontent with the Lutheran teachings spread by the brothers Olaus and Laurentius Petri, under the supervision of King Gustav Vasa. The King then sent him off to Russia as a diplomat in 1526. Johannes Magnus was careful not to return home during that time, realizing that he was unwanted. 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Olaus sent it to Sweden with a dedication to the dukes Eric, John, Magnus and Charles, Gustav's sons. It was subsequently republished several times. It appeared in a Swedish translation by Er. Schroderus for the first time in 1620. It is a very unreliable source for early Swedish history.Johannes Magnus made creative use of Jordanes' Getica and of Saxo Grammaticus to depict a history of the Swedish people, of their kings, and of the \"Goths abroad\". He states that Magog, son of Japheth, was Sweden's first king. The first 16 volumes are taken up by the period before AD 1000 in a strange mixture of tales from earlier writers and his own fiction, allegedly derived from runic records at Uppsala in the Younger Futhark, which he claimed had served the Goths as an alphabet for some two millennia before Christ. Johannes Magnus invented a list of kings of Sweden with six Erics before Eric the Victorious,[2] where he started counting from Jordanes' Berig as Eric I. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_Victims_and_Survivors_for_Northern_Ireland | Commissioner for Victims and Survivors for Northern Ireland | ["1 Definitions of the terms “victim” and ”survivor”","2 References","3 External links"] | The Commissioner for Victims and Survivors (CVSNI) was established on 24 October 2005 by Peter Hain, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, who named Bertha McDougall as the first (interim) commissioner. The Commission was established by the Victims and Survivors (Northern Ireland) Order 2006. It is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister.
The current commissioner is Ian Jeffers. He was appointed in 2022 by the First Minister and deputy First Minister for Northern Ireland.
The Statutory Duties and Powers of the Commissioner are outlined in the Victims and Survivors (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 as amended by the Commission for Victims and Survivors Act (Northern Ireland) 2008. They can be summarised as follows:
Promoting an awareness of matters relating to the interests of victims and survivors and of the need to safeguard those interests
Keeping under review the adequacy and effectiveness of law and practice affecting the interests of victims and survivors
Keeping under review the adequacy and effectiveness of services provided for the victims and survivors by bodies or persons
Advising the Secretary of State, the Executive Committee of the Assembly and anybody or person providing services for victims and survivors on matters concerning the interests of victims and survivors
Taking reasonable steps to ensure that the views of victims and survivors are sought
Making arrangements for a Forum for consultation and discussion with victims and survivors
Definitions of the terms “victim” and ”survivor”
The definitions of the terms “victim” and ”survivor” are outlined in the Victims and Survivors (Northern Ireland) Order 2006, which states:
In this Order references to “victim and survivor” are references to an individual appearing to the Commissioner to be any of the following:
a) someone who is or has been physically or psychologically injured as a result of or in consequence of a conflict-related incident
b) someone who provides a substantial amount of care on a regular basis for an individual mentioned in paragraph (a)
c) someone who has been bereaved as a result of or in consequence of a conflict-related incident
An individual may be psychologically injured as a result of or in consequence of:
a) witnessing a conflict-related incident or the consequences of such an incident
b) providing medical or other emergency assistance to an individual in connection with a conflict-related incident
References
^ "Murphy announces proposals for a Victims' and Survivors' Commissioner". Northern Ireland Office. 1 March 2005. Archived from the original on 28 October 2005. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
^ a b c d "The Victims and Survivors (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 No. 2953 (NI. 17)". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 20 March 2017. This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under the Open Government Licence v3.0. © Crown copyright.
^ "Home". The Executive Office. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
External links
Commission for Victims and Survivors
Victims and Survivors (Northern Ireland) Order 2006
Victims and Survivors (Northern Ireland) Explanatory Memo
OFMDFM NI: Victims
Cain Database - Victims, Survivors and Commemoration in NI
This article about an organisation in Northern Ireland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Government-2"}],"text":"The current commissioner is Ian Jeffers. He was appointed in 2022 by the First Minister and deputy First Minister for Northern Ireland.[3]The Statutory Duties and Powers of the Commissioner are outlined in the Victims and Survivors (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 as amended by the Commission for Victims and Survivors Act (Northern Ireland) 2008.[2] They can be summarised as follows:Promoting an awareness of matters relating to the interests of victims and survivors and of the need to safeguard those interests\nKeeping under review the adequacy and effectiveness of law and practice affecting the interests of victims and survivors\nKeeping under review the adequacy and effectiveness of services provided for the victims and survivors by bodies or persons\nAdvising the Secretary of State, the Executive Committee of the Assembly and anybody or person providing services for victims and survivors on matters concerning the interests of victims and survivors\nTaking reasonable steps to ensure that the views of victims and survivors are sought\nMaking arrangements for a Forum for consultation and discussion with victims and survivors","title":"Commissioner for Victims and Survivors for Northern Ireland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Government-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Government-2"}],"text":"The definitions of the terms “victim” and ”survivor” are outlined in the Victims and Survivors (Northern Ireland) Order 2006, which states:[2]In this Order references to “victim and survivor” are references to an individual appearing to the Commissioner to be any of the following:a) someone who is or has been physically or psychologically injured as a result of or in consequence of a conflict-related incidentb) someone who provides a substantial amount of care on a regular basis for an individual mentioned in paragraph (a)c) someone who has been bereaved as a result of or in consequence of a conflict-related incidentAn individual may be psychologically injured as a result of or in consequence of:a) witnessing a conflict-related incident or the consequences of such an incidentb) providing medical or other emergency assistance to an individual in connection with a conflict-related incident[2]","title":"Definitions of the terms “victim” and ”survivor”"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Murphy announces proposals for a Victims' and Survivors' Commissioner\". Northern Ireland Office. 1 March 2005. Archived from the original on 28 October 2005. Retrieved 21 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051028002402/http://www.nio.gov.uk/media-detail.htm?newsID=10962","url_text":"\"Murphy announces proposals for a Victims' and Survivors' Commissioner\""},{"url":"http://www.nio.gov.uk/media-detail.htm?newsID=10962","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Victims and Survivors (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 No. 2953 (NI. 17)\". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 20 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://legislation.data.gov.uk/nisi/2006/2953/part/1/2006-11-28/data.htm?wrap=true","url_text":"\"The Victims and Survivors (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 No. 2953 (NI. 17)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". The Executive Office. Retrieved 20 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.executiveoffice-ni.gov.uk/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051028002402/http://www.nio.gov.uk/media-detail.htm?newsID=10962","external_links_name":"\"Murphy announces proposals for a Victims' and Survivors' Commissioner\""},{"Link":"http://www.nio.gov.uk/media-detail.htm?newsID=10962","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://legislation.data.gov.uk/nisi/2006/2953/part/1/2006-11-28/data.htm?wrap=true","external_links_name":"\"The Victims and Survivors (Northern Ireland) Order 2006 No. 2953 (NI. 17)\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/","external_links_name":"Open Government Licence v3.0"},{"Link":"https://www.executiveoffice-ni.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.cvsni.org/","external_links_name":"Commission for Victims and Survivors"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061004080822/http://www.ofmdfmni.gov.uk/draft-v_s-order.pdf","external_links_name":"Victims and Survivors (Northern Ireland) Order 2006"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061004080838/http://www.ofmdfmni.gov.uk/final-explanatory-memorandum.pdf","external_links_name":"Victims and Survivors (Northern Ireland) Explanatory Memo"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080312104301/http://www.ofmdfmni.gov.uk/index/equality/victims.htm","external_links_name":"OFMDFM NI: Victims"},{"Link":"http://cain.ulster.ac.uk/victims/index.html","external_links_name":"Cain Database - Victims, Survivors and Commemoration in NI"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commissioner_for_Victims_and_Survivors_for_Northern_Ireland&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink:_Live_from_Wembley_Arena | Live from Wembley Arena, London, England | ["1 Track listing","2 Charts and certifications","2.1 Charts","2.2 Certifications","3 Notes"] | 2007 video by PinkLive from Wembley Arena, London, EnglandVideo by PinkReleasedMarch 22, 2007RecordedWembley Arena, London, England on December 4, 2006Genre
Pop
pop rock
R&B
Length93:15LabelLaFaceDirectorDavid MalletPink chronology
Pink: Live in Europe(2006)
Live from Wembley Arena, London, England(2007)
Funhouse Tour: Live in Australia(2009)
Live from Wembley Arena, London, England is a Pink music DVD released on March 22, 2007. It was recorded at London's Wembley Arena on December 4, 2006 during her I'm Not Dead Tour. The performances of "Lady Marmalade" and Bob Marley's "Redemption Song" are not included on the DVD. In Australia it was released M: Moderate Coarse Language.
The release was largely successful, especially in Australia, where it debuted at #1 on the ARIA DVD chart and has been certified 16 times platinum.
Track listing
Standard editionNo.TitleLength1."Opening"2:242."Cuz I Can"3:333."Trouble"3:174."Just like a Pill"4:025."Who Knew"3:426."I'm Not Dead"3:417."Stupid Girls"3:268."Spanish Dance"2:189."There You Go"3:3510."God Is a DJ"1:4811."Fingers"4:3612."Family Portrait"7:5413."The One That Got Away"5:5614."Dear Mr. President"4:4515."What's Up"5:5516."U + Ur Hand"4:4517."18 Wheeler"3:2518."Don't Let Me Get Me"6:4519."Leave Me Alone (I'm Lonely)"5:3820."Nobody Knows"4:1121."Get the Party Started"4:4622."Closing/Credits"2:17
DVD BonusNo.TitleLength23."On Tour with Pink (Video)"9:4424."Photo Gallery (Video)"2:4025."Crash and Burn (Audio)"4:2626."U + Ur Hand (Audio)"8:16
Charts and certifications
Charts
Chart (2007)
Peakposition
Australian DVDs Chart
1
Austrian Music DVDs Chart
1
Belgian (Flanders) Music DVDs Chart
2
Belgian (Wallonia) Music DVDs Chart
2
German Albums Chart
19
Greek DVDs Chart
8
Italian Music DVDs Chart
3
Netherlands Music DVD Chart
2
Swedish Music DVDs Chart
8
Swiss Albums Chart
84
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)
16× Platinum
240,000^
France (SNEP)
Gold
10,000*
Germany (BVMI)
2× Platinum
100,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)
Gold
2,500^
United Kingdom (BPI)
Platinum
50,000*
* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Notes
^ a b "Trove".
^ a b "ARIA Top 40 DVD" (PDF). The ARIA Report (900): 23. 4 June 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
^ a b "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2012 DVDs" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
^ "Austria Top 40 – Musik-DVDs Top 10 27.04.2007". austriancharts.at (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
^ "Ultratop Belgian Charts". Ultratop (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
^ "Ultratop Belgian Charts". Ultratop (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
^ "Album – P!nk, Live from Wembley Arena London, England ". Charts.de (in German). Media Control. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
^ "Ελληνικό Chart". IFPI Greece (in Greek). Archived from the original on 13 May 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
^ "Classifiche". FIMI (in Italian). Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
^ "Dutch Charts Portal". GfK Dutch Charts (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
^ "Sveriges Officiella Topplista". Sverige Topplistan (in Swedish). Retrieved 30 December 2012. Search for Pink Live from Wembley Arena and click Sök.
^ "P!nk – Live from Wembley Arena London, England ". hitparade.ch (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
^ "French video certifications – Pink – Live from Wembley Arena" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique.
^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Pink; 'Live from Wembley')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie.
^ "Latest Gold / Platinum DVDs". Radioscope. 3 July 2011. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
^ "British video certifications – Pink – Live from Wembley". British Phonographic Industry.
vtePink
Discography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
Can't Take Me Home
Missundaztood
Try This
I'm Not Dead
Funhouse
The Truth About Love
Beautiful Trauma
Hurts 2B Human
Trustfall
Compilation albums
Greatest Hits... So Far!!!
Live albums
Funhouse Tour: Live in Australia
All I Know So Far: Setlist
Video albums
Pink: Live in Europe
Live from Wembley Arena, London, England
The Truth About Love Tour: Live from Melbourne
Concert tours
Party Tour
Try This Tour
I'm Not Dead Tour
Funhouse Tour
The Funhouse Summer Carnival Tour
The Truth About Love Tour
Beautiful Trauma World Tour
Summer Carnival
Trustfall Tour
Related articles
You+Me
Rose Ave.
Pink: All I Know So Far
Carey Hart
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_(singer)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Wembley Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Arena"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nla-1"},{"link_name":"I'm Not Dead Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Not_Dead_Tour"},{"link_name":"Lady Marmalade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Marmalade"},{"link_name":"Bob Marley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley"},{"link_name":"Redemption Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemption_Song"},{"link_name":"M: Moderate Coarse Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Classification_Board"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nla-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus_chart-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus_cert-3"}],"text":"2007 video by PinkLive from Wembley Arena, London, England is a Pink music DVD released on March 22, 2007. It was recorded at London's Wembley Arena on December 4, 2006[1] during her I'm Not Dead Tour. The performances of \"Lady Marmalade\" and Bob Marley's \"Redemption Song\" are not included on the DVD. 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President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_Mr._President_(Pink_song)"},{"link_name":"What's Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_Up%3F_(4_Non_Blondes_song)"},{"link_name":"U + Ur Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_%2B_Ur_Hand"},{"link_name":"Don't Let Me Get Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Let_Me_Get_Me"},{"link_name":"Leave Me Alone (I'm Lonely)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave_Me_Alone_(I%27m_Lonely)"},{"link_name":"Nobody Knows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobody_Knows_(Pink_song)"},{"link_name":"Get the Party Started","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_the_Party_Started"}],"text":"Standard editionNo.TitleLength1.\"Opening\"2:242.\"Cuz I Can\"3:333.\"Trouble\"3:174.\"Just like a Pill\"4:025.\"Who Knew\"3:426.\"I'm Not Dead\"3:417.\"Stupid Girls\"3:268.\"Spanish Dance\"2:189.\"There You Go\"3:3510.\"God Is a DJ\"1:4811.\"Fingers\"4:3612.\"Family Portrait\"7:5413.\"The One That Got Away\"5:5614.\"Dear Mr. President\"4:4515.\"What's Up\"5:5516.\"U + Ur Hand\"4:4517.\"18 Wheeler\"3:2518.\"Don't Let Me Get Me\"6:4519.\"Leave Me Alone (I'm Lonely)\"5:3820.\"Nobody Knows\"4:1121.\"Get the Party Started\"4:4622.\"Closing/Credits\"2:17DVD BonusNo.TitleLength23.\"On Tour with Pink (Video)\"9:4424.\"Photo Gallery (Video)\"2:4025.\"Crash and Burn (Audio)\"4:2626.\"U + Ur Hand [Bimbo Jones Remix] (Audio)\"8:16","title":"Track 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units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_recording_certifications"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus_cert-3"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrancePinkLive_from_Wembley_ArenavideoCertRef-13"},{"link_name":"BVMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GermanyPinkLive_from_WembleyvideoCertRef-14"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_ZealandPinkLive_from_Wembley_ArenavideoCertRef-15"},{"link_name":"BPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-United_KingdomPinkLive_from_WembleyvideoCertRef-16"}],"text":"Charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2007)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian DVDs Chart[2]\n\n1\n\n\nAustrian Music DVDs Chart[4]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgian (Flanders) Music DVDs Chart[5]\n\n2\n\n\nBelgian (Wallonia) Music DVDs Chart[6]\n\n2\n\n\nGerman Albums Chart[7]\n\n19\n\n\nGreek DVDs Chart[8]\n\n8\n\n\nItalian Music DVDs Chart[9]\n\n3\n\n\nNetherlands Music DVD Chart[10]\n\n2\n\n\nSwedish Music DVDs Chart[11]\n\n8\n\n\nSwiss Albums Chart[12]\n\n84\n\n\n\n\nCertifications[edit]\n\n\n\n\nRegion\n\nCertification\nCertified units/sales\n\n\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[3]\n\n16× Platinum\n\n240,000^\n\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[13]\n\nGold\n\n10,000*\n\n\n\nGermany (BVMI)[14]\n\n2× Platinum\n\n100,000^\n\n\n\nNew Zealand (RMNZ)[15]\n\nGold\n\n2,500^\n\n\n\nUnited Kingdom (BPI)[16]\n\nPlatinum\n\n50,000*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.","title":"Charts and certifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nla_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nla_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Trove\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//trove.nla.gov.au/work/29245297?selectedversion=NBD44709417"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aus_chart_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aus_chart_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"ARIA Top 40 DVD\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20070618140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20070619-0000/ISSUE900.pdf"},{"link_name":"The ARIA Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aria.com.au/ISSUE900.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aus_cert_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-aus_cert_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 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The ARIA Report (900): 23. 4 June 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2012.\n\n^ a b \"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2012 DVDs\" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 30 December 2012.\n\n^ \"Austria Top 40 – Musik-DVDs Top 10 27.04.2007\". austriancharts.at (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 December 2012.\n\n^ \"Ultratop Belgian Charts\". Ultratop (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 December 2012.\n\n^ \"Ultratop Belgian Charts\". Ultratop (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 December 2012.\n\n^ \"Album – P!nk, Live from Wembley Arena London, England [DVD]\". Charts.de (in German). Media Control. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2012.\n\n^ \"Ελληνικό Chart\". IFPI Greece (in Greek). Archived from the original on 13 May 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2012.\n\n^ \"Classifiche\". FIMI (in Italian). Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.\n\n^ \"Dutch Charts Portal\". GfK Dutch Charts (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 December 2012.\n\n^ \"Sveriges Officiella Topplista\". Sverige Topplistan (in Swedish). Retrieved 30 December 2012. Search for Pink Live from Wembley Arena and click Sök.\n\n^ \"P!nk – Live from Wembley Arena London, England [DVD]\". hitparade.ch (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 December 2012.\n\n^ \"French video certifications – Pink – Live from Wembley Arena\" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique.\n\n^ \"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Pink; 'Live from Wembley')\" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie.\n\n^ \"Latest Gold / Platinum DVDs\". Radioscope. 3 July 2011. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 30 December 2012.\n\n^ \"British video certifications – Pink – Live from Wembley\". British Phonographic Industry.vtePink\nDiscography\nAwards and nominations\nStudio albums\nCan't Take Me Home\nMissundaztood\nTry This\nI'm Not Dead\nFunhouse\nThe Truth About Love\nBeautiful Trauma\nHurts 2B Human\nTrustfall\nCompilation albums\nGreatest Hits... So Far!!!\nLive albums\nFunhouse Tour: Live in Australia\nAll I Know So Far: Setlist\nVideo albums\nPink: Live in Europe\nLive from Wembley Arena, London, England\nThe Truth About Love Tour: Live from Melbourne\nConcert tours\nParty Tour\nTry This Tour\nI'm Not Dead Tour\nFunhouse Tour\nThe Funhouse Summer Carnival Tour\nThe Truth About Love Tour\nBeautiful Trauma World Tour\nSummer Carnival\nTrustfall Tour\nRelated articles\nYou+Me\nRose Ave.\nPink: All I Know So Far\nCarey Hart\n\n CategoryAuthority control databases \nMusicBrainz release group","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Trove\".","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/29245297?selectedversion=NBD44709417","url_text":"\"Trove\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Top 40 DVD\" (PDF). The ARIA Report (900): 23. 4 June 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2007. 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Retrieved 30 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070513140306/http://www.ifpi.gr/chart06.htm","url_text":"\"Ελληνικό Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece","url_text":"IFPI Greece"},{"url":"http://www.ifpi.gr/chart06.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Classifiche\". FIMI (in Italian). Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120223051749/http://www.fimi.it/classifiche_result_dvd.php?anno=2007&mese=04&id=65","url_text":"\"Classifiche\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana","url_text":"FIMI"},{"url":"http://www.fimi.it/classifiche_result_dvd.php?anno=2007&mese=04&id=65","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch Charts Portal\". GfK Dutch Charts (in Dutch). Hung Medien. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Report_of_1800 | Report of 1800 | ["1 Background","2 Production and passage","3 Argument","4 Analysis","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | US 1800 government report
The cover of a book containing the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions along with the Report of 1800 and other supporting documents. This edition was produced by editor Jonathan Elliot in 1832 at the height of the nullification crisis. These documents formed the philosophical foundation for the nullification movement.
The Report of 1800 was a resolution drafted by James Madison arguing for the sovereignty of the individual states under the United States Constitution and against the Alien and Sedition Acts. Adopted by the Virginia General Assembly in January 1800, the Report amends arguments from the 1798 Virginia Resolutions and attempts to resolve contemporary criticisms against the Resolutions. The Report was the last important explication of the Constitution produced before the 1817 Bonus Bill veto message by Madison, who has come to be regarded as the "Father of the Constitution."
The arguments made in the Resolutions and the Report were later used frequently during the nullification crisis of 1832, when South Carolina declared federal tariffs to be unconstitutional and void within the state. Madison rejected the concept of nullification and the notion that his arguments supported such a practice. Whether Madison's theory of Republicanism really supported the nullification movement, and more broadly whether the ideas he expressed between 1798 and 1800 are consistent with his work before and after this period, are the main questions surrounding the Report in the modern literature.
Background
Madison, a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, was elected to the Democratic-Republican-dominated Virginia General Assembly from Orange County in 1799. A major item on his agenda was the defense of the General Assembly's 1798 Virginia Resolutions, of which Madison had been the draftsman. The Resolutions, usually discussed together with Thomas Jefferson's contemporaneous Kentucky Resolutions, were a response to various perceived outrages perpetrated by the Federalist-dominated national government. The most significant of these were the Alien and Sedition Acts, four laws that allowed the President to deport aliens at will, required a longer period of residence before aliens could become citizens, and made it a crime to publish malicious or defamatory material against the government or its officials. Democratic-Republicans were outraged by the legislation, and Madison and Jefferson drafted the highly critical Resolutions adopted in response by the Virginia and Kentucky state legislatures.
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions had in the year since publication received highly critical replies from state legislatures. Seven states formally responded to Virginia and Kentucky by rejecting the Resolutions and three other states passed resolutions expressing disapproval, with the other four states taking no action. No other state endorsed the Resolutions. The reason for the criticism was that the General Assembly, led in the effort by state-sovereignty advocate John Taylor of Caroline, had put a state-sovereignty spin on the Virginia Resolutions of 1798 despite Madison's hopes. These replies contended that the Supreme Court of the United States had the ultimate responsibility for deciding whether federal laws were constitutional, and that the Alien and Sedition Acts were constitutional and necessary. The Federalists accused the Democratic-Republicans of seeking disunion, even contemplating violence. At the time, some leading Virginia Democratic-Republican figures such as Rep. William Branch Giles (in public) and Taylor (in private) actually were contemplating disunion, and the Virginia General Assembly chose this juncture for finally constructing a new state armory in Richmond, so there was some truth to the charge.
Jefferson, the leader of the Democratic-Republican Party and then–Vice President, wrote to Madison in August 1799 outlining a campaign to strengthen public support for the principles expressed in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 (commonly referred to as "the principles of '98"):
That the principles already advanced by Virginia & Kentucky are not to be yielded in silence, I presume we all agree. I should propose a declaration of Resolution by their legislatures on this plan. 1st. Answer the reasonings of such of the states as have ventured in the field of reason, & that of the Committee of Congress. ... 2. Make a firm protestation against the principle & the precedent; and a reservation of the rights resulting to us from these palpable violations of the constitutional compact by the Federal government, ... 3. Express in affectionate and conciliatory language our warm attachment to union with our sister-states, and to the instrument & principles by which we are united; ... fully confident that the good sense of the American people and their attachment to rally with us round the true principle of our federal compact. But determined, were we to be disappointed in this, to sever ourselves from that union we so much value, rather than give up the rights of self government which we have reserved, & in which alone we see liberty, safety & happiness.
In response to this letter, Madison visited Jefferson at Monticello during the first week of September. Their discussion was important in that it persuaded Jefferson to depart from his radical stance on dissociation from the Union, which is expressed at the end of the excerpt above. At the very least, Virginia or Kentucky taking such a stance publicly would have justified the Federalist attacks against the secessionist tendencies of the Democratic-Republicans. Madison won over Jefferson, who shortly thereafter wrote to Wilson Cary Nicholas that: "From I retreat readily, not only in deference to judgment but because as we should never think of separation but for repeated and enormous violations, so these, when they occur, will be cause enough of themselves." Adrienne Koch and Harry Ammon, examining Jefferson's later writing, conclude that Madison had a significant role "in softening Jefferson's more extreme views."
James Madison, author of the Report and 4th President of the United States
Jefferson hoped for further involvement with the production of the Report and planned to visit Madison at Montpelier on his way to Philadelphia, the national capital, for the winter session of the United States Congress. However, James Monroe, who would become Governor of Virginia before the end of the year, visited Jefferson at Monticello and cautioned him against meeting with Madison, since another meeting between two of the most important Democratic-Republican leaders would provoke significant public comment. The task of writing the Virginia Report was left solely to Madison. Jefferson underlined the importance of this work in a November 26 letter to Madison in which he identified "protestations against violations of the true principles of our constitution" as one of the four primary elements of the Democratic-Republican Party plan.
Production and passage
The Assembly session began in early December. Once at Richmond, Madison began drafting the Report, though he was delayed by a weeklong battle with dysentery. On December 23, Madison moved for the creation of a special seven-member committee with himself as chairman to respond to "certain answers from several of the states, relative to the communications made by the Virginia legislature at their last session." The committee members were Madison, John Taylor, William Branch Giles, George Keith Taylor, John Wise, John Mercer, and William Daniel. The next day, Christmas Eve, the committee produced a first version of the Report. The measure came before the House of Delegates, the lower house of the General Assembly, on January 2.
Though certain to pass due to the Democratic-Republican majority, which had recently been solidified by the election of a Democratic-Republican clerk and speaker of the House, the Report was debated for five days. The main point of contention was the meaning of the third of the Virginia Resolutions:
this Assembly doth explicitly and peremptorily declare, that it views the powers of the federal government, as resulting from the compact to which the states are parties; ... and that in case of a deliberate, palpable, and dangerous exercise of other powers not granted by said compact, the states who are parties thereto have the right ... to interpose for arresting the progress of the evil ... the authorities, rights, and liberties appertaining to them.
This resolution had been the principal target of the Federalist attack on the Resolutions. Particularly at issue was the sense in which the states were parties to the federal compact. The Report was ultimately amended to provide greater clarity on this issue by emphasizing that when the Virginians claimed that the "states" were parties to the federal Constitution, the referent of the word "state" was the sovereign people of the particular state. Thus, to say that "the state of Virginia ratified the Constitution" was to say that the sovereign people of Virginia ratified the Constitution. The amended Report passed the House of Delegates on January 7 by a margin of 60 to 40. At some point in the next two weeks, it passed the Senate by a margin of 15 to 6.
The Report was received warmly by Virginia Democratic-Republicans. The General Assembly arranged for five thousand copies to be printed and distributed in the state, but there was not much public response to the Report, and it appears to have had relatively little impact on the presidential election of 1800 (which was, nevertheless, a major victory for the Democratic-Republicans and a repudiation of Federalist policies). Parties outside Virginia seemed uninterested in the rehashing of the 1798 Resolutions, and in other states there was very little public comment. Jefferson eagerly sought copies for distribution to Democratic-Republican members of Congress departing for their home states, and when they failed to arrive he entreated Monroe for at least one copy that he could reproduce. Despite Jefferson's approval of and attempt to distribute Madison's work, the national reaction was tepid. Though it had little impact on the immediate election, Madison's Report clarified the legal argument against the Acts and for states' rights in general, particularly in its advancement of the Tenth Amendment rather than the Ninth as the main bulwark against federal encroachment on state autonomy.
Argument
The general purpose of the Report was the affirmation and expansion of the principles expressed in the Virginia Resolutions. The first major goal of the Resolutions was to bring about the repeal of the Alien and Sedition Acts by generating public opposition that would be expressed through the state legislatures. Madison sought to accomplish this by demonstrating conclusively that the Acts violated the constitution. Laying into the Acts in his Report, Madison described many breaches of constitutional limits. The Alien Act granted the President the unenumerated power of deporting friendly aliens. Contrary to the Sedition Act, the federal government had no power to protect officials from dissent or libelous attack, beyond the protection it accorded to every citizen; indeed, such special intervention against the press was "expressly forbidden by a declaratory amendment to the constitution." As well, Madison attacked Federalist carriage laws and bank laws as unconstitutional.
To remedy the defects revealed by the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts, Madison called for citizens to have an absolute right to free speech. Madison writes that the ability to prosecute speech amounts to "a protection of those who administer the government, if they should at any time deserve the contempt or hatred of the people, against being exposed to it." Freedom of the press was necessary, because "chequered as it is with abuses, the world is indebted to the press for all the triumphs which have been gained by reason and humanity over error and oppression." The Report supported a strict interpretation of the First Amendment. While the Federalists interpreted the amendment as limiting the power of Congress over the press, but implying that such power existed, Madison argued that the First Amendment wholly prohibited Congress from any interference with the press.
More generally, the Report made the argument in favor of the sovereignty of the individual states, for which it is best known. The basic message was that the states were the ultimate parties constituting the federal compact, and that therefore the individual states were ultimate arbiters of whether the compact had been broken by the usurpation of power. This doctrine is known as the compact theory. It was the presence of this argument in the Resolutions that had allowed the Federalists to paint the Democratic-Republicans as leaning toward secession; in the amended Report the line is moderated, with an emphasis that it is the states as political societies of the people (and therefore, one reads in, not the state legislatures alone) which possess this power. Either formulation would help the Democratic-Republican cause by refuting the finality of any constitutional interpretation advanced by the Congress and federal judiciary, both of which were dominated by Federalists.
In defense of Virginia Democratic-Republicans and the Resolutions, Madison emphasized that even if one disagreed with the compact theory, the Virginia Resolutions and the Report of 1800 themselves were simply protests, which states were surely entitled to produce. Madison indicated that a declaration of unconstitutionality would be an expression of opinion, with no legal force. The purpose of such a declaration, said Madison, was to mobilize public opinion. Madison indicated that the power to make binding constitutional determinations remained in the federal courts:
It has been said, that it belongs to the judiciary of the United States, and not the state legislatures, to declare the meaning of the Federal Constitution. ...
he declarations of , whether affirming or denying the constitutionality of measures of the Federal Government ... are expressions of opinion, unaccompanied with any other effect than what they may produce on opinion, by exciting reflection. The expositions of the judiciary, on the other hand, are carried into immediate effect by force. The former may lead to a change in the legislative expression of the general will; possibly to a change in the opinion of the judiciary; the latter enforces the general will, whilst that will and that opinion continue unchanged.
Madison argued that a state, after declaring a federal law unconstitutional, could take action by communicating with other states, attempting to enlist their support, petitioning Congress to repeal the law in question, introducing amendments to the Constitution in Congress, or calling a constitutional convention. Madison did not assert that the states could legally nullify an objectionable federal law or that they could declare it void and unenforceable. By eschewing direct action in favor of influencing popular opinion, Madison tried to make clear that the Democratic-Republicans were not moving toward disunion.
Analysis
The Report was regarded in the early 19th century as among the more important expressions of Democratic-Republican principles. Spencer Roane described it as "the Magna Charta on which the republicans settled down, after the great struggle in the year 1799." Henry Clay said on the floor of the House of Representatives that it was from the Report of 1800, above other documents, that he had developed his own theories on constitutional interpretation. H. Jefferson Powell, a modern jurist, identifies three persistent themes of Democratic-Republican constitutionalism which emerged from the Resolutions and the Report: (1) a textual approach to the Constitution, (2) the compact theory, and (3) that caution, not trust, should characterize our approach to those who hold political power.
In more recent years, the main practical interest in the Report has been its absolutist understanding of the First Amendment. Multiple Supreme Court decisions have cited the case as evidence of the Framers' ideas on free speech. In the 1957 Roth v. United States opinion by William Brennan, Madison's Report is cited as evidence that "the fundamental freedoms of speech and press have contributed greatly to the development and well-being of our free society and are indispensable to its continued growth." Other cases to cite the Report for a similar purpose include Thornhill v. Alabama (1940) and Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC (2000).
In modern scholarship outside the legal arena the Report is mostly studied for its discussion of states' rights with regard to federalism and republicanism. According to Kevin Gutzman, the Report, together with the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, forms a foundation for the "radical southern states' rights tradition." However, Madison rebuffed charges that his writings supported the constitutional interpretation advanced by pro-nullification Southerners. The Report of 1800, Madison argued, did not say the government was a compact of the individual states, as the pro-nullification elements suggested. Rather the Report of 1800 described a compact of "the people in each of the States, acting in their highest sovereign capacity." The state governments themselves, no less than the federal judiciary, possess only delegated power and therefore cannot decide questions of fundamental importance. Madison thought the Resolutions and Report were consistent with this principle while the Ordinance of Nullification was not.
Notes
^ The Report is also known as the Virginia Report of 1800, the Report of 1799, Madison's Report or the Report on the Alien and Sedition Acts.
^ See, e.g., Brant's subtitle "Father of the Constitution."
^ Madison initially decided to run for office mainly to counteract the strength of prominent Federalist Patrick Henry, who was set to be elected to the House. However, Henry died over the summer, leaving the Democratic-Republicans free to pursue their plans with no substantial opposition. Madison, 303.
^ The seven states that transmitted formal rejections were Delaware, Massachusetts, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Vermont. See Elliot, Jonathan (1907) . Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . Vol. 4 (expanded 2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott. pp. 538–539. ISBN 0-8337-1038-9.
^ Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey passed resolutions that disapproved the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, but these states did not transmit formal responses to Kentucky and Virginia. Anderson, Frank Maloy (1899). "Contemporary Opinion of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions" . American Historical Review. 5 (1): 45–63, 225–244. doi:10.2307/1832959. JSTOR 1832959.
^ Madison, 303. At least six states responded to the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions by stating that the power to declare a law unconstitutional rested in the federal judiciary, not the states. For example, Vermont's resolution stated: "It belongs not to state legislatures to decide on the constitutionality of laws made by the general government; this power being exclusively vested in the judiciary courts of the Union." Elliot, Jonathan (1907) . "Answers of the Several State Legislatures: State of Vermont" . Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . Vol. 4 (expanded 2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott. pp. 538–539. ISBN 0-8337-1038-9.. The other states taking the position that the constitutionality of federal laws is a question for the federal courts, not the states, were New York, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania. The Governor of Delaware also took this position. Anderson, Frank Maloy (1899). "Contemporary Opinion of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions" . American Historical Review. 5 (1): 45–63, 225–244. doi:10.2307/1832959. JSTOR 1832959.
^ Koch and Ammon, 163.
^ Letter from Jefferson to Madison of August 23, 1799. Quoted in Koch and Ammon, 165–166.
^ Madison, 304.
^ Letter from Jefferson to W.C. Nicholas of September 5, 1799, quoted in Brant, 467.
^ Koch and Ammon, 167.
^ Koch and Ammon, 169–170.
^ Letter from Jefferson to Madison of November 26, 1799, quoted in Koch and Ammon, 170.
^ Madison, 303.
^ Brant, 467.
^ Madison, 296, 304.
^ Neither this version nor any of Madison's drafts survive.
^ Madison, 189. The Virginia Resolutions emerged from the House of Delegates on December 21, 1798.
^ Gutzman, 582.
^ Madison, 305.
^ Koch and Ammon, 171; Madison, 306.
^ Lash, 183–184.
^ The Democratic-Republicans did not oppose the Alien Enemies Act, which permitted the deportation of enemy aliens, and is still in force.
^ Madison, 341.
^ Madison, 344.
^ Madison, 338.
^ Madison, 348. It is worth noting that at this period Americans still followed a British understanding in which laws could be "unconstitutional" without being illegal. Virginia's declaration that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional did not necessarily signify a belief that the Acts were without effect.
^ Powell, 695.
^ Powell, 696.
^ Powell, 705–706.
^ Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476 (1957).
^ Thornhill v. Alabama, 310 U.S. 88 (1940).
^ Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC, 528 U.S. 377 (2000).
^ Gutzman, 571.
^ Gibson, 319. The quote is from Drew McCoy, The Last of the Fathers: James Madison & the Republican Legacy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 134.
^ Yarbrough, 42–43.
References
Brant, Irving. James Madison: Father of the Constitution, 1787–1800. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1950. See especially pp. 466–471, which covers the period examined here; the book is the third volume of six in Brant's biography of Madison, which is the most detailed scholarly biography thus far published.
Gibson, Alan. "The Madisonian Madison and the Question of Consistency: The Significance and Challenge of Recent Research." Review of Politics 64 (2002): 311–338.
Gutzman, Kevin R. "A Troublesome Legacy: James Madison and 'The Principles of '98'." Journal of the Early Republic 15 (1995): 569–589.
Gutzman, K R. Constantine. "The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Reconsidered: 'An Appeal to the Real Laws of Our Country'." Journal of Southern History 66 (2000): 473–496. doi:10.2307/2587865
Gutzman, Kevin R. C., Virginia's American Revolution: From Dominion to Republic, 1776-1840. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2007.
Koch, Adrienne and Harry Ammon. "The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: An Episode in Jefferson's and Madison's Defense of Civil Liberties." William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 5 (1948): 145–176.
Lash, Kurt T. "James Madison's Celebrated Report of 1800: The Transformation of the Tenth Amendment." George Washington Law Review 74 (2006): 165–200.
Madison, James. The Papers of James Madison. Vol. 17: March 1797 through March 1801. Edited by David B. Mattern. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991. The Report appears in pp. 303–351. The editorial note on pp. 303–306 is used heavily in this article.
McCoy, Drew. The Last of the Fathers: James Madison & the Republican Legacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC, 528 U.S. 377 (2000).
Powell, H. Jefferson. "The Principles of '98: An Essay in Historical Retrieval." Virginia Law Review 80 (1994): 689–743.
Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476 (1957).
Thornhill v. State of Alabama, 310 U.S. 88 (1940).
Yarbrough, Jean. "Rethinking 'The Federalist's View of Federalism'." Publius 15 (1985): 31–53.
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Category:James Madison | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Report_of_1800_cover.JPG"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Elliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Elliot_(historian)"},{"link_name":"nullification crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullification_crisis"},{"link_name":"James Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Madison"},{"link_name":"sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty"},{"link_name":"states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"United States Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Alien and Sedition Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Virginia General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Virginia Resolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Resolutions"},{"link_name":"1817 Bonus Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonus_Bill_of_1817"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"nullification crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullification_crisis"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"tariffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff"},{"link_name":"Republicanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism"}],"text":"The cover of a book containing the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions along with the Report of 1800 and other supporting documents. This edition was produced by editor Jonathan Elliot in 1832 at the height of the nullification crisis. These documents formed the philosophical foundation for the nullification movement.The Report of 1800 was a resolution drafted by James Madison arguing for the sovereignty of the individual states under the United States Constitution and against the Alien and Sedition Acts.[1] Adopted by the Virginia General Assembly in January 1800, the Report amends arguments from the 1798 Virginia Resolutions and attempts to resolve contemporary criticisms against the Resolutions. The Report was the last important explication of the Constitution produced before the 1817 Bonus Bill veto message by Madison, who has come to be regarded as the \"Father of the Constitution.\"[2]The arguments made in the Resolutions and the Report were later used frequently during the nullification crisis of 1832, when South Carolina declared federal tariffs to be unconstitutional and void within the state. Madison rejected the concept of nullification and the notion that his arguments supported such a practice. Whether Madison's theory of Republicanism really supported the nullification movement, and more broadly whether the ideas he expressed between 1798 and 1800 are consistent with his work before and after this period, are the main questions surrounding the Report in the modern literature.","title":"Report of 1800"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic-Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia Resolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Resolutions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Resolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Resolutions"},{"link_name":"Federalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party"},{"link_name":"Alien and Sedition Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts"},{"link_name":"aliens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(law)"},{"link_name":"citizens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Caroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Madison,_303.-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Vice President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Monticello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticello"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Wilson Cary Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Cary_Nicholas"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JamesMadison.jpg"},{"link_name":"Montpelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpelier_(James_Madison)"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"James Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Madison, a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, was elected to the Democratic-Republican-dominated Virginia General Assembly from Orange County in 1799. A major item on his agenda was the defense of the General Assembly's 1798 Virginia Resolutions, of which Madison had been the draftsman.[3] The Resolutions, usually discussed together with Thomas Jefferson's contemporaneous Kentucky Resolutions, were a response to various perceived outrages perpetrated by the Federalist-dominated national government. The most significant of these were the Alien and Sedition Acts, four laws that allowed the President to deport aliens at will, required a longer period of residence before aliens could become citizens, and made it a crime to publish malicious or defamatory material against the government or its officials. Democratic-Republicans were outraged by the legislation, and Madison and Jefferson drafted the highly critical Resolutions adopted in response by the Virginia and Kentucky state legislatures.[citation needed]The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions had in the year since publication received highly critical replies from state legislatures. Seven states formally responded to Virginia and Kentucky by rejecting the Resolutions[4] and three other states passed resolutions expressing disapproval,[5] with the other four states taking no action. No other state endorsed the Resolutions. The reason for the criticism was that the General Assembly, led in the effort by state-sovereignty advocate John Taylor of Caroline, had put a state-sovereignty spin on the Virginia Resolutions of 1798 despite Madison's hopes. These replies contended that the Supreme Court of the United States had the ultimate responsibility for deciding whether federal laws were constitutional, and that the Alien and Sedition Acts were constitutional and necessary.[6] The Federalists accused the Democratic-Republicans of seeking disunion, even contemplating violence.[7] At the time, some leading Virginia Democratic-Republican figures such as Rep. William Branch Giles (in public) and Taylor (in private) actually were contemplating disunion, and the Virginia General Assembly chose this juncture for finally constructing a new state armory in Richmond, so there was some truth to the charge.[citation needed]Jefferson, the leader of the Democratic-Republican Party and then–Vice President, wrote to Madison in August 1799 outlining a campaign to strengthen public support for the principles expressed in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 (commonly referred to as \"the principles of '98\"):That the principles already advanced by Virginia & Kentucky are not to be yielded in silence, I presume we all agree. I should propose a declaration of Resolution by their legislatures on this plan. 1st. Answer the reasonings of such of the states as have ventured in the field of reason, & that of the Committee of Congress. ... 2. Make a firm protestation against the principle & the precedent; and a reservation of the rights resulting to us from these palpable violations of the constitutional compact by the Federal government, ... 3. Express in affectionate and conciliatory language our warm attachment to union with our sister-states, and to the instrument & principles by which we are united; ... fully confident that the good sense of the American people and their attachment to rally with us round the true principle of our federal compact. But determined, were we to be disappointed in this, to sever ourselves from that union we so much value, rather than give up the rights of self government which we have reserved, & in which alone we see liberty, safety & happiness.[8]In response to this letter, Madison visited Jefferson at Monticello during the first week of September.[9] Their discussion was important in that it persuaded Jefferson to depart from his radical stance on dissociation from the Union, which is expressed at the end of the excerpt above. At the very least, Virginia or Kentucky taking such a stance publicly would have justified the Federalist attacks against the secessionist tendencies of the Democratic-Republicans. Madison won over Jefferson, who shortly thereafter wrote to Wilson Cary Nicholas that: \"From [this position] I retreat readily, not only in deference to [Madison's] judgment but because as we should never think of separation but for repeated and enormous violations, so these, when they occur, will be cause enough of themselves.\"[10] Adrienne Koch and Harry Ammon, examining Jefferson's later writing, conclude that Madison had a significant role \"in softening Jefferson's more extreme views.\"[11]James Madison, author of the Report and 4th President of the United StatesJefferson hoped for further involvement with the production of the Report and planned to visit Madison at Montpelier on his way to Philadelphia, the national capital, for the winter session of the United States Congress. However, James Monroe, who would become Governor of Virginia before the end of the year, visited Jefferson at Monticello and cautioned him against meeting with Madison, since another meeting between two of the most important Democratic-Republican leaders would provoke significant public comment.[12] The task of writing the Virginia Report was left solely to Madison. Jefferson underlined the importance of this work in a November 26 letter to Madison in which he identified \"protestations against violations of the true principles of our constitution\" as one of the four primary elements of the Democratic-Republican Party plan.[13]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"John Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline"},{"link_name":"William Branch Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Branch_Giles"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"presidential election of 1800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"states' rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States%27_rights"},{"link_name":"Tenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Ninth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The Assembly session began in early December. Once at Richmond, Madison began drafting the Report,[14] though he was delayed by a weeklong battle with dysentery.[15] On December 23, Madison moved for the creation of a special seven-member committee with himself as chairman to respond to \"certain answers from several of the states, relative to the communications made by the Virginia legislature at their last session.\" The committee members were Madison, John Taylor, William Branch Giles, George Keith Taylor, John Wise, John Mercer, and William Daniel.[16] The next day, Christmas Eve, the committee produced a first version of the Report.[17] The measure came before the House of Delegates, the lower house of the General Assembly, on January 2.Though certain to pass due to the Democratic-Republican majority, which had recently been solidified by the election of a Democratic-Republican clerk and speaker of the House, the Report was debated for five days. The main point of contention was the meaning of the third of the Virginia Resolutions:this Assembly doth explicitly and peremptorily declare, that it views the powers of the federal government, as resulting from the compact to which the states are parties; ... and that in case of a deliberate, palpable, and dangerous exercise of other powers not granted by said compact, the states who are parties thereto have the right ... to interpose for arresting the progress of the evil ... the authorities, rights, and liberties appertaining to them.[18]This resolution had been the principal target of the Federalist attack on the Resolutions.[19] Particularly at issue was the sense in which the states were parties to the federal compact. The Report was ultimately amended to provide greater clarity on this issue by emphasizing that when the Virginians claimed that the \"states\" were parties to the federal Constitution, the referent of the word \"state\" was the sovereign people of the particular state. Thus, to say that \"the state of Virginia ratified the Constitution\" was to say that the sovereign people of Virginia ratified the Constitution. The amended Report passed the House of Delegates on January 7 by a margin of 60 to 40. At some point in the next two weeks, it passed the Senate by a margin of 15 to 6.[20]The Report was received warmly by Virginia Democratic-Republicans. The General Assembly arranged for five thousand copies to be printed and distributed in the state, but there was not much public response to the Report, and it appears to have had relatively little impact on the presidential election of 1800 (which was, nevertheless, a major victory for the Democratic-Republicans and a repudiation of Federalist policies). Parties outside Virginia seemed uninterested in the rehashing of the 1798 Resolutions, and in other states there was very little public comment. Jefferson eagerly sought copies for distribution to Democratic-Republican members of Congress departing for their home states, and when they failed to arrive he entreated Monroe for at least one copy that he could reproduce. Despite Jefferson's approval of and attempt to distribute Madison's work, the national reaction was tepid.[21] Though it had little impact on the immediate election, Madison's Report clarified the legal argument against the Acts and for states' rights in general, particularly in its advancement of the Tenth Amendment rather than the Ninth as the main bulwark against federal encroachment on state autonomy.[22]","title":"Production and passage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia Resolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Resolutions"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Freedom of the press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"First Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"compact theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_theory"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"general will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_will"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The general purpose of the Report was the affirmation and expansion of the principles expressed in the Virginia Resolutions. The first major goal of the Resolutions was to bring about the repeal of the Alien and Sedition Acts by generating public opposition that would be expressed through the state legislatures. Madison sought to accomplish this by demonstrating conclusively that the Acts violated the constitution. Laying into the Acts in his Report, Madison described many breaches of constitutional limits. The Alien Act granted the President the unenumerated power of deporting friendly aliens.[23] Contrary to the Sedition Act, the federal government had no power to protect officials from dissent or libelous attack, beyond the protection it accorded to every citizen; indeed, such special intervention against the press was \"expressly forbidden by a declaratory amendment to the constitution.\"[24] As well, Madison attacked Federalist carriage laws and bank laws as unconstitutional.[citation needed]To remedy the defects revealed by the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts, Madison called for citizens to have an absolute right to free speech. Madison writes that the ability to prosecute speech amounts to \"a protection of those who administer the government, if they should at any time deserve the contempt or hatred of the people, against being exposed to it.\"[25] Freedom of the press was necessary, because \"chequered as it is with abuses, the world is indebted to the press for all the triumphs which have been gained by reason and humanity over error and oppression.\"[26] The Report supported a strict interpretation of the First Amendment.[citation needed] While the Federalists interpreted the amendment as limiting the power of Congress over the press, but implying that such power existed, Madison argued that the First Amendment wholly prohibited Congress from any interference with the press.More generally, the Report made the argument in favor of the sovereignty of the individual states, for which it is best known. The basic message was that the states were the ultimate parties constituting the federal compact, and that therefore the individual states were ultimate arbiters of whether the compact had been broken by the usurpation of power. This doctrine is known as the compact theory. It was the presence of this argument in the Resolutions that had allowed the Federalists to paint the Democratic-Republicans as leaning toward secession; in the amended Report the line is moderated, with an emphasis that it is the states as political societies of the people (and therefore, one reads in, not the state legislatures alone) which possess this power. Either formulation would help the Democratic-Republican cause by refuting the finality of any constitutional interpretation advanced by the Congress and federal judiciary, both of which were dominated by Federalists.[citation needed]In defense of Virginia Democratic-Republicans and the Resolutions, Madison emphasized that even if one disagreed with the compact theory, the Virginia Resolutions and the Report of 1800 themselves were simply protests, which states were surely entitled to produce. Madison indicated that a declaration of unconstitutionality would be an expression of opinion, with no legal force.[27] The purpose of such a declaration, said Madison, was to mobilize public opinion. Madison indicated that the power to make binding constitutional determinations remained in the federal courts:It has been said, that it belongs to the judiciary of the United States, and not the state legislatures, to declare the meaning of the Federal Constitution. ...\n[T]he declarations of [the citizens or the state legislature], whether affirming or denying the constitutionality of measures of the Federal Government ... are expressions of opinion, unaccompanied with any other effect than what they may produce on opinion, by exciting reflection. The expositions of the judiciary, on the other hand, are carried into immediate effect by force. The former may lead to a change in the legislative expression of the general will; possibly to a change in the opinion of the judiciary; the latter enforces the general will, whilst that will and that opinion continue unchanged.Madison argued that a state, after declaring a federal law unconstitutional, could take action by communicating with other states, attempting to enlist their support, petitioning Congress to repeal the law in question, introducing amendments to the Constitution in Congress, or calling a constitutional convention. Madison did not assert that the states could legally nullify an objectionable federal law or that they could declare it void and unenforceable. By eschewing direct action in favor of influencing popular opinion, Madison tried to make clear that the Democratic-Republicans were not moving toward disunion.[citation needed]","title":"Argument"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spencer Roane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Roane"},{"link_name":"Magna Charta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Charta"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Henry Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"H. Jefferson Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Jefferson_Powell"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Roth v. United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roth_v._United_States"},{"link_name":"William Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Brennan,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Thornhill v. Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornhill_v._Alabama"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_v._Shrink_Missouri_Government_PAC"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"federalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism"},{"link_name":"republicanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kevin Gutzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Gutzman"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"nullification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullification_(U.S._Constitution)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Ordinance of Nullification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinance_of_Nullification"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"The Report was regarded in the early 19th century as among the more important expressions of Democratic-Republican principles. Spencer Roane described it as \"the Magna Charta on which the republicans settled down, after the great struggle in the year 1799.\"[28] Henry Clay said on the floor of the House of Representatives that it was from the Report of 1800, above other documents, that he had developed his own theories on constitutional interpretation.[29] H. Jefferson Powell, a modern jurist, identifies three persistent themes of Democratic-Republican constitutionalism which emerged from the Resolutions and the Report: (1) a textual approach to the Constitution, (2) the compact theory, and (3) that caution, not trust, should characterize our approach to those who hold political power.[30]In more recent years, the main practical interest in the Report has been its absolutist understanding of the First Amendment.[citation needed] Multiple Supreme Court decisions have cited the case as evidence of the Framers' ideas on free speech. In the 1957 Roth v. United States opinion by William Brennan, Madison's Report is cited as evidence that \"the fundamental freedoms of speech and press have contributed greatly to the development and well-being of our free society and are indispensable to its continued growth.\"[31] Other cases to cite the Report for a similar purpose include Thornhill v. Alabama (1940)[32] and Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC (2000).[33]In modern scholarship outside the legal arena the Report is mostly studied for its discussion of states' rights with regard to federalism and republicanism.[citation needed] According to Kevin Gutzman, the Report, together with the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, forms a foundation for the \"radical southern states' rights tradition.\"[34] However, Madison rebuffed charges that his writings supported the constitutional interpretation advanced by pro-nullification Southerners. The Report of 1800, Madison argued, did not say the government was a compact of the individual states, as the pro-nullification elements suggested. Rather the Report of 1800 described a compact of \"the people in each of the States, acting in their highest sovereign capacity.\"[35] The state governments themselves, no less than the federal judiciary, possess only delegated power and therefore cannot decide questions of fundamental importance. Madison thought the Resolutions and Report were consistent with this principle while the Ordinance of Nullification was not.[36]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Patrick Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Henry"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Elliot, Jonathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Elliot_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal 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Resolutions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Contemporary_Opinion_of_the_Virginia_and_Kentucky_Resolutions"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1832959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1832959"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1832959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1832959"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Madison,_303._6-0"},{"link_name":"Elliot, Jonathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Elliot_(historian)"},{"link_name":"\"Answers of the Several State Legislatures: State of Vermont\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Virginia_Resolutions_of_1798/Vermont"},{"link_name":"Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal 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Resolutions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Contemporary_Opinion_of_the_Virginia_and_Kentucky_Resolutions"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1832959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1832959"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1832959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1832959"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Alien Enemies Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_Enemies_Act"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"}],"text":"^ The Report is also known as the Virginia Report of 1800, the Report of 1799, Madison's Report or the Report on the Alien and Sedition Acts.\n\n^ See, e.g., Brant's subtitle \"Father of the Constitution.\"\n\n^ Madison initially decided to run for office mainly to counteract the strength of prominent Federalist Patrick Henry, who was set to be elected to the House. However, Henry died over the summer, leaving the Democratic-Republicans free to pursue their plans with no substantial opposition. Madison, 303.\n\n^ The seven states that transmitted formal rejections were Delaware, Massachusetts, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Vermont. See Elliot, Jonathan (1907) [1836]. Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . Vol. 4 (expanded 2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott. pp. 538–539. ISBN 0-8337-1038-9.\n\n^ Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey passed resolutions that disapproved the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, but these states did not transmit formal responses to Kentucky and Virginia. Anderson, Frank Maloy (1899). \"Contemporary Opinion of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions\" . American Historical Review. 5 (1): 45–63, 225–244. doi:10.2307/1832959. JSTOR 1832959.\n\n^ Madison, 303. At least six states responded to the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions by stating that the power to declare a law unconstitutional rested in the federal judiciary, not the states. For example, Vermont's resolution stated: \"It belongs not to state legislatures to decide on the constitutionality of laws made by the general government; this power being exclusively vested in the judiciary courts of the Union.\" Elliot, Jonathan (1907) [1836]. \"Answers of the Several State Legislatures: State of Vermont\" . Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . Vol. 4 (expanded 2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott. pp. 538–539. ISBN 0-8337-1038-9.. The other states taking the position that the constitutionality of federal laws is a question for the federal courts, not the states, were New York, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania. The Governor of Delaware also took this position. Anderson, Frank Maloy (1899). \"Contemporary Opinion of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions\" . American Historical Review. 5 (1): 45–63, 225–244. doi:10.2307/1832959. JSTOR 1832959.\n\n^ Koch and Ammon, 163.\n\n^ Letter from Jefferson to Madison of August 23, 1799. Quoted in Koch and Ammon, 165–166.\n\n^ Madison, 304.\n\n^ Letter from Jefferson to W.C. Nicholas of September 5, 1799, quoted in Brant, 467.\n\n^ Koch and Ammon, 167.\n\n^ Koch and Ammon, 169–170.\n\n^ Letter from Jefferson to Madison of November 26, 1799, quoted in Koch and Ammon, 170.\n\n^ Madison, 303.\n\n^ Brant, 467.\n\n^ Madison, 296, 304.\n\n^ Neither this version nor any of Madison's drafts survive.\n\n^ Madison, 189. The Virginia Resolutions emerged from the House of Delegates on December 21, 1798.\n\n^ Gutzman, 582.\n\n^ Madison, 305.\n\n^ Koch and Ammon, 171; Madison, 306.\n\n^ Lash, 183–184.\n\n^ The Democratic-Republicans did not oppose the Alien Enemies Act, which permitted the deportation of enemy aliens, and is still in force.\n\n^ Madison, 341.\n\n^ Madison, 344.\n\n^ Madison, 338.\n\n^ Madison, 348. It is worth noting that at this period Americans still followed a British understanding in which laws could be \"unconstitutional\" without being illegal. Virginia's declaration that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional did not necessarily signify a belief that the Acts were without effect.\n\n^ Powell, 695.\n\n^ Powell, 696.\n\n^ Powell, 705–706.\n\n^ Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476 (1957).\n\n^ Thornhill v. Alabama, 310 U.S. 88 (1940).\n\n^ Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC, 528 U.S. 377 (2000).\n\n^ Gutzman, 571.\n\n^ Gibson, 319. The quote is from Drew McCoy, The Last of the Fathers: James Madison & the Republican Legacy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 134.\n\n^ Yarbrough, 42–43.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"The cover of a book containing the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions along with the Report of 1800 and other supporting documents. This edition was produced by editor Jonathan Elliot in 1832 at the height of the nullification crisis. These documents formed the philosophical foundation for the nullification movement.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Report_of_1800_cover.JPG/220px-Report_of_1800_cover.JPG"},{"image_text":"James Madison, author of the Report and 4th President of the United States","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/JamesMadison.jpg/220px-JamesMadison.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Elliot, Jonathan (1907) [1836]. Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Clifford_Barney | Laura Clifford Barney | ["1 Activities","2 Bibliography","3 Further reading","4 References","5 External links"] | American Baháʼí teacher and philanthropist
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Laura in Arabian costume (1905), by Alice Pike Barney
Laura Dreyfus-Barney (born Laura Clifford Barney, also known as Laura Alice Barney; 30 November 1879, Cincinnati, Ohio – 18 August 1974, Paris, France) was a leading American Baháʼí teacher and philanthropist.
She was the daughter of Albert and Alice Pike Barney. Albert Clifford Barney was the son of a manufacturer of railway cars and was of English descent. Alice was of French, Dutch and German-Jewish ancestry, and was a socially prominent artist from Washington, D.C. Laura and her elder sister Natalie Clifford Barney were educated by private tutors. Laura became a leading American Baháʼí teacher and philanthropist. She is best known for having compiled the Baháʼí text Some Answered Questions from her interviews with ʻAbdu'l-Bahá during her visit to ʿAkkāʾ, Palestine, between 1904 and 1906.
Activities
Tomb of Laura Clifford Barney, Passy Cemetery, Paris
She attended Les Ruches, a French boarding school founded by feminist Marie Souvestre. While continuing her studies in Paris, Laura met May Bolles (later Maxwell), a Canadian Baháʼí, and was converted to the faith in about 1900. Her mother converted soon afterward. In 1911, she married Hippolyte Dreyfus (married name Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney).
Laura Barney financed the visit of the Persian Baháʼí scholar Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl to the United States in 1901-04, in order to propagate the religion there, and helped to publish the translation of his Ḥojaj al-bahīya.
In 1904 she visited ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in ʿAkkāʾ, Palestine, where she remained for about two years, acquiring a working knowledge of Persian and becoming a functioning member of his household. During that time she arranged to have ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's answers to her questions, mainly on philosophy and Christian theology, recorded by his secretaries. She collaborated with her future husband, Hippolyte Dreyfus, on the editing and translation of this work, and translated by Dreyfus as Les leçons de Saint Jean d'Acre, in French in 1909. In 1905-06 she visited Persia, the Caucasus, and Russia with Dreyfus. After their marriage in April 1911, when they both adopted the surname Dreyfus-Barney, she traveled extensively with him.
Both Laura and Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney played a vital role in ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's successful visits to the West. Their intimate and personal relationship with him is unquestioned, even though Hippolyte accompanied ʻAbdu'l-Bahá more so than Laura and translated many of his speeches to French. Nonetheless, Laura's role is unique in the special bond she developed through her travels to Akka during her youth and later hosting ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in Paris. Her proficiency in the Persian language is another aspect that was unique at the time for a non-Persian woman. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's first visit to Paris in September 1911 was hosted by Laura and her husband. They also traveled to London and acted as his interpreters. They were his "confidantes." ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's next visit to the west and the US took place in 1912. Laura was present again in New York. New Jersey and Washington, DC. Upon his return to London, both Laura and Hippolyte were present. Their last visit to Akka to visit ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was in 1921, the same year that he died.
Dreyfus-Barney was active in the International Council of Women from the 1920s to the 1960s and was its representative to the League of Nations and then later worked connecting the United Nation's Children's Fund with various NGOs after World War II. Between these, during World War I, Dreyfus-Barney served in the American Ambulance Corps (1914-15), and the American Red Cross (1916-18) in France, and helped to establish the first children's hospital in Avignon (1918). For her lifetime of services she was named chevalier (1925) and officer (1937) of the French Légion d'Honneur. There is a copy of her unpublished memoirs in the Baháʼí national archives in France.
Bibliography
Baháʼí International Community, United Nations Office, Report to the United Nations and Public Information Policy Committee, New York, 21 July 1988 (on celebration of the centennial of the International Council of Women in honor of the memory of Laura Dreyfus-Barney).
A. Fāżel Māzandarānī, Ẓohūr al-ḥaqq VIII/2, Tehran, 132 B.E./1975. U. R. Giachery, "Laura Clifford Dreyfus-Barney, 1879-1974" in The Baháʼí World 16, 1978, pp. 535–38.
R. Meḥrāb-Ḵānī, Zendagī-e Mīrzā Abu'l-Fażl Golpāyagānī, Langenhain, Germany, 1988, p. 277. Who Was Who in America, 1897-1942 I, Chicago, 1968, p. 59.
Further reading
Khademi, Mona (Jul 28, 2022). The Life of Laura Barney. Oxford, UK: George Ronald Publisher Limited. ISBN 9780853986522. OCLC 1370599647.
Khademi, Mona (Sep 20, 2017). Life of Laura Clifford Dreyfus-Barney (video). Washington, DC: African and Middle East Division, Library of Congress.
Khademi, Mona (2009). "A Glimpse into the Life of Laura Dreyfus-Barney". Lights of ʻIrfán: Papers Presented at the ʻIrfán Colloquia and Seminars. X. United States: 'Irfán Colloquia Baháʼí National Center: 71–106.
"Laura Clifford Barney-Dreyfus: a remembrance". Baháʼí News. No. 568. July 1978. pp. 4–6.
References
^ Ma'ani, Baharieh Rouhani (2017). Some Answered Questions" and Its Compiler, in Lights of Irfan 18.
^ Dreyfus-Barney, Laura C.; Thomas Linard. "Bio of Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney". Essays / short articles. Baháʼí Academic Library. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
^ Cairo, 1342/1925; tr. Ali-Kuli Khan as The Baháʼí Proofs, New York, 1902; 2nd ed., ed. J. R. I. Cole, Wilmette, Ill., 1983
^ al-Nūr al-abhā fīmofāważāt ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Leiden, 1908; tr. L. C. Barney and H. Dreyfus as Some Answered Questions, London, 1908
^ "Literary News of Philadelphia". New York Times. October 17, 1908. p. 27. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
^ Khademi, Mona. "Laura Dreyfus Barney and ʻAbdu'l-Baha's Visits to the West". Archived from the original on 2010-12-08.
^ Sandra Hutchinson; Richard Hollinger (2006). "Women in the North American Baha'i Community". In Keller, Rosemary Skinner; Ruether, Rosemary Radford; Cantlon, Marie (eds.). Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America: Native American creation stories. Indiana University Press. pp. 776–786. ISBN 0-253-34687-8.
^ Rassek, Shapoor. "Dreyfus-Barney".
External links
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Works by Laura Clifford Barney at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alice_Pike_Barney_-_Laura_in_Arabian_Costume_-_1951.14.52_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alice Pike Barney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Pike_Barney"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Baháʼí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith"},{"link_name":"Alice Pike Barney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Pike_Barney"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Natalie Clifford Barney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Clifford_Barney"},{"link_name":"Baháʼí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith"},{"link_name":"Some Answered Questions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Answered_Questions"},{"link_name":"ʻAbdu'l-Bahá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Laura in Arabian costume (1905), by Alice Pike BarneyLaura Dreyfus-Barney (born Laura Clifford Barney, also known as Laura Alice Barney; 30 November 1879, Cincinnati, Ohio – 18 August 1974, Paris, France) was a leading American Baháʼí teacher and philanthropist.She was the daughter of Albert and Alice Pike Barney. Albert Clifford Barney was the son of a manufacturer of railway cars and was of English descent. Alice was of French, Dutch and German-Jewish[citation needed] ancestry, and was a socially prominent artist from Washington, D.C. Laura and her elder sister Natalie Clifford Barney were educated by private tutors. Laura became a leading American Baháʼí teacher and philanthropist. She is best known for having compiled the Baháʼí text Some Answered Questions from her interviews with ʻAbdu'l-Bahá during her visit to ʿAkkāʾ, Palestine, between 1904 and 1906.[1]","title":"Laura Clifford Barney"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laura_Clifford-Barney-ren_hilarria.jpg"},{"link_name":"Passy Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passy_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Les Ruches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Ruches&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marie Souvestre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Souvestre"},{"link_name":"May Bolles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Hippolyte Dreyfus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hippolyte_Dreyfus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Dreyfus-Barney"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADrz%C3%A1_Abu%27l-Fa%E1%B8%8Dl"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ʻAbdu'l-Bahá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"International Council of Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_of_Women"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"United Nation's Children's Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nation%27s_Children%27s_Fund"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Légion d'Honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"}],"text":"Tomb of Laura Clifford Barney, Passy Cemetery, ParisShe attended Les Ruches, a French boarding school founded by feminist Marie Souvestre. While continuing her studies in Paris, Laura met May Bolles (later Maxwell), a Canadian Baháʼí, and was converted to the faith in about 1900. Her mother converted soon afterward. In 1911, she married Hippolyte Dreyfus [fr] (married name Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney).[2]Laura Barney financed the visit of the Persian Baháʼí scholar Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl to the United States in 1901-04, in order to propagate the religion there, and helped to publish the translation of his Ḥojaj al-bahīya.[3]In 1904 she visited ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in ʿAkkāʾ, Palestine, where she remained for about two years, acquiring a working knowledge of Persian and becoming a functioning member of his household. During that time she arranged to have ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's answers to her questions, mainly on philosophy and Christian theology, recorded by his secretaries. She collaborated with her future husband, Hippolyte Dreyfus, on the editing and translation of this work,[4][5] and translated by Dreyfus as Les leçons de Saint Jean d'Acre, in French in 1909. In 1905-06 she visited Persia, the Caucasus, and Russia with Dreyfus. After their marriage in April 1911, when they both adopted the surname Dreyfus-Barney, she traveled extensively with him.Both Laura and Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney played a vital role in ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's successful visits to the West. Their intimate and personal relationship with him is unquestioned, even though Hippolyte accompanied ʻAbdu'l-Bahá more so than Laura and translated many of his speeches to French. Nonetheless, Laura's role is unique in the special bond she developed through her travels to Akka during her youth and later hosting ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in Paris. Her proficiency in the Persian language is another aspect that was unique at the time for a non-Persian woman. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's first visit to Paris in September 1911 was hosted by Laura and her husband. They also traveled to London and acted as his interpreters. They were his \"confidantes.\" ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's next visit to the west and the US took place in 1912. Laura was present again in New York. New Jersey and Washington, DC. Upon his return to London, both Laura and Hippolyte were present. Their last visit to Akka to visit ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was in 1921, the same year that he died.[6]Dreyfus-Barney was active in the International Council of Women from the 1920s to the 1960s and was its representative to the League of Nations and then later worked connecting the United Nation's Children's Fund with various NGOs after World War II.[7] Between these, during World War I, Dreyfus-Barney served in the American Ambulance Corps (1914-15), and the American Red Cross (1916-18) in France, and helped to establish the first children's hospital in Avignon (1918). For her lifetime of services she was named chevalier (1925) and officer (1937) of the French Légion d'Honneur. There is a copy of her unpublished memoirs in the Baháʼí national archives in France.","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Baháʼí International Community, United Nations Office, Report to the United Nations and Public Information Policy Committee, New York, 21 July 1988 (on celebration of the centennial of the International Council of Women in honor of the memory of Laura Dreyfus-Barney).\nA. Fāżel Māzandarānī, Ẓohūr al-ḥaqq VIII/2, Tehran, 132 B.E./1975. U. R. Giachery, \"Laura Clifford Dreyfus-Barney, 1879-1974\" in The Baháʼí World 16, 1978, pp. 535–38.\nR. Meḥrāb-Ḵānī, Zendagī-e Mīrzā Abu'l-Fażl Golpāyagānī, Langenhain, Germany, 1988, p. 277. Who Was Who in America, 1897-1942 I, Chicago, 1968, p. 59.[8]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Life of Laura Barney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LzhQzwEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780853986522","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780853986522"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1370599647","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1370599647"},{"link_name":"Life of Laura Clifford Dreyfus-Barney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.loc.gov/today/cyberlc/feature_wdesc.php?rec=8017"},{"link_name":"\"A Glimpse into the Life of Laura Dreyfus-Barney\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//irfancolloquia.org/83/khademi_barney1"},{"link_name":"\"Laura Clifford Barney-Dreyfus: a remembrance\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=09&page=767"}],"text":"Khademi, Mona (Jul 28, 2022). The Life of Laura Barney. Oxford, UK: George Ronald Publisher Limited. ISBN 9780853986522. OCLC 1370599647.\nKhademi, Mona (Sep 20, 2017). Life of Laura Clifford Dreyfus-Barney (video). Washington, DC: African and Middle East Division, Library of Congress.\nKhademi, Mona (2009). \"A Glimpse into the Life of Laura Dreyfus-Barney\". Lights of ʻIrfán: Papers Presented at the ʻIrfán Colloquia and Seminars. X. United States: 'Irfán Colloquia Baháʼí National Center: 71–106.\n\"Laura Clifford Barney-Dreyfus: a remembrance\". Baháʼí News. No. 568. July 1978. pp. 4–6.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Laura in Arabian costume (1905), by Alice Pike Barney","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Alice_Pike_Barney_-_Laura_in_Arabian_Costume_-_1951.14.52_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/220px-Alice_Pike_Barney_-_Laura_in_Arabian_Costume_-_1951.14.52_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tomb of Laura Clifford Barney, Passy Cemetery, Paris","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Laura_Clifford-Barney-ren_hilarria.jpg/220px-Laura_Clifford-Barney-ren_hilarria.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Khademi, Mona (Jul 28, 2022). The Life of Laura Barney. Oxford, UK: George Ronald Publisher Limited. ISBN 9780853986522. 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United States: 'Irfán Colloquia Baháʼí National Center: 71–106.","urls":[{"url":"http://irfancolloquia.org/83/khademi_barney1","url_text":"\"A Glimpse into the Life of Laura Dreyfus-Barney\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laura Clifford Barney-Dreyfus: a remembrance\". Baháʼí News. No. 568. July 1978. pp. 4–6.","urls":[{"url":"http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=09&page=767","url_text":"\"Laura Clifford Barney-Dreyfus: a remembrance\""}]},{"reference":"Dreyfus-Barney, Laura C.; Thomas Linard. \"Bio of Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney\". Essays / short articles. Baháʼí Academic Library. Retrieved 2010-07-14.","urls":[{"url_text":"Dreyfus-Barney, Laura C."},{"url":"http://bahai-library.com/essays/barney.html","url_text":"\"Bio of Hippolyte Dreyfus-Barney\""}]},{"reference":"\"Literary News of Philadelphia\". New York Times. October 17, 1908. p. 27. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Devine | Fiona Devine | ["1 Education","2 Career","3 Awards","4 Selected bibliography","4.1 Books","4.2 Book chapters","4.3 Journal articles","5 References","6 External links"] | Professor of sociology
Fiona DevineCBE FAcSSBorn (1962-06-06) 6 June 1962 (age 62)Academic backgroundAlma materUniversity of EssexThesisPrivatism and the working class: affluent workers in the 1980s? (1990)Academic workInstitutionsUniversity of ManchesterManchester Business SchoolMain interestsSociology
Websitehttp://www.mbs.ac.uk/research/people/profiles/FDevine
Fiona Devine CBE FAcSS (born 6 June 1962) is a professor of sociology at the University of Manchester and Vice-President and Dean of the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Manchester.
Education
Devine's degrees, master's and doctorate were all gained from the University of Essex.
Career
Devine is best known for sociology writings about a new model of class structures: seven classes ranging from the Elite at the top to a Precariat at the bottom. She collaborated with the BBC website BBC Lab UK on the Great British Class Survey. More generally Devine specialises in social stratification and mobility; class identity; and in gender, work and family. She is co-director of the Centre for Research on Socio-Cultural Change at Manchester.
Awards
She was awarded an OBE for Services to Social Sciences in 2010 and elected to the Academy of Social Sciences in 2011. She was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2019 New Year Honours for services to the Social Sciences.
Selected bibliography
Books
Devine, Fiona; Waters, Mary C. (2004). Social inequalities in comparative perspective. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9780631226857.
Devine, Fiona; Savage, Mike; Scott, John; Crompton, Rosemary (2005). Rethinking class: culture, identities and lifestyles. Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780333968956.
Book chapters
Devine, Fiona; Waters, Mary C. (2004), "Introduction", in Devine, Fiona; Waters, Mary C. (eds.), Social inequalities in comparative perspective, Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 1–19, ISBN 9780631226857.
Devine, Fiona (2004), "Talking about class in Britain", in Devine, Fiona; Waters, Mary C. (eds.), Social inequalities in comparative perspective, Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 191–213, ISBN 9780631226857.
Journal articles
Devine, Fiona; Snee, Helene (2014). "Taking the next step: Class, resources and educational choice across the generations" (PDF). Journal of Youth Studies. 17 (8): 998–1013. doi:10.1080/13676261.2014.881987. S2CID 144672757.
Devine, Fiona; Snee, Helene (May 2015). "Doing the Great British class survey". The Sociological Review. 63 (2): 240–258. doi:10.1111/1467-954X.12282.
Devine, Fiona (2016). "The working class, middle class, assimilation and convergence". The Sociological Review. (Monograph series.)
Devine, Fiona; Sensler, Marianne (January–March 2017). "Class, politics and the progressive dilemma". The Political Quarterly. 88 (1): 30–38. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.12331.
References
^ a b "People of today: Fiona DEVINE". debretts.com. Debrett's. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014.
^ "Professor Fiona Devine". Archived from the original on 14 August 2023.
^ Devine, Fiona (1990). Privatism and the working class: affluent workers in the 1980s? (PhD). University of Essex. OCLC 22151706.
^ Staff writer (March 2011), "CRESC research and the BBC's Great British Class Survey", in CRESC (ed.), CRESC News (Issue 12) (PDF), p. 9
^ "Fiona Devine". web.stanford.edu. Stanford University. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014.
^ Bradshaw, Della (16 December 2013). "Manchester Business School appoints sociologist to top job". Financial Times.
External links
Profile: Manchester Business School Archived 23 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Latvia
Czech Republic
Australia
Netherlands
Poland
Academics
CiNii
ORCID
Scopus
People
Trove
Other
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbinger_Complex | Harbinger Complex | ["1 History","2 Membership","3 Discography","4 References"] | American garage/psychedelic rock band
Harbinger ComplexBackground informationOriginFremont, California, United StatesGenres
Garage rock
psychedelic rock
Years active1963 (1963)-1967 (1967)LabelsAmber, Brent, MainstreamPast members
Jim Hockstaff
Bob Hoyle III
Ron Rotarius
Gary Clarke
Chuck Tedford
Jim Redding
Harbinger Complex was an American garage rock/psychedelic rock band from Fremont, California, who were active in the mid-1960s. In the years since their breakup, their work has come to the attention of garage rock fans and collectors and has appeared on several retrospective compilations including the Nuggets 4-CD box set. They are best-remembered for their 1966 song, "I Think I'm Down."
History
The band began in 1963 in Fremont, California in the East Bay area, not far from San Francisco. They were founded by Bob Hoyle III and Ron Rotarius, who had begun playing guitar together several years earlier when they were in the eighth grade. The two continued to collaborate in high school, where, as sophomores, they recruited friends to put together a band called the Norsemen. In 1965, Hoyle was called, as a Naval reservist, to active duty in Vietnam. By the time he returned in 1966, the band, now called Harbinger Complex, had already been performing under the leadership of Rotarius. Upon re-entering, Hoyle became the band's the band’s lead guitarist, while Rotarius went to rhythm guitar. During Hoyle's stint in Vietnam, the band had brought in Jim Hockstaff, known for his "Dionysian exploits," to become the group's lead singer and front man. The other members were Gary Clark (bass), Jim Redding (drums), and Chuck Tedford (organ). Tedford left the band shortly thereafter, and would not appear on any of the group's recordings.
The band, who had developed a large following in Fremont, went to Golden State Records' studio to cut their first single released on the Amber label, “Sometimes I Wonder” b/w “Tomorrow's Soul Sound” in April 1966. These two songs, as with all of their subsequent recorded material, were written by Hockstaff and Hoyle (credited as "Hockstaff and Hoyle III"). Right around the time of their first single's release, they opened for Paul Revere & the Raiders, along with the Baytovens. In August 1966, the Harbinger Complex came out with their second single, “I Think I’m Down” b/w “My Dear and Kind Sir," which was released on the Brent label, and was recorded at United Studios in Los Angeles. Jim Hockstaff left the band in early 1967, and Gary Clark took over on lead vocals thereafter. Later that year, stereo and mono mixes of four songs recorded at United, including the previously released “I Think I’m Down” and “My Dear and Kind Sir," appeared on a various artists' compilation entitled, With Love: A Pot of Flowers, released by Mainstream Records, the parent label of Brent. By the end of 1967 the band had broken up. Bob Hoyle III died on May 6, 2003.
Harbinger Complex's work has come to the attention of garage rock enthusiasts and collectors over the years and has been re-issued on several retrospective compilations, such as Mindrocker, Volume 10 and Nuggets, Vol. 12: Punk, Pt. 3. "I Think I'm Down" was included on the Nuggets 4-CD box set released in 1998 on Rhino Records.
Membership
Jim Hockstaff (lead vocals)
Bob Hoyle III (lead guitar)
Ron Rotarius (rhythm guitar)
Gary Clark (bass)
Chuck Tedford (organ)
Jim Redding (drums)
Discography
"Tomorrow's Soul Sound" b/w "Sometimes I Wonder" (Amber 8999, Apr 1966)
"I Think I'm Down" b/w "My Dear and Kind Sir" (Brent 7056, August 1966)
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Zolland, n/a (June 24, 2013). "The Harbinger Complex - Time to Kill (1966)". A Bit Like You and Me. A Bit Like You and Me. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
^ a b c d e f g Montfichet, Stansted. "The Harbinger Complex: Artist Biography". Allmusic. AllMusic, a division of All Media Network, LLC. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
^ a b c Nipper, Mike (Nov 26, 2013). "It's November 26th, 2013 And You're in a Rad Garage Band - Harbinger Complex". The Stranger. Index Newspapers LLC. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
^ a b c d Stax, Mike (1998). Nuggets: Original Artyfacts from the First Psychedelic Era 1965-1968 (4-Cd Box Set). Rhino Entertainment. p. 80.- "Optical Sound: The Technicolor Tales Behind the Various Nuggets" (track-by-track liner notes). Rhino Records R2 75466
^ Markesich, Mike (2012). Teen Beat Mayhem (First ed.). Branford, Connecticut: Priceless Info Press. pp. 125. ISBN 978-0-9856482-5-1.
^ Unterberger, Richie. "With Love: A Pot of Flowers". AllMusic. AllMusic, a division of All Media Network, LLC. Retrieved October 18, 2015. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"garage rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_rock"},{"link_name":"psychedelic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_rock"},{"link_name":"Fremont, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont,_California"},{"link_name":"Nuggets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuggets:_Original_Artyfacts_from_the_First_Psychedelic_Era,_1965%E2%80%931968"}],"text":"Harbinger Complex was an American garage rock/psychedelic rock band from Fremont, California, who were active in the mid-1960s. In the years since their breakup, their work has come to the attention of garage rock fans and collectors and has appeared on several retrospective compilations including the Nuggets 4-CD box set. 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During Hoyle's stint in Vietnam, the band had brought in Jim Hockstaff, known for his \"Dionysian exploits,\" to become the group's lead singer and front man.[1][2] The other members were Gary Clark (bass), Jim Redding (drums), and Chuck Tedford (organ).[1] Tedford left the band shortly thereafter, and would not appear on any of the group's recordings.[1][3]The band, who had developed a large following in Fremont, went to Golden State Records' studio to cut their first single released on the Amber label, “Sometimes I Wonder” b/w “Tomorrow's Soul Sound” in April 1966.[1][5] These two songs, as with all of their subsequent recorded material, were written by Hockstaff and Hoyle (credited as \"Hockstaff and Hoyle III\").[1][2] Right around the time of their first single's release, they opened for Paul Revere & the Raiders, along with the Baytovens. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntare_Guma_Mbaho_Mwine | Ntare Mwine | ["1 Background","2 Television and film","3 Photography","4 Stage","5 Documentary work","6 Selected filmography","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | American dramatist (b. 1967)
Ntare MwineMwine in 2009BornNtare Guma Mbaho Mwine1967 (age 56–57)Hanover, New Hampshire, U.S.EducationUniversity of Virginia (BA)New York University (MFA)Years active1981–presentWebsitewww.bewareoftime.com
Ntare Guma Mbaho Mwine (born 1967) is an American-Ugandan stage and film actor, playwright, photographer and documentarian. He was credited by as Ntare Mwine until 2008, and by his full name thereafter.
Background
Mwine was born in Hanover, New Hampshire to Ugandan parents in 1967. His father was a Harvard Law School-educated attorney. His parents separated when Ntare was 7, with Ntare spending time with his father (who was then working in finance in the United States, including a period at the World Bank in Washington D.C.) and his mother (who went to Kenya to teach psychology at the University of Nairobi).
Mwine earned a master's degree in Fine Arts from New York University's Graduate Acting Program at the Tisch School of the Arts, graduating in 1992. He also studied at the University of Virginia, the Moscow Arts Theatre, and the Royal National Theatre in London. Basing himself in Los Angeles, Mwine's first professional job was the role of Paul in the 1992 U.S. National Tour of Six Degrees of Separation, for which he received an NAACP Image Award nomination for Best Actor.
Mwine has also expressed his views on sticky subjects including LGBTQ , HIV/AIDS explaining: "I’m an artist. have to tell stories".
Television and film
Mwine has appeared in movies including Blood Diamond, where he made his film debut. His first appearance in television was in New York Undercover in 1995. Recent appearances include a recurring role as the mysterious Usutu in Heroes. Mwine originally had the role of Joseph in the unaired pilot episode of the show; this part was removed when NBC took on the show full-time, due to the character's plot revolving around terrorist activity. Mwine also appeared as Tom Adler in CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and as Maurice Devereaux in The Riches.
Mwine played a minor, yet recurring, character in HBO and David Simon's television series Treme. The series deals with life in the Tremé district of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. In 2018, Mwine featured as Ronnie in the Showtime television series The Chi, which follows residents of the Chicago South Side.
On April 5, 2021, Mwine joined the cast of the Netflix series The Lincoln Lawyer with Manuel Garcia-Rulfo as Mickey Haller. Mwine stars as Detective Raymond Griggs, a character created specifically for the series based on the novel The Brass Verdict.
Photography
Mwine's photographic work has been displayed at the United Nations, The Latino Art Museum in Pomona, California, UCLA's Fowler Museum of Cultural History, and other museums worldwide. It was a central focus of Biro, and prominently featured on Six Feet Under. His photography has also appeared in Vanity Fair.
Stage
Mwine began appearing in stage productions in 1992, appearing as the con man posing as Sidney Poitier's son in Six Degrees of Separation, and in The Riddles Of Race, Circa '68 in 1994, In 1992 and 1997, Mwine was nominated for a Helen Hayes Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Non-Resident Production, for his role in Six Degrees of Separation at the National Theatre and Nomathemba at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. He played Julius Van George in Scent of the Roses at the Seattle Contemporary Theatre in 1998.
Mwine's first effort as a playwright, a barestage one-man show entitled Biro, about a HIV-positive Ugandan former rebel soldier who enters the United States illegally for treatment. The play, depicting a 90-minute explanation from the eponymous character to his lawyer about how he came to be in a Texas jail, premiered in early 2003 at Uganda's National Theatre. It later showed at the Joseph Papp Public Theater in New York, as well as in Los Angeles, Seattle, London, and throughout Africa. Mwine performed the work for multiple African heads of state and then-UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 2004. The Seattle Post-Intelligencer described his performance as "radiant", particularly so given the dark subject matter.
Documentary work
Basing on the article by Bryan Morel Publications at (https://www.bryanmorel.com/),
Mwine's inaugural documentary, Beware of Time was screened at the 2004 Pan African Film Festival in Los Angeles and the Black International Cinema in Berlin. Describing the lives of HIV-positive Ugandans, it was named the Best Film on Matters Relating to Marginalized People, and features a rare interview with Amule Amin, brother of former Ugandan dictator Idi Amin.
Selected filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
2006
Blood Diamond
M'Ed
2009
40
Godwill
2016
Queen of Katwe
Tendo
2020
Farewell Amor
Walter
TV
Year
Title
Role
2001-2008
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Tom Adler
2006-2009
Heroes
Usutu
2008
The Riches
Maurice Devereaux
2010-2013
Treme
Jacques Jhoni
2013
Bones
Joseph Mbarga
2013
The Newsroom
Pastor Moses
2014
Perception
ASAC Matthew Jefferies
2015
The Knick
D.W. Garrison Carr
2016-2017
Bosch
Craig
2018-2020
The Chi
Ronnie
2022
The Lincoln Lawyer
Detective Raymond Griggs
2023
Dead Ringers
Silas Jordan
TBA
Firebug
See also
List of Bishop's College School alumni
References
^ Profile, sho.com. Accessed July 13, 2023.
^ a b c Arnot, Chris (November 27, 2003). "'I just take what strikes me'". The Guardian. Manchester. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
^ Arkatov, Janice (October 31, 1992). "Ntare Mwine Is New Kid in the Spotlight in 'Six Degrees'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
^ a b c Martelle, Scott (October 19, 2005). "Ntare Mwine's journey of discovery". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
^ "Alumni Roster: 1990s". Grad Acting Alumni Association. Archived from the original on 2012-05-05. Retrieved 2011-12-01.
^ a b c Odubeng, Maureen (June 26, 2009). "Blood Diamonds star Mwine and YOHO produce short film". Mmegi. Gaborone. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
^ Needle, Chael. "Ntare Mwine | A&U Magazine". Retrieved 2020-06-08.
^ "Hot Box: Television worth talking about". Toronto Star. July 16, 2008. Retrieved 2014-11-04. And Ntare Mwine has been added to NBC's Heroes. On Heroes, Mwine will play an African who is artistic and close to many of the original heroes. His special abilities will be developed throughout his nine-episode arc.
^ "theTVaddict.com interview: Tim Kring HEROES Creator". TVaddict.com. October 12, 2006. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
^ Andreeva, Nellie (April 5, 2021). "'The Lincoln Lawyer': Ntare Guma Mbaho Mwine Set Joins Netflix Drama – Deadline". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
^ "Writer". Beware of Time. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
^ Sancton, Julian (April 2, 2010). "Treme Captures the New Orleans Funeral Only Too Well". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
^ Cruice, Valerie (February 14, 1993). "On the road with Marlo Thomas". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
^ Brantley, Ben (March 23, 1994). "Review/Theater; The Day the Bronx Died". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
^ Berson, Misha (July 24, 1998). "'Scent Of The Roses' — South African Drama Lacks Dynamism, Is Grounded By Earthbound Writing". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
^ Berson, Misha (April 3, 2005). "AIDS theater now: A continent's crisis". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
^ "Theatre Guide". The New York Times. April 30, 2004. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
^ Adcock, Joe (April 15, 2005). "One-man 'Biro' shines amid appalling themes". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
^ Otiso, Kefa M. (2006). Culture and Customs of Uganda. Greenwood. p. 47. ISBN 0-313-33148-0. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
External links
Ntare Mwine at IMDb
Beware of Time (official website)
Profile, gumadesign.com
Bryan Morel Publications
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ntare Guma Mbaho Mwine (born 1967) is an American-Ugandan stage and film actor, playwright, photographer and documentarian.[1] He was credited by as Ntare Mwine until 2008, and by his full name thereafter.","title":"Ntare Mwine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hanover, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g-2"},{"link_name":"Harvard Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School"},{"link_name":"attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"University of Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nairobi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disco-4"},{"link_name":"Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"Graduate Acting Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisch_School_of_the_Arts#Graduate_Acting_Program"},{"link_name":"Tisch School of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisch_School_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GAAA-5"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Moscow Arts Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Arts_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Royal National Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warner-6"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disco-4"},{"link_name":"Six Degrees of Separation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Degrees_of_Separation_(play)"},{"link_name":"NAACP Image Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"HIV/AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Mwine was born in Hanover, New Hampshire to Ugandan parents in 1967.[2] His father was a Harvard Law School-educated attorney.[2][3] His parents separated when Ntare was 7, with Ntare spending time with his father (who was then working in finance in the United States, including a period at the World Bank in Washington D.C.) and his mother (who went to Kenya to teach psychology at the University of Nairobi).[4]Mwine earned a master's degree in Fine Arts from New York University's Graduate Acting Program at the Tisch School of the Arts, graduating in 1992.[5] He also studied at the University of Virginia, the Moscow Arts Theatre, and the Royal National Theatre in London.[6] Basing himself in Los Angeles,[4] Mwine's first professional job was the role of Paul in the 1992 U.S. National Tour of Six Degrees of Separation, for which he received an NAACP Image Award nomination for Best Actor.Mwine has also expressed his views on sticky subjects including LGBTQ , HIV/AIDS explaining: \"I’m an artist. [I] have to tell stories\".[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blood Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Diamond"},{"link_name":"New York Undercover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Undercover"},{"link_name":"recurring role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurring_role"},{"link_name":"Usutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Heroes_characters_with_special_abilities#Usutu"},{"link_name":"Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star-8"},{"link_name":"unaired pilot episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_(Heroes)"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"CSI: Crime Scene Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI:_Crime_Scene_Investigation"},{"link_name":"The Riches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Riches"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"David Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Simon"},{"link_name":"Treme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treme_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Tremé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trem%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"The Chi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chi"},{"link_name":"Chicago South Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_South_Side"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"The Lincoln Lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lincoln_Lawyer_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Manuel Garcia-Rulfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Garcia-Rulfo"},{"link_name":"Mickey Haller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Haller"},{"link_name":"The Brass Verdict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brass_Verdict"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Mwine has appeared in movies including Blood Diamond, where he made his film debut. His first appearance in television was in New York Undercover in 1995. Recent appearances include a recurring role as the mysterious Usutu in Heroes.[8] Mwine originally had the role of Joseph in the unaired pilot episode of the show; this part was removed when NBC took on the show full-time, due to the character's plot revolving around terrorist activity.[9] Mwine also appeared as Tom Adler in CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and as Maurice Devereaux in The Riches.Mwine played a minor, yet recurring, character in HBO and David Simon's television series Treme. The series deals with life in the Tremé district of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. In 2018, Mwine featured as Ronnie in the Showtime television series The Chi, which follows residents of the Chicago South Side.On April 5, 2021, Mwine joined the cast of the Netflix series The Lincoln Lawyer with Manuel Garcia-Rulfo as Mickey Haller. Mwine stars as Detective Raymond Griggs, a character created specifically for the series based on the novel The Brass Verdict.[10]","title":"Television and film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Pomona, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomona,_California"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA"},{"link_name":"Fowler Museum of Cultural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowler_Museum_of_Cultural_History"},{"link_name":"Six Feet Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Feet_Under_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-writer-11"},{"link_name":"Vanity Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VF-12"}],"text":"Mwine's photographic work has been displayed at the United Nations, The Latino Art Museum in Pomona, California, UCLA's Fowler Museum of Cultural History, and other museums worldwide. It was a central focus of Biro, and prominently featured on Six Feet Under.[11] His photography has also appeared in Vanity Fair.[12]","title":"Photography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sidney Poitier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Poitier"},{"link_name":"Six Degrees of Separation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Degrees_of_Separation_(play)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cruice-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brantley-14"},{"link_name":"Helen Hayes Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Hayes_Award"},{"link_name":"Outstanding Lead Actor in a Non-Resident Production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Hayes_Awards_Non-Resident_Acting"},{"link_name":"National Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Theatre_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berson-15"},{"link_name":"one-man show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-man_show"},{"link_name":"HIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Misha-16"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g-2"},{"link_name":"Joseph Papp Public Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Papp_Public_Theater"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warner-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guide-17"},{"link_name":"Kofi Annan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disco-4"},{"link_name":"Seattle Post-Intelligencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adcock-18"}],"text":"Mwine began appearing in stage productions in 1992, appearing as the con man posing as Sidney Poitier's son in Six Degrees of Separation,[13] and in The Riddles Of Race, Circa '68 in 1994,[14] In 1992 and 1997, Mwine was nominated for a Helen Hayes Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Non-Resident Production, for his role in Six Degrees of Separation at the National Theatre and Nomathemba at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. He played Julius Van George in Scent of the Roses at the Seattle Contemporary Theatre in 1998.[15]Mwine's first effort as a playwright, a barestage one-man show entitled Biro, about a HIV-positive Ugandan former rebel soldier who enters the United States illegally for treatment.[16] The play, depicting a 90-minute explanation from the eponymous character to his lawyer about how he came to be in a Texas jail, premiered in early 2003 at Uganda's National Theatre.[2] It later showed at the Joseph Papp Public Theater in New York, as well as in Los Angeles, Seattle, London, and throughout Africa.[6][17] Mwine performed the work for multiple African heads of state and then-UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in 2004.[4] The Seattle Post-Intelligencer described his performance as \"radiant\", particularly so given the dark subject matter.[18]","title":"Stage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"https://www.bryanmorel.com/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bryanmorel.com/"},{"link_name":"Pan African Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_African_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Idi Amin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idi_Amin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warner-6"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Basing on the article by Bryan Morel Publications at (https://www.bryanmorel.com/),\nMwine's inaugural documentary, Beware of Time was screened at the 2004 Pan African Film Festival in Los Angeles and the Black International Cinema in Berlin. Describing the lives of HIV-positive Ugandans, it was named the Best Film on Matters Relating to Marginalized People, and features a rare interview with Amule Amin, brother of former Ugandan dictator Idi Amin.[6][19]","title":"Documentary work"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected filmography"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Bishop's College School alumni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bishop%27s_College_School_alumni"}] | [{"reference":"Arnot, Chris (November 27, 2003). \"'I just take what strikes me'\". The Guardian. Manchester. Retrieved 2014-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2003/nov/27/photography","url_text":"\"'I just take what strikes me'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Arkatov, Janice (October 31, 1992). \"Ntare Mwine Is New Kid in the Spotlight in 'Six Degrees'\". Los Angeles Times. 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Retrieved April 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2021/04/the-lincoln-lawyer-ntare-guma-mbaho-mwine-netflix-legal-drama-series-1234727731/","url_text":"\"'The Lincoln Lawyer': Ntare Guma Mbaho Mwine Set Joins Netflix Drama – Deadline\""}]},{"reference":"\"Writer\". Beware of Time. Retrieved 2014-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bewareoftime.com/writer.htm","url_text":"\"Writer\""}]},{"reference":"Sancton, Julian (April 2, 2010). \"Treme Captures the New Orleans Funeral Only Too Well\". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2014-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vanityfair.com/online/oscars/2010/04/bunchy-johnson-treme-funeral.html","url_text":"\"Treme Captures the New Orleans Funeral Only Too Well\""}]},{"reference":"Cruice, Valerie (February 14, 1993). \"On the road with Marlo Thomas\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7DF163EF937A25751C0A965958260","url_text":"\"On the road with Marlo Thomas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Brantley, Ben (March 23, 1994). \"Review/Theater; The Day the Bronx Died\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E2DE133CF930A15750C0A962958260&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss","url_text":"\"Review/Theater; The Day the Bronx Died\""}]},{"reference":"Berson, Misha (July 24, 1998). \"'Scent Of The Roses' — South African Drama Lacks Dynamism, Is Grounded By Earthbound Writing\". The Seattle Times. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hadley_Chase | James Hadley Chase | ["1 Personal background","2 Professional background","2.1 Military service","2.2 Writing background","2.3 Mark Girland","3 Published works","3.1 James Hadley Chase","3.2 Raymond Marshall","3.3 Others","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | English author (1906–1985)
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James Hadley ChaseBornRené Lodge Brabazon Raymond(1906-12-24)24 December 1906London, EnglandDied6 February 1985(1985-02-06) (aged 78)Corseaux-sur-Vevey, SwitzerlandPen nameJames L. DochertyRaymond MarshallR. RaymondAmbrose GrantOccupationNovelistLanguageEnglishNationalityBritishGenreCrime fiction, mystery, thriller, detectiveLiterary movementGolden Age of Detective FictionSpouseSylvia Ray (1932–1985)Children1Signature
James Hadley Chase (24 December 1906 – 6 February 1985) was an English writer. While his birth name was René Lodge Brabazon Raymond, he was well known by his various pseudonyms, including James Hadley Chase, James L. Docherty, Raymond Marshall, R. Raymond, and Ambrose Grant. He was one of the best known thriller writers of all time. The canon of Chase, comprising 90 titles, earned him a reputation as the king of thriller writers in Europe. He was also one of the internationally best-selling authors, and to date 50 of his books have been made into films.
Personal background
Born on 24 December 1906 in London, England, he was the son of Colonel Francis Raymond of the colonial Indian Army, a veterinary surgeon. His father intended his son to have a scientific career and had him educated at King's School, Rochester, Kent.
Chase left home at the age of 18. In 1932, Chase married Sylvia Ray, and they had a son. In 1956, they moved to France. In 1969, they moved to Switzerland, living a secluded life in Corseaux-sur-Vevey, on Lake Geneva. Chase died there on 6 February 1985.
Professional background
Military service
During World War II he served in the Royal Air Force, achieving the rank of Squadron Leader. He edited the RAF journal with David Langdon and had several stories from it published after the war in the book Slipstream: A Royal Air Force Anthology.
Writing background
After Chase left home at the age of 18, he worked in sales, primarily focusing on books and literature. He sold children's encyclopaedias, while also working in a bookshop. He also served as an executive for a book wholesaler, before turning to a writing career that produced more than 90 mystery books. His interests included photography, of a professional standard, reading, and listening to classical music and opera. As a form of relaxation between novels, he put together highly complicated and sophisticated Meccano models.
Prohibition and the ensuing Great Depression in the US (1929–39) had given rise to the Chicago gangster culture prior to World War II. This, combined with Chase's book trade experience, convinced him that there was a big demand for gangster stories. After reading James M. Cain's novel The Postman Always Rings Twice (1934), and having read about the American gangster Ma Barker and her sons, and with the help of maps and a slang dictionary, he wrote No Orchids for Miss Blandish in his spare time, he claimed over a period of six weekends, though his papers suggest it took longer. The book achieved remarkable notoriety and became one of the best-selling books of the decade. It was the subject of the 1944 essay "Raffles and Miss Blandish" by George Orwell. Chase and Robert Nesbitt adapted it to a stage play of the same name which ran in London's West End to good reviews. The 1948 film adaptation was widely denounced as salacious due to the film's portrayal of violence and sexuality. Robert Aldrich did a remake, The Grissom Gang, in 1971.
During the war, Raymond edited the RAF's official magazine and from that period comes Chase's short story "The Mirror in Room 22", in which he tried his hand outside the crime genre. It was set in an old house, occupied by officers of a squadron. The owner of the house had committed suicide in his bedroom, and the last two occupants of the room had been found with a razor in their hands and their throats cut. The Wing Commander tells that when he started to shave before the mirror, he found another face in it. The apparition drew the razor across his throat. The Wing Commander says, "I use a safety razor, otherwise, I might have met with a serious accident – especially if I had been using an old-fashioned cut-throat." The story was published under the author's real name, Rene Raymond, in the anthology of RAF writings Slipstream in 1946. In later collections, the story began to be published with his better known pseudonym James Hadley Chase.
During World War II, Chase became friendly with Merrill Panitt (subsequently editor of TV Guide), who provided him with a dictionary of American slang, detailed maps and reference books of the American underworld. This gave Chase the background for his early books with American settings, a number of which were based on actual events occurring there. Chase never lived in the United States though he did make two brief visits, one to Miami and the other en route to Mexico.
Over the years, Chase developed a distinct, signature style in his writing that was fast-paced, with little explanations or details about the surroundings or weather, unreliable characters. Characters in his novels and short stories would be more coherent and consistent who acted and reacted with unbreakable logic. Punchy sentences, short bursts of dialogue in authentic sounding slang with plenty of action were the characteristics of his writing.
Chase was subject to several court cases during his career. In 1942, his novel Miss Callaghan Comes to Grief (1941), a lurid account of the white slave trade, was banned by the British authorities after the author and publishers Jarrold were found guilty of causing the publication of an obscene book. Each was fined £100. In the court case, Chase was supported by literary figures such as H. E. Bates and John Betjeman. Later, the Anglo-American crime author Raymond Chandler successfully claimed that Chase had lifted a section of his work in Blonde's Requiem (published 1945) forcing Chase to issue an apology in The Bookseller.
By the end of World War II, eleven Chase titles had been published and he decided to adopt a different writing approach. All of his books to date had been compared to each other, and he wanted to move away from the American gangster scene to the London underworld that had sprung up following the end of German hostilities. He wrote More Deadly Than the Male under a new pseudonym, Ambrose Grant, and it was published in 1947 by Eyre and Spottiswoode, Graham Greene's publisher at that time. Alerted to Grant's new book, Greene gave it high praise as did the critics who, at the time, had no idea that Chase was the author. Contrary to rumour, the two authors did not know each other at the time, though they then became friends for the remainder of their lives, as Chase's papers and letters reveal. In the early 1960s, both men were caught up in an investment scandal involving Tom Roe which was to lead to Greene's tax exile beginning in 1966.
In one of the chapters of The Wary Transgressor (1952) Chase gave a portrayal of a fanatical British General that was lifted by Hans Hellmut Kirst in his novel The Night of the Generals (which later became a film starring Peter O'Toole in the title role). Chase (who had nothing whatsoever to do with the making of the film) threatened a lawsuit, and Kirst subsequently acknowledged Chase's original idea in his book, as did Columbia Pictures, who included a credit that the plot of the film stemmed from an original Chase idea.
The first cut of Joseph Losey's 1962 film version of Chase's thriller Eve (1945), Eva was considered too long, at 155 minutes, and the producers, the Hakim Brothers, insisted it not only be withdrawn from the Venice Film Festival, but be severely cut. When the film finally opened in Paris at 116 minutes, it was described as the most traumatic disaster of Losey's career. The original book was a psychological study of a prostitute (Chase, with his wife's blessing, picked out a "lady of the night" and offered her £5 and a good lunch if she would let him pick her brains). Set in America, the film version was moved to Venice and starred Stanley Baker as a Welsh writer obsessed with a cold-hearted femme fatale, Eve (Jeanne Moreau).
All of his novels were so fast-paced that the reader was compelled to turn the pages in a non-stop effort to reach the end of the book. The final page often produced a totally unexpected plot twist that would invariably leave even his most die-hard fans surprised. His early books contained some violence that matched the era in which they were written, though this was considerably toned down as plots centred more on circumstantial situations to create the high degree of tension that was the hallmark of his writing. Sex was never explicit and, though often hinted at, seldom happened.
In several of Chase's stories, the protagonist tries to get rich by committing a crime – an insurance fraud or a theft. But the scheme invariably fails and leads to a murder and finally to a cul-de-sac, in which the hero realises that he never had a chance to keep out of trouble. Women are often beautiful, clever, and treacherous; they kill unhesitatingly if they have to cover a crime. His plots typically centre around dysfunctional families, and the final denouement echoes the title.
In many of his novels, treacherous women play a significant role. The protagonist falls in love with one and is prepared to kill someone at her behest. Only when he has killed, does he realise that the woman was manipulating him for her own ends.
Chase's best market was France (more than 30 books were made into movies) where all of his ninety titles were published by Éditions Gallimard in their Série noire series. He was also very popular in other European markets, as well as Africa and Asia. Following perestroika, Centrepolygraph in Russia contracted to publish all his titles. However, his books failed to take hold in the American market.
Mark Girland
Just as Sherlock Holmes was the fictional detective created by Arthur Conan Doyle and James Bond by Ian Fleming, Mark Girland was created by Chase. Mark Girland is not the usual secret agent. He looks more like an unrefined version of James Bond. He is erratic and genial but also ruthless when he has to be. He is tough too, though he always comes across as quite likeable and charming. He is somewhat like a playboy too. Women often fall for him, though he is honest enough to tell them that he could never stay permanently with one woman. He unashamedly enjoys the fine things of life. Despite all his "vices", he comes out a winner in all his adventures.
Published works
This article lacks ISBNs for the books listed. Please help add the ISBNs or run the citation bot. (August 2020)
James Hadley Chase
Yearpublished
Title
Central character(s)
Film adaptations
1939
No Orchids for Miss Blandishalso The Villain and the Virgin
Dave FennerSlim GrissonMiss Blandish
No Orchids for Miss Blandish (1948)The Grissom Gang (1971)
1940
The Dead Stay Dumb
DillonRoxyMyra
1941
Twelve Chinks and a Womanalso Twelve Chinamen and a Womanalso The Doll's Bad News
Dave FennerGlorie Leadler
1941
Miss Callaghan Comes to Grief
Jay EllingerRaven
Méfiez-vous fillettes (1957)
1942
Get a Load of This (short story collection)
1944
Miss Shumway Waves a Wand
Ross MillanMyra Shumway
Une blonde comme ça (1962)Rough Magic (1995)
1945
Eve
Clive ThurstonEve
Carol
Eva (1962) Eva (2018)
1946
I'll Get You for This
Chester Cain
Miss Wonderly,
Killeano, Fleggerty||I'll Get You for This (1951)
1947
Last Page (play)
More Deadly than the Male|| ||The Last Page (aka) Man Bait (1952)
1948
The Flesh of the Orchid (novel)
Carol BlandishThe Sullivan Brothers
La Chair de l'orchidée (1975)
1949
You Never Know with Women
Floyd Jackson
1949
You're Lonely When You're Dead
Vic MalloyPaula BensingerJack Kerman
1950
Figure It Out for Yourselfalso The Marijuana Mob
Vic MalloyPaula BensingerJack Kerman
1950
Lay Her Among the LiliesASIN B001GD0R8K
Vic MalloyPaula BensingerJack Kerman
Die Katze im Sack (1965)
1951
Strictly for Cash
Johnny Farrar
Della
1952
The Fast Buckalso The Soft Touch
Verne BairdRico Ed Dallas
1952
Double Shuffle
Steve Harmas
Hellen Harmas
Maddux ||
1953
I'll Bury My Dead
Nick English
Morilli
1953
This Way for a Shroud
Paul ConardVito Ferrari
1954
Tiger By the Tail
Ken HollandLieutenant Harry Adams
The Man in the Raincoat (1957) Kashmakash (1973) Akalmand (1984) 88 Antop Hill (1984)
1954
Safer Deadalso Dead Ringer
Chet Sladen
1955
You've Got It Coming
Harry Griffin
Он своё получит (On svoyo poluchit) (Russian, 1992)
1956
There's Always a Price Tag
Glyn Nash, Steve Harmas
Retour de manivelle (1957)Maharathi (2008)
1957
The Guilty Are Afraid
Lew Brandon
1958
Not Safe to Be Freealso The Case of the Strangled Starlet
Jay Delaney
Le Démoniaque (1968)
1959
Shock Treatment
Steve Harmas, Terry Regan
Ek Nari Do Roop (1973), Joshila (1973)
1959
The World in My Pocket
Morgan
World in My Pocket (1961)Мираж (Mirazh) (1983)
1960
What's Better Than Money
Jefferson Halliday
1960
Come Easy – Go Easy
Chet Carson
Chair de poule (1963)
1961
A Lotus for Miss Quon
Steve Jaffe
Lotus Flowers for Miss Quon (1967)
1961
Just Another Sucker
Harry Barber, John Renick
Dans la gueule du loup (1961)
Bullet (1976)Palmetto (1998)
1962
I Would Rather Stay Poor
Dave Calvin
The Catamount Killing (1974)
1962
A Coffin from Hong Kong
Nelson Ryan
Coffin from Hong Kong (1964)
1963
One Bright Summer Morning
Crime on a Summer Morning (1965) 36 Ghante (1974)
1963
Tell It to the Birds
Steve Harmas, John Anson, Maddox
1964
The Soft Centre
Frank TerrellValiere Burnette
1965
This Is for Real
Mark Girland
1965
The Way the Cookie Crumbles
Frank Terrell
Ticky Edris
Phil Algir||Trop petit mon ami (fr) (1970)
1966
You Have Yourself a Deal
Mark Girland
The Blonde from Peking (1968)
1966
Cade
Val Cade
1967
Have This One on Me
Mark Girland
1967
Well Now – My Pretty
Frank Terrell
Казино (Casino) (Russian, 1992)
1968
An Ear to the Ground
Steve Harmas, Al Barney
1968
Believed Violent
Frank Terrell, Jay Delaney
Présumé dangereux (1990)
1969
The Whiff of Money
Mark Girland
1969
The Vulture Is a Patient Bird
Max Kahlenberg
Shalimar (1978)
1970
Like a Hole in the Head
Jay Benson
Снайпер (Snayper) (Russian, 1991)
1970
There's a Hippie on the Highway
Frank Terrell, Harry Mitchell
Бухта смерти (Bukhta smerti) (Russian, 1991)
1971
Want to Stay Alive?
Poke Toholo
Le Denier du colt (1990)
1971
An Ace Up My Sleeve
Helga Rolfe
Crime and Passion (1976)
1972
Just a Matter of Time
Chris PattersonSheila OldhillMiss Morely-Johnson
Pas folle la guêpe (fr) (1972)
1972
You're Dead Without Money
Al Barney
1973
Have a Change of Scene
Larry Carr
1973
Knock, Knock! Who's There?
Johnny Bianda
1974
So What Happens To Me?
Jack Crane
1974
Goldfish Have No Hiding Place
Steve Manson
1975
Believe This – You'll Believe Anything
Clay Burden
1975
The Joker in the Pack
Helga Rolfe
1976
Do Me a Favour, Drop Dead
Keith Devery
1977
My Laugh Comes Last
Larry Lucas
The Set-Up (1995)
1977
I Hold the Four Aces
Helga Rolfe
1978
Consider Yourself Dead
Mike Frost
1979
You Must Be Kidding
Ken BrandonTom LepskiParadise City Police Force
1979
A Can of Worms
Bart Anderson
1980
You Can Say That Again
Jerry Stevens
1980
Try This One for Size
Paradise City Police Force
Try This One for Size (1989)
1980
Hand Me a Fig Leaf
Dirk Wallace
1982
Have a Nice Night
Passez une bonne nuit (1990)
1982
We'll Share a Double Funeral
Perry WestonChet Logan
1983
Not My Thing
Ernie Kling
1984
Hit Them Where It Hurts
Dirk Wallace
Raymond Marshall
Yearpublished
Title
Central character(s)
Film adaptations
1940
Lady, Here's Your Wreath
Nick Mason
Mem Saab (1971)
1944
Just The Way It Is
Harry Duke
1945
Blonde's Requiem
Mack Spewack
1947
Make The Corpse Walk
Rollo
Susan
Putch ||
1947
No Business of Mine
Steve Harmas
1948
Trusted Like the Foxalso Ruthless
Edwin CushmanGrace ClarkRichard Crane
1949
The Paw in the Bottle
Julie HollandHarry Gleb
1950
Mallory
Martin Corridon
1951
But a Short Time to Livealso The Pick-up
Harry RicksClair Dolan
A Little Virtuous (1968)
1951
Why Pick on Me?
Martin Corridon
1951
In A Vain Shadow
Frank Mitchell
1952
The Wary Transgressor
David Chisholm
1953
The Things Men Do
Harry Collins
Ça n'arrive qu'aux vivants (1959)
1954
The Sucker Punch
Chad WintersVestal ShelleyLt. Leggit
A Kiss for a Killer (1957); Aar Ya Paar (Hindi 1997)
1954
Mission To Venice
Don Micklem
Mission to Venice (1964)
1955
Mission To Siena
Don Micklem
Waiting Room to the Beyond (1964)
1956
You Find Him, I'll Fix Him
Ed Dawson
Les Canailles (1960)
1958
Hit And Run
Chester Scott
Délit de fuite (1959) Rigged (1985)
Others
He Wont Need It Now (as James L. Docherty, 1941)
The Mirror in Room 22 — Slipstream: A Royal Air Force Anthology (as R. Raymond, 1946)
More Deadly Than the Male (as Ambrose Grant, 1947)
There's a Hippie on the Highway, Bollywood movie Victoria 203, 1972
See also
Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century
References
^ Obituary Variety 13 February 1985
^ Frank Northen Magill (1988). Critical survey of mystery and detective fiction. Salem Press. p. 319. ISBN 0-89356-486-9.
^ Publishers' Association, Booksellers Association of Great Britain and Ireland (1982). The Bookseller. J. Whitaker. p. 46.
^ "Biography".
^ a b Hunter, Jefferson (2010). English Filming, English Writing. Indiana University Press. p. 105. ISBN 9780253004147.
^ Raffles and Miss Blandish, review of No Orchids for Miss Blandish by George Orwell
^ Kabatchnik, Amnon (2012). Blood on the Stage, 1975-2000: Milestone Plays of Crime, Mystery, and Detection. Scarecrow Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780810883550.
^ Phillips, Gene D. (2014). Gangsters and G-Men on Screen: Crime Cinema Then and Now. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 25. ISBN 9781442230767.
^ Haining, Peter (1998). The Mammoth Book of Twentieth-Century Ghost Stories (1 ed.). New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 334. ISBN 0786705833.
^ "The Sunday Tribune - Books". www.tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
^ "Invisible Ink: No 126 - James Hadley Chase". The Independent. 2 June 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
^ Ulrike Tabbert; Juhani Rudanko (2021). "Aspects of Characterisation in James Hadley Chase's Crime Fiction: Multiple Perspectives". English Studies. 102 (3): 362–383. doi:10.1080/0013838X.2021.1911106. S2CID 235219055.
^ David Caute, Joseph Losey: A Revenge on Life (1994).
^ a b @IWTKQuiz (21 November 2022). "Lady Here's Your Wreath (1940) - Mem Saab (1971) Tiger By The Tail ('54) - Kashmakash ('73), Akalmand ('84), 88 Antop Hill (2004) The Sucker Punch ('54) - Aar Ya Paar ('94) There Is Always A Price Tag ('56) - Maharathi ('98) Shock Treatment ('59) - Joshila ('73)" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ "Kazino (1992) - IMDb". IMDb.
^ Haining, Peter (1998). The Mammoth Book of Twentieth-Century Ghost Stories (1 ed.). New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 334. ISBN 0786705833.
External links
PC Sarkar's dedicated website (2004) on
James Hadley Chase at IMDb
vteWorks by James Hadley ChaseJames Hadley Chase
No Orchids for Miss Blandish (1939)
Get a Load of This (1942)
Eve (1945)
I'll Get You for This (1946)
I'll Bury My Dead (1953)
Safer Dead (1954)
There's Always A Price Tag
You've Got It Coming (1955)
The Guilty Are Afraid (1957)
The World in My Pocket (1959)
A Lotus for Miss Quon (1961)
I Would Rather Stay Poor (1962)
The Soft Centre (1964)
Cade (1966)
The Whiff of Money (1969)
Like a Hole in the Head (1970)
Just a Matter of Time (1972)
My Laugh Comes Last (1977)
Consider Yourself Dead (1978)
You Must Be Kidding (1979)
You Can Say That Again (1980)
Raymond Marshall
No Business of Mine (1947)
Trusted Like the Fox (1948)
Mallory (1950)
But a Short Time to Live (1951)
vteJames Hadley Chase's No Orchids for Miss BlandishNovels
No Orchids for Miss Blandish (1939)
The Flesh of the Orchid (1948)
Films
No Orchids for Miss Blandish (1948)
The Grissom Gang (1971)
La Chair de l'orchidée (1975)
Related articles
"Raffles and Miss Blandish" (1944)
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The canon of Chase, comprising 90 titles, earned him a reputation as the king of thriller writers in Europe.[2] He was also one of the internationally best-selling authors, and to date 50 of his books have been made into films.[3]","title":"James Hadley Chase"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"colonial Indian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Army"},{"link_name":"King's School, Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_School,_Rochester"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Corseaux-sur-Vevey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corseaux"},{"link_name":"Lake Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Geneva"}],"text":"Born on 24 December 1906 in London, England, he was the son of Colonel Francis Raymond of the colonial Indian Army, a veterinary surgeon. His father intended his son to have a scientific career and had him educated at King's School, Rochester, Kent.Chase left home at the age of 18. In 1932, Chase married Sylvia Ray, and they had a son. In 1956, they moved to France. In 1969, they moved to Switzerland, living a secluded life in Corseaux-sur-Vevey, on Lake Geneva. Chase died there on 6 February 1985.","title":"Personal background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Squadron Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_Leader"},{"link_name":"David Langdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Langdon_(cartoonist)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Military service","text":"During World War II he served in the Royal Air Force, achieving the rank of Squadron Leader. He edited the RAF journal with David Langdon and had several stories from it published after the war in the book Slipstream: A Royal Air Force Anthology.[4]","title":"Professional background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mystery books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_fiction"},{"link_name":"Meccano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meccano"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"gangster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangster"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"James M. Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Cain"},{"link_name":"The Postman Always Rings Twice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Postman_Always_Rings_Twice_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Ma Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Barker"},{"link_name":"No Orchids for Miss Blandish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Orchids_for_Miss_Blandish_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Raffles and Miss Blandish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffles_and_Miss_Blandish"},{"link_name":"George Orwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunter2010-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Robert Nesbitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nesbitt_(theatre_director)"},{"link_name":"stage play of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Orchids_for_Miss_Blandish_(play)"},{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_theatre"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunter2010-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kabatchnik2012-7"},{"link_name":"1948 film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Orchids_for_Miss_Blandish_(film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phillips2014-8"},{"link_name":"Robert Aldrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Aldrich"},{"link_name":"The Grissom Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grissom_Gang"},{"link_name":"The Mirror in Room 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mirror_in_Room_22&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E2%80%9DHaining_1998%E2%80%9D-9"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Jarrold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jarrold_Group"},{"link_name":"H. E. Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._E._Bates"},{"link_name":"John Betjeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Betjeman"},{"link_name":"Raymond Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler"},{"link_name":"The Bookseller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bookseller"},{"link_name":"More Deadly Than the Male","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=More_Deadly_Than_the_Male_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eyre and Spottiswoode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyre_and_Spottiswoode"},{"link_name":"Graham Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Greene"},{"link_name":"Hans Hellmut Kirst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hellmut_Kirst"},{"link_name":"The Night of the Generals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_of_the_Generals_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Peter O'Toole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole"},{"link_name":"Columbia Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Joseph Losey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Losey"},{"link_name":"Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_(James_Hadley_Chase_novel)"},{"link_name":"Eva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_(1962_film)"},{"link_name":"Hakim Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_and_Raymond_Hakim"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Stanley Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baker"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Moreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau"},{"link_name":"cul-de-sac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cul-de-sac"},{"link_name":"dysfunctional families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfunctional_families"},{"link_name":"Éditions Gallimard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard"},{"link_name":"Série noire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rie_noire"},{"link_name":"perestroika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika"}],"sub_title":"Writing background","text":"After Chase left home at the age of 18, he worked in sales, primarily focusing on books and literature. He sold children's encyclopaedias, while also working in a bookshop. He also served as an executive for a book wholesaler, before turning to a writing career that produced more than 90 mystery books. His interests included photography, of a professional standard, reading, and listening to classical music and opera. As a form of relaxation between novels, he put together highly complicated and sophisticated Meccano models.Prohibition and the ensuing Great Depression in the US (1929–39) had given rise to the Chicago gangster culture prior to World War II. This, combined with Chase's book trade experience, convinced him that there was a big demand for gangster stories. After reading James M. Cain's novel The Postman Always Rings Twice (1934), and having read about the American gangster Ma Barker and her sons, and with the help of maps and a slang dictionary, he wrote No Orchids for Miss Blandish in his spare time, he claimed over a period of six weekends, though his papers suggest it took longer. The book achieved remarkable notoriety and became one of the best-selling books of the decade. It was the subject of the 1944 essay \"Raffles and Miss Blandish\" by George Orwell.[5][6] Chase and Robert Nesbitt adapted it to a stage play of the same name which ran in London's West End to good reviews.[5][7] The 1948 film adaptation was widely denounced as salacious due to the film's portrayal of violence and sexuality.[8] Robert Aldrich did a remake, The Grissom Gang, in 1971.During the war, Raymond edited the RAF's official magazine and from that period comes Chase's short story \"The Mirror in Room 22\", in which he tried his hand outside the crime genre. It was set in an old house, occupied by officers of a squadron. The owner of the house had committed suicide in his bedroom, and the last two occupants of the room had been found with a razor in their hands and their throats cut. The Wing Commander tells that when he started to shave before the mirror, he found another face in it. The apparition drew the razor across his throat. The Wing Commander says, \"I use a safety razor, otherwise, I might have met with a serious accident – especially if I had been using an old-fashioned cut-throat.\" The story was published under the author's real name, Rene Raymond, in the anthology of RAF writings Slipstream in 1946. In later collections, the story began to be published with his better known pseudonym James Hadley Chase.[9]During World War II, Chase became friendly with Merrill Panitt (subsequently editor of TV Guide), who provided him with a dictionary of American slang, detailed maps and reference books of the American underworld. This gave Chase the background for his early books with American settings, a number of which were based on actual events occurring there. Chase never lived in the United States though he did make two brief visits, one to Miami and the other en route to Mexico.Over the years, Chase developed a distinct, signature style in his writing that was fast-paced, with little explanations or details about the surroundings or weather, unreliable characters.[10] Characters in his novels and short stories would be more coherent and consistent who acted and reacted with unbreakable logic.[11] Punchy sentences, short bursts of dialogue in authentic sounding slang with plenty of action were the characteristics of his writing.[12]Chase was subject to several court cases during his career. In 1942, his novel Miss Callaghan Comes to Grief (1941), a lurid account of the white slave trade, was banned by the British authorities after the author and publishers Jarrold were found guilty of causing the publication of an obscene book. Each was fined £100. In the court case, Chase was supported by literary figures such as H. E. Bates and John Betjeman. Later, the Anglo-American crime author Raymond Chandler successfully claimed that Chase had lifted a section of his work in Blonde's Requiem (published 1945) forcing Chase to issue an apology in The Bookseller.By the end of World War II, eleven Chase titles had been published and he decided to adopt a different writing approach. All of his books to date had been compared to each other, and he wanted to move away from the American gangster scene to the London underworld that had sprung up following the end of German hostilities. He wrote More Deadly Than the Male under a new pseudonym, Ambrose Grant, and it was published in 1947 by Eyre and Spottiswoode, Graham Greene's publisher at that time. Alerted to Grant's new book, Greene gave it high praise as did the critics who, at the time, had no idea that Chase was the author. Contrary to rumour, the two authors did not know each other at the time, though they then became friends for the remainder of their lives, as Chase's papers and letters reveal. In the early 1960s, both men were caught up in an investment scandal involving Tom Roe which was to lead to Greene's tax exile beginning in 1966.In one of the chapters of The Wary Transgressor (1952) Chase gave a portrayal of a fanatical British General that was lifted by Hans Hellmut Kirst in his novel The Night of the Generals (which later became a film starring Peter O'Toole in the title role). Chase (who had nothing whatsoever to do with the making of the film) threatened a lawsuit, and Kirst subsequently acknowledged Chase's original idea in his book, as did Columbia Pictures, who included a credit that the plot of the film stemmed from an original Chase idea.The first cut of Joseph Losey's 1962 film version of Chase's thriller Eve (1945), Eva was considered too long, at 155 minutes, and the producers, the Hakim Brothers, insisted it not only be withdrawn from the Venice Film Festival, but be severely cut. When the film finally opened in Paris at 116 minutes, it was described as the most traumatic disaster of Losey's career.[13] The original book was a psychological study of a prostitute (Chase, with his wife's blessing, picked out a \"lady of the night\" and offered her £5 and a good lunch if she would let him pick her brains). Set in America, the film version was moved to Venice and starred Stanley Baker as a Welsh writer obsessed with a cold-hearted femme fatale, Eve (Jeanne Moreau).All of his novels were so fast-paced that the reader was compelled to turn the pages in a non-stop effort to reach the end of the book. The final page often produced a totally unexpected plot twist that would invariably leave even his most die-hard fans surprised. His early books contained some violence that matched the era in which they were written, though this was considerably toned down as plots centred more on circumstantial situations to create the high degree of tension that was the hallmark of his writing. Sex was never explicit and, though often hinted at, seldom happened.In several of Chase's stories, the protagonist tries to get rich by committing a crime – an insurance fraud or a theft. But the scheme invariably fails and leads to a murder and finally to a cul-de-sac, in which the hero realises that he never had a chance to keep out of trouble. Women are often beautiful, clever, and treacherous; they kill unhesitatingly if they have to cover a crime. His plots typically centre around dysfunctional families, and the final denouement echoes the title.In many of his novels, treacherous women play a significant role. The protagonist falls in love with one and is prepared to kill someone at her behest. Only when he has killed, does he realise that the woman was manipulating him for her own ends.Chase's best market was France (more than 30 books were made into movies) where all of his ninety titles were published by Éditions Gallimard in their Série noire series. He was also very popular in other European markets, as well as Africa and Asia. Following perestroika, Centrepolygraph in Russia contracted to publish all his titles. However, his books failed to take hold in the American market.","title":"Professional background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"Ian Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Fleming"},{"link_name":"Mark Girland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Girland&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Mark Girland","text":"Just as Sherlock Holmes was the fictional detective created by Arthur Conan Doyle and James Bond by Ian Fleming, Mark Girland was created by Chase. Mark Girland is not the usual secret agent. He looks more like an unrefined version of James Bond. He is erratic and genial but also ruthless when he has to be. He is tough too, though he always comes across as quite likeable and charming. He is somewhat like a playboy too. Women often fall for him, though he is honest enough to tell them that he could never stay permanently with one woman. He unashamedly enjoys the fine things of life. Despite all his \"vices\", he comes out a winner in all his adventures.","title":"Professional background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Published works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"James Hadley Chase","title":"Published works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Raymond Marshall","title":"Published works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Mirror in Room 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mirror_in_Room_22&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haining_1998-16"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Others","text":"He Wont Need It Now (as James L. Docherty, 1941)\nThe Mirror in Room 22 — Slipstream: A Royal Air Force Anthology (as R. Raymond, 1946)[16]\nMore Deadly Than the Male (as Ambrose Grant, 1947)\nThere's a Hippie on the Highway, Bollywood movie Victoria 203, 1972[citation needed]","title":"Published works"}] | [] | [{"title":"Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde%27s_100_Books_of_the_Century"}] | [{"reference":"Frank Northen Magill (1988). Critical survey of mystery and detective fiction. Salem Press. p. 319. ISBN 0-89356-486-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/criticalsurveyof0003unse_y0q9/page/319","url_text":"Critical survey of mystery and detective fiction"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/criticalsurveyof0003unse_y0q9/page/319","url_text":"319"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89356-486-9","url_text":"0-89356-486-9"}]},{"reference":"Publishers' Association, Booksellers Association of Great Britain and Ireland (1982). The Bookseller. J. Whitaker. p. 46.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Biography\".","urls":[{"url":"http://jameshadleychase.free.fr/bio.htm","url_text":"\"Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Hunter, Jefferson (2010). English Filming, English Writing. Indiana University Press. p. 105. ISBN 9780253004147.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JbnHvxuby54C&pg=PA105","url_text":"English Filming, English Writing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253004147","url_text":"9780253004147"}]},{"reference":"Kabatchnik, Amnon (2012). Blood on the Stage, 1975-2000: Milestone Plays of Crime, Mystery, and Detection. Scarecrow Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780810883550.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y6CjzgBKTa8C&pg=PA65","url_text":"Blood on the Stage, 1975-2000: Milestone Plays of Crime, Mystery, and Detection"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810883550","url_text":"9780810883550"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Gene D. (2014). Gangsters and G-Men on Screen: Crime Cinema Then and Now. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 25. ISBN 9781442230767.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fAmqBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA25","url_text":"Gangsters and G-Men on Screen: Crime Cinema Then and Now"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442230767","url_text":"9781442230767"}]},{"reference":"Haining, Peter (1998). The Mammoth Book of Twentieth-Century Ghost Stories (1 ed.). New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 334. ISBN 0786705833.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780786705832/page/334/mode/2up","url_text":"The Mammoth Book of Twentieth-Century Ghost Stories"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786705833","url_text":"0786705833"}]},{"reference":"\"The Sunday Tribune - Books\". www.tribuneindia.com. Retrieved 14 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060514/spectrum/book10.htm","url_text":"\"The Sunday Tribune - Books\""}]},{"reference":"\"Invisible Ink: No 126 - James Hadley Chase\". The Independent. 2 June 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/invisible-ink-no-126-james-hadley-chase-7813294.html","url_text":"\"Invisible Ink: No 126 - James Hadley Chase\""}]},{"reference":"Ulrike Tabbert; Juhani Rudanko (2021). \"Aspects of Characterisation in James Hadley Chase's Crime Fiction: Multiple Perspectives\". English Studies. 102 (3): 362–383. doi:10.1080/0013838X.2021.1911106. S2CID 235219055.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0013838X.2021.1911106","url_text":"10.1080/0013838X.2021.1911106"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235219055","url_text":"235219055"}]},{"reference":"@IWTKQuiz (21 November 2022). \"Lady Here's Your Wreath (1940) - Mem Saab (1971) Tiger By The Tail ('54) - Kashmakash ('73), Akalmand ('84), 88 Antop Hill (2004) The Sucker Punch ('54) - Aar Ya Paar ('94) There Is Always A Price Tag ('56) - Maharathi ('98) Shock Treatment ('59) - Joshila ('73)\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/IWTKQuiz/status/1594553669260713986","url_text":"\"Lady Here's Your Wreath (1940) - Mem Saab (1971) Tiger By The Tail ('54) - Kashmakash ('73), Akalmand ('84), 88 Antop Hill (2004) The Sucker Punch ('54) - Aar Ya Paar ('94) There Is Always A Price Tag ('56) - Maharathi ('98) Shock Treatment ('59) - Joshila ('73)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Kazino (1992) - IMDb\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_art_in_Melbourne | Street art in Melbourne | ["1 History","2 Locations","3 Public and government responses","4 Events","4.1 Melbourne Stencil Festival","4.2 All Your Walls","5 Notable Melbourne street artists","6 Other media","7 Gallery","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"] | Diverse range of street art and associated subcultures of Melbourne, Australia
Melbourne, the capital of Victoria and the second largest city in Australia, has gained international acclaim for its diverse range of street art and associated subcultures. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, much of the city's disaffected youth were influenced by the graffiti of New York City, which subsequently became popular in Melbourne's inner suburbs, and along suburban railway and tram lines.
Melbourne was a major city in which stencil art was embraced at an early stage, earning it the title of "stencil capital of the world"; the adoption of stencil art also increased public awareness of the concept of street art. The first stencil festival in the world was held in Melbourne in 2004 and featured the work of many major international artists.
History
Melbourne is the proud capital of street painting with stencils. Its large, colonial-era walls and labyrinth of back alleys drip with graffiti that is more diverse and original than any other city in the world.
Banksy, 2006
Around the turn of the 21st century, forms of street art that began appearing in Melbourne included woodblocking, sticker art, poster art, wheatpasting, graphs, various forms of street installations and reverse graffiti. A strong sense of community ownership and DIY ethic exists amongst street artists in Melbourne, many of whom act as activists through awareness.
Galleries in the City Centre and inner suburbs now exhibit street art. Prominent Melbourne street artists were featured in Space Invaders, a 2010 exhibition of street art held at the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra. Hosier Lane is Melbourne's most famous laneway for street art, however there are many other laneways in the inner city that exhibit street art.
Prominent international street artists such as Banksy (UK), ABOVE (USA), Fafi (France), D*FACE (UK), Logan Hicks, Revok (USA), Blek le Rat (France), Shepard Fairey (USA) and Invader (France) have contributed work to Melbourne's streets along with visitors from all over the world, most prominently Germany, Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and New Zealand.
Melbourne's street art scene was explored in the 2005 feature documentary RASH. Official website (archived) RASH on Mutiny Media website
Locations
Ceramic street art on the corner of a brick building in Fitzroy, 2008
While there are small areas throughout Greater Melbourne where various forms of street art can be seen, the primary areas in which street art is most densely located include:
Abbotsford
Brunswick and Brunswick East
Carlton and Carlton North
Collingwood
Fitzroy and Fitzroy North
Footscray
Melbourne central business district
Northcote and Westgarth
Prahran
Richmond
South Yarra
St Kilda
Public and government responses
The proliferation of street art in Melbourne has attracted supporters and detractors from various levels of government and in the broader community. In 2008 a tourism campaign at Florida's Disney World recreated a Melbourne laneway cityscape, decorated with street art. Victorian Premier John Brumby forced the tourism department to withdraw the display, calling graffiti a "blight on the city" and not something "we want to be displaying overseas." Marcus Westbury countered that street art was one of Melbourne's "biggest tourist attractions and one of its most significant cultural movements since the Heidelberg School".
Crushed Can, a sculpture by street artist Ling, Wills Street
Some street artists and academics have criticized the State Government for having seemingly inconsistent and contradictory views on graffiti. In 2006, the State Government "proudly sponsored" The Melbourne Design Guide, a book which celebrates Melbourne graffiti from a design perspective. That same year, some of Melbourne's graffiti-covered laneways were featured in Tourism Victoria's Lose Yourself in Melbourne campaign. One year later, the State Government introduced tough anti-graffiti laws, with a maximum penalty of two years in prison. Possession of spray cans "without a lawful excuse", either on or around public transport, became illegal, and police search powers were also strengthened. According to Melbourne University criminologist Alison Young, the "state is profiting from the work of artists doing it, but another arm of the state wants to prosecute and possibly imprison (such) people." Since laws were tightened, local councils have reported a "spike" in vandalism and an increase in tagging on commissioned murals and legal street art. Adrian Doyle, founder of the Blender Studios and manager of Melbourne Street Art Tours, believes that people who tag have become less considerate of where they put their tags for fear of being caught by police, and are "paranoid so they are taking less time—tags are less detailed". In 2007, the City of Melbourne started the Do art not tags initiative—an education presentation aimed at teaching primary school students the differences between graffiti and street art.
The 1983 Northcote Koori Mural was added to the Victorian Heritage Register in 2011.
Some local councils have accepted street art and have even made efforts to preserve it. In early 2008, the Melbourne City Council installed a perspex screen to prevent a 2003 Banksy stencil art piece named Little Diver from being destroyed. In December 2008, silver paint was poured behind the protective screen and tagged with the words: "Banksy woz ere". In April 2010, another stencil by Banksy, also painted in 2003, was destroyed—this time by council workers. The work depicted a parachuting rat and it was believed to be the last surviving Banksy stencil in Melbourne's laneways. Lord Mayor Robert Doyle said: "This was not the Mona Lisa. It is regrettable that we have lost it, but it was an honest mistake by our cleaners in removing tagging graffiti."
The loss of these and other famous street artworks in Melbourne reignited a decade long debate over heritage protection for Melbourne's street art. Planning Minister Justin Madden announced government plans in 2010 involving Heritage Victoria and the National Trust of Australia to assess street art in key locations throughout Melbourne and for culturally significant works to receive recognition for the purpose of preservation. Examples of street art pieces that have been added to the Victorian Heritage Register include: the 1983 mural outside the Aborigines Advancement League building, and a 1984 Keith Haring mural in Collingwood.
The Melbourne City Council acknowledged the difficulties that hinder the preservation of street art, with their graffiti management plan for 2014–18 stating: "Protection of street art is not practical. The only exception may be especially commissioned works".
Events
She's Only Dancing by Vexta (left), and work by PETS (right), in Hosier Lane, 2007
Empty shows: illegal exhibitions held in derelict buildings since circa 2000
Stencil Festival: The first stencil art festival in the world was held in Melbourne in 2004. It was held annually until 2010.
Street video projection event: video projection events were held in Gertrude Street, Fitzroy in mid-2008.
Melbourne Stencil Festival
The Melbourne Stencil Festival was Australia's premier celebration of international street and stencil art. Since its inauguration in 2004 the festival has become an annual event, touring regional Victoria and other locations within Australia. The festival was held for 10 days each year, involving exhibitions, live demonstrations, artist talks, panel discussions, workshops, master classes and street art related films to the general public. It featured works by emerging and established artists from both Australia and around the world.
Since its inception, the Stencil Festival featured some 800 works by over 150 artists, many of whom were experiencing their first major art exhibition, finding it difficult to be exhibited in major commercial galleries reluctant to display emerging art forms. The first Melbourne Stencil Festival was held in a former sewing factory in North Melbourne in 2004.
2004 – The inaugural festival was held over three days in a warehouse in North Melbourne.
2005 – Featured a ten-day exhibition at the refurbished Meat Market art complex. The festival was supported by the City of Melbourne and saw more than 700 visitors on the opening night.
2006 – The festival moved to Fitzroy, a major location of street art in Melbourne, and was held at the Rose Street Artists Market. For the first time the four-day event was also held in Sydney. It received reviews in major mainstream media in both Melbourne and Sydney.
2007 – Featured a total of 75 artists from 12 countries with more than 300 works. The Melbourne event alone was attended by more than 4,000 visitors with 500 people on the opening night alone. It also attracted a wide range of media coverage including daily newspapers, community radio and street press.
2008 – Toured regionally with the support of Arts Victoria to Ballarat, Sale and Shepparton, and on its own effort interstate to Sydney, Brisbane and Perth.
2009 – The Melbourne Stencil Festival 2009 ran between 25 September and 4 October 2009.
2010 – The Melbourne Stencil Festival transformed in the "Sweet Streets" Festival, an all encompassing festival of street and urban art. It ran between 8 – 24 October 2010.
All Your Walls
An event in which the entire iconic Hosier lane was repainted by over 150 artists. Produced by Invurt, Just Another Agency and Land of Sunshine in conjunction with the National Gallery of Victoria. It ran between 27 – 29 November 2013.
Notable Melbourne street artists
Dlux – since 2002
Civilian – since 2001
Facter - since 1990
HA-HA
Heesco - since 2010
Jisoe - since 2000
Lushsux – since 2010
Meek – since 2003
Nurock – since 1995
Phibs
Prism – since 2001
Rone – since 2002
Shida – since 2004
Vexta – 2003
ZAM-1
Other media
RASH (2005) – Feature-length documentary film which explores the cultural value of Melbourne street art and graffiti.
Not Quite Art (2007) – ABC TV series, episode 101 explored Melbourne's street art and DIY culture.
Gallery
Keep Your Coins, I Want Change by Meek, 2004
Antipoet, 2004
Little Diver by Banksy, 2004. Melbourne City Council moved to protect it before its destruction by vandals in 2008.
Ha-Ha's iconic stencils of Ned Kelly (seen here in 2005) and other Australian bushrangers are common in Melbourne's laneways
70k crew members Renks and Karl 123 tag every window of an abandoned office building, 2005
Stencil by Meggs, 2006
Dirty Harry stencil (2006), a version of which appears on the cover of Uncomissoned Art: An A-Z of Australian Graffiti.
"No jobs on a dead planet" written on the former Spencer Street Power Station, 2007
Buskers perform in front of street murals near Degraves Street, 2007
Unknown artist, Fitzroy, 2007
Unknown artist, 2008
Stickers, stencils and other forms of street art fall victim to over-tagging in Centre Place, 2008.
Union Lane project by City of Melbourne, 2008
Unknown artists, 2008
Multi-layered stencil of a sleeping homeless man, 2008. Social issues are a recurring theme on Melbourne's walls.
Detail of a 2009 poster located in ACDC Lane, commenting on street violence outside Esplanade Hotel.
Street art in an abandoned warehouse in Collingwood, 2009
Unknown artist, Brunswick, 2009
Wheatpaste by Drab, Brunswick, 2009
Large painted board fixed to concrete wall, Richmond, 2010
Picture frames in Presgrave Place, 2010
Light-box installations in Hosier Lane, 2010; part of the City of Melbourne's annual Laneway Commissions program.
Money Volcano, Phoenix the Street Artist, Hosier Lane CBD, 2010
See also
Street art
Graffiti
Culture of Melbourne
Lanes and arcades of Melbourne
List of Australian street artists
List of public art in Melbourne
List of sporting street art in Australia
Other Australian cities:
Newtown area graffiti and street art, Sydney
Street art in Adelaide
Media
Stencil art
Woodblocking
Sticker art
Poster art
Wheatpasting
Street installation
Concepts
Public art
Public space
Community ownership
Reverse graffiti
References
^ Jake Smallman & Carl Nyman (2005). "Stencil Graffiti Capital: Melbourne". Jake Smallman and Carl Nyman. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
^ a b Vandalismo (8 August 2008). "Melbourne Stencil Festival". laneway. Laneway Magazine. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
^ Banksy (24 March 2006). "The writing on the wall", The Guardian. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
^ Innovative Theories in Art
^ "Space Invaders". National Gallery of Australia. 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
^ "Space Invaders" (Video upload). Art Nation. ABC. 12 November 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
^ "Home". Drago. Drago Media Kompany SRL. 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
^ Barrett, Peter (6 February 2018). "The evolution of street art in Melbourne". peterbarrett.com.au.
^ "Exploring Melbourne's Street Art Scene". 20 January 2014.
^ Jewel Topsfield (1 October 2008). "Brumby slams Tourism Victoria over graffiti promotion". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
^ Marcus Westbury (5 July 2009). "Street Art: Melbourne's unwanted attraction". Marcus Westbury. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
^ a b Suzy Freeman-Greene (12 January 2008). "Urban scrawl: shades of grey". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
^ Suzanne Robson (2 April 2009). "Taggers raid Melbourne street art". Melbourne Leader. News Community Media. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
^ "Do art not tags". City of Melbourne. 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
^ Houghton, Janae (14 December 2008). "The painter painted: Melbourne loses its treasured Banksy". The Age.
^ Hamish Fitzsimmons (30 April 2010). "Melbourne debates street art" (Transcript). Lateline. ABC. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
^ Rachael Brown (23 June 2008). "Melbourne graffiti considered for heritage protection". ABC News (based on a report from The World Today). ABC. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
^ "Melbourne's street art gets heritage review". Arts Victoria. State of Victoria. 27 May 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
^ "Aboriginal mural". Victorian Heritage Database. State of Victoria. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
^ Reko Rennie (10 January 2011). "Preston mural a slice of Indigenous history" (Video upload). ABC Arts. ABC. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
^ "Keith Haring mural, east wall Main Building, Collingwood Technical School complex". Victorian Heritage Database. State of Victoria. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
^ Simon Leo Brown; Richelle Hunt (28 April 2010). "Melbourne's Keith Haring mural in urgent need of restoration". ABC Radio Melbourne. ABC. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
^ Carey, Adam (4 October 2013). "Melbourne street art not meant to last, says city's graffiti management plan". The Age. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
^ a b Mutiny Media (2007). "Home". Rash The Film. Mutiny Media. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
^ Holsworth, Mark (1 July 2014). "Stencil Festival to Sweet Streets". Black Mark Melbourne Art and Culture critic.
^ Levin, Darren (12 May 2007). "Melbourne Stencil Festival". The Age.
^ Ball, Caroline (8 October 2010). "Sweet Streets Festival". weekendnotes.com.
^ Stencil Festival Home Archived 7 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Melbourne Stencil Festival". onlymelbourne.com.au. 8 October 2010.
^ "Iconic Hosier Lane Gets A Makeover" The Herald Sun
^ Uncommissioned Art: An A-Z of Australian Graffiti, australianartbooks.com.au. Retrieved 16-10-2010.
Further reading
Nyman, Carl; Smallman, Jake (2005). Stencil Graffiti Capital: Melbourne. Mark Batty Publisher. ISBN 0-9762245-3-4.
Dew, Christine (2007). Uncommissioned Art: The A-Z of Australian Graffiti. Melbourne University Publishing. ISBN 978-0-522-85375-9.
Stamer, Karl (2010). Kings Way: The Beginnings of Australian Graffiti: Melbourne 1983-1993. Melbourne University Publishing. ISBN 978-0-522-85751-1.
Ghostpatrol; Miso; Smits, Timba; Young, Alison (2010). Street/Studio: The Place of Street Art in Melbourne. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-50020-0.
Sync; Everfresh Studio (2010). Everfresh: Blackbook: The Studio & Streets 2004–2010. Miegunyah Press. ISBN 978-0-522-85745-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Dean Sunshine (2012). Land Of Sunshine: A Snapshot Of Melbourne Street Art 2010-2012. DS Publishers. ISBN 9780987382702.
Dean Sunshine (2014). Street Art Now – Melbourne and Beyond 2012-2014. DS Tech. ISBN 9780987382719.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Street art in Melbourne.
Stencil Festival official website
What's On Melbourne - Street Art
vteStreet artCulture
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Vandalism
Category: Street art | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(state)"},{"link_name":"street art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_art"},{"link_name":"graffiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"stencil art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stencil_art"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stencil_Festival_official_website-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stencil_Festival_official_website-2"}],"text":"Melbourne, the capital of Victoria and the second largest city in Australia, has gained international acclaim for its diverse range of street art and associated subcultures. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, much of the city's disaffected youth were influenced by the graffiti of New York City, which subsequently became popular in Melbourne's inner suburbs, and along suburban railway and tram lines.Melbourne was a major city in which stencil art was embraced at an early stage, earning it the title of \"stencil capital of the world\";[1] the adoption of stencil art also increased public awareness of the concept of street art.[2] The first stencil festival in the world was held in Melbourne in 2004 and featured the work of many major international artists.[2]","title":"Street art in Melbourne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Banksy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"street art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_art"},{"link_name":"woodblocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock_graffiti"},{"link_name":"sticker art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticker_art"},{"link_name":"poster art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_poster_art"},{"link_name":"wheatpasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatpasting"},{"link_name":"graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_graphics"},{"link_name":"street installations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_installation"},{"link_name":"reverse graffiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_graffiti"},{"link_name":"community ownership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_ownership"},{"link_name":"DIY ethic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIY_ethic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"City Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_central_business_district"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hosier Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosier_Lane"},{"link_name":"laneway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laneway"},{"link_name":"laneways in the inner city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanes_and_arcades_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Banksy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksy"},{"link_name":"ABOVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Blek le Rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blek_le_Rat"},{"link_name":"Shepard Fairey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepard_Fairey"},{"link_name":"Invader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invader_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"RASH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RASH_(film)"},{"link_name":"Official website (archived)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170815200248/http://rashfilm.com/"},{"link_name":"RASH on Mutiny Media website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mutinymedia.com/rash.html"}],"text":"Melbourne is the proud capital of street painting with stencils. Its large, colonial-era walls and labyrinth of back alleys drip with graffiti that is more diverse and original than any other city in the world.\n\n\nBanksy, 2006[3]Around the turn of the 21st century, forms of street art that began appearing in Melbourne included woodblocking, sticker art, poster art, wheatpasting, graphs, various forms of street installations and reverse graffiti. A strong sense of community ownership and DIY ethic exists amongst street artists in Melbourne, many of whom act as activists through awareness.[4]Galleries in the City Centre and inner suburbs now exhibit street art. Prominent Melbourne street artists were featured in Space Invaders, a 2010 exhibition of street art held at the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra.[5][6] Hosier Lane is Melbourne's most famous laneway for street art, however there are many other laneways in the inner city that exhibit street art.Prominent international street artists such as Banksy (UK), ABOVE (USA), Fafi (France), D*FACE (UK), Logan Hicks,[7] Revok (USA), Blek le Rat (France), Shepard Fairey (USA) and Invader (France) have contributed work to Melbourne's streets along with visitors from all over the world, most prominently Germany, Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and New Zealand.[8]Melbourne's street art scene was explored in the 2005 feature documentary RASH. Official website (archived) RASH on Mutiny Media website","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceramic_Street_Art_Melbourne.JPG"},{"link_name":"Abbotsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbotsford,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Brunswick East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_East"},{"link_name":"Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Carlton North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_North"},{"link_name":"Collingwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Fitzroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzroy,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Fitzroy North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzroy_North"},{"link_name":"Footscray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footscray,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Melbourne central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_central_business_district"},{"link_name":"Northcote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northcote,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Westgarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgarth,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Prahran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prahran"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"South Yarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yarra"},{"link_name":"St Kilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kilda,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Ceramic street art on the corner of a brick building in Fitzroy, 2008While there are small areas throughout Greater Melbourne where various forms of street art can be seen, the primary areas in which street art is most densely located include:Abbotsford\nBrunswick and Brunswick East\nCarlton and Carlton North\nCollingwood\nFitzroy and Fitzroy North\nFootscray\nMelbourne central business district\nNorthcote and Westgarth\nPrahran\nRichmond\nSouth Yarra\nSt Kilda[9]","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Disney World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_World"},{"link_name":"John Brumby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brumby"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jewel-10"},{"link_name":"Marcus Westbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Westbury"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_School"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unknown_sculpture_at_28_Wills_Street,_Melbourne.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-graff-12"},{"link_name":"Tourism Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Melbourne University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_University"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-graff-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"City of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Georges_Road_Aboriginal_history_mural_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Northcote Koori Mural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northcote_Koori_Mural"},{"link_name":"Victorian Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"Melbourne City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Banksy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksy"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheAgeDec2008-15"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Robert Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Doyle"},{"link_name":"Mona Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Justin Madden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Madden"},{"link_name":"Heritage Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Victoria"},{"link_name":"National Trust of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Victorian Heritage Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Heritage_Register"},{"link_name":"1983 mural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northcote_Koori_Mural"},{"link_name":"Aborigines Advancement League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborigines_Advancement_League"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Keith Haring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Haring"},{"link_name":"Collingwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The proliferation of street art in Melbourne has attracted supporters and detractors from various levels of government and in the broader community. In 2008 a tourism campaign at Florida's Disney World recreated a Melbourne laneway cityscape, decorated with street art. Victorian Premier John Brumby forced the tourism department to withdraw the display, calling graffiti a \"blight on the city\" and not something \"we want to be displaying overseas.\"[10] Marcus Westbury countered that street art was one of Melbourne's \"biggest tourist attractions and one of its most significant cultural movements since the Heidelberg School\".[11]Crushed Can, a sculpture by street artist Ling, Wills StreetSome street artists and academics have criticized the State Government for having seemingly inconsistent and contradictory views on graffiti.[12] In 2006, the State Government \"proudly sponsored\" The Melbourne Design Guide, a book which celebrates Melbourne graffiti from a design perspective. That same year, some of Melbourne's graffiti-covered laneways were featured in Tourism Victoria's Lose Yourself in Melbourne campaign. One year later, the State Government introduced tough anti-graffiti laws, with a maximum penalty of two years in prison. Possession of spray cans \"without a lawful excuse\", either on or around public transport, became illegal, and police search powers were also strengthened. According to Melbourne University criminologist Alison Young, the \"state is profiting from the work of artists doing it, but another arm of the state wants to prosecute and possibly imprison (such) people.\"[12] Since laws were tightened, local councils have reported a \"spike\" in vandalism and an increase in tagging on commissioned murals and legal street art. Adrian Doyle, founder of the Blender Studios and manager of Melbourne Street Art Tours, believes that people who tag have become less considerate of where they put their tags for fear of being caught by police, and are \"paranoid so they are taking less time—tags are less detailed\".[13] In 2007, the City of Melbourne started the Do art not tags initiative—an education presentation aimed at teaching primary school students the differences between graffiti and street art.[14]The 1983 Northcote Koori Mural was added to the Victorian Heritage Register in 2011.Some local councils have accepted street art and have even made efforts to preserve it. In early 2008, the Melbourne City Council installed a perspex screen to prevent a 2003 Banksy stencil art piece named Little Diver from being destroyed. In December 2008, silver paint was poured behind the protective screen and tagged with the words: \"Banksy woz ere\".[15] In April 2010, another stencil by Banksy, also painted in 2003, was destroyed—this time by council workers. The work depicted a parachuting rat and it was believed to be the last surviving Banksy stencil in Melbourne's laneways. Lord Mayor Robert Doyle said: \"This was not the Mona Lisa. It is regrettable that we have lost it, but it was an honest mistake by our cleaners in removing tagging graffiti.\"[16]The loss of these and other famous street artworks in Melbourne reignited a decade long debate over heritage protection for Melbourne's street art.[17] Planning Minister Justin Madden announced government plans in 2010 involving Heritage Victoria and the National Trust of Australia to assess street art in key locations throughout Melbourne and for culturally significant works to receive recognition for the purpose of preservation.[18] Examples of street art pieces that have been added to the Victorian Heritage Register include: the 1983 mural outside the Aborigines Advancement League building,[19][20] and a 1984 Keith Haring mural in Collingwood.[21][22]The Melbourne City Council acknowledged the difficulties that hinder the preservation of street art, with their graffiti management plan for 2014–18 stating: \"Protection of street art is not practical. The only exception may be especially commissioned works\".[23]","title":"Public and government responses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vexta_hosier_ln.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vexta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexta"},{"link_name":"Hosier Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"exhibitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_exhibition"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutiny-24"},{"link_name":"stencil art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stencil_graffiti"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Gertrude Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Street"},{"link_name":"Fitzroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzroy,_Victoria"}],"text":"She's Only Dancing by Vexta (left), and work by PETS (right), in Hosier Lane, 2007Empty shows: illegal exhibitions held in derelict buildings since circa 2000[24]\nStencil Festival: The first stencil art festival in the world was held in Melbourne in 2004. It was held annually until 2010.[25]\nStreet video projection event: video projection events were held in Gertrude Street, Fitzroy in mid-2008.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"workshops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workshop"},{"link_name":"master classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_class"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Fitzroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzroy,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"community radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_radio"},{"link_name":"street press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_press"},{"link_name":"Arts Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Government"},{"link_name":"Ballarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat"},{"link_name":"Sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Shepparton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepparton"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stencilfest.com-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Melbourne Stencil Festival","text":"The Melbourne Stencil Festival was Australia's premier celebration of international street and stencil art. Since its inauguration in 2004 the festival has become an annual event, touring regional Victoria and other locations within Australia. The festival was held for 10 days each year, involving exhibitions, live demonstrations, artist talks, panel discussions, workshops, master classes and street art related films to the general public. It featured works by emerging and established artists from both Australia and around the world.[26]Since its inception, the Stencil Festival featured some 800 works by over 150 artists, many of whom were experiencing their first major art exhibition, finding it difficult to be exhibited in major commercial galleries reluctant to display emerging art forms. The first Melbourne Stencil Festival was held in a former sewing factory in North Melbourne in 2004.[27]2004 – The inaugural festival was held over three days in a warehouse in North Melbourne.\n2005 – Featured a ten-day exhibition at the refurbished Meat Market art complex. The festival was supported by the City of Melbourne and saw more than 700 visitors on the opening night.\n2006 – The festival moved to Fitzroy, a major location of street art in Melbourne, and was held at the Rose Street Artists Market. For the first time the four-day event was also held in Sydney. It received reviews in major mainstream media in both Melbourne and Sydney.\n2007 – Featured a total of 75 artists from 12 countries with more than 300 works. The Melbourne event alone was attended by more than 4,000 visitors with 500 people on the opening night alone. It also attracted a wide range of media coverage including daily newspapers, community radio and street press.\n2008 – Toured regionally with the support of Arts Victoria to Ballarat, Sale and Shepparton, and on its own effort interstate to Sydney, Brisbane and Perth.\n2009 – The Melbourne Stencil Festival 2009 ran between 25 September and 4 October 2009.[28]\n2010 – The Melbourne Stencil Festival transformed in the \"Sweet Streets\" Festival, an all encompassing festival of street and urban art. It ran between 8 – 24 October 2010.[29]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"All Your Walls","text":"An event in which the entire iconic Hosier lane was repainted by over 150 artists. Produced by Invurt, Just Another Agency and Land of Sunshine in conjunction with the National Gallery of Victoria. It ran between 27 – 29 November 2013.[30]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dlux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dlux"},{"link_name":"Civilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_(street_artist)"},{"link_name":"Facter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facter"},{"link_name":"HA-HA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regan_Tamanui"},{"link_name":"Heesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heesco"},{"link_name":"Jisoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisoe"},{"link_name":"Lushsux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lushsux"},{"link_name":"Meek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meek_(street_artist)"},{"link_name":"Nurock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Phibs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phibs"},{"link_name":"Prism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_(street_artist)"},{"link_name":"Rone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rone"},{"link_name":"Shida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shida_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Vexta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexta"},{"link_name":"ZAM-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZAM-1"}],"text":"Dlux – since 2002\nCivilian – since 2001\nFacter - since 1990\nHA-HA\nHeesco - since 2010\nJisoe - since 2000\nLushsux – since 2010\nMeek – since 2003\nNurock – since 1995\nPhibs\nPrism – since 2001\nRone – since 2002\nShida – since 2004\nVexta – 2003\nZAM-1","title":"Notable Melbourne street artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RASH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RASH_(film)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mutiny-24"},{"link_name":"Not Quite Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_Quite_Art"},{"link_name":"DIY culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIY_culture"}],"text":"RASH (2005) – Feature-length documentary film which explores the cultural value of Melbourne street art and graffiti.[24]\nNot Quite Art (2007) – ABC TV series, episode 101 explored Melbourne's street art and DIY culture.","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I_Want_Change_Meek_street_art.jpg"},{"link_name":"Meek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meek_(street_artist)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antipoet_tour_018.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banksy_Little_Diver_Melbourne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Banksy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ned_Kelly_stencil_Melbourne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ned Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Kelly"},{"link_name":"bushrangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushranger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melbourne_office_building_tags.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meggs_street_art_Melbourne.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dirty_Harry_Stencil_Melbourne.jpg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spencer-street-power-station-melbourne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Spencer Street Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Street_Power_Station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melbourne_buskers.jpg"},{"link_name":"Degraves Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degraves_Street"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Large_Stencil_Melbourne.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melbourne_Stencil_Art_2.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centre_Place_tags_Melbourne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Centre Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Place,_Melbourne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Street_Art_Union_Lane_Melbourne.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Various_Street_Art_Mediums_Melbourne.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Homeless_on_bench_stencil_Melbourne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Social issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_issues"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poster_ACDC_Lane_Melbourne.jpg"},{"link_name":"ACDC Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACDC_Lane"},{"link_name":"Esplanade Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplanade_Hotel_(Melbourne)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Street_Art_in_Abandoned_Building_Melbourne.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Street_Art_Brunswick_Melbourne.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Street_Art_Brunswick_Melbourne_1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Street_Art_Painting_Retro_Sign_Richmond.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Picture_frames_Presgrave_Place_Melbourne.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hosier_Lane_Installations_Melbourne.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Street_art_Melbourne_CBD_September_2010.JPG"}],"text":"Keep Your Coins, I Want Change by Meek, 2004\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAntipoet, 2004\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLittle Diver by Banksy, 2004. Melbourne City Council moved to protect it before its destruction by vandals in 2008.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHa-Ha's iconic stencils of Ned Kelly (seen here in 2005) and other Australian bushrangers are common in Melbourne's laneways\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t70k crew members Renks and Karl 123 tag every window of an abandoned office building, 2005\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStencil by Meggs, 2006\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDirty Harry stencil (2006), a version of which appears on the cover of Uncomissoned Art: An A-Z of Australian Graffiti.[31]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"No jobs on a dead planet\" written on the former Spencer Street Power Station, 2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBuskers perform in front of street murals near Degraves Street, 2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUnknown artist, Fitzroy, 2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUnknown artist, 2008\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStickers, stencils and other forms of street art fall victim to over-tagging in Centre Place, 2008.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUnion Lane project by City of Melbourne, 2008\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUnknown artists, 2008\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMulti-layered stencil of a sleeping homeless man, 2008. Social issues are a recurring theme on Melbourne's walls.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDetail of a 2009 poster located in ACDC Lane, commenting on street violence outside Esplanade Hotel.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStreet art in an abandoned warehouse in Collingwood, 2009\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUnknown artist, Brunswick, 2009\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWheatpaste by Drab, Brunswick, 2009\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLarge painted board fixed to concrete wall, Richmond, 2010\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPicture frames in Presgrave Place, 2010\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLight-box installations in Hosier Lane, 2010; part of the City of Melbourne's annual Laneway Commissions program.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMoney Volcano, Phoenix the Street Artist, Hosier Lane CBD, 2010","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Batty Publisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Batty_Publisher"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9762245-3-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9762245-3-4"},{"link_name":"Melbourne University Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_University_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-522-85375-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85375-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-522-85751-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85751-1"},{"link_name":"Thames & Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-500-50020-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-50020-0"},{"link_name":"Sync","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sync_(street_artist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-522-85745-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85745-0"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780987382702","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780987382702"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780987382719","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780987382719"}],"text":"Nyman, Carl; Smallman, Jake (2005). Stencil Graffiti Capital: Melbourne. Mark Batty Publisher. ISBN 0-9762245-3-4.\nDew, Christine (2007). Uncommissioned Art: The A-Z of Australian Graffiti. Melbourne University Publishing. ISBN 978-0-522-85375-9.\nStamer, Karl (2010). Kings Way: The Beginnings of Australian Graffiti: Melbourne 1983-1993. Melbourne University Publishing. ISBN 978-0-522-85751-1.\nGhostpatrol; Miso; Smits, Timba; Young, Alison (2010). Street/Studio: The Place of Street Art in Melbourne. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-50020-0.\nSync; Everfresh Studio (2010). Everfresh: Blackbook: The Studio & Streets 2004–2010. Miegunyah Press. ISBN 978-0-522-85745-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\nDean Sunshine (2012). Land Of Sunshine: A Snapshot Of Melbourne Street Art 2010-2012. DS Publishers. ISBN 9780987382702.\nDean Sunshine (2014). Street Art Now – Melbourne and Beyond 2012-2014. DS Tech. ISBN 9780987382719.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Ceramic street art on the corner of a brick building in Fitzroy, 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ceramic_Street_Art_Melbourne.JPG/250px-Ceramic_Street_Art_Melbourne.JPG"},{"image_text":"Crushed Can, a sculpture by street artist Ling, Wills Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Unknown_sculpture_at_28_Wills_Street%2C_Melbourne.jpg/170px-Unknown_sculpture_at_28_Wills_Street%2C_Melbourne.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 1983 Northcote Koori Mural was added to the Victorian Heritage Register in 2011.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/St_Georges_Road_Aboriginal_history_mural_2.JPG/220px-St_Georges_Road_Aboriginal_history_mural_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"She's Only Dancing by Vexta (left), and work by PETS (right), in Hosier Lane, 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Vexta_hosier_ln.jpg/250px-Vexta_hosier_ln.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Street art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_art"},{"title":"Graffiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti"},{"title":"Culture of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Melbourne"},{"title":"Lanes and arcades of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanes_and_arcades_of_Melbourne"},{"title":"List of Australian street artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_street_artists"},{"title":"List of public art in Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Melbourne"},{"title":"List of sporting street art in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sporting_street_art_in_Australia"},{"title":"Newtown area graffiti and street art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown_area_graffiti_and_street_art"},{"title":"Street art in Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_art_in_Adelaide"},{"title":"Stencil art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stencil_graffiti"},{"title":"Woodblocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock_graffiti"},{"title":"Sticker art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticker_art"},{"title":"Poster art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_poster_art"},{"title":"Wheatpasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatpasting"},{"title":"Street installation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_installation"},{"title":"Public art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_art"},{"title":"Public space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_space"},{"title":"Community ownership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_ownership"},{"title":"Reverse graffiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_graffiti"}] | [{"reference":"Jake Smallman & Carl Nyman (2005). \"Stencil Graffiti Capital: Melbourne\". Jake Smallman and Carl Nyman. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stencilgraffiticapital.com/","url_text":"\"Stencil Graffiti Capital: Melbourne\""}]},{"reference":"Vandalismo (8 August 2008). \"Melbourne Stencil Festival\". laneway. Laneway Magazine. Retrieved 4 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://lanewaymagazine.com.au/melbourne-stencil-festival/","url_text":"\"Melbourne Stencil Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Space Invaders\". National Gallery of Australia. 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nga.gov.au/Exhibition/SPACEINVADERS/Default.cfm?MNUID=4","url_text":"\"Space Invaders\""}]},{"reference":"\"Space Invaders\" (Video upload). Art Nation. ABC. 12 November 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/arts/stories/s3064805.htm","url_text":"\"Space Invaders\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". Drago. Drago Media Kompany SRL. 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dragolab.com/uk/publishing/arrivals-and-departures_54.html","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"Barrett, Peter (6 February 2018). \"The evolution of street art in Melbourne\". peterbarrett.com.au.","urls":[{"url":"https://peterbarrett.com.au/2018/02/06/the-evolution-of-street-art-in-melbourne/","url_text":"\"The evolution of street art in Melbourne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exploring Melbourne's Street Art Scene\". 20 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://theculturetrip.com/pacific/australia/articles/exploring-melbournes-street-art-scene/","url_text":"\"Exploring Melbourne's Street Art Scene\""}]},{"reference":"Jewel Topsfield (1 October 2008). \"Brumby slams Tourism Victoria over graffiti promotion\". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/10/01/1222651140951.html","url_text":"\"Brumby slams Tourism Victoria over graffiti promotion\""}]},{"reference":"Marcus Westbury (5 July 2009). \"Street Art: Melbourne's unwanted attraction\". Marcus Westbury. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marcuswestbury.net/2009/07/05/street-art-melbournes-unwanted-attraction/","url_text":"\"Street Art: Melbourne's unwanted attraction\""}]},{"reference":"Suzy Freeman-Greene (12 January 2008). \"Urban scrawl: shades of grey\". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/01/11/1199988583501.html","url_text":"\"Urban scrawl: shades of grey\""}]},{"reference":"Suzanne Robson (2 April 2009). \"Taggers raid Melbourne street art\". Melbourne Leader. News Community Media. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://melbourne-leader.whereilive.com.au/news/story/taggers-raid-melbourne-street-art/","url_text":"\"Taggers raid Melbourne street art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Do art not tags\". City of Melbourne. 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/ForResidents/StreetCleaningandGraffiti/GraffitiStreetArt/Pages/Doartnottags.aspx#WhatIs","url_text":"\"Do art not tags\""}]},{"reference":"Houghton, Janae (14 December 2008). \"The painter painted: Melbourne loses its treasured Banksy\". The Age.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/national/the-painter-painted-melbourne-loses-its-treasured-banksy-20081213-6xzy.html","url_text":"\"The painter painted: Melbourne loses its treasured Banksy\""}]},{"reference":"Hamish Fitzsimmons (30 April 2010). \"Melbourne debates street art\" (Transcript). Lateline. ABC. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2010/s2887629.htm","url_text":"\"Melbourne debates street art\""}]},{"reference":"Rachael Brown (23 June 2008). \"Melbourne graffiti considered for heritage protection\". ABC News (based on a report from The World Today). ABC. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/06/23/2282978.htm","url_text":"\"Melbourne graffiti considered for heritage protection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melbourne's street art gets heritage review\". Arts Victoria. State of Victoria. 27 May 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arts.vic.gov.au/About_Us/News/Media_Releases/2010/Melbournes_street_art_gets_heritage_review","url_text":"\"Melbourne's street art gets heritage review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aboriginal mural\". Victorian Heritage Database. State of Victoria. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/#detail_places;26593","url_text":"\"Aboriginal mural\""}]},{"reference":"Reko Rennie (10 January 2011). \"Preston mural a slice of Indigenous history\" (Video upload). ABC Arts. ABC. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/arts/stories/s3109749.htm","url_text":"\"Preston mural a slice of Indigenous history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Keith Haring mural, east wall Main Building, Collingwood Technical School complex\". Victorian Heritage Database. State of Victoria. 13 November 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/#detail_places;104156","url_text":"\"Keith Haring mural, east wall Main Building, Collingwood Technical School complex\""}]},{"reference":"Simon Leo Brown; Richelle Hunt (28 April 2010). \"Melbourne's Keith Haring mural in urgent need of restoration\". ABC Radio Melbourne. ABC. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/local/photos/2010/04/28/2884980.htm","url_text":"\"Melbourne's Keith Haring mural in urgent need of restoration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Radio_Melbourne","url_text":"ABC Radio Melbourne"}]},{"reference":"Carey, Adam (4 October 2013). \"Melbourne street art not meant to last, says city's graffiti management plan\". The Age. Retrieved 4 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/melbourne-street-art-not-meant-to-last-says-citys-graffiti-management-plan-20131003-2uxha.html","url_text":"\"Melbourne street art not meant to last, says city's graffiti management plan\""}]},{"reference":"Mutiny Media (2007). \"Home\". Rash The Film. Mutiny Media. Retrieved 30 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rashfilm.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"Holsworth, Mark (1 July 2014). \"Stencil Festival to Sweet Streets\". Black Mark Melbourne Art and Culture critic.","urls":[{"url":"https://melbourneartcritic.wordpress.com/2014/07/01/stencil-festival-to-sweet-streets/","url_text":"\"Stencil Festival to Sweet Streets\""}]},{"reference":"Levin, Darren (12 May 2007). \"Melbourne Stencil Festival\". The Age.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/melbourne-stencil-festival-20070512-ge4va3.html","url_text":"\"Melbourne Stencil Festival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"}]},{"reference":"Ball, Caroline (8 October 2010). \"Sweet Streets Festival\". weekendnotes.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weekendnotes.com/sweet-streets/","url_text":"\"Sweet Streets Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melbourne Stencil Festival\". onlymelbourne.com.au. 8 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onlymelbourne.com.au/sweet-s-t-reets-melbourne-stencil-festival","url_text":"\"Melbourne Stencil Festival\""}]},{"reference":"Nyman, Carl; Smallman, Jake (2005). Stencil Graffiti Capital: Melbourne. Mark Batty Publisher. ISBN 0-9762245-3-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Batty_Publisher","url_text":"Mark Batty Publisher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9762245-3-4","url_text":"0-9762245-3-4"}]},{"reference":"Dew, Christine (2007). Uncommissioned Art: The A-Z of Australian Graffiti. Melbourne University Publishing. ISBN 978-0-522-85375-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_University_Publishing","url_text":"Melbourne University Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85375-9","url_text":"978-0-522-85375-9"}]},{"reference":"Stamer, Karl (2010). Kings Way: The Beginnings of Australian Graffiti: Melbourne 1983-1993. Melbourne University Publishing. ISBN 978-0-522-85751-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85751-1","url_text":"978-0-522-85751-1"}]},{"reference":"Ghostpatrol; Miso; Smits, Timba; Young, Alison (2010). Street/Studio: The Place of Street Art in Melbourne. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-50020-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson","url_text":"Thames & Hudson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-50020-0","url_text":"978-0-500-50020-0"}]},{"reference":"Sync; Everfresh Studio (2010). Everfresh: Blackbook: The Studio & Streets 2004–2010. Miegunyah Press. ISBN 978-0-522-85745-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sync_(street_artist)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Sync"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85745-0","url_text":"978-0-522-85745-0"}]},{"reference":"Dean Sunshine (2012). Land Of Sunshine: A Snapshot Of Melbourne Street Art 2010-2012. DS Publishers. ISBN 9780987382702.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780987382702","url_text":"9780987382702"}]},{"reference":"Dean Sunshine (2014). Street Art Now – Melbourne and Beyond 2012-2014. DS Tech. ISBN 9780987382719.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780987382719","url_text":"9780987382719"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170815200248/http://rashfilm.com/","external_links_name":"Official website (archived)"},{"Link":"http://www.mutinymedia.com/rash.html","external_links_name":"RASH on Mutiny Media website"},{"Link":"http://www.stencilgraffiticapital.com/","external_links_name":"\"Stencil Graffiti Capital: Melbourne\""},{"Link":"http://lanewaymagazine.com.au/melbourne-stencil-festival/","external_links_name":"\"Melbourne Stencil Festival\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2006/mar/24/art.australia","external_links_name":"\"The writing on the wall\""},{"Link":"http://www.hubtitle.com/2014/09/11-creative-street-artworks.html","external_links_name":"Innovative Theories in 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Roach_(musician) | Michael Roach (musician) | ["1 Career","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"] | Michael RoachMichael RoachBackground informationBorn (1955-03-18) March 18, 1955 (age 69)Washington, D.C., U.S.GenresPiedmont bluesOccupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)GuitarWebsitemichaelroach.com Musical artist
Michael Roach (born March 18, 1955, Washington, D.C., United States) is an American blues performer and educator based in England, who has released six albums on the independent Stella Records label. He conducts workshops on African American musical/cultural heritage internationally, and is a founder of the European Blues Association.
Career
In 1941, Roach's parents moved from South Carolina to Washington, D.C., where the twenty-seven-year-old Roach later heard regional musicians John Jackson, John Cephas and Archie Edwards, who became his mentors in traditional Piedmont blues guitar.
Upon relocating to the UK, Roach became active on the European blues scene,
and founded the European Blues Association (EBA) with writer/historian Dr. Paul Oliver, MBE in 1997. The European Blues Association became a registered charity in 2002, and Roach currently serves as its director.
In 2000, Michael Roach founded "Blues Week", an annual residential program of lectures and instruction in country blues guitar, harmonica, blues piano and vocals at Northampton University (UK). In 2003, Roach presented Deep Blue, a three-part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4. In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, Introduction to Country Blues Guitar.
Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive (US), The Ironworks (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US). He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia, Czech Republic, England, the United States, the United Arab Emirates, and Wales.
Discography
1993 – Ain't Got Me No Home (Stella Records)
1997 – The Blinds of Life (Stella Records)
2000 – Good News Blues (Stella Records)
2003 – Cypress Grove (Stella Records)
2006 – I Betcha ! (Stella Records)
2010 – Innocent Child (Stella Records)
References
^ "Crossroads – Nightlife Features". TimeOutDubai.com. January 19, 2009. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
^ "What's On - Anvil Arts". March 3, 2016. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
^ a b "About the EBA". Euroblues.org. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
^ Harrington, Richard (August 29, 2003). "The Piedmont style".
^ a b "April 2003 D.C. Blues Society News Letter" (PDF). Dcblues.org. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
^ "Third year for Blues Week at Park Campus". Northampton.ac.uk. Archived from the original on May 29, 2014. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
^ Wynn, Neil A. (February 9, 2010). Cross the water blues: African ... – Neil A. Wynn – Google Books. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781604735475. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
^ Wynn, Neil (2007). Cross the Water Blues. University Press of Mississippi. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-60473-546-8.
^ "Piedmont Blues Intensive – Blues at Centrum". Centrum.org. October 16, 2009. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
^ "Gig: Michael Roach – Ironworks, Oswestry – 10 Jun 2010 –". Bluesinthenorthwest.com. May 20, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
^ "Top names lined up for Blues Festival – Manx Entertainment News". Iomtoday. Archived from the original on April 4, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
^ "Kastav Blues Festival 2010. | R-1 PORTAL RIJEKA". R-1.hr. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
^ "Blues Alive Festival XV at Dům Kultúry (Šumperk) on 18 Nov 2010 –". Last.fm. February 11, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
^ "Marlborough Jazz Festival". Marlboroughjazz.co.uk. Archived from the original on July 3, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
^ "Barnstaple Fringe : Part of the North Devon Festival" (PDF). Musicface.co.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
^ "Artists « Tenby Blues Festival 2011". Tenbyblues.co.uk. June 24, 2010. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
^ "Michael Roach – Ain't Got Me No Home". Discogs.
^ "Michael Roach – Good News Blues". Discogs.
^ "Michael Roach – Cypress Grove (2003, CD)". Discogs.
^ "Innocent Child : Michael Roach". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
External links
Michael Roach homepage
Michael Roach's channel on YouTube
Michael Roach on Spotify
Michael Roach on Apple Music
Article on Michael Roach, "Back to the Crossroads", January 2009
European Blues Association
Blues Week/Euroblues site | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"African American musical/cultural heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_culture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euroblues.org-3"}],"text":"Musical artistMichael Roach[1] (born March 18, 1955, Washington, D.C., United States) is an American blues performer and educator based in England, who has released six albums on the independent Stella Records label. He conducts workshops on African American musical/cultural heritage internationally,[2] and is a founder of the European Blues Association.[3]","title":"Michael Roach (musician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"John Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jackson_(blues_musician)"},{"link_name":"John Cephas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cephas"},{"link_name":"Archie Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Piedmont blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont_blues"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-April_2003_D.C._Blues_Society_News_Letter-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euroblues.org-3"},{"link_name":"Dr. Paul Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Oliver"},{"link_name":"MBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"registered charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_charity"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-April_2003_D.C._Blues_Society_News_Letter-5"},{"link_name":"country blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_blues"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"Northampton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Third_year_for_Blues_Week_at_Park_Campus-6"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cross_the_Water_Blues-8"},{"link_name":"performer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performer"},{"link_name":"Augusta Heritage Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_Heritage_Center"},{"link_name":"Centrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrum_(arts_organization)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In 1941, Roach's parents moved from South Carolina to Washington, D.C., where the twenty-seven-year-old Roach later heard regional musicians John Jackson, John Cephas and Archie Edwards, who became his mentors in traditional Piedmont blues guitar.[4]Upon relocating to the UK, Roach became active on the European blues scene,[5]\nand founded the European Blues Association (EBA)[3] with writer/historian Dr. Paul Oliver, MBE in 1997. The European Blues Association became a registered charity in 2002, and Roach currently serves as its director.In 2000, Michael Roach founded \"Blues Week\",[5] an annual residential program of lectures and instruction in country blues guitar, harmonica, blues piano and vocals at Northampton University (UK).[6] In 2003, Roach presented Deep Blue, a three-part series on blues music featured on BBC Radio 4.[7][8] In 2006 he released an instructional DVD, Introduction to Country Blues Guitar.Roach's tours as an educator and performer have taken him to the Augusta Heritage Center (US), Centrum Piedmont Blues Intensive[9] (US), The Ironworks[10] (UK) and the Smithsonian Institution (US).[11] He has performed and lectured at blues, jazz, folk and roots music festivals in Croatia,[12] Czech Republic,[13] England,[14][15] the United States, the United Arab Emirates, and Wales.[16]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"1993 – Ain't Got Me No Home (Stella Records)[17]\n1997 – The Blinds of Life (Stella Records)\n2000 – Good News Blues (Stella Records)[18]\n2003 – Cypress Grove (Stella Records)[19]\n2006 – I Betcha ! (Stella Records)\n2010 – Innocent Child (Stella Records)[20]","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Crossroads – Nightlife Features\". TimeOutDubai.com. January 19, 2009. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193620/http://www.timeoutdubai.com/nightlife/features/5652-back-to-the-crossroads/","url_text":"\"Crossroads – Nightlife Features\""},{"url":"http://www.timeoutdubai.com/nightlife/features/5652-back-to-the-crossroads","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"What's On - Anvil Arts\". March 3, 2016. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Birthday_Honours_(New_Zealand) | 1990 Birthday Honours (New Zealand) | ["1 Knight Bachelor","2 Order of the Bath","2.1 Companion (CB)","3 Order of Saint Michael and Saint George","3.1 Companion (CMG)","4 Royal Victorian Order","4.1 Member (MVO)","5 Order of the British Empire","5.1 Dame Commander (DBE)","5.2 Knight Commander (KBE)","5.3 Commander (CBE)","5.4 Officer (OBE)","5.5 Member (MBE)","6 British Empire Medal (BEM)","7 Companion of the Queen's Service Order (QSO)","7.1 For community service","7.2 For public services","8 Queen's Service Medal (QSM)","8.1 For community service","8.2 For public services","9 Queen's Fire Service Medal (QFSM)","10 Queen's Police Medal (QPM)","11 Air Force Cross (AFC)","12 Air Force Medal (AFM)","13 Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air","14 References"] | Awards list for New Zealand
See also: 1990 Birthday Honours
The 1990 Queen's Birthday Honours in New Zealand, celebrating the official birthday of Elizabeth II, were appointments made by the Queen in her right as Queen of New Zealand, on the advice of the New Zealand government, to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. They were announced on 16 June 1990.
The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.
Knight Bachelor
(Humphrey) Michael Gerard Fay – of Auckland. For services to merchant banking and yachting.
Richard John Hadlee MBE – of Christchurch. For services to cricket.
Howard Leslie Morrison OBE – of Rotorua. For services to entertainment.
Sir Richard Hadlee
Sir Howard Morrison
Order of the Bath
Companion (CB)
Military division
Air Vice-Marshal Peter Raymond Adamson OBE – Chief of Air Staff, Royal New Zealand Air Force.
Order of Saint Michael and Saint George
Companion (CMG)
Professor Emeritus Eric William Herd – of Dunedin. For services to linguistics and the community.
Harold Mervyn Titter – of Auckland. For services to business management and the community.
Hohua Taharangi Te Matehapara Tutengaehe – of Christchurch. For services to the Māori people and community.
Royal Victorian Order
Member (MVO)
Richard Donald Sweetzer – executive officer, Government House.
Order of the British Empire
Dame Commander (DBE)
Civil division
Dorothy Gertrude Winstone CMG – of Auckland. For services to the community.
Knight Commander (KBE)
Military division
Lieutenant General John Airth Mace CB OBE – Chief of Defence Staff.
Commander (CBE)
Civil division
Dr Colin Campbell Aikman – of Petone. For services to law and education.
Dr Edmund Peter Allen MBE – of New Plymouth. For services to medicine and the community.
Arthur William Barnett MC – of Dunedin. For services to the community.
Professor David Simpson Cole – of Auckland. For services to medicine.
The Honourable Colin James Moyle MP – of Ōhaeawai. For public services.
Dr Pita (Peter) Russell Sharples JP – of Auckland. For services to the Māori people.
Professor Terence Laurie Sturm – of Auckland. For services to literature.
The Right Reverend Peter Eves Sutton – of Nelson; Bishop of Nelson.
Beverley Anne Wakem – of Wellington. For services to broadcasting and the community.
Colin Moyle
Pita Sharples
Beverley Wakem
Officer (OBE)
Civil division
Dr Colin Bassett – of Wellington. For services to forest science.
Gilbert William Beale – of Christchurch. For services to the community.
Ian Gordon Edward Coddington MVO – of Silverstream; lately chief traffic superintendent, Ministry of Transport.
Bruce Kenneth Farr – of Annapolis, Maryland, United States. For services to yacht design.
lan Geoffrey Fraser – of Wellington. For public services.
Kiwa Hone Taiapoapo Te Ngarue Graham – of Hamilton. For services to the Māori people and the community.
Frank Haydn Haigh – of Auckland. For services to the community.
Brian Fenton Hyland QFSM – of Wellington; fire commissioner, New Zealand Fire Service.
Samuel Patrick Jennings – of Wellington. For services to the maritime industry and trade-union affairs.
Ronald Cecil Joyce – assistant commissioner, New Zealand Police.
John King – of Feilding. For services to local-body and community affairs.
Robin Anthony McKenzie – of Waikanae. For services to physiotherapy.
Ismalia Jane Davenport Manahi – of Woodend. For services to the community.
William John Mumm JP – of Ngakawau. For services to local government.
Mirek (Miroslav) Smíšek – of Te Horo. For services to pottery.
Dorothy Jessie Stafford – of Nelson. For services to education.
Marcel Charles Stanley – of Waikanae. For services to philately.
Robert Campbell Whyte – of Wellington. For services to the maritime industry.
Military division
Lieutenant Colonel (now Colonel) John Arthur Fisher – Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment.
Ian Fraser
Robin McKenzie
Bill Mumm
Mirek Smíšek
Member (MBE)
Civil division
Gary John Anderson – of Wanganui. For services to cycling.
Roger Brian Blackburn – of Oamaru. For services to the community.
Sydney Joseph Bradley – of Christchurch; regional manager, South Island, New Zealand Post Ltd.
Barry James Eric Brailsford – of Christchurch. For services to education.
John Logan Brewer – of Auckland. For services to film and television design.
John Llewellyn Davies – of Auckland. For services to athletics.
Peter Bruce Davison – of Auckland. For services to bowls.
Melvyn Ewell Foster – of Lyttelton. For services to local government and the community.
Kenneth Francis Gray – of Plimmerton. For services to local-body affairs.
Leonard Keith Grey – of Gisborne. For services to horticulture.
Madonna Harris – of Utah, United States. For services to cycling.
Elric James Hooper – of Christchurch. For services to drama and the theatre.
Lyn Patricia Johnston – of Auckland. For services to gymnastics.
Malcolm Harry Kemp – of Auckland. For services to television.
Millie Cecelia Khan – of Matamata. For services to bowls.
Paul James Kingsman – of Auckland. For services to swimming.
George Menzies Nicol – of Dunedin. For services to trade-union affairs.
Stephen Francis Nolan JP – of Whataroa. For services to the community.
Mere Matekino Palmer – of Tauranga. For services to kōhanga reo.
Michael Charles Payne – of Wanganui. For services to the community.
Nancye Elisabeth Seaton – of Wellington. For services to the performing arts.
Stanley Sharpe JP – of Dunedin. For services to conservation.
Edwin Neville Sims – of Dunedin. For services to engineering.
Military division
Warrant Officer Clifford Stephen Antony Heywood – Royal New Zealand Navy (Retired).
Captain Peter Arie Bos – Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment (Territorial Force).
Warrant Officer Class One Henry James Macown – Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery (Retired).
Captain John Michael Richardson – Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment.
Flight Lieutenant Christopher John Lamain – Royal New Zealand Air Force.
Warrant Officer Lawrence Walter Taogaga – Royal New Zealand Air Force.
John Davies
Ken Gray
Paul Kingsman
British Empire Medal (BEM)
Military division
Chief Petty Officer Frederick Donnelly – Royal New Zealand Navy.
Staff Sergeant Gary Rossmore Nicol – Corps of Royal New Zealand Engineers.
Companion of the Queen's Service Order (QSO)
For community service
Georgina (Gina) Dorothy Campbell-Jensen – of Frederiksberg, Denmark.
Yshbel Agnes Glass – of Albury.
George John Griffiths – of Dunedin.
Otene Sonny (Hooki) Makene – of Whangārei.
Stella Caroline Isabel Rolls – of Nelson.
Gwendoline Elsie Ryan – of Wellington.
For public services
Anthony Covic – of Auckland.
Dr Elspeth Jean Bruce Kjestrup – of Hamilton.
Dr Gerard David McSweeney – of South Westland.
Deirdre Glenna Milne – of Auckland.
Michael John Minogue – of Hamilton.
Ian Kahurangi Mitchell JP – of Auckland.
Paraone Brown Reweti – of Tauranga.
Kenneth Lionel Richardson – of Wellington; principal private secretary to the Prime Minister.
Olive Evelyn Smuts-Kennedy – of Wellington.
Sir Alan Towers Traill GBE – of Surrey, United Kingdom.
Gerry McSweeney
Paraone Reweti
Olive Smuts-Kennedy
Queen's Service Medal (QSM)
For community service
Eleanor Jean Bomholt – of Bagsværd, Denmark.
Freda Daphne Browne – of Temuka.
John Kendall Chapman – of Orewa.
Cornelius (Neil) Adrian Collins – of Dunedin.
Ruby Olive Corbet – of Tauranga.
Kevin Samuel Crowther – of Auckland.
Patrick Joseph Dugan – of Christchurch.
Jack Edward Ede – of Christchurch.
Andrew Thompson Galloway – of Hamilton.
Joan Margaret (Penny) Giddens – of Christchurch.
The Reverend Wi Hamutana – of Hastings.
Edna Mary Hanafin – of Christchurch.
Rowan Lewis Hatch – of Wellington.
Raymond Laurence Heath – of Lower Hutt.
Diana, Lady Isaac – of Christchurch.
Tepare Kavana – of Auckland.
Thomas Charles Libby – of Clive.
John Hamilton Malcolm JP – of Auckland.
Sydia Karewa Marsh – of Kaikohe.
John Percival Mellor – of Wolverhampton, England.
Annie Mia Moore – of Rotorua.
Hugh Douglas Moss – of New Plymouth.
Cylvia Fay Muncaster – of Auckland.
Malcolm Gordon Frank Myers JP – of Auckland.
Annie Ida (Tot) Pannell – of Christchurch.
Frederick Robert Paterson – of Nelson.
Jeanie York Paton – of Christchurch.
John Bane Riddell – of Auckland.
Murdoch Francis Rogers – of Christchurch.
Joan Frances Saunders – of Auckland.
Satendra Kumar Singh JP – of Auckland.
Bim Vivienne Mary Skudder – of Upper Hutt.
Annie Sinclair Smith – of Levin.
Walter Edward James Stevenson – of Auckland.
Harold Sutherland – of Christchurch.
Pamela Cherrington Sutton JP – of Nelson.
Bhadrabala Bell Thompson JP – of Lower Hutt.
Marjorie Whalley – of Whakatāne.
Pamela Dayrell Whittington JP – of Wellington.
Neil Collins
Diana, Lady Isaac
For public services
Roy Stanley Amor – of Wellington.
Derek Alan Angus MP – of Winton.
Kenneth David Arthur Ball – of Auckland.
Joseph Peter Bleakley – of Wellington.
Anna Maria Josephina Coleta Bogers – of Riversdale.
Harata Charlotte Cash – of Auckland.
Timothy Angus Chisholm – of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Reginald Charles Clapp – of Auckland.
Lucy Ann Cole JP – of Lower Hutt.
Patricia Conway – of New York City, United States.
Jean Marjorie Dellaca – of Westport.
Margaret Ward Donnelly – of Foxton.
William George Emerson – of Upper Hutt.
Bettie-Anne Gleadow – of Nelson.
Brian Gundesen – senior constable, New Zealand Police.
Doreen Alethea Kellett – of Auckland.
Thora Winifred King – of Hokitika.
Lindsay Wayne Laird – of Auckland.
Kathleen Daphne May Landrekin – of Wairoa.
Monica Frances Landy (Sister Monica) – of Masterton.
Michael Robert Leggott – of Upper Hutt.
Nonu Tuisamoa Le Laulu JP – of Auckland.
(Elizabeth) Ann Mallinson – of Wellington.
Margaret Beatrice Mowbray – of Hamilton.
Farwin Nemaia – of Auckland.
Rena Rauputiputi Ngataki – of Ngāruawāhia.
Mary Jane O'Reilly – of Auckland.
Reihana Parata – of Lyttelton.
Doris Mary Paterson – of Auckland.
Barry Edwin Rowe – of Leigh.
Dr Cleveland Latimer Edward Lilly Sheppard ED – of Christchurch.
Ropati Joseph Simona – of Auckland.
Robert Allan Stevens – of New Plymouth.
Valerie Anne Stuart – of Kaiteriteri.
Robert Edward Taylor – of Wainuiomata.
Barry Graham Thomson – senior constable, New Zealand Police.
Robin Alfred Whittle – of Napier.
Ann Mallinson
Queen's Fire Service Medal (QFSM)
Kevin William Adie – station officer, Hawke's Bay Fire Brigade, New Zealand Fire Service.
Noel William Miles – chief fire officer, Fairlie Volunteer Fire Brigade, New Zealand Fire Service.
Archibald Barry Radovan – assistant commander, Auckland 1 A Region, New Zealand Fire Service.
Garry Richard Stanley – chief fire officer, Matamata Volunteer Fire Brigade, New Zealand Fire Service.
Queen's Police Medal (QPM)
James Butterworth – inspector, New Zealand Police.
Air Force Cross (AFC)
Flight Lieutenant (now Squadron Leader) Herbert Bruce Keightley – Royal New Zealand Air Force.
Air Force Medal (AFM)
Flight Sergeant David Jobson – Royal New Zealand Air Force.
Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air
Flying Officer Cameron Smith – Royal New Zealand Air Force.
References
^ "No. 52174". The London Gazette. 16 June 1990. pp. 29–33.
^ "Queen's Birthday honours 1990" (PDF). New Zealand Gazette. No. 108. 29 June 1990. pp. 2245–2248.
vteNew Zealand honours listsNew Year Honours
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902†
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940†
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024†Not issued because of Birthday Honours of new king (1902) and World War II (1940)
Birthday Honours
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887†
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897†
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911†
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931†
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937†
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953†
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024†Not issued because of Jubilee Honours (1887, 1897), the Great Depression (1931), and Coronation Honours (1911, 1937, 1953)
Coronation Honours
1902
1911
1937
1953
2023
Jubilee HonoursVictoria
1887 (Golden jubilee)
1897 (Diamond jubilee)
George V
1935 (Silver jubilee)
Elizabeth II
1977 (Silver jubilee)
2002 (Golden jubilee)
2012 (Diamond jubilee)
2022 (Platinum jubilee)
Royal Visit Honours
1901
1920
1927
1935
1953–54
1963
1970
1974
1977
1981
1983
1986
1990
1995
2002
War Honours
Sword of Honour
1918
1946
Special Honours
1957
1958
1966
1969
1974
1975
1977
1978
1980
1981
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1993
1994
1996
2000
2001
2006
2007
2009
2011
2014
2016
2019
2021
2022
Bravery awards
1954
1963
1965
1967
1969
1970
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1984
1987
1991
1999
2005
2006
2008
2011
2013
2014
2015
2016
2021
2022
Gallantry awards
1953
1959
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1999
2000
2005
2007
2011
2013
2014
2015
Commemorative medals
New Zealand 1990 Commemoration Medal
New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal 1993
New Zealand royal honours system | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1990 Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Queen of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"various orders and honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_and_decorations_of_the_Commonwealth_realms"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"See also: 1990 Birthday HonoursThe 1990 Queen's Birthday Honours in New Zealand, celebrating the official birthday of Elizabeth II, were appointments made by the Queen in her right as Queen of New Zealand, on the advice of the New Zealand government, to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by New Zealanders. They were announced on 16 June 1990.[1][2]The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour.","title":"1990 Birthday Honours (New Zealand)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"(Humphrey) Michael Gerard Fay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fay_(banker)"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"Richard John Hadlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hadlee"},{"link_name":"MBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"},{"link_name":"Howard Leslie Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Morrison"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Rotorua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorua"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Hadlee_2015_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Howard_Morrison_2002_(cropped).jpg"}],"text":"(Humphrey) Michael Gerard Fay – of Auckland. For services to merchant banking and yachting.\nRichard John Hadlee MBE – of Christchurch. For services to cricket.\nHoward Leslie Morrison OBE – of Rotorua. For services to entertainment.Sir Richard Hadlee\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSir Howard Morrison","title":"Knight Bachelor"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Order of the Bath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Raymond Adamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Adamson_(RNZAF_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chief of Air Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Air_Force_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force"}],"sub_title":"Companion (CB)","text":"Military divisionAir Vice-Marshal Peter Raymond Adamson OBE – Chief of Air Staff, Royal New Zealand Air Force.","title":"Order of the Bath"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Order of Saint Michael and Saint George"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dunedin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin"},{"link_name":"Harold Mervyn Titter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Titter"},{"link_name":"Māori people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"}],"sub_title":"Companion (CMG)","text":"Professor Emeritus Eric William Herd – of Dunedin. For services to linguistics and the community.\nHarold Mervyn Titter – of Auckland. For services to business management and the community.\nHohua Taharangi Te Matehapara Tutengaehe – of Christchurch. For services to the Māori people and community.","title":"Order of Saint Michael and Saint George"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Royal Victorian Order"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_House,_Wellington"}],"sub_title":"Member (MVO)","text":"Richard Donald Sweetzer – executive officer, Government House.","title":"Royal Victorian Order"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Order of the British Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dorothy Gertrude Winstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Winstone"},{"link_name":"CMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Most_Distinguished_Order_of_Saint_Michael_and_Saint_George"}],"sub_title":"Dame Commander (DBE)","text":"Civil divisionDorothy Gertrude Winstone CMG – of Auckland. For services to the community.","title":"Order of the British Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Airth Mace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mace_(New_Zealand_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Most_Honourable_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"Chief of Defence Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_Force_(New_Zealand)"}],"sub_title":"Knight Commander (KBE)","text":"Military divisionLieutenant General John Airth Mace CB OBE – Chief of Defence Staff.","title":"Order of the British Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colin Campbell Aikman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Aikman"},{"link_name":"Petone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petone"},{"link_name":"New Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Plymouth"},{"link_name":"MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"Colin James Moyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Moyle"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Ōhaeawai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Chaeawai"},{"link_name":"Pita (Peter) Russell Sharples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pita_Sharples"},{"link_name":"JP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace#New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Terence Laurie Sturm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Sturm"},{"link_name":"Peter Eves Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sutton_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Beverley Anne Wakem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_Wakem"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colin_Moyle,_1968_II.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pita_Sharples_2012_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beverley_Wakem_DNZM_(cropped).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Commander (CBE)","text":"Civil divisionDr Colin Campbell Aikman – of Petone. For services to law and education.\nDr Edmund Peter Allen MBE – of New Plymouth. For services to medicine and the community.\nArthur William Barnett MC – of Dunedin. For services to the community.\nProfessor David Simpson Cole – of Auckland. For services to medicine.\nThe Honourable Colin James Moyle MP – of Ōhaeawai. For public services.\nDr Pita (Peter) Russell Sharples JP – of Auckland. For services to the Māori people.\nProfessor Terence Laurie Sturm – of Auckland. For services to literature.\nThe Right Reverend Peter Eves Sutton – of Nelson; Bishop of Nelson.\nBeverley Anne Wakem – of Wellington. For services to broadcasting and the community.Colin Moyle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPita Sharples\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBeverley Wakem","title":"Order of the British Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MVO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"Silverstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverstream"},{"link_name":"Bruce Kenneth Farr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Farr"},{"link_name":"Annapolis, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"lan Geoffrey Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Fraser_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"QFSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Fire_Service_Medal_for_Gallantry"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Fire Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Fire_Service"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Police"},{"link_name":"Feilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feilding"},{"link_name":"Robin Anthony McKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_McKenzie"},{"link_name":"Waikanae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikanae"},{"link_name":"Woodend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodend,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"William John Mumm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mumm"},{"link_name":"Ngakawau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngakawau"},{"link_name":"Mirek (Miroslav) Smíšek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirek_Sm%C3%AD%C5%A1ek"},{"link_name":"Te Horo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Horo"},{"link_name":"Marcel Charles Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Stanley"},{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Infantry_Regiment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ian_Fraser,_2023.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robin_Anthony_McKenzie.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_Mumm_1949.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mirek_Smisek_1973_(cropped).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Officer (OBE)","text":"Civil divisionDr Colin Bassett – of Wellington. For services to forest science.\nGilbert William Beale – of Christchurch. For services to the community.\nIan Gordon Edward Coddington MVO – of Silverstream; lately chief traffic superintendent, Ministry of Transport.\nBruce Kenneth Farr – of Annapolis, Maryland, United States. For services to yacht design.\nlan Geoffrey Fraser – of Wellington. For public services.\nKiwa Hone Taiapoapo Te Ngarue Graham – of Hamilton. For services to the Māori people and the community.\nFrank Haydn Haigh – of Auckland. For services to the community.\nBrian Fenton Hyland QFSM – of Wellington; fire commissioner, New Zealand Fire Service.\nSamuel Patrick Jennings – of Wellington. For services to the maritime industry and trade-union affairs.\nRonald Cecil Joyce – assistant commissioner, New Zealand Police.\nJohn King – of Feilding. For services to local-body and community affairs.\nRobin Anthony McKenzie – of Waikanae. For services to physiotherapy.\nIsmalia Jane Davenport Manahi – of Woodend. For services to the community.\nWilliam John Mumm JP – of Ngakawau. For services to local government.\nMirek (Miroslav) Smíšek – of Te Horo. For services to pottery.\nDorothy Jessie Stafford – of Nelson. For services to education.\nMarcel Charles Stanley – of Waikanae. For services to philately.\nRobert Campbell Whyte – of Wellington. For services to the maritime industry.Military divisionLieutenant Colonel (now Colonel) John Arthur Fisher – Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment.Ian Fraser\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRobin McKenzie\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBill Mumm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMirek Smíšek","title":"Order of the British Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary John Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Anderson_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Wanganui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whanganui"},{"link_name":"Oamaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oamaru"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Post Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Post"},{"link_name":"John Llewellyn Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Davies_(middle-distance_runner)"},{"link_name":"bowls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowls"},{"link_name":"Lyttelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyttelton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Francis Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Gray_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Plimmerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plimmerton"},{"link_name":"Gisborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisborne,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Madonna Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_Harris"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"Elric James Hooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elric_Hooper"},{"link_name":"Millie Cecelia Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millie_Khan"},{"link_name":"Matamata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamata"},{"link_name":"Paul James Kingsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kingsman"},{"link_name":"Whataroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whataroa"},{"link_name":"Tauranga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga"},{"link_name":"kōhanga reo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dhanga_reo"},{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Navy"},{"link_name":"Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_New_Zealand_Artillery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Davies_1964.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kenneth_Francis_Gray_c1963.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Kingsman_Headshot.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Member (MBE)","text":"Civil divisionGary John Anderson – of Wanganui. For services to cycling.\nRoger Brian Blackburn – of Oamaru. For services to the community.\nSydney Joseph Bradley – of Christchurch; regional manager, South Island, New Zealand Post Ltd.\nBarry James Eric Brailsford – of Christchurch. For services to education.\nJohn Logan Brewer – of Auckland. For services to film and television design.\nJohn Llewellyn Davies – of Auckland. For services to athletics.\nPeter Bruce Davison – of Auckland. For services to bowls.\nMelvyn Ewell Foster – of Lyttelton. For services to local government and the community.\nKenneth Francis Gray – of Plimmerton. For services to local-body affairs.\nLeonard Keith Grey – of Gisborne. For services to horticulture.\nMadonna Harris – of Utah, United States. For services to cycling.\nElric James Hooper – of Christchurch. For services to drama and the theatre.\nLyn Patricia Johnston – of Auckland. For services to gymnastics.\nMalcolm Harry Kemp – of Auckland. For services to television.\nMillie Cecelia Khan – of Matamata. For services to bowls.\nPaul James Kingsman – of Auckland. For services to swimming.\nGeorge Menzies Nicol – of Dunedin. For services to trade-union affairs.\nStephen Francis Nolan JP – of Whataroa. For services to the community.\nMere Matekino Palmer – of Tauranga. For services to kōhanga reo.\nMichael Charles Payne – of Wanganui. For services to the community.\nNancye Elisabeth Seaton – of Wellington. For services to the performing arts.\nStanley Sharpe JP – of Dunedin. For services to conservation.\nEdwin Neville Sims – of Dunedin. For services to engineering.Military divisionWarrant Officer Clifford Stephen Antony Heywood – Royal New Zealand Navy (Retired).\nCaptain Peter Arie Bos – Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment (Territorial Force).\nWarrant Officer Class One Henry James Macown – Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery (Retired).\nCaptain John Michael Richardson – Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment.\nFlight Lieutenant Christopher John Lamain – Royal New Zealand Air Force.\nWarrant Officer Lawrence Walter Taogaga – Royal New Zealand Air Force.John Davies\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKen Gray\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPaul Kingsman","title":"Order of the British Empire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corps of Royal New Zealand Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_of_Royal_New_Zealand_Engineers"}],"text":"Military divisionChief Petty Officer Frederick Donnelly – Royal New Zealand Navy.\nStaff Sergeant Gary Rossmore Nicol – Corps of Royal New Zealand Engineers.","title":"British Empire Medal (BEM)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Companion of the Queen's Service Order (QSO)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederiksberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederiksberg"},{"link_name":"Albury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albury,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"George John Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Griffiths_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Whangārei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whang%C4%81rei"}],"sub_title":"For community service","text":"Georgina (Gina) Dorothy Campbell-Jensen – of Frederiksberg, Denmark.\nYshbel Agnes Glass – of Albury.\nGeorge John Griffiths – of Dunedin.\nOtene Sonny (Hooki) Makene – of Whangārei.\nStella Caroline Isabel Rolls – of Nelson.\nGwendoline Elsie Ryan – of Wellington.","title":"Companion of the Queen's Service Order (QSO)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Covic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Covic"},{"link_name":"South Westland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Westland"},{"link_name":"Deirdre Glenna Milne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deirdre_Milne"},{"link_name":"Michael John Minogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Minogue"},{"link_name":"Paraone Brown Reweti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraone_Reweti"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Lionel Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Richardson_(public_servant)"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Olive Evelyn Smuts-Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Smuts-Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Alan Towers Traill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Traill"},{"link_name":"GBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gerry_McSweeney_CNZM_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paraone_Reweti.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olive_Smuts-Kennedy.jpg"}],"sub_title":"For public services","text":"Anthony Covic – of Auckland.\nDr Elspeth Jean Bruce Kjestrup – of Hamilton.\nDr Gerard David McSweeney – of South Westland.\nDeirdre Glenna Milne – of Auckland.\nMichael John Minogue – of Hamilton.\nIan Kahurangi Mitchell JP – of Auckland.\nParaone Brown Reweti – of Tauranga.\nKenneth Lionel Richardson – of Wellington; principal private secretary to the Prime Minister.\nOlive Evelyn Smuts-Kennedy – of Wellington.\nSir Alan Towers Traill GBE – of Surrey, United Kingdom.Gerry McSweeney\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tParaone Reweti\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOlive Smuts-Kennedy","title":"Companion of the Queen's Service Order (QSO)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Queen's Service Medal (QSM)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bagsværd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagsv%C3%A6rd"},{"link_name":"Temuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuka"},{"link_name":"Orewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orewa"},{"link_name":"Cornelius (Neil) Adrian Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Collins_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Lower Hutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Hutt"},{"link_name":"Diana, Lady Isaac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Isaac"},{"link_name":"Clive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Kaikohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaikohe"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton"},{"link_name":"Upper Hutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Hutt"},{"link_name":"Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levin,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Whakatāne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whakat%C4%81ne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neil_Collins_ONZM_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diana_Lady_Isaac_(cropped).jpg"}],"sub_title":"For community service","text":"Eleanor Jean Bomholt – of Bagsværd, Denmark.\nFreda Daphne Browne – of Temuka.\nJohn Kendall Chapman – of Orewa.\nCornelius (Neil) Adrian Collins – of Dunedin.\nRuby Olive Corbet – of Tauranga.\nKevin Samuel Crowther – of Auckland.\nPatrick Joseph Dugan – of Christchurch.\nJack Edward Ede – of Christchurch.\nAndrew Thompson Galloway – of Hamilton.\nJoan Margaret (Penny) Giddens – of Christchurch.\nThe Reverend Wi Hamutana – of Hastings.\nEdna Mary Hanafin – of Christchurch.\nRowan Lewis Hatch – of Wellington.\nRaymond Laurence Heath – of Lower Hutt.\nDiana, Lady Isaac – of Christchurch.\nTepare Kavana – of Auckland.\nThomas Charles Libby – of Clive.\nJohn Hamilton Malcolm JP – of Auckland.\nSydia Karewa Marsh – of Kaikohe.\nJohn Percival Mellor – of Wolverhampton, England.\nAnnie Mia Moore – of Rotorua.\nHugh Douglas Moss – of New Plymouth.\nCylvia Fay Muncaster – of Auckland.\nMalcolm Gordon Frank Myers JP – of Auckland.\nAnnie Ida (Tot) Pannell – of Christchurch.\nFrederick Robert Paterson – of Nelson.\nJeanie York Paton – of Christchurch.\nJohn Bane Riddell – of Auckland.\nMurdoch Francis Rogers – of Christchurch.\nJoan Frances Saunders – of Auckland.\nSatendra Kumar Singh JP – of Auckland.\nBim Vivienne Mary Skudder – of Upper Hutt.\nAnnie Sinclair Smith – of Levin.\nWalter Edward James Stevenson – of Auckland.\nHarold Sutherland – of Christchurch.\nPamela Cherrington Sutton JP – of Nelson.\nBhadrabala Bell Thompson JP – of Lower Hutt.\nMarjorie Whalley – of Whakatāne.\nPamela Dayrell Whittington JP – of Wellington.Neil Collins\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDiana, Lady Isaac","title":"Queen's Service Medal (QSM)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derek Alan Angus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Angus"},{"link_name":"Winton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Riversdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riversdale,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Westport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Foxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxton,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Hokitika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokitika"},{"link_name":"Wairoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wairoa"},{"link_name":"Masterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterton"},{"link_name":"Ann Mallinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Mallinson"},{"link_name":"Ngāruawāhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ruaw%C4%81hia"},{"link_name":"Mary Jane O'Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jane_O%27Reilly"},{"link_name":"Reihana Parata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reihana_Parata"},{"link_name":"Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"ED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency_Decoration"},{"link_name":"Kaiteriteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiteriteri"},{"link_name":"Wainuiomata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainuiomata"},{"link_name":"Napier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier,_New_Zealand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ann_Mallinson_(cropped).jpg"}],"sub_title":"For public services","text":"Roy Stanley Amor – of Wellington.\nDerek Alan Angus MP – of Winton.\nKenneth David Arthur Ball – of Auckland.\nJoseph Peter Bleakley – of Wellington.\nAnna Maria Josephina Coleta Bogers – of Riversdale.\nHarata Charlotte Cash – of Auckland.\nTimothy Angus Chisholm – of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.\nReginald Charles Clapp – of Auckland.\nLucy Ann Cole JP – of Lower Hutt.\nPatricia Conway – of New York City, United States.\nJean Marjorie Dellaca – of Westport.\nMargaret Ward Donnelly – of Foxton.\nWilliam George Emerson – of Upper Hutt.\nBettie-Anne Gleadow – of Nelson.\nBrian Gundesen – senior constable, New Zealand Police.\nDoreen Alethea Kellett – of Auckland.\nThora Winifred King – of Hokitika.\nLindsay Wayne Laird – of Auckland.\nKathleen Daphne May Landrekin – of Wairoa.\nMonica Frances Landy (Sister Monica) – of Masterton.\nMichael Robert Leggott – of Upper Hutt.\nNonu Tuisamoa Le Laulu JP – of Auckland.\n(Elizabeth) Ann Mallinson – of Wellington.\nMargaret Beatrice Mowbray – of Hamilton.\nFarwin Nemaia – of Auckland.\nRena Rauputiputi Ngataki – of Ngāruawāhia.\nMary Jane O'Reilly – of Auckland.\nReihana Parata – of Lyttelton.\nDoris Mary Paterson – of Auckland.\nBarry Edwin Rowe – of Leigh.\nDr Cleveland Latimer Edward Lilly Sheppard ED – of Christchurch.\nRopati Joseph Simona – of Auckland.\nRobert Allan Stevens – of New Plymouth.\nValerie Anne Stuart – of Kaiteriteri.\nRobert Edward Taylor – of Wainuiomata.\nBarry Graham Thomson – senior constable, New Zealand Police.\nRobin Alfred Whittle – of Napier.Ann Mallinson","title":"Queen's Service Medal (QSM)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hawke's Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_Region"},{"link_name":"Fairlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairlie,_New_Zealand"}],"text":"Kevin William Adie – station officer, Hawke's Bay Fire Brigade, New Zealand Fire Service.\nNoel William Miles – chief fire officer, Fairlie Volunteer Fire Brigade, New Zealand Fire Service.\nArchibald Barry Radovan – assistant commander, Auckland 1 A Region, New Zealand Fire Service.\nGarry Richard Stanley – chief fire officer, Matamata Volunteer Fire Brigade, New Zealand Fire Service.","title":"Queen's Fire Service Medal (QFSM)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"James Butterworth – inspector, New Zealand Police.","title":"Queen's Police Medal (QPM)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Flight Lieutenant (now Squadron Leader) Herbert Bruce Keightley – Royal New Zealand Air Force.","title":"Air Force Cross (AFC)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Flight Sergeant David Jobson – Royal New Zealand Air Force.","title":"Air Force Medal (AFM)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Flying Officer Cameron Smith – Royal New Zealand Air Force.","title":"Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"No. 52174\". The London Gazette. 16 June 1990. pp. 29–33.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/52174/page/29","url_text":"\"No. 52174\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Queen's Birthday honours 1990\" (PDF). New Zealand Gazette. No. 108. 29 June 1990. pp. 2245–2248.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzlii.org/nz/other/nz_gazette/1990/108.pdf","url_text":"\"Queen's Birthday honours 1990\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/52174/page/29","external_links_name":"\"No. 52174\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzlii.org/nz/other/nz_gazette/1990/108.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Queen's Birthday honours 1990\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Turner_(musician) | Stuart Turner (musician) | ["1 Early career","2 Stuart Turner & The Flat Earth Society","3 Songs From Abdication House / Turner & Bance","4 Current Activity","5 Discography","5.1 Albums","5.2 Singles","6 Timeline","7 References","8 External links"] | Stuart TurnerBirth nameStuart TurnerBornBournemouth, Dorset, EnglandGenresBlues, folk, alternativeInstrument(s)Vocals, guitarLabelsSun Pier Records, Brigadier Records, Vacilando '68Musical artist
Stuart Turner (born Bournemouth, Dorset, England) is an English alternative blues singer. He now lives in Medway, Kent. Having released two solo albums, Turner formed the band Stuart Turner & The Flat Earth Society in 2009 and went on to release several albums before a hiatus in 2020.
Early career
Though being an active musician for a number of years, and playing with a number of different local musicians, Turner's first official solo release came on Sun Pier Records, a Chatham based record label distributed by Cargo, and formed by friend and fellow musician Kris Dollimore, ex-guitarist with The Damned. Turner produced Dollimore's debut Sun Pier release (02/01/1978) in 2006, writing a song on it ("The North Kent Post Industrial Hillstomp Blues") which received national airplay on BBC Radio Two. Turner's own solo appeared a few months later with his debut album, A Gallon of Water Makes a Mile of Fog, which one critic described as "packed full of ideas". Turner supported Dollimore in gigs around England and spent 2006 and 2007 playing shows in a diverse selection of venues, including bowling alleys, cabaret clubs and Swedish festivals, which one reviewer described as "scaring the living daylights out of the assembled crowd with his spooky folk blues". Turner's second album, File Under Carnal Knowledge, was described a freight train riding back bar room down at heel blues", and released on Sun Pier in February 2009.
Stuart Turner & The Flat Earth Society
Turner formed Stuart Turner & The Flat Earth Society (also known as STFES) with guitarist Robbie Wilkinson in 2009 to record what became the band's first album Gin & Bitters. Alongside Turner and Wilkinson in the original line-up were Ray Hunt on drums and Dave Sawicki on bass (with occasional trumpet from John Whitaker). The album was released on CD and digital download in July 2010, through the independent Brigadier Records. The band added "steam driven power" to his "anguished urban blues", and provided the opportunity for live performances around the South East of England, including the Lounge On The Farm festival. STFES performed gigs to the end of 2010, including a Christmas ball at Oxford University. A live version of "Murder On Gaslight Street" was made available for free download via Medway Eyes in October 2010, whilst Brigadier Records released the Gin & Bitters album tracks, "Shimmy" and "South Sea Blues" as radio promos in December that year. Gin & Bitters was followed up with the limited vinyl EP release Weekend Hearts in 2011 before the band recorded On The Brink Of Misadventure, which was their final album release with Brigadier Records.
At this point, the band underwent some line-up changes, with a new line-up containing Turner, Wilkinson, Nick Rice (bass), Bob Collins (guitarist formerly with The Dentists), Rob Shepherd (from The Singing Loins on banjo, mandolin and accordion) and James Kerr recording a new album during 2013. At this point, the band began their association with Vacilando '68 Recordings in Autumn of 2013 and acquired publishing through Bucks Music Publishing. The new album, The Art and Science of Phrenology: a presentation by Stuart Turner and The Flat Earth Society was released by Vacilando '68 in February 2014.
Steve Moore replaced James Kerr as drummer in time for a new EP, The Gentleman's Club, released by Vacilando '68 in October 2014. Whilst recording what would become the band's 4th album, the band gigged extensively around the South East and London and started to make in-roads into the grass roots festival circuit, with an appearance at 2015's Bearded Theory festival a particular highlight. The 4th album, eponymously named, was released to critical acclaim by Vacilando '68 in April 2016 following a long period of artwork and pressing delays. The band had a two-page feature in Maverick Magazine.
With Mike Sewell replacing Steve Moore on drums, the band recorded their 5th album, to be released as Scowl in 2017. The album also features guest appearances from singer-songwriter Rachel Lowrie and David Read (of The Claim). Some left-over songs from the album were released as a digital only release in February 2017. Following the launch of the Scowl album in late 2017, STFES continued to play live as much as possible, making further inroads into the grass roots festival scene, and with Lowrie regularly appearing on vocals. Ani Graves would also perform with the band when Lowrie was unavailable.
New material was written to expand the roles of both Lowrie and Graves, with a collection of songs assembled that suggested a story linking each. The expanded STFES line-up of Turner, Collins, Rice, Sewell, Lowrie and Graves returned to Ranscombe Studios in October 2018. The bulk of the album Implicit Narrative was recorded in 48 hours, with just two songs left to complete. Unfortunately drummer Sewell was plagued by health problems until spring 2019, when the album was finished off in a frantic further 48 hours of recording, mixing and mastering. The speed of the ‘nearly live’ recording was an intentional effort to capture the burgeoning energy of the live shows of the time - almost no overdubs were employed, and the mistakes were left in.
The Medway poets Sarah Jenkin and Barry Fentiman-Hall were approached to deliver sleeve notes on the projected narrative from alternative perspectives and Folkestone-based comic book artist Esther Mace provided images to further illustrate the implicit narrative. The album was set for release in March 2020. However, the launch event occurred just two days before the nationwide lockdown in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, Rice was in quarantine and the band's planned mixed media performance was limited to four acoustic songs. Attendance to the gig was hugely impacted by the prevailing medical advice and the album sank on launch. The failure of either the band or Vacilando 68 to get the album onto streaming sites while there was a homebound audience further compounded the failure of the album. With live gigs curtailed and no means of promotion, the album failed to garner a single review, no airplay and minimal sales.
This compounded the diminishing returns of the previous Scowl release, which Turner had felt best encapsulated what he was trying to achieve with STFES and continued misunderstandings regarding the ironic band name continued. STFES as a musical project went on indefinite hiatus from mid-2020.
Songs From Abdication House / Turner & Bance
In late 2015 and early 2016, across multiple sporadic recording sessions, Stuart recorded an album of his own arrangements of left-leaning traditional English, Irish and Scottish folk songs, which was eventually titled Songs From Abdication House. The title referenced the geographical curiosity that James II abdicated in a house on Rochester High Street only 400 yards from the more celebrated Restoration House, where his older brother Charles II ascended to the throne. The album utilised the services of a host of musician friends of Stuart. These including members of Stuart Turner and The Flat Earth Society, Theatre Royal, Larkspur, Justin and The Argonauts and Rastko, as well as Mary Collins (wife of stfes and former Dentist guitarist Bob Collins), and childhood friend and Croydon based multi-instrumentalist Mike Brown, who featured on every song. The release was delayed by artwork delays, further compounded by the UK EU referendum of 2016 and Turner's concerns that the album would be seen as a nationalistic exercise. The album was never formally launched, with the CD-only curiosity becoming casually available from sporadic acoustic gigs and direct from Vacilando ’68 Recordings from late 2017.
As a means to overcome the perennial problem of stage fright in solo performances, Stuart approached double bassist Zoe Bance about the formation of an acoustic duo ‘Turner and Bance’ in late 2018, primarily as a means to perform the Abdication House songs live. This resulted in a spate of gigs in and around the Medway Towns, as well as one road trip to Aylesbury. Unfortunately, whilst songs were being written for a prospective Turner and Bance album, health problems affected Bance's playing and the duo went on hiatus in late 2019.
Current Activity
In October 2017, Turner volunteered his services as lead guitarist to the alt country/indie crossover combo These Guilty Men, following the departure of former Cherub guitarist Matthew Orchard. This new line-up of These Guilty Men had been working on the recording of their self-recorded and produced album The Quiet One from November 2017 onward, and the album is slated for release on the Spinout Nuggets label later in 2020, although delays resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic may result in this date being moved to 2021.
Turner is currently collaborating with Chris Broderick, formerly of Medway folk band The Singing Loins, writing a musical about Catherine Eddowes, as well as songs for a prospective album project with the working title Pod.
Discography
Albums
Solo
A Gallon of Water Makes a Mile of Fog (October 2007, Sun Pier)
File Under Carnal Knowledge (February 2009, Sun Pier)
With STFES
Gin & Bitters (July 2010, Brigadier)
On The Brink Of Misadventure (2012, Brigadier)
The Art and Science of Phrenology: a presentation by Stuart Turner and The Flat Earth Society (February 2014, Vacilando '68)
Stuart Turner and The Flat Earth Society (2016, Vacilando '68)
Scowl (2017, Vacilando '68)
Implicit Narrative (2020, Vacilando '68)
Singles
(all with STFES)
"Weekend Hearts EP" (2011, Brigadier)
"The Gentleman's Club EP" (2014, Vacilando '68)
"Offcuts EP" (2017, Vacilando '68)
Timeline
References
^ a b "Stuart Turner - Music Biography, Credits and Discography". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
^ "Blues in London". Blues in London. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
^ "Clubs preview | Music". London: The Guardian. 14 September 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
^ Sean Worrall. "Organ Magazine On Line: Contact & Switch The Other". Organart.demon.co.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
^ "Bluesbunny Independent Music Reviews - Vinyl, CD and Download Reviews Database - Stuart Turner & The Flat Earth Society Review". Bluesbunny.com. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
^ "Implicit Narrative release". Retrieved 29 August 2020.
^ "King James II pauses in Rochester". Retrieved 29 August 2020.
External links
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bournemouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"alternative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"Medway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medway"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"}],"text":"Musical artistStuart Turner (born Bournemouth, Dorset, England) is an English alternative blues singer. He now lives in Medway, Kent. Having released two solo albums, Turner formed the band Stuart Turner & The Flat Earth Society in 2009 and went on to release several albums before a hiatus in 2020.","title":"Stuart Turner (musician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham,_Kent"},{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"The Damned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Damned_(band)"},{"link_name":"airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplay"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Two"},{"link_name":"album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Though being an active musician for a number of years, and playing with a number of different local musicians, Turner's first official solo release came on Sun Pier Records, a Chatham based record label distributed by Cargo, and formed by friend and fellow musician Kris Dollimore, ex-guitarist with The Damned. Turner produced Dollimore's debut Sun Pier release (02/01/1978) in 2006, writing a song on it (\"The North Kent Post Industrial Hillstomp Blues\") which received national airplay on BBC Radio Two. Turner's own solo appeared a few months later with his debut album, A Gallon of Water Makes a Mile of Fog, which one critic described as \"packed full of ideas\".[2] Turner supported Dollimore in gigs around England and spent 2006 and 2007 playing shows in a diverse selection of venues, including bowling alleys, cabaret clubs and Swedish festivals, which one reviewer described as \"scaring the living daylights out of the assembled crowd with his spooky folk blues\".[3] Turner's second album, File Under Carnal Knowledge, was described a freight train riding back bar room down at heel blues\",[4] and released on Sun Pier in February 2009.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lounge On The Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lounge_On_The_Farm"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"The Dentists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dentists"},{"link_name":"Bucks Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bucks_Music&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Claim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Claim_(band)"},{"link_name":"Folkestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkestone"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"}],"text":"Turner formed Stuart Turner & The Flat Earth Society (also known as STFES) with guitarist Robbie Wilkinson in 2009 to record what became the band's first album Gin & Bitters. Alongside Turner and Wilkinson in the original line-up were Ray Hunt on drums and Dave Sawicki on bass (with occasional trumpet from John Whitaker). The album was released on CD and digital download in July 2010, through the independent Brigadier Records. The band added \"steam driven power\" to his \"anguished urban blues\",[5] and provided the opportunity for live performances around the South East of England, including the Lounge On The Farm festival. STFES performed gigs to the end of 2010, including a Christmas ball at Oxford University. A live version of \"Murder On Gaslight Street\" was made available for free download via Medway Eyes in October 2010, whilst Brigadier Records released the Gin & Bitters album tracks, \"Shimmy\" and \"South Sea Blues\" as radio promos in December that year. Gin & Bitters was followed up with the limited vinyl EP release Weekend Hearts in 2011 before the band recorded On The Brink Of Misadventure, which was their final album release with Brigadier Records.At this point, the band underwent some line-up changes, with a new line-up containing Turner, Wilkinson, Nick Rice (bass), Bob Collins (guitarist formerly with The Dentists), Rob Shepherd (from The Singing Loins on banjo, mandolin and accordion) and James Kerr recording a new album during 2013. At this point, the band began their association with Vacilando '68 Recordings in Autumn of 2013 and acquired publishing through Bucks Music Publishing. The new album, The Art and Science of Phrenology: a presentation by Stuart Turner and The Flat Earth Society was released by Vacilando '68 in February 2014.Steve Moore replaced James Kerr as drummer in time for a new EP, The Gentleman's Club, released by Vacilando '68 in October 2014. Whilst recording what would become the band's 4th album, the band gigged extensively around the South East and London and started to make in-roads into the grass roots festival circuit, with an appearance at 2015's Bearded Theory festival a particular highlight. The 4th album, eponymously named, was released to critical acclaim by Vacilando '68 in April 2016 following a long period of artwork and pressing delays. The band had a two-page feature in Maverick Magazine.With Mike Sewell replacing Steve Moore on drums, the band recorded their 5th album, to be released as Scowl in 2017. The album also features guest appearances from singer-songwriter Rachel Lowrie and David Read (of The Claim). Some left-over songs from the album were released as a digital only release in February 2017. Following the launch of the Scowl album in late 2017, STFES continued to play live as much as possible, making further inroads into the grass roots festival scene, and with Lowrie regularly appearing on vocals. Ani Graves would also perform with the band when Lowrie was unavailable.New material was written to expand the roles of both Lowrie and Graves, with a collection of songs assembled that suggested a story linking each. The expanded STFES line-up of Turner, Collins, Rice, Sewell, Lowrie and Graves returned to Ranscombe Studios in October 2018. The bulk of the album Implicit Narrative was recorded in 48 hours, with just two songs left to complete. Unfortunately drummer Sewell was plagued by health problems until spring 2019, when the album was finished off in a frantic further 48 hours of recording, mixing and mastering. The speed of the ‘nearly live’ recording was an intentional effort to capture the burgeoning energy of the live shows of the time - almost no overdubs were employed, and the mistakes were left in.The Medway poets Sarah Jenkin and Barry Fentiman-Hall were approached to deliver sleeve notes on the projected narrative from alternative perspectives and Folkestone-based comic book artist Esther Mace provided images to further illustrate the implicit narrative. The album was set for release in March 2020.[6] However, the launch event occurred just two days before the nationwide lockdown in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, Rice was in quarantine and the band's planned mixed media performance was limited to four acoustic songs. Attendance to the gig was hugely impacted by the prevailing medical advice and the album sank on launch. The failure of either the band or Vacilando 68 to get the album onto streaming sites while there was a homebound audience further compounded the failure of the album. With live gigs curtailed and no means of promotion, the album failed to garner a single review, no airplay and minimal sales.This compounded the diminishing returns of the previous Scowl release, which Turner had felt best encapsulated what he was trying to achieve with STFES and continued misunderstandings regarding the ironic band name continued. STFES as a musical project went on indefinite hiatus from mid-2020.","title":"Stuart Turner & The Flat Earth Society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon"},{"link_name":"Aylesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylesbury"}],"text":"In late 2015 and early 2016, across multiple sporadic recording sessions, Stuart recorded an album of his own arrangements of left-leaning traditional English, Irish and Scottish folk songs, which was eventually titled Songs From Abdication House. The title referenced the geographical curiosity that James II abdicated in a house on Rochester High Street only 400 yards from the more celebrated Restoration House, where his older brother Charles II ascended to the throne.[7] The album utilised the services of a host of musician friends of Stuart. These including members of Stuart Turner and The Flat Earth Society, Theatre Royal, Larkspur, Justin and The Argonauts and Rastko, as well as Mary Collins (wife of stfes and former Dentist guitarist Bob Collins), and childhood friend and Croydon based multi-instrumentalist Mike Brown, who featured on every song. The release was delayed by artwork delays, further compounded by the UK EU referendum of 2016 and Turner's concerns that the album would be seen as a nationalistic exercise. The album was never formally launched, with the CD-only curiosity becoming casually available from sporadic acoustic gigs and direct from Vacilando ’68 Recordings from late 2017.As a means to overcome the perennial problem of stage fright in solo performances, Stuart approached double bassist Zoe Bance about the formation of an acoustic duo ‘Turner and Bance’ in late 2018, primarily as a means to perform the Abdication House songs live. This resulted in a spate of gigs in and around the Medway Towns, as well as one road trip to Aylesbury. Unfortunately, whilst songs were being written for a prospective Turner and Bance album, health problems affected Bance's playing and the duo went on hiatus in late 2019.","title":"Songs From Abdication House / Turner & Bance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Catherine Eddowes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Eddowes"}],"text":"In October 2017, Turner volunteered his services as lead guitarist to the alt country/indie crossover combo These Guilty Men, following the departure of former Cherub guitarist Matthew Orchard. This new line-up of These Guilty Men had been working on the recording of their self-recorded and produced album The Quiet One from November 2017 onward, and the album is slated for release on the Spinout Nuggets label later in 2020, although delays resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic may result in this date being moved to 2021.Turner is currently collaborating with Chris Broderick, formerly of Medway folk band The Singing Loins, writing a musical about Catherine Eddowes, as well as songs for a prospective album project with the working title Pod.","title":"Current Activity"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-1"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"SoloA Gallon of Water Makes a Mile of Fog (October 2007, Sun Pier)\nFile Under Carnal Knowledge (February 2009, Sun Pier)With STFESGin & Bitters (July 2010, Brigadier)[1]\nOn The Brink Of Misadventure (2012, Brigadier)\nThe Art and Science of Phrenology: a presentation by Stuart Turner and The Flat Earth Society (February 2014, Vacilando '68)\nStuart Turner and The Flat Earth Society (2016, Vacilando '68)\nScowl (2017, Vacilando '68)\nImplicit Narrative (2020, Vacilando '68)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"(all with STFES)\"Weekend Hearts EP\" (2011, Brigadier)\n\"The Gentleman's Club EP\" (2014, Vacilando '68)\n\"Offcuts EP\" (2017, Vacilando '68)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Stuart Turner - Music Biography, Credits and Discography\". AllMusic. Retrieved 11 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/stuart-turner-mn0001992634","url_text":"\"Stuart Turner - Music Biography, Credits and Discography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blues in London\". Blues in London. Retrieved 11 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bluesinlondon.com/reviews/2008-mar.html#turner","url_text":"\"Blues in London\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clubs preview | Music\". London: The Guardian. 14 September 2007. Retrieved 11 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/sep/15/clubs","url_text":"\"Clubs preview | Music\""}]},{"reference":"Sean Worrall. \"Organ Magazine On Line: Contact & Switch The Other\". Organart.demon.co.uk. Retrieved 11 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.organart.demon.co.uk/neworgan291.htm","url_text":"\"Organ Magazine On Line: Contact & Switch The Other\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bluesbunny Independent Music Reviews - Vinyl, CD and Download Reviews Database - Stuart Turner & The Flat Earth Society Review\". Bluesbunny.com. Retrieved 11 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bluesbunny.com/Reviews/tabid/122/xmmid/474/xmid/2613/xmview/2/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"Bluesbunny Independent Music Reviews - Vinyl, CD and Download Reviews Database - Stuart Turner & The Flat Earth Society Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Implicit Narrative release\". Retrieved 29 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://vacilando68.bandcamp.com/album/implicit-narrative","url_text":"\"Implicit Narrative release\""}]},{"reference":"\"King James II pauses in Rochester\". Retrieved 29 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prestonpanstapestry.org/tapestry/html/news/show_news.aspx?newsid=6798","url_text":"\"King James II pauses in Rochester\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/stuart-turner-mn0001992634","external_links_name":"\"Stuart Turner - Music Biography, Credits and Discography\""},{"Link":"http://www.bluesinlondon.com/reviews/2008-mar.html#turner","external_links_name":"\"Blues in London\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/sep/15/clubs","external_links_name":"\"Clubs preview | Music\""},{"Link":"http://www.organart.demon.co.uk/neworgan291.htm","external_links_name":"\"Organ Magazine On Line: Contact & Switch The Other\""},{"Link":"http://www.bluesbunny.com/Reviews/tabid/122/xmmid/474/xmid/2613/xmview/2/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Bluesbunny Independent Music Reviews - Vinyl, CD and Download Reviews Database - Stuart Turner & The Flat Earth Society Review\""},{"Link":"https://vacilando68.bandcamp.com/album/implicit-narrative","external_links_name":"\"Implicit Narrative release\""},{"Link":"http://www.prestonpanstapestry.org/tapestry/html/news/show_news.aspx?newsid=6798","external_links_name":"\"King James II pauses in Rochester\""},{"Link":"http://www.stfes.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raul_Rock_Seixas | Raul Seixas | ["1 Biography","2 Discography","2.1 Studio albums","2.2 Posthumous studio albums","2.3 Live albums","2.4 Compilation albums","2.5 Box Sets","3 Bibliography","4 References","5 External links"] | Brazilian rock singerThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Raul Seixas" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Santos and the second or paternal family name is Seixas.
Raul SeixasSeixas in 1972Background informationAlso known asFather of Brazilian Rock, Raulzito (Little Raul) Maluco Beleza (Hip Cat, literally, Mad Beauty, though difficult to grasp, given the highly contextual meaning of slangs in space and time)Born(1945-06-28)28 June 1945Salvador, Bahia, BrazilDied21 August 1989(1989-08-21) (aged 44)São Paulo, BrazilGenresRockOccupation(s)Singer-songwritermusicianproducerInstrument(s)VocalsguitarYears active1963–1989LabelsEMICBSPhilipsUniversalSom LivreWarner MusicWebsitewww.raulseixas.com.brMusical artist
Raul Santos Seixas (Portuguese pronunciation: ; 28 June 1945 – 21 August 1989) was a Brazilian rock composer, singer, songwriter and producer. He is sometimes called the "Father of Brazilian Rock" and "Maluco Beleza", the last one roughly translated as "Groovy Nutcase". He was born in Salvador (Bahia), Brazil, and died of pancreatitis in São Paulo. Every year on Seixas' birthday, legions of fans, including thousands of impersonators (many even changing their last name to Seixas as a sign of passionate admiration), throw a parade in his honor in downtown São Paulo.
His body of work consists of 21 albums released throughout his 26-year career. His musical style is varied, though Rock'n'Roll, folk, and ballads form much of his oeuvre. Raul Seixas also wrote songs that blended non-Anglo styles, including variations of rhythms typical of his native Northeast Brazil like Forró, Baião, Maxixe, Candomblé drumming, and in fact, often used more than one style in the same song, such as in "Let Me Sing, Let Me Sing". "Canto para minha morte" (Song for my death) is a rock-tango of deep spiritual resonance. His debut album, Raulzito e os Panteras, was produced when he was part of a band of the same name. However, he only gained prominence and critical audience with songs from the album Krig-Há, Bandolo! (1973), such as "Ouro de Tolo" ("Fool's Gold"), "Mosca na Sopa" ("Fly in the Soup"), and "Metamorfose Ambulante" ("Walking Metamorphosis"). Raul Seixas developed a musical style that emphasized the free-spirit and the mystic. His album Gita (1974), influenced by figures such as Aleister Crowley, expresses his views directly. Although Raul Seixas never described himself as an adept of Tropicália (Os Mutantes, Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil, Tom Zé, Gal Costa, Jorge Ben Jor, etc), his openness to exploring and mingling sounds and rhythms of different times and cultures with an iconoclastic shows that Tropicália did seem to have a degree of influence in Raul Seixas' artistic output.
Many songs in Gita were co-written with his frequent collaborator, then-fellow mystic and future worldwide bestselling author Paulo Coelho. Raul was interested in philosophy (especially metaphysics and ontology), psychology, history, literature and Latin. In October 2008, nineteen years after his death, Raul Seixas was placed in 19th position in a list of one hundred greatest artists of Brazilian music sponsored by the Brazilian edition of Rolling Stone magazine, topping the likes of Milton Nascimento, Maria Bethânia, Heitor Villa-Lobos and others, demonstrating the influence that Seixas' music continues to hold today.
Biography
Seixas was born at 9:00 AM (12:00 GMT) on Thursday, 28 June 1945, to a middle-class family residing at Avenida Sete de Setembro, Salvador, Bahia. As a child living near the United States consulate, he became fluent in the English language, and was introduced to early rock and roll records of artists such as Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis and Elvis Presley through his contacts with American diplomats' children around 1956. Elvis's music in particular was influential in young Raul's decision to become a musician. At the age of twelve, Seixas formed his first group, The Panthers, later changing their name to the Portuguese-language Raulzito e os Panteras ("Little Raul and The Panthers"). They appeared on TV Salvador doing covers of Lewis, Little Richard and Elvis, a style of music which was at the time called "cowboy music" in Brazil. They were also the first group in the state of Bahia to play Beatles covers and grow their hair long, as early as 1964.
In the mid-1960s, Os Panteras started backing some of Brazil's most famous pop singers of the time, such as Jerry Adriani whenever they went to Salvador. Impressed with their talent, the stars would always advise Raul to move down south and take a chance in the thriving Jovem Guarda scene.
Following the promises of fame and fortune, the band moved to Rio de Janeiro in 1967. In the following year they released their first and only album on the Odeon label (later EMI-Odeon), which included a Portuguese language version of the Beatles' song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" among many original numbers. Without any publicity, the record sunk and the band disbanded. Seixas was totally shaken by the failure of the Panthers, and his return to Salvador. He wrote: "I spent all day locked in my room reading philosophy, with only a very feeble light, what ended up spoiling my eyesight I bought a motorcycle and did crazy things in the street."
After his former bandmates moved back to Salvador, Seixas made a living as an English teacher before being hired by CBS, still in 1968, as creative director and record producer. In 1971, tired of writing and producing records by bland, commercial artists, he took advantage of a label director's vacations and produced Sociedade da Grã-Ordem Kavernista Apresenta Sessão das Dez, an avant-garde album featuring himself, singer Sergio Sampaio, samba artist Miriam Batucada and Edy Star. The record's mix of Tropicalia, rock and roll and anarchic surrealistic experiments launched Raul Seixas as an icon of Brazilian counterculture.
Document of Censorship evaluating the song "O Exercício" of Raul Seixas and Paulo Coelho, 1973.
In the 1970s, Seixas became popular in urban centers such as Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Music broadcast on TV and radio was satirical, sarcastic with esoteric themes. References to a wide range of historical and fictional personalities are found within his lyrics: The Beatles, Aleister Crowley, Al Capone, Marlon Brando, Jesus, Julius Caesar and Shakespeare, for example. Seixas was subject to censorship during Brazil's period of military dictatorship. Like the music of his contemporaries such as Chico Buarque and others, Seixas's lyrics hide political messages within double meanings.
1971 also saw the beginning of a relationship with esoteric author Paulo Coelho, beginning with Krig-Há-Bandolo in 1973. Through Coelho, Seixas was introduced to the work of controversial English mystic Aleister Crowley, which influenced their collaboration. The influence extended not only to music, but also to plans for the creation of the "Alternative Society," which was to be an anarchist community in the state of Minas Gerais based on Crowley's premise: "'Do what thou wilt' shall be the whole of the Law." The project was considered subversive by members of the Brazilian military, which imprisoned all prospective members of the group. Seixas and Coelho are reported to have been tortured during their imprisonment.
Seixas got into self-exiling himself in the United States following the presumed detention by government repressive agents, where his American wife of the time was living. (Seixas was legally married two times to Edith Wisner and Gloria Vaquer Seixas.) He has three daughters. He would later claim that during his exile he had met his childhood heroes John Lennon and Jerry Lee Lewis, although this claim has been disputed.
Perhaps as a result of his drug addiction and alcoholism, the rate and quality of Seixas' releases slowed through the late-1970s and throughout the 1980s. In later life Seixas suffered from diabetes and pancreatitis. At 5:00 AM (08:00 GMT) on Monday, 21 August 1989, Seixas died of cardiac arrest, the result of acute pancreatitis brought on by his diabetes and not having taken insulin the night before. His final album, A Panela do Diabo, a partnership with fellow Bahian rocker Marcelo Nova (former leader of punk rock band Camisa de Vênus) was released two days before his death.
It is very common to hear people shouting "Toca Raul!" (Play Raul!) in the middle of concerts, regardless of the artist or genre, just like the requests for Free Bird.
Discography
Studio albums
1968 – Raulzito e os Panteras
1971 – Sociedade da Grã-Ordem Kavernista Apresenta Sessão das 10 (with Sérgio Sampaio, Míriam Batucada and Edy Star)
1973 – Os 24 Maiores Sucessos da Era do Rock
1973 – Krig-ha, Bandolo!
1974 – O Rebu (Original soundtrack – Raul Seixas & Paulo Coelho)
1974 – Gita
1975 – 20 Anos de Rock (Reissue of Os 24 Maiores Sucessos da Era do Rock)
1975 – Novo Aeon
1976 – Há 10 Mil Anos Atrás
1977 – Raul Rock Seixas
1977 – O Dia em que a Terra Parou
1978 – Mata Virgem
1979 – Por Quem Os Sinos Dobram
1980 – Abre-Te Sésamo
1983 – Raul Seixas
1984 – Metrô Linha 743
1985 – 30 Anos de Rock (Reissue of Os 24 Maiores Sucessos da Era do Rock)
1985 – Let Me Sing My Rock And Roll (Compilation with previously unreleased tracks)
1986 – Raul Rock Seixas Volume 2 (Compilation with previously unreleased tracks)
1987 – Caroço de Manga (Reissue of Let Me Sing My Rock And Roll)
1987 – Uah-Bap-Lu-Bap-Lah-Béin-Bum!
1988 – A Pedra do Gênesis
1989 – A Panela do Diabo (with Marcelo Nova)
Posthumous studio albums
1992 – O Baú do Raul
1998 – Documento
2009 – 20 Anos sem Raul Seixas (Reissue of Documento with a previously unreleased track)
Live albums
1984 – Ao Vivo - Único e Exclusivo (Concert in São Paulo 1983)
1991 – Eu, Raul Seixas (Concert at Gonzaga Beach, Santos/SP 1982)
1993 – Raul Vivo (Reissue of Ao Vivo – Único e Exclusivo with extras tracks)
1994 – Se o Rádio Não Toca... (Concert in Brasília 1974)
Compilation albums
1985 – Let Me Sing My Rock And Roll
1986 – Raul Rock Seixas Volume 2
1987 – Caroço de Manga
1991 – As Profecias (With a previously unreleased track)
2003 – Anarkilópolis (With a previously unreleased track)
Box Sets
1995 – Série Grandes Nomes: Raul (Box containing 4 CDs and Illustrated Booklet)
2002 – Maluco Beleza (Box containing 6 CDs and Illustrated Booklet)
2009 – 10.000 Anos à Frente (Reissue of Maluco Beleza)
Bibliography
(1973). O Grito de Guerra, O Pasquim.
(1987). Uah-bap-lu-bap-hab-béin-bum, Bizz.
Almeida, Ricardo Porto de (1980). Aluga-se o Brasil: Tratar com Raul Seixas, Jornal Canja.
Bahiana, Ana Maria (1975). Eu em Noites de Sol, "20 Anos de Rock", Release.
Bahiana, Ana Maria (1975). O Aprendiz de Feiticeiro, o Demolidor, "A Glória", Revista Rock.
Bahiana, Ana Maria (1983). Dez Mil Fãs Exaltados, O Globo.
Caramey, Carlos (1975). Eu sou o meu país, Pop Hit Pop.
Frans, Elton; Moura, Roberto Murcia (2000). Raul Seixas: a história que não foi contada, Irmãos Vitale. ISBN 85-7407-087-4. ISBN 978-85-7407-087-2
Mauro, André (2007). O Último Anarquista, Martin Claret.
Passos, Sylvio (organização e pesquisa; 2007). Raul Seixas por ele mesmo, Martin Claret. ISBN 85-7232-101-2
Passos, Sylvio (2007). O tempo de Raul Seixas, Martin Claret.
Passos, Sylvio (2007). Raul Seixas: os últimos anos, Martin Claret.
Pereira, Fabiana Santos (?). Subjetividade Alternativa: O Discurso na Obra de Raul Seixas e Sua Representação pelo Jornalismo, Universidade Católica de Brasília.
Reys, Aloysio (1976). Eu sou um artista, Jornal de Música.
Sardenberg, Walterson (1982). Não pertenco a grupo nenhum, Revista Amiga.
1983 – As aventuras de Raul Seixas na Cidade de Thor – Raul Seixas – Shogun Arte, RJ
1992 – Raul Seixas, uma antologia – Sylvio Passos e Toninho Buda – Martin Claret Editores, SP
1992 – O Baú do Raul – Kika Seixas e Tárik de Sousa – Editora Globo, SP
1993 – Eu quero cantar por cantar – Ayrton Mugnaini Jr. – Nova Sampa Editora, SP
1993 – Raul Seixas e o Sonho da Sociedade Alternativa – Luciana Alves – Martin Claret Editores, SP
1994 – Raul Seixas, Musicalmente falando – Thais de Moraes – Nova Sampa Editora, SP
1994 – Raulseixismo – Costa Senna – Nova Sampa Editora, SP
1994 – Raul Seixas Forever – Madiel Figueiredo – Editora Ataniense, SP
1994 – Raul Seixas Rock Book – Kika Seixas – Griphus Editora, RJ
1995 – Raul Rock Seixas – Kika Seixas – Editora Globo, SP
1995 – Raul Seixas, o Metamorfônico – Issac Soares de Sousa – Gráfica e Editora Colleta, Bariri/SP
1995 – Trem das sete – Luciana Alves, Toninho Buda, Drago, Jairo Ferreira, Zelinda Hypólito, Ayrton Mugnaini Jr., Costa Senna – Nova Sampa Editora, SP
1995 – A trajetória de um ídolo – Thildo Gama – Pen Editora, SP
1997 – Raul Seixas, entrevistas e depoimentos – Thildo Gama – Pen Editora, SP
1999 – Triângulo do Diabo – Opus 666 – Jay Vaquer – Girl Press
1999 – A Paixão Segundo Raul Seixas – Toninho Buda – Editora Maya, SP
1999 – Dez Anos Sem Raul Seixas – Tiago Sotero de Sá & Mirella Franco Barrella – Produção Alternativa, SP
1999 – Luar aos Avessos – Angelo Sastre – Scortecci Editora, SP
1999 – Raul Seixas – Biografia – Coleção Gente do Século – Regina Echeverria – Editora Três, SP
2000 – Raul Seixas, a História que não foi contada – Elton Frans – Irmãos Vitale Editores, SP
2002 – Raul Seixas: A Verdade Absoluta – Filosofias, Políticas e Lutas – Mário Lucena – McBel Oficida de Letras, SP
2003 – Raul Seixas – Dez Mil anos à frente – Marco Haurélio – M2Mídia
2004 – Raul Seixas e a modernidade: Uma Viagem na contramão – Sonielson Juvino Silva – Marca de Fantasia, PB
2005 – Raul no Caldeirão – David E. Martins – Catedral das Letras, Petropolis/RJ
2005 – O Baú do Raul Revirado (Incluí CD com raridades) – Silvio Essinger – Ediouro, RJ
2007 – 30 Anos de Rock: Raul Seixas e a cultura brasileira – Dílson César Devides – Editora Corifeu, Rio de Janeiro/RJ
2007 – Vivendo A Sociedade Alternativa: Raul Seixas no seu tempo – Luiz Lima – Terceira Margem, São Paulo/SP
2008 – O Protesto dos Inconscientes – Raul Seixas e a Micropolítica – Juliana Abonizio – ECCO UFMT, Cuiabá/MT
2008 – Krig-ha, Bandolo! Cuidado, Aí Vem Raul Seixas! – Rosana da Câmara Teixeira – 7 Letras FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro/RJ
2009 – Raul Seixas – Metamorfose Ambulante – Vida, alguma coisa acontece; Morte, alguma coisa pode acontecer – Mário Lucena, Laura Kohan e Igor Zinza – Coordenação: Sylvio Passos, B&A Editora, São Paulo/SP
2009 – O Baú do Raul Revirado (Audio Book/Audiolivro) – Org. Silvio Essinger, Narrado por Tico Santa Cruz e o grupo Voluntários da Pátria, com Nelson Motta, Kika e Vivian Seixas – PlugMe Editora, Rio de Janeiro/RJ
2010 – Novo Aeon – Raul Seixas no Torvelinho de seu tempo – Vitor Cei Santos – Editora Multifoco, Rio de Janeiro/RJ
2013 – "Lapis de genesi", in 'Alquimia o Arquimagistério Solar – Luis Carlos de Morais Junior – Editora Quártica Premium, Rio de Janeiro/RJ
References
^ a b c d e allmusic Biography
^ "Os 100 Maiores Artistas da Música Brasileira - Rolling Stone Brasil". Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
External links
Raul Seixas Official Website (In Portuguese).
Raul Rock Club (In Portuguese).
Raul Seixas – Especial Estadão – 28/6/2003
Raul Seixas – Novo Aeon
Raul Seixas at IMDb
Raul Seixas discography at Discogs
vteRaul SeixasSolo albums
Krig-ha, Bandolo!
Gita
Novo Aeon
Há 10 Mil Anos Atrás
O Dia em que a Terra Parou
Mata Virgem
Por Quem os Sinos Dobram
Abre-te Sésamo
Raul Seixas
Metrô Linha 743
Uah-Bap-Lu-Bap-Lah-Béin-Bum!
A Pedra do Gênesis
with Os Panteras
Raulzito e os Panteras
with Sociedade da Grã-Ordem Kavernista
Sociedade da Grã-Ordem Kavernista Apresenta Sessão das 10
with Marcelo Nova
A Panela do Diabo
Compilations
Os 24 Maiores Sucessos da Era do Rock
Raul Rock Seixas
Let Me Sing My Rock and Roll
Raul Rock Seixas, Vol. 2
As Profecias
Anarkilópolis
Live albums
Ao Vivo: Único e Exclusivo
Eu, Raul Seixas
Raul Vivo
Se o Rádio Não Toca...
Soundtracks
O Rebu
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Orlando Miranda
Paulo Emílio Sales Gomes
Paulo Moura
Pixinguinha
Roberto Corrêa
Ruy Guerra
Sérgio Ricardo
Tatiana Belinky
Teresa Aguiar
Vicente Salles
Zabé da Loca
Apiwtxa
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2009
Aderbal Freire Filho
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Alexandre Wollner
Ângela Maria
Ataulfo Alves
Balé Popular do Recife
Beatriz Sarlo
Bispo do Rosário
Boaventura de Sousa Santos
Carlos Manga
Carmen Miranda
Chico Anysio
Deborah Colker
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Elifas Andreato
Fernanda Abreu
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Fundação Iberê Camargo
Gerson King Combo
Gilvan Samico
Heleny Guariba
Instituto Olga Kos de Inclusão Cultural
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José Eduardo Agualusa
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Laerte Coutinho
Luiz Olimecha
Lydia Hortélio
Mamulengo Só-Riso
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Maria Lúcia Godoy
Maracatu Estrela de Ouro de Aliança
Mestre Vitalino
Mia Couto
Miguel Rio Branco
Nathalia Timberg
Ney Matogrosso
Noca da Portela
Os Gêmeos
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Paulo Vanzolini
Paulo Bruscky
Raul Seixas
Roberto Burle Marx
Sérgio Rodrigues
Teatro Vila Velha
ONG Video nas Aldeias
Walmor Chagas
Zeca Pagodinho
2010
Andrea Tonacci
Anna Bella Geiger
Armando Nogueira
Azelene Kaingang
Cândido Mendes de Almeida
Carlos Drummond de Andrade
Carlota Albuquerque
Cazuza
Cesária Évora
Companhia de Danças Folclóricas Aruanda
Demônios da Garoa
Denise Stoklos
Época de Ouro
Escuela Internacional de Cine y Televisión
Gal Costa
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Ilo Krugli
Ismael Ivo
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Jaguar
João Cabral de Melo Neto
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Joaquim Nabuco
Joênia Wapixana
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Leon Cakoff
Leonardo Boff
Lira Ceciliana
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Mário Gruber Correia
Maureen Bisilliat
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Mestre Alberto da Paz
Moacir Werneck de Castro
Nelson Rodrigues
Pedro Casaldáliga
Rogério Duarte
Tonico
Vinicius de Moraes
2011
Academia Brasileira de Letras
Adriana Varejão
Afonso Borges
Ana Montenegro
Antônio Nóbrega
Antônio Pitanga
Apolônio Melônio
Associação Capão Cidadão
Associação dos Artesãos de Santana do Araçuaí
Beth Carvalho
Campos de Carvalho
Capiba
Casa de Produtos Indígenas Wariró
Central Única das Favelas
Clarice Lispector
Claudett de Jesus Ribeiro
Dançando para não dançar
Dzi Croquettes
Espedito Seleiro
Evando dos Santos
Festival de Dança de Joinville
Festival Santista de Teatro
Glênio Bianchetti
Grupo Galpão
Gustavo Dahl
Héctor Babenco
Helena Kolody
Herbert de Sousa
Ítala Nandi
Jair Rodrigues
João do Vale
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José Renato Pécora
Leila Diniz
Lélia Abramo
Luiz Melodia
Lygia Bojunga Nunes
Maracatu Estrela de Tracunhaém
Mário Lago
Memorial Jesuíta Unisinos
Nelson Cavaquinho
Paulo Freire
Paulo Gracindo
Quinteto Violado
Samba de Cumbuca
Teatro Tablado
Tereza Costa Rêgo
Vik Muniz
Valdemar de Oliveira
Zuzu Angel
2012
Abelardo da Hora
Aguinaldo Silva
Alceu Valença
Almir Narayamoga Suruí
Amácio Mazzaropi
Anna Muylaert
Associação Carnavalesca Bloco Afro Olodum
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Fafá de Belém
Felipe Schaedler
Hebe Camargo
Herivelto Martins
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Escola de Dança e Integração Social Para Criança e Adolescente
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Isay Weinfeld
Ismail Xavier
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José Sarney
Marieta Severo
Mário Schenberg
Martha Medeiros
Miguel Chikaoka
Milton Guran
Movimento Gay de Minas
Museu de Valores do Banco Central
Museu Histórico Nacional
Orquestra Popular da Bomba do Hemetério
Orlando Orfei
Paulo Goulart
Plínio Marcos
Raquel Trindade
Regina Casé
Rose Marie Muraro
Senor Abravanel
2013
Antônio Abujamra
Antônio Fagundes
Antunes Filho
Associação de Sambadores e Sambadeiras do Estado da Bahia
Bárbara Paz
Carlos Diegues
Daniel Munduruku
Dona Zica
Eleazar de Carvalho
Erasmo Carlos
Grupo de Dança Primeiro Ato
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Hélio Cabral
Henfil
Ilê ayê
Ivan Lins
Laerte Coutinho
Lucy Barreto
Maracambuco
Maria Adelaide Amaral
Maria Cândido
Marlos Nobre
Maurice Capovilla
Mira Haar
Naná Vasconcelos
Nilcemar Nogueira
Paulo Archias Mendes da Rocha
Paulo Borges
Roberto Pires
Ronaldo Correia de Brito
Rosa Maria dos Santos Alves
Rubem Braga
Sérgio Mamberti
Sociedade Junina Bumba Meu Boi da Liberdade
Tomie Ohtake
Walda Marques
Walter Pinto
2014
Alex Atala
Alexandre Herchcovitch
Bernardo Paz
Bruno e Marrone
Celso Frateschi
Chico de Assis
Eliane Potiguara
Henricredo Coelho
Hermano Vianna
Jenner Augusto
José Carlos Meirelles
Júlio Medaglia
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Marisa Monte
Matheus Nachtergaele
Ogã Bangbala
Orlando Senna
Oskar Metsavaht
Patrícia Pillar
Paulo Martins
Tião Oleiro
Vange Leonel
2015
Adylson Godoy
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Aldyr Schlee
Antônio Araújo
Arnaldo Antunes
As Ceguinhas de Campina Grande
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Casa de Cinema de Porto Alegre
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Ruy Cezar
Sociedade Musical Curica
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Tribo de Atuadores
Uruhu Mehinako
Vanisa Santiago
Vera Tostes
Walter Carvalho
2016
Abel Gomes
Alcymar Monteiro
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Andrucha Waddington
Beatriz Milhazes
Carlinhos de Jesus
Carlos Alberto Serpa de Oliveira
Carlos Vereza
Clementina de Jesus
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Donga
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Focus Cia. De Dança
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Jovelina Pérola Negra
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Marcus Faustini
Mauro Mendonça
Museu do Samba
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Nelson Sargento
Noel Rosa
Papete
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Rildo Hora
Rosa Magalhães
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Silas de Oliveira
Vik Muniz
2017
Afonso Oliveira
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Augusto Marzagão
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Boni
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Carlos Tufvesson
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2018
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Biblioteca Oliveira Lima
Bruno Wainer
Carlos Saldanha
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Festival Villa Mix
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MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[ʁaˈuw ˈsejʃɐs]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ALLMUSIC-1"},{"link_name":"Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia"},{"link_name":"Bahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahia"},{"link_name":"pancreatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatitis"},{"link_name":"downtown São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Zone_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ALLMUSIC-1"},{"link_name":"Northeast Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Forró","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forr%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Baião","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bai%C3%A3o_(music)"},{"link_name":"Raulzito e os Panteras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raulzito_e_os_Panteras"},{"link_name":"Krig-Há, Bandolo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krig-H%C3%A1,_Bandolo!"},{"link_name":"Ouro de Tolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouro_de_Tolo"},{"link_name":"Gita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gita_(album)"},{"link_name":"Aleister Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleister_Crowley"},{"link_name":"Gita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gita_(album)"},{"link_name":"Paulo Coelho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Coelho"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Milton Nascimento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Nascimento"},{"link_name":"Maria Bethânia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Beth%C3%A2nia"},{"link_name":"Heitor Villa-Lobos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos"}],"text":"In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Santos and the second or paternal family name is Seixas.Musical artistRaul Santos Seixas (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʁaˈuw ˈsejʃɐs]; 28 June 1945 – 21 August 1989)[1] was a Brazilian rock composer, singer, songwriter and producer. He is sometimes called the \"Father of Brazilian Rock\" and \"Maluco Beleza\", the last one roughly translated as \"Groovy Nutcase\". He was born in Salvador (Bahia), Brazil, and died of pancreatitis in São Paulo. Every year on Seixas' birthday, legions of fans, including thousands of impersonators (many even changing their last name to Seixas as a sign of passionate admiration), throw a parade in his honor in downtown São Paulo.[1]His body of work consists of 21 albums released throughout his 26-year career. His musical style is varied, though Rock'n'Roll, folk, and ballads form much of his oeuvre. Raul Seixas also wrote songs that blended non-Anglo styles, including variations of rhythms typical of his native Northeast Brazil like Forró, Baião, Maxixe, Candomblé drumming, and in fact, often used more than one style in the same song, such as in \"Let Me Sing, Let Me Sing\". \"Canto para minha morte\" (Song for my death) is a rock-tango of deep spiritual resonance. His debut album, Raulzito e os Panteras, was produced when he was part of a band of the same name. However, he only gained prominence and critical audience with songs from the album Krig-Há, Bandolo! (1973), such as \"Ouro de Tolo\" (\"Fool's Gold\"), \"Mosca na Sopa\" (\"Fly in the Soup\"), and \"Metamorfose Ambulante\" (\"Walking Metamorphosis\"). Raul Seixas developed a musical style that emphasized the free-spirit and the mystic. His album Gita (1974), influenced by figures such as Aleister Crowley, expresses his views directly. Although Raul Seixas never described himself as an adept of Tropicália (Os Mutantes, Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil, Tom Zé, Gal Costa, Jorge Ben Jor, etc), his openness to exploring and mingling sounds and rhythms of different times and cultures with an iconoclastic shows that Tropicália did seem to have a degree of influence in Raul Seixas' artistic output.Many songs in Gita were co-written with his frequent collaborator, then-fellow mystic and future worldwide bestselling author Paulo Coelho. Raul was interested in philosophy (especially metaphysics and ontology), psychology, history, literature and Latin. In October 2008, nineteen years after his death, Raul Seixas was placed in 19th position in a list of one hundred greatest artists of Brazilian music sponsored by the Brazilian edition of Rolling Stone magazine,[2] topping the likes of Milton Nascimento, Maria Bethânia, Heitor Villa-Lobos and others, demonstrating the influence that Seixas' music continues to hold today.","title":"Raul Seixas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salvador, Bahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"Little Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lee Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Jerry Adriani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Adriani"},{"link_name":"Jovem Guarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovem_Guarda"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ALLMUSIC-1"},{"link_name":"Odeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odeon_Records"},{"link_name":"Portuguese language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_in_the_Sky_with_Diamonds"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Records_International"},{"link_name":"Miriam Batucada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Batucada"},{"link_name":"Tropicalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicalia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Documento_da_Censura_avaliando_a_m%C3%BAsica_%E2%80%9CO_Exerc%C3%ADcio%E2%80%9D,_de_Raul_Seixas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Aleister Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleister_Crowley"},{"link_name":"Al Capone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Capone"},{"link_name":"Marlon Brando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_Brando"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"period of military dictatorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1964-present)"},{"link_name":"Chico Buarque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_Buarque"},{"link_name":"Paulo Coelho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Coelho"},{"link_name":"Aleister Crowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleister_Crowley"},{"link_name":"Minas Gerais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Gerais"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ALLMUSIC-1"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lee Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lee_Lewis"},{"link_name":"drug addiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_addiction"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"pancreatitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatitis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ALLMUSIC-1"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Nova"},{"link_name":"Camisa de Vênus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camisa_de_V%C3%AAnus"},{"link_name":"Free Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Bird"}],"text":"Seixas was born at 9:00 AM (12:00 GMT) on Thursday, 28 June 1945, to a middle-class family residing at Avenida Sete de Setembro, Salvador, Bahia. As a child living near the United States consulate, he became fluent in the English language, and was introduced to early rock and roll records of artists such as Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis and Elvis Presley through his contacts with American diplomats' children around 1956. Elvis's music in particular was influential in young Raul's decision to become a musician. At the age of twelve, Seixas formed his first group, The Panthers, later changing their name to the Portuguese-language Raulzito e os Panteras (\"Little Raul and The Panthers\"). They appeared on TV Salvador doing covers of Lewis, Little Richard and Elvis, a style of music which was at the time called \"cowboy music\" in Brazil. They were also the first group in the state of Bahia to play Beatles covers and grow their hair long, as early as 1964.In the mid-1960s, Os Panteras started backing some of Brazil's most famous pop singers of the time, such as Jerry Adriani whenever they went to Salvador. Impressed with their talent, the stars would always advise Raul to move down south and take a chance in the thriving Jovem Guarda scene.[1]Following the promises of fame and fortune, the band moved to Rio de Janeiro in 1967. In the following year they released their first and only album on the Odeon label (later EMI-Odeon), which included a Portuguese language version of the Beatles' song \"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds\" among many original numbers. Without any publicity, the record sunk and the band disbanded. Seixas was totally shaken by the failure of the Panthers, and his return to Salvador. He wrote: \"I spent all day locked in my room reading philosophy, with only a very feeble light, what ended up spoiling my eyesight [...] I bought a motorcycle and did crazy things in the street.\"After his former bandmates moved back to Salvador, Seixas made a living as an English teacher before being hired by CBS, still in 1968, as creative director and record producer. In 1971, tired of writing and producing records by bland, commercial artists, he took advantage of a label director's vacations and produced Sociedade da Grã-Ordem Kavernista Apresenta Sessão das Dez, an avant-garde album featuring himself, singer Sergio Sampaio, samba artist Miriam Batucada and Edy Star. The record's mix of Tropicalia, rock and roll and anarchic surrealistic experiments launched Raul Seixas as an icon of Brazilian counterculture.Document of Censorship evaluating the song \"O Exercício\" of Raul Seixas and Paulo Coelho, 1973.In the 1970s, Seixas became popular in urban centers such as Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Music broadcast on TV and radio was satirical, sarcastic with esoteric themes. References to a wide range of historical and fictional personalities are found within his lyrics: The Beatles, Aleister Crowley, Al Capone, Marlon Brando, Jesus, Julius Caesar and Shakespeare, for example. Seixas was subject to censorship during Brazil's period of military dictatorship. Like the music of his contemporaries such as Chico Buarque and others, Seixas's lyrics hide political messages within double meanings.1971 also saw the beginning of a relationship with esoteric author Paulo Coelho, beginning with Krig-Há-Bandolo in 1973. Through Coelho, Seixas was introduced to the work of controversial English mystic Aleister Crowley, which influenced their collaboration. The influence extended not only to music, but also to plans for the creation of the \"Alternative Society,\" which was to be an anarchist community in the state of Minas Gerais based on Crowley's premise: \"'Do what thou wilt' shall be the whole of the Law.\" The project was considered subversive by members of the Brazilian military, which imprisoned all prospective members of the group. Seixas and Coelho are reported to have been tortured during their imprisonment.Seixas got into self-exiling himself in the United States following the presumed detention by government repressive agents, where his American wife of the time was living. (Seixas was legally married two times to Edith Wisner and Gloria Vaquer Seixas.)[1] He has three daughters. He would later claim that during his exile he had met his childhood heroes John Lennon and Jerry Lee Lewis, although this claim has been disputed.Perhaps as a result of his drug addiction and alcoholism, the rate and quality of Seixas' releases slowed through the late-1970s and throughout the 1980s. In later life Seixas suffered from diabetes and pancreatitis. At 5:00 AM (08:00 GMT) on Monday, 21 August 1989, Seixas died of cardiac arrest, the result of acute pancreatitis brought on by his diabetes and not having taken insulin the night before.[1] His final album, A Panela do Diabo, a partnership with fellow Bahian rocker Marcelo Nova (former leader of punk rock band Camisa de Vênus) was released two days before his death.It is very common to hear people shouting \"Toca Raul!\" (Play Raul!) in the middle of concerts, regardless of the artist or genre, just like the requests for Free Bird.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raulzito e os Panteras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raulzito_e_os_Panteras"},{"link_name":"Sociedade da Grã-Ordem Kavernista Apresenta Sessão das 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedade_da_Gr%C3%A3-Ordem_Kavernista_Apresenta_Sess%C3%A3o_das_10"},{"link_name":"Sérgio Sampaio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Sampaio"},{"link_name":"Míriam Batucada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%ADriam_Batucada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edy Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edy_Star&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Os 24 Maiores Sucessos da Era do Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os_24_Maiores_Sucessos_da_Era_do_Rock"},{"link_name":"Krig-ha, Bandolo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krig-ha,_Bandolo!"},{"link_name":"O Rebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O_Rebu_(soundtrack)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paulo Coelho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Coelho"},{"link_name":"Gita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gita_(album)"},{"link_name":"20 Anos de Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=20_Anos_de_Rock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Novo Aeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novo_Aeon"},{"link_name":"Há 10 Mil Anos Atrás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1_10_Mil_Anos_Atr%C3%A1s"},{"link_name":"Raul Rock Seixas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raul_Rock_Seixas"},{"link_name":"O Dia em que a Terra Parou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Dia_em_que_a_Terra_Parou"},{"link_name":"Mata Virgem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mata_Virgem&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Por Quem Os Sinos Dobram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Por_Quem_Os_Sinos_Dobram&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abre-Te Sésamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abre-Te_S%C3%A9samo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Raul Seixas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raul_Seixas_(album)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Metrô Linha 743","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metr%C3%B4_Linha_743&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"30 Anos de Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=30_Anos_de_Rock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Let Me Sing My Rock And Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_Me_Sing_My_Rock_And_Roll&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Raul Rock Seixas Volume 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raul_Rock_Seixas_Volume_2&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caroço de Manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caro%C3%A7o_de_Manga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Uah-Bap-Lu-Bap-Lah-Béin-Bum!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uah-Bap-Lu-Bap-Lah-B%C3%A9in-Bum!&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"A Pedra do Gênesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Pedra_do_G%C3%AAnesis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"A Panela do Diabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Panela_do_Diabo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Nova"}],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"1968 – Raulzito e os Panteras\n1971 – Sociedade da Grã-Ordem Kavernista Apresenta Sessão das 10 (with Sérgio Sampaio, Míriam Batucada and Edy Star)\n1973 – Os 24 Maiores Sucessos da Era do Rock\n1973 – Krig-ha, Bandolo!\n1974 – O Rebu (Original soundtrack – Raul Seixas & Paulo Coelho)\n1974 – Gita\n1975 – 20 Anos de Rock (Reissue of Os 24 Maiores Sucessos da Era do Rock)\n1975 – Novo Aeon\n1976 – Há 10 Mil Anos Atrás\n1977 – Raul Rock Seixas\n1977 – O Dia em que a Terra Parou\n1978 – Mata Virgem\n1979 – Por Quem Os Sinos Dobram\n1980 – Abre-Te Sésamo\n1983 – Raul Seixas\n1984 – Metrô Linha 743\n1985 – 30 Anos de Rock (Reissue of Os 24 Maiores Sucessos da Era do Rock)\n1985 – Let Me Sing My Rock And Roll (Compilation with previously unreleased tracks)\n1986 – Raul Rock Seixas Volume 2 (Compilation with previously unreleased tracks)\n1987 – Caroço de Manga (Reissue of Let Me Sing My Rock And Roll)\n1987 – Uah-Bap-Lu-Bap-Lah-Béin-Bum!\n1988 – A Pedra do Gênesis\n1989 – A Panela do Diabo (with Marcelo Nova)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"O Baú do Raul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O_Ba%C3%BA_do_Raul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Documento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Documento&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"20 Anos sem Raul Seixas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=20_Anos_sem_Raul_Seixas&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Posthumous studio albums","text":"1992 – O Baú do Raul\n1998 – Documento\n2009 – 20 Anos sem Raul Seixas (Reissue of Documento with a previously unreleased track)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ao Vivo - Único e Exclusivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ao_Vivo_-_%C3%9Anico_e_Exclusivo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Eu, Raul Seixas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eu,_Raul_Seixas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santos,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Raul Vivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raul_Vivo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Se o Rádio Não Toca...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Se_o_R%C3%A1dio_N%C3%A3o_Toca...&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brasília","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia"}],"sub_title":"Live albums","text":"1984 – Ao Vivo - Único e Exclusivo (Concert in São Paulo 1983)\n1991 – Eu, Raul Seixas (Concert at Gonzaga Beach, Santos/SP 1982)\n1993 – Raul Vivo (Reissue of Ao Vivo – Único e Exclusivo with extras tracks)\n1994 – Se o Rádio Não Toca... (Concert in Brasília 1974)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Let Me Sing My Rock And Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Let_Me_Sing_My_Rock_And_Roll&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Raul Rock Seixas Volume 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raul_Rock_Seixas_Volume_2&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caroço de Manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caro%C3%A7o_de_Manga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"As Profecias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=As_Profecias&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anarkilópolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarkil%C3%B3polis&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","text":"1985 – Let Me Sing My Rock And Roll\n1986 – Raul Rock Seixas Volume 2\n1987 – Caroço de Manga\n1991 – As Profecias (With a previously unreleased track)\n2003 – Anarkilópolis (With a previously unreleased track)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Série Grandes Nomes: Raul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9rie_Grandes_Nomes:_Raul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maluco Beleza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maluco_Beleza_(box_set)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"10.000 Anos à Frente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10.000_Anos_%C3%A0_Frente&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Box Sets","text":"1995 – Série Grandes Nomes: Raul (Box containing 4 CDs and Illustrated Booklet)\n2002 – Maluco Beleza (Box containing 6 CDs and Illustrated Booklet)\n2009 – 10.000 Anos à Frente (Reissue of Maluco Beleza)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"O Pasquim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Pasquim"},{"link_name":"O Globo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Globo"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"85-7407-087-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-7407-087-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-85-7407-087-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7407-087-2"},{"link_name":"Martin Claret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Claret&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"85-7232-101-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-7232-101-2"},{"link_name":"Universidade Católica de Brasília","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_Cat%C3%B3lica_de_Bras%C3%ADlia"},{"link_name":"Nova Sampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nova_Sampa&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"(1973). O Grito de Guerra, O Pasquim.\n(1987). Uah-bap-lu-bap-hab-béin-bum, Bizz.\nAlmeida, Ricardo Porto de (1980). Aluga-se o Brasil: Tratar com Raul Seixas, Jornal Canja.\nBahiana, Ana Maria (1975). Eu em Noites de Sol, \"20 Anos de Rock\", Release.\nBahiana, Ana Maria (1975). O Aprendiz de Feiticeiro, o Demolidor, \"A Glória\", Revista Rock.\nBahiana, Ana Maria (1983). Dez Mil Fãs Exaltados, O Globo.\nCaramey, Carlos (1975). Eu sou o meu país, Pop Hit Pop.\nFrans, Elton; Moura, Roberto Murcia (2000). Raul Seixas: a história que não foi contada, Irmãos Vitale. ISBN 85-7407-087-4. ISBN 978-85-7407-087-2\nMauro, André (2007). O Último Anarquista, Martin Claret.\nPassos, Sylvio (organização e pesquisa; 2007). Raul Seixas por ele mesmo, Martin Claret. ISBN 85-7232-101-2\nPassos, Sylvio (2007). O tempo de Raul Seixas, Martin Claret.\nPassos, Sylvio (2007). Raul Seixas: os últimos anos, Martin Claret.\nPereira, Fabiana Santos (?). Subjetividade Alternativa: O Discurso na Obra de Raul Seixas e Sua Representação pelo Jornalismo, Universidade Católica de Brasília.\nReys, Aloysio (1976). Eu sou um artista, Jornal de Música.\nSardenberg, Walterson (1982). Não pertenco a grupo nenhum, Revista Amiga.\n1983 – As aventuras de Raul Seixas na Cidade de Thor – Raul Seixas – Shogun Arte, RJ\n1992 – Raul Seixas, uma antologia – Sylvio Passos e Toninho Buda – Martin Claret Editores, SP\n1992 – O Baú do Raul – Kika Seixas e Tárik de Sousa – Editora Globo, SP\n1993 – Eu quero cantar por cantar – Ayrton Mugnaini Jr. – Nova Sampa Editora, SP\n1993 – Raul Seixas e o Sonho da Sociedade Alternativa – Luciana Alves – Martin Claret Editores, SP\n1994 – Raul Seixas, Musicalmente falando – Thais de Moraes – Nova Sampa Editora, SP\n1994 – Raulseixismo – Costa Senna – Nova Sampa Editora, SP\n1994 – Raul Seixas Forever – Madiel Figueiredo – Editora Ataniense, SP\n1994 – Raul Seixas Rock Book – Kika Seixas – Griphus Editora, RJ\n1995 – Raul Rock Seixas – Kika Seixas – Editora Globo, SP\n1995 – Raul Seixas, o Metamorfônico – Issac Soares de Sousa – Gráfica e Editora Colleta, Bariri/SP\n1995 – Trem das sete – Luciana Alves, Toninho Buda, Drago, Jairo Ferreira, Zelinda Hypólito, Ayrton Mugnaini Jr., Costa Senna – Nova Sampa Editora, SP\n1995 – A trajetória de um ídolo – Thildo Gama – Pen Editora, SP\n1997 – Raul Seixas, entrevistas e depoimentos – Thildo Gama – Pen Editora, SP\n1999 – Triângulo do Diabo – Opus 666 – Jay Vaquer – Girl Press\n1999 – A Paixão Segundo Raul Seixas – Toninho Buda – Editora Maya, SP\n1999 – Dez Anos Sem Raul Seixas – Tiago Sotero de Sá & Mirella Franco Barrella – Produção Alternativa, SP\n1999 – Luar aos Avessos – Angelo Sastre – Scortecci Editora, SP\n1999 – Raul Seixas – Biografia – Coleção Gente do Século – Regina Echeverria – Editora Três, SP\n2000 – Raul Seixas, a História que não foi contada – Elton Frans – Irmãos Vitale Editores, SP\n2002 – Raul Seixas: A Verdade Absoluta – Filosofias, Políticas e Lutas – Mário Lucena – McBel Oficida de Letras, SP\n2003 – Raul Seixas – Dez Mil anos à frente – Marco Haurélio – M2Mídia\n2004 – Raul Seixas e a modernidade: Uma Viagem na contramão – Sonielson Juvino Silva – Marca de Fantasia, PB\n2005 – Raul no Caldeirão – David E. Martins – Catedral das Letras, Petropolis/RJ\n2005 – O Baú do Raul Revirado (Incluí CD com raridades) – Silvio Essinger – Ediouro, RJ\n2007 – 30 Anos de Rock: Raul Seixas e a cultura brasileira – Dílson César Devides – Editora Corifeu, Rio de Janeiro/RJ\n2007 – Vivendo A Sociedade Alternativa: Raul Seixas no seu tempo – Luiz Lima – Terceira Margem, São Paulo/SP\n2008 – O Protesto dos Inconscientes – Raul Seixas e a Micropolítica – Juliana Abonizio – ECCO UFMT, Cuiabá/MT\n2008 – Krig-ha, Bandolo! Cuidado, Aí Vem Raul Seixas! – Rosana da Câmara Teixeira – 7 Letras FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro/RJ\n2009 – Raul Seixas – Metamorfose Ambulante – Vida, alguma coisa acontece; Morte, alguma coisa pode acontecer – Mário Lucena, Laura Kohan e Igor Zinza – Coordenação: Sylvio Passos, B&A Editora, São Paulo/SP\n2009 – O Baú do Raul Revirado (Audio Book/Audiolivro) – Org. Silvio Essinger, Narrado por Tico Santa Cruz e o grupo Voluntários da Pátria, com Nelson Motta, Kika e Vivian Seixas – PlugMe Editora, Rio de Janeiro/RJ\n2010 – Novo Aeon – Raul Seixas no Torvelinho de seu tempo – Vitor Cei Santos – Editora Multifoco, Rio de Janeiro/RJ\n2013 – \"Lapis de genesi\", in 'Alquimia o Arquimagistério Solar – Luis Carlos de Morais Junior – Editora Quártica Premium, Rio de Janeiro/RJ","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Document of Censorship evaluating the song \"O Exercício\" of Raul Seixas and Paulo Coelho, 1973.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Documento_da_Censura_avaliando_a_m%C3%BAsica_%E2%80%9CO_Exerc%C3%ADcio%E2%80%9D%2C_de_Raul_Seixas.jpg/258px-Documento_da_Censura_avaliando_a_m%C3%BAsica_%E2%80%9CO_Exerc%C3%ADcio%E2%80%9D%2C_de_Raul_Seixas.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Os 100 Maiores Artistas da Música Brasileira - Rolling Stone Brasil\". Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111114193150/http://rollingstone.com.br/edicao/25/os-100-maiores-artistas-da-musica-brasileira","url_text":"\"Os 100 Maiores Artistas da Música Brasileira - Rolling Stone Brasil\""},{"url":"http://rollingstone.com.br/edicao/25/os-100-maiores-artistas-da-musica-brasileira","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Raul+Seixas%22","external_links_name":"\"Raul Seixas\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Raul+Seixas%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Raul+Seixas%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Raul+Seixas%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Raul+Seixas%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Raul+Seixas%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.raulseixas.com.br/","external_links_name":"www.raulseixas.com.br"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p202099/biography","external_links_name":"allmusic Biography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111114193150/http://rollingstone.com.br/edicao/25/os-100-maiores-artistas-da-musica-brasileira","external_links_name":"\"Os 100 Maiores Artistas da Música Brasileira - Rolling Stone Brasil\""},{"Link":"http://rollingstone.com.br/edicao/25/os-100-maiores-artistas-da-musica-brasileira","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050723011926/http://www.raulseixas.com.br/","external_links_name":"Raul Seixas Official Website (In Portuguese)."},{"Link":"http://www.raulrockclub.com.br/","external_links_name":"Raul Rock Club (In Portuguese)."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051210041146/http://www.estadao.com.br/raulseixas/","external_links_name":"Raul Seixas – Especial Estadão – 28/6/2003"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110206042644/http://www.prppg.ufes.br/ppgl/reel4/pdf/VitorCei.pdf","external_links_name":"Raul Seixas – Novo Aeon"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1167547/","external_links_name":"Raul Seixas"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/Raul+Seixas","external_links_name":"Raul Seixas"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/284724/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000037460167","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/12507762","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140478055","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140478055","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119188724","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no91008301","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/c4efd92a-5692-41d5-91bb-b23d4b75e735","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langya_District | Langya District | ["1 Administrative divisions","2 References"] | Coordinates: 32°17′13″N 118°17′53″E / 32.28694°N 118.29806°E / 32.28694; 118.29806This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Langya District" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
District in Anhui, People's Republic of ChinaLangya
琅琊区DistrictCountryPeople's Republic of ChinaProvinceAnhuiPrefecture-level cityChuzhouArea • Total180.79 km2 (69.80 sq mi)Population (2019) • Total329,000Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)Postal code239000Websitehttp://xxgk.lyq.gov.cn/tmp/newxxgk.shtml
Langya District (simplified Chinese: 琅琊区; traditional Chinese: 瑯琊區; pinyin: Lángyá Qū) is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Chuzhou city.
Administrative divisions
Langya District is divided to 8 subdistricts:
8 Subdistricts
Yangzi Subdistrict (扬子街道)
Qingliu Subdistrict (清流街道)
Langya Subdistrict (琅琊街道)
Dongmen Subdistrict (东门街道)
Ximen Subdistrict (西门街道)
Nanmen Subdistrict (南门街道)
Beimen Subdistrict (北门街道)
Xijian Subdistrict (西涧街道)
References
^ "南京市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org" (in Chinese). XZQH. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
Places adjacent to Langya District
Longzihu District
Tianjia'an District
Langya District
Luyang District
Yushan District
vteCounty-level divisions of Anhui ProvinceHefei (capital)Prefecture-level citiesHefei
Luyang District
Yaohai District
Shushan District
Baohe District
Chaohu city
Changfeng County
Feidong County
Feixi County
Lujiang County
Wuhu
Fanchang District
Jinghu District
Jiujiang District
Yijiang District
Wanzhi District
Wuwei city
Nanling County
Bengbu
Bengshan District
Longzihu District
Yuhui District
Huaishang District
Huaiyuan County
Wuhe County
Guzhen County
Huainan
Tianjia'an District
Datong District
Xiejiaji District
Bagongshan District
Panji District
Fengtai County
Shou County
Ma'anshan
Yushan District
Huashan District
Bowang District
Dangtu County
Hanshan County
He County
Huaibei
Xiangshan District
Duji District
Lieshan District
Suixi County
Tongling
Tongguan District
Jiao District
Yi'an District
Zongyang County
Anqing
Yingjiang District
Daguan District
Yixiu District
Qianshan city
Tongcheng city
Huaining County
Taihu County
Susong County
Wangjiang County
Yuexi County
Huangshan
Tunxi District
Huangshan District
Huizhou District
She County
Xiuning County
Yi County
Qimen County
Chuzhou
Langya District
Nanqiao District
Mingguang city
Tianchang city
Lai'an County
Quanjiao County
Dingyuan County
Fengyang County
Fuyang
Yingzhou District
Yingdong District
Yingquan District
Jieshou city
Linquan County
Taihe County
Funan County
Yingshang County
Suzhou
Yongqiao District
Dangshan County
Xiao County
Lingbi County
Si County
Lu'an
Jin'an District
Yu'an District
Yeji District
Huoqiu County
Shucheng County
Jinzhai County
Huoshan County
Bozhou
Qiaocheng District
Guoyang County
Mengcheng County
Lixin County
Chizhou
Guichi District
Dongzhi County
Shitai County
Qingyang County
Xuancheng
Xuanzhou District
Ningguo city
Langxi County
Guangde city
Jing County
Jingde County
Jixi County
32°17′13″N 118°17′53″E / 32.28694°N 118.29806°E / 32.28694; 118.29806
This Chuzhou location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Anhui Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhui"},{"link_name":"Chuzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuzhou"}],"text":"District in Anhui, People's Republic of ChinaLangya District (simplified Chinese: 琅琊区; traditional Chinese: 瑯琊區; pinyin: Lángyá Qū) is a district of Anhui Province, China. It is under the administration of Chuzhou city.","title":"Langya District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Langya District is divided to 8 subdistricts:[1]8 Subdistricts","title":"Administrative divisions"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"南京市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org\" (in Chinese). XZQH. Retrieved 2012-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xzqh.org/html/list/110.html","url_text":"\"南京市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Langya_District¶ms=32_17_13_N_118_17_53_E_region:CN-34_type:adm3rd_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"32°17′13″N 118°17′53″E / 32.28694°N 118.29806°E / 32.28694; 118.29806"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Langya+District%22","external_links_name":"\"Langya District\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Langya+District%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Langya+District%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Langya+District%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Langya+District%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Langya+District%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://xxgk.lyq.gov.cn/tmp/newxxgk.shtml","external_links_name":"http://xxgk.lyq.gov.cn/tmp/newxxgk.shtml"},{"Link":"http://www.xzqh.org/html/list/110.html","external_links_name":"\"南京市-行政区划网 www.xzqh.org\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Langya_District¶ms=32_17_13_N_118_17_53_E_region:CN-34_type:adm3rd_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"32°17′13″N 118°17′53″E / 32.28694°N 118.29806°E / 32.28694; 118.29806"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langya_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keshabpur_Upazila | Keshabpur Upazila | ["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 Points of interest","4 Administration","5 Education","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 22°54.3′N 89°34′E / 22.9050°N 89.567°E / 22.9050; 89.567Upazila in Khulna, BangladeshKeshabpur
কেশবপুরUpazilaCoordinates: 22°54.3′N 89°34′E / 22.9050°N 89.567°E / 22.9050; 89.567Country BangladeshDivisionKhulnaDistrictJessoreGovernment • Upzilla executive officerM. M. Arafat Hussain • Member of ParliamentAzizul Islam Khandaker AzizArea • Total259.3 km2 (100.1 sq mi)Elevation6 m (19 ft)Population (2022) • Total280,924 • Density1,100/km2 (2,800/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+6 (BST)WebsiteOfficial Map of Keshabpur
Keshabpur (Bengali: কেশবপুর) is an upazila of Jessore District in the Division of Khulna, Bangladesh.
Geography
Keshabpur is located at 22°54′15″N 89°34′00″E / 22.9042°N 89.5667°E / 22.9042; 89.5667. It has 62,309 individual households and a total area of 258.44 km2. The distance from Jessore City is 32 km.
Keshabpur Upazila of Jessore district has an area of 258.53 km2 and is bounded by Manirampur Upazila to the north,Kapotaksha River, Tala and Dumuria Upazila to the south, Dumuria Upazila to the east, and Kalaroa Upazila and Kapotaksha River to the west. The main rivers are Harihar, Kapotaksha River and Buribhdra.
Demographics
Religions in Keshabpur upazila (2011)
Religion
Percent
Islam
82.08%
Hinduism
17.73%
Other or not stated
0.17%
As of the 2011 Bangladesh census, Keshabpur upazila had 62,309 households and a population of 253,291. 49,862 (19.69%) were under 10 years of age. Keshabpur had an average literacy rate of 55.23%, compared to the national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 1000 females per 1000 males. 33,780 (13.34%) of the population lived in urban areas. Ethnic population is 1,963 (0.77%).
According to the 1991 Bangladesh census, Keshabpur had a population of 200,229. Males constituted 51.16% of the population, and females 48.84%. This Upazila's population aged 18 or over was 103,794. Keshabpur had an average literacy rate of 55.5% (in those aged seven and above), while the national average was 68.4%.
Points of interest
Sagardari is a village in the Keshabpur Upazila, built on the bank of the Kopotakho River, where the poet Michael Madhusudan Dutt was born on 25 January 1824. Tourists from all over the world visit "Modhu Palli" and "Modhu Mela", a fair in memory of Modhusudan's Birthday, which is held every year.
Archaeological heritage and relics include remnants of the Bharatvhainabazar Rajbari (দেউলটি গুপ্ত যুগের খ্রিষ্টীয় ২য় শতকে নির্মিত হয়েছে বলে অনুমান করা হয় ), the residence of Nawab Mir Jumla (17th century), the residence of poet Madhusudan Dutt at Sagardari, and remnants of an ancient fort at village Bidhyanandikathi.
There is a memorial to the War of Liberation.
Keshabpur Press Club established in 1978
The Home of Dhiraj Bhattacharya. He was born in a Zamindar family in Panjia village, near Jessore, in British India. His father's name was Lalit Mohan Bhattacharya. He entered Mitra Institution, Kolkata and passed matriculation in 1923. He joined the Ashutosh College to study literature but could not finish his studies. He joined the police service before becoming an actor.
Administration
Keshabpur Police Station was turned into an upazila in 1983.
Keshabpur Upazila is divided into Keshabpur town which administered by Keshabpur municipality and eleven union parishads:
Trimohoni
Sagardari
Majidpur
Bidyanandakati
Mongolkot
Keshabpur
Pajia
Sufalakati
Gaurighona
Satbaria and
Hasanpur
The union parishads are subdivided into 142 mauzas and 135 villages.
Keshabpur Municipality is subdivided into 9 wards and 14 mahallas.
The area of the town is 18.46 km2. The town has a population of 26,229, male 13,141, female 13,088. Population density is 1121 per km2. The literacy rate within the town is 32.9%.
Education
Educational institutions: college 5, high school 32, madrasa 97, government primary school 70, non-government primary school 85. Noted educational institutions:
Govt. Keshabpur College
Keshabpur Govt. Pilot School & College
Haji Abdul Motaleb Womens College, Keshabpur
Keshabpur Girl's Pilot School
Sagardari Michael Madhusadan Institution
Sagardari A. S. K. Abu Sharab Sadik vocational and Commerce College
A. S K Abu Sharab Sadik Govt Technical School, Sagardari
Sagardari Alim Madrasa
Mehepur Dakil Madrasa
Meherpur govt primary school
Gobindapur Govt primary school
M. M. Gobindapur High School
Panjia High School
Panjia Degree College
Biddyanandkati Rasbihari Institution
Narayanpur High School
Batikhula Dakil Madrasha
Batikhula Primary School
Mongolkote High School
Shikarpur Secondary High School.
References
^ a b c d "Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Jessore" (PDF). bbs.gov.bd. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.
^ "Community Tables: Jhenaidah district" (PDF). bbs.gov.bd. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. 2011.
External links
Upazila Administration
vteJessore DistrictUpazila/Thana:
Abhaynagar
Bagherpara
Chaugachha
Jhikargachha
Keshabpur
Jessore Sadar
Manirampur
Sharsha
vte Upazilas of the Khulna DivisionHeadquarters: KhulnaBagerhat District
Bagerhat
Chitalmari
Fakirhat
Kachua
Mollahat
Mongla
Morrelganj
Rampal
Sarankhola
Chuadanga District
Alamdanga
Chuadanga
Damurhada
Jibannagar
Jessore District
Abhaynagar
Bagherpara
Chaugachha
Jhikargacha
Keshabpur
Jessore
Manirampur
Sharsha
Jhenaidah District
Harinakunda
Jhenaidah
Kaliganj
Kotchandpur
Maheshpur
Shailkupa
Khulna District
Batiaghata
Dacope
Dumaria
Dighalia
Koyra
Paikgachha
Phultala
Rupsa
Terokhada
Kushtia District
Bheramara
Daulatpur
Khoksa
Kumarkhali
Kushtia
Mirpur
Magura District
Magura
Mohammadpur
Shalikha
Sreepur
Meherpur District
Gangni
Meherpur
Mujibnagar
Narail District
Kalia
Lohagara
Narail
Satkhira District
Assasuni
Debhata
Kalaroa
Kaliganj
Satkhira
Shyamnagar
Tala | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upazila"},{"link_name":"Jessore District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessore_District"},{"link_name":"Khulna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna_Division"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"}],"text":"Upazila in Khulna, BangladeshKeshabpur (Bengali: কেশবপুর) is an upazila of Jessore District in the Division of Khulna, Bangladesh.","title":"Keshabpur Upazila"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"22°54′15″N 89°34′00″E / 22.9042°N 89.5667°E / 22.9042; 89.5667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Keshabpur_Upazila¶ms=22.9042_N_89.5667_E_"},{"link_name":"Jessore district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessore_district"},{"link_name":"Manirampur Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manirampur_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Kapotaksha River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapotaksha_River"},{"link_name":"Tala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tala_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Dumuria Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumuria_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Dumuria Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumuria_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Kalaroa Upazila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaroa_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Kapotaksha River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapotaksha_River"},{"link_name":"Kapotaksha River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapotaksha_River"}],"text":"Keshabpur is located at 22°54′15″N 89°34′00″E / 22.9042°N 89.5667°E / 22.9042; 89.5667. It has 62,309 individual households and a total area of 258.44 km2. The distance from Jessore City is 32 km.Keshabpur Upazila of Jessore district has an area of 258.53 km2 and is bounded by Manirampur Upazila to the north,Kapotaksha River, Tala and Dumuria Upazila to the south, Dumuria Upazila to the east, and Kalaroa Upazila and Kapotaksha River to the west. The main rivers are Harihar, Kapotaksha River and Buribhdra.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-1"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"2011 Bangladesh census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Bangladesh_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-community-2"},{"link_name":"1991 Bangladesh census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Bangladesh_census"}],"text":"Religions in Keshabpur upazila (2011)[1]\n\nReligion\n\nPercent\n\n\nIslam\n \n82.08%\n\n\nHinduism\n \n17.73%\n\n\nOther or not stated\n \n0.17%As of the 2011 Bangladesh census, Keshabpur upazila had 62,309 households and a population of 253,291. 49,862 (19.69%) were under 10 years of age. Keshabpur had an average literacy rate of 55.23%, compared to the national average of 51.8%, and a sex ratio of 1000 females per 1000 males. 33,780 (13.34%) of the population lived in urban areas.[1] Ethnic population is 1,963 (0.77%).[2]According to the 1991 Bangladesh census, Keshabpur had a population of 200,229. Males constituted 51.16% of the population, and females 48.84%. This Upazila's population aged 18 or over was 103,794. Keshabpur had an average literacy rate of 55.5% (in those aged seven and above), while the national average was 68.4%.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Madhusudan Dutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt"},{"link_name":"War of Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_War_of_Liberation"},{"link_name":"Dhiraj Bhattacharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhiraj_Bhattacharya"},{"link_name":"Jessore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessore_(city)"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"Ashutosh College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashutosh_College"}],"text":"Sagardari is a village in the Keshabpur Upazila, built on the bank of the Kopotakho River, where the poet Michael Madhusudan Dutt was born on 25 January 1824. Tourists from all over the world visit \"Modhu Palli\" and \"Modhu Mela\", a fair in memory of Modhusudan's Birthday, which is held every year.Archaeological heritage and relics include remnants of the Bharatvhainabazar Rajbari (দেউলটি গুপ্ত যুগের খ্রিষ্টীয় ২য় শতকে নির্মিত হয়েছে বলে অনুমান করা হয় ), the residence of Nawab Mir Jumla (17th century), the residence of poet Madhusudan Dutt at Sagardari, and remnants of an ancient fort at village Bidhyanandikathi.There is a memorial to the War of Liberation.Keshabpur Press Club established in 1978The Home of Dhiraj Bhattacharya. He was born in a Zamindar family in Panjia village, near Jessore, in British India. His father's name was Lalit Mohan Bhattacharya. He entered Mitra Institution, Kolkata and passed matriculation in 1923. He joined the Ashutosh College to study literature but could not finish his studies. He joined the police service before becoming an actor.","title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keshabpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keshabpur_(Bangladesh)"},{"link_name":"Keshabpur municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keshabpur_municipality&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"union parishads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_parishad"},{"link_name":"Trimohoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimohini_Union"},{"link_name":"Sagardari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagardari_Union"},{"link_name":"Majidpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majidpur_Union"},{"link_name":"Bidyanandakati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidyanandakati_Union"},{"link_name":"Mongolkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolkot_Union"},{"link_name":"Keshabpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keshabpur_Union,_Keshabpur"},{"link_name":"Pajia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjia_Union"},{"link_name":"Sufalakati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufalakati_Union"},{"link_name":"Gaurighona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaurighona_Union"},{"link_name":"Satbaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satbaria_Union"},{"link_name":"Hasanpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasanpur_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-1"},{"link_name":"mahallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalla"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2011-1"}],"text":"Keshabpur Police Station was turned into an upazila in 1983.Keshabpur Upazila is divided into Keshabpur town which administered by Keshabpur municipality and eleven union parishads:Trimohoni\nSagardari\nMajidpur\n Bidyanandakati\nMongolkot\nKeshabpur\nPajia\nSufalakati\nGaurighona\nSatbaria and\nHasanpurThe union parishads are subdivided into 142 mauzas and 135 villages.[1]Keshabpur Municipality is subdivided into 9 wards and 14 mahallas.[1]The area of the town is 18.46 km2. The town has a population of 26,229, male 13,141, female 13,088. Population density is 1121 per km2. The literacy rate within the town is 32.9%.","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Govt. Keshabpur College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govt._Keshabpur_College"},{"link_name":"Keshabpur Govt. Pilot School & College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keshabpur_Govt._Pilot_School_%26_College"},{"link_name":"Haji Abdul Motaleb Womens College, Keshabpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haji_Abdul_Motaleb_Womens_College,_Keshabpur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Keshabpur Girl's Pilot School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keshabpur_Girl%27s_Pilot_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sagardari Michael Madhusadan Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagardari_Michael_Madhusadan_Institution"},{"link_name":"Sagardari A. S. K. Abu Sharab Sadik vocational and Commerce College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sagardari_A._S._K._Abu_Sharab_Sadik_vocational_and_Commerce_College&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"A. S K Abu Sharab Sadik Govt Technical School, Sagardari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._S_K_Abu_Sharab_Sadik_Govt_Technical_School,_Sagardari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sagardari Alim Madrasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sagardari_Alim_Madrasa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mehepur Dakil Madrasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mehepur_Dakil_Madrasa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Meherpur govt primary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meherpur_govt_primary_school&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gobindapur Govt primary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gobindapur_Govt_primary_school&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M. M. Gobindapur High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._M._Gobindapur_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Panjia High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panjia_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Educational institutions: college 5, high school 32, madrasa 97, government primary school 70, non-government primary school 85. Noted educational institutions:Govt. Keshabpur College\nKeshabpur Govt. Pilot School & College\nHaji Abdul Motaleb Womens College, Keshabpur\nKeshabpur Girl's Pilot School\nSagardari Michael Madhusadan Institution\nSagardari A. S. K. Abu Sharab Sadik vocational and Commerce College\nA. S K Abu Sharab Sadik Govt Technical School, Sagardari\nSagardari Alim Madrasa\nMehepur Dakil Madrasa\nMeherpur govt primary school\nGobindapur Govt primary school\nM. M. Gobindapur High School\nPanjia High School\nPanjia Degree College\nBiddyanandkati Rasbihari Institution\nNarayanpur High School\nBatikhula Dakil Madrasha\nBatikhula Primary School\nMongolkote High School\nShikarpur Secondary High School.","title":"Education"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Jessore\" (PDF). bbs.gov.bd. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.","urls":[{"url":"http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Zila_Jessore.pdf","url_text":"\"Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Jessore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"Community Tables: Jhenaidah district\" (PDF). bbs.gov.bd. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCen2011/Com_Jessore.pdf","url_text":"\"Community Tables: Jhenaidah district\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Keshabpur_Upazila¶ms=22_54.3_N_89_34_E_type:adm3rd_region:BD","external_links_name":"22°54.3′N 89°34′E / 22.9050°N 89.567°E / 22.9050; 89.567"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Keshabpur_Upazila¶ms=22_54.3_N_89_34_E_type:adm3rd_region:BD","external_links_name":"22°54.3′N 89°34′E / 22.9050°N 89.567°E / 22.9050; 89.567"},{"Link":"http://www.bangladesh.gov.bd/maps/images/jessore/Keshabpur.gif","external_links_name":"Official Map of Keshabpur"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Keshabpur_Upazila¶ms=22.9042_N_89.5667_E_","external_links_name":"22°54′15″N 89°34′00″E / 22.9042°N 89.5667°E / 22.9042; 89.5667"},{"Link":"http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCenZilz2011/Zila_Jessore.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011 Zila Report – Jessore\""},{"Link":"http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCen2011/Com_Jessore.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Community Tables: Jhenaidah district\""},{"Link":"http://keshabpur.jessore.gov.bd/","external_links_name":"Upazila Administration"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_i20_WRC | Hyundai i20 WRC | ["1 Competition history","2 WRC victories","3 Complete World Rally Championship results","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Racing car model
Hyundai i20 WRCChris Atkinson and co-driver Stephane Prevot at the 2014 Rally MexicoCategoryWorld Rally CarConstructorHyundaiPredecessorHyundai Accent WRC (Hyundai Castrol WRT)SuccessorHyundai i20 Coupe WRCTechnical specificationsEngineHyundai T-GDI 1,591 cc (97 cu in) I4 turbochargedFuelShell V-PowerLubricantsShell HelixCompetition history (WRC)Notable entrants Hyundai Shell World Rally Team Hyundai Motorsport NNotable drivers Chris Atkinson Bryan Bouffier Juho Hänninen Thierry Neuville Hayden Paddon Dani Sordo Kevin AbbringDebut 2014 Monte Carlo RallyFirst win 2014 Rallye DeutschlandLast win 2016 Rally Italia Sardegna
RacesWins
393
The Hyundai i20 WRC is a World Rally Car built by Hyundai for use from the 2014 World Rally Championship. It is based on the Hyundai i20 subcompact car, and was unveiled at the 2012 Paris Motor Show. The launch of the i20 marks Hyundai's return to the World Rally Championship after a ten-year absence. The car made its first competitive appearance at the 2014 Rallye Monte Carlo.
Competition history
The cars are prepared by Hyundai's performance division, Hyundai Motorsport, from a base in Frankfurt, Germany, and were driven by Thierry Neuville, with Hayden Paddon and Dani Sordo in the 2nd and 3rd cars. A third i20 was entered in the Rally of Portugal for Sordo, In 2014 2011 Production Car World Rally Champion Hayden Paddon drove the third car in seven events during the second half of the season. Additional development work was carried out by Bryan Bouffier.
For 2015, Hyundai retained Thierry Neuville, Dani Sordo and Hayden Paddon. In addition, Dutchman Kevin Abbring was the main test driver for the new Hyundai i20 WRC.
Neuville driving a 2016 spec Hyundai i20 WRC at Rally Portugal.
For 2016, Hyundai re-homologated the i20 to compete with the five-door version of the model. Neuville won at Italy and scored seven podiums, finishing runner-up behind Volkswagen driver Sébastien Ogier. Paddon also won in his debut in Argentina.
For the new regulation set in 2017 the car was replaced with the Hyundai i20 Coupe WRC.
WRC victories
Year
No.
Event
Surface
Driver
Co-driver
2014
1
2014 Rallye Deutschland
Tarmac
Thierry Neuville
Nicolas Gilsoul
2016
2
2016 Rally Argentina
Gravel
Hayden Paddon
John Kennard
2016
3
2016 Rally Italia Sardegna
Gravel
Thierry Neuville
Nicolas Gilsoul
Complete World Rally Championship results
Year
Entrant
Driver
Co-Driver
Rounds
Points
WCMpos.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
2014
Hyundai Shell World Rally Team
Thierry Neuville
Nicolas Gilsoul
MCORet
SWE9
MEX3
PRT6
ARG5
ITA9
POL3
FINRet
DEU1
AUS7
FRA8
ESP6
GBR4
187
4th
Dani Sordo
Marc Martí
MCORet
SWE
MEX
PRT
ARGRet
ITA
POL
FIN
DEU2
AUS
FRA4
ESP5
GBR
Juho Hänninen
Tomi Tuominen
MCO
SWE7
MEX
PRT7
ARG
ITARet
POL6
FIN6
DEU
AUS
FRA
ESP
GBR30
Chris Atkinson
Stéphane Prévot
MCO
SWE
MEX7
PRT
ARG
ITA
POL
FIN
DEU
AUS10
FRA
ESP
GBR
Hyundai Motorsport N
Dani Sordo
Marc Martí
MCO
SWE
MEX
PRTRet
ARG
ITA
POL
FIN
DEU
AUS
FRA
ESP
GBR
28
7th
Hayden Paddon
John Kennard
MCO
SWE
MEX
PRT
ARG
ITA12
POL8
FIN8
DEU
AUS6
FRA
ESP9
GBR10
Bryan Bouffier
Xavier Panseri
MCO
SWE
MEX
PRT
ARG
ITA
POL
FIN
DEURet
AUS
FRA9
ESP
GBR
2015
Hyundai Shell World Rally Team
Thierry Neuville
Nicolas Gilsoul
MCO5
SWE2
MEX8
ARGRet
PRT38
ITA3
POL6
FIN4
DEU5
AUS7
FRA23
ESP8
224
3rd
Dani Sordo
Marc Martí
MON6
SWEWD
MEX5
ARG5
POR6
ITA20
POL10
FIN11
DEU4
FRA7
ESP3
GBR4
Hayden Paddon
John Kennard
MON
SWE5
AUS5
GBR 5
Hyundai Motorsport N
Kevin Abbring
Sebastian Marshall
MON
SWE11
MEX
ARG
POR
ITA
POL15
FIN
DEU11
AUS
FRARet
ESP
GBRRet
67
6th
Hayden Paddon
John Kennard
MEX17
ARG16
POR8
ITA2
POL4
FINRet
GER9
FRA5
ESP6
Dani Sordo
Marc Martí
AUS8
Thierry Neuville
Nicolas Gilsoul
GBRRet
2016
Hyundai Motorsport(Hyundai New Generation i20 WRC)
Thierry Neuville
Nicolas Gilsoul
MON3
SWE14
MEXRet
ARG6
POL4
FIN4
GER3
FRA2
ESP3
GBR3
AUS3
312
2nd
Hayden Paddon
John Kennard
SWE2
PORRet
ITARet
POL3
FIN5
AUS4
Dani Sordo
Marc Martí
MON6
MEX4
ARG4
POR4
ITA4
GER2
FRA7
ESP2
GBR6
Hyundai Motorsport N(Hyundai New Generation i20 WRC)
Hayden Paddon
John Kennard
MON25
MEX5
ARG1
GER5
FRA6
ESP4
GBR4
146
5th
Kevin Abbring
Sebastian Marshall
MON
SWE
MEX
ARG
PORRet
ITA15
POL
FIN9
GER
FRA
ESP7
GBR
AUS
Dani Sordo
Marc Martí
SWE6
POLRet
AUS5
Thierry Neuville
Nicolas Gilsoul
POR29
ITA1
See also
World Rally Car
Citroën DS3 WRC
Citroën C3 WRC
Ford Fiesta RS WRC
Mini John Cooper Works WRC
Toyota Yaris WRC
Volkswagen Polo R WRC
References
^ a b c d "Wraps come off i20 WRC". WRC.com. 10 December 2013. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
^ a b c "Hyundai hands Hayden Paddon WRC lifeline". Speedcafe.com. 27 February 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
^ "ADAC Rallye Deutschland Entry List". www.adac-rallye-deutschland.de. adac-rallye-deutschland.de. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
^ a b "Hyundai adds Hänninen". WRC.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
^ a b "Neuville signs with Hyundai for 2014". WRC.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
^ "Hyundai signs Kevin Abbring to part-time WRC deal for 2015 - WRC news - AUTOSPORT.com". Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
^ Evans, David (17 December 2012). "Hyundai World Rally Car makes European test debut". Autosport.com. Haymarket Publications. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
^ "Hyundai". World Rally Archive. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
^ Evans, David (27 September 2012). "Hyundai reveals new i20 World Rally Car". Autosport.com. Haymarket Publications. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
^ Evans, David (19 December 2012). "Hyundai's early WRC effort was more than just a show car". Motorsport News.
^ "Hyundai Goes large in Portugal". WRC.com. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
^ "Bouffier joins Hyundai as test driver". Autosport.com. Haymarket Publications. 16 July 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hyundai i20 WRC.
vte2016 World Rally Championship« 20152017 »Categories within the World Rally Championship
FIA World Rally Championship for Drivers
FIA World Rally Championship for Manufacturers
FIA WRC2 Championship
FIA WRC3 Championship
FIA Junior WRC Championship
vteTeams and drivers that are eligible to score manufacturer pointsVolkswagen Motorsport(Volkswagen Polo R WRC)Hyundai Motorsport(Hyundai i20 WRC)M-Sport World Rally Team(Ford Fiesta RS WRC)Volkswagen Motorsport II(Volkswagen Polo R WRC)
1. Sébastien Ogier
2. Jari-Matti Latvala
3. Thierry Neuville
4. Dani Sordo
4. Hayden Paddon
5. Mads Østberg
6. Eric Camilli
9. Andreas Mikkelsen
Hyundai Motorsport N(Hyundai i20 WRC)DMACK World Rally Team(Ford Fiesta RS WRC)Jipocar Czech National Team(Ford Fiesta RS WRC)Yazeed Racing(Ford Fiesta RS WRC)
10. Hayden Paddon
20. Dani Sordo
20. Hayden Paddon
12. Ott Tänak
21. Martin Prokop
30. Yazeed Al-Rajhi
Schedule of events
Monte-Carlo
Sweden
México
Argentina
Portugal
Italy
Poland
Finland
Germany
France
Spain
Great Britain
Australia | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Rally Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rally_Car"},{"link_name":"Hyundai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Group"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_World_Rally_Championship_season"},{"link_name":"World Rally Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rally_Championship"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014_start-7"},{"link_name":"Hyundai i20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_i20"},{"link_name":"subcompact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcompact"},{"link_name":"2012 Paris Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Paris_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"World Rally Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Rally_Championship"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rallye Monte Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_Rally"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hyundai-9"}],"text":"Racing car modelThe Hyundai i20 WRC is a World Rally Car built by Hyundai for use from the 2014 World Rally Championship.[7] It is based on the Hyundai i20 subcompact car, and was unveiled at the 2012 Paris Motor Show. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal_(Second_Amendment_2077)_Bill | Constitution of Nepal (Second Amendment 2077) Bill | ["1 References"] | The Constitution of Nepal (Second Amendment 2077) Act provided the legal status to a new map of Nepal to be used in the country's national emblem by amending Schedule 3 (Coat of Arms) in the Constitution of Nepal. The Council of Ministers of Nepal had announced the new map on 20 May 2020 and two days later it was placed in the Parliament. On 13 June 2020, the motion was put forth for voting in the lower house of Nepal's Parliament by the government of Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli. Voting was unanimous with ayes being 258 with no nays. On 18 June 2020, the Upper House unanimously passed the Bill after which the President of Nepal Bidhya Devi Bhandari signed the Bill.
The new map places Limpiyadhura, Lipulekh and Kalapani as territory under Nepal. Nepal claims the area as per the Treaty of Sugauli and claims that India was granted permission for troop movement in the area in the 1950s, but since then India has refused to move them back. The move also comes ahead of the Prime Minister of Nepal facing calls to step down, and days after India opened a road through Lipulekh to Lake Mansarovar in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. In November 2019 India had issued a new map in which Kalapani, a disputed territory according to Nepal, was shown as Indian territory. The map showed the regions as part of Uttarakhand.
References
^ a b c Ghimire, Binod (13 June 2020). "Constitution amendment bill to update Nepal map endorsed unanimously at the Lower House". Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
^ a b "Nepal parliament unanimously endorses second amendment, map updated". The Himalayan Times. 13 June 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
^ Bhattacherjee, Kallol (2020-06-18). "Nepal's new map now part of Constitution". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
^ a b c Bhattacharjee, Kallol (2020-06-13). "Nepal passes amendment on new map". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
^ "Nepal seeks talks with India as its lower House approves amendment proposal on controversial new map". ANI News. 13 June 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
^ a b Giri, Anil (4 November 2019). "India's new political map places disputed territory of Kalapani inside its own borders". Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 2019-11-05. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
^ Tandan, Promod (25 June 2020). "Nepal is caught in the middle of India-China border tensions". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 2020-06-25. Retrieved 2020-06-27. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Limpiyadhura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpiyadhura"},{"link_name":"Lipulekh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipulekh"},{"link_name":"Kalapani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalapani_territory"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Sugauli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"Lake Mansarovar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Manasarovar"},{"link_name":"Tibet Autonomous Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Uttarakhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhand"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"}],"text":"The new map places Limpiyadhura, Lipulekh and Kalapani as territory under Nepal.[4][5] Nepal claims the area as per the Treaty of Sugauli and claims that India was granted permission for troop movement in the area in the 1950s, but since then India has refused to move them back.[6][4] The move also comes ahead of the Prime Minister of Nepal facing calls to step down, and days after India opened a road through Lipulekh to Lake Mansarovar in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.[1] In November 2019 India had issued a new map in which Kalapani, a disputed territory according to Nepal, was shown as Indian territory.[6][7] The map showed the regions as part of Uttarakhand.[4]","title":"Constitution of Nepal (Second Amendment 2077) Bill"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ghimire, Binod (13 June 2020). \"Constitution amendment bill to update Nepal map endorsed unanimously at the Lower House\". Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 2020-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://kathmandupost.com/national/2020/06/13/constitution-amendment-bill-to-update-nepal-map-endorsed-unanimously-at-the-lower-house","url_text":"\"Constitution amendment bill to update Nepal map endorsed unanimously at the Lower House\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200614061052/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2020/06/13/constitution-amendment-bill-to-update-nepal-map-endorsed-unanimously-at-the-lower-house","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nepal parliament unanimously endorses second amendment, map updated\". The Himalayan Times. 13 June 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 2020-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/parliament-unanimously-endorses-second-amendment-updating-nepals-map/","url_text":"\"Nepal parliament unanimously endorses second amendment, map updated\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200614061112/https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/parliament-unanimously-endorses-second-amendment-updating-nepals-map/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bhattacherjee, Kallol (2020-06-18). \"Nepal's new map now part of Constitution\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2020-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/nepals-parliament-passes-constitution-amendment-bill-to-update-map-incorporating-indian-territories/article31858573.ece","url_text":"\"Nepal's new map now part of Constitution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"Bhattacharjee, Kallol (2020-06-13). \"Nepal passes amendment on new map\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2020-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/nepal-parliaments-lower-house-unanimously-passes-bill-to-redraw-political-map/article31821242.ece","url_text":"\"Nepal passes amendment on new map\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"\"Nepal seeks talks with India as its lower House approves amendment proposal on controversial new map\". ANI News. 13 June 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 2020-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/nepal-seeks-talks-with-india-as-its-lower-house-approves-amendment-proposal-on-controversial-new-map20200613231800/","url_text":"\"Nepal seeks talks with India as its lower House approves amendment proposal on controversial new map\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200614061055/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/nepal-seeks-talks-with-india-as-its-lower-house-approves-amendment-proposal-on-controversial-new-map20200613231800/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Giri, Anil (4 November 2019). \"India's new political map places disputed territory of Kalapani inside its own borders\". Kathmandu Post. Archived from the original on 2019-11-05. Retrieved 2020-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://kathmandupost.com/national-security/2019/11/04/india-s-new-political-map-places-disputed-territory-of-kalapani-inside-its-own-borders","url_text":"\"India's new political map places disputed territory of Kalapani inside its own borders\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191105163956/https://kathmandupost.com/national-security/2019/11/04/india-s-new-political-map-places-disputed-territory-of-kalapani-inside-its-own-borders","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tandan, Promod (25 June 2020). \"Nepal is caught in the middle of India-China border tensions\". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 2020-06-25. Retrieved 2020-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://theconversation.com/nepal-is-caught-in-the-middle-of-india-china-border-tensions-140671","url_text":"\"Nepal is caught in the middle of India-China border tensions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200625225608/https://theconversation.com/nepal-is-caught-in-the-middle-of-india-china-border-tensions-140671","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://kathmandupost.com/national/2020/06/13/constitution-amendment-bill-to-update-nepal-map-endorsed-unanimously-at-the-lower-house","external_links_name":"\"Constitution amendment bill to update Nepal map endorsed unanimously at the Lower House\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200614061052/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2020/06/13/constitution-amendment-bill-to-update-nepal-map-endorsed-unanimously-at-the-lower-house","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/parliament-unanimously-endorses-second-amendment-updating-nepals-map/","external_links_name":"\"Nepal parliament unanimously endorses second amendment, map updated\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200614061112/https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/parliament-unanimously-endorses-second-amendment-updating-nepals-map/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/nepals-parliament-passes-constitution-amendment-bill-to-update-map-incorporating-indian-territories/article31858573.ece","external_links_name":"\"Nepal's new map now part of Constitution\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/nepal-parliaments-lower-house-unanimously-passes-bill-to-redraw-political-map/article31821242.ece","external_links_name":"\"Nepal passes amendment on new map\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/nepal-seeks-talks-with-india-as-its-lower-house-approves-amendment-proposal-on-controversial-new-map20200613231800/","external_links_name":"\"Nepal seeks talks with India as its lower House approves amendment proposal on controversial new map\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200614061055/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/nepal-seeks-talks-with-india-as-its-lower-house-approves-amendment-proposal-on-controversial-new-map20200613231800/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://kathmandupost.com/national-security/2019/11/04/india-s-new-political-map-places-disputed-territory-of-kalapani-inside-its-own-borders","external_links_name":"\"India's new political map places disputed territory of Kalapani inside its own borders\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191105163956/https://kathmandupost.com/national-security/2019/11/04/india-s-new-political-map-places-disputed-territory-of-kalapani-inside-its-own-borders","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://theconversation.com/nepal-is-caught-in-the-middle-of-india-china-border-tensions-140671","external_links_name":"\"Nepal is caught in the middle of India-China border tensions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200625225608/https://theconversation.com/nepal-is-caught-in-the-middle-of-india-china-border-tensions-140671","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legnanese_(region) | Legnanese (region) | ["1 Comunes"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Legnanese" region – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Olona river at Legnano
The Legnanese (Legnanese: Legnanees), or Urban Conglomerate of Legnano, is an urban area that corresponds to the Alto Milanese. It includes Legnano, its namesake, and some of the comunes neighboring Legnano along the Olona river and State Road 33 for Sempione .
The region has a population of 184,000 and an area of 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi). The population density is very high, reaching 1850 inhabits per square kilometer.
Comunes
Legnano
Parabiago
Nerviano
San Giorgio su Legnano
Canegrate
San Vittore Olona
Villa Cortese
Rescaldina
Dairago
Cerro Maggiore | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olona_river_Legnano.JPG"},{"link_name":"Olona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olona"},{"link_name":"Legnanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legnanese"},{"link_name":"urban area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area"},{"link_name":"Alto Milanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_Milanese"},{"link_name":"Legnano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legnano"},{"link_name":"comunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunes"},{"link_name":"Olona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olona"},{"link_name":"State Road 33 for Sempione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Road_33_for_Sempione&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strada_statale_33_del_Sempione"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"}],"text":"The Olona river at LegnanoThe Legnanese (Legnanese: Legnanees), or Urban Conglomerate of Legnano, is an urban area that corresponds to the Alto Milanese. It includes Legnano, its namesake, and some of the comunes neighboring Legnano along the Olona river and State Road 33 for Sempione [it].The region has a population of 184,000 and an area of 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi). The population density is very high, reaching 1850 inhabits per square kilometer.","title":"Legnanese (region)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Legnano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legnano"},{"link_name":"Parabiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabiago"},{"link_name":"Nerviano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerviano"},{"link_name":"San Giorgio su Legnano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Giorgio_su_Legnano"},{"link_name":"Canegrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canegrate"},{"link_name":"San Vittore Olona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Vittore_Olona"},{"link_name":"Villa Cortese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Cortese"},{"link_name":"Rescaldina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescaldina"},{"link_name":"Dairago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairago"},{"link_name":"Cerro Maggiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Maggiore"}],"text":"Legnano\nParabiago\nNerviano\nSan Giorgio su Legnano\nCanegrate\nSan Vittore Olona\nVilla Cortese\nRescaldina\nDairago\nCerro Maggiore","title":"Comunes"}] | [{"image_text":"The Olona river at Legnano","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Olona_river_Legnano.JPG/300px-Olona_river_Legnano.JPG"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Legnanese%22+region","external_links_name":"\"Legnanese\" region"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Legnanese%22+region+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Legnanese%22+region&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Legnanese%22+region+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Legnanese%22+region","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Legnanese%22+region&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Lorraine_Wojahn | R. Lorraine Wojahn | ["1 Early life","2 Political career","2.1 Washington House of Representatives","2.2 Washington State Senate","3 Later life","4 References"] | American politician
R. Lorraine WojahnWojahn in 1971President pro tempore of the Washington SenateIn officeJanuary 11, 1993 – January 8, 2001Preceded byEllen CraswellSucceeded byRosa FranklinMember of the Washington Senatefrom the 27th districtIn officeJanuary 10, 1977 – January 8, 2001Preceded byJoe StortiniSucceeded byDebbie RegalaMember of the Washington House of Representativesfrom the 27th districtIn officeJanuary 13, 1969 – January 10, 1977Preceded byGeorge P. SheridanSucceeded byJames E. Salatino
Personal detailsBornRuth Lorraine Kendall(1920-09-17)September 17, 1920Easton, Washington, U.S.DiedOctober 13, 2012(2012-10-13) (aged 92)Tacoma, Washington, U.S.Political partyDemocraticEducationUniversity of Washington (BA)
Ruth Lorraine Wojahn (née Kendall; September 17, 1920 – October 13, 2012) was an American politician in the state of Washington. Born in Easton, Washington, she attended the University of Washington. Wojahn served in Washington House of Representatives in 1969 and then in the Washington State Senate in 1977 as a Democrat. She died in Tacoma, Washington.
Early life
Wojahn was born Ruth Lorraine Kendall on September 17, 1920, in Easton, Washington. She was adopted by Frederick Charles Kendall, an executive for the Northern Pacific Railway, and Edna Ogilbee Kendall. Her father's work meant they moved frequently and although Wojahn spent most of her childhood in Seattle, Washington, the family spent four years in Missoula, Montana, when she was between the ages of ten and fourteen. They moved back to Seattle around 1935 and Wojahn graduated from Roosevelt High School. She had considered working in the medical field, influenced by caring for her mother through a chronic heart condition, but instead attended the University of Washington, majoring in journalism and communications. She worked for the department store I. Magnin as a model and played field hockey, basketball and volleyball.
After her first year of university, she met Gilbert Wojahn, who would become her future husband. The couple bought an engagement ring on December 7, 1941, the same day that Pearl Harbor was bombed. Her fiancé, an architect, registered for the draft and began working on ship design for the Corps of Engineers at the Ballard Locks. They married in 1942 and after the end of the war, her husband took a job with an architectural firm and the couple moved to Tacoma, Washington. They had two sons, Toby and Mark, and Wojahn stayed at home to raise the children and volunteer with the Cub Scouts, the Boys and Girls Club, the YWCA and the PTA.
Political career
Wojahn was hired by the Washington State Labor Council in January 1964 to serve as an officer with the Retail Store Employees Union. She worked to create political education programs as a field agent before becoming a labor-council lobbyist. She studied labor history at Tacoma Community College and worked on the state Commission on the Status of Women. She worked on Democrat Floyd Verne Hicks' 1964 campaign to be the U.S. representative for Washington's 6th district, where she registered more than 35,000 new voters.
Washington House of Representatives
Following the retirement of George Sheridan, Wojahn was approached to run for election to the Washington House of Representatives for the 27th district in 1968. She was supported in her candidacy by the local labour groups but not the State Labor Council. She ran the election by 307 votes but felt betrayed by her former employer and did not join the labor committee. Instead she was chair of the commerce committee and a member of the revenue and taxation committee, the appropriations committee and the judiciary committee, the first non-lawyer to serve in the latter role. She supported the state income tax which was proposed by Governor Daniel J. Evans, although it was rejected by the public.
She was one of seven women serving in the House during her first term and a member of Evans's Women's Council. In 1972, she sponsored legislation to ratify the national Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) and sponsored a separate measure to pass a version for Washington state. The latter legislation, House Joint Resolution 61, was passed by ballot initiative in November 1972.
Washington State Senate
Wojahn successfully ran for a seat in the Washington State Senate in 1976, taking office the following year. She was asked to run for mayor of Tacoma two years later, to replace Gordon Johnston who was term limited. She accepted reluctantly but ultimately lost to Mike Parker. In the Senate, Wojahn sponsored a variety of successful legislation, including the Displaced Homemakers Act along co-sponsor Peggy Maxie, which assisted women who were displaced by the loss of a spouse or their spouse's income, and a bill lowering the voting age in the state to 18. In 1984, the legislature declared it to be the Year of the Child in coordination with a UNICEF program and Wojahn took the lead on the various pieces of legislation, including daycare, housing construction, and paternity, custody and child support. She also served on the State Employees Insurance Board.
She was appointed as the chair of the committee on human services and corrections in October 1985. The following year, she produced the first comprehensive policy to limit the spread of HIV and AIDS in the state. She also supported the legislation to separate the existing Department of Social and Health Services, dividing it into two departments with separate remits for social issues and medical care. The bill to create a new Department of Health passed the House and Senate and was signed into law by Governor Booth Gardner on May 31, 1989.
Wojahn often worked on social issues. She sponsored an assault weapons ban, a domestic violence bill and a bill to protect gays and lesbians from discrimination, although none of this legislation was successful. She supported a state healthcare bill which passed the Senate in April 1993, which was intended to require businesses to provide health insurance to their employees by 1997, although the act was repealed in 1995. In 1997, she submitted a recording of Washington Supreme Court justice Richard Sanders speaking in opposition of abortion at a political rally to the Commission on Judicial Conduct.
She also focused on parks and recreation issues, working to redevelop downtown Tacoma. The city purchased Union Station Tacoma in 1984 and it was converted into a federal courthouse. Wojahn had negotiated for the building to be used as a state museum of history but ultimately, she worked with fellow representative Dan Grimm to receive $34 million from bonds and with councilmember Tom Stegner to receive a donation of two and a half acres of land from the city. The Washington State History Museum opened on August 10, 1996.
Later life
Wojahn retired from the State Senate following the 2000 legislative session. She was interviewed by Anne Kilgannon for the Washington State Legislature's Oral History Project and the resulting book was published in 2010. She died of congestive heart failure on October 13, 2012, in Tacoma at the age of 92.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Wojahn, R. Lorraine Kendall (1920-2012)". www.historylink.org. Retrieved 2022-11-14.
^ "R. Lorraine Wojahn". web.leg.wa.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-14.
^ "Maxie, Peggy (b. 1936)". www.historylink.org. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
^ Goldberg, Carey (1997-03-22). "Judge's Speech at Abortion Rally Sets Off Dispute on Free Speech and Impartiality". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
^ 'Former state legislator Lorraine Wojahn dies at 92,' The News Tribune (Washington state), Alexis Krell, October 12, 2012
^ "Former Washington legislator R. Lorraine Wojahn dies at 92". The Oregonian. October 15, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2022.
Washington State Senate
Preceded byEllen Craswell
President pro tempore of the Washington Senate 1993–2001
Succeeded byRosa Franklin
Authority control databases
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Easton, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easton,_Washington"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"Washington House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Washington State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"}],"text":"Ruth Lorraine Wojahn (née Kendall; September 17, 1920 – October 13, 2012) was an American politician in the state of Washington. Born in Easton, Washington, she attended the University of Washington. Wojahn served in Washington House of Representatives in 1969 and then in the Washington State Senate in 1977 as a Democrat. She died in Tacoma, Washington.","title":"R. Lorraine Wojahn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Easton, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easton,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Northern Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"Seattle, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Missoula, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missoula,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_High_School_(Washington)"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"I. 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Her father's work meant they moved frequently and although Wojahn spent most of her childhood in Seattle, Washington, the family spent four years in Missoula, Montana, when she was between the ages of ten and fourteen. They moved back to Seattle around 1935 and Wojahn graduated from Roosevelt High School. She had considered working in the medical field, influenced by caring for her mother through a chronic heart condition, but instead attended the University of Washington, majoring in journalism and communications. She worked for the department store I. Magnin as a model and played field hockey, basketball and volleyball.[1]After her first year of university, she met Gilbert Wojahn, who would become her future husband. The couple bought an engagement ring on December 7, 1941, the same day that Pearl Harbor was bombed. Her fiancé, an architect, registered for the draft and began working on ship design for the Corps of Engineers at the Ballard Locks. They married in 1942 and after the end of the war, her husband took a job with an architectural firm and the couple moved to Tacoma, Washington. They had two sons, Toby and Mark, and Wojahn stayed at home to raise the children and volunteer with the Cub Scouts, the Boys and Girls Club, the YWCA and the PTA.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington State Labor Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Labor_Council"},{"link_name":"Floyd Verne Hicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Hicks"},{"link_name":"Washington's 6th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Wojahn was hired by the Washington State Labor Council in January 1964 to serve as an officer with the Retail Store Employees Union. She worked to create political education programs as a field agent before becoming a labor-council lobbyist. She studied labor history at Tacoma Community College and worked on the state Commission on the Status of Women. She worked on Democrat Floyd Verne Hicks' 1964 campaign to be the U.S. representative for Washington's 6th district, where she registered more than 35,000 new voters.[1]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Sheridan_(Washington_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Washington House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Daniel J. Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_J._Evans"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Equal Rights Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Washington House of Representatives","text":"Following the retirement of George Sheridan, Wojahn was approached to run for election to the Washington House of Representatives for the 27th district in 1968. She was supported in her candidacy by the local labour groups but not the State Labor Council. She ran the election by 307 votes but felt betrayed by her former employer and did not join the labor committee. Instead she was chair of the commerce committee and a member of the revenue and taxation committee, the appropriations committee and the judiciary committee, the first non-lawyer to serve in the latter role. She supported the state income tax which was proposed by Governor Daniel J. Evans, although it was rejected by the public.[1]She was one of seven women serving in the House during her first term and a member of Evans's Women's Council.[1][2] In 1972, she sponsored legislation to ratify the national Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) and sponsored a separate measure to pass a version for Washington state. The latter legislation, House Joint Resolution 61, was passed by ballot initiative in November 1972.[1]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"Tacoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Gordon Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Johnston_(mayor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mike Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Parker_(mayor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Peggy Maxie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Maxie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"UNICEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"HIV and AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS"},{"link_name":"Department of Social and Health Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Social_and_Health_Services"},{"link_name":"Department of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Health"},{"link_name":"Booth Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booth_Gardner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Washington Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Richard Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_B._Sanders"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Union Station Tacoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Station_(Tacoma,_Washington)"},{"link_name":"Dan Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Grimm_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Washington State History Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_History_Museum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Washington State Senate","text":"Wojahn successfully ran for a seat in the Washington State Senate in 1976, taking office the following year. She was asked to run for mayor of Tacoma two years later, to replace Gordon Johnston who was term limited. She accepted reluctantly but ultimately lost to Mike Parker.[1] In the Senate, Wojahn sponsored a variety of successful legislation, including the Displaced Homemakers Act along co-sponsor Peggy Maxie, which assisted women who were displaced by the loss of a spouse or their spouse's income, and a bill lowering the voting age in the state to 18.[1][3] In 1984, the legislature declared it to be the Year of the Child in coordination with a UNICEF program and Wojahn took the lead on the various pieces of legislation, including daycare, housing construction, and paternity, custody and child support. She also served on the State Employees Insurance Board.[1]She was appointed as the chair of the committee on human services and corrections in October 1985. The following year, she produced the first comprehensive policy to limit the spread of HIV and AIDS in the state. She also supported the legislation to separate the existing Department of Social and Health Services, dividing it into two departments with separate remits for social issues and medical care. The bill to create a new Department of Health passed the House and Senate and was signed into law by Governor Booth Gardner on May 31, 1989.[1]Wojahn often worked on social issues. She sponsored an assault weapons ban, a domestic violence bill and a bill to protect gays and lesbians from discrimination, although none of this legislation was successful. She supported a state healthcare bill which passed the Senate in April 1993, which was intended to require businesses to provide health insurance to their employees by 1997, although the act was repealed in 1995.[1] In 1997, she submitted a recording of Washington Supreme Court justice Richard Sanders speaking in opposition of abortion at a political rally to the Commission on Judicial Conduct.[4]She also focused on parks and recreation issues, working to redevelop downtown Tacoma. The city purchased Union Station Tacoma in 1984 and it was converted into a federal courthouse. Wojahn had negotiated for the building to be used as a state museum of history but ultimately, she worked with fellow representative Dan Grimm to receive $34 million from bonds and with councilmember Tom Stegner to receive a donation of two and a half acres of land from the city. The Washington State History Museum opened on August 10, 1996.[1]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Wojahn retired from the State Senate following the 2000 legislative session. She was interviewed by Anne Kilgannon for the Washington State Legislature's Oral History Project and the resulting book was published in 2010.[1] She died of congestive heart failure on October 13, 2012, in Tacoma at the age of 92.[1][5][6]","title":"Later life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Wojahn, R. Lorraine Kendall (1920-2012)\". www.historylink.org. Retrieved 2022-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historylink.org/File/10694","url_text":"\"Wojahn, R. Lorraine Kendall (1920-2012)\""}]},{"reference":"\"R. Lorraine Wojahn\". web.leg.wa.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.leg.wa.gov/womeninthelegislature/Members/WojahnL.htm","url_text":"\"R. Lorraine Wojahn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maxie, Peggy (b. 1936)\". www.historylink.org. Retrieved 2023-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historylink.org/File/8882","url_text":"\"Maxie, Peggy (b. 1936)\""}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Carey (1997-03-22). \"Judge's Speech at Abortion Rally Sets Off Dispute on Free Speech and Impartiality\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/22/us/judge-s-speech-abortion-rally-sets-off-dispute-free-speech-impartiality.html","url_text":"\"Judge's Speech at Abortion Rally Sets Off Dispute on Free Speech and Impartiality\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Former Washington legislator R. Lorraine Wojahn dies at 92\". The Oregonian. October 15, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2012/10/former_washington_legislator_r.html","url_text":"\"Former Washington legislator R. Lorraine Wojahn dies at 92\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Oregonian"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.historylink.org/File/10694","external_links_name":"\"Wojahn, R. Lorraine Kendall (1920-2012)\""},{"Link":"https://web.leg.wa.gov/womeninthelegislature/Members/WojahnL.htm","external_links_name":"\"R. Lorraine Wojahn\""},{"Link":"https://www.historylink.org/File/8882","external_links_name":"\"Maxie, Peggy (b. 1936)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/22/us/judge-s-speech-abortion-rally-sets-off-dispute-free-speech-impartiality.html","external_links_name":"\"Judge's Speech at Abortion Rally Sets Off Dispute on Free Speech and Impartiality\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2012/10/former_washington_legislator_r.html","external_links_name":"\"Former Washington legislator R. Lorraine Wojahn dies at 92\""},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6f26m6z","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/These_Children | These Children | ["1 Cast","2 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "These Children" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1937 Italian filmQuesti ragazziDirected byMario MattoliWritten byAldo De Benedetti (writer), Gherardo Gherardi (play)Release date
1937 (1937)
CountryItalyLanguageItalian
Questi ragazzi or These Children is a 1937 Italian "white-telephones" comedy film directed by Mario Mattoli.
Cast
Vittorio De Sica
Paola Barbara
Enrico Viarisio
Giuditta Rissone
Checco Rissone
Armando Migliari
Adele Garavaglia
Annette Ciarli
Yvonne Sandner
Renzo Brunori
Massimo Morosini
Anna Maria Pauli
Maria Polese
Anna Valpreda
External links
Questi ragazzi at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Mario Mattoli
Full Speed (1934)
I Love You Only (1935)
The Man Who Smiles (1936)
Sette giorni all'altro mondo (1936)
La damigella di Bard (1936)
Music in the Square (1936)
The Last Days of Pompeo (1937)
These Children (1937)
Felicita Colombo (1937)
Destiny (1938)
Triumph of Love (1938)
Nonna Felicità (1938)
A Lady Did It (1938)
The Lady in White (1938)
At Your Orders, Madame (1939)
We Were Seven Widows (1939)
Defendant, Stand Up! (1939)
Mille chilometri al minuto! (1939)
Lo vedi come sei... lo vedi come sei? (1939)
Abandonment (1940)
The Pirate's Dream (1940)
Non me lo dire! (1940)
Light in the Darkness (1941)
Schoolgirl Diary (1941)
I Live as I Please (1942)
Invisible Chains (1942)
The Three Pilots (1942)
The Lady Is Fickle (1942)
Sealed Lips (1942)
Nothing New Tonight (1942)
The Valley of the Devil (1943)
Lively Teresa (1943)
Anything for a Song (1943)
The Last Wagon (1943)
The Za-Bum Circus (1944)
Life Begins Anew (1945)
Departure at Seven (1946)
The Two Orphans (1947)
Toto Tours Italy (1948)
Fear and Sand (1948)
Cab Number 13 (1948)
Assunta Spina (1948)
Little Lady (1949)
The Firemen of Viggiù (1949)
Adam and Eve (1949)
Totò Tarzan (1950)
The Merry Widower (1950)
The Elusive Twelve (1950)
The Cadets of Gascony (1950)
Toto the Sheik (1950)
Toto the Third Man (1951)
The Steamship Owner (1951)
Arrivano i nostri (1951)
My Heart Sings (1951)
Accidents to the Taxes!! (1951)
Five Paupers in an Automobile (1952)
Sardinian Vendetta (1952)
Neapolitan Turk (1953)
Siamo tutti inquilini (1953)
Funniest Show on Earth (1953)
Two Nights with Cleopatra (1954)
Toto Seeks Peace (1954)
The Doctor of the Mad (1954)
Poverty and Nobility (1954)
L'ultimo amante (1955)
Eighteen Year Olds (1955)
I giorni più belli (1956)
Peppino, le modelle e chella là (1957)
Toto, Peppino and the Fanatics (1958)
Move and I'll Shoot (1958)
Tipi da spiaggia (1959)
Prepotenti più di prima (1959)
Non perdiamo la testa (1959)
Guardatele ma non toccatele (1959)
Gentlemen Are Born (1960)
Un mandarino per Teo (1960)
Appuntamento a Ischia (1960)
Toto, Fabrizi and the Young People Today (1960)
Sua Eccellenza si fermò a mangiare (1961)
Hercules in the Valley of Woe (1961)
Appuntamento in riviera (1962)
5 marines per 100 ragazze (1962)
Obiettivo ragazze (1963)
Corpse for the Lady (1964)
For a Few Dollars Less (1966)
This article related to an Italian comedy film of the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937_in_film"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"white-telephones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Mario Mattoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Mattoli"}],"text":"1937 Italian filmQuesti ragazzi or These Children is a 1937 Italian \"white-telephones\" comedy film directed by Mario Mattoli.","title":"These Children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vittorio De Sica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica"},{"link_name":"Paola Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paola_Barbara"},{"link_name":"Enrico Viarisio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Viarisio"},{"link_name":"Giuditta Rissone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuditta_Rissone"},{"link_name":"Checco Rissone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checco_Rissone"},{"link_name":"Armando Migliari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando_Migliari"},{"link_name":"Adele Garavaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele_Garavaglia"}],"text":"Vittorio De Sica\nPaola Barbara\nEnrico Viarisio\nGiuditta Rissone\nChecco Rissone\nArmando Migliari\nAdele Garavaglia\nAnnette Ciarli\nYvonne Sandner\nRenzo Brunori\nMassimo Morosini\nAnna Maria Pauli\nMaria Polese\nAnna Valpreda","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22These+Children%22","external_links_name":"\"These Children\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22These+Children%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22These+Children%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22These+Children%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22These+Children%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22These+Children%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0029456/","external_links_name":"Questi ragazzi"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=These_Children&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Nation_(Russia) | Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly | ["1 History","2 Legal basis","3 List","3.1 Notes","4 See also","5 References"] | 2008 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly given by President Dmitry Medvedev
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vte
The annual Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly (Russian: Послание Президента России Федеральному собранию) is a speech given by the Russian President to outline the state and condition in which Russia is in. It is given in front of a joint meeting of the two houses of the Russian Parliament: the State Duma and Federation Council. Article 84 of the current Constitution of Russia enacted in 1993 says "The President of the Russian Federation shall: address the Federal Assembly with annual messages on the situation in the country, on the guidelines of the internal and foreign policy of the State". First Russian President Boris Yeltsin delivered the first Address to the Federal Assembly on 24 February 1994. The date of the presidential address is not fixed.
In addition to the State Duma Deputies and Senators, in his address as there are Members of the Government, Supreme and Constitutional Courts; public and religious figures and heads of Federal subjects.
History
President Boris Yeltsin with Chairman of the Federation Council Vladimir Shumeyko and Chairman of the State Duma Ivan Rybkin during the 1995 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly
In the Soviet Union, prior to the institution of the post of President of the Soviet Union, such messages were not known, but their role in the political sense was played by regular Reports of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to a Congress of the CPSU.
After the presidency of the Soviet Union was established in March 1990, the amended Constitution stipulated that the USSR President "... shall deliver to the Congress of People's Deputies annual reports on the situation of the country, inform the Supreme Soviet of the most important issues of domestic and foreign policy of the Soviet Union". However, no such reports were ever delivered due to the fact that the USSR president Mikhail Gorbachev had too short time in the presidential office. Nevertheless, Gorbachev gave on 31 March 1990 with a message to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on family issues and on 13 April that year to the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR and the Council of Ministers of the Lithuanian SSR, which pointed out the unacceptability of a situation in which "... the republic's leadership makes all new legislative acts and decisions, which contrasted with the Lithuanian SSR and other republics of the Soviet Union as a whole ".
In the Russian Federation, the provision that the head of state addresses the highest legislative body first appeared in the Law of the RSFSR of 24 April 1991 "On the President of the RSFSR," under paragraph 3 of Article 5 of which the President "... shall at least once a year deliver a report to the Congress of People's Deputies on the implementation of socio-economic and other programs adopted by the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, on the situation in the RSFSR, give messages to the people of the RSFSR, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, and Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. The Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR by a majority votes of the People's Deputies shall have the right to request from the President of the RSFSR an extraordinary report ".
Prior to the adoption of the Constitution of Russia in December 1993, Russian president Boris Yeltsin addressed directly the people of Russia on several occasions. Specifically, on 10 December 1992 speaking at the VII Congress of People's Deputies, he appealed to citizens to collect signatures for the initiative to hold a popular vote of confidence in the President; on 20 March 1993, he gave a televised address to the nation, in which he called the nationwide referendum for 25 April that year.
After the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993, presidential addresses to the Parliament became an annual fixture. The first such message was read out on 24 February 1994.
Initially, there was a tradition to give each appeal its own title, for example: "On strengthening the Russian state" in 1994 or "What kind of Russia we are building" in 2000. However, since 2003 messages have ceased to be given specific names.
Initially, the Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly was held in the Marble Hall of the 14th building of the Kremlin. In 2008, President Dmitry Medvedev moved the Appeal in the St. George Hall of the Grand Kremlin Palace. Also, until 2008, the Chairmen of the Chambers of the Federal Assembly sat at the podium behind the President, emulating American practice for the analogous State of the Union address. Since 2008, the Chairmen of the Chambers now sit among Members of the Federal Assembly.
No address was held in 2017, due to it being postponed to early 2018. It was the first time a presidential address was not given during the year since its introduction.
2019 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly given by President Vladimir Putin
All messages since 2018 have been held outside the Kremlin. The 2018 address was held in the Manege. This was due to the increasing number of participants and the need to use infographics. In 2019, the message was held at the Gostiny Dvor.
Due to the implications of the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine, no presidential address was given in 2022. The official Russian news agency TASS reported that Putin explained he did not deliver an address in 2022 "because the situation was unfolding very quickly and it was difficult 'to fix the results at a specific point, as well as specific plans for the near future.'"
Legal basis
From a legal perspective, neither the presidential address nor its contents become binding. Nor does law provide for a form of response to the presidential address on the part of the Federal Assembly.
By its nature, a presidential address could not be regarded as a legal document of the President, as the Constitution provides for only two types of instruments issued by the head of state, namely by decree, and executive order. At the same time, such address is an important political and policy document addressed, in fact, not only to Parliament but to all other authorities in the Russian Federation, to society as a whole. Therefore, they feature such messages as political acts with elements of the regulatory functions or as a regulatory and political form of the head of state.
Content and form of the address is at the discretion of the President and are not regulated by any rules, except for the fact that the Federal Law of July 20, 1995 № 115-FZ "On State Forecasting and programs of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation" established the following requirement: "Annual Message of the President of the Russian Federation, with whom he addresses the Federal Assembly, shall contain a special section devoted to the analysis of the program of socio-economic development of Russia's medium-term and refinement of the program with the allocation of tasks for the coming year" (Part 2 items . 5). However, in practice this requirement is not met. House of the Federal Assembly on the results of the hearing of Presidential addresses often make special provisions for implementing the planned legislative activities in the messages.).
Federal executive bodies also respond to the message the head of state adoption of the relevant legal acts, which are set up to the task set by the President. Paragraph 2.1 of the Model Rules of the internal organization of the federal bodies of executive power, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, provided that "the planning of the federal executive body for the main activities carried out on the basis of the Message of the President of the Russian Federation Federal Assembly, the Budget message of the President of the Russian Federation Federal Assembly ... ".
The subjects of the Russian Federation in the development of the provisions of the Message are also taking their regulations. All this testifies to the significant role played by the message of the President, not only politically but also in law-making process.
List
No.
Date
President
Location
Title
Link
1st
February 24, 1994
Boris Yeltsin
14th building of the Kremlin
"On strengthening the Russian state"
2nd
February 16, 1995
"On the effectiveness of state power in Russia"
3rd
February 23, 1996
"Russia, for which we are responsible"
4th
March 6, 1997
"Order in power — order in the country"
5th
February 17, 1998
"Together — to the rise of Russia"
6th
March 30, 1999
"Russia at the turn of ages"
7th
July 8, 2000
Vladimir Putin
"What kind of Russia we are building"
8th
April 3, 2001
"There will be no revolutions, no counter-revolutions"
9th
April 18, 2002
"Russia needs to be strong and competitive"
10th
May 16, 2003
None
11th
May 26, 2004
12th
April 25, 2005
13th
May 10, 2006
14th
April 26, 2007
15th
November 5, 2008
Dmitry Medvedev
Grand Kremlin Palace
16th
November 12, 2009
17th
November 30, 2010
18th
December 22, 2011
19th
December 12, 2012
Vladimir Putin
20th
December 12, 2013
—
March 18, 2014(Extraordinary address)
Vladimir Putin
Grand Kremlin Palace
Crimean speech
21st
December 4, 2014
Vladimir Putin
Grand Kremlin Palace
None
22nd
December 3, 2015
23rd
December 1, 2016
24th
March 1, 2018
Moscow Manege
25th
February 20, 2019
Moscow Gostiny Dvor
26th
January 15, 2020
Moscow Manege
27th
April 21, 2021
28th
February 21, 2023
Moscow Gostiny Dvor
29th
February 29, 2024
Notes
^ The address was held in connection with the appeal of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol on admission to Russia. Officially called the Address to the Deputies of the State Duma and Members of the Federation Council, it is not considered an official annual Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly.
See also
State of the Nation (disambiguation), for addresses by heads of state
Speech from the throne
State Opening of Parliament in the United Kingdom
State of the Union Address in the United States
References
^ "Chapter 4. The President of the Russian Federation | the Constitution of the Russian Federation".
^ "Putin to deliver 20th annual state-of-the-nation address to Federal Assembly December 12".
^ Алексеев С. С. Советское право как средство осуществления политики КПСС//Правоведение. 1977. № 5
^ Статья 127.3 Конституции СССР
^ Послание Президента СССР от 31 марта 1990 г. № 28 «Верховному Совету СССР»
^ Послание Президента СССР от 13 апреля 1990 г. № 47 «Верховному Совету Литовской ССР, Совету Министров Литовской ССР»
^ Закон РСФСР от 24.04.1991 г. № 1098-1 «О Президенте РСФСР»
^ Послание Президента Федеральному Собранию Российской Федерации Archived September 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine//Парламентский портал РФ
^ a b c d Послание президента России: история обращений и конституционный смысл
^ Ежегодные послания президента России Федеральному Собранию
^ https://share.america.gov/who-sits-where-at-state-of-union-address/
^ "В Кремле задумались о переносе президентского послания на 2018 год". РБК (in Russian). November 13, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
^ "Послание Путина парламенту перенесено в большой Манеж". TASS (in Russian). Retrieved February 5, 2024.
^ Путин в Гостином дворе огласит ежегодное послание Федеральному собранию
^ "Putin planning Federal Assembly address for February 21, followed by 'large-scale concert-rally' at Luzhniki Stadium on February 22". Meduza. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
^ "Putin to deliver State of the Nation Address to Federal Assembly on Feb 21 — Kremlin". TASS. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
^ Бобылёва К. Н. Полномочия президента Российской Федерации в сфере исполнительной власти//lawrf.ru
^ Кубатаев М. Г. Правовые акты Президента Российской Федерации Archived July 30, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Автореф. дис. … канд. юр. наук. М., 2000
^ Погорелко М. Ю. Нормативно-политические и нормативно-правовые источники и основания государственных политик //Научный эксперт — научный электронный журнал. 2008. Вып. 5. С. 29-49.
^ a b Федеральный закон от 20.07.1995 г. № 115-ФЗ «О государственном прогнозировании и программах социально-экономического развития Российской Федерации»
^ См., напр.: Постановление ГД ФС РФ от 16.03.1994 г. № 72-1 ГД «О Послании Президента Российской Федерации Федеральному Собранию „Об укреплении российского государства (Основные направления внутренней и внешней политики)“», Постановление ГД ФС РФ от 19.03.1997 г. № 1259-II ГД «Об информировании Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации о ходе выполнения Послания Президента Российской Федерации Федеральному Собранию», Постановление СФ ФС РФ от 13.03.1998 г. № 101-СФ «О Послании Президента Российской Федерации Федеральному Собранию „Общими силами — к подъему России (О положении в стране и основных направлениях политики Российской Федерации)“ и основных направлениях законодательной деятельности Совета Федерации в 1998 году», Постановление СФ ФС РФ от 25.05.2005 г. № 161-СФ «О Послании Президента Российской Федерации Федеральному Собранию Российской Федерации на 2005 год и программе Совета Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации по его реализации», Постановление ГД ФС РФ от 19.05.2006 г. № 3129-IV ГД «Об образовании рабочей группы Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации по реализации положений Послания Президента Российской Федерации Федеральному Собранию Российской Федерации 2006 года» и др.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Ежегодные послания президента России Федеральному Собранию
^ Владимир Путин выступит перед депутатами Госдумы и членами Совета Федерации
^ Послание Президента Федеральному Собранию
^ Послание Президента Федеральному Собранию
^ Послание Президента Федеральному Собранию
^ Послание Президента Федеральному Собранию
^ Послание Президента Федеральному Собранию
^ "Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly".
^ Послание Владимира Путина Федеральному собранию назначено на 21 февраля
^ "FACTBOX: Russian presidential addresses to full Federal Assembly by the numbers". TASS. Retrieved April 7, 2024.
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Portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_5_November_2008-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Medvedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_President"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"joint meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_session"},{"link_name":"two houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism"},{"link_name":"Russian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"State Duma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Duma"},{"link_name":"Federation Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_Council"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Boris Yeltsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Supreme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Constitutional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"heads of Federal subjects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia"}],"text":"2008 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly given by President Dmitry MedvedevThe annual Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly (Russian: Послание Президента России Федеральному собранию) is a speech given by the Russian President to outline the state and condition in which Russia is in. It is given in front of a joint meeting of the two houses of the Russian Parliament: the State Duma and Federation Council. Article 84 of the current Constitution of Russia enacted in 1993 says \"The President of the Russian Federation shall: address the Federal Assembly with annual messages on the situation in the country, on the guidelines of the internal and foreign policy of the State\".[1] First Russian President Boris Yeltsin delivered the first Address to the Federal Assembly on 24 February 1994. The date of the presidential address is not fixed.[2]In addition to the State Duma Deputies and Senators, in his address as there are Members of the Government, Supreme and Constitutional Courts; public and religious figures and heads of Federal subjects.","title":"Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yeltsin_Presidential_Address_to_the_Federal_Assembly_(1995-02-16).jpg"},{"link_name":"Boris Yeltsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the Federation Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Federation_Council_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Shumeyko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Shumeyko"},{"link_name":"Chairman of the State Duma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_State_Duma"},{"link_name":"Ivan Rybkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Rybkin"},{"link_name":"President of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Gorbachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Boris Yeltsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin"},{"link_name":"nationwide referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Russian_government_referendum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parliament.ru-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-9"},{"link_name":"14th building of the Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin_Presidium"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Medvedev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev"},{"link_name":"Grand Kremlin Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Kremlin_Palace"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"State of the Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Union"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Putin_Presidential_Address_to_the_Federal_Assembly_(2019-02-20)_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin"},{"link_name":"Manege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Manege"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Gostiny Dvor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Gostiny_Dvor"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"TASS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TASS"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"President Boris Yeltsin with Chairman of the Federation Council Vladimir Shumeyko and Chairman of the State Duma Ivan Rybkin during the 1995 Presidential Address to the Federal AssemblyIn the Soviet Union, prior to the institution of the post of President of the Soviet Union, such messages were not known, but their role in the political sense was played by regular Reports of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to a Congress of the CPSU.[3]After the presidency of the Soviet Union was established in March 1990, the amended Constitution stipulated that the USSR President \"... shall deliver to the Congress of People's Deputies annual reports on the situation of the country, inform the Supreme Soviet of the most important issues of domestic and foreign policy of the Soviet Union\".[4] However, no such reports were ever delivered due to the fact that the USSR president Mikhail Gorbachev had too short time in the presidential office. Nevertheless, Gorbachev gave on 31 March 1990 with a message to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on family issues[5] and on 13 April that year to the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR and the Council of Ministers of the Lithuanian SSR, which pointed out the unacceptability of a situation in which \"... the republic's leadership makes all new legislative acts and decisions, which contrasted with the Lithuanian SSR and other republics of the Soviet Union as a whole \".[6]In the Russian Federation, the provision that the head of state addresses the highest legislative body first appeared in the Law of the RSFSR of 24 April 1991 \"On the President of the RSFSR,\" under paragraph 3 of Article 5 of which the President \"... shall at least once a year deliver a report to the Congress of People's Deputies on the implementation of socio-economic and other programs adopted by the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, on the situation in the RSFSR, give messages to the people of the RSFSR, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, and Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. The Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR by a majority votes of the People's Deputies shall have the right to request from the President of the RSFSR an extraordinary report \".[7]Prior to the adoption of the Constitution of Russia in December 1993, Russian president Boris Yeltsin addressed directly the people of Russia on several occasions. Specifically, on 10 December 1992 speaking at the VII Congress of People's Deputies, he appealed to citizens to collect signatures for the initiative to hold a popular vote of confidence in the President; on 20 March 1993, he gave a televised address to the nation, in which he called the nationwide referendum for 25 April that year.After the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993, presidential addresses to the Parliament became an annual fixture. The first such message was read out on 24 February 1994.[8]Initially, there was a tradition to give each appeal its own title, for example: \"On strengthening the Russian state\" in 1994 or \"What kind of Russia we are building\" in 2000. However, since 2003 messages have ceased to be given specific names.[9]Initially, the Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly was held in the Marble Hall of the 14th building of the Kremlin. In 2008, President Dmitry Medvedev moved the Appeal in the St. George Hall of the Grand Kremlin Palace.[10] Also, until 2008, the Chairmen of the Chambers of the Federal Assembly sat at the podium behind the President, emulating American practice for the analogous State of the Union address.[11] Since 2008, the Chairmen of the Chambers now sit among Members of the Federal Assembly.No address was held in 2017, due to it being postponed to early 2018. It was the first time a presidential address was not given during the year since its introduction.[12]2019 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly given by President Vladimir PutinAll messages since 2018 have been held outside the Kremlin. The 2018 address was held in the Manege. This was due to the increasing number of participants and the need to use infographics.[13] In 2019, the message was held at the Gostiny Dvor.[14]Due to the implications of the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine, no presidential address was given in 2022.[15] The official Russian news agency TASS reported that Putin explained he did not deliver an address in 2022 \"because the situation was unfolding very quickly and it was difficult 'to fix the results at a specific point, as well as specific plans for the near future.'\"[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zaki.ru-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zaki.ru-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"From a legal perspective, neither the presidential address nor its contents become binding. Nor does law provide for a form of response to the presidential address on the part of the Federal Assembly.[17]By its nature, a presidential address could not be regarded as a legal document of the President, as the Constitution provides for only two types of instruments issued by the head of state, namely by decree, and executive order. At the same time, such address is an important political and policy document addressed, in fact, not only to Parliament but to all other authorities in the Russian Federation, to society as a whole. Therefore, they feature such messages as political acts with elements of the regulatory functions[18] or as a regulatory and political form of the head of state.[19]Content and form of the address is at the discretion of the President and are not regulated by any rules, except for the fact that the Federal Law of July 20, 1995 № 115-FZ \"On State Forecasting and programs of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation\" established the following requirement: \"Annual Message of the President of the Russian Federation, with whom he addresses the Federal Assembly, shall contain a special section devoted to the analysis of the program of socio-economic development of Russia's medium-term and refinement of the program with the allocation of tasks for the coming year\" (Part 2 items . 5).[20] However, in practice this requirement is not met. House of the Federal Assembly on the results of the hearing of Presidential addresses often make special provisions for implementing the planned legislative activities in the messages.).[20]Federal executive bodies also respond to the message the head of state adoption of the relevant legal acts, which are set up to the task set by the President. Paragraph 2.1 of the Model Rules of the internal organization of the federal bodies of executive power, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, provided that \"the planning of the federal executive body for the main activities carried out on the basis of the Message of the President of the Russian Federation Federal Assembly, the Budget message of the President of the Russian Federation Federal Assembly ... \".[21]The subjects of the Russian Federation in the development of the provisions of the Message are also taking their regulations. All this testifies to the significant role played by the message of the President, not only politically but also in law-making process.","title":"Legal basis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"The address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_speech_of_Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"Republic of Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol"},{"link_name":"State Duma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Duma"},{"link_name":"Federation Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_Council_(Russia)"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ The address was held in connection with the appeal of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol on admission to Russia. Officially called the Address to the Deputies of the State Duma and Members of the Federation Council, it is not considered an official annual Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly.","title":"List"}] | [{"image_text":"2008 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly given by President Dmitry Medvedev","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dmitry_Medvedev_5_November_2008-2.jpg/350px-Dmitry_Medvedev_5_November_2008-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"President Boris Yeltsin with Chairman of the Federation Council Vladimir Shumeyko and Chairman of the State Duma Ivan Rybkin during the 1995 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Yeltsin_Presidential_Address_to_the_Federal_Assembly_%281995-02-16%29.jpg/250px-Yeltsin_Presidential_Address_to_the_Federal_Assembly_%281995-02-16%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"2019 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly given by President Vladimir Putin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Putin_Presidential_Address_to_the_Federal_Assembly_%282019-02-20%29_02.jpg/250px-Putin_Presidential_Address_to_the_Federal_Assembly_%282019-02-20%29_02.jpg"}] | [{"title":"State of the Nation (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Nation_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Speech from the throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne"},{"title":"State Opening of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament"},{"title":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"title":"State of the Union Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"title":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}] | [{"reference":"\"Chapter 4. The President of the Russian Federation | the Constitution of the Russian Federation\".","urls":[{"url":"http://constitution.ru/en/10003000-05.htm","url_text":"\"Chapter 4. The President of the Russian Federation | the Constitution of the Russian Federation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Putin to deliver 20th annual state-of-the-nation address to Federal Assembly December 12\".","urls":[{"url":"http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/710221","url_text":"\"Putin to deliver 20th annual state-of-the-nation address to Federal Assembly December 12\""}]},{"reference":"\"В Кремле задумались о переносе президентского послания на 2018 год\". РБК (in Russian). November 13, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbc.ru/politics/13/11/2017/5a08a0349a79472f09fe6133","url_text":"\"В Кремле задумались о переносе президентского послания на 2018 год\""}]},{"reference":"\"Послание Путина парламенту перенесено в большой Манеж\". TASS (in Russian). Retrieved February 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://tass.ru/politika/4980775","url_text":"\"Послание Путина парламенту перенесено в большой Манеж\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TASS","url_text":"TASS"}]},{"reference":"\"Putin planning Federal Assembly address for February 21, followed by 'large-scale concert-rally' at Luzhniki Stadium on February 22\". Meduza. Retrieved February 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://meduza.io/en/news/2023/02/10/putin-planning-federal-assembly-address-for-february-21-followed-by-large-scale-concert-rally-at-luzhniki-stadium-on-february-22","url_text":"\"Putin planning Federal Assembly address for February 21, followed by 'large-scale concert-rally' at Luzhniki Stadium on February 22\""}]},{"reference":"\"Putin to deliver State of the Nation Address to Federal Assembly on Feb 21 — Kremlin\". TASS. Retrieved February 5, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://tass.com/politics/1574689","url_text":"\"Putin to deliver State of the Nation Address to Federal Assembly on Feb 21 — Kremlin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly\".","urls":[{"url":"http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/65418","url_text":"\"Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly\""}]},{"reference":"\"FACTBOX: Russian presidential addresses to full Federal Assembly by the numbers\". TASS. Retrieved April 7, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://tass.com/politics/1752983","url_text":"\"FACTBOX: Russian presidential addresses to full Federal Assembly by the numbers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TASS","url_text":"TASS"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://constitution.ru/en/10003000-05.htm","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 4. 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направлениях законодательной деятельности Совета Федерации в 1998 году»"},{"Link":"http://www.pravoteka.ru/pst/206/102613.html","external_links_name":"Постановление СФ ФС РФ от 25.05.2005 г. № 161-СФ «О Послании Президента Российской Федерации Федеральному Собранию Российской Федерации на 2005 год и программе Совета Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации по его реализации»"},{"Link":"http://www.pravoteka.ru/pst/166/82515.html","external_links_name":"Постановление ГД ФС РФ от 19.05.2006 г. № 3129-IV ГД «Об образовании рабочей группы Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации по реализации положений Послания Президента Российской Федерации Федеральному Собранию Российской Федерации 2006 года»"},{"Link":"https://ria.ru/20151203/1334427367.html","external_links_name":"Ежегодные послания президента России Федеральному Собранию"},{"Link":"http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20595","external_links_name":"Владимир Путин выступит перед депутатами 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_of_measurements | Unit of measurement | ["1 History","2 Systems of units","2.1 Traditional systems","2.2 Metric systems","2.3 Natural systems","2.4 Legal control of weights and measures","2.5 Informal comparison to familiar concepts","3 Base and derived units","4 Physical quantity components","5 Dimensional homogeneity","6 Converting units of measurement","7 Real-world implications","8 See also","9 Notes","9.1 Explanatory notes","9.2 Citations","10 External links"] | Quantity standard
Not to be confused with Level of measurement.
"Unit of measure" redirects here. For other uses, see Unit of measure (disambiguation).
"Weights and measures" redirects here. For other uses, see Weights and measures (disambiguation).
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The former Weights and Measures office in Seven Sisters, London
Units of measurement, Palazzo della Ragione, Padua
A unit of measurement, or unit of measure, is a definite magnitude of a quantity, defined and adopted by convention or by law, that is used as a standard for measurement of the same kind of quantity. Any other quantity of that kind can be expressed as a multiple of the unit of measurement.
For example, a length is a physical quantity. The metre (symbol m) is a unit of length that represents a definite predetermined length. For instance, when referencing "10 metres" (or 10 m), what is actually meant is 10 times the definite predetermined length called "metre".
The definition, agreement, and practical use of units of measurement have played a crucial role in human endeavour from early ages up to the present. A multitude of systems of units used to be very common. Now there is a global standard, the International System of Units (SI), the modern form of the metric system.
In trade, weights and measures are often a subject of governmental regulation, to ensure fairness and transparency. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) is tasked with ensuring worldwide uniformity of measurements and their traceability to the International System of Units (SI).
In inventory management, 'units of measure' help to ensure accurate tracking, management, and reporting of stock. An inventory UoM defines the quantity of a product or material in terms of standardized units, facilitating consistency and clarity in inventory processes.
Metrology is the science of developing nationally and internationally accepted units of measurement.
In physics and metrology, units are standards for measurement of physical quantities that need clear definitions to be useful. Reproducibility of experimental results is central to the scientific method. A standard system of units facilitates this. Scientific systems of units are a refinement of the concept of weights and measures historically developed for commercial purposes.
Science, medicine, and engineering often use larger and smaller units of measurement than those used in everyday life. The judicious selection of the units of measurement can aid researchers in problem solving (see, for example, dimensional analysis).
In the social sciences, there are no standard units of measurement.
History
See also: System of units of measurement § History
Further information: History of measurement
A unit of measurement is a standardized quantity of a physical property, used as a factor to express occurring quantities of that property. Units of measurement were among the earliest tools invented by humans. Primitive societies needed rudimentary measures for many tasks: constructing dwellings of an appropriate size and shape, fashioning clothing, or bartering food or raw materials.
The earliest known uniform systems of measurement seem to have all been created sometime in the 4th and 3rd millennia BC among the ancient peoples of Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Indus Valley, and perhaps also Elam in Persia as well.
Weights and measures are mentioned in the Bible (Leviticus 19:35–36). It is a commandment to be honest and have fair measures.
In the Magna Carta of 1215 (The Great Charter) with the seal of King John, put before him by the Barons of England, King John agreed in Clause 35 "There shall be one measure of wine throughout our whole realm, and one measure of ale and one measure of corn—namely, the London quart;—and one width of dyed and russet and hauberk cloths—namely, two ells below the selvage..."
As of the 21st century, the International System is predominantly used in the world. There exist other unit systems which are used in many places such as the United States Customary System and the Imperial System. The United States is the only industrialized country that has not yet at least mostly converted to the metric system. The systematic effort to develop a universally acceptable system of units dates back to 1790 when the French National Assembly charged the French Academy of Sciences to come up such a unit system. This system was the precursor to the metric system which was quickly developed in France but did not take on universal acceptance until 1875 when The Metric Convention Treaty was signed by 17 nations. After this treaty was signed, a General Conference of Weights and Measures (CGPM) was established. The CGPM produced the current SI, which was adopted in 1954 at the 10th Conference of Weights and Measures. Currently, the United States is a dual-system society which uses both the SI and the US Customary system.
Systems of units
Main article: System of measurement
The use of a single unit of measurement for some quantity has obvious drawbacks. For example, it is impractical to use the same unit for the distance between two cities and the length of a needle. Thus, historically they would develop independently. One way to make large numbers or small fractions easier to read, is to use unit prefixes.
At some point in time though, the need to relate the two units might arise, and consequently the need to choose one unit as defining the other or vice versa. For example, an inch could be defined in terms of a barleycorn. A system of measurement is a collection of units of measurement and rules relating them to each other.
As science progressed, a need arose to relate the measurement systems of different quantities, like length and weight and volume. The effort of attempting to relate different traditional systems between each other exposed many inconsistencies, and brought about the development of new units and systems.
Systems of units vary from country to country. Some of the different systems include the centimetre–gram–second, foot–pound–second, metre–kilogram–second systems, and the International System of Units, SI. Among the different systems of units used in the world, the most widely used and internationally accepted one is SI. The base SI units are the second, metre, kilogram, ampere, kelvin, mole and candela; all other SI units are derived from these base units.: 132
Systems of measurement in modern use include the metric system, the imperial system, and United States customary units.
Traditional systems
Historically many of the systems of measurement which had been in use were to some extent based on the dimensions of the human body. Such units, which may be called anthropic units, include the cubit, based on the length of the forearm; the pace, based on the length of a stride; and the foot and hand. As a result, units of measure could vary not only from location to location but from person to person. Units not based on the human body could be based on agriculture, as is the case with the furlong and the acre, both based on the amount of land able to be worked by a team of oxen.
Metric systems
Main article: International System of Units
Metric systems of units have evolved since the adoption of the original metric system in France in 1791. The current international standard metric system is the International System of Units (abbreviated to SI). An important feature of modern systems is standardization. Each unit has a universally recognized size.
An example of metrication in 1860 when Tuscany became part of modern Italy (ex. one "libbra" = 339.54 grams)
Both the imperial units and US customary units derive from earlier English units. Imperial units were mostly used in the British Commonwealth and the former British Empire. US customary units are still the main system of measurement used in the United States outside of science, medicine, many sectors of industry, and some of government and military, and despite Congress having legally authorised metric measure on 28 July 1866. Some steps towards US metrication have been made, particularly the redefinition of basic US and imperial units to derive exactly from SI units. Since the international yard and pound agreement of 1959 the US and imperial inch is now defined as exactly 0.0254 m, and the US and imperial avoirdupois pound is now defined as exactly 0.45359237 kg.
Natural systems
Main article: Natural units
While the above systems of units are based on arbitrary unit values, formalised as standards, natural units in physics are based on physical principle or are selected to make physical equations easier to work with. For example, atomic units (au) were designed to simplify the wave equation in atomic physics.
Some unusual and non-standard units may be encountered in sciences. These may include the solar mass (2×1030 kg), the megaton (the energy released by detonating one million tons of trinitrotoluene, TNT) and the electronvolt.
Legal control of weights and measures
To reduce the incidence of retail fraud, many national statutes have standard definitions of weights and measures that may be used (hence "statute measure"), and these are verified by legal officers.
Informal comparison to familiar concepts
Main article: List of unusual units of measurement
In informal settings, a quantity may be described as multiples of that of a familiar entity, which can be easier to contextualize than a value in a formal unit system. For instance, a publication may describe an area in a foreign country as a number of multiples of the area of a region local to the readership. The propensity for certain concepts to be used frequently can give rise to loosely defined "systems" of units.
Base and derived units
Main article: Base unit of measurement
For most quantities a unit is necessary to communicate values of that physical quantity. For example, conveying to someone a particular length without using some sort of unit is impossible, because a length cannot be described without a reference used to make sense of the value given.
But not all quantities require a unit of their own. Using physical laws, units of quantities can be expressed as combinations of units of other quantities. Thus only a small set of units is required. These units are taken as the base units and the other units are derived units. Thus base units are the units of the quantities which are independent of other quantities and they are the units of length, mass, time, electric current, temperature, luminous intensity and the amount of substance. Derived units are the units of the quantities which are derived from the base quantities and some of the derived units are the units of speed, work, acceleration, energy, pressure etc.
Different systems of units are based on different choices of a set of related units including fundamental and derived units.
Physical quantity components
This section is an excerpt from Physical quantity § Components.
Following ISO 80000-1, any value or magnitude of a physical quantity is expressed as a comparison to a unit of that quantity. The value of a physical quantity Z is expressed as the product of a numerical value {Z} (a pure number) and a unit :
Z
=
{
Z
}
×
[
Z
]
{\displaystyle Z=\{Z\}\times }
For example, let
Z
{\displaystyle Z}
be "2 metres"; then,
{
Z
}
=
2
{\displaystyle \{Z\}=2}
is the numerical value and
[
Z
]
=
m
e
t
r
e
{\displaystyle =\mathrm {metre} }
is the unit.
Conversely, the numerical value expressed in an arbitrary unit can be obtained as:
{
Z
}
=
Z
/
[
Z
]
{\displaystyle \{Z\}=Z/}
The multiplication sign is usually left out, just as it is left out between variables in the scientific notation of formulas. The convention used to express quantities is referred to as quantity calculus. In formulas, the unit can be treated as if it were a specific magnitude of a kind of physical dimension: see Dimensional analysis for more on this treatment.
Dimensional homogeneity
Main article: Dimensional homogeneity
Units can only be added or subtracted if they are the same type; however units can always be multiplied or divided, as George Gamow used to explain. Let
Z
{\displaystyle Z}
be "2 metres" and
W
{\displaystyle W}
"3 seconds", then
2
m
e
t
r
e
s
×
3
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
=
{
Z
}
{
W
}
×
[
Z
]
[
W
]
=
6
m
e
t
r
e
s
×
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
{\displaystyle 2\,\mathrm {metres} \times 3\,\mathrm {seconds} =\{Z\}\{W\}\times =6\,\mathrm {metres} \times \mathrm {seconds} }
.
There are certain rules that apply to units:
Only like terms may be added. When a unit is divided by itself, the division yields a unitless one. When two different units are multiplied or divided, the result is a new unit, referred to by the combination of the units. For instance, in SI, the unit of speed is metre per second (m/s). See dimensional analysis. A unit can be multiplied by itself, creating a unit with an exponent (e.g. m2/s2). Put simply, units obey the laws of indices. (See Exponentiation.)
Some units have special names, however these should be treated like their equivalents. For example, one newton (N) is equivalent to 1 kg⋅m/s2. Thus a quantity may have several unit designations, for example: the unit for surface tension can be referred to as either N/m (newton per metre) or kg/s2 (kilogram per second squared).
Converting units of measurement
This section is an excerpt from Conversion of units.
Conversion of units is the conversion of the unit of measurement in which a quantity is expressed, typically through a multiplicative conversion factor that changes the unit without changing the quantity. This is also often loosely taken to include replacement of a quantity with a corresponding quantity that describes the same physical property.
Unit conversion is often easier within a metric system such as the SI than in others, due to the system's coherence and its metric prefixes that act as power-of-10 multipliers.
Real-world implications
One example of the importance of agreed units is the failure of the NASA Mars Climate Orbiter, which was accidentally destroyed on a mission to Mars in September 1999 instead of entering orbit due to miscommunications about the value of forces: different computer programs used different units of measurement (newton versus pound force). Considerable amounts of effort, time, and money were wasted.
On 15 April 1999, Korean Air cargo flight 6316 from Shanghai to Seoul was lost due to the crew confusing tower instructions (in metres) and altimeter readings (in feet). Three crew and five people on the ground were killed. Thirty-seven were injured.
In 1983, a Boeing 767 (which thanks to its pilot's gliding skills landed safely and became known as the Gimli Glider) ran out of fuel in mid-flight because of two mistakes in figuring the fuel supply of Air Canada's first aircraft to use metric measurements. This accident was the result of both confusion due to the simultaneous use of metric and Imperial measures and confusion of mass and volume measures.
When planning his journey across the Atlantic Ocean in the 1480s, Columbus mistakenly assumed that the mile referred to in the Arabic estimate of 56+2/3 miles for the size of a degree was the same as the actually much shorter Italian mile of 1,480 metres. His estimate for the size of the degree and for the circumference of the Earth was therefore about 25% too small.: 1 : 17
See also
Main article: Outline of metrology and measurement
Dimensional metrology
Forensic metrology
Smart Metrology
Time metrology
Quantum metrology
GNU Units
List of humorous units of measurement
List of obsolete units of measurement
List of unusual units of measurement
Measure word
List of metric units
Numerical-value equation
Scottish units
Seconds pendulum
Space (punctuation)#Unit symbols and numbers
System of measurement
Unified Code for Units of Measure
United States customary units
Unit of account
Units of information
Notes
Explanatory notes
Citations
^ "measurement unit". International Vocabulary of Metrology – Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM) (PDF) (in English and French) (3rd ed.). Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology. 2008. pp. 6–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2011..
^ "Units of Measurement". www.ibiblio.org.
^ https://amasty.com/blog/uom-inventory/
^ "1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units | Texas Gateway". www.texasgateway.org.
^ Giunta, Carmen J. (2023). The Metric System and the United States. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 69–78. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28436-6_6. ISBN 978-3-031-28435-9.
^ Yunus A. Çengel; Michael A. Boles (2002). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (Eighth ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 996. ISBN 9780073398174.
^ Dodd, Richard (2012). Using SI Units in Astronomy. Cambridge University Press. p. 246. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139019798. ISBN 9780521769174.
^ a b "Measurement in Physics & SI units of Measurement". HelpYouBetter. 15 November 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
^
"9th edition of the SI Brochure". BIPM. 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
^
"US Metric Act of 1866". Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. as amended by Public Law 110–69 dated 9 August 2007
^ "NIST Handbook 44 Appendix B". National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2002. Archived from the original on 13 February 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2007.
^ Hartree, D. R. (1928). "The Wave Mechanics of an Atom with a Non-Coulomb Central Field. Part I. Theory and Methods". Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Vol. 24, no. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 89–110. Bibcode:1928PCPS...24...89H. doi:10.1017/S0305004100011919.
^ Marsh, David (17 May 2010). "Mind your language: Wales, Belgium and other units of measurement". the Guardian. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
^ "Size of Wales". The Economist. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
^ "ISO 80000-1:2009(en) Quantities and units — Part 1: General". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
^
"Unit Mixups". US Metric Association. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010.
^
"Mars Climate Orbiter Mishap Investigation Board Phase I Report" (PDF). NASA. 10 November 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2011.
^
"Korean Air Flight 6316" (Press release). NTSB. Archived from the original on 6 October 2006.
^
"Korean Air incident". Aviation Safety Net. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013.
^
Witkin, Richard (30 July 1983). "Jet's Fuel Ran Out After Metric Conversion Errors". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 August 2007. Air Canada said yesterday that its Boeing 767 jet ran out of fuel in mid-flight last week because of two mistakes in figuring the fuel supply of the airline's first aircraft to use metric measurements. After both engines lost their power, the pilots made what is now thought to be the first successful emergency dead stick landing of a commercial jetliner.
^ Nunn, George Emra. "The geographical conceptions of Columbus: a critical consideration of four problems". No. 14. New York: American Geographical Society, 1924.1–217-18
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Units of measure.
Rowlett, Russ (2018) How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement
NIST Handbook 44, Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices
Official SI website
Quantity System Framework – Quantity System Library and Calculator for Units Conversions and Quantities predictions
List of units with selected conversion factors
Historical
"Arithmetic Conventions for Conversion Between Roman and Egyptian Measurement" is a manuscript from 1642, in Arabic, which is about units of measurement.
"Weights and Measures" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
Legal
Ireland – Metrology Act 1996
Text of the Units of Measurement Regulations 1995 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk.
Metric information
BIPM (official site)
The Unified Code for Units of Measure (UCUM)
vteSystems of measurementCurrentGeneral
International System of Units (SI)
UK imperial system
US customary units (USCS/USC)
Chinese
Hong Kong
Specific
Apothecaries'
Avoirdupois
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2 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Level of measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_of_measurement"},{"link_name":"Unit of measure (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_measure_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Weights and measures (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weights_and_measures_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weights_and_Measures_office.jpg"},{"link_name":"Seven Sisters, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Sisters,_London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unit%C3%A0_di_misura_-_Palazzo_della_Ragione_-_Padova.jpg"},{"link_name":"Palazzo della Ragione, Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_della_Ragione,_Padua"},{"link_name":"magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"quantity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantity"},{"link_name":"measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement"},{"link_name":"kind of quantity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kind_of_quantity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length"},{"link_name":"physical quantity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_quantity"},{"link_name":"metre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"},{"link_name":"systems of units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_measurement"},{"link_name":"International System of Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units"},{"link_name":"metric system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_system"},{"link_name":"International Bureau of Weights and Measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures"},{"link_name":"inventory management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventory_management_software"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Metrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrology"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement"},{"link_name":"Reproducibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducibility"},{"link_name":"scientific method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science"},{"link_name":"medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"problem solving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solving"},{"link_name":"dimensional analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_analysis"},{"link_name":"social sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciences"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Level of measurement.\"Unit of measure\" redirects here. For other uses, see Unit of measure (disambiguation).\"Weights and measures\" redirects here. For other uses, see Weights and measures (disambiguation).The former Weights and Measures office in Seven Sisters, LondonUnits of measurement, Palazzo della Ragione, PaduaA unit of measurement, or unit of measure, is a definite magnitude of a quantity, defined and adopted by convention or by law, that is used as a standard for measurement of the same kind of quantity.[1] Any other quantity of that kind can be expressed as a multiple of the unit of measurement.[2]For example, a length is a physical quantity. The metre (symbol m) is a unit of length that represents a definite predetermined length. For instance, when referencing \"10 metres\" (or 10 m), what is actually meant is 10 times the definite predetermined length called \"metre\".The definition, agreement, and practical use of units of measurement have played a crucial role in human endeavour from early ages up to the present. A multitude of systems of units used to be very common. Now there is a global standard, the International System of Units (SI), the modern form of the metric system.In trade, weights and measures are often a subject of governmental regulation, to ensure fairness and transparency. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) is tasked with ensuring worldwide uniformity of measurements and their traceability to the International System of Units (SI).In inventory management, 'units of measure' help to ensure accurate tracking, management, and reporting of stock. An inventory UoM defines the quantity of a product or material in terms of standardized units, facilitating consistency and clarity in inventory processes.[3]Metrology is the science of developing nationally and internationally accepted units of measurement.In physics and metrology, units are standards for measurement of physical quantities that need clear definitions to be useful. Reproducibility of experimental results is central to the scientific method. A standard system of units facilitates this. Scientific systems of units are a refinement of the concept of weights and measures historically developed for commercial purposes.[4]Science, medicine, and engineering often use larger and smaller units of measurement than those used in everyday life. The judicious selection of the units of measurement can aid researchers in problem solving (see, for example, dimensional analysis).In the social sciences, there are no standard units of measurement.","title":"Unit of measurement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"System of units of measurement § History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_units_of_measurement#History"},{"link_name":"History of measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_measurement"},{"link_name":"quantity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantity"},{"link_name":"4th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_millennium_BC"},{"link_name":"3rd millennia BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Indus Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation"},{"link_name":"Elam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Magna Carta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta"},{"link_name":"King John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"General Conference of Weights and Measures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Using_SI_Units_in_Astronomy-7"}],"text":"See also: System of units of measurement § HistoryFurther information: History of measurementA unit of measurement is a standardized quantity of a physical property, used as a factor to express occurring quantities of that property. Units of measurement were among the earliest tools invented by humans. Primitive societies needed rudimentary measures for many tasks: constructing dwellings of an appropriate size and shape, fashioning clothing, or bartering food or raw materials.The earliest known uniform systems of measurement seem to have all been created sometime in the 4th and 3rd millennia BC among the ancient peoples of Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Indus Valley, and perhaps also Elam in Persia as well.Weights and measures are mentioned in the Bible (Leviticus 19:35–36). It is a commandment to be honest and have fair measures.In the Magna Carta of 1215 (The Great Charter) with the seal of King John, put before him by the Barons of England, King John agreed in Clause 35 \"There shall be one measure of wine throughout our whole realm, and one measure of ale and one measure of corn—namely, the London quart;—and one width of dyed and russet and hauberk cloths—namely, two ells below the selvage...\"As of the 21st century, the International System is predominantly used in the world. There exist other unit systems which are used in many places such as the United States Customary System and the Imperial System. The United States is the only industrialized country that has not yet at least mostly converted to the metric system.[5] The systematic effort to develop a universally acceptable system of units dates back to 1790 when the French National Assembly charged the French Academy of Sciences to come up such a unit system. This system was the precursor to the metric system which was quickly developed in France but did not take on universal acceptance until 1875 when The Metric Convention Treaty was signed by 17 nations. After this treaty was signed, a General Conference of Weights and Measures (CGPM) was established. The CGPM produced the current SI, which was adopted in 1954 at the 10th Conference of Weights and Measures. Currently, the United States is a dual-system society which uses both the SI and the US Customary system.[6][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unit prefixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_prefixes"},{"link_name":"inch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch"},{"link_name":"barleycorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barleycorn_(unit)"},{"link_name":"science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science"},{"link_name":"centimetre–gram–second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units"},{"link_name":"foot–pound–second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot%E2%80%93pound%E2%80%93second_system_of_units"},{"link_name":"metre–kilogram–second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MKS_system_of_units"},{"link_name":"International System of Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units"},{"link_name":"base SI units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_base_unit"},{"link_name":"other SI units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_derived_unit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brochure9_2019-9"},{"link_name":"metric system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_system"},{"link_name":"imperial system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_system"},{"link_name":"United States customary units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_customary_units"}],"text":"The use of a single unit of measurement for some quantity has obvious drawbacks. For example, it is impractical to use the same unit for the distance between two cities and the length of a needle. Thus, historically they would develop independently. One way to make large numbers or small fractions easier to read, is to use unit prefixes.At some point in time though, the need to relate the two units might arise, and consequently the need to choose one unit as defining the other or vice versa. For example, an inch could be defined in terms of a barleycorn. A system of measurement is a collection of units of measurement and rules relating them to each other.As science progressed, a need arose to relate the measurement systems of different quantities, like length and weight and volume. The effort of attempting to relate different traditional systems between each other exposed many inconsistencies, and brought about the development of new units and systems.Systems of units vary from country to country. Some of the different systems include the centimetre–gram–second, foot–pound–second, metre–kilogram–second systems, and the International System of Units, SI. Among the different systems of units used in the world, the most widely used and internationally accepted one is SI. The base SI units are the second, metre, kilogram, ampere, kelvin, mole and candela; all other SI units are derived from these base units.[8][9]: 132Systems of measurement in modern use include the metric system, the imperial system, and United States customary units.","title":"Systems of units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anthropic units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic_units"},{"link_name":"cubit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubit"},{"link_name":"pace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pace_(unit)"},{"link_name":"foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_(unit)"},{"link_name":"furlong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furlong"},{"link_name":"acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre"},{"link_name":"oxen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxen"}],"sub_title":"Traditional systems","text":"Historically many of the systems of measurement which had been in use were to some extent based on the dimensions of the human body. Such units, which may be called anthropic units, include the cubit, based on the length of the forearm; the pace, based on the length of a stride; and the foot and hand. As a result, units of measure could vary not only from location to location but from person to person. Units not based on the human body could be based on agriculture, as is the case with the furlong and the acre, both based on the amount of land able to be worked by a team of oxen.","title":"Systems of units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metric systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_system"},{"link_name":"evolved since the adoption of the original metric system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_metric_system"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"International System of Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI"},{"link_name":"standardization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tabella_conversione_metrica_1860_MG_7771.jpg"},{"link_name":"metrication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrication"},{"link_name":"imperial units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_units"},{"link_name":"US customary units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_customary_units"},{"link_name":"English units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_unit"},{"link_name":"British Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"metrication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrication"},{"link_name":"international yard and pound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_yard_and_pound"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre"},{"link_name":"kg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Metric systems","text":"Metric systems of units have evolved since the adoption of the original metric system in France in 1791. The current international standard metric system is the International System of Units (abbreviated to SI). An important feature of modern systems is standardization. Each unit has a universally recognized size.An example of metrication in 1860 when Tuscany became part of modern Italy (ex. one \"libbra\" = 339.54 grams)Both the imperial units and US customary units derive from earlier English units. Imperial units were mostly used in the British Commonwealth and the former British Empire. US customary units are still the main system of measurement used in the United States outside of science, medicine, many sectors of industry, and some of government and military, and despite Congress having legally authorised metric measure on 28 July 1866.[10] Some steps towards US metrication have been made, particularly the redefinition of basic US and imperial units to derive exactly from SI units. Since the international yard and pound agreement of 1959 the US and imperial inch is now defined as exactly 0.0254 m, and the US and imperial avoirdupois pound is now defined as exactly 0.45359237 kg.[11]","title":"Systems of units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"natural units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_units"},{"link_name":"atomic units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_units"},{"link_name":"atomic physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_physics"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hartree28-12"},{"link_name":"unusual and non-standard units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unusual_units_of_measurement"},{"link_name":"solar mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_mass"},{"link_name":"megaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_equivalent"},{"link_name":"trinitrotoluene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitrotoluene"},{"link_name":"electronvolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronvolt"}],"sub_title":"Natural systems","text":"While the above systems of units are based on arbitrary unit values, formalised as standards, natural units in physics are based on physical principle or are selected to make physical equations easier to work with. For example, atomic units (au) were designed to simplify the wave equation in atomic physics.[12]Some unusual and non-standard units may be encountered in sciences. These may include the solar mass (2×1030 kg), the megaton (the energy released by detonating one million tons of trinitrotoluene, TNT) and the electronvolt.","title":"Systems of units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"statutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutes"},{"link_name":"statute measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_measure"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Legal control of weights and measures","text":"To reduce the incidence of retail fraud, many national statutes have standard definitions of weights and measures that may be used (hence \"statute measure\"), and these are verified by legal officers.[citation needed]","title":"Systems of units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Informal comparison to familiar concepts","text":"In informal settings, a quantity may be described as multiples of that of a familiar entity, which can be easier to contextualize than a value in a formal unit system. For instance, a publication may describe an area in a foreign country as a number of multiples of the area of a region local to the readership. The propensity for certain concepts to be used frequently can give rise to loosely defined \"systems\" of units.[13][14]","title":"Systems of units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"For most quantities a unit is necessary to communicate values of that physical quantity. For example, conveying to someone a particular length without using some sort of unit is impossible, because a length cannot be described without a reference used to make sense of the value given.But not all quantities require a unit of their own. Using physical laws, units of quantities can be expressed as combinations of units of other quantities. Thus only a small set of units is required. These units are taken as the base units and the other units are derived units. Thus base units are the units of the quantities which are independent of other quantities and they are the units of length, mass, time, electric current, temperature, luminous intensity and the amount of substance. Derived units are the units of the quantities which are derived from the base quantities and some of the derived units are the units of speed, work, acceleration, energy, pressure etc.[8]Different systems of units are based on different choices of a set of related units including fundamental and derived units.","title":"Base and derived units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Physical quantity § Components","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_quantity#Components"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physical_quantity&action=edit#Components"},{"link_name":"ISO 80000-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_80000-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Physical_quantity_ISO_80000-1-15"},{"link_name":"magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"quantity calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantity_calculus"},{"link_name":"dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension"},{"link_name":"Dimensional analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_analysis"}],"text":"This section is an excerpt from Physical quantity § Components.[edit]\nFollowing ISO 80000-1,[15] any value or magnitude of a physical quantity is expressed as a comparison to a unit of that quantity. The value of a physical quantity Z is expressed as the product of a numerical value {Z} (a pure number) and a unit [Z]:\n\n\n \n \n \n Z\n =\n {\n Z\n }\n ×\n [\n Z\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z=\\{Z\\}\\times [Z]}\n \n\nFor example, let \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z}\n \n be \"2 metres\"; then, \n \n \n \n {\n Z\n }\n =\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{Z\\}=2}\n \n is the numerical value and \n \n \n \n [\n Z\n ]\n =\n \n m\n e\n t\n r\n e\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle [Z]=\\mathrm {metre} }\n \n is the unit.\nConversely, the numerical value expressed in an arbitrary unit can be obtained as:\n\n\n \n \n \n {\n Z\n }\n =\n Z\n \n /\n \n [\n Z\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{Z\\}=Z/[Z]}\n \n\nThe multiplication sign is usually left out, just as it is left out between variables in the scientific notation of formulas. The convention used to express quantities is referred to as quantity calculus. In formulas, the unit [Z] can be treated as if it were a specific magnitude of a kind of physical dimension: see Dimensional analysis for more on this treatment.","title":"Physical quantity components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Gamow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gamow"},{"link_name":"dimensional analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_analysis"},{"link_name":"Exponentiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation"},{"link_name":"surface tension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tension"}],"text":"Units can only be added or subtracted if they are the same type; however units can always be multiplied or divided, as George Gamow used to explain. Let \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Z}\n \n be \"2 metres\" and \n \n \n \n W\n \n \n {\\displaystyle W}\n \n \"3 seconds\", then2\n \n \n m\n e\n t\n r\n e\n s\n \n ×\n 3\n \n \n s\n e\n c\n o\n n\n d\n s\n \n =\n {\n Z\n }\n {\n W\n }\n ×\n [\n Z\n ]\n [\n W\n ]\n =\n 6\n \n \n m\n e\n t\n r\n e\n s\n \n ×\n \n s\n e\n c\n o\n n\n d\n s\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2\\,\\mathrm {metres} \\times 3\\,\\mathrm {seconds} =\\{Z\\}\\{W\\}\\times [Z][W]=6\\,\\mathrm {metres} \\times \\mathrm {seconds} }\n \n.There are certain rules that apply to units:Only like terms may be added. When a unit is divided by itself, the division yields a unitless one. When two different units are multiplied or divided, the result is a new unit, referred to by the combination of the units. For instance, in SI, the unit of speed is metre per second (m/s). See dimensional analysis. A unit can be multiplied by itself, creating a unit with an exponent (e.g. m2/s2). Put simply, units obey the laws of indices. (See Exponentiation.)\nSome units have special names, however these should be treated like their equivalents. For example, one newton (N) is equivalent to 1 kg⋅m/s2. Thus a quantity may have several unit designations, for example: the unit for surface tension can be referred to as either N/m (newton per metre) or kg/s2 (kilogram per second squared).","title":"Dimensional homogeneity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conversion of units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_units"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_units&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Conversion of units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_units"},{"link_name":"quantity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantity"},{"link_name":"metric system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_system"},{"link_name":"SI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units"},{"link_name":"coherence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherence_(units_of_measurement)"},{"link_name":"metric prefixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix"}],"text":"This section is an excerpt from Conversion of units.[edit]\nConversion of units is the conversion of the unit of measurement in which a quantity is expressed, typically through a multiplicative conversion factor that changes the unit without changing the quantity. This is also often loosely taken to include replacement of a quantity with a corresponding quantity that describes the same physical property.\n\nUnit conversion is often easier within a metric system such as the SI than in others, due to the system's coherence and its metric prefixes that act as power-of-10 multipliers.","title":"Converting units of measurement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Mars Climate Orbiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter"},{"link_name":"newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_(unit)"},{"link_name":"pound force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_force"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mixups-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Korean Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air"},{"link_name":"flight 6316","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Cargo_Flight_6316"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Gimli Glider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimli_Glider"},{"link_name":"Air Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Canada"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus"},{"link_name":"mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile"},{"link_name":"degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_(angle)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"One example of the importance of agreed units is the failure of the NASA Mars Climate Orbiter, which was accidentally destroyed on a mission to Mars in September 1999 instead of entering orbit due to miscommunications about the value of forces: different computer programs used different units of measurement (newton versus pound force). Considerable amounts of effort, time, and money were wasted.[16][17]On 15 April 1999, Korean Air cargo flight 6316 from Shanghai to Seoul was lost due to the crew confusing tower instructions (in metres) and altimeter readings (in feet). Three crew and five people on the ground were killed. Thirty-seven were injured.[18][19]In 1983, a Boeing 767 (which thanks to its pilot's gliding skills landed safely and became known as the Gimli Glider) ran out of fuel in mid-flight because of two mistakes in figuring the fuel supply of Air Canada's first aircraft to use metric measurements.[20] This accident was the result of both confusion due to the simultaneous use of metric and Imperial measures and confusion of mass and volume measures.When planning his journey across the Atlantic Ocean in the 1480s, Columbus mistakenly assumed that the mile referred to in the Arabic estimate of 56+2/3 miles for the size of a degree was the same as the actually much shorter Italian mile of 1,480 metres. His estimate for the size of the degree and for the circumference of the Earth was therefore about 25% too small.[21]: 1 : 17","title":"Real-world implications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Explanatory notes","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"International Vocabulary of Metrology – Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110607012159/http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_200_2008.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_200_2008.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Units of Measurement\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ibiblio.org/units/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"https://amasty.com/blog/uom-inventory/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//amasty.com/blog/uom-inventory/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units | Texas Gateway\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.texasgateway.org/resource/13-language-physics-physical-quantities-and-units"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"The Metric System and the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-28436-6_6"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/978-3-031-28436-6_6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-28436-6_6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-031-28435-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-28435-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780073398174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780073398174"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Using_SI_Units_in_Astronomy_7-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/CBO9781139019798","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139019798"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780521769174","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521769174"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_8-1"},{"link_name":"\"Measurement in Physics & SI units of Measurement\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.helpyoubetter.com/measurement-in-physics-and-si-units-of-measurement/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brochure9_2019_9-0"},{"link_name":"\"9th edition of the SI Brochure\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"US Metric Act of 1866\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141010211054/http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/laws/metric-act.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/laws/metric-act.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"NIST Handbook 44 Appendix B\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070213121133/http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/h44-04.cfm"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/h44-04.cfm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hartree28_12-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Wave Mechanics of an Atom with a Non-Coulomb Central Field. Part I. Theory and Methods\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?aid=1733252"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1928PCPS...24...89H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1928PCPS...24...89H"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0305004100011919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305004100011919"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Mind your language: Wales, Belgium and other units of measurement\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/media/mind-your-language/2010/may/17/mind-your-language-david-marsh"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Size of Wales\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.economist.com/johnson/2010/06/11/size-of-wales"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Physical_quantity_ISO_80000-1_15-0"},{"link_name":"\"ISO 80000-1:2009(en) Quantities and units — Part 1: General\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:80000:-1:ed-1:v1:en"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mixups_16-0"},{"link_name":"\"Unit Mixups\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100923105150/http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/unit-mixups.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/unit-mixups.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Mars Climate Orbiter Mishap Investigation Board Phase I Report\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110316070938/ftp://ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao/reports/1999/MCO_report.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgftp//ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao/reports/1999/MCO_report.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Korean Air Flight 6316\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ntsb.gov/pressrel/1999/990427.htm"},{"link_name":"NTSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSB"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20061006234603/https://www.ntsb.gov/Pressrel/1999/990427.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Korean Air incident\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19990415-0"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130731090810/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19990415-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Jet's Fuel Ran Out After Metric Conversion Errors\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F00F17F73B5D0C738FDDAE0894DB484D81"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"1–2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/geographicalconc00nunn#page/n14/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"17-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/geographicalconc00nunn#page/n14/mode/1up"}],"sub_title":"Citations","text":"^ \"measurement unit\". International Vocabulary of Metrology – Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM) (PDF) (in English and French) (3rd ed.). Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology. 2008. pp. 6–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2011..\n\n^ \"Units of Measurement\". www.ibiblio.org.\n\n^ https://amasty.com/blog/uom-inventory/\n\n^ \"1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units | Texas Gateway\". www.texasgateway.org.\n\n^ Giunta, Carmen J. (2023). The Metric System and the United States. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 69–78. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28436-6_6. ISBN 978-3-031-28435-9.\n\n^ Yunus A. Çengel; Michael A. Boles (2002). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (Eighth ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 996. ISBN 9780073398174.\n\n^ Dodd, Richard (2012). Using SI Units in Astronomy. Cambridge University Press. p. 246. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139019798. ISBN 9780521769174.\n\n^ a b \"Measurement in Physics & SI units of Measurement\". HelpYouBetter. 15 November 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2019.\n\n^ \n\"9th edition of the SI Brochure\". BIPM. 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019.\n\n^ \n\"US Metric Act of 1866\". Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. as amended by Public Law 110–69 dated 9 August 2007\n\n^ \"NIST Handbook 44 Appendix B\". National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2002. Archived from the original on 13 February 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2007.\n\n^ Hartree, D. R. (1928). \"The Wave Mechanics of an Atom with a Non-Coulomb Central Field. Part I. Theory and Methods\". Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Vol. 24, no. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 89–110. Bibcode:1928PCPS...24...89H. doi:10.1017/S0305004100011919.\n\n^ Marsh, David (17 May 2010). \"Mind your language: Wales, Belgium and other units of measurement\". the Guardian. Retrieved 30 August 2018.\n\n^ \"Size of Wales\". The Economist. Retrieved 30 August 2018.\n\n^ \"ISO 80000-1:2009(en) Quantities and units — Part 1: General\". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 12 May 2023.\n\n^ \n\"Unit Mixups\". US Metric Association. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010.\n\n^ \n\"Mars Climate Orbiter Mishap Investigation Board Phase I Report\" (PDF). NASA. 10 November 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2011.\n\n^ \n\"Korean Air Flight 6316\" (Press release). NTSB. Archived from the original on 6 October 2006.\n\n^ \n\"Korean Air incident\". Aviation Safety Net. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013.\n\n^ \nWitkin, Richard (30 July 1983). \"Jet's Fuel Ran Out After Metric Conversion Errors\". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 August 2007. Air Canada said yesterday that its Boeing 767 jet ran out of fuel in mid-flight last week because of two mistakes in figuring the fuel supply of the airline's first aircraft to use metric measurements. After both engines lost their power, the pilots made what is now thought to be the first successful emergency dead stick landing of a commercial jetliner.\n\n^ Nunn, George Emra. \"The geographical conceptions of Columbus: a critical consideration of four problems\". No. 14. New York: American Geographical Society, 1924.1–217-18","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"The former Weights and Measures office in Seven Sisters, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Weights_and_Measures_office.jpg/330px-Weights_and_Measures_office.jpg"},{"image_text":"Units of measurement, Palazzo della Ragione, Padua","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Unit%C3%A0_di_misura_-_Palazzo_della_Ragione_-_Padova.jpg/330px-Unit%C3%A0_di_misura_-_Palazzo_della_Ragione_-_Padova.jpg"},{"image_text":"An example of metrication in 1860 when Tuscany became part of modern Italy (ex. one \"libbra\" = 339.54 grams)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tabella_conversione_metrica_1860_MG_7771.jpg/220px-Tabella_conversione_metrica_1860_MG_7771.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Dimensional metrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_metrology"},{"title":"Forensic metrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_metrology"},{"title":"Smart Metrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Metrology"},{"title":"Time metrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_metrology"},{"title":"Quantum metrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_metrology"},{"title":"GNU Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Units"},{"title":"List of humorous units of measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_humorous_units_of_measurement"},{"title":"List of obsolete units of measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_obsolete_units_of_measurement"},{"title":"List of unusual units of measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unusual_units_of_measurement"},{"title":"Measure word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_word"},{"title":"List of metric units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metric_units"},{"title":"Numerical-value equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical-value_equation"},{"title":"Scottish units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_units"},{"title":"Seconds pendulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconds_pendulum"},{"title":"Space (punctuation)#Unit symbols and numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_(punctuation)#Unit_symbols_and_numbers"},{"title":"System of measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_measurement"},{"title":"Unified Code for Units of Measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Code_for_Units_of_Measure"},{"title":"United States customary units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_customary_units"},{"title":"Unit of account","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_account"},{"title":"Units of information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Units_of_information"}] | [{"reference":"\"measurement unit\". International Vocabulary of Metrology – Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM) (PDF) (in English and French) (3rd ed.). Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology. 2008. pp. 6–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607012159/http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_200_2008.pdf","url_text":"International Vocabulary of Metrology – Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM)"},{"url":"http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_200_2008.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Units of Measurement\". www.ibiblio.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibiblio.org/units/","url_text":"\"Units of Measurement\""}]},{"reference":"\"1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units | Texas Gateway\". www.texasgateway.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.texasgateway.org/resource/13-language-physics-physical-quantities-and-units","url_text":"\"1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units | Texas Gateway\""}]},{"reference":"Giunta, Carmen J. (2023). The Metric System and the United States. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 69–78. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-28436-6_6. ISBN 978-3-031-28435-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-28436-6_6","url_text":"The Metric System and the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-28436-6_6","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-031-28436-6_6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-28435-9","url_text":"978-3-031-28435-9"}]},{"reference":"Yunus A. Çengel; Michael A. Boles (2002). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (Eighth ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 996. ISBN 9780073398174.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780073398174","url_text":"9780073398174"}]},{"reference":"Dodd, Richard (2012). Using SI Units in Astronomy. Cambridge University Press. p. 246. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139019798. ISBN 9780521769174.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139019798","url_text":"10.1017/CBO9781139019798"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521769174","url_text":"9780521769174"}]},{"reference":"\"Measurement in Physics & SI units of Measurement\". HelpYouBetter. 15 November 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.helpyoubetter.com/measurement-in-physics-and-si-units-of-measurement/","url_text":"\"Measurement in Physics & SI units of Measurement\""}]},{"reference":"\"9th edition of the SI Brochure\". BIPM. 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure/","url_text":"\"9th edition of the SI Brochure\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Metric Act of 1866\". Archived from the original on 10 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141010211054/http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/laws/metric-act.html","url_text":"\"US Metric Act of 1866\""},{"url":"http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/laws/metric-act.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NIST Handbook 44 Appendix B\". National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2002. Archived from the original on 13 February 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070213121133/http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/h44-04.cfm","url_text":"\"NIST Handbook 44 Appendix B\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology","url_text":"National Institute of Standards and Technology"},{"url":"http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/h44-04.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hartree, D. R. (1928). \"The Wave Mechanics of an Atom with a Non-Coulomb Central Field. Part I. Theory and Methods\". Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Vol. 24, no. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 89–110. Bibcode:1928PCPS...24...89H. doi:10.1017/S0305004100011919.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?aid=1733252","url_text":"\"The Wave Mechanics of an Atom with a Non-Coulomb Central Field. Part I. Theory and Methods\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1928PCPS...24...89H","url_text":"1928PCPS...24...89H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305004100011919","url_text":"10.1017/S0305004100011919"}]},{"reference":"Marsh, David (17 May 2010). \"Mind your language: Wales, Belgium and other units of measurement\". the Guardian. Retrieved 30 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/mind-your-language/2010/may/17/mind-your-language-david-marsh","url_text":"\"Mind your language: Wales, Belgium and other units of measurement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Size of Wales\". The Economist. Retrieved 30 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/johnson/2010/06/11/size-of-wales","url_text":"\"Size of Wales\""}]},{"reference":"\"ISO 80000-1:2009(en) Quantities and units — Part 1: General\". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 12 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:80000:-1:ed-1:v1:en","url_text":"\"ISO 80000-1:2009(en) Quantities and units — Part 1: General\""}]},{"reference":"\"Unit Mixups\". US Metric Association. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100923105150/http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/unit-mixups.html","url_text":"\"Unit Mixups\""},{"url":"http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/unit-mixups.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mars Climate Orbiter Mishap Investigation Board Phase I Report\" (PDF). NASA. 10 November 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110316070938/ftp://ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao/reports/1999/MCO_report.pdf","url_text":"\"Mars Climate Orbiter Mishap Investigation Board Phase I Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgftp//ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao/reports/1999/MCO_report.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Korean Air Flight 6316\" (Press release). NTSB. Archived from the original on 6 October 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ntsb.gov/pressrel/1999/990427.htm","url_text":"\"Korean Air Flight 6316\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSB","url_text":"NTSB"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061006234603/https://www.ntsb.gov/Pressrel/1999/990427.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Korean Air incident\". Aviation Safety Net. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19990415-0","url_text":"\"Korean Air incident\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130731090810/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19990415-0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Witkin, Richard (30 July 1983). \"Jet's Fuel Ran Out After Metric Conversion Errors\". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 August 2007. Air Canada said yesterday that its Boeing 767 jet ran out of fuel in mid-flight last week because of two mistakes in figuring the fuel supply of the airline's first aircraft to use metric measurements. After both engines lost their power, the pilots made what is now thought to be the first successful emergency dead stick landing of a commercial jetliner.","urls":[{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F00F17F73B5D0C738FDDAE0894DB484D81","url_text":"\"Jet's Fuel Ran Out After Metric Conversion Errors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Weights and Measures\" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Weights_and_Measures","url_text":"\"Weights and Measures\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia","url_text":"New International Encyclopedia"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Unit+of+measurement%22","external_links_name":"\"Unit of measurement\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Unit+of+measurement%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Unit+of+measurement%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Unit+of+measurement%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Unit+of+measurement%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Unit+of+measurement%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physical_quantity&action=edit#Components","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conversion_of_units&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607012159/http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_200_2008.pdf","external_links_name":"International Vocabulary of Metrology – Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM)"},{"Link":"http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_200_2008.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ibiblio.org/units/","external_links_name":"\"Units of Measurement\""},{"Link":"https://amasty.com/blog/uom-inventory/","external_links_name":"https://amasty.com/blog/uom-inventory/"},{"Link":"https://www.texasgateway.org/resource/13-language-physics-physical-quantities-and-units","external_links_name":"\"1.3 The Language of Physics: Physical Quantities and Units | Texas Gateway\""},{"Link":"https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-28436-6_6","external_links_name":"The Metric System and the United States"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-28436-6_6","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-031-28436-6_6"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139019798","external_links_name":"10.1017/CBO9781139019798"},{"Link":"https://www.helpyoubetter.com/measurement-in-physics-and-si-units-of-measurement/","external_links_name":"\"Measurement in Physics & SI units of Measurement\""},{"Link":"https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure/","external_links_name":"\"9th edition of the SI Brochure\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141010211054/http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/laws/metric-act.html","external_links_name":"\"US Metric Act of 1866\""},{"Link":"http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/laws/metric-act.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070213121133/http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/h44-04.cfm","external_links_name":"\"NIST Handbook 44 Appendix B\""},{"Link":"http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/h44-04.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?aid=1733252","external_links_name":"\"The Wave Mechanics of an Atom with a Non-Coulomb Central Field. Part I. Theory and Methods\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1928PCPS...24...89H","external_links_name":"1928PCPS...24...89H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305004100011919","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0305004100011919"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/mind-your-language/2010/may/17/mind-your-language-david-marsh","external_links_name":"\"Mind your language: Wales, Belgium and other units of measurement\""},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/johnson/2010/06/11/size-of-wales","external_links_name":"\"Size of Wales\""},{"Link":"https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:80000:-1:ed-1:v1:en","external_links_name":"\"ISO 80000-1:2009(en) Quantities and units — Part 1: General\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100923105150/http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/unit-mixups.html","external_links_name":"\"Unit Mixups\""},{"Link":"http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/unit-mixups.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110316070938/ftp://ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao/reports/1999/MCO_report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mars Climate Orbiter Mishap Investigation Board Phase I Report\""},{"Link":"ftp://ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao/reports/1999/MCO_report.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ntsb.gov/pressrel/1999/990427.htm","external_links_name":"\"Korean Air Flight 6316\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061006234603/https://www.ntsb.gov/Pressrel/1999/990427.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19990415-0","external_links_name":"\"Korean Air incident\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130731090810/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19990415-0","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article?res=F00F17F73B5D0C738FDDAE0894DB484D81","external_links_name":"\"Jet's Fuel Ran Out After Metric Conversion Errors\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/geographicalconc00nunn#page/n14/mode/1up","external_links_name":"1–2"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/geographicalconc00nunn#page/n14/mode/1up","external_links_name":"17-18"},{"Link":"https://www.ibiblio.org/units/","external_links_name":"How Many? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Steam_Boiler | Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company | ["1 Early history","1.1 Steam Power and the Industrial Revolution","1.2 Polytechnic Club Addresses Issue of Boiler Explosions","2 References","3 External links"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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Hartford Steam BoilerCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryInsuranceFoundedJune 30, 1866; 157 years ago (1866-06-30)HeadquartersHartford, ConnecticutArea servedUnited StatesProductsEquipment insurance, Inspection servicesOwnerMunich ReSubsidiariesBoiler Inspection & Insurance Company of Canada andHSB Engineering Insurance Limited of the U.K.Websitemunichre.com/HSB/
The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company (HSB) is a global specialty insurer and reinsurer headquartered in Hartford, Connecticut. It was founded in 1866 and is the largest provider of equipment breakdown insurance and related inspection services in North America serving over five million commercial locations.
HSB subsidiaries include the Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company of Canada (BI&I), which is the largest insurer of equipment breakdown insurance in Canada, and HSB Engineering Insurance Limited of the U.K., which provides engineered lines coverages and inspection services to clients in the U.K., Ireland and other EU countries.
HSB is part of Munich Re, one of the world’s largest reinsurers. Munich Re completed its acquisition of HSB in April 2009.
Hartford Steam Boiler Group is rated A++ (Superior) by A.M. Best Company. On July 24, 2019, A.M. Best Co. affirmed the ratings of the Hartford Steam Boiler group and its member companies.
Hartford Steam Boiler (U.S.) provides equipment breakdown coverage through a network of brokers and agents and also through other insurance companies who partner with HSB and who include equipment breakdown as part of their insurance products for commercial lines and personal lines customers.
Equipment breakdown insurance, also known as “boiler and machinery,” covers physical and financial damage that results from an accidental equipment breakdown to a range of equipment, machinery and technology. Standard property coverages typically exclude perils of mechanical and electrical breakdown. Equipment breakdown coverage was originally designed for business and industry. In recent years, HSB has extended the product concept to the farm owners and homeowners markets.
The company also provides a range of other specialty insurance products including insurance for identity recovery, data compromise, employment practices liability and miscellaneous professional liability that it designs and distributes through other insurance companies in reinsurance service agreements.
Hartford Steam Boiler employs over 1,200 engineers, inspectors and technicians, which account for approximately 50 percent of its total workforce.
In March 2020, HSB announced a new logo and brand. The new autonomous HSB brand brings together HSB's three largest businesses - Hartford Steam Boiler in the US, the Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company of Canada (BI&I), and HSB Engineering Insurance in the UK - under one banner.
Early history
The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company was founded on June 30, 1866. The company was conceived at a time when catastrophic boiler explosions were common events, occurring about once every four days.
Steam Power and the Industrial Revolution
Up until the 1850s in the United States, a great deal of manufacturing was carried on by small plants located in rural areas. Water from streams and rivers was the source of power for equipment. However, water power had reached the limits of its industrial capacity. Manufacturers turned to steam boilers and engines. The industrial revolution was underway.
The advent of steam power created a new industrial hazard – disastrous boiler explosions. These tragedies occurred with increasing frequency with loss of life and property. Though the potential of steam power seemed infinite, controlling the power and safely harnessing it was crudely developed. As applications for steam power became more complex, the dangers became more acute.
In the fall of 1857, a group of young men interested in science and mechanics formed the Polytechnic Club of Hartford. Its original members were E.K. Root (Colt Foreman), E.M. Reed, H. Lord, C.B. Richards, C.F Howard, J.M. Allen, F.A. Pratt, A. Whitney, J.L. Blanchard, and J.A. Ayres. They discussed articles on Science and Mechanics. They proposed the "Guaranteed Steam Boiler Inspection," and with it, offered a guarantee against loss and property damage. The club was disbanded because of the Civil War and lack of interest. The idea was resurrected in 1866 under the direction of R.W. Jarvis (Colt Manager), C.M. Beach, G. Crompton, and H.H. Hayden Esq. The State of Connecticut granted a charter for Corporation in May 1866, and the Corporation was organized in November 1866 with E.C. Roberts as its first president. Soon after, Roberts stepped down, and J.M. Allen became its second president.
In 1919, the Hartford Steam Boiler Insurance and Inspection Company got tired of paying the claims on all those broken boilers, so they came up with the idea of this special piping configuration and mandated it for anyone who wanted insurance on their steam boiler. Before long, everyone was calling it the Hartford (or Underwriters) Loop. The Loop had a very positive impact on the industry, according to the records of boiler failures before and after 1919.
Polytechnic Club Addresses Issue of Boiler Explosions
During this time, a group of industrialists and business leaders in Hartford, Connecticut, formed a group to discuss technical and scientific issues of the day. This group, the Polytechnic Club, included Francis A. Pratt and Amos Whitney the founders of the Pratt & Whitney, and Elisha Root, president of Colt’s Patent Firearms Manufacturing Co., among others.
One of the founders of the Polytechnic Club was Jeremiah M. Allen, who would become president of The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company and the principal American figure to develop and apply the principle of combining boiler inspections with insurance.
References
^ "From think factory to solution provider (2009 to present) | Munich Re". www.munichre.com. Retrieved 2024-01-18.
^ "About HSB | HSB".
^ "HSB Launches New Brand Powered by Technology". Odessa American. Associated Press. Retrieved 2020-03-03.
^ "History | HSB".
^ Scientific American No. 398 page 100, August 18, 1883.
External links
Hartford Steam Boiler home page
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"insurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurer"},{"link_name":"reinsurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinsurance"},{"link_name":"Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Munich Re","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Re"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company (HSB) is a global specialty insurer and reinsurer headquartered in Hartford, Connecticut. It was founded in 1866 and is the largest provider of equipment breakdown insurance and related inspection services in North America serving over five million commercial locations.[citation needed]HSB subsidiaries include the Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company of Canada (BI&I), which is the largest insurer of equipment breakdown insurance in Canada, and HSB Engineering Insurance Limited of the U.K., which provides engineered lines coverages and inspection services to clients in the U.K., Ireland and other EU countries.HSB is part of Munich Re, one of the world’s largest reinsurers. Munich Re completed its acquisition of HSB in April 2009.[1]Hartford Steam Boiler Group is rated A++ (Superior) by A.M. Best Company. On July 24, 2019, A.M. Best Co. affirmed the ratings of the Hartford Steam Boiler group and its member companies.[citation needed]Hartford Steam Boiler (U.S.) provides equipment breakdown coverage through a network of brokers and agents and also through other insurance companies who partner with HSB and who include equipment breakdown as part of their insurance products for commercial lines and personal lines customers.Equipment breakdown insurance, also known as “boiler and machinery,” covers physical and financial damage that results from an accidental equipment breakdown to a range of equipment, machinery and technology. Standard property coverages typically exclude perils of mechanical and electrical breakdown. Equipment breakdown coverage was originally designed for business and industry. In recent years, HSB has extended the product concept to the farm owners and homeowners markets.The company also provides a range of other specialty insurance products including insurance for identity recovery, data compromise, employment practices liability and miscellaneous professional liability that it designs and distributes through other insurance companies in reinsurance service agreements.Hartford Steam Boiler employs over 1,200 engineers, inspectors and technicians,[2] which account for approximately 50 percent of its total workforce.In March 2020, HSB announced a new logo and brand. The new autonomous HSB brand brings together HSB's three largest businesses - Hartford Steam Boiler in the US, the Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company of Canada (BI&I), and HSB Engineering Insurance in the UK - under one banner.[3]","title":"Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company was founded on June 30, 1866. The company was conceived at a time when catastrophic boiler explosions were common events, occurring about once every four days.","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Steam Power and the Industrial Revolution","text":"Up until the 1850s in the United States, a great deal of manufacturing was carried on by small plants located in rural areas. Water from streams and rivers was the source of power for equipment. However, water power had reached the limits of its industrial capacity. Manufacturers turned to steam boilers and engines. The industrial revolution was underway.The advent of steam power created a new industrial hazard – disastrous boiler explosions. These tragedies occurred with increasing frequency with loss of life and property. Though the potential of steam power seemed infinite, controlling the power and safely harnessing it was crudely developed. As applications for steam power became more complex, the dangers became more acute.[4]\nIn the fall of 1857, a group of young men interested in science and mechanics formed the Polytechnic Club of Hartford. Its original members were E.K. Root (Colt Foreman), E.M. Reed, H. Lord, C.B. Richards, C.F Howard, J.M. Allen, F.A. Pratt, A. Whitney, J.L. Blanchard, and J.A. Ayres. They [5] discussed articles on Science and Mechanics. They proposed the \"Guaranteed Steam Boiler Inspection,\" and with it, offered a guarantee against loss and property damage. The club was disbanded because of the Civil War and lack of interest. The idea was resurrected in 1866 under the direction of R.W. Jarvis (Colt Manager), C.M. Beach, G. Crompton, and H.H. Hayden Esq. The State of Connecticut granted a charter for Corporation in May 1866, and the Corporation was organized in November 1866 with E.C. Roberts as its first president. Soon after, Roberts stepped down, and J.M. Allen became its second president.\nIn 1919, the Hartford Steam Boiler Insurance and Inspection Company got tired of paying the claims on all those broken boilers, so they came up with the idea of this special piping configuration and mandated it for anyone who wanted insurance on their steam boiler. Before long, everyone was calling it the Hartford (or Underwriters) Loop. The Loop had a very positive impact on the industry, according to the records of boiler failures before and after 1919.","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis A. Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_A._Pratt"},{"link_name":"Amos Whitney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Whitney"}],"sub_title":"Polytechnic Club Addresses Issue of Boiler Explosions","text":"During this time, a group of industrialists and business leaders in Hartford, Connecticut, formed a group to discuss technical and scientific issues of the day. This group, the Polytechnic Club, included Francis A. Pratt and Amos Whitney the founders of the Pratt & Whitney, and Elisha Root, president of Colt’s Patent Firearms Manufacturing Co., among others.One of the founders of the Polytechnic Club was Jeremiah M. Allen, who would become president of The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company and the principal American figure to develop and apply the principle of combining boiler inspections with insurance.","title":"Early history"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"From think factory to solution provider (2009 to present) | Munich Re\". www.munichre.com. Retrieved 2024-01-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.munichre.com/en/company/about-munich-re/group-history/from-think-factory-to-solution-provider-2009-to-present.html","url_text":"\"From think factory to solution provider (2009 to present) | Munich Re\""}]},{"reference":"\"About HSB | HSB\".","urls":[{"url":"http://hsb.com/HSBGroup/About_HSB.aspx","url_text":"\"About HSB | HSB\""}]},{"reference":"\"HSB Launches New Brand Powered by Technology\". Odessa American. Associated Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razor_blade | Razor | ["1 History","2 Straight razors","2.1 Disposable blade straight razors (known as shavettes)","3 Safety razors","3.1 Removable-blade razors","3.2 Cartridge razors","3.3 Disposable safety razors","3.4 Lifespan","4 Electric razors","5 Other razors","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Citations","7.2 Bibliography","8 External links"] | Device to remove body hair
For other uses, see Razor (disambiguation).
RazorA modern razor that uses replaceable blade cartridgesA rotary-style electric razorClassificationPersonal grooming deviceTypes
straight razor
single-edge safety razor
double-edge safety razor
cartridge razor
disposable razor
electric razor
Used withShaving cream, shaving brush, shaving soapRelatedElectric razor, straight razor
A razor is a bladed tool primarily used in the removal of body hair through the act of shaving. Kinds of razors include straight razors, safety razors, disposable razors, and electric razors.
While the razor has been in existence since before the Bronze Age (the oldest razor-like object has been dated to 18,000 BC), the most common types of razors currently used are the safety razor and the electric razor.
History
Bronze razor
Razors have been identified from many Bronze Age cultures. These were made of bronze or obsidian and were generally oval-shaped, with a small tang protruding from one of the short ends.
Various forms of razors were used throughout history, which were different in appearance but similar in use to modern straight razors. In prehistoric times clam shells, shark teeth, and flint were sharpened and used to shave with. Drawings of such blades were found in prehistoric caves. Some tribes still use blades made of flint to this day. Excavations in Egypt have unearthed solid gold and copper razors in tombs dating back to the 4th millennium BC. Razors were used and manufactured in Kerma during the Bronze Age. Several razors as well as other personal hygiene artifacts were recovered from Bronze Age burials in northern Europe and are believed to belong to high-status individuals. The Roman historian Livy reported that the razor was introduced in ancient Rome in the 6th century BC by the legendary king Lucius Tarquinius Priscus.
The first modern straight razor, complete with decorated handles and hollow ground blades, was constructed in Sheffield, in England; in the 18th and 19th centuries, England was considered to be the center of the cutlery industry. Benjamin Huntsman produced the first superior hard steel grade, through a special crucible process, suitable for use as blade material in 1740, though it was first rejected in England. Huntsman's process was adopted by the French sometime later; albeit reluctantly at first because of nationalist sentiments. English manufacturers were even more reluctant than the French to adopt the process and only did so after they saw its success in France. Sheffield steel (also called Sheffield silver steel) is a highly polished steel, famous for its deep gloss finish. It is considered to be of superior quality and is still used to this day in France by such manufacturers as Thiers Issard.
Razor (top) and nail cutter with bone handle (bottom) found in a grave of the Hallstatt culture.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the wealthy had servants to shave them or could visit barbershops. Daily shaving was not a widespread practice in the 19th century; some never shaved at all. The custom of everyday shaving among American men only began after World War I. Men were required to shave daily so their gas masks would fit properly. This became much easier with the introduction of the safety razor, which was standard issue during the war.
Razor made of bronze from the first Iron Age
Bronze razor with papyrus stem case, between 1425 and 1353 BC, New Kingdom of Egypt. Museo Egizio, Turin.
Straight razors were the most common form of shaving before the 20th century and remained common in many countries until the 1950s. Barbers were specially trained to give customers a thorough and quick shave, and a collection of straight razors ready for use was a common sight in most barbershops. Modern-day barbers still keep straight razors, but they use them less often.
Straight razors eventually fell out of fashion. Their first challenger was manufactured by King C. Gillette: a double-edged safety razor with replaceable blades. Gillette's idea was the use of the "loss leader" concept, in which the razors were sold at a loss, but the replacement blades earned a high margin and provided continuous sales. They were immensely successful because of advertising campaigns and slogans denigrating the straight razor's effectiveness and questioning its safety.
These new safety razors did not require any serious tutelage to use. The blades were extremely hard to sharpen, were meant to be thrown away after one use, and rusted quickly if not discarded. They also required a smaller initial investment, though they cost more over time. Despite its long-term advantages, the straight razor lost significant market share. As shaving became less intimidating and men began to shave themselves more, the demand for barbers providing straight razor shaves decreased.
A 1940s razor from the USA
In 1960, stainless steel blades which could be used more than once became available, reducing the cost of safety-razor shaving. The first such blades were made by the Wilkinson firm, famous maker of ceremonial swords, in Sheffield. Soon Gillette, Schick, and other manufacturers were making stainless steel blades.
These were followed by multiple-blade cartridges and disposable razors. For each type of replaceable blade, there is generally a disposable razor.
In the 1930s, electric razors became available. These can rival the cost of a good straight razor, although the whole straight-razor shaving kit can exceed the cost of even an expensive electric razor.
Straight razors
Further information: Straight razor
A straight razor on a leather strop
Straight razors with open steel blades, also commonly known as cut-throats, were the most commonly used razors before the 20th century.
Straight razors consist of a blade sharpened on one edge. The blade can be made of either stainless steel, which is slower to hone and strop, but it is easier to maintain since it does not stain easily, or high carbon steel, which hones and strops quickly and keeps its edge well, but rusts and stains easily if not cleaned and dried promptly. At present, stainless-steel razors are harder to find than carbon steel, but both remain in production.
The blade rotates on a pin through its tang between two protective pieces called scales: when folded into the scales, the blade is protected from damage, and the user is protected. Handle scales are made of various materials, including mother-of-pearl, celluloid, bone, plastic, and wood. Once made of ivory, this has been discontinued, although fossil ivory is used occasionally.
Disposable blade straight razors (known as shavettes)
These razors are similar in use and appearance to straight razors, but use disposable blades, either standard double-edged cut in half or specially made single edge. These shavettes are used in the same way as straight razors but do not require stropping and honing.
Safety razors
Main article: Safety razor
A straight razor with a comb guard and a disposable blade
The first step towards a safer-to-use razor was the guard razor – also called a straight safety razor – which added a protective guard to a regular straight razor. The first such razor was most likely invented by a French cutler Jean-Jacques Perret circa 1762. The invention was inspired by the joiner's plane and was essentially a straight razor with its blade surrounded by a wooden sleeve. The earliest razor guards had comb-like teeth and could only be attached to one side of a razor; a reversible guard was one of the first improvements made to guard razors.
An early description of a safety razor similar in form to the ones used today is found on William Samuel Henson's 1847 patent application for a comb tooth guard. This guard could be attached to a straight razor or to a razor "the cutting blade which is at right angles with the handle, and resembles somewhat the form of a common hoe."
Around 1875 a new design with a smaller blade placed on top of a handle was marketed by the Kampfe Brothers as "the best available shaving method on the market that won’t cut a user, like straight steel razors."
Removable-blade razors
A modern double-edge safety razor and blade
The term safety razor was first used in 1880 and described a basic razor with a handle attached to a head where a removable blade may be placed. The edge was then protected by a comb patterned on the head to protect the skin. In the more modern-day produced safety razors, the comb is now more commonly replaced by a safety bar. There are two types of safety razors, single-edged and double-edged. The single-edged razor is essentially a 4-centimetre (1.6 in) long segment of a straight razor. The double-edged safety razor is a razor with a slant bar that can be used on both sides, with two open edges. The blade on the double-edged safety razor is slightly curved to allow for a smoother and cleaner shave.
In 1901, the American inventor King Camp Gillette, with the assistance of William Nickerson, submitted a patent for a new variation of safety razor with disposable blades which was patented in 1904. One reason was that shaving with a safety razor should be safer and more convenient than shaving with a classic straight razor with a sharp blade. The thick grip of these safety razors can be reused. Gillette realized that a profit could be made by selling an inexpensive razor with disposable blades. This has been called the razor and blades business model, and has become a very common practice for a wide variety of products.
Many other brands of safety razors have come and gone. Much of the competition was based on designing blades that would fit only one style of razor until the blade shape was standardized by the inclusion of a multi-faceted central channel to the blade which would accommodate the various designs of blade securing systems; e.g., three pins, a slender metal bar, etc. Even today, these various securing forms still persist in their variety in DE razors, all accepting the same universal blade design.
Cartridge razors
A modern safety razor with an exchangeable cartridge
Exploiting the same razor and blades business model as pioneered in the early 20th century, cartridge razors were developed in the 1960s and are now the most common form of shaving in developed countries. Although designed to have a more ergonomic shape at both the handle and head (including commonly a pivoted head which keeps the blades angled to the skin at a predetermined angle through the shaving motion) the concept is very similar to that of the double edge razor. However, here the entire head assembly (known as a cartridge) is removed and disposed of, not just the blade. Also, it is common for these cartridge heads to have multiple razor blades set into them, commonly between two and five blades.
Disposable safety razors
A basic disposable razor
Disposable safety razors are highly similar in design to cartridge razors, constructed from inexpensive materials (most commonly injection molded polycarbonate), yet are meant to be wholly disposable after use with no blade sharpening or replacement possible. One device was invented in 1963 by American entertainer and inventor Paul Winchell.
Lifespan
Safety razor life may be extended by drying the blades after use.
Electric razors
Main article: Electric razor
Foil-type electric shaver
The electric razor (also known as an electric dry shaver) has a rotating or oscillating blade. Its use typically does not require the use of shaving cream, soap, or water. The razor may be powered by a small DC motor, which is either powered by batteries or mains electricity. Many modern-day models are powered using rechargeable batteries. Alternatively, some models use an electro-mechanical oscillator driven by an AC-energized solenoid. Some early mechanical shavers had no electric motor and had to be powered by hand.
The first electric razor was invented by John F. O’Rourke in 1898. Industrial production of electric razor machines started in 1937 by the US company Remington Rand based on the patent of Jacob Schick from 1928. Since 1939 the Dutch company Philips has produced electric razor machines. One of the main differences between electric razors is the shaving technology they use. Usually, electric shaving machines use several round rotating shaving blades or a horizontally shaver’s foil and cutter block technology.
Other razors
Manual beard clipper
Thick, rigid, single-edged razors such as utility knives are used for various hand-held tasks. Applications include detailed carpentry work like sanding and scraping (in a specialized holder), paper cutting for technical drawing, plumbing, and finish work such as grouting and cleaning, and removing paint from flat surfaces such as panes of glass. Unlike shaving razors, the industrial-grade blades used in these tools are usually made from non-stainless steel like carbon steel, and have a tougher and duller edge.
A lame is a razor used in bread production to slash the surface of an unbaked loaf.
See also
Hair clipper
Headblade
Razor blade steel
References
Citations
^ "Definition of RAZOR". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
^ Spielvogel, Jackson (2005). World History. New York: McGraw Hill. p. 25. ISBN 0-07-860702-7.
^ Warwickshire County Council: New Prehistoric Archaeology Objects "Even further away in time, during the Bronze Age, we now have evidence of people taking care of their appearance. This leaf-shaped bronze razor was found near Bidford on Avon and is one of only a few of this type of Bronze Age razor to be found in this country."
^ Bianchi, Robert Steven (2004). Daily Life of the Nubians. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-313-32501-4.
^ Kincade, Kaitlin, "The Razor's Edge: Constructing Male Identity in Bronze and Iron Age Northern Europe" (2014). Theses and Dissertations. Paper 500
^ a b razor Archived 2008-06-24 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopaedia Britannica online. Retrieved on 2012-09-14.
^ Frequently Asked Questions Answered – Even Before You Ask Them Straight Razor or Safety Razor? Archived 2011-07-08 at the Wayback Machine. classicshaving.com Retrieved on 2012-09-14.
^ howstuffworks: Why Men Shave Archived 2008-07-04 at the Wayback Machine: "Even with these developments, however, men preferred beards. Beware may result in loss of ear(s). This may be because shaving with a straight razor is a somewhat dangerous activity better left to a professional. Unless you live in a city and are wealthy, being able to find and afford a shaving professional is difficult. And so, all the way up to the 20th century, beards were fashionable and most men wore them. But during World War I in the United States, that all changed. DO NOT give to children under the age of 22. And there were two reasons for that change:..."
^ a b Kids Archived 2008-04-07 at the Wayback Machine. ohiokids.org. Retrieved on 2012-09-14.
^ Corey Greenberg (2005-01-30). How to get that perfect shave Archived 2009-10-15 at the Wayback Machine. msnbc.msn.com. Retrieved on 2012-09-14.
^ "Wilkinson Sword Heritage". Wilkinson Sword. Archived from the original on 2017-05-13. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
^ Hearst Magazines (July 1992). "Popular Mechanics". Popular Mechanics Magazine. Hearst Magazines: 68. ISSN 0032-4558.
^ a b Waits 2014, page 5 of the introduction.
^ a b Waits 2013, chapter one: THE CUTLER AND THE LACEMAKER.
^ Waits 2014, page 6 of the introduction.
^ "Patent No. 775134, K. C. Gillette Razor". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
^ "Patent for Safety Razor Issued November 15, 1904". Department of Commerce's United States Patent and Trademark Office. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
^ Paul Winchell invented the first disposable razor. Archived 2011-09-28 at the Wayback Machine. Mickey News (2004-01-08). Retrieved on 2012-09-14.
^ "Extending life of razor blades leaves users dry". Chicago Tribune. 2019-04-16. Retrieved 2019-05-14.
^ "Patent No. 616554, J. F. O'Rourke Razor". European Patent Office. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
^ "Patent No.: 1757978, J. Schick Shaving Machine". European Patent Office. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
^ "Patentschrift Nr. 948393, Alexandre Horowitz und Alexis van Dam: Schneidplatte einer Haarschneidemaschine, Philips Patentverwaltung G.m.b.H., Hamburg". European Patent Office. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
^ "Patent des Monats Januar: Der Rasierer". RWTH Aachen University. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
Bibliography
Waits, Robert K. (2014). A Safety Razor Compendium: The Book. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-312-29353-3.
Waits, Robert K. (2013). Before Gillette: The Quest for a Safe Razor. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-257-21602-4.
External links
Look up razor in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Media related to Razors at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of razor at Wiktionary
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Hair fetishism | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Razor (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razor_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"bladed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade"},{"link_name":"tool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool"},{"link_name":"body hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_hair"},{"link_name":"shaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaving"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"straight razors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_razors"},{"link_name":"safety razors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_razor"},{"link_name":"electric razors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_razors"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"safety razor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_razor"}],"text":"For other uses, see Razor (disambiguation).A razor is a bladed tool primarily used in the removal of body hair through the act of shaving.[1] Kinds of razors include straight razors, safety razors, disposable razors, and electric razors.While the razor has been in existence since before the Bronze Age (the oldest razor-like object has been dated to 18,000 BC[2]), the most common types of razors currently used are the safety razor and the electric razor.","title":"Razor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rasoio_in_bronzo_da_tomba_a_pozzetto_8_del_fosso_di_sodacavalli,_800-750_ac_ca.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"obsidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian"},{"link_name":"tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_(tools)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warwickshire-3"},{"link_name":"prehistoric times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_times"},{"link_name":"shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark"},{"link_name":"flint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Kerma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerma_culture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy"},{"link_name":"ancient Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Lucius Tarquinius Priscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-6"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield"},{"link_name":"cutlery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutlery"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Huntsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Huntsman"},{"link_name":"hard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardness"},{"link_name":"crucible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_crucible_steel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica-6"},{"link_name":"Thiers Issard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiers_Issard"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classic_shaving-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magdalenenberg_cut_and_shave.jpg"},{"link_name":"nail cutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_cutter"},{"link_name":"Hallstatt culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallstatt_culture"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howstuffworks.com-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rasoir_Acy-Romance.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Due_rasoi_custoditi_entro_steli_di_papiro_legati_DSC4340-HDR.tif"},{"link_name":"New Kingdom of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Museo Egizio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Egizio"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohiokids.org-9"},{"link_name":"Barbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber"},{"link_name":"King C. Gillette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_C._Gillette"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"loss leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_leader"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msnbc.msn.com-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ohiokids.org-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vintage_Gillette_Fat_Handle_Tech_DE_3-Piece_Safety_Razor,_Made_In_USA,_No_Date_Code,_Circa_1938_-_1945_(47992902421).jpg"},{"link_name":"stainless steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel"},{"link_name":"Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkinson_Sword"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilkinson_Sword_Heritage-11"},{"link_name":"Gillette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillette"},{"link_name":"Schick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schick_(razors)"}],"text":"Bronze razorRazors have been identified from many Bronze Age cultures. These were made of bronze or obsidian and were generally oval-shaped, with a small tang protruding from one of the short ends.[3]Various forms of razors were used throughout history, which were different in appearance but similar in use to modern straight razors. In prehistoric times clam shells, shark teeth, and flint were sharpened and used to shave with. Drawings of such blades were found in prehistoric caves. Some tribes still use blades made of flint to this day. Excavations in Egypt have unearthed solid gold and copper razors in tombs dating back to the 4th millennium BC. Razors were used and manufactured in Kerma during the Bronze Age.[4] Several razors as well as other personal hygiene artifacts were recovered from Bronze Age burials in northern Europe and are believed to belong to high-status individuals.[5] The Roman historian Livy reported that the razor was introduced in ancient Rome in the 6th century BC by the legendary king Lucius Tarquinius Priscus.[6]The first modern straight razor, complete with decorated handles and hollow ground blades, was constructed in Sheffield, in England; in the 18th and 19th centuries, England was considered to be the center of the cutlery industry. Benjamin Huntsman produced the first superior hard steel grade, through a special crucible process, suitable for use as blade material in 1740, though it was first rejected in England. Huntsman's process was adopted by the French sometime later; albeit reluctantly at first because of nationalist sentiments. English manufacturers were even more reluctant than the French to adopt the process and only did so after they saw its success in France.[6] Sheffield steel (also called Sheffield silver steel) is a highly polished steel, famous for its deep gloss finish. It is considered to be of superior quality and is still used to this day in France by such manufacturers as Thiers Issard.[7]Razor (top) and nail cutter with bone handle (bottom) found in a grave of the Hallstatt culture.In the 18th and 19th centuries, the wealthy had servants to shave them or could visit barbershops. Daily shaving was not a widespread practice in the 19th century; some never shaved at all. The custom of everyday shaving among American men only began after World War I. Men were required to shave daily so their gas masks would fit properly. This became much easier with the introduction of the safety razor, which was standard issue during the war.[8]Razor made of bronze from the first Iron AgeBronze razor with papyrus stem case, between 1425 and 1353 BC, New Kingdom of Egypt. Museo Egizio, Turin.Straight razors were the most common form of shaving before the 20th century and remained common in many countries until the 1950s.[9] Barbers were specially trained to give customers a thorough and quick shave, and a collection of straight razors ready for use was a common sight in most barbershops. Modern-day barbers still keep straight razors, but they use them less often.Straight razors eventually fell out of fashion. Their first challenger was manufactured by King C. Gillette: a double-edged safety razor with replaceable blades.[citation needed] Gillette's idea was the use of the \"loss leader\" concept, in which the razors were sold at a loss, but the replacement blades earned a high margin and provided continuous sales. They were immensely successful because of advertising campaigns and slogans denigrating the straight razor's effectiveness and questioning its safety.[citation needed]These new safety razors did not require any serious tutelage to use.[10] The blades were extremely hard to sharpen, were meant to be thrown away after one use, and rusted quickly if not discarded. They also required a smaller initial investment, though they cost more over time. Despite its long-term advantages, the straight razor lost significant market share. As shaving became less intimidating and men began to shave themselves more, the demand for barbers providing straight razor shaves decreased.[9]A 1940s razor from the USAIn 1960, stainless steel blades which could be used more than once became available, reducing the cost of safety-razor shaving. The first such blades were made by the Wilkinson firm, famous maker of ceremonial swords, in Sheffield.[11] Soon Gillette, Schick, and other manufacturers were making stainless steel blades.These were followed by multiple-blade cartridges and disposable razors. For each type of replaceable blade, there is generally a disposable razor.In the 1930s, electric razors became available. These can rival the cost of a good straight razor, although the whole straight-razor shaving kit can exceed the cost of even an expensive electric razor.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Straight razor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_razor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wacker_Rasiermesser_auf_Streichriemen.jpg"},{"link_name":"hone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honing_(metalworking)"},{"link_name":"strop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strop"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magazines1992-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory"}],"text":"Further information: Straight razorA straight razor on a leather stropStraight razors with open steel blades, also commonly known as cut-throats, were the most commonly used razors before the 20th century.Straight razors consist of a blade sharpened on one edge. The blade can be made of either stainless steel, which is slower to hone and strop, but it is easier to maintain since it does not stain easily, or high carbon steel, which hones and strops quickly and keeps its edge well, but rusts and stains easily if not cleaned and dried promptly.[12] At present, stainless-steel razors are harder to find than carbon steel, but both remain in production.[citation needed]The blade rotates on a pin through its tang between two protective pieces called scales: when folded into the scales, the blade is protected from damage, and the user is protected. Handle scales are made of various materials, including mother-of-pearl, celluloid, bone, plastic, and wood. Once made of ivory, this has been discontinued, although fossil ivory is used occasionally.","title":"Straight razors"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Disposable blade straight razors (known as shavettes)","text":"These razors are similar in use and appearance to straight razors, but use disposable blades, either standard double-edged cut in half or specially made single edge. These shavettes are used in the same way as straight razors but do not require stropping and honing.","title":"Straight razors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vintage_Durham-Duplex_Straight_Razor,_The_Blades_Men_Swear_By--Not_At,_Made_In_USA_(26268173968).jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaits2014page_5_of_the_introduction-13"},{"link_name":"joiner's plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(tool)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaits2013chapter_one:_THE_CUTLER_AND_THE_LACEMAKER-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaits2014page_5_of_the_introduction-13"},{"link_name":"William Samuel Henson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Samuel_Henson"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaits2013chapter_one:_THE_CUTLER_AND_THE_LACEMAKER-14"},{"link_name":"Kampfe Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Safety_Razor_Company#Star_Safety_Razor"}],"text":"A straight razor with a comb guard and a disposable bladeThe first step towards a safer-to-use razor was the guard razor – also called a straight safety razor – which added a protective guard to a regular straight razor. The first such razor was most likely invented by a French cutler Jean-Jacques Perret circa 1762.[13] The invention was inspired by the joiner's plane and was essentially a straight razor with its blade surrounded by a wooden sleeve.[14] The earliest razor guards had comb-like teeth and could only be attached to one side of a razor; a reversible guard was one of the first improvements made to guard razors.[13]An early description of a safety razor similar in form to the ones used today is found on William Samuel Henson's 1847 patent application for a comb tooth guard. This guard could be attached to a straight razor or to a razor \"the cutting blade which is at right angles with the handle, and resembles somewhat the form of a common hoe.\"[14]Around 1875 a new design with a smaller blade placed on top of a handle was marketed by the Kampfe Brothers as \"the best available shaving method on the market that won’t cut a user, like straight steel razors.\"","title":"Safety razors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parker-76R_Safety_Razor.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaits2014page_6_of_the_introduction-15"},{"link_name":"comb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comb"},{"link_name":"King Camp Gillette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Camp_Gillette"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"straight razor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_razor"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"razor and blades business model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razor_and_blades_business_model"}],"sub_title":"Removable-blade razors","text":"A modern double-edge safety razor and bladeThe term safety razor was first used in 1880[15] and described a basic razor with a handle attached to a head where a removable blade may be placed. The edge was then protected by a comb patterned on the head to protect the skin. In the more modern-day produced safety razors, the comb is now more commonly replaced by a safety bar. There are two types of safety razors, single-edged and double-edged. The single-edged razor is essentially a 4-centimetre (1.6 in) long segment of a straight razor. The double-edged safety razor is a razor with a slant bar that can be used on both sides, with two open edges. The blade on the double-edged safety razor is slightly curved to allow for a smoother and cleaner shave.In 1901, the American inventor King Camp Gillette, with the assistance of William Nickerson, submitted a patent for a new variation of safety razor with disposable blades which was patented in 1904.[16] One reason was that shaving with a safety razor should be safer and more convenient than shaving with a classic straight razor with a sharp blade.[17] The thick grip of these safety razors can be reused. Gillette realized that a profit could be made by selling an inexpensive razor with disposable blades. This has been called the razor and blades business model, and has become a very common practice for a wide variety of products.Many other brands of safety razors have come and gone. Much of the competition was based on designing blades that would fit only one style of razor until the blade shape was standardized by the inclusion of a multi-faceted central channel to the blade which would accommodate the various designs of blade securing systems; e.g., three pins, a slender metal bar, etc. Even today, these various securing forms still persist in their variety in DE razors, all accepting the same universal blade design.","title":"Safety razors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mach-3-Razor.jpg"},{"link_name":"ergonomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomic"}],"sub_title":"Cartridge razors","text":"A modern safety razor with an exchangeable cartridgeExploiting the same razor and blades business model as pioneered in the early 20th century, cartridge razors were developed in the 1960s and are now the most common form of shaving in developed countries. Although designed to have a more ergonomic shape at both the handle and head (including commonly a pivoted head which keeps the blades angled to the skin at a predetermined angle through the shaving motion) the concept is very similar to that of the double edge razor. However, here the entire head assembly (known as a cartridge) is removed and disposed of, not just the blade. Also, it is common for these cartridge heads to have multiple razor blades set into them, commonly between two and five blades.","title":"Safety razors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disposable_Razor.JPG"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Paul Winchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Winchell"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mickeynews.com-18"}],"sub_title":"Disposable safety razors","text":"A basic disposable razorDisposable safety razors are highly similar in design to cartridge razors, constructed from inexpensive materials (most commonly injection molded polycarbonate)[citation needed], yet are meant to be wholly disposable after use with no blade sharpening or replacement possible. One device was invented in 1963 by American entertainer and inventor Paul Winchell.[18]","title":"Safety razors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Lifespan","text":"Safety razor life may be extended by drying the blades after use.[19]","title":"Safety razors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oscillating_electric_razor.jpg"},{"link_name":"shaving cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaving_cream"},{"link_name":"DC motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor"},{"link_name":"batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)"},{"link_name":"mains electricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity"},{"link_name":"rechargeable batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechargeable_batteries"},{"link_name":"oscillator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillator"},{"link_name":"solenoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Remington Rand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Rand"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Philips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Foil-type electric shaverThe electric razor (also known as an electric dry shaver) has a rotating or oscillating blade. Its use typically does not require the use of shaving cream, soap, or water. The razor may be powered by a small DC motor, which is either powered by batteries or mains electricity. Many modern-day models are powered using rechargeable batteries. Alternatively, some models use an electro-mechanical oscillator driven by an AC-energized solenoid. Some early mechanical shavers had no electric motor and had to be powered by hand.The first electric razor was invented by John F. O’Rourke in 1898.[20] Industrial production of electric razor machines started in 1937 by the US company Remington Rand based on the patent of Jacob Schick from 1928.[21] Since 1939 the Dutch company Philips has produced electric razor machines.[22] One of the main differences between electric razors is the shaving technology they use. Usually, electric shaving machines use several round rotating shaving blades or a horizontally shaver’s foil and cutter block technology.[23]","title":"Electric razors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BeardClipSqueeze.jpg"},{"link_name":"Manual beard clipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_clipper"},{"link_name":"utility knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_knife"},{"link_name":"carpentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry"},{"link_name":"sanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanding"},{"link_name":"technical drawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_drawing"},{"link_name":"plumbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing"},{"link_name":"grouting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grout"},{"link_name":"carbon steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_steel"},{"link_name":"lame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lame_(kitchen_tool)"},{"link_name":"bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread"}],"text":"Manual beard clipperThick, rigid, single-edged razors such as utility knives are used for various hand-held tasks. Applications include detailed carpentry work like sanding and scraping (in a specialized holder), paper cutting for technical drawing, plumbing, and finish work such as grouting and cleaning, and removing paint from flat surfaces such as panes of glass. Unlike shaving razors, the industrial-grade blades used in these tools are usually made from non-stainless steel like carbon steel, and have a tougher and duller edge.A lame is a razor used in bread production to slash the surface of an unbaked loaf.","title":"Other razors"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Philips_Norelco_9700_Rotary_Electric_Shaver_%2830973817280%29.jpg/280px-Philips_Norelco_9700_Rotary_Electric_Shaver_%2830973817280%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bronze razor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Rasoio_in_bronzo_da_tomba_a_pozzetto_8_del_fosso_di_sodacavalli%2C_800-750_ac_ca.JPG/220px-Rasoio_in_bronzo_da_tomba_a_pozzetto_8_del_fosso_di_sodacavalli%2C_800-750_ac_ca.JPG"},{"image_text":"Razor (top) and nail cutter with bone handle (bottom) found in a grave of the Hallstatt culture.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Magdalenenberg_cut_and_shave.jpg/220px-Magdalenenberg_cut_and_shave.jpg"},{"image_text":"Razor made of bronze from the first Iron Age","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Rasoir_Acy-Romance.jpg/170px-Rasoir_Acy-Romance.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bronze razor with papyrus stem case, between 1425 and 1353 BC, New Kingdom of Egypt. Museo Egizio, Turin.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Due_rasoi_custoditi_entro_steli_di_papiro_legati_DSC4340-HDR.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Due_rasoi_custoditi_entro_steli_di_papiro_legati_DSC4340-HDR.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 1940s razor from the USA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Vintage_Gillette_Fat_Handle_Tech_DE_3-Piece_Safety_Razor%2C_Made_In_USA%2C_No_Date_Code%2C_Circa_1938_-_1945_%2847992902421%29.jpg/220px-Vintage_Gillette_Fat_Handle_Tech_DE_3-Piece_Safety_Razor%2C_Made_In_USA%2C_No_Date_Code%2C_Circa_1938_-_1945_%2847992902421%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A straight razor on a leather strop","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Wacker_Rasiermesser_auf_Streichriemen.jpg/300px-Wacker_Rasiermesser_auf_Streichriemen.jpg"},{"image_text":"A straight razor with a comb guard and a disposable blade","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Vintage_Durham-Duplex_Straight_Razor%2C_The_Blades_Men_Swear_By--Not_At%2C_Made_In_USA_%2826268173968%29.jpg/250px-Vintage_Durham-Duplex_Straight_Razor%2C_The_Blades_Men_Swear_By--Not_At%2C_Made_In_USA_%2826268173968%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A modern double-edge safety razor and blade","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Parker-76R_Safety_Razor.jpg/300px-Parker-76R_Safety_Razor.jpg"},{"image_text":"A modern safety razor with an exchangeable cartridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mach-3-Razor.jpg/300px-Mach-3-Razor.jpg"},{"image_text":"A basic disposable razor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Disposable_Razor.JPG/220px-Disposable_Razor.JPG"},{"image_text":"Foil-type electric shaver","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Oscillating_electric_razor.jpg/220px-Oscillating_electric_razor.jpg"},{"image_text":"Manual beard clipper","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/BeardClipSqueeze.jpg/220px-BeardClipSqueeze.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Hair clipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_clipper"},{"title":"Headblade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headblade"},{"title":"Razor blade steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razor_blade_steel"}] | [{"reference":"\"Definition of RAZOR\". www.merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/razor","url_text":"\"Definition of RAZOR\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170709064120/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/razor","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Spielvogel, Jackson (2005). World History. New York: McGraw Hill. p. 25. ISBN 0-07-860702-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/glencoeworldhist00spie_738","url_text":"World History"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/glencoeworldhist00spie_738/page/n54","url_text":"25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-860702-7","url_text":"0-07-860702-7"}]},{"reference":"Bianchi, Robert Steven (2004). Daily Life of the Nubians. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-313-32501-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32501-4","url_text":"978-0-313-32501-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Wilkinson Sword Heritage\". Wilkinson Sword. Archived from the original on 2017-05-13. Retrieved 2017-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wilkinsonsword.co.uk/our-heritage","url_text":"\"Wilkinson Sword Heritage\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170513235016/http://www.wilkinsonsword.co.uk/our-heritage","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hearst Magazines (July 1992). \"Popular Mechanics\". Popular Mechanics Magazine. Hearst Magazines: 68. ISSN 0032-4558.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K_iJmn3SHLwC&pg=PA68","url_text":"\"Popular Mechanics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-4558","url_text":"0032-4558"}]},{"reference":"\"Patent No. 775134, K. C. Gillette Razor\". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201229135857/https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00775134&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%26Sect2%3DHITOFF%26d%3DPALL%26p%3D1%26u%3D%252Fnetahtml%252FPTO%252Fsrchnum.htm%26r%3D1%26f%3DG%26l%3D50%26s1%3D0775134.PN.%26OS%3DPN%2F0775134%26RS%3DPN%2F0775134&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page","url_text":"\"Patent No. 775134, K. C. Gillette Razor\""},{"url":"https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00775134&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D0775134.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F0775134%2526RS%3DPN%2F0775134&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Patent for Safety Razor Issued November 15, 1904\". Department of Commerce's United States Patent and Trademark Office. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/patent-safety-razor-issued-november-15-1904","url_text":"\"Patent for Safety Razor Issued November 15, 1904\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170628205548/https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/patent-safety-razor-issued-november-15-1904","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Extending life of razor blades leaves users dry\". Chicago Tribune. 2019-04-16. Retrieved 2019-05-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/yourmoney/chi-ym-spending-1104nov04-story.html","url_text":"\"Extending life of razor blades leaves users dry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patent No. 616554, J. F. O'Rourke Razor\". European Patent Office. Retrieved 1 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/maximizedOriginalDocument?ND=4&flavour=maximizedPlainPage&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=18981227&CC=US&NR=616554A&KC=A","url_text":"\"Patent No. 616554, J. F. O'Rourke Razor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patent No.: 1757978, J. Schick Shaving Machine\". European Patent Office. Retrieved 1 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/maximizedOriginalDocument?ND=4&flavour=maximizedPlainPage&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19300513&CC=US&NR=1757978A&KC=A","url_text":"\"Patent No.: 1757978, J. Schick Shaving Machine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patentschrift Nr. 948393, Alexandre Horowitz und Alexis van Dam: Schneidplatte einer Haarschneidemaschine, Philips Patentverwaltung G.m.b.H., Hamburg\". European Patent Office. Retrieved 1 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/maximizedOriginalDocument?ND=4&flavour=maximizedPlainPage&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19560830&CC=DE&NR=948393C&KC=C","url_text":"\"Patentschrift Nr. 948393, Alexandre Horowitz und Alexis van Dam: Schneidplatte einer Haarschneidemaschine, Philips Patentverwaltung G.m.b.H., Hamburg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patent des Monats Januar: Der Rasierer\". RWTH Aachen University. Retrieved 1 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ub.rwth-aachen.de/go/id/phyk?#aaaaaaaaaaaphyo","url_text":"\"Patent des Monats Januar: Der Rasierer\""}]},{"reference":"Waits, Robert K. (2014). A Safety Razor Compendium: The Book. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-312-29353-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-312-29353-3","url_text":"978-1-312-29353-3"}]},{"reference":"Waits, Robert K. (2013). Before Gillette: The Quest for a Safe Razor. Lulu.com. 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Gillette Razor\""},{"Link":"https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=00775134&homeurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpatft.uspto.gov%2Fnetacgi%2Fnph-Parser%3FSect1%3DPTO1%2526Sect2%3DHITOFF%2526d%3DPALL%2526p%3D1%2526u%3D%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r%3D1%2526f%3DG%2526l%3D50%2526s1%3D0775134.PN.%2526OS%3DPN%2F0775134%2526RS%3DPN%2F0775134&PageNum=&Rtype=&SectionNum=&idkey=NONE&Input=View+first+page","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/patent-safety-razor-issued-november-15-1904","external_links_name":"\"Patent for Safety Razor Issued November 15, 1904\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170628205548/https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/patent-safety-razor-issued-november-15-1904","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.mickeynews.com/paul-winchell-invented-the-first-disposable-razor.html","external_links_name":"Paul Winchell invented the first disposable razor."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928020216/http://www.mickeynews.com/paul-winchell-invented-the-first-disposable-razor.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/yourmoney/chi-ym-spending-1104nov04-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Extending life of razor blades leaves users dry\""},{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/maximizedOriginalDocument?ND=4&flavour=maximizedPlainPage&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=18981227&CC=US&NR=616554A&KC=A","external_links_name":"\"Patent No. 616554, J. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Price_of_the_Ticket_(Wendy_James_album) | The Price of the Ticket (album) | ["1 Background","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"] | 2016 studio album by Wendy JamesThe Price of the TicketStudio album by Wendy JamesReleased19 February 2016LabelMCAProducerWendy JamesWendy James chronology
I Came Here to Blow Minds(2011)
The Price of the Ticket(2016)
Queen High Straight(2019)
The Price of the Ticket is the third solo studio album by former Transvision Vamp lead singer Wendy James. Released in February 2016, it was written and produced by James, except for the final two tracks, which were cover versions of songs by Fred "Sonic" Smith and Bob Dylan.
Background
The album was recorded mainly in New York City, with the final two tracks being recorded in Berkeley, California to accommodate James Williamson. The album cover features a photograph of James topless, of which she stated "I don’t actually find it a particularly sexual shot in as much as you look at images of Rhianna or the way I was in the old days being flirtatious and provocative Much more like an art or fashion photograph or sculpture or just a female anatomy as it is in other areas of creativity but not the music business." Some of the tracks contain autobiographical material, with "Screamin' Back Washington" a reference to James being adopted: "It's very honest. I was just imagining what it is like for any woman to … I’m thanking her for giving birth to me as opposed to having an abortion, but imagining how difficult it must be for any woman to give birth to a child and then give it away. Even if they are doing it for all the right reasons."
Track listing
All tracks are written by Wendy James, except where noted.
"Paloma's Downs"
"Indigent Blues"
"King Rat"
"Love from the 9th"
"Bad Intentions and a Bit of Cruelty"
"You're a Dirtbomb, Lester"
"Screamin' Back Washington"
"Why Oh Why Do You Hurt Me Still?"
"Farewell to Love"
"Cowboy Rhythm"
"Situation Normal at Surfrider"
"You're So Great" (Fred "Sonic" Smith)
"It's Alright Ma" (Bob Dylan)
Personnel
Wendy James – vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards, piano
Lenny Kaye – rhythm and lead guitar
Glen Matlock – bass
James Sclavunos – drums
James Williamson – guitar and bass (tracks 12 and 13)
Steve Mackay – baritone saxophone (track 13)
References
^ a b "Wendy James interview with xsnoise.com". xsnoize.com. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
^ "First Look: Wendy James – Bad Intentions and a Bit of Cruelty on jammerzine.com". jammerzine.com. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
^ "Wendy James interview with www.sexpistols.net". www.sexpistols.net. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
^ "Wendy James - The Price of the Ticket". thewendyjames.com. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
vteWendy JamesStudio albums
Now Ain't the Time for Your Tears
I Came Here to Blow Minds
The Price of the Ticket
Queen High Straight
With Racine
Number One
Racine 2
Singles
"The Nameless One"
"London's Brilliant"
"Do You Know What I'm Saying?"
Related articles
Transvision Vamp | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transvision Vamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvision_Vamp"},{"link_name":"Wendy James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_James"},{"link_name":"Fred \"Sonic\" Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_%22Sonic%22_Smith"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"}],"text":"2016 studio album by Wendy JamesThe Price of the Ticket is the third solo studio album by former Transvision Vamp lead singer Wendy James. Released in February 2016, it was written and produced by James, except for the final two tracks, which were cover versions of songs by Fred \"Sonic\" Smith and Bob Dylan.","title":"The Price of the Ticket (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Berkeley, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"James Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Williamson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jz-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sn-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The album was recorded mainly in New York City, with the final two tracks being recorded in Berkeley, California to accommodate James Williamson.[1][2] The album cover features a photograph of James topless, of which she stated \"I don’t actually find it a particularly sexual shot in as much as you look at images of Rhianna or the way I was in the old days being flirtatious and provocative [...] Much more like an art or fashion photograph or sculpture or just a female anatomy as it is in other areas of creativity but not the music business.\"[1] Some of the tracks contain autobiographical material, with \"Screamin' Back Washington\" a reference to James being adopted: \"It's very honest. I was just imagining what it is like for any woman to … I’m thanking her for giving birth to me as opposed to having an abortion, but imagining how difficult it must be for any woman to give birth to a child and then give it away. Even if they are doing it for all the right reasons.\"[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Fred \"Sonic\" Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_%22Sonic%22_Smith"},{"link_name":"It's Alright Ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Alright,_Ma_(I%27m_Only_Bleeding)"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Wendy James, except where noted.[4]\"Paloma's Downs\"\n\"Indigent Blues\"\n\"King Rat\"\n\"Love from the 9th\"\n\"Bad Intentions and a Bit of Cruelty\"\n\"You're a Dirtbomb, Lester\"\n\"Screamin' Back Washington\"\n\"Why Oh Why Do You Hurt Me Still?\"\n\"Farewell to Love\"\n\"Cowboy Rhythm\"\n\"Situation Normal at Surfrider\"\n\"You're So Great\" (Fred \"Sonic\" Smith)\n\"It's Alright Ma\" (Bob Dylan)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lenny Kaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Kaye"},{"link_name":"Glen Matlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Matlock"},{"link_name":"James Sclavunos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Sclavunos"},{"link_name":"James Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Williamson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Steve Mackay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Mackay"}],"text":"Wendy James – vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards, piano\nLenny Kaye – rhythm and lead guitar\nGlen Matlock – bass\nJames Sclavunos – drums\nJames Williamson – guitar and bass (tracks 12 and 13)\nSteve Mackay – baritone saxophone (track 13)","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Wendy James interview with xsnoise.com\". xsnoize.com. Retrieved 3 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xsnoize.com/interview-wendy-james/","url_text":"\"Wendy James interview with xsnoise.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Look: Wendy James – Bad Intentions and a Bit of Cruelty on jammerzine.com\". jammerzine.com. Retrieved 26 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://jammerzine.com/first-look-wendy-james-bad-intentions-and-a-bit-of-cruelty/","url_text":"\"First Look: Wendy James – Bad Intentions and a Bit of Cruelty on jammerzine.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wendy James interview with www.sexpistols.net\". www.sexpistols.net. Retrieved 25 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.philjens.plus.com/pistols/pistols/wendy_james_interview2014.html","url_text":"\"Wendy James interview with www.sexpistols.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wendy James - The Price of the Ticket\". thewendyjames.com. Retrieved 3 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://thewendyjames.com/album/","url_text":"\"Wendy James - The Price of the Ticket\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.xsnoize.com/interview-wendy-james/","external_links_name":"\"Wendy James interview with xsnoise.com\""},{"Link":"https://jammerzine.com/first-look-wendy-james-bad-intentions-and-a-bit-of-cruelty/","external_links_name":"\"First Look: Wendy James – Bad Intentions and a Bit of Cruelty on jammerzine.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.philjens.plus.com/pistols/pistols/wendy_james_interview2014.html","external_links_name":"\"Wendy James interview with www.sexpistols.net\""},{"Link":"http://thewendyjames.com/album/","external_links_name":"\"Wendy James - The Price of the Ticket\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selamatan | Slametan | ["1 Procedure","2 Timing and characteristics","2.1 Life cycle events","2.2 Islamic feasts","2.3 Community feasts","2.4 Personal feasts","3 References","3.1 Notes","4 Further reading"] | A slamatan in a mosque in Java during the colonial era.
Part of a series onAnthropology of religionTwo ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru
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Social and cultural anthropologyvte
The slametan (or selametan, slamatan, and selamatan) is the communal feast from Java, symbolizing the social unity of those participating in it. Clifford Geertz considered it the core ritual in Javanese religion, in particular the abangan variant. The feast is common among the closely related Javanese, Sundanese and Madurese people.
A slametan can be given to celebrate almost any occurrence, including birth, marriage, death, moving to a new house, and so forth. Depending on the intention, the mood and emphasis may vary somewhat, but the main structure is the same. Geertz categorizes them into four main types:
Those relating to the crises of life: birth, circumcision, marriage, and death
Those associated with events of the Islamic calendar
The bersih désa ("cleaning of the village"), concerned with the social integration of the village
Those held irregularly depending on unusual occurrences: departing for a long trip, moving residence, changing personal names, healing from illnesses, recovering from the effect of sorcery, and so on
The ceremony takes its name from the Javanese word slamet, from Arabic: salam, which refers to a peaceful state of equanimity, in which nothing will happen. This is what the host intends for both himself and his guests, by experiencing the egalitarian structure of the slametan and the petitions of supernatural protection from spirits.
In Geertz's fieldwork in Mojokuto in the 1950s, he found that costs of slametans varied from 3 to 5,000 Indonesian rupiahs, depending on the type and the relative wealth of the host.
Procedure
A Slametan in a mosque in Cibodas, with tumpeng as its main menu. ca. 1907.
Slametans are generally held in the evening, after evening prayer is finished. The date is determined either by the occurrence it is celebrating (for births and deaths, for example), or on auspicious days in the Javanese calendar. The guests, always men, are always close neighbors, and the selection of guests is based entirely on proximity, and not whether they are friends or relatives. They are called by a messenger of the host (usually a child of his) only five or ten minutes before the slametan is to begin, and they must drop whatever they are doing to come.
When they arrive, the guests sit on floor mats around the food which has been placed in the center, while incense fills the room. The ceremony begins with a formal speech (udjub) in high Javanese. The speech thanks the attendees for coming, presents the reason for the slametan, announces his intentions and petitions the spirits to secure for himself and his guests a state of equanimity (slamet, hence the name of the ritual), and finally apologizes for any errors in his speech and the humble inadequacy of the food. During pauses in the speech, the audience responds with a solemn "inggih" ("yes").
Following the speech, somebody present gives an Arabic chant-prayer. Many will not know how, but the host makes sure that someone there has attended a religious school (usually a kyai); for special occasions, he may even invite the village religious specialist (the modin). Fragments of the Al-Qur'an, especially the Al-Fatiha, are most commonly used, although special prayers may be used if they are known. At pauses, the audience says aamiin. The prayer leader receives a small payment (wadjib).
At last, the food is served. While the ceremony is strictly for men, the food preparation falls upon the women in the family, who for larger ceremonies may draw on kin to assist in the preparation. Each guest receives a cup of tea and a banana-leaf dish containing each sort of food in the center of the room. The food is fancier than average, and each variety has a symbolic meaning, which is sometimes explained in the speech. The host himself does not eat, nor does he serve the food, which one or two of the guests do. When everybody has a dish, the host invites them to eat, which they do quickly without speaking. After a few minutes, and before eating most of the food, the guests excuse themselves, and finish eating the food in their own homes, with their own wives and children. The whole ceremony usually lasts only ten or fifteen minutes.
Timing and characteristics
Tumpeng is commonly the main menu in a slametan.
Life cycle events
Around birth, there are four major slametans and a number of minor ones. The four major ones are:
Tingkeban, at about seven months of pregnancy (held only for the first child of either the mother or father)
Babaran or brokokan, at the birth itself
Pasaran, five days after birth, including the naming of the child
Pitonan, seven "months" after birth (a month being the 35-day cycle of the Javanese calendar)
The circumcision slametan (islamam or sunatan, held for boys between the ages of ten and fourteen) and the wedding slametan (kepanggihan) are similar in their ceremony and foods offered, and can be seen as coming-of-age ceremonies for boys and girls, respectively.
Funerals (layatan) generally take place as soon as possible after the death, and inevitably involve the religious specialist (modin) of the village. Slametans are held the day of the death, and then repeated in increasing size (both in number of guests and length of the chant) three, seven, forty, and 100 days after the death, the first and second anniversaries, and 1000 days after the death. The final one is the most elaborate, and is thought to mark the point when the body has completely decayed to dust.
Islamic feasts
The most important of the calendrical slametans are for the Prophet's birthday (Muludan, on 12 Rabi' al-awwal) and near the end of Ramadan (Maleman). Other notable holidays infrequently have slametans, and Satu Suro, the New Year's Day (1 Muharram) is celebrated by those who are self-consciously Muslim. Because these dates are shared by everybody, it is common to attend slametans for many of one's neighbors in succession. For this reason, they tend to be relatively small, and particularly based on the principle of inviting neighbors.
Community feasts
The bersih désa is always held in Dhu al-Qi'dah (Sela), the eleventh month, on different days according to village tradition. This slametan is given at the place of burial of the dhanyang désa, the guardian spirit of the village. In santri villages, it may take place at a mosque and consist entirely of Muslim prayers. For this type of slametan, all families in the village are expected to contribute food, with the adult head of each family obliged to attend.
Personal feasts
Geertz's final category of slametans, intermittently occurring and dependent on a specific situation, are somewhat less frequent and tend to be smaller affairs. Reasons for holding these slametans include changing residences, changing names, going on a journey, bad dreams (it can prevent the fearful event), prevention or encouragement of rain, anniversaries of clubs and organizations, sorcery, healing, and others.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Selamatan.
Geertz, Clifford. The Religion of Java. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1960.
Notes
^ a b Geertz, 11.
^ Geertz, 30.
^ Geertz, 14.
^ a b Geertz, 12.
^ Geertz, 12-13.
^ a b Geertz, 13.
^ Geertz, 38, 47.
^ Geertz, 51.
^ Geertz, 58-72.
^ Geertz, 77-80.
^ Geertz, 81-82.
^ Geertz, 83-84.
Further reading
Andrew Beatty. "Adam and Eve and Vishnu: Syncretism in the Javanese Slametan" The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Jun., 1996), pp. 271-288
Alexander Hawkins. "Slametan in South Kalimantan" in Creating Indonesian Cultures, Paul Alexander, ed. Sydney: Oceania Publications, 1989.
Jan Newberry. "Rituals of Rule in the Administered Community: The Javanese Slametan Reconsidered." ModernAsian Studies. Published online January 2007
Mark R. Woodward. "The "Slametan": Textual Knowledge and Ritual Performance in Central Javanese Islam." History of Religions, Vol. 28, No. 1 (Aug., 1988), pp. 54-89
vteIslam in IndonesiaBranches
Shia Islam
Ahmadiyya
Kejawèn
Old divisions
Abangan
Priyayi
Santri
Major figuresClassic era
Hamzah Fansuri
Yusuf al-Makassari
Malikussaleh
Ismail al-Khalidi al-Minangkabawi
Abdullah al-Misri
Padri
Tuanku Imam Bonjol
Tuanku Rao
Tuanku Tambusai
Wali Sanga
Sunan Ampel
Sunan Bonang
Sunan Drajat
Sunan Giri
Sunan Gunung Jati
Maulana Malik Ibrahim
Sunan Kalijaga
Sunan Kudus
Sunan Murya
Abdurrauf Singkil
Ali Mughayat Syah
Tuanku Nan Tuo
Burhanuddin Ulakan
Usman bin Yahya
National Awakening era
Abdullah Ahmad
Abdul Karim Amrullah
Hasyim Asy'ari
Ahmad Dahlan
Tahir bin Jalaluddin
Muhammad Jamil Jambek
Mas Mansoer
Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi
Haji Misbach
Sulaiman ar-Rasuli
Mohammad Roem
Rasuna Said
Agus Salim
Tjokroaminoto
Post-independence
Mukti Ali
Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah
Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif
Azyumardi Azra
Abu Bakar Bashir
Idham Chalid
Djohan Effendi
Abdullah Gymnastiar
Wahid Hasyim
Kartosoewirjo
Nurcholish Madjid
Zainuddin M.Z.
Harun Nasution
Mohammad Natsir
Amien Rais
Muhammad Rizieq Shihab
Quraish Shihab
Ma'ruf Amin
Said Aqil Siradj
Abdul Somad
Din Syamsuddin
Abdurrahman Wahid
Muhammad Luthfi bin Yahya
Ahmad Muhtadi Dimyathi
Muammar Z.A.
Jalaluddin Rakhmat
Sheikh Ali Jaber
OrganizationsCivil society
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Campus Dakwah Institute
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Indonesian Mujahedeen Council
Indonesian Ulema Council
Al-Irshad Al-Islamiya
Islamic Defenders Front
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Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid
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HistoryPre-independence
Spread of Islam in Indonesia
Ottoman embassy to Aceh
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Islamic States in Indonesia
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Jakarta Charter
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Culture
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Education
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Modernist
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By region
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Central Sulawesi
Mosques in Indonesia
History of Indonesia
National Heroes of Indonesia | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"feast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banquet"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"Clifford Geertz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Geertz"},{"link_name":"ritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual"},{"link_name":"Javanese religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebatinan"},{"link_name":"abangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abangan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G11-1"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people"},{"link_name":"Sundanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundanese_people"},{"link_name":"Madurese people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurese_people"},{"link_name":"birth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth"},{"link_name":"marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death"},{"link_name":"moving to a new house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relocating"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G11-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"circumcision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision"},{"link_name":"Islamic calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendar"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"salam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-L-M"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mojokuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojokuto"},{"link_name":"Indonesian rupiahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah"}],"text":"The slametan (or selametan, slamatan, and selamatan) is the communal feast from Java, symbolizing the social unity of those participating in it. Clifford Geertz considered it the core ritual in Javanese religion, in particular the abangan variant.[1] The feast is common among the closely related Javanese, Sundanese and Madurese people.A slametan can be given to celebrate almost any occurrence, including birth, marriage, death, moving to a new house, and so forth. Depending on the intention, the mood and emphasis may vary somewhat, but the main structure is the same.[1] Geertz categorizes them into four main types:[2]Those relating to the crises of life: birth, circumcision, marriage, and death\nThose associated with events of the Islamic calendar\nThe bersih désa (\"cleaning of the village\"), concerned with the social integration of the village\nThose held irregularly depending on unusual occurrences: departing for a long trip, moving residence, changing personal names, healing from illnesses, recovering from the effect of sorcery, and so onThe ceremony takes its name from the Javanese word slamet, from Arabic: salam, which refers to a peaceful state of equanimity, in which nothing will happen. This is what the host intends for both himself and his guests, by experiencing the egalitarian structure of the slametan and the petitions of supernatural protection from spirits.[3]In Geertz's fieldwork in Mojokuto in the 1950s, he found that costs of slametans varied from 3 to 5,000 Indonesian rupiahs, depending on the type and the relative wealth of the host.","title":"Slametan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Een_religieuze_maaltijd_%27selamatan%27_in_Tjibodas%27_TMnr_10003361.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cibodas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibodas"},{"link_name":"tumpeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumpeng"},{"link_name":"evening prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghrib"},{"link_name":"Javanese calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_calendar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G12-4"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"religious school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesantren"},{"link_name":"kyai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyai"},{"link_name":"modin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people#Villages"},{"link_name":"Al-Qur'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qur%27an"},{"link_name":"Al-Fatiha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fatiha"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G13-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G12-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-G13-6"}],"text":"A Slametan in a mosque in Cibodas, with tumpeng as its main menu. ca. 1907.Slametans are generally held in the evening, after evening prayer is finished. The date is determined either by the occurrence it is celebrating (for births and deaths, for example), or on auspicious days in the Javanese calendar. The guests, always men, are always close neighbors, and the selection of guests is based entirely on proximity, and not whether they are friends or relatives. They are called by a messenger of the host (usually a child of his) only five or ten minutes before the slametan is to begin, and they must drop whatever they are doing to come.[4]When they arrive, the guests sit on floor mats around the food which has been placed in the center, while incense fills the room. The ceremony begins with a formal speech (udjub) in high Javanese. The speech thanks the attendees for coming, presents the reason for the slametan, announces his intentions and petitions the spirits to secure for himself and his guests a state of equanimity (slamet, hence the name of the ritual), and finally apologizes for any errors in his speech and the humble inadequacy of the food. During pauses in the speech, the audience responds with a solemn \"inggih\" (\"yes\").[5]Following the speech, somebody present gives an Arabic chant-prayer. Many will not know how, but the host makes sure that someone there has attended a religious school (usually a kyai); for special occasions, he may even invite the village religious specialist (the modin). Fragments of the Al-Qur'an, especially the Al-Fatiha, are most commonly used, although special prayers may be used if they are known. At pauses, the audience says aamiin. The prayer leader receives a small payment (wadjib).[6]At last, the food is served. While the ceremony is strictly for men, the food preparation falls upon the women in the family, who for larger ceremonies may draw on kin to assist in the preparation.[4] Each guest receives a cup of tea and a banana-leaf dish containing each sort of food in the center of the room. The food is fancier than average, and each variety has a symbolic meaning, which is sometimes explained in the speech. The host himself does not eat, nor does he serve the food, which one or two of the guests do. When everybody has a dish, the host invites them to eat, which they do quickly without speaking. After a few minutes, and before eating most of the food, the guests excuse themselves, and finish eating the food in their own homes, with their own wives and children. The whole ceremony usually lasts only ten or fifteen minutes.[6]","title":"Procedure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tumpeng_Slametan_IGDA.JPG"},{"link_name":"Tumpeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumpeng"}],"text":"Tumpeng is commonly the main menu in a slametan.","title":"Timing and characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"birth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"circumcision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision"},{"link_name":"wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Funerals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Life cycle events","text":"Around birth, there are four major slametans and a number of minor ones. The four major ones are:[7]Tingkeban, at about seven months of pregnancy (held only for the first child of either the mother or father)\nBabaran or brokokan, at the birth itself\nPasaran, five days after birth, including the naming of the child\nPitonan, seven \"months\" after birth (a month being the 35-day cycle of the Javanese calendar)The circumcision slametan (islamam or sunatan, held for boys between the ages of ten and fourteen) and the wedding slametan (kepanggihan) are similar in their ceremony and foods offered, and can be seen as coming-of-age ceremonies for boys and girls, respectively.[8]Funerals (layatan) generally take place as soon as possible after the death, and inevitably involve the religious specialist (modin) of the village. Slametans are held the day of the death, and then repeated in increasing size (both in number of guests and length of the chant) three, seven, forty, and 100 days after the death, the first and second anniversaries, and 1000 days after the death. The final one is the most elaborate, and is thought to mark the point when the body has completely decayed to dust.[9]","title":"Timing and characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prophet's birthday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawlid"},{"link_name":"Rabi' al-awwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabi%27_al-awwal"},{"link_name":"Ramadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan"},{"link_name":"Satu Suro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satu_Suro"},{"link_name":"Muharram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muharram"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Islamic feasts","text":"The most important of the calendrical slametans are for the Prophet's birthday (Muludan, on 12 Rabi' al-awwal) and near the end of Ramadan (Maleman). Other notable holidays infrequently have slametans, and Satu Suro, the New Year's Day (1 Muharram) is celebrated by those who are self-consciously Muslim. Because these dates are shared by everybody, it is common to attend slametans for many of one's neighbors in succession. For this reason, they tend to be relatively small, and particularly based on the principle of inviting neighbors.[10]","title":"Timing and characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dhu al-Qi'dah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhu_al-Qi%27dah"},{"link_name":"dhanyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyang"},{"link_name":"santri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santri"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Community feasts","text":"The bersih désa is always held in Dhu al-Qi'dah (Sela), the eleventh month, on different days according to village tradition. This slametan is given at the place of burial of the dhanyang désa, the guardian spirit of the village. In santri villages, it may take place at a mosque and consist entirely of Muslim prayers. For this type of slametan, all families in the village are expected to contribute food, with the adult head of each family obliged to attend.[11]","title":"Timing and characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Personal feasts","text":"Geertz's final category of slametans, intermittently occurring and dependent on a specific situation, are somewhat less frequent and tend to be smaller affairs. Reasons for holding these slametans include changing residences, changing names, going on a journey, bad dreams (it can prevent the fearful event), prevention or encouragement of rain, anniversaries of clubs and organizations, sorcery, healing, and others.[12]","title":"Timing and characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Adam and Eve and Vishnu: Syncretism in the Javanese Slametan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3030/is_199606/ai_n7673825"},{"link_name":"\"Rituals of Rule in the Administered Community: The Javanese Slametan Reconsidered.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=643748"},{"link_name":"History of Religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Religions"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Islam_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Islam in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Shia Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Ahmadiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Kejawèn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n"},{"link_name":"Abangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abangan"},{"link_name":"Priyayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyayi"},{"link_name":"Santri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hamzah Fansuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamzah_Fansuri"},{"link_name":"Yusuf al-Makassari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Yusuf"},{"link_name":"Malikussaleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malikussaleh"},{"link_name":"Ismail al-Khalidi al-Minangkabawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_al-Khalidi_al-Minangkabawi"},{"link_name":"Abdullah al-Misri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_al-Misri"},{"link_name":"Padri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padri_War"},{"link_name":"Tuanku Imam Bonjol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuanku_Imam_Bonjol"},{"link_name":"Tuanku Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuanku_Rao"},{"link_name":"Tuanku Tambusai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuanku_Tambusai"},{"link_name":"Wali Sanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali_Sanga"},{"link_name":"Sunan Ampel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunan_Ampel"},{"link_name":"Sunan Bonang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunan_Bonang"},{"link_name":"Sunan Drajat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunan_Drajat"},{"link_name":"Sunan Giri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunan_Giri"},{"link_name":"Sunan Gunung Jati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunan_Gunung_Jati"},{"link_name":"Maulana Malik Ibrahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Ibrahim"},{"link_name":"Sunan Kalijaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunan_Kalijaga"},{"link_name":"Sunan Kudus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunan_Kudus"},{"link_name":"Sunan Murya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunan_Murya"},{"link_name":"Abdurrauf Singkil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rauf_al-Sinkili"},{"link_name":"Ali Mughayat Syah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Mughayat_Syah"},{"link_name":"Tuanku Nan Tuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuanku_Nan_Tuo"},{"link_name":"Burhanuddin Ulakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burhanuddin_Ulakan"},{"link_name":"Usman bin Yahya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman_bin_Yahya"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_(ulama)"},{"link_name":"Abdul Karim Amrullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Karim_Amrullah"},{"link_name":"Hasyim Asy'ari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasyim_Asy%27ari"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Dahlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Dahlan"},{"link_name":"Tahir bin Jalaluddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahir_bin_Jalaluddin"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Jamil Jambek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Jamil_Jambek"},{"link_name":"Mas Mansoer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas_Mansoer"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Khatib_al-Minangkabawi"},{"link_name":"Haji Misbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haji_Misbach"},{"link_name":"Sulaiman ar-Rasuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaiman_ar-Rasuli"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Roem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Roem"},{"link_name":"Rasuna Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasuna_Said"},{"link_name":"Agus Salim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agus_Salim"},{"link_name":"Tjokroaminoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oemar_Said_Tjokroaminoto"},{"link_name":"Mukti Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukti_Ali"},{"link_name":"Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamka"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Syafi%27i_Maarif"},{"link_name":"Azyumardi Azra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azyumardi_Azra"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakar Bashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakar_Bashir"},{"link_name":"Idham Chalid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idham_Chalid"},{"link_name":"Djohan Effendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djohan_Effendi"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Gymnastiar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Gymnastiar"},{"link_name":"Wahid Hasyim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahid_Hasyim"},{"link_name":"Kartosoewirjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekarmadji_Maridjan_Kartosoewirjo"},{"link_name":"Nurcholish Madjid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurcholish_Madjid"},{"link_name":"Zainuddin M.Z.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zainuddin_M.Z."},{"link_name":"Harun Nasution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_Nasution"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Natsir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Natsir"},{"link_name":"Amien Rais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amien_Rais"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Rizieq Shihab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Rizieq_Shihab"},{"link_name":"Quraish Shihab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraish_Shihab"},{"link_name":"Ma'ruf Amin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27ruf_Amin"},{"link_name":"Said Aqil Siradj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said_Aqil_Siradj"},{"link_name":"Abdul Somad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Somad"},{"link_name":"Din Syamsuddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din_Syamsuddin"},{"link_name":"Abdurrahman Wahid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdurrahman_Wahid"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Luthfi bin Yahya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Luthfi_bin_Yahya"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Muhtadi Dimyathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Muhtadi_Dimyathi"},{"link_name":"Muammar Z.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Z.A."},{"link_name":"Jalaluddin Rakhmat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalaluddin_Rakhmat"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Ali Jaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Ali_Jaber"},{"link_name":"Alkhairaat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkhairaat"},{"link_name":"Campus Dakwah Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_Dakwah_Institute"},{"link_name":"Hidayatullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidayatullah_(Islamic_organization)"},{"link_name":"Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizbut_Tahrir_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Association_of_Muslim_Intellectuals"},{"link_name":"Indonesia Institute of Islamic Dawah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_Institute_of_Islamic_Dawah"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Islamic Dawah Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Dakwah_Islamiyah_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Mujahedeen Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Mujahedeen_Council"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Ulema Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Ulema_Council"},{"link_name":"Al-Irshad Al-Islamiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Irshad_Al-Islamiya"},{"link_name":"Islamic Defenders Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Defenders_Front"},{"link_name":"Liberal Islam Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaringan_Islam_Liberal"},{"link_name":"Majelis Rasulullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majelis_Rasulullah"},{"link_name":"Muhammadiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadiyah"},{"link_name":"Aisyiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisyiyah"},{"link_name":"Muslim Students' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Students%27_Association_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Nahdlatul Ulama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahdlatul_Ulama"},{"link_name":"GP Ansor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansor_Youth_Movement"},{"link_name":"JATMAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam%27iyyah_Ahlith_Thariqah_al-Mu%27tabarah_an-Nahdliyyah"},{"link_name":"Nahdlatul Wathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahdlatul_Wathan"},{"link_name":"PERSIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PERSIS_(organization)"},{"link_name":"PERTI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Education_Movement"},{"link_name":"Rabithah Alawiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Rabithah_al-Alawiyyah"},{"link_name":"Sarekat Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarekat_Islam"},{"link_name":"Sumatera Thawalib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera_Thawalib"},{"link_name":"Wahdah Islamiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahdah_Islamiyah"},{"link_name":"Crescent Star Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent_Star_Party_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Nahdlatul_Community_Party"},{"link_name":"Masyumi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyumi_Party"},{"link_name":"National Awakening Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Awakening_Party"},{"link_name":"National Mandate Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mandate_Party"},{"link_name":"Prosperous Justice Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party"},{"link_name":"Ummah Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummah_Party"},{"link_name":"United Development Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Development_Party"},{"link_name":"Banser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banser"},{"link_name":"Darul Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darul_Islam_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaah_Ansharut_Tauhid"},{"link_name":"Jamaah Islamiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaah_Islamiyah"},{"link_name":"Laskar Jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laskar_Jihad"},{"link_name":"Mujahidin Indonesia Timur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahidin_Indonesia_Timur"},{"link_name":"Spread of Islam in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Ottoman embassy to Aceh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_embassy_to_Aceh"},{"link_name":"Wali Sanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali_Sanga"},{"link_name":"Aceh Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Demak Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demak_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Kaimana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaimana"},{"link_name":"Gowa Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowa_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Malacca Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Mataram Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Samudera Pasai Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Solor Watan Lema Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solor_Watan_Lema_Confederation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ternate Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate"},{"link_name":"Tidore Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore"},{"link_name":"Yogyakarta Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Padri War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padri_War"},{"link_name":"Jakarta Charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Charter"},{"link_name":"Petition of Fifty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petition_of_Fifty"},{"link_name":"Tanjung Priok massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Priok_massacre"},{"link_name":"Talangsari incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talangsari_incident"},{"link_name":"Insurgency in Aceh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Aceh"},{"link_name":"Maluku sectarian conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_sectarian_conflict"},{"link_name":"Poso riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poso_riots"},{"link_name":"Fatwa on Religious Pluralism, Liberalism, and Secularism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa_on_Religious_Pluralism,_Liberalism,_and_Secularism"},{"link_name":"Operation Tinombala / Madago Raya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Madago_Raya"},{"link_name":"November 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2016_Jakarta_protests"},{"link_name":"December 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2016_Jakarta_protests"},{"link_name":"February 2017 Jakarta protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2017_Jakarta_protests"},{"link_name":"Adat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adat"},{"link_name":"Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Bedug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedug"},{"link_name":"Tajug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajug"},{"link_name":"Babad Tanah Jawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babad_Tanah_Jawi"},{"link_name":"Costumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Indonesia#Clothing"},{"link_name":"Kupiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupiah"},{"link_name":"Songkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkok"},{"link_name":"Sarong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarong"},{"link_name":"Kauman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauman"},{"link_name":"Lebaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebaran"},{"link_name":"Mosques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Istiqlal Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istiqlal_Mosque,_Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Musabaqah Tilawatil Quran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musabaqah_Tilawatil_Quran"},{"link_name":"Qasidah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia#Qasidah_modern"},{"link_name":"Saman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saman_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Sejarah Banten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Banten"},{"link_name":"Sekaten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekaten"},{"link_name":"Serak Gulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serak_Gulo"},{"link_name":"Slametan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Tabligh Akbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabligh_Akbar"},{"link_name":"Tabuik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabuik"},{"link_name":"Tausiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tausiyah"},{"link_name":"Tombo Ati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombo_Ati"},{"link_name":"Wetu Telu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetu_Telu"},{"link_name":"Yaqowiyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqowiyu"},{"link_name":"Al-Munir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Munir"},{"link_name":"Iqro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqro"},{"link_name":"Jamiat Kheir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamiat_Kheir"},{"link_name":"Kitab kuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_kuning"},{"link_name":"Kota santri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_santri"},{"link_name":"Kyai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyai"},{"link_name":"LIPIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIPIA"},{"link_name":"Pesantren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesantren"},{"link_name":"Tafsir Al-Mishbah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir_Al-Mishbah"},{"link_name":"Islam Nusantara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_Nusantara"},{"link_name":"Islam Yes, Islamic Party No","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_Yes,_Islamic_Party_No"},{"link_name":"Islamic criminal law in Aceh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_criminal_law_in_Aceh"},{"link_name":"Jama’ah Tabligh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablighi_Jamaat"},{"link_name":"Jemaah Tarbiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemaah_Tarbiyah"},{"link_name":"Modernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism_(Islam_in_Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Traditionalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionalism_(Islam_in_Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Aceh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Aceh"},{"link_name":"West Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_West_Sumatra"},{"link_name":"East Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_East_Java"},{"link_name":"Central Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Central_Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"Mosques in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mosques_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"History of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"National Heroes of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:National_Heroes_of_Indonesia"}],"text":"Andrew Beatty. \"Adam and Eve and Vishnu: Syncretism in the Javanese Slametan\" The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Jun., 1996), pp. 271-288\nAlexander Hawkins. \"Slametan in South Kalimantan\" in Creating Indonesian Cultures, Paul Alexander, ed. Sydney: Oceania Publications, 1989.\nJan Newberry. \"Rituals of Rule in the Administered Community: The Javanese Slametan Reconsidered.\" ModernAsian Studies. Published online January 2007\nMark R. Woodward. \"The \"Slametan\": Textual Knowledge and Ritual Performance in Central Javanese Islam.\" History of Religions, Vol. 28, No. 1 (Aug., 1988), pp. 54-89vteIslam in IndonesiaBranches\nShia Islam\nAhmadiyya\nKejawèn\nOld divisions\nAbangan\nPriyayi\nSantri\nMajor figuresClassic era\nHamzah Fansuri\nYusuf al-Makassari\nMalikussaleh\nIsmail al-Khalidi al-Minangkabawi\nAbdullah al-Misri\nPadri\nTuanku Imam Bonjol\nTuanku Rao\nTuanku Tambusai\nWali Sanga\nSunan Ampel\nSunan Bonang\nSunan Drajat\nSunan Giri\nSunan Gunung Jati\nMaulana Malik Ibrahim\nSunan Kalijaga\nSunan Kudus\nSunan Murya\nAbdurrauf Singkil\nAli Mughayat Syah\nTuanku Nan Tuo\nBurhanuddin Ulakan\nUsman bin Yahya\nNational Awakening era\nAbdullah Ahmad\nAbdul Karim Amrullah\nHasyim Asy'ari\nAhmad Dahlan\nTahir bin Jalaluddin\nMuhammad Jamil Jambek\nMas Mansoer\nAhmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi\nHaji Misbach\nSulaiman ar-Rasuli\nMohammad Roem\nRasuna Said\nAgus Salim\nTjokroaminoto\nPost-independence\nMukti Ali\nAbdul Malik Karim Amrullah\nAhmad Syafi'i Maarif\nAzyumardi Azra\nAbu Bakar Bashir\nIdham Chalid\nDjohan Effendi\nAbdullah Gymnastiar\nWahid Hasyim\nKartosoewirjo\nNurcholish Madjid\nZainuddin M.Z.\nHarun Nasution\nMohammad Natsir\nAmien Rais\nMuhammad Rizieq Shihab\nQuraish Shihab\nMa'ruf Amin\nSaid Aqil Siradj\nAbdul Somad\nDin Syamsuddin\nAbdurrahman Wahid\nMuhammad Luthfi bin Yahya\nAhmad Muhtadi Dimyathi\nMuammar Z.A.\nJalaluddin Rakhmat\nSheikh Ali Jaber\nOrganizationsCivil society\nAlkhairaat\nCampus Dakwah Institute\nHidayatullah\nHizbut Tahrir Indonesia\nIndonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals\nIndonesia Institute of Islamic Dawah\nIndonesian Islamic Dawah Council\nIndonesian Mujahedeen Council\nIndonesian Ulema Council\nAl-Irshad Al-Islamiya\nIslamic Defenders Front\nLiberal Islam Network\nMajelis Rasulullah\nMuhammadiyah\nAisyiyah\nMuslim Students' Association\nNahdlatul Ulama\nGP Ansor\nJATMAN\nNahdlatul Wathan\nPERSIS\nPERTI\nRabithah Alawiyah\nSarekat Islam\nSumatera Thawalib\nWahdah Islamiyah\nPolitical parties\nCrescent Star Party\nIndonesian Nahdlatul Community Party\nMasyumi Party\nNational Awakening Party\nNational Mandate Party\nProsperous Justice Party\nUmmah Party\nUnited Development Party\nMilitia\nBanser\nDarul Islam\nJamaah Ansharut Tauhid\nJamaah Islamiyah\nLaskar Jihad\nMujahidin Indonesia Timur\nHistoryPre-independence\nSpread of Islam in Indonesia\nOttoman embassy to Aceh\nWali Sanga\nIslamic States in Indonesia\nAceh Sultanate\nDemak Sultanate\nKingdom of Kaimana\nGowa Sultanate\nMalacca Sultanate\nMataram Sultanate\nSamudera Pasai Sultanate\nSolor Watan Lema Confederation\nTernate Sultanate\nTidore Sultanate\nYogyakarta Sultanate\nPadri War\nPost-independence\nJakarta Charter\nPetition of Fifty\nTanjung Priok massacre\nTalangsari incident\nInsurgency in Aceh\nMaluku sectarian conflict\nPoso riots\nFatwa on Religious Pluralism, Liberalism, and Secularism\nOperation Tinombala / Madago Raya\nNovember 2016 / December 2016 / February 2017 Jakarta protests\nCulture\nAdat\nArchitecture\nBedug\nTajug\nBabad Tanah Jawi\nCostumes\nKupiah\nSongkok\nSarong\nKauman\nLebaran\nMosques\nIstiqlal Mosque\nMusabaqah Tilawatil Quran\nQasidah\nSaman\nSejarah Banten\nSekaten\nSerak Gulo\nSlametan\nTabligh Akbar\nTabuik\nTausiyah\nTombo Ati\nWetu Telu\nYaqowiyu\nEducation\nAl-Munir\nIqro\nJamiat Kheir\nKitab kuning\nKota santri\nKyai\nLIPIA\nPesantren\nTafsir Al-Mishbah\nPolitics\nIslam Nusantara\nIslam Yes, Islamic Party No\nIslamic criminal law in Aceh\nJama’ah Tabligh\nJemaah Tarbiyah\nModernist\nTraditionalist\nBy region\nAceh\nWest Sumatra\nEast Java\nCentral Sulawesi\n\nMosques in Indonesia\nHistory of Indonesia\nNational Heroes of Indonesia","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"A slamatan in a mosque in Java during the colonial era.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_religieuze_maaltijd_%27selamatan%27_Java_TMnr_10003366.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_religieuze_maaltijd_%27selamatan%27_Java_TMnr_10003366.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Slametan in a mosque in Cibodas, with tumpeng as its main menu. ca. 1907.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Een_religieuze_maaltijd_%27selamatan%27_in_Tjibodas%27_TMnr_10003361.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Een_religieuze_maaltijd_%27selamatan%27_in_Tjibodas%27_TMnr_10003361.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tumpeng is commonly the main menu in a slametan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tumpeng_Slametan_IGDA.JPG/220px-Tumpeng_Slametan_IGDA.JPG"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3030/is_199606/ai_n7673825","external_links_name":"\"Adam and Eve and Vishnu: Syncretism in the Javanese Slametan\""},{"Link":"http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=643748","external_links_name":"\"Rituals of Rule in the Administered Community: The Javanese Slametan Reconsidered.\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraman_Taro | Ultraman Taro | ["1 Plot","2 Episodes","3 Cast","4 Songs","5 Other appearances","6 Home media","7 References","8 External links"] | Japanese television series
Ultraman TaroLogoGenreTokusatsuKaijuSuperheroScience fictionAction/AdventureKyodai HeroCreated byTsuburaya ProductionsDeveloped byShigemitsu TaguchiDirected byEizō YamagiwaStarringSaburō ShinodaAkira NagoyaTakahiko TōnoNoboru MitaniKiyotaka MitsugiToyoyuki KimuraHidesuke TsumuraAkihiko NishijimaKiyoko MatsuyaMayumi AsakaKeiko OnoShinya SaitōPeggy HayamaComposerMasanobu HigurashiCountry of originJapanNo. of episodes53ProductionRunning time24 minutes (per episode)Original releaseNetworkTBSReleaseApril 6, 1973 (1973-04-06) –April 5, 1974 (1974-04-05)Related
Ultraman Ace
Ultraman Leo
Ultraman Taro (ウルトラマンT(タロウ), Urutoraman Tarō) is the sixth show in the Ultra Series. Produced by Tsuburaya Productions, the series aired on Tokyo Broadcasting System from April 6, 1973, to April 5, 1974, with a total of 53 episodes.
Plot
Kotaro Higashi is a wanderer who joined ZAT during his return to Japan, but his aircraft crashed and he died from severe burns while fighting Astromons. The Five Ultra Brothers brought Kotaro's body to their home world of Nebula M-78 as Mother of Ultra warped him with the Brothers' own light, turning Kōtarō into Ultraman Taro, who would now form the Six Ultra Brothers. Kotaro was taken back to Earth and defeated the aforementioned monster as his first opponent. Many foes were found that would threaten the Earth, but Taro and ZAT defeated them time and time again with occasional help from the other five Ultra Brothers and from the weaklings of monsters only Taro could defeat. During Taro's era, Birdon killed him and Zoffy but Taro was revived and killed the bird monster. After Samkujira's death, Kotaro declared his intention to continue as a human and returned the Ultra Badge back to the Mother of Ultra. Valky would return to hunt the now-human Kotaro but the latter used his own skills and quick thinking to kill the alien by luring him to an oil refinery. The series ended with ZAT bidding farewell to Kotaro as he left for parts unknown.
In the original series, Ultraman Taro was meant to be Kotaro's transformed form (while the Ultra Brothers and Mother and Father of Ultra were regarded as his non-blood family members), which explained his absence in Ultraman Leo. The Ultraman Story movie in 1984 would retcon this into providing a story of Taro being raised on the Land of Light, with Mother and Father of Ultra being his biological parents and his training was shown before he left for Earth.
Episodes
Nº
Title
Director
Writer
Original air date
1"Mother of Ultra Is Like the Sun"Transliteration: "Urutora no Haha wa Taiyō no Yō ni" (Japanese: ウルトラの母は太陽のように)Eizō YamagiwaShigemitsu TaguchiApril 6, 1972 (1972-04-06)
2"That Moment, Mother of Ultra..."Transliteration: "Sono Toki Urutora no Haha wa" (Japanese: その時 ウルトラの母は)Eizō YamagiwaShigemitsu TaguchiApril 13, 1972 (1972-04-13)
3"Mother of Ultra Now and Forever"Transliteration: "Urutora no Haha wa Itsu made mo" (Japanese: ウルトラの母はいつまでも)Eizō YamagiwaShigemitsu TaguchiApril 20, 1972 (1972-04-20)
4"Giant Sea Turtle Monsters Attack Tokyo!"Transliteration: "Ōumigame Kaijū Tōkyō o Osō!" (Japanese: 大海亀怪獣 東京を襲う！)Yasuo YoshinoShōzō UeharaApril 27, 1973 (1973-04-27)
5"Parent Star, Child Star, First Star"Transliteration: "Oyaboshi Koboshi Ichibanboshi" (Japanese: 親星子星一番星)Yasuo YoshinoShōzō UeharaMay 4, 1973 (1973-05-04)
6"Jewels Are a Monster's Meal"Transliteration: "Hōseki wa Kaijū no Esa da!" (Japanese: 宝石は怪獣の餌だ！)Masanori KakehiShigemitsu TaguchiMay 11, 1973 (1973-05-11)
7"Heaven and Hell, the Island Moves!"Transliteration: "Tengoku to Jigoku Shima ga Ugoita!" (Japanese: 天国と地獄 島が動いた！)Masanori KakehiToshirō IshidōMay 18, 1973 (1973-05-18)
8"The Spirit of the Man-Eating Marsh"Transliteration: "Hitokui Numa no Hitodama" (Japanese: 人喰い沼の人魂)Makoto OkamuraShigemitsu TaguchiMay 25, 1973 (1973-05-25)
9"The Day Tokyo Crumbles"Transliteration: "Tōkyō no Kuzureru Hi" (Japanese: 東京の崩れる日)Makoto OkamuraToshirō IshidōJune 1, 1973 (1973-06-01)
10"The Tusk Cross Is the Monster's Grave!"Transliteration: "Kiba no Jūjika wa Kaijū no Hakaba da!" (Japanese: 牙の十字架は怪獣の墓場だ！)Eizō YamagiwaAiraku KidoJune 8, 1973 (1973-06-08)
11"The Vampire Flower Is a Girl's Spirit"Transliteration: "Chi o Sū Hana wa Shōjo no Sei" (Japanese: 血を吸う花は少女の精)Eizō YamagiwaAiraku KidoJune 15, 1973 (1973-06-15)
12"Monster's Solo Journey"Transliteration: "Kaijū Hitori Tabi" (Japanese: 怪獣ひとり旅)Kiyozumi FukazawaShigemitsu TaguchiJune 22, 1973 (1973-06-22)
13"The Monster's Cavity Aches!"Transliteration: "Kaijū wa Mushiba ga Itai!" (Japanese: 怪獣の虫歯が痛い！)Kiyozumi FukazawaShigemitsu TaguchiJune 29, 1973 (1973-06-29)
14"Taro's Head Flew Off!"Transliteration: "Tarō no Kubi ga Suttonda!" (Japanese: タロウの首がすっ飛んだ！)Eizō YamagiwaToshirō IshidōJuly 6, 1973 (1973-07-06)
15"The Girl of the Will-o'-Wisp"Transliteration: "Aoi Kitsunebi no Shōjo" (Japanese: 青い狐火の少女)Masanori KakehiMasao SaitōJuly 13, 1973 (1973-07-13)
16"The Monster's Flute Sings"Transliteration: "Kaijū no Fue ga Naru" (Japanese: 怪獣の笛がなる)Masanori KakehiShigemitsu TaguchiJuly 20, 1973 (1973-07-20)
17"Two Giant Monsters Close in on Taro!"Transliteration: "Ni Dai Kaijū Tarō ni Semaru!" (Japanese: 2大怪獣タロウに迫る！)Kiyozumi FukazawaShigemitsu TaguchiJuly 27, 1973 (1973-07-27)
18"Zoffy Died! Taro Died Too!"Transliteration: "Zofi ga Shinda! Tarō mo Shinda!" (Japanese: ゾフィが死んだ！タロウも死んだ！)Kiyozumi FukazawaShigemitsu TaguchiAugust 3, 1973 (1973-08-03)
19"Mother of Ultra, Miracle of Love!"Transliteration: "Urutora no Haha Ai no Kiseki!" (Japanese: ウルトラの母 愛の奇跡！)Kiyozumi FukazawaShigemitsu TaguchiAugust 10, 1973 (1973-08-10)
20"Surprise! A Monster Fell from the Sky"Transliteration: "Bikkuri! Kaijū ga Futtekita" (Japanese: びっくり！怪獣が降ってきた)Masataka YamamotoToshirō IshidōAugust 17, 1973 (1973-08-17)
21"The Sinking of Tokyo New Town"Transliteration: "Tōkyō Nyū Taun Chinbotsu" (Japanese: 東京ニュータウン沈没)Masataka YamamotoShigemitsu TaguchiAugust 24, 1973 (1973-08-24)
22"Wrath of the Monster with Cub!"Transliteration: "Kozure Kaijū no Ikari!" (Japanese: 子連れ怪獣の怒り！)Masanori KakehiKiyoshi ŌharaAugust 31, 1973 (1973-08-31)
23"The Gentle Monster Father!"Transliteration: "Yasashii Kaijū Otōsan!" (Japanese: やさしい怪獣お父さん！)Masanori KakehiToshirō IshidōSeptember 7, 1973 (1973-09-07)
24"This Is the Land of Ultra!"Transliteration: "Kore ga Urutora no Kuni da!" (Japanese: これがウルトラの国だ！)Eizō YamagiwaShigemitsu TaguchiSeptember 14, 1973 (1973-09-14)
25"Burn! The 6 Ultra Brothers!"Transliteration: "Moero! Urutora Roku Kyōdai" (Japanese: 燃えろ！ウルトラ6兄弟)Eizō YamagiwaShigemitsu TaguchiSeptember 21, 1973 (1973-09-21)
26"I Can Beat a Monster Too!"Transliteration: "Boku ni mo Kaijū wa Taiji Dekiru!" (Japanese: 僕にも怪獣は退治できる！)Kiyozumi FukazawaBunpei AiSeptember 28, 1973 (1973-09-28)
27"Here He Is! Alien Mefilas!"Transliteration: "Deta! Mefirasu Seijin da!" (Japanese: 出た！メフィラス星人だ！)Kiyozumi FukazawaKiyoshi ŌharaOctober 5, 1973 (1973-10-05)
28"Monster Eleking Barks at the Full Moon!"Transliteration: "Kaijū Erekingu Mangetsu ni Hoeru!" (Japanese: 怪獣エレキング 満月に吼える！)Masaru TakahashiToshirō IshidōOctober 12, 1973 (1973-10-12)
29"Bemstar Revives! Taro's in a Desperate Pinch!"Transliteration: "Bemusutā Fukkatsu! Tarō Zettaizetsumei!" (Japanese: ベムスター復活！タロウ絶体絶命！)Masataka YamamotoShigemitsu TaguchiOctober 19, 1973 (1973-10-19)
30"Revenge of the Monster Army!"Transliteration: "Gyakushū! Kaijū Gundan" (Japanese: 逆襲！怪獣軍団)Masataka YamamotoShigemitsu TaguchiOctober 26, 1973 (1973-10-26)
31"Watch Out! The Lying Poison Mushroom"Transliteration: "Abunai Usotsuki Dokukinoko" (Japanese: あぶない！嘘つき毒きのこ)Masanori KakehiKiyohide ŌharaNovember 2, 1973 (1973-11-02)
32"Wintry Wind Monster! Matasaburo of the Wind"Transliteration: "Kogarashi Kaijū! Kaze no Matasaburō" (Japanese: 木枯し怪獣！風の又三郎)Masanori KakehiBunpei AiNovember 9, 1973 (1973-11-09)
33"Five Seconds Before the Great Explosion of the Land of Ultra!"Transliteration: "Urutora no Kuni Dai Bakuhatsu Go-byō-mae!" (Japanese: ウルトラの国 大爆発5秒前！)Tadashi MafuneMamoru SasakiNovember 16, 1973 (1973-11-16)
34"The Last Day of the 6 Ultra Brothers!"Transliteration: "Urutora Roku Kyōdai Saigo no Hi!" (Japanese: ウルトラ6兄弟最後の日！)Tadashi MafuneMamoru SasakiNovember 23, 1973 (1973-11-23)
35"Fatal Attack! Taro's Strike of Anger!"Transliteration: "Hissatsu! Tarō Ikari no Ichigeki!" (Japanese: 必殺！タロウ怒りの一撃！)Kiyozumi FukazawaShigemitsu TaguchiNovember 30, 1973 (1973-11-30)
36"You Swine! The Bride Cried"Transliteration: "Hikyōmono! Hanayome wa Naita" (Japanese: ひきょうもの！花嫁は泣いた)Kiyozumi FukazawaBunpei AiDecember 7, 1973 (1973-12-07)
37"Monster, Return to Your Homeland!"Transliteration: "Kaijū yo Furusato e Kaere!" (Japanese: 怪獣よ 故郷へ帰れ！)Masanori KakehiToshirō IshidōDecember 14, 1973 (1973-12-14)
38"The Ultra Christmas Tree"Transliteration: "Urutora no Kurisumasu Tsurī" (Japanese: ウルトラのクリスマスツリー)Masanori KakehiShigemitsu TaguchiDecember 21, 1973 (1973-12-21)
39"The Ultraman Father-and-Son's Grand Mochi Making Plan!"Transliteration: "Urutora Oyako Mochitsuki Dai Dakusen!" (Japanese: ウルトラ父子餅つき大作戦！)Eizō YamagiwaToshirō IshidōDecember 28, 1973 (1973-12-28)
40"Surpass the Ultra Brothers!"Transliteration: "Urutora Kyōdai o Koeteyuke!" (Japanese: ウルトラ兄弟を超えてゆけ！)Eizō YamagiwaShigemitsu TaguchiJanuary 4, 1974 (1974-01-04)
41"The Mother's Wish, a Midwinter's Sakura Blizzard!"Transliteration: "Haha no Negai Mafuyu no Sakura Fubuki!" (Japanese: 母の願い 真冬の桜吹雪！)Kiyozumi FukazawaBunpei AiJanuary 11, 1974 (1974-01-11)
42"The Phantom Mother Is a Monster Tamer!"Transliteration: "Maboroshi no Haha wa Kaijū Tsukai!" (Japanese: 幻の母は怪獣使い！)Kiyozumi FukazawaKiyohide ŌharaJanuary 18, 1974 (1974-01-18)
43"Pickle the Monster in Salt!"Transliteration: "Kaijū o Shiozuke ni Shiro!" (Japanese: 怪獣を塩漬にしろ！)Tadashi MafuneBunpei AiJanuary 25, 1974 (1974-01-25)
44"Oh! Taro's Going to Be Eaten!"Transliteration: "A! Tarō ga Taberareru!" (Japanese: あっ！タロウが食べられる！)Tadashi MafuneShigemitsu TaguchiFebruary 1, 1974 (1974-02-01)
45"From a Japanese Nursery Song: She Wore Red Shoes..."Transliteration: "Nihon no Dōyō kara Akai Kutsu Haiteta..." (Japanese: 日本の童謡から 赤い靴はいてた…)Masanori KakehiBunpei AiFebruary 8, 1974 (1974-02-08)
46"From a Japanese Nursery Song: The White Rabbit Is a Bad Guy!"Transliteration: "Nihon no Dōyō kara Shiroi Usagi wa Warui Yatsu!" (Japanese: 日本の童謡から 白い兎は悪い奴！)Masanori KakehiToshirō IshidōFebruary 15, 1974 (1974-02-15)
47"From a Japanese Nursery Song: Monster General"Transliteration: "Nihon no Dōyō kara Kaijū Taishō" (Japanese: 日本の童謡から 怪獣大将)Eizō YamagiwaBunpei AiFebruary 22, 1974 (1974-02-22)
48"From a Japanese Nursery Song: Monster Doll Festival"Transliteration: "Nihon no Dōyō kara Kaijū Hinamatsuri" (Japanese: 日本の童謡から 怪獣ひなまつり)Eizō YamagiwaBunpei AiMarch 1, 1974 (1974-03-01)
49"Sing! Monster Big Match"Transliteration: "Utae! Kaijū Biggu Matchi" (Japanese: 歌え！怪獣ビッグマッチ)Isao MaedaToshirō IshidōMarch 8, 1974 (1974-03-08)
50"The Monster Sign Is V"Transliteration: "Kaijū Sain wa Bui" (Japanese: 怪獣サインはV)Isao MaedaBunpei AiMarch 15, 1974 (1974-03-15)
51"Father of Ultra and the Bride Have Come!"Transliteration: "Urutora no Chichi to Hanayome ga Kita!" (Japanese: ウルトラの父と花嫁が来た！)Masanori KakehiBunpei AiMarch 22, 1974 (1974-03-22)
52"Steal the Life of Ultra!"Transliteration: "Urutora no Inochi o Nusume!" (Japanese: ウルトラの命を盗め！)Masanori KakehiToshirō IshidōMarch 29, 1974 (1974-03-29)
53"Farewell, Taro and Mother of Ultra!"Transliteration: "Saraba Tarō yo! Urutora no Haha yo!" (Japanese: さらばタロウよ！ウルトラの母よ！)Masanori KakehiShigemitsu TaguchiApril 5, 1974 (1974-04-05)
Cast
Kotaro Higashi (東 光太郎, Higashi Kōtarō): Saburō Shinoda (篠田 三郎, Shinoda Saburō)
Yūtarō Asahina (朝日奈 勇太郎, Asahina Yūtarō, 1-8, 10, 35, 51, 53): Akira Nagoya (名古屋 章, Nagoya Akira)
Shūhei Aragaki (荒垣 修平, Aragaki Shūhei, 1-34, 36-50): Takahiko Tōno (東野 孝彦, Tōno Takahiko)
Tadao Nanbara (南原 忠男, Nanbara Tadao): Toyoyuki Kimura (木村 豊幸, Kimura Toyoyuki)
Jirō Nishida (西田 次郎, Nishida Jirō): Kiyotaka Mitsugi (三ツ木 清隆, Mitsugi Kiyotaka)
Izumi Moriyama (森山 いずみ, Moriyama Izumi): Kiyoko Matsuya (松谷 紀代子, Matsuya Kiyoko)
Lady in Green (緑のおばさん, Midori no Obasan)/Mother of Ultra (ウルトラの母, Urutora no Haha, Voice): Peggy Hayama (ペギー 葉山, Pegī Hayama)
Tetsuya Kitajima (北島 哲也, Kitajima Tetsuya): Hidesuke Tsumura (津村 秀祐, Tsumura Hidesuke)
Takashi Ueno (上野 孝, Ueno Takashi, 8-30, 33-35): Akihiko Nishijima (西島 明彦, Nishijima Akihiko)
Kazumi Nitani (二谷 一美, Nitani Kazumi): Noboru Mitani (三谷 昇, Mitani Noboru)
Saori Shiratori (白鳥 さおり, Shiratori Saori): Mayumi Asaka (あさか まゆみ, Asaka Mayumi, 1-16), Keiko Ono (小野 恵子, Ono Keiko, 20-53)
Kenichi Shiratori (白鳥 健一, Shiratori Ken'ichi): Shinya Saitō (斎藤 信也, Saitō Shin'ya)
Narrator: Tetsurō Sagawa (瑳川 哲朗, Sagawa Tetsurō, 1-50, 53 preview), Akira Nagoya (51-53)
Songs
Opening theme
"Ultraman Taro" (ウルトラマンタロウ, Urutoraman Tarō)
Lyrics: Yū Aku (阿久 悠, Aku Yū)
Composition and arrangement: Makoto Kawaguchi (川口 真, Kawaguchi Makoto)
Artist: Tarō Takemura (武村 太郎, Takemura Tarō), Mizuumi Boys & Girls Chorus (少年少女合唱団みずうみ, Shōnen Shōjo Gasshōdan Mizuumi)
Insert themes
"Ultra Roku Kyōdai" (ウルトラ六兄弟, Urutora Roku Kyōdai, lit. "The 6 Ultra Brothers")
Lyrics: Yū Aku
Composition & Arrangement: Makoto Kawaguchi
Artist: Tarō Takemura, Mizuumi Boys and Girls Choir
Episodes 18, 25, 33 and 34
"Ultra no Haha no Ballad" (ウルトラの母のバラード, Urutora no Haha no Barādo, lit. "Ballad of Mother of Ultra")
Lyrics: Shigemitsu Taguchi (田口 成光, Taguchi Shigemitsu)
Composition & Arrangement: Tōru Fuyuki (冬木 透, Fuyuki Tōru)
Artist: Toshiko Fujita (藤田 淑子, Fujita Toshiko)
Episodes: 38 and 53
Other appearances
Main article: Ultraman Taro (character)
Home media
In July 2019, Mill Creek Entertainment announced that it had acquired most of the Ultraman library from Tsuburaya Productions through Indigo Entertainment, including 1,100 TV episodes and 20 films. The series was released on Blu-ray and digital on January 12, 2021, in standard and steelbook sets.
In July 2020, Shout! Factory announced to have struck a multi-year deal with Alliance Entertainment and Mill Creek, with the blessings of Tsuburaya and Indigo, that granted them the exclusive SVOD and AVOD digital rights to the Ultra series and films (1,100 TV episodes and 20 films) acquired by Mill Creek the previous year. Ultraman Taro, amongst other titles, will stream in the United States and Canada through Shout! Factory TV and Tokushoutsu.
References
^ "デジタル大辞泉プラス「ウルトラマンタロウ」の解説". kotobank. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
^ a b c "ウルトラマンタロウ". ファミリー劇場. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "ウルトラマンタロウ Blu-ray Box（特装限定版）" (in Japanese). Bandai Visual. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
^ a b c d e f g "HDリマスター「ウルトラマンタロウ Blu-ray BOX」堂々の発売決定！" (in Japanese). m-78.jp. 2017-07-18. Retrieved 2019-05-03.
^ "Exclusive – Mill Creek Entertainment Acquires the Ultraman Library For Physical and Digital Home Entertainment Distribution Across North America". SciFi Japan. July 10, 2019. Archived from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
^ "Mill Creek Entertainment To Drop Ultraman Taro SteelBook And Standard Blu-ray Release January 12, 2021!". SciFi Japan. October 22, 2020. Archived from the original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
^ Patrick Frater (July 10, 2020). "Shout! Factory Strikes 'Ultraman' Digital Distribution Deal With Mill Creek". Variety. Archived from the original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved December 13, 2020.
External links
Ultraman Taro at IMDb
Official website of Tsuburaya Productions (in English)
Ultraman Connection — Official website (in English)
Official Ultraman channel at YouTube
vteUltra SeriesTV/Web seriesShōwa era
Ultra Q (1966)
Ultraman (1966–1967)
Ultraseven (1967–1968)
Return of Ultraman (1971–1972)
Ace (1972–1973)
Taro (1973–1974)
Leo (1974–1975)
The Ultraman (1979–1980)
80 (1980–1981)
Heisei era
Tiga (1996–1997)
Dyna (1997–1998)
Gaia (1998–1999)
Nice (1999–2000)
Neos (2000–2001)
Cosmos (2001–2002)
Ultra Q: Dark Fantasy (2004)
Nexus (2004–2005)
Max (2005–2006)
Mebius (2006–2007)
Ultraseven X (2007)
Ultra Galaxy Mega Monster Battle (2007–2008)
Never Ending Odyssey (2008–2009)
Neo Ultra Q (2013)
Ginga (2013)
Ginga S (2014)
X (2015)
Orb (2016)
Geed (2017)
R/B (2018)
Reiwa era
Taiga (2019)
Z (2020)
Trigger (2021–2022)
Decker (2022–2023)
Blazar (2023–2024)
Arc (2024-2025)
Ultra Fight
Ultra Zero Fight (2012)
Ultra Fight Victory (2015)
Ultra Fight Orb (2017)
Ultra Galaxy Fight (2019)
Sevenger Fight (2021)
Shin Ultra Fight (2022)
Other
Andro Melos (1983)
Towards the Future (1992)
Retsuden (2011–2016)
Zero: The Chronicle (2017)
The Prime (2017)
Orb: The Origin Saga (2016–2017)
episodes
Orb: The Chronicle (2018)
New Generation Chronicle (2019)
Chronicle Zero & Geed (2020)
Chronicle Z: Heroes' Odyssey (2021)
Chronicle D (2022)
New Generation Stars (2023)
FilmsShōwa era
Ultraman: Monster Movie Feature (1967)
The 6 Ultra Brothers vs. the Monster Army (1974)
Great Monster Decisive Battle (1979)
Zoffy: Ultra Warriors vs. the Giant Monster Army (1984)
Story (1984)
The Adventure Begins (1987)
Heisei era
Ultra Q the Movie: Legend of the Stars (1990)
Neos (1995)
Revive! (1996)
Zearth (1996)
Zearth 2: Superman Big Battle - Light and Shadow (1997)
Warriors of the Star of Light (1998)
Gaia: The Battle in Hyperspace (1999)
Tiga: The Final Odyssey (2000)
Cosmos: The First Contact (2001)
Cosmos 2: The Blue Planet (2002)
The Final Battle (2003)
The Next (2004)
Ultraman Mebius & Ultraman Brothers (2006)
Superior Ultraman 8 Brothers (2008)
Mega Monster Battle: Ultra Galaxy (2009)
Zero: The Revenge of Belial (2010)
Saga (2012)
Ginga Theater Special (2013)
Ginga Theater Special: Ultra Monster Hero Battle Royal! (2014)
Ginga S (2015)
X (2016)
Orb (2017)
Geed (2018)
R/B (2019)
Reiwa era
Taiga (2020)
Trigger (2022)
Shin Ultraman (2022)
Decker (2023)
Blazar (2024)
Ultraman: Rising (2024)
Original video tokusatsu (OVT)
Heisei Ultraseven (1994–2002)
Ultraman Mebius Side Story: Hikari Saga (2006)
Ultraman Mebius Side Story: Armored Darkness (2008)
Ultraman Mebius Side Story: Ghost Reverse (2009)
Ultra Galaxy Legend Side Story: Ultraman Zero vs. Darklops Zero (2010)
Ultraman Zero Side Story: Killer the Beatstar (2011)
Video games
Ultraman: Towards the Future
Compati Hero series
SD the Great Battle
Battle Soccer: Field no Hasha
Battle Racers
Super Hero Operations: Diedal's Ambition
Charinko Hero
Great Battle Fullblast
Super Hero Generation
Ultraman Powered
Ultra League
Kyoei Toshi
CharactersLists
Return of Ultraman
Leo
The Ultraman
80
Towards the Future
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Neos
Tiga
Gaia
Cosmos
Ultra N Project
Max
Mega Monster Battle
Manga
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X
Orb
Geed
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Taiga
Z
Trigger: New Generation Tiga
Individuals
Gomess
Ultraman
Jirahs
Zetton
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Jack
Seagorath
Taro
Tiga
Nexus
Mebius
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Zero
Tregear
Miscellaneous
Kaiju Girls
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Mighty Jack
Mirrorman
Redman
Fireman
Jumborg Ace
Dinosaur War Izenborg
Denkou Choujin Gridman
Superhuman Samurai Syber-Squad
Gridman Universe
SSSS.Gridman
SSSS.Dynazenon
WoO
Upin & Ipin
Daicon Film's Return of Ultraman
The Flying Monster
Ultraman vs. Kamen Rider
Manga
"Hoshi no Yō ni..."
Animetal Marathon III
Dragon Force: So Long, Ultraman | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ultra Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Series"},{"link_name":"Tsuburaya Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuburaya_Productions"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Broadcasting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ultraman Taro (ウルトラマンT(タロウ), Urutoraman Tarō) is the sixth show in the Ultra Series. Produced by Tsuburaya Productions, the series aired on Tokyo Broadcasting System from April 6, 1973, to April 5, 1974, with a total of 53 episodes.[1]","title":"Ultraman Taro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kotaro Higashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraman_Taro_(character)#Human_hosts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fami-2"},{"link_name":"Ultraman Taro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraman_Taro_(character)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fami-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDB-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fami-2"},{"link_name":"Ultraman Leo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraman_Leo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDB-3"},{"link_name":"Ultraman Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraman_Story"},{"link_name":"retcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroactive_continuity"}],"text":"Kotaro Higashi is a wanderer who joined ZAT during his return to Japan, but his aircraft crashed and he died from severe burns while fighting Astromons.[2] The Five Ultra Brothers brought Kotaro's body to their home world of Nebula M-78 as Mother of Ultra warped him with the Brothers' own light, turning Kōtarō into Ultraman Taro, who would now form the Six Ultra Brothers.[2] Kotaro was taken back to Earth and defeated the aforementioned monster as his first opponent.[3][2] Many foes were found that would threaten the Earth, but Taro and ZAT defeated them time and time again with occasional help from the other five Ultra Brothers and from the weaklings of monsters only Taro could defeat. During Taro's era, Birdon killed him and Zoffy but Taro was revived and killed the bird monster. After Samkujira's death, Kotaro declared his intention to continue as a human and returned the Ultra Badge back to the Mother of Ultra. Valky would return to hunt the now-human Kotaro but the latter used his own skills and quick thinking to kill the alien by luring him to an oil refinery. The series ended with ZAT bidding farewell to Kotaro as he left for parts unknown.In the original series, Ultraman Taro was meant to be Kotaro's transformed form (while the Ultra Brothers and Mother and Father of Ultra were regarded as his non-blood family members), which explained his absence in Ultraman Leo.[3] The Ultraman Story movie in 1984 would retcon this into providing a story of Taro being raised on the Land of Light, with Mother and Father of Ultra being his biological parents and his training was shown before he left for Earth.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kotaro Higashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraman_Taro_(character)"},{"link_name":"Saburō Shinoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabur%C5%8D_Shinoda"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDB-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-4"},{"link_name":"Akira Nagoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Nagoya"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDB-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDB-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDB-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-4"},{"link_name":"Kiyotaka Mitsugi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyotaka_Mitsugi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDB-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDB-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-4"},{"link_name":"Peggy Hayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Hayama"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDB-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDB-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDB-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDB-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDB-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDB-3"},{"link_name":"Tetsurō Sagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsur%C5%8D_Sagawa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDB-3"}],"text":"Kotaro Higashi (東 光太郎, Higashi Kōtarō): Saburō Shinoda (篠田 三郎, Shinoda Saburō)[3][4]\nYūtarō Asahina (朝日奈 勇太郎, Asahina Yūtarō, 1-8, 10, 35, 51, 53): Akira Nagoya (名古屋 章, Nagoya Akira)[3][4]\nShūhei Aragaki (荒垣 修平, Aragaki Shūhei, 1-34, 36-50): Takahiko Tōno (東野 孝彦, Tōno Takahiko)[3][4]\nTadao Nanbara (南原 忠男, Nanbara Tadao): Toyoyuki Kimura (木村 豊幸, Kimura Toyoyuki)[3][4]\nJirō Nishida (西田 次郎, Nishida Jirō): Kiyotaka Mitsugi (三ツ木 清隆, Mitsugi Kiyotaka)[3][4]\nIzumi Moriyama (森山 いずみ, Moriyama Izumi): Kiyoko Matsuya (松谷 紀代子, Matsuya Kiyoko)[3][4]\nLady in Green (緑のおばさん, Midori no Obasan)/Mother of Ultra (ウルトラの母, Urutora no Haha, Voice): Peggy Hayama (ペギー 葉山, Pegī Hayama)[3][4]\nTetsuya Kitajima (北島 哲也, Kitajima Tetsuya): Hidesuke Tsumura (津村 秀祐, Tsumura Hidesuke)[3]\nTakashi Ueno (上野 孝, Ueno Takashi, 8-30, 33-35): Akihiko Nishijima (西島 明彦, Nishijima Akihiko)[3]\nKazumi Nitani (二谷 一美, Nitani Kazumi): Noboru Mitani (三谷 昇, Mitani Noboru)[3]\nSaori Shiratori (白鳥 さおり, Shiratori Saori): Mayumi Asaka (あさか まゆみ, Asaka Mayumi, 1-16), Keiko Ono (小野 恵子, Ono Keiko, 20-53)[3]\nKenichi Shiratori (白鳥 健一, Shiratori Ken'ichi): Shinya Saitō (斎藤 信也, Saitō Shin'ya)[3]\nNarrator: Tetsurō Sagawa (瑳川 哲朗, Sagawa Tetsurō, 1-50, 53 preview), Akira Nagoya (51-53)[3]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toshiko Fujita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiko_Fujita"}],"text":"Opening theme\"Ultraman Taro\" (ウルトラマンタロウ, Urutoraman Tarō)\nLyrics: Yū Aku (阿久 悠, Aku Yū)\nComposition and arrangement: Makoto Kawaguchi (川口 真, Kawaguchi Makoto)\nArtist: Tarō Takemura (武村 太郎, Takemura Tarō), Mizuumi Boys & Girls Chorus (少年少女合唱団みずうみ, Shōnen Shōjo Gasshōdan Mizuumi)Insert themes\"Ultra Roku Kyōdai\" (ウルトラ六兄弟, Urutora Roku Kyōdai, lit. \"The 6 Ultra Brothers\")\nLyrics: Yū Aku\nComposition & Arrangement: Makoto Kawaguchi\nArtist: Tarō Takemura, Mizuumi Boys and Girls Choir\nEpisodes 18, 25, 33 and 34\n\"Ultra no Haha no Ballad\" (ウルトラの母のバラード, Urutora no Haha no Barādo, lit. \"Ballad of Mother of Ultra\")\nLyrics: Shigemitsu Taguchi (田口 成光, Taguchi Shigemitsu)\nComposition & Arrangement: Tōru Fuyuki (冬木 透, Fuyuki Tōru)\nArtist: Toshiko Fujita (藤田 淑子, Fujita Toshiko)\nEpisodes: 38 and 53","title":"Songs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Shout! Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout!_Factory"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In July 2019, Mill Creek Entertainment announced that it had acquired most of the Ultraman library from Tsuburaya Productions through Indigo Entertainment, including 1,100 TV episodes and 20 films.[5] The series was released on Blu-ray and digital on January 12, 2021, in standard and steelbook sets.[6]In July 2020, Shout! Factory announced to have struck a multi-year deal with Alliance Entertainment and Mill Creek, with the blessings of Tsuburaya and Indigo, that granted them the exclusive SVOD and AVOD digital rights to the Ultra series and films (1,100 TV episodes and 20 films) acquired by Mill Creek the previous year. Ultraman Taro, amongst other titles, will stream in the United States and Canada through Shout! Factory TV and Tokushoutsu.[7]","title":"Home media"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"デジタル大辞泉プラス「ウルトラマンタロウ」の解説\". kotobank. Retrieved August 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A6-696724","url_text":"\"デジタル大辞泉プラス「ウルトラマンタロウ」の解説\""}]},{"reference":"\"ウルトラマンタロウ\". ファミリー劇場. Retrieved August 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fami-geki.com/ultramantarou/","url_text":"\"ウルトラマンタロウ\""}]},{"reference":"\"ウルトラマンタロウ Blu-ray Box（特装限定版）\" (in Japanese). Bandai Visual. Retrieved 3 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bandaivisual.co.jp/cont/item/BCXS-1301/","url_text":"\"ウルトラマンタロウ Blu-ray Box（特装限定版）\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai_Visual","url_text":"Bandai Visual"}]},{"reference":"\"HDリマスター「ウルトラマンタロウ Blu-ray BOX」堂々の発売決定！\" (in Japanese). m-78.jp. 2017-07-18. Retrieved 2019-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://m-78.jp/news/n-4891/","url_text":"\"HDリマスター「ウルトラマンタロウ Blu-ray BOX」堂々の発売決定！\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exclusive – Mill Creek Entertainment Acquires the Ultraman Library For Physical and Digital Home Entertainment Distribution Across North America\". SciFi Japan. July 10, 2019. Archived from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scifijapan.com/articles/2019/07/10/exclusive-mill-creek-entertainment-acquires-the-ultraman-library-for-physical-and-digital-home-entertainment-distribution-across-north-america/","url_text":"\"Exclusive – Mill Creek Entertainment Acquires the Ultraman Library For Physical and Digital Home Entertainment Distribution Across North America\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190712061246/http://www.scifijapan.com/articles/2019/07/10/exclusive-mill-creek-entertainment-acquires-the-ultraman-library-for-physical-and-digital-home-entertainment-distribution-across-north-america/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mill Creek Entertainment To Drop Ultraman Taro SteelBook And Standard Blu-ray Release January 12, 2021!\". SciFi Japan. October 22, 2020. Archived from the original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scifijapan.com/articles/2020/10/22/mill-creek-entertainment-to-drop-ultraman-taro-steelbook-and-standard-blu-ray-release-january-12-2021/","url_text":"\"Mill Creek Entertainment To Drop Ultraman Taro SteelBook And Standard Blu-ray Release January 12, 2021!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201214100335/https://www.scifijapan.com/articles/2020/10/22/mill-creek-entertainment-to-drop-ultraman-taro-steelbook-and-standard-blu-ray-release-january-12-2021/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Patrick Frater (July 10, 2020). \"Shout! Factory Strikes 'Ultraman' Digital Distribution Deal With Mill Creek\". Variety. Archived from the original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved December 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2020/digital/asia/ultraman-shout-factory-digital-distribution-deal-mill-creek-1234702280/","url_text":"\"Shout! Factory Strikes 'Ultraman' Digital Distribution Deal With Mill Creek\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201214043858/https://variety.com/2020/digital/asia/ultraman-shout-factory-digital-distribution-deal-mill-creek-1234702280/","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A6-696724","external_links_name":"\"デジタル大辞泉プラス「ウルトラマンタロウ」の解説\""},{"Link":"https://www.fami-geki.com/ultramantarou/","external_links_name":"\"ウルトラマンタロウ\""},{"Link":"https://www.bandaivisual.co.jp/cont/item/BCXS-1301/","external_links_name":"\"ウルトラマンタロウ Blu-ray Box（特装限定版）\""},{"Link":"https://m-78.jp/news/n-4891/","external_links_name":"\"HDリマスター「ウルトラマンタロウ Blu-ray BOX」堂々の発売決定！\""},{"Link":"http://www.scifijapan.com/articles/2019/07/10/exclusive-mill-creek-entertainment-acquires-the-ultraman-library-for-physical-and-digital-home-entertainment-distribution-across-north-america/","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive – Mill Creek Entertainment Acquires the Ultraman Library For Physical and Digital Home Entertainment Distribution Across North America\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190712061246/http://www.scifijapan.com/articles/2019/07/10/exclusive-mill-creek-entertainment-acquires-the-ultraman-library-for-physical-and-digital-home-entertainment-distribution-across-north-america/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.scifijapan.com/articles/2020/10/22/mill-creek-entertainment-to-drop-ultraman-taro-steelbook-and-standard-blu-ray-release-january-12-2021/","external_links_name":"\"Mill Creek Entertainment To Drop Ultraman Taro SteelBook And Standard Blu-ray Release January 12, 2021!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201214100335/https://www.scifijapan.com/articles/2020/10/22/mill-creek-entertainment-to-drop-ultraman-taro-steelbook-and-standard-blu-ray-release-january-12-2021/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2020/digital/asia/ultraman-shout-factory-digital-distribution-deal-mill-creek-1234702280/","external_links_name":"\"Shout! Factory Strikes 'Ultraman' Digital Distribution Deal With Mill Creek\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201214043858/https://variety.com/2020/digital/asia/ultraman-shout-factory-digital-distribution-deal-mill-creek-1234702280/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1144411/","external_links_name":"Ultraman Taro"},{"Link":"https://en.tsuburaya-prod.co.jp/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.ultramanconnection.com/","external_links_name":"Ultraman Connection — Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/tsuburaya/","external_links_name":"Official Ultraman channel"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatina_argentina | Argentine angelshark | ["1 Measurements","2 Identification","3 Distribution & range","4 Climate & habitat","5 Behaviour","6 Biology","7 Threat to humans","8 Resilience & vulnerability","9 References"] | Species of shark
Argentine angelshark
Conservation status
Critically Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Chondrichthyes
Subclass:
Elasmobranchii
Subdivision:
Selachimorpha
Order:
Squatiniformes
Family:
Squatinidae
Genus:
Squatina
Species:
S. argentina
Binomial name
Squatina argentina(Marini, 1930)
Range of Argentine angelshark (in blue)
The Argentine angelshark (Squatina argentina) is an angelshark of the family Squatinidae.
Measurements
Born: N/A.; Mature: ~ 100.0 cm - 120 cm TL; Max: 138 (?170) cm TL.
Identification
Colour: Are a purplish-brown color with many scattered dark brown spots (with no white), that are mostly in circular groups around a central spot. No ocelli. Obtains paler dorsal fins. Body: Has simple spatulate nasal barbels. Also slightly fringed or a smooth anterior nasal flaps with no triangular lobes on lateral head folds. Has concave between its eyes. Obtains enlarged thorns on snout, and not back. Its pectoral fins are large, broad, and obtusely angular. Convex leading edge forming a very distinct 'shoulder'.
Distribution & range
Southwest Atlantic: from southern Brazil down south to Patagonia. 19°S - 53°S, 68°W - 38°W.
Climate & habitat
Subtropical; continental shelf and upper slope, demersal, marine. Found 50 – 320 m (usually 100 – 400 m) down.
Behaviour
Unknown.
Biology
Diet: Feeds on demersal fishes, shrimp, and squid. Reproduction: Are ovoviviparous, birth about 7 to 11 pups per litter.
Threat to humans
Traumatogenic.
Resilience & vulnerability
Very low, minimum population doubling time more than 14 years; high to very high vulnerability.
References
^ Cuevas, J.M.; Awruch, C.A.; Barreto, R.; Charvet, P.; Chiaramonte, G.E.; Dolphine, P.; Faria, V.; Paesch, L.; Rincon, G. (2019). "Squatina argentina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T39329A116841596. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T39329A116841596.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Squatina argentina" in FishBase. July 2006 version.
Compagno, Dando, & Fowler, Sharks of the World, Princeton University Press, New Jersey 2005 ISBN 0-691-12072-2
Sharks portal
vteExtant shark species
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Chondrichthyes
Subclass Elasmobranchii
Subdivision Selachii
Order Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks)Hemigaleidae (Weasel sharks)Hemipristis
Snaggletooth shark (H. elongata)
Chaenogaleus
Hooktooth shark (C. macrostoma)
Hemigaleus
Australian weasel shark (H. australiensis)
Sicklefin weasel shark (H. microstoma)
Paragaleus
Whitetip weasel shark (P. leucolomatus)
Atlantic weasel shark (P. pectoralis)
Slender weasel shark (P. randalli)
Straight-tooth weasel shark (P. tengi)
LeptochariidaeLeptocharias
Barbeled houndshark (L. smithii)
Proscylliidae (Finback sharks)Ctenacis
Harlequin catshark (C. fehlmanni)
Eridacnis
Cuban ribbontail catshark (E. barbouri)
Pygmy ribbontail catshark (E. radcliffei)
African ribbontail catshark (E. sinuans)
Proscyllium
Graceful catshark (P. habereri)
P. venustum
PseudotriakidaeGollum
Slender smooth-hound (G. attenuatus)
Pseudotriakis
False catshark (P. microdon)
Sphyrnidae (Hammerhead sharks)Eusphyra
Winghead shark (E. blochii)
Sphyrna
Scalloped bonnethead (S. corona)
Whitefin hammerhead (S. couardi)
Scalloped hammerhead (S. lewini)
Scoophead (S. media)
Great hammerhead (S. mokarran)
Bonnethead (S. tiburo)
Smalleye hammerhead (S. tudes)
Smooth hammerhead (S. zygaena)
Triakidae (Houndsharks)Furgaleus
Whiskery shark (F. macki)
Galeorhinus
School shark (G. galeus)
Gogolia
Sailback houndshark (G. filewoodi)
Hemitriakis
Deepwater sicklefin hound shark (H. abdita)
Sicklefin hound shark (H. falcata)
Japanese topeshark (H. japanica)
Whitefin topeshark (H. leucoperiptera)
Ocellate topeshark (Hemitriakis Sp.A)
Hypogaleus
Blacktip tope (H. hyugaensis)
Iago
Longnose houndshark (I. garricki)
Bigeye houndshark (I. omanensis)
Lowfin houndshark (Iago Sp.A)
Mustelus (Smooth-hounds)
M. albipinnis
Gummy shark (M. antarcticus)
Starry smooth-hound (M. asterias)
Gray smooth-hound (M. californicus)
Dusky smooth-hound (M. canis)
Sharptooth smooth-hound (M. dorsalis)
Striped smooth-hound (M. fasciatus)
Spotless smooth-hound (M. griseus)
Brown smooth-hound (M. henlei)
Smalleye smooth-hound (M. higmani)
Spotted estuary smooth-hound (M. lenticulatus)
Sicklefin smooth-hound (M. lunulatus)
Starspotted smooth-hound (M. manazo)
Speckled smooth-hound (M. mento)
M. minicanis
Arabian smooth-hound (M. mosis)
Common smooth-hound (M. mustelus)
Narrowfin smooth-hound (M. norrisi)
Whitespotted smooth-hound (M. palumbes)
Blackspotted smooth-hound (M. punctulatus)
M. ravidus
Narrownose smooth-hound (M. schmitti)
Gulf smoothhound (M. sinusmexicanus)
Humpback smooth-hound (M. whitneyi)
M. widodoi
Scylliogaleus
Flapnose houndshark (S. quecketti)
Triakis
Sharpfin houndshark (T. acutipinna)
Spotted houndshark (T. maculata)
Sharptooth houndshark (T. megalopterus)
Banded houndshark (T. scyllium)
Leopard shark (T. semifasciata)
Carcharhinidae
Large family listed below
Scyliorhinidae
Large family listed below
Family Carcharhinidae (Requiem sharks)Carcharhinus
Blacknose shark (C. acronotus)
Silvertip shark (C. albimarginatus)
Bignose shark (C. altimus)
Graceful shark (C. amblyrhynchoides)
Grey reef shark (C. amblyrhynchos)
Pigeye shark (C. amboinensis)
Borneo shark (C. borneensis)
Copper shark (C. brachyurus)
Spinner shark (C. brevipinna)
Nervous shark (C. cautus)
Whitecheek shark (C. dussumieri)
Silky shark (C. falciformis)
Creek whaler (C. fitzroyensis)
Galapagos shark (C. galapagenisis)
Pondicherry shark (C. hemiodon)
Finetooth shark (C. isodon)
Smoothtooth blacktip shark (C. leiodon)
Bull shark (C. leucas)
Blacktip shark (C. limbatus)
Oceanic whitetip shark (C. longimanus)
Hardnose shark (C. macloti)
Blacktip reef shark (C. melanopterus)
Dusky shark (C. obscurus)
Caribbean reef shark (C. perezii)
Sandbar shark (C. plumbeus)
Smalltail shark (C. porosus)
Blackspot shark (C. sealei)
Night shark (C. signatus)
Spottail shark (C. sorrah)
Australian blacktip shark (C. tilstoni)
Galeocerdo
Tiger shark (G. cuvier)
Glyphis (River sharks)
Ganges shark (G. gangeticus)
Northern river shark (G. garricki)
Speartooth shark (G. glyphis)
Irrawaddy river shark (G. siamensis)
Borneo river shark (Glyphis sp. B)
Isogomphodon
Daggernose shark (I. oxyrhynchus)
Lamiopsis
Broadfin shark (L. temminckii)
Loxodon
Sliteye shark (L. macrorhinus)
Nasolamia
Whitenose shark (N. velox)
Negaprion
Sicklefin lemon shark (N. acutidens)
Lemon shark (N. brevirostris)
Prionace
Blue shark (P. glauca)
Rhizoprionodon
Milk shark (R. acutus)
Brazilian sharpnose shark (R. lalandii)
Pacific sharpnose shark (R. longurio)
Grey sharpnose shark (R. oligolinx)
Caribbean sharpnose shark (R. porosus)
Australian sharpnose shark (R. taylori)
Atlantic sharpnose shark (R. terraenovae)
Scoliodon
Spadenose shark (S. laticaudus)
Triaenodon
Whitetip reef shark (T. obesus)
Family Scyliorhinidae (Catsharks)Apristurus
Flatnose cat shark (A. acanutus)
A. albisoma
A. aphyodes
Atlantic ghost catshark (A. atlanticus)
Brown catshark (A. brunneus)
Hoary catshark (A. canutus)
Flaccid catshark (A. exsanguis)
A. fedorovi
Humpback cat shark (A. gibbosus)
Longfin catshark (A. herklotsi)
Smallbelly catshark (A. indicus)
A. internatus
Broadnose catshark (A. investigatoris)
Japanese catshark (A. japonicus)
Longnose catshark (A. kampae)
Iceland catshark (A. laurussonii)
Longhead catshark (A. longicephalus)
Flathead catshark (A. macrorhynchus)
Broadmouth cat shark (A. macrostomus)
Ghost catshark (A. manis)
Black roughscale catshark (A. melanoasper)
Smalleye catshark (A. microps)
Smalldorsal cat shark (A. micropterygeus)
Largenose catshark (A. nasutus)
Smallfin catshark (A. parvipinnis)
A. pinguis
Spatulasnout catshark (A. platyrhynchus)
Deepwater catshark (A. profundorum)
Broadgill catshark (A. riveri)
Saldanha catshark (A. saldanha)
Pale catshark (A. sibogae)
South China catshark (A. sinensis)
Spongehead catshark (A. spongiceps)
Panama ghost catshark (A. stenseni)
Asymbolus
Australian spotted catshark (A. analis)
A. funebris
Western spotted catshark (A. occiduus)
Pale spotted catshark (A. pallidus)
A. parvus
A. rubiginosus
Variegated catshark (A. submaculatus)
Gulf catshark (A. vincenti)
Atelomycterus
A. baliensis
Banded sand catshark (A. fasciatus)
Australian marbled catshark (A. macleayi)
Coral catshark (A. marmoratus)
Aulohalaelurus
New Caledonia catshark (A. kanakorum)
Australian blackspotted catshark (A. labiosus)
Cephaloscyllium
Whitefin swellshark (C. albipinnum)
Circle-blotch pygmy swellshark (C. circulopullum)
Cook's swellshark (C. cooki)
Reticulated swellshark (C. fasciatum)
Formosa swellshark (C. formosanum)
Australian reticulate swellshark (C. hicosellum)
Draughtsboard shark (C. isabellum)
Australian swellshark (C. laticeps)
Spotted swellshark (C. maculatum)
Leopard-spotted swellshark (C. pardelotum)
Painted swellshark (C. pictum)
Sarawak pygmy swellshark (C. sarawakensis)
Flagtail swellshark (C. signourum)
Indian swellshark (C. silasi)
Speckled swellshark (C. speccum)
Balloon shark (C. sufflans)
Blotchy swellshark (C. umbratile)
Saddled swellshark (C. variegatum)
Swellshark (C. ventriosum)
Narrowbar swellshark (C. zebrum)
Cephalurus
Lollipop catshark (C. cephalus)
Figaro
Australian sawtail catshark (F. boardmani)
Northern sawtail catshark (F. striatus)
Galeus
Antilles catshark (G. antillensis)
Roughtail catshark (G. arae)
Atlantic sawtail cat shark (G. atlanticus)
Longfin sawtail cat shark (G. cadenati)
Gecko catshark (G. eastmani)
Slender sawtail catshark (G. gracilis)
Longnose sawtail cat shark (G. longirostris)
Blackmouth catshark (G. melastomus)
Southern sawtail catshark (G. mincaronei)
Mouse catshark (G. murinus)
Broadfin sawtail catshark (G. nipponensis)
Peppered catshark (G. piperatus)
African sawtail catshark (G. polli)
G. priapus
Blacktip sawtail catshark (G. sauteri)
Dwarf sawtail catshark (G. schultzi)
Springer's sawtail cat shark (G. springeri)
Halaelurus
Arabian catshark (H. alcockii)
Speckled catshark (H. boesemani)
Blackspotted catshark (H. buergeri)
Dusky catshark (H. canescens)
Broadhead cat shark (H. clevai)
New Zealand catshark (H. dawsoni)
Bristly catshark (H. hispidus)
Spotless catshark (H. immaculatus)
Lined catshark (H. lineatus)
Mud catshark (H. lutarius)
Tiger catshark (H. natalensis)
Quagga catshark (H. quagga)
Haploblepharus
Puffadder shyshark (H. edwardsii)
Brown shyshark (H. fuscus)
Natal shyshark (H. kistnasamyi)
Dark shyshark (H. pictus)
Holohalaelurus
H. favus
H. grennian
Crying izak (H. melanostigma)
African spotted catshark (H. punctatus)
Izak catshark (H. regani)
Parmaturus
White-tip catshark (P. albimarginatus)
White-clasper catshark (P. albipenis)
Beige catshark (P. bigus)
Campeche catshark (P. campechiensis)
Velvet catshark (P. lanatus)
McMillan's catshark (P. macmillani)
Blackgill catshark (P. melanobranchus)
Salamander shark (P. pilosus)
Filetail catshark (P. xaniurus)
Shorttail catshark (Parmaturus sp. A)
Pentanchus
Onefin catshark (P. profundicolus)
Poroderma
Pyjama catshark (P. africanum)
Leopard catshark (P. pantherinum)
Schroederichthys
Narrowmouthed catshark (S. bivius)
Redspotted catshark (S. chilensis)
Narrowtail catshark (S. maculatus)
Lizard catshark (S. saurisqualus)
Slender catshark (S. tenuis)
Scyliorhinus
Polkadot catshark (S. besnardi)
Boa catshark (S. boa)
Small-spotted catshark (S. canicula)
Yellowspotted catshark (S. capensis)
West African catshark (S. cervigoni)
Comoro cat shark (S. comoroensis)
Brownspotted catshark (S. garmani)
Freckled catshark (S. haeckelii)
Whitesaddled catshark (S. hesperius)
Blotched catshark (S. meadi)
Chain catshark (S. retifer)
Nursehound (S. stellaris)
Izu cat shark (S. tokubee)
Cloudy catshark (S. torazame)
Dwarf catshark (S. torrei)
Order Echinorhiniformes (Bramble sharks)EchinorhinidaeEchinorhinus
Bramble shark (E. brucus)
Prickly shark (E. cookei)
Order Heterodontiformes (Bullhead sharks)HeterodontidaeHeterodontus
Horn shark (H. francisci)
Crested bullhead shark (H. galeatus)
Japanese bullhead shark (H. japonicus)
Mexican hornshark (H. mexicanus)
Oman bullhead shark (H. omanensis)
Port Jackson shark (H. portusjacksoni)
Galapagos bullhead shark (H. quoyi)
Whitespotted bullhead shark (H. ramalheira)
Zebra bullhead shark (H. zebra)
Order HexanchiformesChlamydoselachidaeChlamydoselachus
Frilled shark (C. anguineus)
Southern African frilled shark (C. africana)
Hexanchidae (Cow sharks)Heptranchias
Sharpnose sevengill shark (H. perlo)
Hexanchus
Bluntnose sixgill shark (H. griseus)
Bigeyed sixgill shark (H. nakamurai)
Notorynchus
Broadnose sevengill shark (N. cepedianus)
Order Lamniformes (Mackerel sharks)AlopiidaeAlopias (Thresher sharks)
Pelagic thresher (A. pelagicus)
Bigeye thresher (A. superciliosus)
Common thresher (A. vulpinus)
Alopias sp. (A. sp.)
CetorhinidaeCetorhinus
Basking shark (C. maximus)
LamnidaeCarcharodon
Great white shark (C. carcharias)
Isurus
Shortfin mako shark (I. oxyrinchus)
Longfin mako shark (I. paucus)
Lamna
Salmon shark (L. ditropis)
Porbeagle (L. nasus)
MegachasmidaeMegachasma
Megamouth shark (M. pelagios)
MitsukurinidaeMitsukurina
Goblin shark (M. owstoni)
OdontaspididaeCarcharias
Grey nurse shark (C. taurus)
Indian sand tiger (C. tricuspidatus)
Odontaspis
Smalltooth sand tiger (O. ferox)
Bigeye sand tiger (O. noronhai)
PseudocarchariidaePseudocarcharias
Crocodile shark (P. kamoharai)
Order Orectolobiformes (Carpet sharks)BrachaeluridaeBrachaelurus
Blind shark (B. waddi)
Heteroscyllium
Bluegrey carpetshark (H. colcloughi)
Ginglymostomatidae (Nurse sharks)Ginglymostoma
Nurse shark (G. cirratum)
Nebrius
Tawny nurse shark (N. ferrugineus)
Pseudoginglymostoma
Short-tail nurse shark (P. brevicaudatum)
Hemiscylliidae (Bamboo sharks)Chiloscyllium
Arabian carpetshark (C. arabicum)
Burmese bamboo shark (C. burmensis)
Bluespotted bamboo shark (C. caerulopunctatum)
Grey bamboo shark (C. griseum)
Hasselt's bamboo shark (C. hasseltii)
Slender bamboo shark (C. indicum)
Whitespotted bamboo shark (C. plagiosum)
Brownbanded bamboo shark (C. punctatum)
Hemiscyllium
Indonesian speckled carpetshark (H. freycineti)
H. galei
Papuan epaulette shark (H. hallstromi)
H. henryi
Epaulette shark (H. ocellatum)
Hooded carpetshark (H. strahani)
Speckled carpetshark (H. trispeculare)
Orectolobidae (Wobbegongs)Eucrossorhinus
Tasselled wobbegong (E. dasypogon)
Orectolobus
Floral banded wobbegong (O. floridus)
Banded wobbegong (O. halei)
Western wobbegong (O. hutchinsi)
Japanese wobbegong (O. japonicus)
Spotted wobbegong (O. maculatus)
Ornate wobbegong (O. ornatus)
Dwarf spotted wobbegong (O. parvimaculatus)
Network wobbegong (O. reticulatus)
Northern wobbegong (O. wardi)
Sutorectus
Cobbler wobbegong (S. tentaculatus)
Parascylliidae (Collared carpet sharks)Cirrhoscyllium
Barbelthroat carpetshark (C. expolitum)
Taiwan saddled carpetshark (C. formosanum)
Saddle carpetshark (C. japonicum)
Parascyllium
Collared carpetshark (P. collare)
Rusty carpetshark (P. ferrugineum)
Ginger carpetshark (P. sparsimaculatum)
Necklace carpetshark (P. variolatum)
RhincodontidaeRhincodon
Whale shark (R. typus)
StegostomatidaeStegostoma
Zebra shark (S. fasciatum)
Order Pristiophoriformes (Sawsharks)PristiophoridaePliotrema
Sixgill sawshark (P. warreni)
Pristiophorus
Longnose sawshark (P. cirratus)
Tropical sawshark (P. delicatus)
Japanese sawshark (P. japonicus)
Shortnose sawshark (P. nudipinnis)
Bahamas sawshark (P. schroederi)
Eastern Australian sawshark (Pristiophorus peroniensis)
Philippine sawshark (Pristiophorus sp. C)
Dwarf sawshark (Pristiophorus sp. D)
Order SqualiformesCentrophoridae (Gulper sharks)Centrophorus
Needle dogfish (C. acus)
Dwarf gulper shark (C. atromarginatus)
Gulper shark (C. granulosus)
Dumb gulper shark (C. harrissoni)
Blackfin gulper shark (C. isodon)
Lowfin gulper shark (C. lusitanicus)
Smallfin gulper shark (C. moluccensis)
Taiwan gulper shark (C. niaukang)
Leafscale gulper shark (C. squamosus)
Mosaic gulper shark (C. tessellatus)
Little gulper shark (C. uyato)
Deania
Birdbeak dogfish (D. calcea)
Rough longnose dogfish (D. hystricosa)
Arrowhead dogfish (D. profundorum)
Longsnout dogfish (D. quadrispinosum)
DalatiidaeEuprotomicroides
Taillight shark (E. zantedeschia)
Heteroscymnoides
Longnose pygmy shark (H. marleyi)
Mollisquama
Pocket shark (M. parini)
Dalatias
Kitefin shark (D. licha)
Isistius
Cookiecutter shark (I. brasiliensis)
South China cookiecutter shark (I. labialis)
Largetooth cookiecutter shark (I. plutodus)
Euprotomicrus
Pygmy shark (E. bispinatus)
Squaliolus
Smalleye pygmy shark (S. aliae)
Spined pygmy shark (S. laticaudus)
EtmopteridaeAculeola
Hooktooth dogfish (A. nigra)
Centroscyllium
Highfin dogfish (C. excelsum)
Black dogfish (C. fabricii)
Granular dogfish (C. granulatum)
Bareskin dogfish (C. kamoharai)
Combtooth dogfish (C. nigrum)
Ornate dogfish (C. ornatum)
Whitefin dogfish (C. ritteri)
Etmopterus (Lantern sharks)
New Zealand lanternshark (E. baxteri)
Blurred lanternshark (E. bigelowi)
Shorttail lanternshark (E. brachyurus)
Lined lanternshark (E. bullisi)
E. burgessi
Cylindrical lanternshark (E. carteri)
Tailspot lanternshark (E. caudistigmus)
Combtooth lanternshark (E. decacuspidatus)
Pink lanternshark (E. dianthus)
E. dislineatus
Blackmouth lanternshark (E. evansi)
Pygmy lanternshark (E. fusus)
Broadbanded lanternshark (E. gracilispinis)
Southern lanternshark (E. granulosus)
Caribbean lanternshark (E. hillianus)
Smalleye lantern shark (E. litvinovi)
Blackbelly lanternshark (E. lucifer)
Slendertail lanternshark (E. molleri)
Dwarf lanternshark (E. perryi)
African lanternshark (E. polli)
Great lanternshark (E. princeps)
False lanternshark (E. pseudosqualiolus)
Smooth lanternshark (E. pusillus)
Dense-scale lantern shark (E. pycnolepis)
West Indian lanternshark (E. robinsi)
Fringefin lanternshark (E. schultzi)
Thorny lanternshark (E. sentosus)
Velvet belly lantern shark (E. spinax)
Splendid lanternshark (E. splendidus)
Tasmanian lanternshark (E. tasmaniensis)
Brown lanternshark (E. unicolor)
Hawaiian lanternshark (E. villosus)
Green lanternshark (E. virens)
Miroscyllium
Rasptooth dogfish (M. sheikoi)
Trigonognathus
Viper dogfish (T. kabeyai)
Oxynotidae (Rough sharks)Oxynotus
Prickly dogfish (O. bruniensis)
Caribbean roughshark (O. caribbaeus)
Angular roughshark (O. centrina)
Japanese roughshark (O. japonicus)
Sailfin roughshark (O. paradoxus)
Somniosidae (Sleeper sharks)Centroscymnus
Portuguese dogfish (C. coelolepis)
Shortnose velvet dogfish (C. cryptacanthus)
Roughskin dogfish (C. owstoni)
Centroselachus
Longnose velvet dogfish (C. crepidater)
Proscymnodon
Largespine velvet dogfish (P. macracanthus)
Plunket shark (P. plunketi)
Scymnodalatias
Whitetail dogfish (S. albicauda)
Azores dogfish (S. garricki)
Sparsetooth dogfish (S. oligodon)
Sherwood dogfish (S. sherwoodi)
Scymnodon
Smallmouth velvet dogfish (S. obscurus)
Knifetooth dogfish (S. ringens)
Somniosus
Southern sleeper shark (S. antarcticus)
Frog shark (S. longus )
Greenland shark (S. microcephalus)
Pacific sleeper shark (S. pacificus)
Little sleeper shark (S. rostratus)
Zameus
Japanese velvet dogfish (Z. ichiharai)
Velvet dogfish (Z. squamulosus)
Squalidae (Dogfish sharks)Cirrhigaleus
Roughskin spurdog (C. asper)
Mandarin dogfish (C. barbifer)
Squalus (Spurdogs)
Spiny dogfish (S. acanthias)
Eastern highfin spurdog (S. albifrons)
S. acutirostris
Western highfin spurdog (S. altipinnis)
Longnose spurdog (S. blainville)
Fatspine spurdog (S. crassispinus)
Cuban dogfish (S. cubensis)
Eastern longnose spurdog (S. grahami)
Japanese spurdog (S. japonicus)
Shortnose spurdog (S. megalops)
Blacktailed spurdog (S. melanurus)
Shortspine spurdog (S. mitsukurii)
Bartail spurdog (S. notocaudatus)
Western longnose spurdog (S. nasutus)
Cyrano spurdog (S. rancureli)
Pacific spiny dogfish (S. suckleyi)
Order Squatiniformes (Angel sharks)SquatinidaeSquatina
Sawback angelshark (S. aculeata)
African angelshark (S. africana)
Eastern Australian angelshark (Squatina albipunctata)
Argentine angelshark (S. argentina)
Chilean angelshark (S. armata)
Australian angelshark (S. australis)
Pacific angelshark (S. californica)
Sand devil (S. dumeril)
Taiwan angelshark (S. formosa)
Angular angel shark (S. guggenheim)
S. heteroptera
Japanese angelshark (S. japonica)
Indonesian angelshark (S. legnota)
Cortez angelshark (S. mexicana)
Clouded angelshark (S. nebulosa)
Smoothback angelshark (S. oculata)
S. punctata
Western Australian angelshark (Squatina pseudocellata)
Angelshark (S. squatina)
Ornate angelshark (S. tergocellata)
Ocellated angelshark (S. tergocellatoides)
Taxon identifiersSquatina argentina
Wikidata: Q28845
ADW: Squatina_argentina
CoL: 6ZFF4
FishBase: 727
GBIF: 2417805
iNaturalist: 113048
IRMNG: 10570714
ITIS: 160795
IUCN: 39329
NCBI: 1502963
NOAA: argentine-angelshark
OBIS: 271664
Open Tree of Life: 3595335
WoRMS: 271664 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"angelshark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelshark"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Squatinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatinidae"}],"text":"The Argentine angelshark (Squatina argentina) is an angelshark of the family Squatinidae.","title":"Argentine angelshark"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Born: N/A.; Mature: ~ 100.0 cm - 120 cm TL; Max: 138 (?170) cm TL.","title":"Measurements"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Colour: Are a purplish-brown color with many scattered dark brown spots (with no white), that are mostly in circular groups around a central spot. No ocelli. Obtains paler dorsal fins. Body: Has simple spatulate nasal barbels. Also slightly fringed or a smooth anterior nasal flaps with no triangular lobes on lateral head folds. Has concave between its eyes. Obtains enlarged thorns on snout, and not back. Its pectoral fins are large, broad, and obtusely angular. Convex leading edge forming a very distinct 'shoulder'.","title":"Identification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Patagonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia"}],"text":"Southwest Atlantic: from southern Brazil down south to Patagonia. 19°S - 53°S, 68°W - 38°W.","title":"Distribution & range"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Subtropical; continental shelf and upper slope, demersal, marine. Found 50 – 320 m (usually 100 – 400 m) down.","title":"Climate & habitat"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Unknown.","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Diet: Feeds on demersal fishes, shrimp, and squid. Reproduction: Are ovoviviparous, birth about 7 to 11 pups per litter.","title":"Biology"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Traumatogenic.","title":"Threat to humans"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Very low, minimum population doubling time more than 14 years; high to very high vulnerability.","title":"Resilience & vulnerability"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Cuevas, J.M.; Awruch, C.A.; Barreto, R.; Charvet, P.; Chiaramonte, G.E.; Dolphine, P.; Faria, V.; Paesch, L.; Rincon, G. (2019). \"Squatina argentina\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T39329A116841596. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T39329A116841596.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39329/116841596","url_text":"\"Squatina argentina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T39329A116841596.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T39329A116841596.en"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/39329/116841596","external_links_name":"\"Squatina argentina\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T39329A116841596.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T39329A116841596.en"},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Squatina&speciesname=argentina","external_links_name":"\"Squatina argentina\""},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Squatina_argentina/","external_links_name":"Squatina_argentina"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6ZFF4","external_links_name":"6ZFF4"},{"Link":"https://www.fishbase.ca/summary/727","external_links_name":"727"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2417805","external_links_name":"2417805"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/113048","external_links_name":"113048"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10570714","external_links_name":"10570714"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=160795","external_links_name":"160795"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/39329","external_links_name":"39329"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1502963","external_links_name":"1502963"},{"Link":"https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/argentine-angelshark","external_links_name":"argentine-angelshark"},{"Link":"https://obis.org/taxon/271664","external_links_name":"271664"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3595335","external_links_name":"3595335"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=271664","external_links_name":"271664"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplementary_Vote | Contingent vote | ["1 Usage","2 Voting and counting","3 Impact on factions and candidates","4 Variants","4.1 Sri Lankan contingent vote","4.2 Supplementary vote","4.2.1 History and use","4.2.2 Impact on factions and candidates","5 Similar systems","5.1 Two-round system","5.2 Nonpartisan blanket primary","5.2.1 Top-four primary","5.3 Instant-runoff voting","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"] | Single-winner ranked-choice electoral system
Not to be confused with contingent election.
A flowchart for the contingent vote.
Part of the Politics seriesElectoral systems
Single-winner/winner-take-allPlurality
First-past-the-post
Plurality at-large (plurality block voting)
General ticket (party block voting)
Multi-round voting
Two-round
Exhaustive ballot
Primary election
Nonpartisan
unified
top-four
Majority at-large (two-round block voting)
Ranked / preferential systems
Instant-runoff (alternative vote)
Contingent vote
Coombs' method
Condorcet methods (Copeland's, Dodgson's, Kemeny–Young, Minimax, Nanson's, ranked pairs, Schulze, Alternative Smith)
Positional voting (Borda count, Nauru/Dowdall method)
Bucklin voting
Oklahoma primary electoral system
Preferential block voting
Cardinal / graded systems
Score voting
Approval voting
Combined approval voting
Unified primary
Usual judgment
Satisfaction approval voting
Majority judgment
STAR voting
Proportional representationParty-list
Electoral list
open list
closed list
local lists
Apportionment
Sainte-Laguë
D'Hondt
Huntington–Hill
Hare
Droop
Imperiali
Hagenbach-Bischoff
National remnant
Highest averages
Largest remainder
Proportional forms of ranked voting
Single transferable vote
Gregory
Wright
Schulze STV
CPO-STV
Ranked party list PR
Spare vote
Proportional forms of cardinal voting
Proportional approval voting
Sequential proportional approval voting
Method of Equal Shares
Phragmen's voting rules
Biproportional apportionment
Fair majority voting
Weighted voting
Direct representation
Interactive representation
Liquid democracy
Mixed systemsBy type of representation
Mixed-member majoritarian
Mixed-member proportional
Non-compensatory mixed systems
Parallel voting
Majority bonus
Compensatory mixed systems
Additional member system
Mixed single vote (positive vote transfer)
Scorporo (negative vote transfer)
Mixed ballot transferable vote
Alternative Vote Plus
Dual-member proportional
Rural–urban proportional
Other systems and related theorySemi-proportional representation
Single non-transferable vote
Limited voting
Cumulative voting
Binomial voting
Other systems
Multiple non-transferable vote
Double simultaneous vote
Proxy voting
Delegated voting
Indirect STV
Liquid democracy
Random selection (sortition, random ballot)
Supermajority
Social choice theory
Arrow's theorem
Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem
Public choice theory
Veto Players
List of electoral systems
List of electoral systems by country
Comparison of electoral systems
Effects of electoral systems
Political fragmentation
Political efficacy
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The contingent vote is an electoral system used to elect a single representative in which a candidate requires a majority of votes to win. It is a form of preferential voting. The voter ranks the candidates in order of preference, and when the votes are counted, the first preference votes only are counted. If no candidate has a majority (more than half) of the votes cast, then all but the two leading candidates are eliminated and the votes received by the eliminated candidates are distributed among the two remaining candidates according to voters' preferences. This ensures that one candidate achieves a majority and is declared elected.
The contingent vote can be considered a compressed or "instant" form of the two-round system (runoff system), in which both "rounds" occur without the need for voters to go to the polls twice. For this reason, the term instant-runoff voting has also been used for this method, though this conflicts with the more common meaning.
It also has similarities to other ranked-choice systems. Unlike the contingent vote, systems like instant-runoff voting (IRV), Coombs' method, and Baldwin's method allow for many rounds of counting, eliminating only one weakest candidate each round. IRV allows a candidate other than the top two in the first count to win.
Usage
A variant of the contingent vote has been used to elect the president of Sri Lanka since 1978.
The supplementary vote was used to pick directly elected mayors and police and crime commissioners in England prior to 2022.
In the past, the ordinary form of the contingent vote was used to elect the Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 1892 to 1942. To date, this has been the longest continuous use of the system anywhere in the world.
Contingent voting was used for Democratic party primaries in the US state of Alabama from 1915 to 1931.
Voting and counting
Example of optional preferential ballot paper.
In an election held using the contingent vote, the voters rank the list of candidates in order of preference. Under the most common ballot layout, they place a '1' beside their most preferred candidate, a '2' beside their second most preferred, and so on. In this respect the contingent vote is the same as other ranked ballot methods.
There are then a maximum of two rounds of counting. In the first round only first preferences are counted. Candidates receiving an absolute majority of first preferences (i.e. more than half) are immediately declared the winner. However, if no candidate has an absolute majority, then all but the two candidates with the most first preferences are eliminated, and there is a second round. In the second round, the votes of the voters whose first preference had been eliminated are transferred to whichever of the two remaining candidates they ranked the highest. The votes are then counted, and whichever candidate has an absolute majority is declared elected.
Impact on factions and candidates
Like instant-runoff voting and the two-round system, the goal of the contingent vote is to enable a majority of voters to confirm the winner of an election. This majority rule requirement encourages candidates to seek support beyond their core base of supporters in order to secure the lower preferences of the supporters of other candidates. This is said to create a more conciliatory campaigning style among candidates with similar policy platforms. However this effect will be diminished by the fact that lower preferences are less important under the contingent vote than under IRV; under the contingent vote it is especially important for candidates to receive many first preferences so that they are not eliminated straight away.
Compared to plurality voting, the contingent vote does aid the chances of 'third party' candidates to some extent, as voters do not need to be afraid a vote for a minor third party will spoil the election for a stronger party candidate, as long as their second preference candidate can make the top-two requirement.
However, when there are three or more similarly strong candidates, the spoiler effect still exists, just as it does in two-round runoff or IRV: voting honestly for a favorite candidate can cause a second favorite to be eliminated, which then causes a less-preferred candidate to win in the runoff. Likewise, contingent vote suffers from the center-squeeze effect, which can amplify polarization.
Like any system that elects a single representative, contingent vote is not a form of proportional representation. For that reason, if it were used to elect individual members of a council or legislature, it could be expected to produce the kind of one-party-dominant results that are produced by other single-seat systems like first-past-the-post (FPTP) (plurality). However, election of representatives by only a minority of a district's voters is less likely under contingent vote than under FPTP.
Variants
The supplementary vote and the Sri Lankan contingent vote are two implementation variations, in which voters cannot rank all of the candidates but rather are only permitted to express two or three preferences, respectively.
This means that if a voter's marked preferences do not include either of the candidates who survive to the second round, then it will be impossible to transfer the vote, which is therefore declared "wasted" or "exhausted".
Sri Lankan contingent vote
In Sri Lanka, since the 1982 presidential election, a variant of the contingent vote electoral system is used to elect the country's president. As under the conventional contingent vote, in an election held using the Sri Lankan form of the contingent vote each voter ranks the candidates in order of preference, and if no candidate receives an overall majority of first preference votes on the first count then all but the two leading candidates are eliminated and their votes redistributed to help determine a winner in a second and final round. However, whereas under the ordinary form of the contingent vote voters can rank all of the candidates in order of preference, under Sri Lankan contingent voting the voter can only express their top three preferences (which can lead to exhausted ballots). Each direct presidential election going back to the first in 1981 has seen a candidate from one of the two major parties or alliances at the time winning in the first count so never has the second round of vote counting ever been conducted.
Supplementary vote
Example ballot designs
Two column
Single column
Each voter ranks at least one and no more than two candidates by placing an 'X' in one column to indicate their first choice of candidate and another 'X' in a second column to indicate their second choice of candidate.
A less common form is to print a single column on the ballot paper and require voters to write '1' next to their first preference and '2' next to their second.
The supplementary vote (SV) is a variation of the contingent vote in which the voter ranks only two of the candidates in order of preference. If a voter's first-choice candidate is eliminated but their second choice is one of the two remaining candidates, their vote is transferred to the second-choice candidate. This means that the winning candidate has the support of a majority of voters who expressed a preference among the top two, although not necessarily a majority of votes cast in the first count.
The supplementary vote was used in all elections for directly elected mayors in England, including the Mayor of London, and in elections for police and crime commissioners, until 2022, when it was replaced by first-past-the-post voting (FPTP).
History and use
In the early 1990s, the Plant Commission was established by the Labour Party to recommend a new voting system for the Parliament of the United Kingdom. When the Commission reported in 1993, instead of suggesting an already existing system, it recommended the supplementary vote system, which it said had never been used anywhere. In actuality, contingent voting had been in use in Australia as early as 1892.
Although some commentators credit the head of the commission, Raymond Plant, with the invention of SV, according to others, it was the brainchild of a Labour member of Parliament (MP) at the time, Dale Campbell-Savours and academic Patrick Dunleavy, who outlined and advocated for it in an article for the New Statesman magazine that was published September 29, 1989.
In 2000, several districts in England introduced directly elected mayors. It was decided to use the supplementary vote for the election of these new mayors, including the Mayor of London, and for the election of police and crime commissioners across much of England and Wales. The supplementary vote was used for these offices from 2000 to 2022.
In the 2021 London election, a record 5 percent of first preference ballots were rejected, mostly because voters tried to select more than one first preference on a ballot with 20 mayoral candidates divided into two sections. (The 2021 winner did not take a majority of votes counted in the first round (2.5M) but did take a majority of votes that were marked with a preference for either of the two candidates running in the second count.) The Home Secretary, Priti Patel of the Conservative Party, responded by ending the use of the supplementary vote in England in 2022, citing voter confusion with a complex system. However, critics, including the Labour and Green parties, argued that the wasted votes were due to ballot layout and that the change was aimed at benefitting Conservative Party candidates. They also claimed that the supplementary vote was effective in increasing multi-party participation and was popular among voters.
The histories of two-round voting and other forms of instant run-off voting may be seen as part of the history of SV due to their similarities.
Impact on factions and candidates
The supplementary vote is said to encourage candidates to seek support beyond their core base of supporters in order to secure the second preferences of the supporters of other candidates, and so to create a more conciliatory campaigning style among candidates with similar policy platforms. SV is also likely to improve the chances of "third party" candidates by encouraging voters, who wish to do so, to vote sincerely for such candidates for whom, under systems such as first-past-the-post, they would be discouraged from doing so for tactical reasons.
These positive effects are moderated by the incentives SV creates for voting, in some circumstances, for only candidates from among the leading three.
Political scientists Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher noted two flaws of SV:
First, since the automatic dual-ballot nature of SV dispenses with any need for a runoff two weeks later – as often happens for, say, the election of the president of France – voters cast their second preferences without being certain of which candidates will make the runoff. Consequently, some second preferences will be declared invalid because they bear only preferences marked for eliminated candidates.
Second, it is possible for the victor to fail to achieve an absolute majority overall, for it is not an obligation for a voter to cast a second preference, and even when a second preference is marked, the vote will be ineffective if it is cast for a candidate who does not make it into the top two, when the first preference is marked also for a candidate who does not make it into the second round.
Similar systems
Two-round system
Under the two-round system (also known as runoff voting and the second ballot) voters vote for only a single candidate, rather than ranking candidates in order of preference. As under the contingent vote, if no candidate has an absolute majority in the first round, all but the top two are eliminated and there is a second round. However, in the two round system, voters are asked to return and vote a second time. Because of the similarities between them, the contingent vote and the two-round system can usually be expected to elect the same winner. However, in the two-round system, the voter is permitted to change one's mind from one round to another, even if their favourite candidate in the first round has not been eliminated. It also guarantees that every voter has a chance to express a preference between the top two, unlike the limited forms of contingent vote. Voter turnout may also be higher in the second vote.
Nonpartisan blanket primary
The nonpartisan blanket primary is a variation of the two-round system except the first round does not pick a winner, but instead picks the two highest candidates who will compete in the general election. Because the first round does not pick a winner, there will tend to be higher voter turnout in the second election.
The contingent vote will generally pick the same winner as a blanket primary, except fewer voters in the primary round may lead to a different top-two candidates than if the whole electorate voted in both rounds.
Top-four primary
The top-four primary is a variant of the nonpartisan blanket primary which advances the top four candidates from a single primary, regardless of party, and uses instant-runoff voting in the general election to pick a majority winner.
Instant-runoff voting
As noted above, the instant-runoff voting (or alternative vote) differs from the contingent vote in that it permits several rounds rather than just two. Under the alternative vote only candidate(s) for whom it is mathematically impossible to win are eliminated after each round, and as many rounds occur as are necessary to give one candidate an absolute majority. These differences mean that the contingent vote and alternative vote can produce different results. Because, under the contingent vote, all but two candidates are eliminated in the first round, it is possible for a candidate to be eliminated who would have gone on to win had they been allowed to receive transfers in later rounds.
See also
Ranked voting systems
History and use of instant-runoff voting
Elected mayors in the United Kingdom
List of democracy and elections-related topics
Alternative vote
Alternative Vote Plus
Single transferable vote
Notes
^ This form was used to elect the Mayor of Newham in the 2006 election.
References
^ a b c d e Bowler, Shaun; Grofman, Bernard Norman (2000). "The Single Transferable Vote and the Alternative Vote Compared". Elections in Australia, Ireland, and Malta under the Single Transferable Vote: Reflections on an Embedded Institution. University of Michigan Press. p. 40. doi:10.3998/mpub.16507. ISBN 978-0-472-02681-4. The contingent vote ... was used in Queensland from 1892 to 1942 and for Democratic primary elections in the U.S. state of Alabama between 1915 and 1931. It has been used for presidential elections in Sri Lanka since 1978 and in 1996 ... the United Kingdom ... called it the "supplementary vote."
^ Gajanayake, Manjula; Siriwardana, Thusitha; Isuranga, Hirantha; Jayasinghe, Pasan (2019). "2019 Sri Lankan Presidential Election: Election Observation Report" (PDF). Centre for Monitoring Election Violence. Retrieved July 21, 2022.
^ "Supplementary fudge | Fabian Society". March 21, 2024.
^ "Supplementary Voting".
^ "London elections 2021: Record number of mayoral votes rejected". May 10, 2021.
^ "First Past the Post to be introduced for all local mayoral and police and crime commissioner elections".
^ "London mayoral election to be changed to First Past the Post system under Government plans". March 17, 2021.
^ "'Make Every Vote Matter' Says Green Party". June 19, 2021.
^ "A big change is coming to how we vote for the next Mayor of London". April 7, 2022.
^ "Priti Patel under fire over plan to change voting system for London mayor". Independent.co.uk. March 16, 2021.
^ Rallings, Colin; Thrasher, Michael; Cowling, David (2002). "Mayoral Referendums and Elections". Local Government Studies. 28 (4): 67–90. doi:10.1080/714004163. S2CID 155007579.
^ See Electoral Reform Society press release on Torbay election
External links
Democratic and Electoral Shifts in Queensland (PDF)
London Elects: How the Mayor of London is Elected
Electoral Systems Index: Sri Lanka
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Portal — Project | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"contingent election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingent_election"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IRV-toptwo_flowchart.png"},{"link_name":"flowchart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowchart"},{"link_name":"electoral system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_system"},{"link_name":"preferential voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferential_voting"},{"link_name":"ranks the candidates in order of preference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting"},{"link_name":"two-round system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-round_system"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"the more common meaning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting"},{"link_name":"instant-runoff voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting"},{"link_name":"Coombs' method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coombs%27_method"},{"link_name":"Baldwin's method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_method"}],"text":"Not to be confused with contingent election.A flowchart for the contingent vote.The contingent vote is an electoral system used to elect a single representative in which a candidate requires a majority of votes to win. It is a form of preferential voting. The voter ranks the candidates in order of preference, and when the votes are counted, the first preference votes only are counted. If no candidate has a majority (more than half) of the votes cast, then all but the two leading candidates are eliminated and the votes received by the eliminated candidates are distributed among the two remaining candidates according to voters' preferences. This ensures that one candidate achieves a majority and is declared elected.The contingent vote can be considered a compressed or \"instant\" form of the two-round system (runoff system), in which both \"rounds\" occur without the need for voters to go to the polls twice. For this reason, the term instant-runoff voting has also been used for this method,[citation needed] though this conflicts with the more common meaning.It also has similarities to other ranked-choice systems. Unlike the contingent vote, systems like instant-runoff voting (IRV), Coombs' method, and Baldwin's method allow for many rounds of counting, eliminating only one weakest candidate each round. IRV allows a candidate other than the top two in the first count to win.","title":"Contingent vote"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"president of Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"directly elected mayors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directly_elected_mayors_in_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"police and crime commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_and_crime_commissioner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Democratic party primaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_party_primaries"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"A variant of the contingent vote has been used to elect the president of Sri Lanka since 1978.[1]The supplementary vote was used to pick directly elected mayors and police and crime commissioners in England prior to 2022.[1]In the past, the ordinary form of the contingent vote was used to elect the Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 1892 to 1942. To date, this has been the longest continuous use of the system anywhere in the world.[1]Contingent voting was used for Democratic party primaries in the US state of Alabama from 1915 to 1931.[1]","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Preferential_ballot.svg"},{"link_name":"optional preferential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optional_preferential_voting"}],"text":"Example of optional preferential ballot paper.In an election held using the contingent vote, the voters rank the list of candidates in order of preference. Under the most common ballot layout, they place a '1' beside their most preferred candidate, a '2' beside their second most preferred, and so on. In this respect the contingent vote is the same as other ranked ballot methods.There are then a maximum of two rounds of counting. In the first round only first preferences are counted. Candidates receiving an absolute majority of first preferences (i.e. more than half) are immediately declared the winner. However, if no candidate has an absolute majority, then all but the two candidates with the most first preferences are eliminated, and there is a second round. In the second round, the votes of the voters whose first preference had been eliminated are transferred to whichever of the two remaining candidates they ranked the highest. The votes are then counted, and whichever candidate has an absolute majority is declared elected.","title":"Voting and counting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"instant-runoff voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting"},{"link_name":"two-round system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-round_system"},{"link_name":"majority rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majority_rule"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"plurality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_(voting)"},{"link_name":"spoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_effect"},{"link_name":"proportional representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation"},{"link_name":"first-past-the-post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-past-the-post"}],"text":"Like instant-runoff voting and the two-round system, the goal of the contingent vote is to enable a majority of voters to confirm the winner of an election. This majority rule requirement encourages candidates to seek support beyond their core base of supporters in order to secure the lower preferences of the supporters of other candidates. This is said to create a more conciliatory campaigning style among candidates with similar policy platforms.[citation needed] However this effect will be diminished by the fact that lower preferences are less important under the contingent vote than under IRV; under the contingent vote it is especially important for candidates to receive many first preferences so that they are not eliminated straight away.Compared to plurality voting, the contingent vote does aid the chances of 'third party' candidates to some extent, as voters do not need to be afraid a vote for a minor third party will spoil the election for a stronger party candidate, as long as their second preference candidate can make the top-two requirement.However, when there are three or more similarly strong candidates, the spoiler effect still exists, just as it does in two-round runoff or IRV: voting honestly for a favorite candidate can cause a second favorite to be eliminated, which then causes a less-preferred candidate to win in the runoff. Likewise, contingent vote suffers from the center-squeeze effect, which can amplify polarization.Like any system that elects a single representative, contingent vote is not a form of proportional representation. For that reason, if it were used to elect individual members of a council or legislature, it could be expected to produce the kind of one-party-dominant results that are produced by other single-seat systems like first-past-the-post (FPTP) (plurality). However, election of representatives by only a minority of a district's voters is less likely under contingent vote than under FPTP.","title":"Impact on factions and candidates"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The supplementary vote and the Sri Lankan contingent vote are two implementation variations, in which voters cannot rank all of the candidates but rather are only permitted to express two or three preferences, respectively.This means that if a voter's marked preferences do not include either of the candidates who survive to the second round, then it will be impossible to transfer the vote, which is therefore declared \"wasted\" or \"exhausted\".","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1982 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"electoral system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_system"},{"link_name":"country's president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"exhausted ballots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhausted_ballot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Sri Lankan contingent vote","text":"In Sri Lanka, since the 1982 presidential election, a variant of the contingent vote electoral system is used to elect the country's president. As under the conventional contingent vote, in an election held using the Sri Lankan form of the contingent vote each voter ranks the candidates in order of preference, and if no candidate receives an overall majority of first preference votes on the first count then all but the two leading candidates are eliminated and their votes redistributed to help determine a winner in a second and final round. However, whereas under the ordinary form of the contingent vote voters can rank all of the candidates in order of preference, under Sri Lankan contingent voting the voter can only express their top three preferences (which can lead to exhausted ballots). Each direct presidential election going back to the first in 1981 has seen a candidate from one of the two major parties or alliances at the time winning in the first count so never has the second round of vote counting ever been conducted.[2]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"directly elected mayors in England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directly_elected_mayors_in_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Mayor of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_London"},{"link_name":"police and crime commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_and_crime_commissioner"},{"link_name":"first-past-the-post voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting"}],"sub_title":"Supplementary vote","text":"The supplementary vote (SV) is a variation of the contingent vote in which the voter ranks only two of the candidates in order of preference. If a voter's first-choice candidate is eliminated but their second choice is one of the two remaining candidates, their vote is transferred to the second-choice candidate. This means that the winning candidate has the support of a majority of voters who expressed a preference among the top two, although not necessarily a majority of votes cast in the first count.The supplementary vote was used in all elections for directly elected mayors in England, including the Mayor of London, and in elections for police and crime commissioners, until 2022, when it was replaced by first-past-the-post voting (FPTP).","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plant Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_Commission"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"contingent voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingent_voting"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Raymond Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Plant,_Baron_Plant_of_Highfield"},{"link_name":"Dale Campbell-Savours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Campbell-Savours"},{"link_name":"Patrick Dunleavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Dunleavy"},{"link_name":"New Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Statesman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"police and crime commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_and_crime_commissioner"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Home Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Priti Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priti_Patel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"two-round voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-round_voting"},{"link_name":"instant run-off voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_runoff_voting"}],"sub_title":"Supplementary vote - History and use","text":"In the early 1990s, the Plant Commission was established by the Labour Party to recommend a new voting system for the Parliament of the United Kingdom. When the Commission reported in 1993, instead of suggesting an already existing system, it recommended the supplementary vote system, which it said had never been used anywhere. In actuality, contingent voting had been in use in Australia as early as 1892.[1]Although some commentators credit the head of the commission, Raymond Plant, with the invention of SV, according to others, it was the brainchild of a Labour member of Parliament (MP) at the time, Dale Campbell-Savours and academic Patrick Dunleavy, who outlined and advocated for it in an article for the New Statesman magazine that was published September 29, 1989.[3]In 2000, several districts in England introduced directly elected mayors. It was decided to use the supplementary vote for the election of these new mayors, including the Mayor of London, and for the election of police and crime commissioners across much of England and Wales.[4] The supplementary vote was used for these offices from 2000 to 2022.In the 2021 London election, a record 5 percent of first preference ballots were rejected, mostly because voters tried to select more than one first preference on a ballot with 20 mayoral candidates divided into two sections.[5] (The 2021 winner did not take a majority of votes counted in the first round (2.5M) but did take a majority of votes that were marked with a preference for either of the two candidates running in the second count.) The Home Secretary, Priti Patel of the Conservative Party, responded by ending the use of the supplementary vote in England in 2022,[6] citing voter confusion with a complex system. However, critics, including the Labour and Green parties, argued that the wasted votes were due to ballot layout and that the change was aimed at benefitting Conservative Party candidates.[7][8][9] They also claimed that the supplementary vote was effective in increasing multi-party participation and was popular among voters.[10]The histories of two-round voting and other forms of instant run-off voting may be seen as part of the history of SV due to their similarities.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colin Rallings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Rallings"},{"link_name":"Michael Thrasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Thrasher"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rallings-12"}],"sub_title":"Supplementary vote - Impact on factions and candidates","text":"The supplementary vote is said to encourage candidates to seek support beyond their core base of supporters in order to secure the second preferences of the supporters of other candidates, and so to create a more conciliatory campaigning style among candidates with similar policy platforms. SV is also likely to improve the chances of \"third party\" candidates by encouraging voters, who wish to do so, to vote sincerely for such candidates for whom, under systems such as first-past-the-post, they would be discouraged from doing so for tactical reasons.These positive effects are moderated by the incentives SV creates for voting, in some circumstances, for only candidates from among the leading three.Political scientists Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher noted two flaws of SV:[11]First, since the automatic dual-ballot nature of SV dispenses with any need for a runoff two weeks later – as often happens for, say, the election of the president of France – voters cast their second preferences without being certain of which candidates will make the runoff. Consequently, some second preferences will be declared invalid because they bear only preferences marked for eliminated candidates.\nSecond, it is possible for the victor to fail to achieve an absolute majority overall, for it is not an obligation for a voter to cast a second preference, and even when a second preference is marked, the vote will be ineffective if it is cast for a candidate who does not make it into the top two, when the first preference is marked also for a candidate who does not make it into the second round.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Similar systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"two-round system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-round_system"},{"link_name":"the limited forms of contingent vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Variants"},{"link_name":"Voter turnout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_turnout"}],"sub_title":"Two-round system","text":"Under the two-round system (also known as runoff voting and the second ballot) voters vote for only a single candidate, rather than ranking candidates in order of preference. As under the contingent vote, if no candidate has an absolute majority in the first round, all but the top two are eliminated and there is a second round. However, in the two round system, voters are asked to return and vote a second time. Because of the similarities between them, the contingent vote and the two-round system can usually be expected to elect the same winner. However, in the two-round system, the voter is permitted to change one's mind from one round to another, even if their favourite candidate in the first round has not been eliminated. It also guarantees that every voter has a chance to express a preference between the top two, unlike the limited forms of contingent vote. Voter turnout may also be higher in the second vote.","title":"Similar systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nonpartisan blanket primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpartisan_blanket_primary"}],"sub_title":"Nonpartisan blanket primary","text":"The nonpartisan blanket primary is a variation of the two-round system except the first round does not pick a winner, but instead picks the two highest candidates who will compete in the general election. Because the first round does not pick a winner, there will tend to be higher voter turnout in the second election.The contingent vote will generally pick the same winner as a blanket primary, except fewer voters in the primary round may lead to a different top-two candidates than if the whole electorate voted in both rounds.","title":"Similar systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"top-four primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-four_primary"}],"sub_title":"Nonpartisan blanket primary - Top-four primary","text":"The top-four primary is a variant of the nonpartisan blanket primary which advances the top four candidates from a single primary, regardless of party, and uses instant-runoff voting in the general election to pick a majority winner.","title":"Similar systems"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Instant-runoff voting","text":"As noted above, the instant-runoff voting (or alternative vote) differs from the contingent vote in that it permits several rounds rather than just two. Under the alternative vote only candidate(s) for whom it is mathematically impossible to win are eliminated after each round, and as many rounds occur as are necessary to give one candidate an absolute majority. These differences mean that the contingent vote and alternative vote can produce different results. Because, under the contingent vote, all but two candidates are eliminated in the first round, it is possible for a candidate to be eliminated who would have gone on to win had they been allowed to receive transfers in later rounds.","title":"Similar systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Newham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham"},{"link_name":"2006 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_United_Kingdom_local_elections"}],"text":"^ This form was used to elect the Mayor of Newham in the 2006 election.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"A flowchart for the contingent vote.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/IRV-toptwo_flowchart.png"},{"image_text":"Example of optional preferential ballot paper.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Preferential_ballot.svg/160px-Preferential_ballot.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Ranked voting systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_voting"},{"title":"History and use of instant-runoff voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_use_of_instant-runoff_voting"},{"title":"Elected mayors in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directly_elected_mayors_in_England_and_Wales"},{"title":"List of democracy and elections-related topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_democracy"},{"title":"Alternative vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting"},{"title":"Alternative Vote Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Vote_Plus"},{"title":"Single transferable vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_transferable_vote"}] | [{"reference":"Bowler, Shaun; Grofman, Bernard Norman (2000). \"The Single Transferable Vote and the Alternative Vote Compared\". Elections in Australia, Ireland, and Malta under the Single Transferable Vote: Reflections on an Embedded Institution. University of Michigan Press. p. 40. doi:10.3998/mpub.16507. ISBN 978-0-472-02681-4. The contingent vote ... was used in Queensland from 1892 to 1942 and for Democratic primary elections in the U.S. state of Alabama between 1915 and 1931. It has been used for presidential elections in Sri Lanka since 1978 and in 1996 ... the United Kingdom ... called it the \"supplementary vote.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/xp68kh109","url_text":"Elections in Australia, Ireland, and Malta under the Single Transferable Vote: Reflections on an Embedded Institution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fmpub.16507","url_text":"10.3998/mpub.16507"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-02681-4","url_text":"978-0-472-02681-4"}]},{"reference":"Gajanayake, Manjula; Siriwardana, Thusitha; Isuranga, Hirantha; Jayasinghe, Pasan (2019). \"2019 Sri Lankan Presidential Election: Election Observation Report\" (PDF). Centre for Monitoring Election Violence. Retrieved July 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://anfrel.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/cmev-presidential-election-2019-final-report-english-3.pdf","url_text":"\"2019 Sri Lankan Presidential Election: Election Observation Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Supplementary fudge | Fabian Society\". March 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://fabians.org.uk/supplementary-fudge/","url_text":"\"Supplementary fudge | Fabian Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"Supplementary Voting\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/voting-systems/types-of-voting-system/supplementary-vote/","url_text":"\"Supplementary Voting\""}]},{"reference":"\"London elections 2021: Record number of mayoral votes rejected\". May 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-57049779","url_text":"\"London elections 2021: Record number of mayoral votes rejected\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Past the Post to be introduced for all local mayoral and police and crime commissioner elections\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/first-past-the-post-to-be-introduced-for-all-local-mayoral-and-police-and-crime-commissioner-elections","url_text":"\"First Past the Post to be introduced for all local mayoral and police and crime commissioner elections\""}]},{"reference":"\"London mayoral election to be changed to First Past the Post system under Government plans\". March 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.standard.co.uk/news/mayor/london-mayor-election-first-past-the-post-system-b924534.html","url_text":"\"London mayoral election to be changed to First Past the Post system under Government plans\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Make Every Vote Matter' Says Green Party\". June 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://london.greenparty.org.uk/2021/06/19/make-every-vote-matter-says-green-party/","url_text":"\"'Make Every Vote Matter' Says Green Party\""}]},{"reference":"\"A big change is coming to how we vote for the next Mayor of London\". April 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mylondon.news/news/big-change-coming-how-vote-23619608","url_text":"\"A big change is coming to how we vote for the next Mayor of London\""}]},{"reference":"\"Priti Patel under fire over plan to change voting system for London mayor\". Independent.co.uk. March 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/priti-patel-london-mayor-voting-b1818148.html","url_text":"\"Priti Patel under fire over plan to change voting system for London mayor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent.co.uk","url_text":"Independent.co.uk"}]},{"reference":"Rallings, Colin; Thrasher, Michael; Cowling, David (2002). \"Mayoral Referendums and Elections\". Local Government Studies. 28 (4): 67–90. doi:10.1080/714004163. S2CID 155007579.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Rallings","url_text":"Rallings, Colin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Thrasher","url_text":"Thrasher, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F714004163","url_text":"10.1080/714004163"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155007579","url_text":"155007579"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/xp68kh109","external_links_name":"Elections in Australia, Ireland, and Malta under the Single Transferable Vote: Reflections on an Embedded Institution"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fmpub.16507","external_links_name":"10.3998/mpub.16507"},{"Link":"https://anfrel.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/cmev-presidential-election-2019-final-report-english-3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2019 Sri Lankan Presidential Election: Election Observation Report\""},{"Link":"https://fabians.org.uk/supplementary-fudge/","external_links_name":"\"Supplementary fudge | Fabian Society\""},{"Link":"https://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/voting-systems/types-of-voting-system/supplementary-vote/","external_links_name":"\"Supplementary Voting\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-57049779","external_links_name":"\"London elections 2021: Record number of mayoral votes rejected\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/first-past-the-post-to-be-introduced-for-all-local-mayoral-and-police-and-crime-commissioner-elections","external_links_name":"\"First Past the Post to be introduced for all local mayoral and police and crime commissioner elections\""},{"Link":"https://www.standard.co.uk/news/mayor/london-mayor-election-first-past-the-post-system-b924534.html","external_links_name":"\"London mayoral election to be changed to First Past the Post system under Government plans\""},{"Link":"https://london.greenparty.org.uk/2021/06/19/make-every-vote-matter-says-green-party/","external_links_name":"\"'Make Every Vote Matter' Says Green Party\""},{"Link":"https://www.mylondon.news/news/big-change-coming-how-vote-23619608","external_links_name":"\"A big change is coming to how we vote for the next Mayor of London\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/priti-patel-london-mayor-voting-b1818148.html","external_links_name":"\"Priti Patel under fire over plan to change voting system for London mayor\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F714004163","external_links_name":"10.1080/714004163"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155007579","external_links_name":"155007579"},{"Link":"http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/publications/pressreleases/torbay.htm","external_links_name":"Electoral Reform Society press release on Torbay election"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110922135012/http://arts.anu.edu.au/democraticaudit/papers/200402_wanna_qld_opv.pdf","external_links_name":"Democratic and Electoral Shifts in Queensland"},{"Link":"https://www.londonelects.org.uk/im-voter/counting-votes","external_links_name":"London Elects: How the Mayor of London is Elected"},{"Link":"http://www.aceproject.org/main/english/es/esy_lk.htm","external_links_name":"Electoral Systems Index: Sri Lanka"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_World | Woman's World | ["1 History","2 Format","3 Subject coverage","4 Readership","5 References"] | American weekly magazine
For other uses, see Woman's World (disambiguation).
Woman's WorldCategoriesWomen's healthFrequencyWeeklyTotal circulation(December 2012)1,256,746 (2012)Founded1981CompanyA360mediaCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishWebsitewww.womansworld.comISSN0272-961X
Woman's World is an American supermarket weekly magazine with a circulation of 1.6 million readers. Printed on paper generally associated with tabloid publications and priced accordingly, it concentrates on short articles about subjects such as weight loss, relationship advice and cooking, along with feature stories about women in the STEM fields and academia. It has held the title of the most popular newsstand women's magazine, with sales of 77 million copies in 2004. It competes with more general-market traditional magazines such as Woman's Day and the now-defunct Family Circle.
History
The magazine was launched in the United States in 1981 by a European magazine publisher, Heinrich Bauer Verlag of Hamburg, Germany, which set up an American subsidiary, Heinrich Bauer North America in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Woman's World was the company's first American release, and was aimed at a target audience of middle-class mothers. The magazine gained rapid popularity, and within ten years had a circulation of 1.5 million readers, generating US$15 million in annual revenue.
A different magazine with the same name, but with no connection to the current one, was published in the United States 1884–1940. It has no connection to a local television series of the same name aired on WKRG-TV in Mobile, Alabama.
Format
The magazine is published in a large tabloid newspaper format, with about 60 pages per issue, and approximately 12% of the magazine devoted to advertisements. The cover generally features several headlines for internal articles, along with a cover model who is generally a regular woman rather than an actress or model, who has accomplished something such as a popular or winning recipe, written an article about a health story or exercise regimen for the magazine, or detailed their successful weight loss regimen. Celebrities (generally in niche fields such as soap operas or cable channel drama series on niche networks rather than higher-profile actresses) are also featured occasionally. The magazine generally does not publish gossip features.
Subject coverage
According to a profile at magsdirect.com, the content in the magazine as of 2003 broke down into the following categories:
Features: 32%
Food and Nutrition: 22%
Health: 16%
Home and Gardening: 9%
Beauty and Grooming: 8%
Travel: 5%
Fashion: 4%
Parenting: 4%
Readership
According to magsdirect.com:
Women: 95%
Men: 5%
Median age: 46
Median household income: $50,192
Employed: 66%
Employed full-time: 51%
Working mother: 32%
Married: 60%
Children in household: 47%
Average age of children: 9.5
References
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
^ "eCirc for Consumer Magazines". Alliance for Audited Media. December 31, 2012. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
"Local woman featured on front of Woman's World magazine", August 25, 2006, The Californian
"#410, Heinz Bauer", Forbes profile of Woman's World's billionaire publisher
Bauer publishing history
http://winit.womansworldmag.com/ Magazine website.
"New German Entry in Women's Magazines", January 21, 1981, New York Times
vteBauer Media GroupPublishingGermany
Adel exklusiv
Alles für die Frau
Astrowoche
Auf einen Blick
Auto Zeitung
Auto Zeitung Classic Cars
Auto Zeitung Gebrauchtwagen
Avanti
Bella
Bravo
Bravo Girl
Bravo Sport
Bummi
Bussi Bär
Card Collector
Closer
Cosmopolitan
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Das Neue Blatt
einfach.sein
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Freizeitwoche
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Happinez
Heidi
In meiner Küche
inTouch
inTouch Style
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kochen & genießen
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Laura Wohnen Kreativ
Lecker
Lissy
Mach mal Pause
Maxi
Mehr Spass
Mein Hund & Ich
Mein Lieblingsrezept
Mein TV & Ich
Meine Melodie
Meins
Mini
Mutti
Myway
Neue Post
Pflege & Familie
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tina GESUND&Fit
tina Koch&Back-Ideen
tina WOMAN&Style
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tvpur
tv!top
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TV Movie
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Woche Heute
Wohnidee
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Bella
Bike
Bird Watching
Car
Classic Bike
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Closer
Empire
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Golf World
Grazia
Heat
Match
Model Rail
Mojo
More!
Motor Cycle News (MCN)
Parker's
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Pop
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Practical Photography
Pregnancy & Birth
Rail
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That's Life!
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TV Choice
TV Quick
Zoo
RadioDenmark
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Radio 100
Pop FM
myROCK
Radio Soft
Finland
Radio Nova
Iskelmä
Radio City
SuomiRock
NRJ
Radio Nostalgia
Kasari
Radio Pooki
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Auran Aallot
KISS
Germany
Radio Hamburg (25%)
Ireland
98FM
Newstalk
SPIN 1038
SPIN South West
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KISS
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RMF Classic
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RMF MAXXX
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Cidade FM
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Smooth FM
Vodafone FM
Slovakia
Europa 2
Rádio Expres
Rádio Melody
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Sweden
Gold FM
Mix Megapol
NRJ
Lugna Klassiker
Rockklassiker
Radio Active
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Retro FM
Svensk Pop
Topp 40
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United KingdomNetworks
Absolute Radio
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Digital
Absolute Radio Country
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Stand-alone
Cool FM
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Former
Bauer City 3
Mojo Radio
Q Radio
Radio City Talk
Smash Hits Radio
Sam FM
3C
Magic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woman's World (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_World_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"tabloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)"},{"link_name":"weight loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_loss"},{"link_name":"relationship advice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relationship_counseling"},{"link_name":"cooking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking"},{"link_name":"STEM fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEM_fields"},{"link_name":"Woman's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Family Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Circle"}],"text":"For other uses, see Woman's World (disambiguation).Woman's World is an American supermarket weekly magazine with a circulation of 1.6 million readers. Printed on paper generally associated with tabloid publications and priced accordingly, it concentrates on short articles about subjects such as weight loss, relationship advice and cooking, along with feature stories about women in the STEM fields and academia. It has held the title of the most popular newsstand women's magazine, with sales of 77 million copies in 2004. 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Woman's World was the company's first American release, and was aimed at a target audience of middle-class mothers. The magazine gained rapid popularity, and within ten years had a circulation of 1.5 million readers, generating US$15 million in annual revenue.A different magazine with the same name, but with no connection to the current one, was published in the United States 1884–1940. It has no connection to a local television series of the same name aired on WKRG-TV in Mobile, Alabama.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cover model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_model"},{"link_name":"soap operas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"}],"text":"The magazine is published in a large tabloid newspaper format, with about 60 pages per issue, and approximately 12% of the magazine devoted to advertisements. The cover generally features several headlines for internal articles, along with a cover model who is generally a regular woman rather than an actress or model, who has accomplished something such as a popular or winning recipe, written an article about a health story or exercise regimen for the magazine, or detailed their successful weight loss regimen. Celebrities (generally in niche fields such as soap operas or cable channel drama series on niche networks rather than higher-profile actresses) are also featured occasionally. The magazine generally does not publish gossip features.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"According to a profile at magsdirect.com, the content in the magazine as of 2003 broke down into the following categories:Features: 32%\nFood and Nutrition: 22%\nHealth: 16%\nHome and Gardening: 9%\nBeauty and Grooming: 8%\nTravel: 5%\nFashion: 4%\nParenting: 4%","title":"Subject coverage"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"According to magsdirect.com:Women: 95%\nMen: 5%\nMedian age: 46\nMedian household income: $50,192\nEmployed: 66%\nEmployed full-time: 51%\nWorking mother: 32%\nMarried: 60%\nChildren in household: 47%\nAverage age of children: 9.5","title":"Readership"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"eCirc for Consumer Magazines\". Alliance for Audited Media. December 31, 2012. Retrieved February 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/magtitlesearch.asp","url_text":"\"eCirc for Consumer Magazines\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.womansworld.com/","external_links_name":"www.womansworld.com"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0272-961X","external_links_name":"0272-961X"},{"Link":"http://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/magtitlesearch.asp","external_links_name":"\"eCirc for Consumer Magazines\""},{"Link":"http://www.nctimes.com/articles/2006/08/26/news/californian/21_13_158_25_06.txt","external_links_name":"\"Local woman featured on front of Woman's World magazine\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/10/4GUP.html","external_links_name":"\"#410, Heinz Bauer\""},{"Link":"http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Bauer-Publishing-Group-Company-History.html","external_links_name":"Bauer publishing history"},{"Link":"http://winit.womansworldmag.com/","external_links_name":"http://winit.womansworldmag.com/"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po_Pimp | Po Pimp | ["1 Background","2 Single track listing","3 Charts and certifications","3.1 Weekly charts","3.2 Year-end charts","3.3 Certifications","4 References"] | 1996 single by Do or Die featuring Twista"Po Pimp"Single by Do or Die featuring Twistafrom the album Picture This B-side"Promise"ReleasedJuly 16, 1996Recorded1995GenreHip hopLength3:54LabelRap-a-LotSongwriter(s)Do or DieProducer(s)The Legendary TraxsterDo or Die singles chronology
"Po Pimp"(1996)
"Still Po Pimpin"(1998)
Twista singles chronology
"Mr. Tung Twista"(1991)
"Po Pimp"(1996)
"Emotions"(1997)
"Po Pimp" is the debut single by Do or Die, it served as the lead single from their debut album, Picture This. The song was produced by The Legendary Traxster and featured a guest verse from fellow Chicago rapper Twista and vocals from R&B singer Johnny P.
Background
"Po Pimp" was originally released independently in the group's native Chicago. The song became a local hit and caught the attention of prominent Houston-based hip hop label Rap-a-Lot Records, who signed the trio to a record deal. Rap-a-Lot then released "Po Pimp" nationwide in the summer of 1996 and it quickly became a breakthrough hit for the trio. It peaked at No. 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 on October 19 and also reached No. 1 on the Hot Rap Singles chart. By the end of 1996, "Po Pimp" had become one of the most popular and best selling singles of the year; it sold 600,000 copies, earning a gold certification from the RIAA, and was listed in Billboard's Year-End Hot 100 Singles of 1996 at No. 91.
This song, later, had 4 sequels: "Still Po Pimpin" from "Headz Or Tailz", "Sex Appeal" from "Back 2 Tha Game" and "Do U?" from "Pimpin Ain't Dead", the 4th sequel is on "Category F5" by Twista called "Yo Body"
Single track listing
"Po Pimp" (Radio Version)- 3:57
"Po Pimp" (Dirty Version)- 4:00
"Promise"- 4:39
"Promise" (Instrumental)- 4:39
Charts and certifications
Weekly charts
Chart (1996)
Peakposition
US Billboard Hot 100
22
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks (Billboard)
15
US Hot Rap Singles (Billboard)
1
US Rhythmic Top 40 (Billboard)
39
Year-end charts
Year-End chart (1996)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100
91
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
United States (RIAA)
Gold
600,000
References
^ a b "Best-Selling Records of 1996". Billboard. Vol. 109, no. 3. BPI Communications Inc. January 18, 1997. p. 61. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
^ "Do or Die biography at Allmusic.com". Allmusic.com. 2010-09-28.
^ "Billboard Top 100 - 1996". Retrieved 2010-08-28.
^ "American single certifications – Do or Die – Po Pimp". Recording Industry Association of America. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Do or Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_or_Die_(group)"},{"link_name":"Picture This","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_This_(Do_or_Die_album)"},{"link_name":"The Legendary Traxster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legendary_Traxster"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Twista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twista"}],"text":"\"Po Pimp\" is the debut single by Do or Die, it served as the lead single from their debut album, Picture This. The song was produced by The Legendary Traxster and featured a guest verse from fellow Chicago rapper Twista and vocals from R&B singer Johnny P.","title":"Po Pimp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Rap-a-Lot Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap-a-Lot_Records"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Hot Rap Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap_Songs"},{"link_name":"gold certification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_certification"},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"Year-End Hot 100 Singles of 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1996"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-us_sales-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMG-2"}],"text":"\"Po Pimp\" was originally released independently in the group's native Chicago. The song became a local hit and caught the attention of prominent Houston-based hip hop label Rap-a-Lot Records, who signed the trio to a record deal. Rap-a-Lot then released \"Po Pimp\" nationwide in the summer of 1996 and it quickly became a breakthrough hit for the trio. It peaked at No. 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 on October 19 and also reached No. 1 on the Hot Rap Singles chart. By the end of 1996, \"Po Pimp\" had become one of the most popular and best selling singles of the year; it sold 600,000 copies, earning a gold certification from the RIAA, and was listed in Billboard's Year-End Hot 100 Singles of 1996 at No. 91.[1][2]This song, later, had 4 sequels: \"Still Po Pimpin\" from \"Headz Or Tailz\", \"Sex Appeal\" from \"Back 2 Tha Game\" and \"Do U?\" from \"Pimpin Ain't Dead\", the 4th sequel is on \"Category F5\" by Twista called \"Yo Body\"","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Po Pimp\" (Radio Version)- 3:57\n\"Po Pimp\" (Dirty Version)- 4:00\n\"Promise\"- 4:39\n\"Promise\" (Instrumental)- 4:39","title":"Single track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Po_Pimp&action=edit§ion=4"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Singles_%26_Tracks"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Rap Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Rap_Singles"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Rhythmic Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Po_Pimp&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Po_Pimp&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"Certified units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_recording_certifications"},{"link_name":"RIAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-United_StatesDo_or_DiePo_PimpsingleCertRef-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-us_sales-1"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1996)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100\n\n22\n\n\nUS Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks (Billboard)\n\n15\n\n\nUS Hot Rap Singles (Billboard)\n\n1\n\n\nUS Rhythmic Top 40 (Billboard)\n\n39\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\nYear-End chart (1996)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[3]\n\n91\n\n\n\n\nCertifications[edit]\n\n\n\n\nRegion\n\nCertification\nCertified units/sales\n\n\n\n\nUnited States (RIAA)[4]\n\nGold\n\n600,000[1]","title":"Charts and certifications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Best-Selling Records of 1996\". Billboard. Vol. 109, no. 3. BPI Communications Inc. January 18, 1997. p. 61. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved May 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IA8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61","url_text":"\"Best-Selling Records of 1996\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Do or Die biography at Allmusic.com\". Allmusic.com. 2010-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r429569","url_text":"\"Do or Die biography at Allmusic.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Top 100 - 1996\". Retrieved 2010-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1996","url_text":"\"Billboard Top 100 - 1996\""}]},{"reference":"\"American single certifications – Do or Die – Po Pimp\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Do+or+Die&ti=Po+Pimp&format=Single&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American single certifications – Do or Die – Po Pimp\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IA8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61","external_links_name":"\"Best-Selling Records of 1996\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","external_links_name":"0006-2510"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r429569","external_links_name":"\"Do or Die biography at Allmusic.com\""},{"Link":"http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1996","external_links_name":"\"Billboard Top 100 - 1996\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Do+or+Die&ti=Po+Pimp&format=Single&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American single certifications – Do or Die – Po Pimp\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuangqiaohe | Shuangqiaohe | ["1 Geography","2 History","3 Administrative divisions","4 See also","5 References"] | Coordinates: 38°59′22″N 117°25′56″E / 38.98944°N 117.43222°E / 38.98944; 117.43222Town of Tianjin, China
Town in Tianjin, ChinaShuangqiaohe Town
双桥河镇TownLocation in Jinnan DistrictShuangqiaohe TownShow map of TianjinShuangqiaohe TownShow map of ChinaCoordinates: 38°59′22″N 117°25′56″E / 38.98944°N 117.43222°E / 38.98944; 117.43222Country ChinaMunicipalityTianjinDistrictJinnanVillage-level Divisions4 communities16 villagesArea • Total24.98 km2 (9.64 sq mi)Elevation4 m (13 ft)Population (2010) • Total37,193 • Density1,500/km2 (3,900/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (CST)Postal code300352Area code022
Shuangqiaohe Town (simplified Chinese: 双桥河镇; traditional Chinese: 雙橋河鎮; pinyin: Shuāngqiáohé Zhèn) is a town situated in the northern portion of Jinnan District, Tianjin, China. It shares a border with Jinqiao and Junliangcheng Subdistricts in the north, Wuxia Subdistrict and Gegu Town in the east, Xiaozhan and Beizhakou Towns in the south, as well as Xianshuigu Town in the west. Its population is determined to be 37,193 as of 2010.
The name "Shuangqiaohe" can be literally translated as "Two Bridge River".
Geography
Shuangqiaohe is located on the south of Hai River. Jinjin Expressway (S50) passes through the south of the town.
In July 2020, the National Health Council named Shuangqiaohe Township as a national health township for the 2017-2019 cycle.
History
Timeline of Shuangqiaohe's History
Time
Status
Belong to
Song and Yuan dynasties
Nigu Stockade
Ming dynasty
Nigu Village
Qing dynasty
Dong Nigu Village
Xi Nigu Village
1912 - 1937
1937 - 1949
Dong Nigu Township
1949 - 1958
Tianjin County
1958 - 1959
Under Meiman People's Commune
Hexi District, Tianjin
1959 - 1962
Under Xiaozhan People's Commune
1962 - 1983
Xi Nigu People's Commune
Nanjiao District, Tianjin
1983 - 1984
Xi Nigu Township
1984 - 1992
Shuangqiaohe Township
1992 - 1997
Jinnan District, Tianjin
1997 - present
Shuangqiaohe Town
Administrative divisions
As of 2022, Shuangqiaohe Town is divided into 20 subdivisions, comprising 4 residential communities and 16 villages. They are listed below:
Subdivision Names
Name Transliterations
Type
聚和园
Juhe Yuan
Community
福和园
Fuhe Yuan
Community
信和园
Xinhe Yuan
Community
双桥河镇工业园
Shuangqiaohe Zhen Gongye Yuan
Community
东嘴
Dong Zui
Village
东泥沽
Dong Nigu
Village
小韩庄
Xiao Hangzhuang
Village
西官房
Xi Guanfang
Village
西泥沽
Xi Nigu
Village
柴庄子
Chai Zhuangzi
Village
孙庄子
Sun Zhuangzi
Village
东周庄
Dong Zhouzhuang
Village
王庄
Wang Zhuang
Village
西周庄
Xi Zhouzhuang
Village
南房子
Nan Fangzi
Village
李家圈
Li Jiaquan
Village
刘家圈
Liu Jiaquan
Village
闫家圈
Yan Jiaquan
Village
韩家圈
Hang Jiaquan
Village
小营盘
Xiao Yingpan
Village
See also
List of township-level divisions of Tianjin
References
^ "China: Tiānjīn Municipal Province (Districts and Townships) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
^ 《全国爱卫会关于命名2017-2019周期国家卫生乡镇（县城）的决定》（全爱卫发〔2020〕1号）
^ Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo zheng qu da dian. Tianjin juan (Di 1 ban ed.). Beijing. 2020. ISBN 978-7-5087-6215-9. OCLC 1351675957.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "2022年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码" . www.stats.gov.cn (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2023-03-21.
vteSubdivisions of Jinnan District, TianjinSubdistricts
Shuangxin
Shuanglin
Haitang
Towns
Xianshuigu
Gegu
Xiaozhan
Shuanggang
Xinzhuang
Shuangqiaohe
Balitai
Beizhakou | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towns_of_China"},{"link_name":"Jinnan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinnan_District"},{"link_name":"Tianjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Jinqiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinqiao_Subdistrict,_Tianjin"},{"link_name":"Junliangcheng Subdistricts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junliangcheng_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Wuxia Subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia_Subdistrict"},{"link_name":"Gegu Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gegu"},{"link_name":"Xiaozhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaozhan"},{"link_name":"Xianshuigu Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianshuigu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Town of Tianjin, ChinaTown in Tianjin, ChinaShuangqiaohe Town (simplified Chinese: 双桥河镇; traditional Chinese: 雙橋河鎮; pinyin: Shuāngqiáohé Zhèn) is a town situated in the northern portion of Jinnan District, Tianjin, China. It shares a border with Jinqiao and Junliangcheng Subdistricts in the north, Wuxia Subdistrict and Gegu Town in the east, Xiaozhan and Beizhakou Towns in the south, as well as Xianshuigu Town in the west. Its population is determined to be 37,193 as of 2010.[1]The name \"Shuangqiaohe\" can be literally translated as \"Two Bridge River\".","title":"Shuangqiaohe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hai River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai_River"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Shuangqiaohe is located on the south of Hai River. Jinjin Expressway (S50) passes through the south of the town.[citation needed]In July 2020, the National Health Council named Shuangqiaohe Township as a national health township for the 2017-2019 cycle.[2]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"residential communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential_community"},{"link_name":"villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villages_of_China"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"As of 2022, Shuangqiaohe Town is divided into 20 subdivisions, comprising 4 residential communities and 16 villages. They are listed below:[4]","title":"Administrative divisions"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of township-level divisions of Tianjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_township-level_divisions_of_Tianjin"}] | [{"reference":"\"China: Tiānjīn Municipal Province (Districts and Townships) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map\". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2023-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/townships/tianjin/admin/","url_text":"\"China: Tiānjīn Municipal Province (Districts and Townships) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map\""}]},{"reference":"Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo zheng qu da dian. Tianjin juan (Di 1 ban ed.). Beijing. 2020. ISBN 978-7-5087-6215-9. OCLC 1351675957.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1351675957","url_text":"Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo zheng qu da dian. 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Archived from the original on 2023-03-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230321191706/http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2022/12/01/12/120112106.html","url_text":"\"2022年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码\""},{"url":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2022/12/01/12/120112106.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shuangqiaohe¶ms=38_59_22_N_117_25_56_E_region:CN-11_type:city(37193)","external_links_name":"38°59′22″N 117°25′56″E / 38.98944°N 117.43222°E / 38.98944; 117.43222"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shuangqiaohe¶ms=38_59_22_N_117_25_56_E_region:CN-11_type:city(37193)","external_links_name":"38°59′22″N 117°25′56″E / 38.98944°N 117.43222°E / 38.98944; 117.43222"},{"Link":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/townships/tianjin/admin/","external_links_name":"\"China: Tiānjīn Municipal Province (Districts and Townships) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1351675957","external_links_name":"Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo zheng qu da dian. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Aitken | Ralph Aitken | ["1 Career","2 Honours","3 References","4 External links"] | Scottish footballer
Ralph AitkenPersonal informationFull name
Ralph Allan AitkenDate of birth
(1863-02-16)16 February 1863Place of birth
Kilbarchan, ScotlandDate of death
10 January 1928(1928-01-10) (aged 64)Place of death
Dumbarton, ScotlandPosition(s)
WingerSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1883–1886
Dumbarton
1886–1887
Newcastle West End
1886–1890
Dumbarton
1889–1890
Newcastle West End
International career1886–1888
Scotland
2
(1)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Ralph Aitken (16 February 1863 – 10 January 1928) was a Scottish international footballer.
Career
Aitken played for Dumbarton, Newcastle West End, and Scotland.
Honours
Dumbarton
Scottish Cup: Runners Up 1886–87
2 caps for Scotland between 1885 and 1888, scoring 1 goal
6 representative caps for Dunbartonshire between 1883 and 1889, scoring 2 goals.
References
^ McAllister, Jim (2002). The Sons of the Rock – The Official History of Dumbarton Football Club. Dumbarton: J&J Robertson Printers.
^ Smith, Paul (2013). Scotland Who's Who. Pitch Publishing. ISBN 9781909178847.
^ Litster, John. Record of Pre-War Scottish League Players. Norwich: PM Publications.
^ Emms, Steve; Wells, Richard (2007). Scottish League Players' Records Division One 1890/91 to 1938/39. Beeston, Nottingham: Tony Brown. ISBN 978-1-899468-66-9.
External links
Ralph Aitken at the Scottish Football Association
Ralph Aitken, London Hearts
Ralph Aitken (The Sons Archive - Dumbarton Football Club History)
This biographical article related to Scottish football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_people"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"}],"text":"Ralph Aitken (16 February 1863 – 10 January 1928) was a Scottish international footballer.","title":"Ralph Aitken"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dumbarton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Newcastle West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_West_End_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team"}],"text":"Aitken played for Dumbarton, Newcastle West End, and Scotland.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1886–87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1886%E2%80%9387_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Dumbarton[3]Scottish Cup: Runners Up 1886–87\n2 caps for Scotland between 1885 and 1888, scoring 1 goal\n6 representative caps for Dunbartonshire between 1883 and 1889, scoring 2 goals.[4]","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"McAllister, Jim (2002). The Sons of the Rock – The Official History of Dumbarton Football Club. Dumbarton: J&J Robertson Printers.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Smith, Paul (2013). Scotland Who's Who. Pitch Publishing. ISBN 9781909178847.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909178847","url_text":"9781909178847"}]},{"reference":"Litster, John. Record of Pre-War Scottish League Players. Norwich: PM Publications.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Emms, Steve; Wells, Richard (2007). Scottish League Players' Records Division One 1890/91 to 1938/39. Beeston, Nottingham: Tony Brown. ISBN 978-1-899468-66-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-899468-66-9","url_text":"978-1-899468-66-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/players/?pid=112857","external_links_name":"Ralph Aitken"},{"Link":"http://www.londonhearts.com/scotland/players/ralphallanaitken.html","external_links_name":"Ralph Aitken"},{"Link":"http://www.sonsarchive.com/player.php?id=5545","external_links_name":"Ralph Aitken (The Sons Archive - Dumbarton Football Club History)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Aitken&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Gianattassio-Malle | Robin Gianattassio-Malle | ["1 Education","2 Journalism career","3 References"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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Robin Gianattassio-MalleBornCaliforniaAlma materSan Francisco Art InstituteOccupation(s)Journalist, Visiting Professor at California College of the Arts (CCA) and the San Francisco Art Institute (SFAI), Founder of Blue Egg MediaWebsitehttp://www.blueeggmedia.com
Robin Gianattassio-Malle is an American journalist and producer specializing in the use of aural and visual media and is founder and executive director of Blue Egg Media, established in 2008.
Gianattassio-Malle lives and works in the San Francisco Bay Area. A former Director of The Center for Word, Text and Image, she is currently a visiting professor in the Department of Design and Technology at the San Francisco Art Institute and at the California College of the Arts (CCA), where she teaches courses using interview as a medium for the Upper Division Interdisciplinary Department as well as the Visual Criticism Department.
Education
Gianattassio-Malle earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts and a Master of Fine Arts from the San Francisco Art Institute San Francisco, California.
In 2000, she was one of twelve journalists awarded a John S. Knight Professional Journalism Fellowship, at Stanford University in Stanford, California where she conducted independent research and participated in J.S. Knight journalism seminars and discussions with Donald Kennedy, Condoleezza Rice, and Anna Deavere Smith.
Journalism career
Gianattassio-Malle's career began as a reporter, producer and host with the National Public Radio (NPR) and Pacifica Network and was a founding member of the KPFA apprenticeship program, recently rebranded as First Voice Media.
In 1988, Gianattassio-Malle became the founding producer and director of Forum, a live two-hour daily live call-in program at NPR Affiliate San Francisco KQED-FM. She produced and reported on a wide range of issues focused on local, national and international affairs and developments in business, politics, technology, arts, and sciences.
Several media arts awards were given to Gianattassio-Malle in the early 1990s from the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) to produce Silver Threads 1989, Weaving New Images of Aging, a documentary featuring women from around the globe, Original Treasure 1990, a radio documentary on inter-generational friendship and TimeIn TimeOut 1993, a documentary on living with life-threatening illness.
During that same period, Gianattassio-Malle produced and directed The Persian Gulf: A National Debate, hosted by Alex Chadwick and distributed via satellite over the NPR network.
During the mid-nineties, Gianattassio-Malle produced and guest hosted the Commonwealth Club of California, a national weekly radio broadcast with topics ranging from politics, culture, society and economics, distributed to over seventy-five U.S. radio stations.
Gianattassio-Malle was awarded the World Affairs Council of Northern California, Asilomar Media Fellowshipand the Corporation of Public Broadcasting, Multi-cultural Producer Forum Fellowship. In 2010 she received a fellowship from Carnegie Mellon University, STUDIO for Creative Inquiry. Gianattassio-Malle's residency at the STUDIO, produced a multimedia public interest program focused on the Marcellus Shale natural gas reserves in Pennsylvania, the economic development, and the environmental and social impact on the region.
References
^ "Home". blueeggmedia.com.
^ http://www.sfai.edu/page.aspx?page=87
^ http://www.sfai.edu/Publication/Inform.aspx?InformID=3
^ "Robin Giannattassio- Malle". San Francisco Art Institute. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
^ "Faculty - Robin Gianattassio-Malle". California College of the Arts. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
^ http://www.sfai.edu/page.aspx?page=299
^ "Knight Fellowships Class of 2000". Stanford University. Retrieved 2011-03-14.
^ http://www.kpfa.aapprentic.org/
^ "Public Radio".
^ http://www.nea.gov/about/AnnualReports/NEA-Annual-Report-1989.pdf | Page 98 of the Annual Report or page 123 in Adobe Reader
^ http://www.nea.gov/about/AnnualReports/NEA-Annual-Report-1990.pdf |Page 152 of Annual Report
^ http://www.nea.gov/about/AnnualReports/NEA-Annual-Report-1993.pdf | Page 104 of Annual Report or page 101 in Adobe Reader
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A former Director of The Center for Word, Text and Image,[2][3] she is currently a visiting professor in the Department of Design and Technology at the San Francisco Art Institute[4] and at the California College of the Arts (CCA),[5] where she teaches courses using interview as a medium for the Upper Division Interdisciplinary Department as well as the Visual Criticism Department.[citation needed]","title":"Robin Gianattassio-Malle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"Donald Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Condoleezza Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice"},{"link_name":"Anna Deavere Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Deavere_Smith"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Gianattassio-Malle earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts and a Master of Fine Arts[6] from the San Francisco Art Institute San Francisco, California.\nIn 2000, she was one of twelve journalists awarded a John S. Knight Professional Journalism Fellowship,[7] at Stanford University in Stanford, California where she conducted independent research and participated in J.S. Knight journalism seminars and discussions with Donald Kennedy, Condoleezza Rice, and Anna Deavere Smith.[citation needed]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Public Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_(KQED)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"KQED-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KQED-FM"},{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Alex Chadwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Chadwick"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Club of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Club_of_California"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Gianattassio-Malle's career began as a reporter, producer and host with the National Public Radio (NPR) and Pacifica Network and was a founding member of the KPFA apprenticeship program,[8] recently rebranded as First Voice Media.In 1988, Gianattassio-Malle became the founding producer and director of Forum,[9] a live two-hour daily live call-in program at NPR Affiliate San Francisco KQED-FM. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disfix | Disfix | ["1 Terminology","2 Examples","2.1 Muskogean","2.2 French","2.3 Portuguese","2.4 Estonian","3 See also","4 Notes","5 Bibliography"] | Affixes
Adfix(Prefix
Suffix)
Circumfix
Duplifix
Infix
Libfix
Interfix
Transfix
Simulfix
Suprafix
Disfix
See also:
Null morpheme
vte
In linguistic morphology, a disfix is a subtractive morpheme, a morpheme manifest through the subtraction of segments from a root or stem. Although other forms of disfixation exist, the element subtracted is usually the final segment of the stem.
Productive disfixation is extremely rare among the languages of the world but is important in the Muskogean languages of the southeastern United States. Similar subtractive morphs in languages such as French and Portuguese are marginal.
Terminology
The terms "disfix" and "disfixation" were proposed by Hardy and Timothy Montler in a 1988 paper on the morphology of the Alabama language. The process had been previously described by Leonard Bloomfield who called it a minus feature, and Zellig Harris who called it a "minus morpheme". Other terms for the same or similar processes are subtraction, truncation, deletion, and minus formation.
Examples
Muskogean
In Muskogean, disfixes mark pluractionality (repeated action, plural subjects or objects, or greater duration of a verb). In the Alabama language, there are two principal forms of this morpheme:
In most verbs, the last two segments are dropped from the penultimate syllable of the stem, which is the final syllable of the root. If the syllable has only two segments, it is elided altogether. For example:
balaaka 'lies down', balka 'lie down'
batatli 'hits', batli 'hits repeatedly'
cokkalika 'enters', cokkaka 'enter'
In some verbs, the final consonant of the penult is dropped, but the preceding vowel lengthens to compensate:
salatli "slide", salaali 'slide repeatedly'
noktiłifka "choke", noktiłiika 'choke repeatedly'
French
Bloomfield described the process of disfixation (which he called minus features) through an example from French although most contemporary analyses find this example to be inadequate because the masculine forms might be taken as the base form and the feminine forms simply as suppletives. Though not productive like Muscogean and therefore not true disfixation, some French plurals are analysed as derived from the singular, and many masculine words from the feminine by dropping the final consonant and making some generally predictable changes to the vowel:
Disfixed plural
Singular
Plural
trans.
(bœuf)
(bœufs)
'cattle'
(œuf)
(œufs)
'eggs'
(os)
(os)
'bones'
"Disfixed" masculines
Feminine
Masculine
trans.
(blanche)
(blanc)
'white'
(fraîche)
(frais)
'fresh'
(sèche)
(sec)
'dry'
(grosse)
(gros)
'large'
(fausse)
(faux)
'wrong'
(française)
(français)
'French'
(anglaise)
(anglais)
'English'
(froide)
(froid)
'cold'
(grande)
(grand)
'big'
(petite)
(petit)
'small'
(frite)
(frit)
'fried'
(bonne)
(bon)
'good'
(brune)
(brun)
'brown'
(folle)
(fou)
'insane'
(belle)
(beau)
'beautiful'
(nouvelle)
(nouveau)
'new'
(vieille)
(vieux)
'old'
(épouse)
(époux)
'spouse'
(chamelle)
(chameau)
'camel'
Historically, this reflects that the masculine was once pronounced similar to the current feminine, and the feminine formed by adding /ə/. The modern situation results from regular apocope which removed a consonant from the masculine and the final schwa of the feminine.
Portuguese
In Portuguese, some words which have the masculine ending -ão have a feminine equivalent -ã, synchronically analyzable as a disfixation.
irmão - irmã (brother - sister)
cristão - cristã (Christian m. - Christian f.)
bretão - bretã (Breton m. - Breton f.)
artesão - artesã (craftsman - craftswoman)
órfão - órfã (orphan m. - orphan f.)
charlatão - charlatã (conman - conwoman)
The root cause of this disfixation is the loss of intervocalic -n- in the evolution of Latin to Portuguese. Therefore, the Latin ending -anus became -ão in Portuguese and its feminine -ana became -ãa and then -ã. For comparison, notice the Spanish equivalents hermano-hermana, cristiano-cristiana, etc.
It is important to note, however, that not all words with -ão come from Latin -anus, meaning that their feminine derivation will be different (cf. leão-leoa, for instance). There are also words whose disfixation was made by comparison (the case of charlatão, which is a French loanword).
There are also two words which have feminine derivations made through disfixation: mau (bad) and réu (defendant, as used in law), whose feminines are má and ré respectively.
Estonian
Genitive forms of nouns belonging to the Estonian nominal types 5e, 7, and 7e, are formed by disfixing the last consonant -s, may be also accompanied with consonant gradation: kallas → genitive kalda "shore".
See also
Nonconcatenative morphology
Affix
Elision
Notes
^ a b c Manova 2011:125-6
^ a b Hardy & Montler, 1988, "Alabama H-infix and Disfixation", in Haas, ed., In Honor of Mary Haas: From the Haas Festival Conference On Native American Linguistics, p. 399.
^ a b Bloomfield 1933:217
^ a b c d Hardy & Montler 1988:391-2
^ Speakers of French may learn these words by rote as suppletive pairs rather than deriving one from the other morphologically. Without active morphology, there is arguably no affix involved (cf. Wolfgang U. Dressler, "Subtraction", in: Geert E. Booij, Christian Lehmann & Joachim Mugdan (eds.), Morphology, Berlin, New York: de Gruyter 2000, 581-587, p 582).
^ http://www.eki.ee/dict/qs2018/muuttyybid.html
Bibliography
Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York, NY: Holt : London: Allen and Unwin.
George Aaron Broadwell. "Subtractive Morphology in Southern Muskogean", International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 59, No. 4, Muskogean Languages of the Southeast (Oct., 1993), pp. 416-429
Heather Hardy and Timothy Montler, 1988. "Alabama H-infix and Disfixation", in William Shipley, ed., In Honor of Mary Haas: From the Haas Festival Conference on Native American Linguistics. Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-011165-9
Stela Manova. Subtraction. Understanding Morphological Rules: Studies in Morphology Volume 1, 2011, pp 125-172 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linguistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics"},{"link_name":"morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"morpheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme"},{"link_name":"segments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segment_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_word"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manova-1"},{"link_name":"Muskogean languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskogean_languages"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H&M-2"}],"text":"In linguistic morphology, a disfix is a subtractive morpheme, a morpheme manifest through the subtraction of segments from a root or stem. 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The modern situation results from regular apocope which removed a consonant from the masculine and the final schwa of the feminine.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Portuguese","text":"In Portuguese, some words which have the masculine ending -ão have a feminine equivalent -ã, synchronically analyzable as a disfixation.irmão - irmã (brother - sister)\ncristão - cristã (Christian m. - Christian f.)\nbretão - bretã (Breton m. - Breton f.)\nartesão - artesã (craftsman - craftswoman)\nórfão - órfã (orphan m. - orphan f.)\ncharlatão - charlatã (conman - conwoman)The root cause of this disfixation is the loss of intervocalic -n- in the evolution of Latin to Portuguese. Therefore, the Latin ending -anus became -ão in Portuguese and its feminine -ana became -ãa and then -ã. For comparison, notice the Spanish equivalents hermano-hermana, cristiano-cristiana, etc.It is important to note, however, that not all words with -ão come from Latin -anus, meaning that their feminine derivation will be different (cf. leão-leoa, for instance). There are also words whose disfixation was made by comparison (the case of charlatão, which is a French loanword).There are also two words which have feminine derivations made through disfixation: mau (bad) and réu (defendant, as used in law), whose feminines are má and ré respectively.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"consonant gradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_gradation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Estonian","text":"Genitive forms of nouns belonging to the Estonian nominal types 5e, 7, and 7e, are formed by disfixing the last consonant -s, may be also accompanied with consonant gradation: kallas → genitive kalda \"shore\".[6]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-manova_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-manova_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-manova_1-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H&M_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-H&M_2-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bloom_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bloom_3-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HM1988_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HM1988_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HM1988_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-HM1988_4-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"suppletive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppletion"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"http://www.eki.ee/dict/qs2018/muuttyybid.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eki.ee/dict/qs2018/muuttyybid.html"}],"text":"^ a b c Manova 2011:125-6\n\n^ a b Hardy & Montler, 1988, \"Alabama H-infix and Disfixation\", in Haas, ed., In Honor of Mary Haas: From the Haas Festival Conference On Native American Linguistics, p. 399.\n\n^ a b Bloomfield 1933:217\n\n^ a b c d Hardy & Montler 1988:391-2\n\n^ Speakers of French may learn these words by rote as suppletive pairs rather than deriving one from the other morphologically. Without active morphology, there is arguably no affix involved (cf. Wolfgang U. Dressler, \"Subtraction\", in: Geert E. Booij, Christian Lehmann & Joachim Mugdan (eds.), Morphology, Berlin, New York: de Gruyter 2000, 581-587, p 582).\n\n^ http://www.eki.ee/dict/qs2018/muuttyybid.html","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-11-011165-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-011165-9"}],"text":"Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York, NY: Holt [British edition 1935]: London: Allen and Unwin.\nGeorge Aaron Broadwell. \"Subtractive Morphology in Southern Muskogean\", International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 59, No. 4, Muskogean Languages of the Southeast (Oct., 1993), pp. 416-429\nHeather Hardy and Timothy Montler, 1988. \"Alabama H-infix and Disfixation\", in William Shipley, ed., In Honor of Mary Haas: From the Haas Festival Conference on Native American Linguistics. Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-011165-9\nStela Manova. Subtraction. Understanding Morphological Rules: Studies in Morphology Volume 1, 2011, pp 125-172","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | [{"title":"Nonconcatenative morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonconcatenative_morphology"},{"title":"Affix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affix"},{"title":"Elision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elision"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.eki.ee/dict/qs2018/muuttyybid.html","external_links_name":"http://www.eki.ee/dict/qs2018/muuttyybid.html"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noureddine_Ziyati | Noureddine Ziyati | ["1 Honours","2 External links"] | Moroccan footballer
Noureddine ZiyatiPersonal informationDate of birth
(1974-10-27) 27 October 1974 (age 49)Place of birth
Mohammedia, MoroccoHeight
1.87 m (6 ft 2 in)Position(s)
MidfielderYouth career
Chabab MohammediaSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1998–1999
Raja Casablanca
1999–2000
Bursaspor
8
(1)2000–2003
Royal Antwerp FC
68
(1)2003–2004
Rapid București
28
(3)2004–2006
Amkar Perm
59
(3)2007
Al-Sailiya
2007–2008
FUS Rabat
2008–2011
Chabab Mohammédia
(3)International career
Morocco U17
18
(0)
Morocco U21
5
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Noureddine Ziyati (born 27 October 1974) is a Moroccan former football player.
Honours
Rapid București
Supercupa României: 2003
External links
Noureddine Ziyati at RomanianSoccer.ro (in Romanian)
Noureddine Ziyati at Soccerway
Noureddine Ziyati at the Turkish Football Federation
Noureddine Ziyati at Soccerterminal.com
Portals: Association football Morocco
This biographical article related to association football in Morocco, about a midfielder, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moroccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"}],"text":"Noureddine Ziyati (born 27 October 1974) is a Moroccan former football player.","title":"Noureddine Ziyati"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supercupa României","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercupa_Rom%C3%A2niei"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Supercupa_Rom%C3%A2niei"}],"text":"Rapid BucureștiSupercupa României: 2003","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/players/2169/noureddine-ziyati.htm","external_links_name":"Noureddine Ziyati"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/nourredine-ziyati/487309/","external_links_name":"Noureddine Ziyati"},{"Link":"https://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageId=526&kisiId=29582","external_links_name":"Noureddine Ziyati"},{"Link":"http://www.soccerterminal.com/st-st/playerDetail.do?tid=5181&ligaId=8&name=Ziyati_Noureddine&pid=8810&actSaison=2003","external_links_name":"Noureddine Ziyati"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noureddine_Ziyati&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Vice_(Season_3) | List of Miami Vice episodes | ["1 Series overview","2 Episodes","2.1 Season 1 (1984–85)","2.2 Season 2 (1985–86)","2.3 Season 3 (1986–87)","2.4 Season 4 (1987–88)","2.5 Season 5 (1988–90)","3 References","4 External links"] | The Miami Vice intertitle (color scheme as per season three)
The following is an episode list for the 1980s undercover cop television series Miami Vice. In the United States, the show was aired on NBC. The first episode of the series premiered on September 16, 1984, with the series concluding on June 28, 1989, after five seasons. Due to its sensitive nature, The Final Episode was aired on USA Network thus concluding the series on January 25, 1990. There are a total of 114 episodes, spanning five years (1984–1989) of the show's run. The individual seasons are available on DVD in Regions 1, 2 and 4 and Blu-ray in Regions A and B.
Series overview
SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired123September 16, 1984 (1984-09-16)May 10, 1985 (1985-05-10)223September 27, 1985 (1985-09-27)May 9, 1986 (1986-05-09)324September 26, 1986 (1986-09-26)May 8, 1987 (1987-05-08)422September 25, 1987 (1987-09-25)May 6, 1988 (1988-05-06)522November 4, 1988 (1988-11-04)January 25, 1990 (1990-01-25)
Episodes
Season 1 (1984–85)
Season one of Miami Vice premiered on September 16, 1984, with the two-hour pilot premiere on NBC and concluded on May 10, 1985, after 22 episodes. Regular cast members included Don Johnson, Philip Michael Thomas, Saundra Santiago, Gregory Sierra, Michael Talbott, John Diehl, Olivia Brown, and Edward James Olmos.
The first season was filmed on location in Miami, Florida. The show's crew took up semi-permanent residence in the Alexander Hotel. They later worked out of Greenwich Studios.
The film crew on the show was 95% local to the Miami area. Various filming locations on the show included: Downtown Miami, Old Miamarina (Bayside Market Place), Opa Locka Airport, Biscayne Boulevard, Key Biscayne, Florida, Venetian Causeway, Coconut Grove, South Beach, North Miami Beach, St. Croix, McArthur Causeway, Ocean Drive, and Tamiami Trail.
Episodes were produced at an average cost of $1.3 million, much higher than the typical cop-show episode of $1 million. The show went to unusual lengths to get the right settings and props for each episode.
Music was an integral part of the show. Unlike other television shows at the time, Miami Vice would buy the rights to original versions rather than covers. The show would spend up to $10,000 per episode for original recordings by artists like Todd Rundgren, U2, and Frankie Goes to Hollywood. Jan Hammer, the show's musical composer, would create the rest of the show's musical score. Hammer used the Fairlight CMI IIx, a computer based music workstation consisting of an 8-bit sampler, digital synthesizer, MIDI controller and sequencer. The Fairlight enabled Hammer to score and perform the entire show's music single-handedly. Jan would work out of his state-of-the-art studio in his home in Brewster, New York composing the score for each episode.
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeRating/share(households)11"Brother's Keeper"Thomas CarterAnthony YerkovichSeptember 16, 1984 (1984-09-16)8350422.8/3722
(Miami) Vice Squad detective James "Sonny" Crockett has just lost his partner, Eddie Rivera (Jimmy Smits), in a car bombing. Crockett was investigating Esteban Calderone (Miguel Pinero), a Colombian cocaine dealer, when he meets a New York City narcotics detective, Rafael Tubbs. Since they are having difficulties approaching Calderone, Crockett and Tubbs are forced to work together. Crockett later confronts "Rafael" and discovers that he is actually Ricardo, Rafael's younger brother and a New York detective, who is seeking revenge on Calderone for killing his brother. They agree to work together and Calderone is collared, but he pays $2 million bail and escapes. In the end, Crockett persuades Tubbs to enter a career in "Southern law enforcement".
Note: Originally aired as a two-hour, pilot TV movie, and is shown as two episodes in syndication.
33"Heart of Darkness"John Llewellyn MoxeyA.J. EdisonSeptember 28, 1984 (1984-09-28)5950113.8/24
Crockett and Tubbs go under cover to infiltrate an illegal pornography ring, as well as rein in an undercover FBI agent (Ed O'Neill) who may have gone over to the other side.
44"Cool Runnin'"Lee H. KatzinJoel SurnowOctober 5, 1984 (1984-10-05)5950214.0/24
The Vice Squad is forced to rely on a petty criminal (Charlie Barnett) to help the force bust a gang of violent Jamaican thugs that is responsible for a series of deadly drug ripoffs around the city.
55"Calderone's Return: The Hit List" (Part 1)Richard CollaJoel SurnowOctober 19, 1984 (1984-10-19)5950413.5/23
Calderone, Crockett and Tubbs' old nemesis, hires a notorious Argentinian assassin to take out his largest competitors in Miami, and the Vice Squad soon learns that Crockett's name is last on a list of eight victims.
66"Calderone's Return: Calderone's Demise" (Part 2)Paul Michael GlaserJoel Surnow & Alfonse Ruggiero Jr.October 26, 1984 (1984-10-26)5950712.1/21
Although Crockett survived the attempt on his life, Lt. Rodriguez (Gregory Sierra) was not so lucky. Now Crockett and Tubbs must travel to Bimini to get Calderone and avenge the lieutenant's murder. Along the way, however, Tubbs unknowingly falls for Calderone's daughter (Phanie Napoli), who is unaware of her father's nefarious dealings.
77"One Eyed Jack"Lee H. KatzinAlfonse Ruggiero Jr.November 2, 1984 (1984-11-02)5950312.1/21
As the Vice Squad is taken over by a new lieutenant, Martin Castillo (Edward James Olmos), Crockett is framed for taking bribes as he tries to help an old flame (Janet Constable) get out of a debt to the infamous loan shark Al Lombard (Dennis Farina).
88"No Exit"David SoulStory by : Charles R. LeinenweberTeleplay by : Maurice HurleyNovember 9, 1984 (1984-11-09)5950811.5/20
The Vice Squad joins forces with the FBI in an effort to prevent an arms dealer (Bruce Willis) from selling off a cache of stolen FIM-92 Stinger missiles.
99"The Great McCarthy"Georg Stanford BrownPhilip Reed & Joel SurnowNovember 16, 1984 (1984-11-16)5950912.2/22
Crockett puts his beloved cigarette speedboat on the line during the Vice Squad's attempt to collar a drug smuggler (William Gray Espy) who moves his product using his favorite hobby—speedboat racing—as a cover.
1010"Glades"Stan LathanRex Weiner & Allan WeisbergerNovember 30, 1984 (1984-11-30)5950613.9/24
Crockett and Tubbs must journey into the Everglades to recover a key witness (Keith Szarabajka) who fled from their protection two days before he is scheduled to testify against a Colombian drug importer.
1111"Give a Little, Take a Little"Bobby RothChuck AdamsonDecember 7, 1984 (1984-12-07)5950512.6/21
Crockett's refusal to identify an informant (Lenny Von Dohlen) in court gets him locked up on contempt charges. Meanwhile, Detectives Trudy and Gina encounter difficulties while attempting to infiltrate a prostitution ring.
1212"Little Prince"Alan J. LeviStory by : Joel Surnow & Wendy CozenTeleplay by : A.J. EdisonDecember 14, 1984 (1984-12-14)5951512.9/20
After the Vice Squad arrests the heroin-addicted son (Mitchell Lichtenstein) of a wealthy market trader during a raid, Crockett and Tubbs recruit him to bring down his own father (Paul Roebling), who is supplementing the family's fortune with cocaine distribution.
1313"Milk Run"John NicolellaAllison HockJanuary 4, 1985 (1985-01-04)5951216.2/25
Two naïve college students (Evan Handler, Al Shannon) from New York City run afoul of the Vice Squad during their attempt to run a small shipment of cocaine from Colombia to Miami.
1414"Golden Triangle" (Part 1)Georg Stanford BrownStory by : Joseph GunnTeleplay by : Joseph Gunn & Maurice HurleyJanuary 11, 1985 (1985-01-11)5951115.8/25
While working under cover to bust dirty cops shaking down prostitutes at a high-end hotel, Crockett and Tubbs stumble upon a plan by two thieves to rob the hotel's safe deposit boxes. When the thieves are brutally murdered and mutilated, Lt. Castillo recognizes a connection to a far larger criminal organization, one that he has encountered in the past, while working as a DEA agent in Thailand.
1515"Golden Triangle" (Part 2)David AnspaughMaurice Hurley & Michael MannJanuary 18, 1985 (1985-01-18)5951615.1/26
The Vice Squad puts their other cases on hold to help Castillo bring down Lao Li (Keye Luke), a Chinese drug lord who killed Castillo's DEA colleagues five years ago, who is now living in Miami with his extended family and holding Castillo's former wife (Joan Chen) hostage to deter Castillo from acting against him.
1616"Smuggler's Blues"Paul Michael GlaserMiguel PiñeroFebruary 1, 1985 (1985-02-01)5951414.2/22
Crockett and Tubbs are recruited by the DEA to pose as drug smugglers and travel to Cartagena in an effort to flush out someone in law enforcement who has been extorting drug dealers by kidnapping their families. Glenn Frey plays a pilot who flies Crockett and Tubbs to South America to conduct a drug deal.
1717"Rites of Passage"David AnspaughDaniel PyneFebruary 8, 1985 (1985-02-08)5951916.4/27
Tubbs' old flame, NYPD Detective Valerie Gordon (Pam Grier), comes to Miami in search of her missing sister (Tery Ferman), who has become involved with a prostitution ring that the Vice Squad is trying to bring down.
1818"The Maze"Tim ZinnemannMichael Eric SteinFebruary 22, 1985 (1985-02-22)5952315.8/27
Tubbs is taken hostage by gang members in a run-down hotel, along with all of the other squatters, thanks to the would-be heroics of a cop out to avenge his partner's murder.
1919"Made for Each Other"Rob CohenStory by : Allan Weisbecker & Joel Surnow &Teleplay by : Allan Weisbecker & Dennis CooperMarch 8, 1985 (1985-03-08)5952713.5/23
After his house is destroyed in an accidental fire, Zito is forced to move in with Switek and his new girlfriend (Ellen Greene), who also happens to be Zito's ex. The resulting friction threatens to derail the pair's investigation of a ring of thieves selling stolen goods.
2020"The Home Invaders"Abel FerraraChuck AdamsonMarch 15, 1985 (1985-03-15)5952514.7/25
The Vice Squad is brought in to help the Robbery division stop a series of violent home invasions in wealthy neighborhoods. During the investigation, Crockett learns that one of his old mentors (Jack Kehoe) may be losing his touch.
2121"Nobody Lives Forever"Jim JohnstonEdward DiLorenzoMarch 29, 1985 (1985-03-29)5952017.4/29
As the Vice Squad races to track down a trio of hoods on a violent, drug-fueled joyride through the city, Crockett's new romance (Kim Greist) proves to be a major distraction.
2222"Evan"Rob CohenPaul DiamondMay 3, 1985 (1985-05-03)5951815.2/26
The Vice Squad's investigation of an arms dealer (Al Israel) is complicated when Crockett encounters Evan Freed (William Russ), a former Vice cop-turned-ATF agent, whose past history with Crockett has left them both with a mutual hatred for each other.
2323"Lombard"John NicolellaStory by : Joel SurnowTeleplay by : David AssaelMay 10, 1985 (1985-05-10)5952916.3/28
Crockett and Tubbs are assigned to provide witness protection for infamous Miami mobster Al Lombard, who is set to testify against a Mafia family as part of a plea bargain to reduce his sentence, but the family won't let him go away so easily.
Season 2 (1985–86)
Season two of Miami Vice premiered on September 27, 1985, with the two-hour episode "The Prodigal Son". The second season concluded on May 9, 1986, after 23 episodes. Season two regular cast members included Don Johnson, Philip Michael Thomas, Saundra Santiago, Michael Talbott, John Diehl, Olivia Brown and Edward James Olmos.
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeRating/share(households)241"The Prodigal Son"Paul Michael GlaserDaniel PyneSeptember 27, 1985 (1985-09-27)6001323.2/37252
Crockett and Tubbs go to New York City to assist the DEA in hunting down a gang of Colombian drug dealers responsible for killing several undercover agents who were posing as dealers in Miami. Meanwhile, Tubbs reunites with his old flame Valerie (Pam Grier).
Note: Originally shown as a two-hour TV movie, but in syndication is shown as two episodes.
263"Whatever Works"John NicolellaMaurice HurleyOctober 4, 1985 (1985-10-04)6002521.0/35
Crockett, Tubbs and Castillo seek guidance from a Santería priestess (Eartha Kitt) while investigating the ritualistic murders of police officers and drug dealers. Meanwhile, Izzy helps Crockett get back his Ferrari Daytona after it is repossessed by a city accountant.
274"Out Where the Buses Don't Run"Jim JohnstonTeleplay by : Douglas Lloyd MacIntosh & John MankiewiczStory by : Joel Surnow & Douglas Lloyd MacIntoshOctober 18, 1985 (1985-10-18)6000619.9/34
A retired Vice detective (Bruce McGill) offers to assist Crockett and Tubbs with their latest case. The only problem? The man the former detective claims is running the drug ring they are investigating supposedly died years ago.
In 1997, TV Guide ranked this episode #90 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes.
285"The Dutch Oven"Abel FerraraMaurice HurleyOctober 25, 1985 (1985-10-25)6000319.8/34
Trudy is torn between duty and romance when she learns that her boyfriend (Cleavant Derricks) is best friends with a drug dealer (Giancarlo Esposito) who has connections to a big-time supplier the Vice Squad is trying to bring down.
296"Buddies"Harry MastrogeorgeFrank MilitaryNovember 1, 1985 (1985-11-01)6002020.6/35
A nightclub waitress goes on the run from Mafia hitmen after accidentally taking evidence of their illegal gambling ring from her workplace. As the Vice Squad tries to track her down, Crockett learns that the club's manager, his old friend Robbie Cann (James Remar) may be involved with the girl's disappearance.
307"Junk Love"Michael O'HerlihyJulia CameronNovember 8, 1985 (1985-11-08)6001722.0/38
Crockett and Tubbs attempt to use an elusive heroin trafficker's girlfriend, a drug-addicted prostitute, to get closer to him. But they soon learn that her connection to the man is far deeper, and more disturbing, than they could have imagined.
318"Tale of the Goat"Michael O'HerlihyJim TrombettaNovember 15, 1985 (1985-11-15)6003622.1/36
Tubbs crosses paths with a Haitian voodoo priest (Clarence Williams III), who has apparently returned from the dead to kill a business associate (Mykelti Williamson) who double-crossed him years ago.
329"Bushido"Edward James OlmosJohn LeekleyNovember 22, 1985 (1985-11-22)6004223.7/38
Castillo's old friend Jack Gretsky (Dean Stockwell), a retired CIA agent, reveals that he is dying of lung cancer, and asks Castillo to protect his wife, a Soviet defector, and their son from the KGB assassins that are pursuing them.
3310"Bought and Paid For"John NicolellaMarvin KupferNovember 29, 1985 (1985-11-29)6002424.3/41
Gina's friend Odette (Lynn Whitfield), a Haitian immigrant, is raped by the psychotic son (Joaquim de Almeida) of an exiled Bolivian general living in Miami. The Vice Squad's subsequent investigation soon becomes complicated by Odette's sudden recantation of her story.
3411"Back in the World"Don JohnsonTerry McDonnellDecember 6, 1985 (1985-12-06)6002323.2/38
Ira Stone (Bob Balaban), Crockett's journalist friend from the Vietnam War, arrives in Miami looking for help to break a story connecting a CIA operative (G. Gordon Liddy) to a drug ring that smuggled heroin into the United States in the body bags of dead soldiers. Patti D'Arbanville makes a guest appearance as Ira Stone's wife.
3512"Phil the Shill"John NicolellaPaul DiamondDecember 13, 1985 (1985-12-13)6003723.9/39
Switek is forced to put his vendetta against a sleazy con artist (Phil Collins) who swindled him on hold when the Vice Squad learns they may be able to use the grifter to bring down a big-time cocaine dealer.
3613"Definitely Miami"Rob CohenMichael Ahnemann & Daniel PyneJanuary 10, 1986 (1986-01-10)6001224.0/38
Crockett suspects a set-up when a mysterious woman (Arielle Dombasle) tries to seduce him and asks for help getting away from her abusive husband (Ted Nugent). Meanwhile, an elusive cocaine trafficker offers to turn himself in to the Vice Squad in exchange for a face-to-face meeting with his sister, a protected witness who testified against him.
3714"Yankee Dollar"Aaron LipstadtDaniel Pyne & John MankiewiczJanuary 17, 1986 (1986-01-17)6004722.2/37
Crockett's stewardess girlfriend dies suddenly, and her autopsy reveals ruptured balloons of cocaine in her stomach. As the Vice Squad investigates, they learn she was muling the drugs for a sleazy corporate raider (Ned Eisenberg) who is setting himself up as the middleman for a major impending deal.
3815"One Way Ticket"Craig BolotinCraig BolotinJanuary 24, 1986 (1986-01-24)6004024.1/39
When an ADA mutual friend of theirs is assassinated by a drug trafficker, Crockett plays to the conflicted conscience of the trafficker’s lawyer (John Heard) in an attempt to get him to flip on his client. Features the song Face the Face by Pete Townshend. Jan Hammer has a brief cameo as the musician at the wedding reception playing his composition "Rum Cay".
3916"Little Miss Dangerous"Leon IchasoFrank MilitaryJanuary 31, 1986 (1986-01-31)6003821.4/36
As the police scour the city searching for the "Crayon Killer", a serial killer who leaves childlike drawings next to their victim's bodies, Tubbs tries to help a teenage prostitute (Fiona) turn her life around, unaware that he may be closer to the Crayon Killer than he realizes.
4017"Florence Italy"John NicolellaWilton CrawleyFebruary 14, 1986 (1986-02-14)6001121.8/36
Crockett and Tubbs investigate the murder of a teenage prostitute, and a big-time Grand Prix racer (Danny Sullivan) ends up at the top of their suspect list. But is the driver really responsible, or is it someone close to him?
4118"French Twist"David JacksonTeleplay by : Jaron SummersStory by : Michael Hoggan & Jaron SummersFebruary 21, 1986 (1986-02-21)6004923.3/38
Crockett strikes up a romance with a French Interpol agent (Lisa Eichhorn) who is in Miami pursuing a drug-dealing assassin, but Tubbs suspects she might not be who she says she is.
4219"The Fix"Dick MillerChuck AdamsonMarch 7, 1986 (1986-03-07)6000821.1/34
After a respected judge (Bill Russell) sets a ridiculously low bail for a drug dealer, Crockett and Tubbs investigate the man and learn that he owes a large gambling debt to a violent loan shark (Michael Richards), who wants the judge to convince his son (Bernard King), a college basketball star, to throw his next game.
4320"Payback"Aaron LipstadtRobert CraisMarch 14, 1986 (1986-03-14)6004821.2/36
Crockett learns that a prominent drug trafficker (Frank Zappa) believes Crockett's undercover alias, Sonny Burnett, has stolen $3 million from him, and must find out who set him up before the trafficker's hitmen get to him.
4421"Free Verse"John NicolellaTeleplay by : Jim TrombettaStory by : Shel Willens & Jim TrombettaApril 4, 1986 (1986-04-04)6000521.0/36
The Vice Squad is assigned to protect a Latin American poet who has been targeted for assassination by both his home country's secret police, who want him silenced, and the anti-government guerrillas, who want to make him a martyr.
4522"Trust Fund Pirates"Jim JohnstonDaniel PyneMay 2, 1986 (1986-05-02)6002719.2/33
Crockett and Tubbs recruit a semi-retired smuggler (Gary Cole) in their efforts to take down a gang of rich kids who are killing off drug runners and stealing their cargo to resell it.
4623"Sons and Lovers"John NicolellaDennis CooperMay 9, 1986 (1986-05-09)6000818.8/33
Angelina, Esteban Calderone's daughter, returns and reveals to Tubbs that he fathered her child. However, she also informs him that her half-brother, Orlando Calderone (John Leguizamo), is in Miami and preparing to avenge the death of his father.
Season 3 (1986–87)
Season three of Miami Vice premiered on September 26, 1986, with the episode "When Irish Eyes Are Crying". The third season concluded on May 8, 1987, after 24 episodes. Season three regular cast members included Don Johnson, Philip Michael Thomas, Saundra Santiago, Michael Talbott, John Diehl, Olivia Brown and Edward James Olmos. Changes in season three included Dick Wolf joining the crew as executive producer working with Michael Mann, different style and fashion looks, the introduction of the Ferrari Testarossa, Sonny Crockett's new car and the death of Larry Zito (Diehl).
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeRating/share(households)471"When Irish Eyes Are Crying"Mario Di LeoTeleplay by : Dick Wolf & John LeekleyStory by : John LeekleySeptember 26, 1986 (1986-09-26)6200417.4/28
Gina begins a romance with a reformed Irish revolutionary (Liam Neeson), but the rest of the Vice Squad soon learns that his charitable crusade may be cover for a planned operation to buy elite weaponry and strike a British target in Miami.
482"Stone's War"David JacksonDavid JacksonOctober 3, 1986 (1986-10-03)6201217.4/27
Ira Stone (Bob Balaban) returns to Miami looking to break a story on American mercenaries operating illegally in Nicaragua, and asks for Crockett's protection from assassins sent after him by their mutual adversary, crooked CIA agent William Maynard (G. Gordon Liddy).
493"Killshot"Leon IchasoTeleplay by : Marvin KupferStory by : Marvin Kupfer & Leon Ichaso & Manuel ArceOctober 10, 1986 (1986-10-10)6201818.0/29
The Vice Squad's joint operation with U.S. Customs against a cocaine trafficker is jeopardized when the dealer frames a Customs agent's brother, a talented Jai alai player (Fernando Allende), for a prostitute's murder.
504"Walk-Alone"David JacksonW.K. Scott MeyerOctober 17, 1986 (1986-10-17)6201417.1/28
Tubbs risks his life when he goes under cover as a prison inmate in order to expose a drug ring being run by two corrupt corrections officers (Laurence Fishburne and Kevin Conway).
515"The Good Collar"Mario Di LeoDennis CooperOctober 24, 1986 (1986-10-24)6200117.9/29
After Crockett catches a promising high school football player (Vincent Keith Ford) delivering heroin to an understood dealer, he tries to convince the teen to save his athletic career by helping the Vice Squad bring down a teenage drug lord.
526"Shadow in the Dark"Christopher CroweChuck AdamsonOctober 31, 1986 (1986-10-31)6200316.4/27
Crockett tries to get inside the head of a mentally unstable home invader in order to catch him before his crimes turn violent, despite the fact that the last cop who tried that approach ended up in a mental hospital.
537"El Viejo"Aaron LipstadtAlan MoskowitzNovember 7, 1986 (1986-11-07)6200917.4/28
Crockett's investigation of a drug ring is complicated by the interference of a retired Texas Ranger (Willie Nelson) who has mistaken Crockett's undercover identity as a drug dealer for the real thing.
548"Better Living Through Chemistry"Leon IchasoTeleplay by : Dick Wolf & Michael DugganStory by : Ken Edwards & Harold RosenthalNovember 14, 1986 (1986-11-14)6200716.5/26
Clarence Batisse (Victor Love) Tubbs' former partner from New York is out for revenge, believing that Tubbs is responsible for getting him kicked off the force, and threatens to derail the Vice Squad's latest investigation when he kidnaps a drug dealer's chemist.
559"Baby Blues"Daniel AttiasTeleplay by : Michael DugganStory by : Dick Wolf & Michael DugganNovember 21, 1986 (1986-11-21)6201718.6/29
The Vice Squad begins investigating an illegal adoption and human trafficking ring after an interdicted Colombian airplane thought to be full of drugs turns out to contain live human infants.
5610"Streetwise"Fred WaltonDennis CooperDecember 5, 1986 (1986-12-05)6200218.3/29
While Crockett tries to convince an undercover cop (Bill Paxton) with a wife and child at home to break off his affair with a prostitute (Alice Adair), Tubbs goes under cover to bring down a violent, drug-dealing pimp (Wesley Snipes) responsible for selling pharmaceutical-grade cocaine.
5711"Forgive Us Our Debts"Jan EliasbergGustave ReiningerDecember 12, 1986 (1986-12-12)6201316.7/27
Crockett does all he can to stop the execution of Frank Hackman (Guy Boyd), the man convicted of killing his former partner (Luke Halpin), after new evidence is uncovered that seems to prove his innocence.
5812"Down for the Count: Part 1"Richard ComptonTeleplay by : Dick Wolf & John SchulianStory by : Dick WolfJanuary 9, 1987 (1987-01-09)6202015.1/23
Zito goes under cover as trainer for a young boxer (Mark Breland) to expose a ruthless drug lord with a passion for the sport, but the investigation takes a tragic turn when Zito's cover is blown and he is then killed by the drug lord's hitmen.
5913"Down for the Count: Part 2"Richard ComptonTeleplay by : Dick Wolf & John SchulianStory by : Dick WolfJanuary 16, 1987 (1987-01-16)6202320.3/32
Switek is upset when Internal Affairs begins investigating Zito on suspicion of corruption, and sets out to clear his dead partner's name. Meanwhile, the Vice Squad attempts to salvage its floundering investigation of the drug lord that killed their comrade.
6014"Cuba Libre"Virgil W. VogelEric Estrin & Michael BerlinJanuary 23, 1987 (1987-01-23)6201520.0/30
An undercover cop is killed when a group of paramilitary soldiers attempt to rob a drug dealer, and the killers' trail leads Castillo and the Vice Squad to an anti-Communist militia plotting to assassinate a visiting Cuban diplomat.
6115"Duty and Honor""The Savage"John NicolellaMarvin KupferFebruary 6, 1987 (1987-02-06)6201916.3/26
A series of recent prostitute murders closely resemble similar deaths Castillo investigated while in Vietnam, and his suspicion that the killer is the same one from before are confirmed when the Vietnamese detective (Haing S. Ngor) he worked with on the previous case arrives in Miami looking for his help bringing the killer to justice.
6216"Theresa"Virgil W. VogelPamela NorrisFebruary 13, 1987 (1987-02-13)6202416.2/26
When the Vice Squad's case against a major trafficker (Brad Dourif) goes up in smoke after a police warehouse is bombed, Crockett learns that the bombers got the hidden warehouse's address from his girlfriend (Helena Bonham Carter), a painkiller-addicted ER doctor who has turned to street dealers to get her fix.
6317"The Afternoon Plane"David JacksonDavid JacksonFebruary 20, 1987 (1987-02-20)6202216.4/25
Tubbs' vacation on a small Caribbean island with his girlfriend soon turns into a nightmare when his nemesis Orlando Calderone (John Leguizamo) arrives and uses a hit squad with the intention of avenging his father and finally killing him.
6418"Lend Me an Ear"James QuinnStory by : Dick WolfTeleplay by : Michael DugganFebruary 27, 1987 (1987-02-27)6202717.2/27
Steve Duddy (John Glover), a former police surveillance expert who now works as a private security consultant, agrees to help Crockett and Tubbs by supplying them with equipment to nab drug dealers, while simultaneously selling similar equipment to the same dealers the Vice Squad is trying to nail.
6519"Red Tape"Gabrielle BeaumontStory by : Dennis CooperTeleplay by : Jonathan PolanskyMarch 13, 1987 (1987-03-13)6202915.2/24
After undercover rookie Vice cop Eddie Trumbull (Viggo Mortensen) is killed by a booby trap while working a case, Internal Affairs begin investigating Tubbs on suspicion of selling information to drug dealers. Tubbs almost turns in his badge in anger, but is eventually convinced that the only way to clear his name is to pretend to be the dirty cop everyone thinks he is in order to expose the real source of the leak. Meanwhile, Eddie's partner Bobby Diaz (Lou Diamond Phillips) sets out for revenge.
6620"By Hooker By Crook"Don JohnsonStory by : Dick WolfTeleplay by : John SchulianMarch 20, 1987 (1987-03-20)6202617.3/28
Crockett's latest romance with a respected businesswoman (Melanie Griffith) turns sour when it is revealed that the woman is actually a high-class madam with connections to a notorious money launderer (George Takei).
6721"Knock, Knock...Who's There?"Tony WharmbyStory by : Dick WolfTeleplay by : John SchulianMarch 27, 1987 (1987-03-27)6202816.8/29
Crockett and Tubbs investigate a gang of stickup men who have been derailing Vice Squad drug busts by posing as Federal agents and making off with the drugs and the buy money.
6822"Viking Bikers From Hell"James QuinnTeleplay by : Dick Wolf & Michael DugganStory by : Walter KurtzApril 3, 1987 (1987-04-03)6203215.8/25
When the leader (Reb Brown) of a gang of violent, drug-dealing bikers is released from prison, he sets out on a bloody mission of revenge against those he feels were responsible for the death of one of his comrades while he was locked up, a list that includes Crockett.
6923"Everybody's in Show Biz"Richard ComptonTeleplay by : David BurkeStory by : Reinaldo Povod & Dennis CooperMay 1, 1987 (1987-05-01)6203113.2/22
A talented local stage actor attempts to save a struggling community theater by stealing the briefcase of a drug dealer (Paul Calderón), but this puts his own life in jeopardy.
7024"Heroes of the Revolution"Gabrielle BeaumontStory by : Dick WolfTeleplay by : John SchulianMay 8, 1987 (1987-05-08)6203311.7/20
An East German spy (Jeroen Krabbé) from Gina's mother's past returns to avenge her death at the hands of a drug-running former Cuban army officer the Vice Squad is investigating.
Season 4 (1987–88)
Season four of Miami Vice premiered on September 25, 1987, with the episode "Contempt of Court". The fourth season concluded on May 6, 1988, after 22 episodes. Season four regular cast members included Don Johnson, Philip Michael Thomas, Saundra Santiago, Michael Talbott, Olivia Brown and Edward James Olmos. The episodes "The Big Thaw", "Missing Hours" and "The Cows of October" are considered among fans to be the worst in the series.
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeRating/share(households)711"Contempt of Court"Jan EliasbergPeter McCabeSeptember 25, 1987 (1987-09-25)6350416.2/29
Frank Mosca (Stanley Tucci), a big-time mobster, has one of Crockett's old friends killed to prevent him from testifying in court. As Mosca's trial approaches, Crockett has to try to stop his friend's son from taking revenge on Mosca.
722"Amen... Send Money"James J. QuinnJohn SchulianOctober 2, 1987 (1987-10-02)6350215.9/28
When a drug ring investigation turns up a connection to two feuding televangelists, Rev. Billy Bob Proverb (Brian Dennehy) and Mason Mather (James Tolkan), one of them attempts to derail the police probe by framing Tubbs for raping one of their parishioners. "Fast" Eddie Felcher (Ben Stiller) a former con-artist helps Crockett and Tubbs get information from on the feud between Proverb and Mather.
733"Death and the Lady"Colin BuckseyDavid BlackOctober 16, 1987 (1987-10-16)6350114.3/24
Crockett suspects an eccentric porno director (Paul Guilfoyle) killed the star of his latest movie on camera, and is now attempting to pass off the snuff film as artistic erotica.
744"The Big Thaw"Richard ComptonJoseph DeBlasiOctober 23, 1987 (1987-10-23)6350713.4/23
An investigation takes a turn for the weird when the Vice Squad find themselves embroiled in a dispute over the cryogenically frozen corpse of a famous reggae musician who disappeared years ago.
755"Child's Play"Vern GillumStory by : Priscilla TurnerTeleplay by : Michael PillerOctober 30, 1987 (1987-10-30)6350813.9/23
The Vice Squad's attempted arrest of an arms dealer (Ving Rhames) goes badly, resulting in Crockett accidentally shooting a young boy who points a Belgian Browning Hi-Power pistol at him during the raid which puts Crockett's entire career in jeopardy.
766"God's Work"Jan EliasbergEdward TivnanNovember 6, 1987 (1987-11-06)6350311.1/19
The Vice Squad sets its sights on a drug kingpin's son (Esai Morales), who has returned to Miami after a long absence to help run the family business.
777"Missing Hours"Ate de JongThomas M. DischNovember 13, 1987 (1987-11-13)6351514.1/23
While the Vice Squad investigates a UFO cult leader (James Brown) with suspected ties to the drug trade, Trudy has a bizarre encounter with something she cannot possibly explain.
788"Like a Hurricane"Colin BuckseyRobert PalmNovember 20, 1987 (1987-11-20)6351116.8/27
While working a protection detail for Caitlin Davies (Sheena Easton), a recording artist whose life has been threatened by a racketeering ring, Crockett finds himself falling in love with his charge.
799"The Rising Sun of Death"Leon IchasoPeter LanceDecember 4, 1987 (1987-12-04)6350614.4/24
The Vice Squad's investigation of a murder connected to a suspected Yakuza prostitution ring is complicated by the arrival of a former Japanese detective (Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa) who is out for revenge against the gang's leader.
8010"Love at First Sight"Don JohnsonPeter McCabeJanuary 15, 1988 (1988-01-15)6351715.5/25
Caitlin becomes concerned for Crockett's own life when he reluctantly agrees to go under cover in a popular video dating service to catch a sadistic serial killer who is on the loose.
8111"A Rock and a Hard Place"Colin BuckseyStory by : Dick WolfTeleplay by : Robert PalmJanuary 22, 1988 (1988-01-22)6351213.2/22
Two ruthless Los Angeles music executives are out to ruin Caitlin's comeback by exposing her secret marriage to Crockett's drug-dealing cover identity, Sonny Burnett.
8212"The Cows of October"Vern GillumEd ZuckermanFebruary 5, 1988 (1988-02-05)6351014.1/23
The Vice Squad becomes involved in a bidding war between an American cowboy, the Federal government, and Cuban agents over a supply of rare, high-quality cattle sperm.
8313"Vote of Confidence"Randy RobertsJohn SchulianFebruary 12, 1988 (1988-02-12)6352013.6/22
A respected, but secretly corrupt gubernatorial candidate (Larry Pine) is caught in a prostitution ring bust. Fearing for his precious reputation, he is ready to do anything to silence the Vice Squad from revealing his true nature.
8414"Baseballs of Death"Bill DukePeter LanceFebruary 19, 1988 (1988-02-19)6352213.6/21
The double murder of a prostitute and her pimp leads the Vice Squad to a Chilean National Police chief (Tony Plana) who has come to Miami to buy cluster bombs for the Pinochet regime from a notorious arms dealer (Oliver Platt).
8515"Indian Wars"Leon IchasoTeleplay by : Michael Duggan & Peter Lance & Robert Palm and Carl Waldman & Frank CoffeyStory by : Frank Coffey & Carl WaldmanFebruary 26, 1988 (1988-02-26)6351412.7/21
Tubbs goes under cover at a Florida Indian reservation to uncover the connection between a Native rights group and a drug trafficker (Joe Turkel) that Castillo is helping bring down.
8616"Honor Among Thieves?"Jim JohnstonJack RichardsonMarch 4, 1988 (1988-03-04)6351914.5/24
A delusional serial killer with an affinity for glass dolls is killing young girls, but revealing him would threaten Crockett and Tubbs' cover.
8717"Hell Hath No Fury"Virgil W. VogelStory by : David BlackTeleplay by : Michael DugganMarch 11, 1988 (1988-03-11)6352113.6/23
A rapist from a wealthy family is released from prison, and while trying to start fresh and anew, Trudy fears that the victim will avenge her distraught situation by killing the man.
8818"Badge of Dishonor"Richard ComptonTeleplay by : Michael Duggan & Peter LanceStory by : Dick WolfMarch 18, 1988 (1988-03-18)6352413.7/23
Crockett and Tubbs investigate a series of murders by the Miami docks involving drug dealers and crooked cops.
8919"Blood & Roses"George MendelukStory by : Dick WolfTeleplay by : Robert PalmApril 1, 1988 (1988-04-01)6352314.3/26
Frank Mosca returns to Miami, and Crockett is eager to avenge his friend's murder by bringing him down. Gina goes under cover to get close to Mosca, but the assignment becomes complicated when the mobster ends up falling for her.
9020"A Bullet for Crockett"Donald L. GoldTeleplay by : Peter Lance & Michael DugganStory by : Dick WolfApril 15, 1988 (1988-04-15)6352514.4/26
Crockett clings to life in the hospital after being shot and put in a coma by the girlfriend (Lisa Vidal) of a drug dealer he killed in self-defense. While Crockett is in surgery, Tubbs and the other members of the Vice Squad reminisce about their memories with Crockett.
9121"Deliver Us From Evil"George MendelukTeleplay by : David Black & Michael Duggan & Robert PalmStory by : Dick WolfApril 29, 1988 (1988-04-29)6352813.3/24
Frank Hackman returns and kills Caitlin during her returning concert after Crockett accidentally kills Hackman's girlfriend during a drug bust. Crockett, setting out for revenge, goes to hunt him down.
9222"Mirror Image: Part 1"Richard ComptonTeleplay by : Robert Palm & Daniel SackheimStory by : Nelson Oramas & Daniel SackheimMay 6, 1988 (1988-05-06)6352614.8/26
Crockett gets amnesia while on board a drug dealer's boat that explodes. He is then rescued by the shady dealer (Antonio Fargas), and Crockett is left believing that he is his undercover drug dealer alter-ego Burnett.
Season 5 (1988–90)
Season five of Miami Vice is the final season of the series. The season premiered on November 4, 1988, with the episode "Hostile Takeover (Part 2)". The series concluded on May 21, 1989, with "Freefall", after 17 episodes, but later NBC aired three new episodes after the series finale. They were "World of Trouble" (June 14, 1989), "Miracle Man" (June 21, 1989), and "Leap of Faith" (June 28, 1989). Additionally, USA Network aired "Too Much, Too Late" on January 25, 1990, since NBC would not show that episode due to its strong topic of child molestation (NBC and USA are now owned by the same company). Season five regular cast members included Don Johnson, Philip Michael Thomas, Saundra Santiago, Michael Talbott, Olivia Brown, and Edward James Olmos.
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.code Viewers(millions)Rating/share(households)931"Hostile Takeover" (Part 2)Don JohnsonKen SolarzNovember 4, 1988 (1988-11-04)6390518.012.2/21
Sonny still assumes the identity of Burnett, unaware of his past as a police officer. Burnett has now gained full control of a powerful drug empire. Will Tubbs finally manage to get Crockett back to his past self?
942"Redemption in Blood" (Part 3)Paul KrasnyStory by : Robert WardTeleplay by : Scott Shepherd & Ken SolarzNovember 11, 1988 (1988-11-11)6390619.713.1/23
Crockett's memory begins to come back, just as Tubbs begins a plan to take him down on orders.
953"Heart of Night"Paul KrasnyJames BecketNovember 18, 1988 (1988-11-18)6390415.610.9/19
Castillo must protect his ex-wife May Ying (Rosalind Chao) from a drug lord. Also, Mai Ying's current husband, Ma Sek (James Saito), may have connections to the drug lord.
964"Bad Timing"Virgil W. VogelScott ShepherdDecember 2, 1988 (1988-12-02)6390718.812.6/22
Crockett takes a much needed vacation by traveling upstate, only to find himself kidnapped by two homicidal prison escapees who would rather die than get arrested again.
975"Borrasca"Vern GillumElvis Cole & Vladislavo StepankutzaDecember 9, 1988 (1988-12-09)6390117.211.7/21
Tubbs and Castillo are asked not to be involved in a drug deal involving a government agent, but this proves to be easier said than done.
986"Line of Fire"Richard ComptonRaymond HartungDecember 16, 1988 (1988-12-16)6390818.012.1/22
Crockett and Tubbs must protect a young man (Justin Lazard) who is a key witness in a local drug lord's upcoming trial.
997"Asian Cut"James ContnerStory by : Robert WardTeleplay by : Peter McCabeJanuary 13, 1989 (1989-01-13)6390916.510.8/18
Trudy goes under cover as a call girl to lure out a sadistic serial killer who leaves his victims with distinctive knife marks, but as she becomes his next victim, the Vice Squad must hunt him down before he harms her.
1008"Hard Knocks"Vern GillumStory by : Scott Shepherd & Ken Solarz & Robert WardTeleplay by : Ken SolarzJanuary 20, 1989 (1989-01-20)6391017.211.2/19
Switek tries to convince his friend's son, a major college quarterback, to throw a game, to break even with a local hustler to whom he owes a large gambling debt.
1019"Fruit of the Poison Tree"Michelle ManningRob BraginFebruary 3, 1989 (1989-02-03)6391216.210.2/16
Crockett and Tubbs investigate a shady and very corrupt state lawyer who defends drug dealers, then steals and resells their drugs.
10210"To Have and to Hold"Eugene CorrWilliam ConwayFebruary 10, 1989 (1989-02-10)6391317.111.4/19
While under cover, Tubbs falls for the widow of a slain drug kingpin. Meanwhile, Crockett leaves to be with his son who is not happy about his mother, Crockett's ex-wife (Belinda Montgomery) having another child.
10311"Miami Squeeze"Michelle ManningStory by : Ted Mann & Peter McCabe & Robert WardTeleplay by : Ted Mann & Peter McCabeFebruary 17, 1989 (1989-02-17)6391714.910.7/18
An anti-drug Congresswoman's (Rita Moreno) campaign is jeopardized when her son steals a shipment of drugs from a big-time English kingpin to earn some quick money.
10412"Jack of All Trades"Vern GillumStory by : Robert WardTeleplay by : Ken SolarzMarch 3, 1989 (1989-03-03)6391115.110.0/16
Crockett's scheming cousin Jack (David Andrews) unintentionally gets involved with a dangerous drug lord while trying to con him.
10513"The Cell Within"Michael B. HogganJack RichardsonMarch 10, 1989 (1989-03-10)6390213.39.4/16
Jack Manning (John P. Ryan), a former criminal that Tubbs had previously imprisoned in New York City, is now a best-selling author living in Miami and invites Tubbs to dinner. At Manning's house, he reveals to Tubbs that he has imprisoned several people for petty crimes. Manning then imprisons Tubbs for not agreeing to follow his plan to "rid the world of evil".
10614"The Lost Madonna"Chip ChalmersRobert GoethalsMarch 17, 1989 (1989-03-17)6391413.29.2/17
Crockett and Tubbs agree to help an artsy NYPD detective (Michael Chiklis) retrieve a 15th century work of art the Madonna, which had been stolen from a Paris museum several years earlier and is suspected to be now in Miami.
10715"Over the Line"Russ MayberryStory by : Robert Ward & Scott ShepherdTeleplay by : Terry McDonellApril 28, 1989 (1989-04-28)6391811.88.2/14
Crockett and Tubbs go deep under cover by joining an infamous group of disillusioned, vigilante cops, who serve their own justice against local criminals.
10816"Victims of Circumstance"Colin BuckseyRichard LourieMay 5, 1989 (1989-05-05)6391511.77.9/14
The Vice Squad learn that witnesses of The Holocaust are being murdered one by one, forcing Crockett and Switek to go under cover in a White supremacist Neo-Nazi group.
10917"World of Trouble"Alan MyersonRaymond HartungJune 14, 1989 (1989-06-14)6392214.710.8/20
Former mob boss Al Lombard (Dennis Farina), who was believed to be dead, returns with a different perspective on his life, to try to convince his beloved son to stay out of the mafia family business.
11018"Miracle Man"Alan MyersonStory by : Gillian Horvath & Robert WardTeleplay by : Rob BraginJune 21, 1989 (1989-06-21)6392114.310.0/19
A delusional vigilante named "Miracle Man" frequently interferes with Tubbs and Switek's investigation of a major drug dealer.
11119"Leap of Faith"Robert IscoveRobert WardJune 28, 1989 (1989-06-28)6392316.111.0/21
A Youth Crime Unit goes under cover as college students to investigate a shady professor (Keith Gordon) who is giving his students a dangerous drug.
11220"Too Much, Too Late"Richard ComptonStory by : John A. ConnorTeleplay by : Jack RichardsonJanuary 25, 1990 (1990-01-25)63903N/AN/A
Tubbs' old flame, Valerie (Pam Grier), returns to Miami to help her drug-addicted friend Yvonne (C.C.H. Pounder) who is a slave to her drug dealer's demands. As payment for her addiction, she forces her daughter, Lynette (Malinda Williams) to have sex with the dealer.
11321"Freefall"Russ MayberryStory by : Frank Holman & Scott Shepherd & Ken SolarzTeleplay by : William Conway & Ken SolarzMay 21, 1989 (1989-05-21)6392422.214.7/2311422
In the two-hour series finale, Crockett and Tubbs are recruited to protect Gen. Manuel Borbon (Ian McShane), a dictator of a ravaged Latin American country, who has information on major players in the drug underworld. It is later revealed that Borbon knew dirt on a very high-ranking US government officials, which was the reason for the whole mission. By the end of the episode, Crockett and Tubbs shoot down Borbon's seaplane as he tries to escape the authorities, killing the General and several government operatives, and the pair quit the police force in disgust. In the final scene, Crockett has sold his boat, released his pet alligator Elvis, and is moving further south, hoping to get away from his life in Miami, while Tubbs has decided to move back to New York City. Crockett offers to give Tubbs a ride to the airport in his "stolen" Ferrari, and the duo drive away together.
Note: Originally shown as a two-hour finale, but in syndication is shown as 2 separate episodes.
^ † These "lost episodes" aired after the series finale aired on May 21, 1989. The first three episodes aired on NBC in June 1989, while the fourth one aired on USA Network in January 1990.
^ †2 The episode "Leap of Faith" was a backdoor pilot for a potential series that did not come to fruition.
^ ‡ The episode "Too Much, Too Late" was not shown on NBC due to its graphic content and a plot vividly involving child molestation, which at the time was considered unsuitable for prime time television.
References
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^ In 1996, TV Guide included this episode as part of its "100 Most Memorable Moments in TV History", ranking it #99.
^ "ABC regains top spot in weekly ratings". Broadcasting. Vol. 107, no. 13. September 24, 1984. p. 86. ProQuest 963249509.
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^ "NBC makes it three out of four". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 18. October 28, 1985. p. 104. ProQuest 1014725795.
^ "World Series gives ABC week's ratings edge". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 19. November 4, 1985. p. 42. ProQuest 1014715626.
^ "NBC takes week six as sweeps begin". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 20. November 11, 1985. p. 56. ProQuest 1014708767.
^ "ABC leads sweeps with strong showing in seventh week". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 21. November 18, 1985. p. 88. ProQuest 1014718278.
^ "Movies, Thursday and Saturday schedules give NBC week eight". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 22. November 25, 1985. p. 42. ProQuest 1014708269.
^ "Ninth week of season: second win for CBS". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 23. December 2, 1985. p. 87. ProQuest 1014710938.
^ "NBC claims Thanksgiving victory with return of Perry Mason". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 24. December 9, 1985. p. 58. ProQuest 1014719129.
^ "NBC continues winning ways". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 25. December 16, 1985. p. 88. ProQuest 1014721078.
^ "NBC takes another Wednesday as it posts eighth weekly win". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 26. December 23, 1985. p. 61. ProQuest 1014718357.
^ "CBS wins second week in a row by a nose". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 3. January 20, 1986. p. 214. ProQuest 1014710358.
^ "Sixth Cosby record this season gives NBC another win". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 4. January 27, 1986. p. 74. ProQuest 1016911509.
^ "Bears also win for NBC". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 5. February 3, 1986. p. 50. ProQuest 1016916917.
^ "ABC starts fast but finishes last". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 6. February 10, 1986. p. 56. ProQuest 1016909677.
^ "NBC's best Thursday gives it another weekly win". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 8. February 24, 1986. p. 46. ProQuest 1016909425.
^ "NBC's regular schedule powers it to another win". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 9. March 3, 1986. p. 70. ProQuest 1016909221.
^ "NBC breezes to another ratings victory". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 11. March 17, 1986. p. 86. ProQuest 1016912979.
^ "Reruns help power NBC to win number 18". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 12. March 24, 1986. p. 91. ProQuest 1014726491.
^ "NBC wins week, ties CBS in evening news race". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 15. April 14, 1986. p. 154. ProQuest 1016901030.
^ "NBC returns to winning form". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 19. May 12, 1986. p. 50. ProQuest 1016906834.
^ "'North and South' wins war for ABC". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 20. May 19, 1986. p. 73. ProQuest 1014722857.
^ "NBC on a roll; wins first week of fall season". Broadcasting. Vol. 111, no. 4. October 6, 1986. p. 48. ProQuest 1014719938.
^ "NBC goes 2 for 2 in prime time". Broadcasting. Vol. 111, no. 15. October 13, 1986. p. 64. ProQuest 1016915015.
^ "NBC keeps on rolling". Broadcasting. Vol. 111, no. 16. October 20, 1986. p. 38. ProQuest 1014736998.
^ "Four in a row for NBC". Broadcasting. Vol. 111, no. 17. October 27, 1986. p. 96. ProQuest 1014715087.
^ "Mets-Sox deliver NBC another win". Broadcasting. Vol. 111, no. 18. November 3, 1986. p. 54. ProQuest 1016898182.
^ "Game seven, 'Cosby' lift NBC to victory". Broadcasting. Vol. 111, no. 19. November 10, 1986. p. 73. ProQuest 1016910246.
^ "NBC rolls a lucky seven". Broadcasting. Vol. 111, no. 20. November 17, 1986. p. 52. ProQuest 1285762482.
^ "NBC wins prime time and news in week eight". Broadcasting. Vol. 111, no. 21. November 24, 1986. p. 52. ProQuest 1016917184.
^ "Nine in a row: NBC ties second-best season streak". Broadcasting. Vol. 111, no. 22. December 1, 1986. p. 88. ProQuest 1014739802.
^ "NBC stays undefeated". Broadcasting. Vol. 111, no. 24. December 15, 1986. p. 91. ProQuest 1014742080.
^ "NBC juggernaut keeps on rolling". Broadcasting. Vol. 111, no. 25. December 22, 1986. p. 75. ProQuest 1016910304.
^ "CBS wins its second in a row". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 3. January 19, 1987. p. 210. ProQuest 1016906203.
^ "NBC wins prime time and news". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 4. January 26, 1987. p. 58. ProQuest 1016900438.
^ "Super Bowl was super for CBS". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 5. February 2, 1987. p. 70. ProQuest 1016913996.
^ "Prime time and news go to NBC". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 7. February 16, 1987. p. 56. ProQuest 1016919377.
^ "'Amerika' premiere pushes ABC to second". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 8. February 23, 1987. p. 74. ProQuest 1016922703.
^ "NBC overcomes ABC's 'Amerika'". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 9. March 2, 1987. p. 56. ProQuest 1016911964.
^ "NBC on another winning streak". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 10. March 9, 1987. p. 44. ProQuest 1016912824.
^ "NBC remains on top in prime time". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 12. March 23, 1987. p. 147. ProQuest 1014728499.
^ "Weekly Ratings Scorecard". Variety. Vol. 326, no. 9. March 25, 1987. p. 48. ProQuest 1286026601.
^ "NBC wins news and prime time". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 14. April 6, 1987. p. 89. ProQuest 1014739440.
^ "ABC climbs to second for week in prime time race". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 15. April 13, 1987. p. 88. ProQuest 1016917698.
^ "No prime time summer slump for NBC". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 19. May 11, 1987. p. 78. ProQuest 1016918442.
^ "NBC continues summer run". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 20. May 18, 1987. p. 96. ProQuest 1014717874.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. September 30, 1987. p. 3D. ProQuest 305922933.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. October 7, 1987. p. 3D. ProQuest 305953326.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. October 21, 1987. p. 3D. ProQuest 305935736.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. October 28, 1987. p. 3D. ProQuest 305945387.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. November 4, 1987. p. 3D. ProQuest 305974535.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. November 11, 1987. p. 3D. ProQuest 305982086.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. November 18, 1987. p. 3D. ProQuest 305968968.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. November 25, 1987. p. 3D. ProQuest 305958854.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. December 9, 1987. p. 3D. ProQuest 305967958.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. January 20, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306006998.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. January 27, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 305976622.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. February 10, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306006081.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. February 17, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306012742.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. February 24, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 305993630.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. March 2, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306042747.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. March 9, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306024044.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. March 16, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306030149.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. March 23, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306010273.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. April 6, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306060935.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. April 20, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306035713.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. May 4, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306041364.
^ "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. May 11, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306031582.
^ a b "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. 1988-11-09. p. 3D. ProQuest 306136856.
^ a b "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. November 16, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306140699.
^ a b "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. November 23, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306124674.
^ a b "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. December 7, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306146398.
^ a b "Nielsen ratings". Life. USA Today. December 14, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306143538.
^ a b "A very 'Brady' ratings hit". Life. USA Today. December 21, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306159082.
^ a b "NBC clinches season's ratings title". Life. USA Today. January 18, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306171627.
^ a b "NBC scores super ratings". Life. USA Today. January 25, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306147740.
^ a b "Comedies sweep up for NBC". Life. USA Today. February 8, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306179902.
^ a b "CBS gallops to a tie with NBC". Life. USA Today. February 15, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306163263.
^ a b "NBC's back alone on top". Life. USA Today. February 22, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306175741.
^ a b "Hit-and-miss program changes". Life. USA Today. March 8, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306184202.
^ a b "NBC, in front with 'Left Behind'". Life. USA Today. March 15, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306172200.
^ a b "Glad tidings for all networks". Life. USA Today. March 22, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306198820.
^ a b "We loved CBS' 'Lucy' tribute". Life. USA Today. May 3, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306197470.
^ a b "Bright spots for No. 3 ABC". Life. USA Today. May 10, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306210811.
^ a b "NBC caps a year at the top". Life. USA Today. June 21, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306210130.
^ a b "'Right' courts few viewers". Life. USA Today. June 28, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306211385.
^ a b "A summer holiday shuffle". Life. USA Today. July 7, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306227507.
^ a b "Everybody loved ABC's 'Baby'". Life. USA Today. May 24, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306198690.
External links
List of Miami Vice episodes at Internet Movie Database
vteMiami Vice
Anthony Yerkovich
Michael Mann
Characters
Sonny Crockett (Don Johnson)
Ricardo Tubbs (Philip Michael Thomas)
Accessories
Cars
Ferrari Testarossa
Ferrari 365 GTS/4 Replica 'Daytona Spyder' Corvette-based
Firearms
Music
"Miami Vice Theme"
"Smuggler's Blues"
"You Belong to the City"
"Crockett's Theme"
Soundtracks
Seasons
1
"Brother's Keeper"
"No Exit"
2
"Out Where the Buses Don't Run"
3
4
5
Video games
Miami Vice (1986 game)
Miami Vice: The Game
See also
Guest stars
Accolades
Feature film
Smith & Wesson
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miami_Vice_Season_2_Logo_sm.jpg"},{"link_name":"Miami Vice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Vice"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"USA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Network"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_in_television"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_in_television"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Regions 1, 2 and 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_code"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"Regions A and B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray#Region_codes"}],"text":"The Miami Vice intertitle (color scheme as per season three)The following is an episode list for the 1980s undercover cop television series Miami Vice. In the United States, the show was aired on NBC. The first episode of the series premiered on September 16, 1984, with the series concluding on June 28, 1989, after five seasons. Due to its sensitive nature, The Final Episode was aired on USA Network thus concluding the series on January 25, 1990. There are a total of 114 episodes, spanning five years (1984–1989) of the show's run. The individual seasons are available on DVD in Regions 1, 2 and 4 and Blu-ray in Regions A and B.","title":"List of Miami Vice episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_1_(1984%E2%80%9385)"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_2_(1985%E2%80%9386)"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_3_(1986%E2%80%9387)"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_4_(1987%E2%80%9388)"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_5_(1988%E2%80%9390)"}],"text":"SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired123September 16, 1984 (1984-09-16)May 10, 1985 (1985-05-10)223September 27, 1985 (1985-09-27)May 9, 1986 (1986-05-09)324September 26, 1986 (1986-09-26)May 8, 1987 (1987-05-08)422September 25, 1987 (1987-09-25)May 6, 1988 (1988-05-06)522November 4, 1988 (1988-11-04)January 25, 1990 (1990-01-25)","title":"Series overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Don Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Philip Michael Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Michael_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Saundra Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saundra_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Gregory Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Sierra"},{"link_name":"Michael Talbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Talbott"},{"link_name":"John Diehl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Diehl_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Olivia Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Brown"},{"link_name":"Edward James Olmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_James_Olmos"},{"link_name":"Miami, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coolcops-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coolcops-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbravo-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbravo-2"},{"link_name":"Opa Locka Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opa_Locka_Airport"},{"link_name":"Biscayne Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscayne_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Key Biscayne, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Biscayne,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Venetian Causeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_Causeway"},{"link_name":"Coconut Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_Grove"},{"link_name":"South Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Beach"},{"link_name":"North Miami Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Miami_Beach"},{"link_name":"St. Croix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Croix"},{"link_name":"Ocean Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Drive_(South_Beach)"},{"link_name":"Tamiami Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiami_Trail"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rbravo-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coolcops-1"},{"link_name":"Todd Rundgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Rundgren"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"Frankie Goes to Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Goes_to_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coolcops-1"},{"link_name":"Jan Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hammer"},{"link_name":"Fairlight CMI IIx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairlight_CMI"},{"link_name":"sampler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"sequencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_sequencer"},{"link_name":"Brewster, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coolcops-1"}],"sub_title":"Season 1 (1984–85)","text":"Season one of Miami Vice premiered on September 16, 1984, with the two-hour pilot premiere on NBC and concluded on May 10, 1985, after 22 episodes. Regular cast members included Don Johnson, Philip Michael Thomas, Saundra Santiago, Gregory Sierra, Michael Talbott, John Diehl, Olivia Brown, and Edward James Olmos.The first season was filmed on location in Miami, Florida.[1] The show's crew took up semi-permanent residence in the Alexander Hotel.[1] They later worked out of Greenwich Studios.[2]The film crew on the show was 95% local to the Miami area.[2] Various filming locations on the show included: Downtown Miami, Old Miamarina (Bayside Market Place), Opa Locka Airport, Biscayne Boulevard, Key Biscayne, Florida, Venetian Causeway, Coconut Grove, South Beach, North Miami Beach, St. Croix, McArthur Causeway, Ocean Drive, and Tamiami Trail.[2]Episodes were produced at an average cost of $1.3 million, much higher than the typical cop-show episode of $1 million.[1] The show went to unusual lengths to get the right settings and props for each episode.Music was an integral part of the show. Unlike other television shows at the time, Miami Vice would buy the rights to original versions rather than covers. The show would spend up to $10,000 per episode for original recordings by artists like Todd Rundgren, U2, and Frankie Goes to Hollywood.[1] Jan Hammer, the show's musical composer, would create the rest of the show's musical score. Hammer used the Fairlight CMI IIx, a computer based music workstation consisting of an 8-bit sampler, digital synthesizer, MIDI controller and sequencer. The Fairlight enabled Hammer to score and perform the entire show's music single-handedly. Jan would work out of his state-of-the-art studio in his home in Brewster, New York composing the score for each episode.[1]","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Philip Michael Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Michael_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Saundra Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saundra_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Michael Talbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Talbott"},{"link_name":"John Diehl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Diehl_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Olivia Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Brown"},{"link_name":"Edward James Olmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_James_Olmos"}],"sub_title":"Season 2 (1985–86)","text":"Season two of Miami Vice premiered on September 27, 1985, with the two-hour episode \"The Prodigal Son\". The second season concluded on May 9, 1986, after 23 episodes. Season two regular cast members included Don Johnson, Philip Michael Thomas, Saundra Santiago, Michael Talbott, John Diehl, Olivia Brown and Edward James Olmos.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Philip Michael Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Michael_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Saundra Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saundra_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Michael Talbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Talbott"},{"link_name":"John Diehl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Diehl_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Olivia Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Brown"},{"link_name":"Edward James Olmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_James_Olmos"},{"link_name":"Dick Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Wolf"},{"link_name":"Michael Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mann_(director)"},{"link_name":"Ferrari Testarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_Testarossa"},{"link_name":"Sonny Crockett's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_%22Sonny%22_Crockett"},{"link_name":"Larry Zito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Zito"}],"sub_title":"Season 3 (1986–87)","text":"Season three of Miami Vice premiered on September 26, 1986, with the episode \"When Irish Eyes Are Crying\". The third season concluded on May 8, 1987, after 24 episodes. Season three regular cast members included Don Johnson, Philip Michael Thomas, Saundra Santiago, Michael Talbott, John Diehl, Olivia Brown and Edward James Olmos. Changes in season three included Dick Wolf joining the crew as executive producer working with Michael Mann, different style and fashion looks, the introduction of the Ferrari Testarossa, Sonny Crockett's new car and the death of Larry Zito (Diehl).","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Philip Michael Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Michael_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Saundra Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saundra_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Michael Talbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Talbott"},{"link_name":"Olivia Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Brown"},{"link_name":"Edward James Olmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_James_Olmos"}],"sub_title":"Season 4 (1987–88)","text":"Season four of Miami Vice premiered on September 25, 1987, with the episode \"Contempt of Court\". The fourth season concluded on May 6, 1988, after 22 episodes. Season four regular cast members included Don Johnson, Philip Michael Thomas, Saundra Santiago, Michael Talbott, Olivia Brown and Edward James Olmos. The episodes \"The Big Thaw\", \"Missing Hours\" and \"The Cows of October\" are considered among fans to be the worst in the series.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Network"},{"link_name":"child molestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_molestation"},{"link_name":"the same company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Universal"},{"link_name":"Don Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Philip Michael Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Michael_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Saundra Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saundra_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Michael Talbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Talbott"},{"link_name":"Olivia Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Brown"},{"link_name":"Edward James Olmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_James_Olmos"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_note_%E2%80%A01"},{"link_name":"lost episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_television_broadcast"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"USA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Network"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_note_%E2%80%A02"},{"link_name":"backdoor pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backdoor_pilot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_note_%E2%80%A11"},{"link_name":"child molestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_molestation"}],"sub_title":"Season 5 (1988–90)","text":"Season five of Miami Vice is the final season of the series. The season premiered on November 4, 1988, with the episode \"Hostile Takeover (Part 2)\". The series concluded on May 21, 1989, with \"Freefall\", after 17 episodes, but later NBC aired three new episodes after the series finale. They were \"World of Trouble\" (June 14, 1989), \"Miracle Man\" (June 21, 1989), and \"Leap of Faith\" (June 28, 1989). Additionally, USA Network aired \"Too Much, Too Late\" on January 25, 1990, since NBC would not show that episode due to its strong topic of child molestation (NBC and USA are now owned by the same company). Season five regular cast members included Don Johnson, Philip Michael Thomas, Saundra Santiago, Michael Talbott, Olivia Brown, and Edward James Olmos.^ † These \"lost episodes\" aired after the series finale aired on May 21, 1989. The first three episodes aired on NBC in June 1989, while the fourth one aired on USA Network in January 1990.\n^ †2 The episode \"Leap of Faith\" was a backdoor pilot for a potential series that did not come to fruition.\n^ ‡ The episode \"Too Much, Too Late\" was not shown on NBC due to its graphic content and a plot vividly involving child molestation, which at the time was considered unsuitable for prime time television.","title":"Episodes"}] | [{"image_text":"The Miami Vice intertitle (color scheme as per season three)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/25/Miami_Vice_Season_2_Logo_sm.jpg/200px-Miami_Vice_Season_2_Logo_sm.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Zoglin, Richard (1985-09-16). \"Cool Cops, Hot Show\". Time. Time Inc. Archived from the original on December 11, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Zoglin","url_text":"Zoglin, Richard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071211221401/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,959822,00.html","url_text":"\"Cool Cops, Hot Show\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,959822,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Miami Vice: Seasons 1 & 2\". Bravo Production. www.rbravo.com. 2000. Retrieved 2007-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://rbravo.com/miami_vice.htm","url_text":"\"Miami Vice: Seasons 1 & 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"ABC regains top spot in weekly ratings\". Broadcasting. Vol. 107, no. 13. September 24, 1984. p. 86. ProQuest 963249509.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/963249509","url_text":"963249509"}]},{"reference":"\"CBS takes week one; NBC places second\". Broadcasting. Vol. 107, no. 15. October 8, 1984. p. 94. ProQuest 963257211.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1984-10-08_107_15/page/94","url_text":"\"CBS takes week one; NBC places second\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/963257211","url_text":"963257211"}]},{"reference":"\"CBS takes week two; baseball pushes ABC into second\". Broadcasting. Vol. 107, no. 16. October 15, 1984. p. 52. ProQuest 963248791.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1984-10-15_107_16/page/52","url_text":"\"CBS takes week two; baseball pushes ABC into second\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/963248791","url_text":"963248791"}]},{"reference":"\"Week 4: It's CBS, NBC, ABC\". Broadcasting. Vol. 107, no. 18. October 29, 1984. p. 71. ProQuest 963249719.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1984-10-29_107_18/page/71","url_text":"\"Week 4: It's CBS, NBC, ABC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/963249719","url_text":"963249719"}]},{"reference":"\"CBS, NBC tie in week five\". Broadcasting. Vol. 107, no. 19. November 5, 1984. p. 64. ProQuest 963263431.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1984-11_107_19/page/64","url_text":"\"CBS, NBC tie in week five\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/963263431","url_text":"963263431"}]},{"reference":"\"CBS takes week six, NBC second\". Broadcasting. Vol. 107, no. 20. November 12, 1984. p. 56. ProQuest 963260754.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1984-11-12_107_20/page/56","url_text":"\"CBS takes week six, NBC second\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/963260754","url_text":"963260754"}]},{"reference":"\"CBS wins week; takes over first place season-to-date\". Broadcasting. Vol. 107, no. 21. November 19, 1984. p. 61. ProQuest 963244940.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1984-11-19_107_21/page/61","url_text":"\"CBS wins week; takes over first place season-to-date\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/963244940","url_text":"963244940"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen prime-time ratings\". The Philadelphia Inquirer. November 21, 1984. p. E8. ProQuest 1820039639.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer","url_text":"The Philadelphia Inquirer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1820039639","url_text":"1820039639"}]},{"reference":"\"CBS makes it 10 in a row\". Broadcasting. Vol. 107, no. 24. December 10, 1984. p. 78. ProQuest 1014716210.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014716210","url_text":"1014716210"}]},{"reference":"\"CBS takes another ratings week\". Broadcasting. Vol. 107, no. 25. December 17, 1984. p. 84. ProQuest 1014719197.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1984-12-17_107_25/page/84","url_text":"\"CBS takes another ratings week\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014719197","url_text":"1014719197"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen prime-time ratings\". The Philadelphia Inquirer. December 19, 1984. p. E11. ProQuest 1820015039.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer","url_text":"The Philadelphia Inquirer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1820015039","url_text":"1820015039"}]},{"reference":"\"CBS takes the week in prime time and daytime\". Broadcasting. Vol. 108, no. 2. January 14, 1985. p. 162. ProQuest 1014714181.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014714181","url_text":"1014714181"}]},{"reference":"\"CBS wins and ABC climbs into second\". Broadcasting. Vol. 108, no. 3. January 21, 1985. p. 87. ProQuest 1014713043.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1985-01-21_108_3/page/87","url_text":"\"CBS wins and ABC climbs into second\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014713043","url_text":"1014713043"}]},{"reference":"\"Super Bowl gives ABC its first weekly win\". Broadcasting. Vol. 108, no. 4. January 28, 1985. p. 88. ProQuest 1014707587.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1985-01-28_108_4/page/88","url_text":"\"Super Bowl gives ABC its first weekly win\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014707587","url_text":"1014707587"}]},{"reference":"\"'Music Awards' lifts ABC into first place\". Broadcasting. Vol. 108, no. 6. February 11, 1985. p. 48. ProQuest 963286911.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1985-02-11_108_6/page/48","url_text":"\"'Music Awards' lifts ABC into first place\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/963286911","url_text":"963286911"}]},{"reference":"\"'Cosby' and 'Dirty Dozen' deliver week for NBC\". Broadcasting. Vol. 108, no. 7. February 18, 1985. p. 71. ProQuest 963239691.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1985-02-18_108_7/page/71","url_text":"\"'Cosby' and 'Dirty Dozen' deliver week for NBC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/963239691","url_text":"963239691"}]},{"reference":"\"ABC, NBC tie in ratings photo finish\". Broadcasting. Vol. 108, no. 9. March 4, 1985. p. 83. ProQuest 1014722694.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1985-03-04_108_9/page/83","url_text":"\"ABC, NBC tie in ratings photo finish\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014722694","url_text":"1014722694"}]},{"reference":"\"Basketball cuts into network numbers\". Broadcasting. Vol. 108, no. 11. March 18, 1985. p. 65. ProQuest 1014715489.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014715489","url_text":"1014715489"}]},{"reference":"\"CBS takes its 19th ratings victory\". Broadcasting. Vol. 108, no. 12. March 25, 1985. p. 52. ProQuest 1014719248.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1985-03-25_108_12/page/52","url_text":"\"CBS takes its 19th ratings victory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014719248","url_text":"1014719248"}]},{"reference":"\"CBS squeaks into first\". Broadcasting. Vol. 108, no. 14. April 8, 1985. p. 150. ProQuest 963263271.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1985-04-08_108_14/page/150","url_text":"\"CBS squeaks into first\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/963263271","url_text":"963263271"}]},{"reference":"\"Second post-season win for NBC\". Broadcasting. Vol. 108, no. 19. May 13, 1985. p. 76. ProQuest 963291793.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1985-05-13_108_19/page/76","url_text":"\"Second post-season win for NBC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/963291793","url_text":"963291793"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC wins third week in a row\". Broadcasting. Vol. 108, no. 20. May 20, 1985. p. 68. ProQuest 963251741.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1985-05-20_108_20/page/68","url_text":"\"NBC wins third week in a row\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/963251741","url_text":"963251741"}]},{"reference":"\"The TV Rate Race\". The Hollywood Reporter. Vol. 288, no. 48. October 2, 1985. p. 18. ProQuest 2594614569.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/2594614569","url_text":"2594614569"}]},{"reference":"\"The TV Rate Race\". The Hollywood Reporter. Vol. 289, no. 3. October 9, 1985. p. 22. ProQuest 2594603324.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/2594603324","url_text":"2594603324"}]},{"reference":"\"Special Collector's Issue: 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time\". TV Guide (June 28-July 4). 1997.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"}]},{"reference":"TV Guide Book of Lists. Running Press. 2007. pp. 187. ISBN 978-0-7624-3007-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tvguidebookoflis0000unse","url_text":"TV Guide Book of Lists"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tvguidebookoflis0000unse/page/187","url_text":"187"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-3007-9","url_text":"978-0-7624-3007-9"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC makes it three out of four\". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 18. October 28, 1985. p. 104. ProQuest 1014725795.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1985-10-28_109_18/page/104","url_text":"\"NBC makes it three out of four\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014725795","url_text":"1014725795"}]},{"reference":"\"World Series gives ABC week's ratings edge\". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 19. November 4, 1985. p. 42. ProQuest 1014715626.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1985-11-04_109_19/page/42","url_text":"\"World Series gives ABC week's ratings edge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014715626","url_text":"1014715626"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC takes week six as sweeps begin\". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 20. November 11, 1985. p. 56. ProQuest 1014708767.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1985-11-11_109_20/page/56","url_text":"\"NBC takes week six as sweeps begin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014708767","url_text":"1014708767"}]},{"reference":"\"ABC leads sweeps with strong showing in seventh week\". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 21. November 18, 1985. p. 88. ProQuest 1014718278.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1985-11-18_109_21/page/88","url_text":"\"ABC leads sweeps with strong showing in seventh week\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014718278","url_text":"1014718278"}]},{"reference":"\"Movies, Thursday and Saturday schedules give NBC week eight\". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 22. November 25, 1985. p. 42. ProQuest 1014708269.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1985-11-25_109_22/page/42","url_text":"\"Movies, Thursday and Saturday schedules give NBC week eight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014708269","url_text":"1014708269"}]},{"reference":"\"Ninth week of season: second win for CBS\". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 23. December 2, 1985. p. 87. ProQuest 1014710938.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1985-12-02_109_23/page/87","url_text":"\"Ninth week of season: second win for CBS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014710938","url_text":"1014710938"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC claims Thanksgiving victory with return of Perry Mason\". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 24. December 9, 1985. p. 58. ProQuest 1014719129.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014719129","url_text":"1014719129"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC continues winning ways\". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 25. December 16, 1985. p. 88. ProQuest 1014721078.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1985-12-16_109_25/page/88","url_text":"\"NBC continues winning ways\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014721078","url_text":"1014721078"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC takes another Wednesday as it posts eighth weekly win\". Broadcasting. Vol. 109, no. 26. December 23, 1985. p. 61. ProQuest 1014718357.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1985-12-23_109_26/page/61","url_text":"\"NBC takes another Wednesday as it posts eighth weekly win\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014718357","url_text":"1014718357"}]},{"reference":"\"CBS wins second week in a row by a nose\". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 3. January 20, 1986. p. 214. ProQuest 1014710358.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014710358","url_text":"1014710358"}]},{"reference":"\"Sixth Cosby record this season gives NBC another win\". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 4. January 27, 1986. p. 74. ProQuest 1016911509.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1986-01-27_110_4/page/74","url_text":"\"Sixth Cosby record this season gives NBC another win\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1016911509","url_text":"1016911509"}]},{"reference":"\"Bears also win for NBC\". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 5. February 3, 1986. p. 50. ProQuest 1016916917.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1016916917","url_text":"1016916917"}]},{"reference":"\"ABC starts fast but finishes last\". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 6. February 10, 1986. p. 56. ProQuest 1016909677.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1986-02-10_110_6/page/56","url_text":"\"ABC starts fast but finishes last\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1016909677","url_text":"1016909677"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC's best Thursday gives it another weekly win\". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 8. February 24, 1986. p. 46. ProQuest 1016909425.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1986-02-24_110_8/page/46","url_text":"\"NBC's best Thursday gives it another weekly win\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1016909425","url_text":"1016909425"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC's regular schedule powers it to another win\". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 9. March 3, 1986. p. 70. ProQuest 1016909221.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1986-03-03_110_9/page/70","url_text":"\"NBC's regular schedule powers it to another win\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1016909221","url_text":"1016909221"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC breezes to another ratings victory\". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 11. March 17, 1986. p. 86. ProQuest 1016912979.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1016912979","url_text":"1016912979"}]},{"reference":"\"Reruns help power NBC to win number 18\". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 12. March 24, 1986. p. 91. ProQuest 1014726491.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1986-03-24_110_12/page/91","url_text":"\"Reruns help power NBC to win number 18\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014726491","url_text":"1014726491"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC wins week, ties CBS in evening news race\". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 15. April 14, 1986. p. 154. ProQuest 1016901030.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1986-04-14_110_15/page/154","url_text":"\"NBC wins week, ties CBS in evening news race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1016901030","url_text":"1016901030"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC returns to winning form\". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 19. May 12, 1986. p. 50. ProQuest 1016906834.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1016906834","url_text":"1016906834"}]},{"reference":"\"'North and South' wins war for ABC\". Broadcasting. Vol. 110, no. 20. May 19, 1986. p. 73. ProQuest 1014722857.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1986-05-19_110_20/page/73","url_text":"\"'North and South' wins war for ABC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014722857","url_text":"1014722857"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC on a roll; wins first week of fall season\". Broadcasting. Vol. 111, no. 4. October 6, 1986. p. 48. ProQuest 1014719938.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014719938","url_text":"1014719938"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC goes 2 for 2 in prime time\". Broadcasting. Vol. 111, no. 15. October 13, 1986. p. 64. ProQuest 1016915015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1986-10-13_111_15/page/64","url_text":"\"NBC goes 2 for 2 in prime time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1016915015","url_text":"1016915015"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC keeps on rolling\". Broadcasting. Vol. 111, no. 16. October 20, 1986. p. 38. ProQuest 1014736998.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1986-10-20_111_16/page/38","url_text":"\"NBC keeps on rolling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014736998","url_text":"1014736998"}]},{"reference":"\"Four in a row for NBC\". Broadcasting. Vol. 111, no. 17. October 27, 1986. p. 96. ProQuest 1014715087.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1986-10-27_111_17/page/96","url_text":"\"Four in a row for NBC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014715087","url_text":"1014715087"}]},{"reference":"\"Mets-Sox deliver NBC another win\". Broadcasting. Vol. 111, no. 18. November 3, 1986. p. 54. ProQuest 1016898182.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1986-11-03_111_18/page/54","url_text":"\"Mets-Sox deliver NBC another win\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1016898182","url_text":"1016898182"}]},{"reference":"\"Game seven, 'Cosby' lift NBC to victory\". Broadcasting. Vol. 111, no. 19. November 10, 1986. p. 73. ProQuest 1016910246.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1986-11-10_111_19/page/73","url_text":"\"Game seven, 'Cosby' lift NBC to victory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1016910246","url_text":"1016910246"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC rolls a lucky seven\". Broadcasting. Vol. 111, no. 20. November 17, 1986. p. 52. ProQuest 1285762482.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1986-11-17_111_20/page/52","url_text":"\"NBC rolls a lucky seven\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1285762482","url_text":"1285762482"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC wins prime time and news in week eight\". Broadcasting. Vol. 111, no. 21. November 24, 1986. p. 52. ProQuest 1016917184.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1986-11-24_111_21/page/52","url_text":"\"NBC wins prime time and news in week eight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1016917184","url_text":"1016917184"}]},{"reference":"\"Nine in a row: NBC ties second-best season streak\". Broadcasting. Vol. 111, no. 22. December 1, 1986. p. 88. ProQuest 1014739802.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1986-12-01_111_22/page/88","url_text":"\"Nine in a row: NBC ties second-best season streak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014739802","url_text":"1014739802"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC stays undefeated\". Broadcasting. Vol. 111, no. 24. December 15, 1986. p. 91. ProQuest 1014742080.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1986-12-15_111_24/page/91","url_text":"\"NBC stays undefeated\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014742080","url_text":"1014742080"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC juggernaut keeps on rolling\". Broadcasting. Vol. 111, no. 25. December 22, 1986. p. 75. ProQuest 1016910304.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1986-12-22_111_25/page/75","url_text":"\"NBC juggernaut keeps on rolling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1016910304","url_text":"1016910304"}]},{"reference":"\"CBS wins its second in a row\". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 3. January 19, 1987. p. 210. ProQuest 1016906203.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1987-01-19_112_3/page/210","url_text":"\"CBS wins its second in a row\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1016906203","url_text":"1016906203"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC wins prime time and news\". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 4. January 26, 1987. p. 58. ProQuest 1016900438.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1987-01-26_112_4/page/58","url_text":"\"NBC wins prime time and news\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1016900438","url_text":"1016900438"}]},{"reference":"\"Super Bowl was super for CBS\". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 5. February 2, 1987. p. 70. ProQuest 1016913996.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1987-02-02_112_5/page/70","url_text":"\"Super Bowl was super for CBS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1016913996","url_text":"1016913996"}]},{"reference":"\"Prime time and news go to NBC\". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 7. February 16, 1987. p. 56. ProQuest 1016919377.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1987-02-16_112_7/page/56","url_text":"\"Prime time and news go to NBC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1016919377","url_text":"1016919377"}]},{"reference":"\"'Amerika' premiere pushes ABC to second\". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 8. February 23, 1987. p. 74. ProQuest 1016922703.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1987-02-23_112_8/page/74","url_text":"\"'Amerika' premiere pushes ABC to second\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1016922703","url_text":"1016922703"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC overcomes ABC's 'Amerika'\". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 9. March 2, 1987. p. 56. ProQuest 1016911964.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1987-03-02_112_9/page/56","url_text":"\"NBC overcomes ABC's 'Amerika'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1016911964","url_text":"1016911964"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC on another winning streak\". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 10. March 9, 1987. p. 44. ProQuest 1016912824.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1987-03-09_112_10/page/44","url_text":"\"NBC on another winning streak\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1016912824","url_text":"1016912824"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC remains on top in prime time\". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 12. March 23, 1987. p. 147. ProQuest 1014728499.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1987-03-23_112_12/page/147","url_text":"\"NBC remains on top in prime time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014728499","url_text":"1014728499"}]},{"reference":"\"Weekly Ratings Scorecard\". Variety. Vol. 326, no. 9. March 25, 1987. p. 48. ProQuest 1286026601.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1286026601","url_text":"1286026601"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC wins news and prime time\". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 14. April 6, 1987. p. 89. ProQuest 1014739440.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014739440","url_text":"1014739440"}]},{"reference":"\"ABC climbs to second for week in prime time race\". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 15. April 13, 1987. p. 88. ProQuest 1016917698.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1987-04-13_112_15/page/88","url_text":"\"ABC climbs to second for week in prime time race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1016917698","url_text":"1016917698"}]},{"reference":"\"No prime time summer slump for NBC\". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 19. May 11, 1987. p. 78. ProQuest 1016918442.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1987-05-11_112_19/page/78","url_text":"\"No prime time summer slump for NBC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1016918442","url_text":"1016918442"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC continues summer run\". Broadcasting. Vol. 112, no. 20. May 18, 1987. p. 96. ProQuest 1014717874.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sim_broadcasting-cable_1987-05-18_112_20/page/96","url_text":"\"NBC continues summer run\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable","url_text":"Broadcasting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1014717874","url_text":"1014717874"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. September 30, 1987. p. 3D. ProQuest 305922933.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/305922933","url_text":"305922933"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. October 7, 1987. p. 3D. ProQuest 305953326.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/305953326","url_text":"305953326"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. October 21, 1987. p. 3D. ProQuest 305935736.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/305935736","url_text":"305935736"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. October 28, 1987. p. 3D. ProQuest 305945387.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/305945387","url_text":"305945387"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. November 4, 1987. p. 3D. ProQuest 305974535.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/305974535","url_text":"305974535"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. November 11, 1987. p. 3D. ProQuest 305982086.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/305982086","url_text":"305982086"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. November 18, 1987. p. 3D. ProQuest 305968968.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/305968968","url_text":"305968968"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. November 25, 1987. p. 3D. ProQuest 305958854.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/305958854","url_text":"305958854"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. December 9, 1987. p. 3D. ProQuest 305967958.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/305967958","url_text":"305967958"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. January 20, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306006998.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/306006998","url_text":"306006998"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. January 27, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 305976622.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/305976622","url_text":"305976622"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. February 10, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306006081.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/306006081","url_text":"306006081"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. February 17, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306012742.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/306012742","url_text":"306012742"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. February 24, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 305993630.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/305993630","url_text":"305993630"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. March 2, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306042747.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/306042747","url_text":"306042747"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. March 9, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306024044.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/306024044","url_text":"306024044"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. March 16, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306030149.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/306030149","url_text":"306030149"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. March 23, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306010273.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/306010273","url_text":"306010273"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. April 6, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306060935.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/306060935","url_text":"306060935"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. April 20, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306035713.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/306035713","url_text":"306035713"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. May 4, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306041364.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/306041364","url_text":"306041364"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. May 11, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306031582.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/306031582","url_text":"306031582"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. 1988-11-09. p. 3D. ProQuest 306136856.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/306136856","url_text":"306136856"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. November 16, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306140699.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/306140699","url_text":"306140699"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. November 23, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306124674.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/306124674","url_text":"306124674"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. December 7, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306146398.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/306146398","url_text":"306146398"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen ratings\". Life. USA Today. December 14, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306143538.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/306143538","url_text":"306143538"}]},{"reference":"\"A very 'Brady' ratings hit\". Life. USA Today. December 21, 1988. p. 3D. ProQuest 306159082.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/306159082","url_text":"306159082"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC clinches season's ratings title\". Life. USA Today. January 18, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306171627.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/306171627","url_text":"306171627"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC scores super ratings\". Life. USA Today. January 25, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306147740.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/306147740","url_text":"306147740"}]},{"reference":"\"Comedies sweep up for NBC\". Life. USA Today. February 8, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306179902.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/306179902","url_text":"306179902"}]},{"reference":"\"CBS gallops to a tie with NBC\". Life. USA Today. February 15, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306163263.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/306163263","url_text":"306163263"}]},{"reference":"\"NBC's back alone on top\". Life. USA Today. February 22, 1989. p. 3D. ProQuest 306175741.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/306175741","url_text":"306175741"}]},{"reference":"\"Hit-and-miss program changes\". Life. USA Today. March 8, 1989. p. 3D. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael_Garc%C3%ADa | Ismael García | ["1 References"] | Venezuelan politician
For the Spanish wheelchair basketball player, see Ismael García Moreno.
Ismael García (born in 1954) is a Venezuelan politician. He was the leader of PODEMOS, a socialist party which won the second most seats in the National Assembly of Venezuela in the 2005 election.
Although the party formerly supported the program of President Hugo Chávez, it broke decisively with the ruling party over the 2007 constitutional referendum, and García was then heavily criticized by Chávez. In 2012, following a decision by the Supreme Tribunal of Justice that handed over the party's leadership to Didalco Bolívar, Garcia left PODEMOS and founded Progressive Advance with Henri Falcón. However, in 2014, Garcia left that party to become a member of Primero Justicia.
References
^ a b "Se bajaron del bus" (in Spanish). Spain: Semana. 27 February 2010. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
^ "Podemos reclama que su tarjeta no aperece en boleta electrónica" (in Spanish). Venezuela: El Universal. 5 October 2004. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
^ "El tercer polo en Venezuela" (in Spanish). BBC News. 28 January 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
^ Schott, Ben (25 February 2010). "Boligarchs and the Bolibourgeoisie". New York Times. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
^ "Primero Justicia crece, mientras Avanzada Progresista y Un Nuevo Tiempo pierden figuras emblemáticas" (in Spanish). El Nacional. 14 March 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
This article about a Venezuelan politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ismael García Moreno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael_Garc%C3%ADa_Moreno"},{"link_name":"Venezuelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"PODEMOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Social_Democracy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Semana-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"National Assembly of Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"2005 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Hugo Chávez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"},{"link_name":"2007 constitutional referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Semana-1"},{"link_name":"Supreme Tribunal of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_(Venezuela)"},{"link_name":"Didalco Bolívar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didalco_Bol%C3%ADvar"},{"link_name":"Progressive Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Advance"},{"link_name":"Henri Falcón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Falc%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Primero Justicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_First"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"For the Spanish wheelchair basketball player, see Ismael García Moreno.Ismael García (born in 1954) is a Venezuelan politician. He was the leader of PODEMOS,[1][2] a socialist party which won the second most seats in the National Assembly of Venezuela in the 2005 election.Although the party formerly supported the program of President Hugo Chávez, it broke decisively with the ruling party over the 2007 constitutional referendum,[3][4] and García was then heavily criticized by Chávez.[1] In 2012, following a decision by the Supreme Tribunal of Justice that handed over the party's leadership to Didalco Bolívar, Garcia left PODEMOS and founded Progressive Advance with Henri Falcón. However, in 2014, Garcia left that party to become a member of Primero Justicia.[5]","title":"Ismael García"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Se bajaron del bus\" (in Spanish). Spain: Semana. 27 February 2010. Retrieved 5 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.semana.com/noticias-mundo/bajaron-del-bus/135584.aspx","url_text":"\"Se bajaron del bus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Podemos reclama que su tarjeta no aperece en boleta electrónica\" (in Spanish). Venezuela: El Universal. 5 October 2004. Retrieved 5 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://deportes.eluniversal.com/2004/10/05/pol_ava_05A497343.shtml","url_text":"\"Podemos reclama que su tarjeta no aperece en boleta electrónica\""}]},{"reference":"\"El tercer polo en Venezuela\" (in Spanish). BBC News. 28 January 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_7214000/7214056.stm","url_text":"\"El tercer polo en Venezuela\""}]},{"reference":"Schott, Ben (25 February 2010). \"Boligarchs and the Bolibourgeoisie\". New York Times. Retrieved 5 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://schott.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/25/boligarchs-the-bolibourgeoisie/","url_text":"\"Boligarchs and the Bolibourgeoisie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Primero Justicia crece, mientras Avanzada Progresista y Un Nuevo Tiempo pierden figuras emblemáticas\" (in Spanish). El Nacional. 14 March 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.el-nacional.com/politica/Primero-Justicia-Avanzada-Progresista-Tiempo_0_372562977.html","url_text":"\"Primero Justicia crece, mientras Avanzada Progresista y Un Nuevo Tiempo pierden figuras emblemáticas\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.semana.com/noticias-mundo/bajaron-del-bus/135584.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Se bajaron del bus\""},{"Link":"http://deportes.eluniversal.com/2004/10/05/pol_ava_05A497343.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Podemos reclama que su tarjeta no aperece en boleta electrónica\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_7214000/7214056.stm","external_links_name":"\"El tercer polo en Venezuela\""},{"Link":"http://schott.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/25/boligarchs-the-bolibourgeoisie/","external_links_name":"\"Boligarchs and the Bolibourgeoisie\""},{"Link":"http://www.el-nacional.com/politica/Primero-Justicia-Avanzada-Progresista-Tiempo_0_372562977.html","external_links_name":"\"Primero Justicia crece, mientras Avanzada Progresista y Un Nuevo Tiempo pierden figuras emblemáticas\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ismael_Garc%C3%ADa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhonine_Mak-10 | Makhonine Mak-10 | ["1 Design and development","2 Variants","3 Specifications (Mak-10)","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"] | Mak-10
Mak-10 with wings almost completely retracted
Role
Experimental aircraftType of aircraft
National origin
France
Designer
Ivan Makhonine
First flight
11 August 1931
Number built
1
The Makhonine Mak-10, was a variable-geometry research aircraft, built to investigate variable area / telescopic wings during 1931 in France.
Design and development
In the early 1930s several designers became interested in the possibility of changing the configuration of wings between take off and fast flight. Two routes were explored, the first primarily involving camber and hence lift coefficient reduction and the other a decrease of wing area by span reduction at high speed. The Schmeidler variable wing and that of the Gloster built Antoni-Breda Ba.15 were examples of the first group and the Makhonine Mak-10 of the second.
With wings completely extended
Details of the Mak-10 are sparse but its novel feature was a telescopic wing which increased the span for take-off by 8 m (26 ft 3 in) or 60% of its high speed configuration. The outer panels retracted into the central ones, their inner ends supported on bearings rolling along one or more spars. The ends of the centre section were reinforced with cuffs. The wing apart, it was a conventional cantilever low wing monoplane, with twin open cockpits, the rear one sometimes faired in, and faired, fixed landing gear. It was powered by a 480 kW (644 hp), three bank, W-configuration, twelve cylinder Lorraine 12Eb engine.
The first flight of the Mak-10 was on 11 August 1931. During four years of development the Mak-10 was re-engined with a 600 kW (800 hp) Gnome-Rhône 14K Mistral Major fourteen cylinder, two row radial engine which gave it a top speed of 380 km/h (240 mph) and the new designation Mak-101.
44 years later, the Akaflieg Stuttgart FS-29 experimental high performance sailplane also used telescopic wings to optimise both low speed thermalling and high speed penetration performance without the added induced drag of camber and area changing flaps.
Ivan (Jean) Makhonine (Махонин Иван)
Variants
Mak-10
480 kW (644 hp) W-configuration, twelve cylinder Lorraine 12Eb engine.
Mak-101
600 kW (800 hp) Gnome-Rhône 14K Mistral Major fourteen cylinder radial engine.
Specifications (Mak-10)
Data from ParmentierGeneral characteristics
Crew: 2
Wingspan: 13 m (42 ft 8 in) retracted 21 m (69 ft) extended
Wing area: 21 m2 (230 sq ft) retracted 33 m2 (360 sq ft) extended
Gross weight: 5,000 kg (11,023 lb)
Powerplant: 1 × Lorraine 12Eb W-12 water-cooled piston engine, 360 kW (480 hp)
Propellers: 2-bladed
Performance
Maximum speed: 300 km/h (190 mph, 160 kn)
See also
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Ellingston Special
Nikitin-Shevchenko IS
Schmeidler SN.2
Stemal III
References
^ a b c d Parmentier, Bruno. "Makhonine Mak-10" (in French). Retrieved 11 March 2014.
^ a b c d "Increasing the Speed Range & The Mahonine Way". Flight. Vol. XXIV, no. 20. 13 May 1932. pp. 417–8.
^ James, Derek N. (1971). Gloster Aircraft since 1917. London: Putnam Publishing. pp. 21–3. ISBN 0 370 00084 6.
^ "Machonine Mak-10" (in Russian). Retrieved 31 March 2014.
^ Simons, Martin (2005). Sailplanes 1965-2000 (2nd revised ed.). Königswinter: EQIP Werbung & Verlag GmbH. pp. 58–61. ISBN 3 9808838 1 7.
Bibliography
Cortet, Pierre (December 1998). "Courrier des Lecteurs" . Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (69): 31–32. ISSN 1243-8650.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Makhonine Mak-10.
Photo of the Makhonine Mak-10
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Two routes were explored, the first primarily involving camber and hence lift coefficient reduction and the other a decrease of wing area by span reduction at high speed. The Schmeidler variable wing[2] and that of the Gloster built Antoni-Breda Ba.15[3] were examples of the first group and the Makhonine Mak-10[2] of the second.With wings completely extendedDetails of the Mak-10 are sparse but its novel feature was a telescopic wing which increased the span for take-off by 8 m (26 ft 3 in) or 60% of its high speed configuration. The outer panels retracted into the central ones, their inner ends supported on bearings rolling along one or more spars. The ends of the centre section were reinforced with cuffs. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Rizzetta | Sam Rizzetta | ["1 Discography","2 References","3 External links"] | Sam RizzettaBorn(1942-05-23)May 23, 1942Chicago, Illinois, United StatesDiedOctober 26,2021GenresFolkOccupation(s)Musician, instrument builderInstrument(s)Hammered dulcimerYears active1960s~2021Websitewww.samrizzetta.comMusical artist
Sam Rizzetta (born May 23, 1942 died October 26, 2021) was a hammered dulcimer player, builder, and designer originally from Chicago, had lived in Inwood, West Virginia.
Rizzetta discovered the hammered dulcimer while working in the repair of guitars and illustrated books in the 1960s to put himself through graduate school. His first exposure to the instrument was hearing the traditional player Chet Parker. Sam and his wife Carrie moved east around 1968, and he took a job with the Smithsonian Institution. Within a few years he transitioned to playing and building instruments on a full-time basis.
In 1974, Rizzetta and Paul Reisler formed a string band called Trapezoid, along with Pete Vigour and Paul Yeaton. The group's trademark was hammered dulcimer quartets, which included soprano and bass models designed by Rizzetta. Rizzetta performed with the group until 1978, when he decided to pursue solo playing, and concentrate more on building and composing. As a performer he is best known for his hammered dulcimer playing, but his recordings often feature the Appalachian dulcimer as well. He was active in teaching the dulcimer at the Augusta Heritage Center at Davis and Elkins College for many years starting in 1981. Rizzetta has also been a regular columnist in Dulcimer Players News, writing the Technical Dulcimer column.
Rizzetta is particularly noted for a number of innovations in hammered dulcimer design. These include bridge markers (a standard feature of modern instruments), chromatic designs, extra bridges, damper pedals, and many more. Rizzetta has collaborated closely with the Dusty Strings Company of Seattle, Washington; they have produced a "Rizzetta series" of chromatic models for many years.
Discography
Trapezoid (self-titled), 1975 (reissued, 1998)
Bucks & Does, 1982
Seven Valleys, 1987
When You And I Were Young, 1989
Christmas In The Air, 1991
In The Garden, Hymns For Hammer Dulcimer, 1992
Ocean's Edge', 1993
Flowing Waters, 1993
Saving Trees, 1999
Dulcimer Boogie, 2000
Peace Of Christmas, 2003
References
^ "About". 3 July 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
^ "About Sam".
External links
Smithsonian pamphlet on making a hammered dulcimer, written by Rizzetta
Official website
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Netherlands
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"hammered dulcimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammered_dulcimer"},{"link_name":"Inwood, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inwood,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Chet Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet_Parker"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"Paul Reisler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Reisler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trapezoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezoid_(band)"},{"link_name":"Pete Vigour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete_Vigour&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paul Yeaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Yeaton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Appalachian dulcimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_dulcimer"},{"link_name":"Augusta Heritage Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_Heritage_Center"},{"link_name":"Davis and Elkins College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_and_Elkins_College"},{"link_name":"Dusty Strings Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dusty_Strings&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Musical artist[1]Sam Rizzetta (born May 23, 1942 died October 26, 2021[2]) was a hammered dulcimer player, builder, and designer originally from Chicago, had lived in Inwood, West Virginia.Rizzetta discovered the hammered dulcimer while working in the repair of guitars and illustrated books in the 1960s to put himself through graduate school. His first exposure to the instrument was hearing the traditional player Chet Parker. Sam and his wife Carrie moved east around 1968, and he took a job with the Smithsonian Institution. Within a few years he transitioned to playing and building instruments on a full-time basis.In 1974, Rizzetta and Paul Reisler formed a string band called Trapezoid, along with Pete Vigour and Paul Yeaton. The group's trademark was hammered dulcimer quartets, which included soprano and bass models designed by Rizzetta. Rizzetta performed with the group until 1978, when he decided to pursue solo playing, and concentrate more on building and composing. As a performer he is best known for his hammered dulcimer playing, but his recordings often feature the Appalachian dulcimer as well. He was active in teaching the dulcimer at the Augusta Heritage Center at Davis and Elkins College for many years starting in 1981. Rizzetta has also been a regular columnist in Dulcimer Players News, writing the Technical Dulcimer column.Rizzetta is particularly noted for a number of innovations in hammered dulcimer design. These include bridge markers (a standard feature of modern instruments), chromatic designs, extra bridges, damper pedals, and many more. Rizzetta has collaborated closely with the Dusty Strings Company of Seattle, Washington; they have produced a \"Rizzetta series\" of chromatic models for many years.","title":"Sam Rizzetta"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Trapezoid (self-titled), 1975 (reissued, 1998)\nBucks & Does, 1982\nSeven Valleys, 1987\nWhen You And I Were Young, 1989\nChristmas In The Air, 1991\nIn The Garden, Hymns For Hammer Dulcimer, 1992\nOcean's Edge', 1993\nFlowing Waters, 1993\nSaving Trees, 1999\nDulcimer Boogie, 2000\nPeace Of Christmas, 2003","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"About\". 3 July 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://samrizzetta.com/about/","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Sam\".","urls":[{"url":"https://samrizzetta.com/contents/about-sam","url_text":"\"About Sam\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.samrizzetta.com/","external_links_name":"www.samrizzetta.com"},{"Link":"https://samrizzetta.com/about/","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"https://samrizzetta.com/contents/about-sam","external_links_name":"\"About Sam\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.edu/spotlight/hammered-dulcimer/hdmake","external_links_name":"Smithsonian pamphlet on making a hammered dulcimer, written by Rizzetta"},{"Link":"http://samrizzetta.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000004050866X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/26472125","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgXfgpgtYkxXGgWwbFYfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2005040337","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p32216933X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/f4b6f073-b898-42ac-8758-1f0a617c9efa","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_4_Sale_(Kardinal_Offishall_album) | Not 4 Sale (Kardinal Offishall album) | ["1 Background","2 Reception","3 Track listing","4 Samples and interpolations","5 Chart positions","6 Personnel","7 Release history","8 References"] | 2008 studio album by Kardinal OffishallNot 4 SaleStudio album by Kardinal OffishallReleasedSeptember 9, 2008Recorded2006–2008GenreHip hopLength63:03LabelKon LiveGeffenBlack JaysProducerKardinal Offishall (exec.), Akon (exec.), Devyne Stephens (exec.), Shawn Holiday (exec.), Nottz, Supa Dups, Jake One, DJ Kemo & hAZEL, Alex da Kid, Boi-1da, Shea Taylor, Hakim AbdulsamadKardinal Offishall chronology
Fire and Glory(2005)
Not 4 Sale(2008)
A.M.T.R.I.M.(2012)
Singles from Not 4 Sale
"Dangerous"Released: March 2008
"Burnt"Released: July 15, 2008
"Set It Off"Released: July 15, 2008
"Numba 1 (Tide Is High)"Released: September 2008
Not 4 Sale is the fourth studio album by Canadian rapper Kardinal Offishall, released September 9, 2008 on Kon Live/Geffen Records. It is his second international major-label album after Quest for Fire: Firestarter, Vol. 1, released in 2001. It was a critical success, and included the top five Billboard Hot 100 single "Dangerous", and the minor hit "Numba 1 (Tide Is High)".
Background
On July 2, 2007, the single "Graveyard Shift", featuring Akon, was premiered on Sirius Satellite Radio's Hip-Hop Nation channel. It was originally the album's first single. In March 2008, the first single "Dangerous", also featuring Akon, was released. It proved to be Kardinal's most successful single, peaking at number five on the Billboard Hot 100.
In June 2008, Kardinal released the mixtape, Limited Time Only, which had snippets of five songs that would appear on the album. One of those songs, "Burnt", featuring Lindo P, was accompanied by a music video in late June. On July 15, "Burnt" and "Set It Off" featuring Clipse, were released on iTunes; In August, a music video was released for "Set It Off". The song "Numba 1 (Tide Is High)", featuring Rihanna, is a cover of the reggae song "The Tide Is High". The version featuring Keri Hilson is the album's fourth single. A music video was released for the song "Nina", though it was not released as a single.
Kardinal's idea for the album title was from a custom-made T-shirt which read "Not 4 Sale" and had a bar code on it. Kardinal explained why he chose Not 4 Sale as the title:
My idea was something provocative — that went beyond gender, went beyond race, went beyond what type of music you're into. And people would literally stop me on the street, telling me how dope the shirt was, how similarly they felt. The concept grew in my head based on that reaction. There's energy you can't buy — the essence of people that can't be bought or bottled, and lives within them. That's how I feel about myself — I can't be bought.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicBlenderEye WeeklyPeoplePopMatters6/10RapReviews7/10USA Today
The album sold 11,869 copies in the United States in its first week of release. It entered the Billboard 200 at number 40. As of February 15, 2009, the album has sold 34,822 copies. In Canada, it entered the Canadian Albums Chart at number eight, with 4,247 copies sold in the first week.
The album received generally favorable reviews from music critics. AllMusic gave it 4 out of 5 stars, calling it "an entirely solid album," also stating "this freedom fighting and socially conscious writing is tempered with hooky club tracks that never fail." USA Today gave it 3 out of 4 stars, noting "his potent blend of hip-hop and dancehall gives him a flavor all his own." PopMatters gave the album a 6/10 rating, writing "although many of the tracks here are glossy pop productions, Kardinal has not really changed since he was first heard in the '90s." The album won the award for Rap Recording of the Year at the 2009 Juno Awards.
Track listing
Standard editionNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Burnt" (featuring Lindo P)Jason HarrowLindo ParkesShea TaylorShea Taylor4:562."Set It Off" (featuring Clipse)HarrowMatthew SamuelsGene ThorntonTerrence ThorntonBoi-1da4:383."Dangerous" (featuring Akon)HarrowAliaune ThiamDonald SalesCristian BahamondeDJ KemohAZEL4:114."Digital Motown" (featuring J*Davey)HarrowJacob DuttonD. VaughnJake One3:475."Gimme Some" (featuring The-Dream)HarrowSamuelsTerius NashBoi-1da4:166."Bad Like We Bad"HarrowKardinal Offishall3:407."Numba 1 (Tide Is High)" (featuring Rihanna)HarrowDwayne Chin-QueeJohn HoltSupa Dups3:438."Ill Eagle Alien"HarrowDominick LambStingNottz4:549."Nina"HarrowChin-QueeEdward LeeMartin RileyLloyd TyrellSupa Dups3:1410."Go Home with You" (featuring T-Pain)HarrowAndrew ThompsonFaheem NajmKardinal Offishall4:1711."Going In"HarrowAlexander GrantAlex da Kid4:0012."Bring the Fire Out"HarrowSamuelsBoi-1da3:0613."Family Tree (Still Eyerize)" (featuring Glenn Lewis)HarrowGlenn LewisKardinal Offishall4:0014."Due Me a Favour" (featuring Estelle)HarrowThiamHakim AbdulsamadAkonHakim Abdulsamad (co.)6:2315."Lighter!"HarrowSamuelsBoi-1da4:12
iTunes Store bonus tracksNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length16."Dangerous (Remix)" (featuring Akon and Sean Paul)HarrowThiamSalesBahamondeSean Paul HenriquesDJ KemohAZEL4:35
Samples and interpolations
"Numba 1 (Tide Is High)" contains an interpolation of "The Tide Is High" by The Paragons
"Ill Eagle Alien" contains an interpolation of "Englishman in New York" by Sting
"Nina" contains excerpts from "My Conversation" by Slim Smith & The Uniques
Chart positions
Chart (2008)
Peakposition
Canadian Albums Chart
8
French Albums Chart
105
U.S. Billboard 200
40
U.S. Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums
10
U.S. Billboard Top Rap Albums
7
Personnel
Hakim Abdulsamad – producer
Chris Athens – mastering
Leslie Brathwaite – mixing
Bryan Brock – art direction, design
Danny Reid Carter – A&R
Mike "Angry" Eleopoulos – engineer
Cliff Feiman – production supervisor
Jeremy Harding – mixing
Shawn Holiday "Tubby" – executive producer, A&R
Jason Joshua – mixing
Tyson Kuteyi – mixing, vocal mixing
Glenn Lewis – composer
Paul Marshall – engineer
Martin Riley – composer
Fareed Salamah – mixing assistant
James "Scrappy" Stassen – engineer
Devyne Stephens – executive producer
Aliaune "Akon" Thiam – producer, executive producer
Lloyd Tyrell – composer
Ianthe Zevos – creative art
Release history
Region
Date
Canada
September 9, 2008
United States
Japan
September 24, 2008
United Kingdom
September 29, 2008
References
^ Mixtape Monday: Gucci Mane Shrugs Off Feud With Young Jeezy; Akon Spits Again MTV. Accessed on August 27, 2008.
^ Not 4 Sale > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles Allmusic. Accessed on October 2, 2009.
^ Kardinal Offishall : Discography KardinalOffishall.com. Accessed on July 22, 2008.
^ a b Kardinal Offishall : Artists KardinalOffishall.com. Accessed on July 3, 2008.
^ Allmusic review
^ Blender review
^ Eye Weekly review
^ "People review". Archived from the original on 2012-12-03. Retrieved 2008-11-26.
^ PopMatters review
^ RapReviews review
^ USA Today review Archived September 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
^ a b c d e Not 4 Sale - Kardinal Offishall Billboard. Accessed on October 2, 2008.
^ Billboard 200. Nielsen SoundScan. Accessed on October 2, 2009.
^ Canadian Albums Chart. Nielsen SoundScan. Accessed on September 21, 2012.
^ Not 4 Sale > Overview Allmusic. Accessed on October 2, 2009.
^ This week's reviews: LL's 'Exit,' Jessica's gone country Archived September 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine USA Today. Accessed on October 2, 2009.
^ a b Kardinal Offishall - Not 4 Sale PopMatters. Accessed on October 2, 2009.
^ Rap Recording of the Year JUNO Awards. Accessed on October 2, 2009.
^ a b Not 4 Sale (booklet). Kon Live, Geffen, Black Jays. 2008.
^ Kardinal Offishall - Not 4 Sale - Music Charts aCharts. Accessed on December 23, 2009.
^ Universal Music Group Japan: Not 4 Sale (Kardinal Offishall album)
vteKardinal OffishallStudio albums
Eye & I
Quest for Fire: Firestarter, Vol. 1
Fire and Glory
Not 4 Sale
Kardi Gras, Vol. 1: The Clash
Collaborative albums
A.M.T.R.I.M. (with Nottz)
Extended plays
Husslin'
Singles
"Naughty Dread"
"On wit da Show"
"Husslin'"
"BaKardi Slang"
"Ol' Time Killin'"
"Belly Dancer"
"Bang Bang"
"Everyday (Rudebwoy)"
"Feel Alright"
"Dangerous"
"Numba 1 (Tide Is High)"
"Clear!"
"Body Bounce"
Featured singles
"Northern Touch"
"Money Jane"
"Back for More"
"Carnival Girl"
"Beautiful"
"Freak"
"Wavin' Flag (Haiti Mix)"
"So Much"
"Ghetto Love"
"Stylechanger"
Related articles
Discography
Production discography
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"rapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapping"},{"link_name":"Kardinal Offishall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal_Offishall"},{"link_name":"Kon Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon_Live_Distribution"},{"link_name":"Geffen Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geffen_Records"},{"link_name":"Quest for Fire: Firestarter, Vol. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_for_Fire:_Firestarter,_Vol._1"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Dangerous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_(Kardinal_Offishall_song)"},{"link_name":"Numba 1 (Tide Is High)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numba_1_(Tide_Is_High)"}],"text":"Not 4 Sale is the fourth studio album by Canadian rapper Kardinal Offishall, released September 9, 2008 on Kon Live/Geffen Records. It is his second international major-label album after Quest for Fire: Firestarter, Vol. 1, released in 2001. 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It was originally the album's first single.[1] In March 2008, the first single \"Dangerous\", also featuring Akon, was released. It proved to be Kardinal's most successful single, peaking at number five on the Billboard Hot 100.[2]In June 2008, Kardinal released the mixtape, Limited Time Only, which had snippets of five songs that would appear on the album. One of those songs, \"Burnt\", featuring Lindo P, was accompanied by a music video in late June. On July 15, \"Burnt\" and \"Set It Off\" featuring Clipse, were released on iTunes;[3] In August, a music video was released for \"Set It Off\". The song \"Numba 1 (Tide Is High)\", featuring Rihanna, is a cover of the reggae song \"The Tide Is High\".[4] The version featuring Keri Hilson is the album's fourth single. A music video was released for the song \"Nina\", though it was not released as a single.Kardinal's idea for the album title was from a custom-made T-shirt which read \"Not 4 Sale\" and had a bar code on it. Kardinal explained why he chose Not 4 Sale as the title:My idea was something provocative — that went beyond gender, went beyond race, went beyond what type of music you're into. And people would literally stop me on the street, telling me how dope the shirt was, how similarly they felt. The concept grew in my head based on that reaction. There's energy you can't buy — the essence of people that can't be bought or bottled, and lives within them. That's how I feel about myself — I can't be bought.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Canadian Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popmatters-17"},{"link_name":"Rap Recording of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Award_for_Rap_Recording_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"2009 Juno Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Awards_of_2009"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The album sold 11,869 copies in the United States in its first week of release. It entered the Billboard 200 at number 40.[12] As of February 15, 2009, the album has sold 34,822 copies.[13] In Canada, it entered the Canadian Albums Chart at number eight, with 4,247 copies sold in the first week.[14]The album received generally favorable reviews from music critics. AllMusic gave it 4 out of 5 stars, calling it \"an entirely solid album,\" also stating \"this freedom fighting and socially conscious writing is tempered with hooky club tracks that never fail.\"[15] USA Today gave it 3 out of 4 stars, noting \"his potent blend of hip-hop and dancehall gives him a flavor all his own.\"[16] PopMatters gave the album a 6/10 rating, writing \"although many of the tracks here are glossy pop productions, Kardinal has not really changed since he was first heard in the '90s.\"[17] The album won the award for Rap Recording of the Year at the 2009 Juno Awards.[18]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liner_notes-19"},{"link_name":"Lindo P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Jays"},{"link_name":"Jason Harrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardinal_Offishall"},{"link_name":"Lindo Parkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Jays"},{"link_name":"Shea Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shea_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Shea Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shea_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Clipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipse"},{"link_name":"Matthew Samuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boi-1da"},{"link_name":"Gene Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Malice"},{"link_name":"Terrence Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusha_T"},{"link_name":"Boi-1da","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boi-1da"},{"link_name":"Dangerous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_(Kardinal_Offishall_song)"},{"link_name":"Akon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akon"},{"link_name":"Aliaune Thiam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akon"},{"link_name":"Cristian Bahamonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rascalz"},{"link_name":"DJ Kemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rascalz"},{"link_name":"J*Davey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J*Davey"},{"link_name":"Jacob Dutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_One"},{"link_name":"Jake One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_One"},{"link_name":"The-Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The-Dream"},{"link_name":"Terius Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The-Dream"},{"link_name":"Numba 1 (Tide Is High)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numba_1_(Tide_Is_High)"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"Dwayne Chin-Quee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supa_Dups"},{"link_name":"John Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Holt_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Supa Dups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supa_Dups"},{"link_name":"Dominick Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottz"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Nottz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottz"},{"link_name":"Edward Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunny_Lee"},{"link_name":"Martin Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Riley"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Tyrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Charmers"},{"link_name":"T-Pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Pain"},{"link_name":"Faheem Najm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Pain"},{"link_name":"Alexander Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_da_Kid"},{"link_name":"Alex da Kid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_da_Kid"},{"link_name":"Glenn Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Glenn Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Estelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estelle_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Hakim Abdulsamad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boys_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"Hakim Abdulsamad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boys_(American_band)"},{"link_name":"iTunes Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liner_notes-19"},{"link_name":"Sean Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Paul"},{"link_name":"Sean Paul Henriques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Paul"}],"text":"Standard edition[19]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Burnt\" (featuring Lindo P)Jason HarrowLindo ParkesShea TaylorShea Taylor4:562.\"Set It Off\" (featuring Clipse)HarrowMatthew SamuelsGene ThorntonTerrence ThorntonBoi-1da4:383.\"Dangerous\" (featuring Akon)HarrowAliaune ThiamDonald SalesCristian BahamondeDJ KemohAZEL4:114.\"Digital Motown\" (featuring J*Davey)HarrowJacob DuttonD. VaughnJake One3:475.\"Gimme Some\" (featuring The-Dream)HarrowSamuelsTerius NashBoi-1da4:166.\"Bad Like We Bad\"HarrowKardinal Offishall3:407.\"Numba 1 (Tide Is High)\" (featuring Rihanna)HarrowDwayne Chin-QueeJohn HoltSupa Dups3:438.\"Ill Eagle Alien\"HarrowDominick LambStingNottz4:549.\"Nina\"HarrowChin-QueeEdward LeeMartin RileyLloyd TyrellSupa Dups3:1410.\"Go Home with You\" (featuring T-Pain)HarrowAndrew ThompsonFaheem NajmKardinal Offishall4:1711.\"Going In\"HarrowAlexander GrantAlex da Kid4:0012.\"Bring the Fire Out\"HarrowSamuelsBoi-1da3:0613.\"Family Tree (Still Eyerize)\" (featuring Glenn Lewis)HarrowGlenn LewisKardinal Offishall4:0014.\"Due Me a Favour\" (featuring Estelle)HarrowThiamHakim AbdulsamadAkonHakim Abdulsamad (co.)6:2315.\"Lighter!\"HarrowSamuelsBoi-1da4:12iTunes Store bonus tracks[19]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length16.\"Dangerous (Remix)\" (featuring Akon and Sean Paul)HarrowThiamSalesBahamondeSean Paul HenriquesDJ KemohAZEL4:35","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Tide Is High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tide_Is_High"},{"link_name":"The Paragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paragons"},{"link_name":"Englishman in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englishman_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"Sting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Slim Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slim_Smith"},{"link_name":"The Uniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Uniques_(Jamaican_group)"}],"text":"\"Numba 1 (Tide Is High)\" contains an interpolation of \"The Tide Is High\" by The Paragons\n\"Ill Eagle Alien\" contains an interpolation of \"Englishman in New York\" by Sting\n\"Nina\" contains excerpts from \"My Conversation\" by Slim Smith & The Uniques","title":"Samples and interpolations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart positions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hakim Abdulsamad – producer\nChris Athens – mastering\nLeslie Brathwaite – mixing\nBryan Brock – art direction, design\nDanny Reid Carter – A&R\nMike \"Angry\" Eleopoulos – engineer\nCliff Feiman – production supervisor\nJeremy Harding – mixing\nShawn Holiday \"Tubby\" – executive producer, A&R\nJason Joshua – mixing\n\n\nTyson Kuteyi – mixing, vocal mixing\nGlenn Lewis – composer\nPaul Marshall – engineer\nMartin Riley – composer\nFareed Salamah – mixing assistant\nJames \"Scrappy\" Stassen – engineer\nDevyne Stephens – executive producer\nAliaune \"Akon\" Thiam – producer, executive producer\nLloyd Tyrell – composer\nIanthe Zevos – creative art","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"People review\". Archived from the original on 2012-12-03. Retrieved 2008-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121203060700/http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendID=47259791&blogID=433829229","url_text":"\"People review\""},{"url":"http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendID=47259791&blogID=433829229","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Not 4 Sale (booklet). Kon Live, Geffen, Black Jays. 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon_Live_Distribution","url_text":"Kon Live"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geffen_Records","url_text":"Geffen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Jays","url_text":"Black Jays"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.mtv.com/bands/m/mixtape_monday/070907/","external_links_name":"Mixtape Monday: Gucci Mane Shrugs Off Feud With Young Jeezy; Akon Spits Again"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1407104","external_links_name":"Not 4 Sale > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles"},{"Link":"http://www.kardinaloffishall.com/discography/","external_links_name":"Kardinal Offishall : Discography"},{"Link":"http://www.kardinaloffishall.com/bio/","external_links_name":"Kardinal Offishall : Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1407104","external_links_name":"Allmusic review"},{"Link":"http://www.blender.com/guide/new/55279/not-4-sale.html","external_links_name":"Blender review"},{"Link":"http://www.eyeweekly.com/music/ondisc/article/39095","external_links_name":"Eye Weekly review"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121203060700/http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendID=47259791&blogID=433829229","external_links_name":"\"People review\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendID=47259791&blogID=433829229","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/kardinal-offishall-not-4-sale/","external_links_name":"PopMatters review"},{"Link":"http://www.rapreviews.com/archive/2008_10F_not4sale.html","external_links_name":"RapReviews review"},{"Link":"http://blogs.usatoday.com/listenup/2008/09/this-weeks-re-1.html","external_links_name":"USA Today review"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080928211410/http://blogs.usatoday.com/listenup/2008/09/this-weeks-re-1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/kardinal-offishall/chart-history/","external_links_name":"Not 4 Sale - Kardinal Offishall"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1407104","external_links_name":"Not 4 Sale > Overview"},{"Link":"http://blogs.usatoday.com/listenup/2008/09/this-weeks-re-1.html","external_links_name":"This week's reviews: LL's 'Exit,' Jessica's gone country"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080928211410/http://blogs.usatoday.com/listenup/2008/09/this-weeks-re-1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/kardinal-offishall-not-4-sale/","external_links_name":"Kardinal Offishall - Not 4 Sale"},{"Link":"http://junoawards.ca/nominees-2009/en/25_rap_recording_of_the_year.html","external_links_name":"Rap Recording of the Year"},{"Link":"http://acharts.us/album/37751","external_links_name":"Kardinal Offishall - Not 4 Sale - Music Charts"},{"Link":"http://www.universal-music.co.jp/kardinal-officiall/products/uics-1167/","external_links_name":"Not 4 Sale (Kardinal Offishall album)"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/e6e6bb18-1142-4b56-87ab-034ec7d98d37","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus_(secure_telephone) | Nautilus (secure telephone) | ["1 External links"] | Program to encrypt digital phone calls
Nautilus is a program which allows two parties to securely communicate using modems or TCP/IP. It runs from a command line and is available for the Linux and Windows operating systems. The name was based upon Jules Verne's Nautilus and its ability to overcome a Clipper ship as a play on Clipper chip.
The program was originally developed by
Bill Dorsey, Andy Fingerhut, Paul Rubin, Bill Soley, and David Miller.
Nautilus is historically significant in the realm of secure communications because it was one of the first programs which were released as open source to the general public which used strong encryption. It was created as a response to the Clipper chip in which the US government planned to use a key escrow scheme on all products which used the chip. This would allow them to monitor "secure" communications. Once this program and another similar program PGPfone were available on the internet, the proverbial cat was "out of the bag" and it would have been nearly impossible to stop the use of strong encryption for telephone communications.
The project had to move their web presence by the end of May 2014 due to the decision of Fraunhofer FOCUS to shut down the developer platform that hosted the project.
External links
new Nautilus homepage from May 1 2014 on
"Can Nautilus Sink Clipper?" Article in Wired, Aug 1995
This cryptography-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to telephony is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Nautilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus_(Verne)"},{"link_name":"Clipper ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper_ship"},{"link_name":"Clipper chip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper_chip"},{"link_name":"secure communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_communication"},{"link_name":"Clipper chip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper_chip"},{"link_name":"key escrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_escrow"},{"link_name":"PGPfone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGPfone"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"Nautilus is a program which allows two parties to securely communicate using modems or TCP/IP. It runs from a command line and is available for the Linux and Windows operating systems. The name was based upon Jules Verne's Nautilus and its ability to overcome a Clipper ship as a play on Clipper chip.\nThe program was originally developed by \nBill Dorsey, Andy Fingerhut, Paul Rubin, Bill Soley, and David Miller.Nautilus is historically significant in the realm of secure communications because it was one of the first programs which were released as open source to the general public which used strong encryption. It was created as a response to the Clipper chip in which the US government planned to use a key escrow scheme on all products which used the chip. This would allow them to monitor \"secure\" communications. Once this program and another similar program PGPfone were available on the internet, the proverbial cat was \"out of the bag\" and it would have been nearly impossible to stop the use of strong encryption for telephone communications.The project had to move their web presence by the end of May 2014 due to the decision of Fraunhofer FOCUS[clarification needed] to shut down the developer platform that hosted the project.","title":"Nautilus (secure telephone)"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.lst.de//nautilus-securephone/","external_links_name":"new Nautilus homepage from May 1 2014 on"},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/3.08/eword.html","external_links_name":"\"Can Nautilus Sink Clipper?\" Article in Wired, Aug 1995"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nautilus_(secure_telephone)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nautilus_(secure_telephone)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendonitis | Achilles tendinitis | ["1 Signs and symptoms","2 Cause","3 Pathophysiology","4 Diagnosis","5 Prevention","6 Treatment","6.1 Injections","6.2 Procedures","7 Epidemiology","8 References","9 External links"] | Medical condition of the ankle and heel
Medical conditionAchilles tendinitisOther namesAchilles tendinopathy, Achilles tendonitis, Achilles tenosynovitisDrawing of Achilles tendonitis with the affected part highlighted in redSpecialtyRheumatologySymptomsPain, swelling around the affected tendonUsual onsetGradualDurationMonthsTypesNoninsertional, insertionalCausesOveruseRisk factorsTrauma, lifestyle that includes little exercise, high-heel shoes, rheumatoid arthritis, medications of the fluoroquinolone or steroid classDiagnostic methodBased on symptoms and examinationDifferential diagnosisAchilles tendon ruptureTreatmentRest, ice, non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDs), physical therapyFrequencyCommon
Achilles tendinitis, also known as achilles tendinopathy, occurs when the Achilles tendon, found at the back of the ankle, becomes sore. Achilles tendinopathy is accompanied by alterations in the tendon's structure and mechanical properties. The most common symptoms are pain and swelling around the affected tendon. The pain is typically worse at the start of exercise and decreases thereafter. Stiffness of the ankle may also be present. Onset is generally gradual.
It commonly occurs as a result of overuse such as running. Other risk factors include trauma, a lifestyle that includes little exercise, high-heel shoes, rheumatoid arthritis, and medications of the fluoroquinolone or steroid class. Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and examination.
There are several simple actions that individuals can take to prevent or reduce tendinitis. Though commonly used, some of these actions have limited or no scientific evidence to support them, namely pre-exercise stretching. Strengthening calf muscles, avoiding over-training, and selecting more appropriate footwear are more well-regarded options. Running mechanics can be improved with simple exercises that will help runners avoid achilles injury. Treatment typically involves rest, ice, non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDs), and physical therapy. In those whose symptoms last more than six months despite other treatments, surgery may be considered. Achilles tendinitis is relatively common.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms can vary from an ache or pain and swelling to the local area of the ankles, or a burning that surrounds the whole joint. With this condition, the pain is usually worse during and after activity, and the tendon and joint area can become stiffer the following day as swelling impinges on the movement of the tendon. Many patients report stressful situations in their lives in correlation with the beginnings of pain which may contribute to the symptoms.
Achilles tendon injuries can be separated into insertional tendinopathy (20%–25% of the injuries), midportion tendinopathy (55%–65%), and proximal musculotendinous junction (9%–25%) injuries, according to the location of pain.
Cause
Demonstration of the right foot in pronation, neutral and supinated subtalar joint placements. Over-pronation (excessive pronation) occurs when the ankle begins to roll inward by more than 5 degrees, demonstrated with the arrows.
Walking gait cycle starting with the left leg demonstrated. The loading cycle is where foot pronation naturally occurs.
Achilles tendinitis is a common injury, particularly in sports that involve lunging and jumping. It is also a known side effect of fluoroquinolone antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, as are other types of tendinitis.
Swelling in a region of micro-damage or partial tear can be detected visually or by touch. Increased water content and disorganized collagen matrix in tendon lesions may be detected by ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging.
Achilles tendinitis is thought to have physiological, mechanical, or extrinsic (i.e. footwear or training) causes. The Achilles tendon has a generally poor blood supply throughout its length, as measured by the number of vessels per cross-sectional area. Blood is supplied via the synovial sheaths that surround it. This lack of blood supply can lead to the degradation of collagen fibers and inflammation. Tightness in the calf muscles has also been known to be involved in the onset of Achilles tendinitis.
During the loading phase of the running and walking cycle, the ankle and foot naturally pronate and supinate by approximately 5 degrees. Excessive pronation of the foot (over 5 degrees) in the subtalar joint is a type of mechanical mechanism that can lead to tendinitis.
An overuse injury refers to repeated stress and strain, which is likely the case in endurance runners. Overuse can simply mean an increase in running, jumping or plyometric exercise intensity too soon. Another consideration would be the use of improper or worn-down footwear, which lack the necessary support to maintain the foot in the natural/normal pronation.
Pathophysiology
The Achilles tendon is the extension of the calf muscle and attaches to the heel bone. It causes the foot to extend (plantar flexion) when those muscles contract.
Because the Achilles tendon does not have good blood supply, injuries can be slow to heal. The tendon receives nutrients from the tendon sheath or paratendon. When an injury occurs to the tendon, cells from surrounding structures migrate into the tendon to assist in repair. Some of these cells come from blood vessels that enter the tendon to provide direct blood flow to increase healing. With the blood vessels come nerve fibers. Researchers including Alfredson and his team in Sweden believe these nerve fibers to be the cause of the pain - they injected local anaesthetic around the vessels and this decreased significantly the pain from the Achilles tendon.
Diagnosis
Calcification deposits forming an enthesophyte within the Achilles tendon at its calcaneal insertion. The Achilles tendon is wider than normal, further suggesting inflammation.
Achilles tendinitis is usually diagnosed from a medical history, and physical examination of the tendon. Projectional radiography shows calcification deposits within the tendon at its calcaneal insertion in approximately 60 percent of cases. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can determine the extent of tendon degeneration, and may show differential diagnoses such as bursitis.
Prevention
This photo demonstrates a calf raise exercise that can be performed to strengthen two of the major ankle plantar flexor muscles, the gastrocnemius and the soleus. This exercise can be performed with minimal to no equipment. A step can be added under the foot to enhance range of motion and weights can be added to increase the resistance
Performing consistent physical activity will improve the elasticity and strength of the tendon, which will assist in resisting the forces that are applied.
While stretching before beginning an exercise session is often recommended, evidence to support this practice is limited. Prevention of recurrence includes following appropriate exercise habits and wearing low-heeled shoes. In the case of incorrect foot alignment, orthotics can be used to properly position the feet. Footwear that is specialized to provide shock-absorption can be utilized to defend the longevity of the tendon. Achilles tendon injuries can be the result of exceeding the tendon's capabilities for loading, therefore it is important to gradually adapt to exercise if someone is inexperienced, sedentary, or is an athlete who is not progressing at a steady rate.
Eccentric strengthening exercises of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles are utilized to improve the tensile strength of the tendon and lengthen the musculotendinous junction, decreasing the amount of strain experienced with ankle joint movements. This eccentric training method is especially important for individuals with chronic Achilles tendinosis which is classified as the degeneration of collagen fibers. These involve repetitions of slowly lowering the body while standing on the affected leg, using the opposite arm and foot to assist in repeating the cycle, and starting with the heel in a hyperextended position. (Hyperextension is typically achieved by balancing the forefoot on the edge of a step, a thick book, or a barbell weight so that the point of the heel is a couple of inches above the forefoot.)
Treatment
Treatment typically involves rest, ice, non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDs), and physical therapy. A heel lift or orthotics may also be helpful, but evidence on both heel lifts and orthotics is limited. Foam rolling may increase range of motion, but there is only weak evidence for the direct treatment of stiffness. Other treatments include:
An eccentric exercise routine designed to strengthen the tendon.
Application of a boot or cast.
Injections
The evidence to support injection therapies is poor.
This includes corticosteroid injections. These can also increase the risk of tendon rupture.
Autologous blood injections - results have not been highly encouraging and there is little evidence for their use.
Procedures
Tentative evidence supports the use of extracorporeal shockwave therapy.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of Achilles tendinitis varies among different ages and groups of people. Achilles tendinitis is most commonly found in individuals aged 30–40 Runners are susceptible, as well as anyone participating in sports,
and men aged 30–39.
Risk factors include participating in a sport or activity that involves running, jumping, bounding, and change of speed. Although Achilles tendinitis is mostly likely to occur in runners, it also is more likely in participants in basketball, volleyball, dancing, gymnastics and other athletic activities. Other risk factors include gender, age, improper stretching, and overuse. Another risk factor is any congenital condition in which an individual's legs rotate abnormally, which in turn causes the lower extremities to overstretch and contract; this puts stress on the Achilles tendon and will eventually cause Achilles tendinitis.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hubbard, MJ; Hildebrand, BA; Battafarano, MM; Battafarano, DF (June 2018). "Common Soft Tissue Musculoskeletal Pain Disorders". Primary Care. 45 (2): 289–303. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2018.02.006. PMID 29759125. S2CID 46886582.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Silbernagel, Karin (2020). "Current Clinical Concepts: Conservative Management of Achilles Tendinopathy". Journal of Athletic Training. 55 (5): 0–0000. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-356-19. PMC 7249277. PMID 32267723.
^ a b c d e f "Achilles Tendinitis". MSD Manual Professional Edition. March 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
^ a b Park, DY; Chou, L (December 2006). "Stretching for prevention of Achilles tendon injuries: a review of the literature". Foot & Ankle International. 27 (12): 1086–95. doi:10.1177/107110070602701215. PMID 17207437. S2CID 8233009.
^ a b Peters, JA; Zwerver, J; Diercks, RL; Elferink-Gemser, MT; van den Akker-Scheek, I (March 2016). "Preventive interventions for tendinopathy: A systematic review". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 19 (3): 205–211. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2015.03.008. PMID 25981200.
^ "Achilles tendinitis - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
^ "Avoid Achilles injuries by adding these three exercises to your routine". 3 December 2019.
^ Kvist, M (1991). "Achilles tendon injuries in athletes". Ann Chir Gynaecol. 80 (2): 188–201. PMID 1897886.
^ "FDA orders 'black box' label on some antibiotics". CNN. 8 July 2008. Retrieved 8 July 2008.
^ Kader, D.; Saxena, A.; Movin, T.; Maffulli, N. (2002-08-01). "Achilles tendinopathy: some aspects of basic science and clinical management". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 36 (4): 239–249. doi:10.1136/bjsm.36.4.239. ISSN 0306-3674. PMC 1724537. PMID 12145112.
^ Fenwick S. A.; Hazleman B. L.; Riley G. P. (2002). "The vasculature and its role in the damaged and healing tendon". Arthritis Research. 4 (4): 252–260. doi:10.1186/ar416. PMC 128932. PMID 12106496.
^ a b Maffulli N.; Sharma P.; Luscombe K. L. (2004). "Achilles tendinopathy: aetiology and management". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 97 (10): 472–476. doi:10.1177/0141076809701004. PMC 1079614. PMID 15459257.
^ a b Hintermann B., Nigg B. M. (1998). "Pronation in runners". Sports Medicine. 26 (3): 169–176. doi:10.2165/00007256-199826030-00003. PMID 9802173. S2CID 24812917.
^ Kannus P (1997). "Etiology and pathophysiology of chronic tendon disorders in sports". Scandinavian Journal of Sports Medicine. 7 (2): 78–85. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1997.tb00123.x. PMID 9211608. S2CID 664841.
^ a b McCrory J. L.; Martin D. F.; Lowery R. B.; Cannon D. W.; Curl W. W.; Read Jr H. M.; Hunter D.M.; Craven T.; Messier S. P. (1999). "Etiologic factors associated with Achilles tendinitis in runners". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 31 (10): 1374–1381. doi:10.1097/00005768-199910000-00003. PMID 10527307. S2CID 25204643.
^ Alfredson, H.; Ohberg, L.; Forsgren, S. (Sep 2003). "Is vasculo-neural ingrowth the cause of pain in chronic Achilles tendinosis? An investigation using ultrasonography and colour Doppler, immunohistochemistry, and diagnostic injections". Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 11 (5): 334–8. doi:10.1007/s00167-003-0391-6. PMID 14520512. S2CID 12264939.
^ a b "Insertional Achilles Tendinitis". American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
^ Floyd, R.T. (2009). Manual of Structural Kinesiology. New York, NY: McGraw Hill
^ a b Hess G.W. (2009). "Achilles Tendon Rupture: A Review of Etiology, Population, Anatomy, Risk Factors, and Injury Prevention". Foot & Ankle Specialist. 3 (1): 29–32. doi:10.1177/1938640009355191. PMID 20400437. S2CID 19237310.
^ a b c Alfredson H., Lorentzon R. (2012). "Chronic Achilles Tendinosis: Recommendations for Treatment and Prevention". Sports Medicine. 29 (2): 135–146. doi:10.2165/00007256-200029020-00005. PMID 10701715. S2CID 36957036.
^ G T Allison, C Purdam. Eccentric loading for Achilles tendinopathy — strengthening or stretching? Br J Sports Med 2009;43:276-279
^ Munteanu, Shannon (3 November 2014). "Customised foot orthoses for Achilles tendinopathy RCT: responding to the critics". British Journal of Sports Medicine.
^ Munteanu, Shannon (2015). "Effectiveness of customised foot orthoses for Achilles tendinopathy: a randomised controlled trial". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 49 (15): 989–994. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093845. PMID 25246441. S2CID 5588570.
^ Baumgart, Christian (2019). "Foam Rolling of the Calf and Anterior Thigh: Biomechanical Loads and Acute Effects on Vertical Jump Height and Muscle Stiffness". Sports. 7 (1): 27. doi:10.3390/sports7010027. PMC 6359537. PMID 30669477.
^ a b Kearney, RS; Parsons, N; Metcalfe, D; Costa, ML (26 May 2015). "Injection therapies for Achilles tendinopathy" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (5): CD010960. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010960.pub2. PMID 26009861.
^ "JBJS | Limited Evidence Supports the Effectiveness of Autologous Blood Injections for Chronic Tendinopathies". jbjs.org. 2012. Archived from the original on March 29, 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
^ de Vos RJ, van Veldhoven PL, Moen MH, Weir A, Tol JL, Maffulli N (2012). "Autologous growth factor injections in chronic tendinopathy: a systematic review". bmb.oxfordjournals.org. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
^ Korakakis, V; Whiteley, R; Tzavara, A; Malliaropoulos, N (March 2018). "The effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in common lower limb conditions: a systematic review including quantification of patient-rated pain reduction". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 52 (6): 387–407. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097347. PMID 28954794.
^ a b c Leach R. E.; James S.; Wasilewski S. (1981). "Achilles tendinitis". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 9 (2): 93–98. doi:10.1177/036354658100900204. PMID 7223927. S2CID 10111816.
^ Leppilant J.; Puranen J.; Orava S. (1996). "Incidence of Achilles Tendon Injury". Acta Orthopaedica. 67 (3): 277–79. doi:10.3109/17453679608994688. PMID 8686468.
^ a b Kainberger, F; Fialka, V; Breitenseher, M; Kritz, H; Baldt, M; Czerny, C; Imhof, H (1996). "Differential diagnosis of diseases of the Achilles tendon. A clinico-sonographic concept". Der Radiologe. 36 (1): 38–46. doi:10.1007/s001170050037. PMID 8820370. S2CID 25971164.
External links
ClassificationDICD-10: M76.6ICD-9-CM: 726.71DiseasesDB: 31726External resourcesMedlinePlus: 001072eMedicine: sports/2
vteSoft tissue disordersCapsularjointSynoviopathy
Synovitis/Tenosynovitis
Calcific tendinitis
Stenosing tenosynovitis (Trigger finger)
De Quervain syndrome
Transient synovitis
Ganglion cyst
osteochondromatosis
Synovial osteochondromatosis
Plica syndrome
villonodular synovitis
Tenosynovial giant cell tumor
Bursopathy
Bursitis
Olecranon
Prepatellar
Trochanteric
Subacromial
Achilles
Retrocalcaneal
Ischial
Iliopsoas
Synovial cyst
Baker's cyst
Calcific bursitis
NoncapsularjointSymptoms
Ligamentous laxity
Hypermobility
Enthesopathy/Enthesitis/Tendinopathyupper limb
Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder
Shoulder impingement syndrome
Shoulder injury related to vaccine administration
Rotator cuff tear
Golfer's elbow
Tennis elbow
lower limb
Iliotibial band syndrome
Patellar tendinitis
Achilles tendinitis
Calcaneal spur
Metatarsalgia
Bone spur
other/general:
Tendinitis/Tendinosis
NonjointFasciopathy
Fasciitis: Plantar
Nodular
Necrotizing
Eosinophilic
Fibromatosis/contracture
Dupuytren's contracture
Plantar fibromatosis
Aggressive fibromatosis
Knuckle pads | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Achilles tendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendon"},{"link_name":"ankle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OI2010-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hub2018-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mer2018-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OI2010-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hub2018-1"},{"link_name":"running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OI2010-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mer2018-3"},{"link_name":"high-heel shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-heel_shoes"},{"link_name":"rheumatoid arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis"},{"link_name":"fluoroquinolone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoroquinolone"},{"link_name":"steroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hub2018-1"},{"link_name":"examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_examination"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mer2018-3"},{"link_name":"scientific evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_evidence"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Park2006-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pet2016-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-steroidal_antiinflammatory_agents"},{"link_name":"physical therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_therapy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hub2018-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OI2010-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OI2010-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OI2010-2"}],"text":"Medical conditionAchilles tendinitis, also known as achilles tendinopathy, occurs when the Achilles tendon, found at the back of the ankle, becomes sore. Achilles tendinopathy is accompanied by alterations in the tendon's structure and mechanical properties.[2] The most common symptoms are pain and swelling around the affected tendon.[1] The pain is typically worse at the start of exercise and decreases thereafter.[3] Stiffness of the ankle may also be present.[2] Onset is generally gradual.[1]It commonly occurs as a result of overuse such as running.[2][3] Other risk factors include trauma, a lifestyle that includes little exercise, high-heel shoes, rheumatoid arthritis, and medications of the fluoroquinolone or steroid class.[1] Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and examination.[3]There are several simple actions that individuals can take to prevent or reduce tendinitis. Though commonly used, some of these actions have limited or no scientific evidence to support them, namely pre-exercise stretching. Strengthening calf muscles, avoiding over-training, and selecting more appropriate footwear are more well-regarded options.[4][5][6] Running mechanics can be improved with simple exercises that will help runners avoid achilles injury.[7] Treatment typically involves rest, ice, non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDs), and physical therapy.[1][2] In those whose symptoms last more than six months despite other treatments, surgery may be considered.[2] Achilles tendinitis is relatively common.[2]","title":"Achilles tendinitis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"musculotendinous junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculotendinous_junction"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Symptoms can vary from an ache or pain and swelling to the local area of the ankles, or a burning that surrounds the whole joint. With this condition, the pain is usually worse during and after activity, and the tendon and joint area can become stiffer the following day as swelling impinges on the movement of the tendon. Many patients report stressful situations in their lives in correlation with the beginnings of pain which may contribute to the symptoms.[citation needed]Achilles tendon injuries can be separated into insertional tendinopathy (20%–25% of the injuries), midportion tendinopathy (55%–65%), and proximal musculotendinous junction (9%–25%) injuries, according to the location of pain.[8]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ankle_Pronation_Position.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walking_gait_cycle.png"},{"link_name":"fluoroquinolone antibiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolone_antibiotic"},{"link_name":"ciprofloxacin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciprofloxacin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"touch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpation"},{"link_name":"lesions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesion"},{"link_name":"ultrasonography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ultrasonography"},{"link_name":"magnetic resonance imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maffuli-12"},{"link_name":"pronate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronate"},{"link_name":"supinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supinate"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-13"},{"link_name":"pronation of the foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronation_of_the_foot"},{"link_name":"subtalar joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtalar_joint"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maffuli-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-13"},{"link_name":"overuse injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overuse_injury"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCrory-15"},{"link_name":"plyometric exercise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plyometric_exercise"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCrory-15"}],"text":"Demonstration of the right foot in pronation, neutral and supinated subtalar joint placements. Over-pronation (excessive pronation) occurs when the ankle begins to roll inward by more than 5 degrees, demonstrated with the arrows.Walking gait cycle starting with the left leg demonstrated. The loading cycle is where foot pronation naturally occurs.Achilles tendinitis is a common injury, particularly in sports that involve lunging and jumping. It is also a known side effect of fluoroquinolone antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, as are other types of tendinitis.[9]Swelling in a region of micro-damage or partial tear can be detected visually or by touch. Increased water content and disorganized collagen matrix in tendon lesions may be detected by ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging.[citation needed]Achilles tendinitis is thought to have physiological, mechanical, or extrinsic (i.e. footwear or training) causes. The Achilles tendon has a generally poor blood supply throughout its length, as measured by the number of vessels per cross-sectional area. Blood is supplied via the synovial sheaths that surround it.[10] This lack of blood supply can lead to the degradation of collagen fibers and inflammation.[11] Tightness in the calf muscles has also been known to be involved in the onset of Achilles tendinitis.[12]During the loading phase of the running and walking cycle, the ankle and foot naturally pronate and supinate by approximately 5 degrees.[13] Excessive pronation of the foot (over 5 degrees) in the subtalar joint is a type of mechanical mechanism that can lead to tendinitis.[12][13]An overuse injury refers to repeated stress and strain, which is likely the case in endurance runners.[14][15] Overuse can simply mean an increase in running, jumping or plyometric exercise intensity too soon. Another consideration would be the use of improper or worn-down footwear, which lack the necessary support to maintain the foot in the natural/normal pronation.[15]","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"calf muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calf_muscle"},{"link_name":"heel bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcaneus"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alfredson-2003-16"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Achilles tendon is the extension of the calf muscle and attaches to the heel bone. It causes the foot to extend (plantar flexion) when those muscles contract.[citation needed]Because the Achilles tendon does not have good blood supply, injuries can be slow to heal. The tendon receives nutrients from the tendon sheath or paratendon. When an injury occurs to the tendon, cells from surrounding structures migrate into the tendon to assist in repair. Some of these cells come from blood vessels that enter the tendon to provide direct blood flow to increase healing. With the blood vessels come nerve fibers. Researchers including Alfredson and his team in Sweden [16] believe these nerve fibers to be the cause of the pain - they injected local anaesthetic around the vessels and this decreased significantly the pain from the Achilles tendon.[citation needed]","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Achilles_insertional_calcific_tendinosis_(labeled).jpg"},{"link_name":"enthesophyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthesophyte"},{"link_name":"medical history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_history"},{"link_name":"physical examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_examination"},{"link_name":"Projectional radiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projectional_radiography"},{"link_name":"calcaneal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcaneus"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aofas-17"},{"link_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"differential diagnoses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis"},{"link_name":"bursitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_bursitis"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aofas-17"}],"text":"Calcification deposits forming an enthesophyte within the Achilles tendon at its calcaneal insertion. The Achilles tendon is wider than normal, further suggesting inflammation.Achilles tendinitis is usually diagnosed from a medical history, and physical examination of the tendon. Projectional radiography shows calcification deposits within the tendon at its calcaneal insertion in approximately 60 percent of cases.[17] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can determine the extent of tendon degeneration, and may show differential diagnoses such as bursitis.[17]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eccentric_Exercise.png"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"elasticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-source1-19"},{"link_name":"stretching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretching"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Park2006-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pet2016-5"},{"link_name":"orthotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotics"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-source1-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-source2-20"},{"link_name":"loading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedal_gait_cycle#Phases"},{"link_name":"sedentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-source2-20"},{"link_name":"gastrocnemius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrocnemius"},{"link_name":"soleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soleus"},{"link_name":"tensile strength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensile_strength"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"eccentric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_contraction#Eccentric_contraction"},{"link_name":"tendinosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendinosis"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-source2-20"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"This photo demonstrates a calf raise exercise that can be performed to strengthen two of the major ankle plantar flexor muscles, the gastrocnemius and the soleus. This exercise can be performed with minimal to no equipment. A step can be added under the foot to enhance range of motion and weights can be added to increase the resistance [18]Performing consistent physical activity will improve the elasticity and strength of the tendon, which will assist in resisting the forces that are applied.[19]While stretching before beginning an exercise session is often recommended, evidence to support this practice is limited.[4][5] Prevention of recurrence includes following appropriate exercise habits and wearing low-heeled shoes. In the case of incorrect foot alignment, orthotics can be used to properly position the feet.[19] Footwear that is specialized to provide shock-absorption can be utilized to defend the longevity of the tendon.[20] Achilles tendon injuries can be the result of exceeding the tendon's capabilities for loading, therefore it is important to gradually adapt to exercise if someone is inexperienced, sedentary, or is an athlete who is not progressing at a steady rate.[20]Eccentric strengthening exercises of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles are utilized to improve the tensile strength of the tendon and lengthen the musculotendinous junction, decreasing the amount of strain experienced with ankle joint movements.[21] This eccentric training method is especially important for individuals with chronic Achilles tendinosis which is classified as the degeneration of collagen fibers.[20] These involve repetitions of slowly lowering the body while standing on the affected leg, using the opposite arm and foot to assist in repeating the cycle, and starting with the heel in a hyperextended position. (Hyperextension is typically achieved by balancing the forefoot on the edge of a step, a thick book, or a barbell weight so that the point of the heel is a couple of inches above the forefoot.)[citation needed]","title":"Prevention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-steroidal_antiinflammatory_agents"},{"link_name":"physical therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_therapy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hub2018-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OI2010-2"},{"link_name":"heel lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel_lift"},{"link_name":"orthotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mer2018-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OI2010-2"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Foam rolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascia_training"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"eccentric exercise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccentric_exercise"}],"text":"Treatment typically involves rest, ice, non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDs), and physical therapy.[1][2] A heel lift or orthotics may also be helpful,[3][2] but evidence on both heel lifts[22] and orthotics[23] is limited. Foam rolling may increase range of motion, but there is only weak evidence for the direct treatment of stiffness.[24] Other treatments include:An eccentric exercise routine designed to strengthen the tendon.\nApplication of a boot or cast.","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kea2015-25"},{"link_name":"corticosteroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticosteroid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hub2018-1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kea2015-25"},{"link_name":"Autologous blood injections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autologous_blood_injection"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hub2018-1"}],"sub_title":"Injections","text":"The evidence to support injection therapies is poor.[25]This includes corticosteroid injections.[1] These can also increase the risk of tendon rupture.[25]\nAutologous blood injections - results have not been highly encouraging and there is little evidence for their use.[26][27][1]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extracorporeal shockwave therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracorporeal_shockwave_therapy"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Procedures","text":"Tentative evidence supports the use of extracorporeal shockwave therapy.[28]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prevalence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalence"},{"link_name":"tendinitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendinitis"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leach-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leach-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leach-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kainberger-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kainberger-31"}],"text":"The prevalence of Achilles tendinitis varies among different ages and groups of people. Achilles tendinitis is most commonly found in individuals aged 30–40[29] Runners are susceptible,[29] as well as anyone participating in sports,\nand men aged 30–39.[30]Risk factors include participating in a sport or activity that involves running, jumping, bounding, and change of speed. Although Achilles tendinitis is mostly likely to occur in runners, it also is more likely in participants in basketball, volleyball, dancing, gymnastics and other athletic activities.[29] Other risk factors include gender, age, improper stretching, and overuse.[31] Another risk factor is any congenital condition in which an individual's legs rotate abnormally, which in turn causes the lower extremities to overstretch and contract; this puts stress on the Achilles tendon and will eventually cause Achilles tendinitis.[31]","title":"Epidemiology"}] | [{"image_text":"Demonstration of the right foot in pronation, neutral and supinated subtalar joint placements. Over-pronation (excessive pronation) occurs when the ankle begins to roll inward by more than 5 degrees, demonstrated with the arrows.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ankle_Pronation_Position.png/310px-Ankle_Pronation_Position.png"},{"image_text":"Walking gait cycle starting with the left leg demonstrated. The loading cycle is where foot pronation naturally occurs.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Walking_gait_cycle.png/310px-Walking_gait_cycle.png"},{"image_text":"Calcification deposits forming an enthesophyte within the Achilles tendon at its calcaneal insertion. The Achilles tendon is wider than normal, further suggesting inflammation.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Achilles_insertional_calcific_tendinosis_%28labeled%29.jpg/220px-Achilles_insertional_calcific_tendinosis_%28labeled%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"This photo demonstrates a calf raise exercise that can be performed to strengthen two of the major ankle plantar flexor muscles, the gastrocnemius and the soleus. This exercise can be performed with minimal to no equipment. A step can be added under the foot to enhance range of motion and weights can be added to increase the resistance [18]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Eccentric_Exercise.png/220px-Eccentric_Exercise.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Hubbard, MJ; Hildebrand, BA; Battafarano, MM; Battafarano, DF (June 2018). \"Common Soft Tissue Musculoskeletal Pain Disorders\". Primary Care. 45 (2): 289–303. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2018.02.006. PMID 29759125. S2CID 46886582.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pop.2018.02.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.pop.2018.02.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29759125","url_text":"29759125"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46886582","url_text":"46886582"}]},{"reference":"Silbernagel, Karin (2020). \"Current Clinical Concepts: Conservative Management of Achilles Tendinopathy\". Journal of Athletic Training. 55 (5): 0–0000. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-356-19. PMC 7249277. PMID 32267723.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7249277","url_text":"\"Current Clinical Concepts: Conservative Management of Achilles Tendinopathy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4085%2F1062-6050-356-19","url_text":"10.4085/1062-6050-356-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7249277","url_text":"7249277"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32267723","url_text":"32267723"}]},{"reference":"\"Achilles Tendinitis\". MSD Manual Professional Edition. March 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet_Sonata_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns) | Clarinet Sonata (Saint-Saëns) | ["1 Structure","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"] | Sonata written by Camille Saint-Saëns
The Clarinet Sonata in E♭ major, Op. 167, was written by Camille Saint-Saëns in 1921 as one of his last works. This clarinet sonata is the second of the three sonatas that Saint-Saëns composed for wind instruments, the other two being the Oboe Sonata (Op. 166) and the Bassoon Sonata (Op. 168), written the same year. These works were part of Saint-Saëns's efforts to expand the repertoire for instruments for which hardly any solo parts were written, as he confided to his friend Jean Chantavoine in a letter dated to 15 April 1921: "At the moment I am concentrating my last reserves on giving rarely considered instruments the chance to be heard."
Saint-Saëns dedicated the work to Auguste Périer, a professor at the Conservatoire de Paris.
Structure
External audioPerformed by Richard Stoltzman and Irma Vallecillo I. Allegretto II. Allegro animato III. Lento IV. Molto allegro
The work consists of four movements. A performance takes approximately 16 minutes.
Allegretto (E♭ major, 128)Allegro animato (A♭ major, 22)Lento (E♭ minor, 32)Molto allegro (E♭ major, 44)
The theme of the first movement is reprised at the end of the fourth movement.
Reception
For the musical scholar Jean Gallois, the Clarinet Sonata is the most important of the three wind sonatas: he calls it "a masterpiece full of impishness, elegance and discreet lyricism" amounting to "a summary of the rest". The work contrasts a "doleful threnody" in the slow movement with the finale, which "pirouettes in 4/4 time", in a style reminiscent of the 18th century.
Today the sonata is part of the standard repertoire of the clarinet.
References
^ Ratner, Sabina Teller (2002). Camille Saint-Saëns, 1835–1922: A Thematic Catalogue of his Complete Works, Volume 1: The Instrumental Works. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-19-816320-6.
^ Jost, Peter (2010). Camille Saint-Saëns, Clarinet Sonata op. 167 – Preface. Munich: G. Henle Verlag. pp. IV–V. ISMN 979-0-2018-0965-6.
^ Gallois, Jean (2004). Charles-Camille Saint-Saëns (in French). Sprimont, Belgium: Éditions Mardaga. p. 368. ISBN 978-2-87009-851-6.
External links
Clarinet Sonata (Saint-Saëns): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
Clarinet Sonata on YouTube, performed by Stefano Novelli and Akanè Makita
vteCamille Saint-SaënsList of compositionsOperas
Le timbre d'argent (1865)
La princesse jaune (1872)
Samson and Delilah (1877)
"Mon cœur s'ouvre à ta voix"
Étienne Marcel (1879)
Henry VIII (1883)
Proserpine (1887)
Ascanio (1890)
Phryné (1893)
Frédégonde (1895)
Les barbares (1901)
Hélène (1904)
L'ancêtre (1905)
Déjanire (1911)
Symphonies
Symphony No. 1 (1853)
Symphony in F major (Urbs Roma) (1856)
Symphony No. 2 (1859)
Symphony No. 3 (Organ Symphony) (1886)
ConcertosPiano
Piano Concerto No. 1 (1858)
Piano Concerto No. 2 (1868)
Piano Concerto No. 3 (1869)
Piano Concerto No. 4 (1875)
Africa (1891)
Piano Concerto No. 5 (The Egyptian) (1896)
Other
Violin Concerto No. 2 (1858)
Violin Concerto No. 1 (1859)
Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso (1863)
Cello Suite (1866)
Cello Concerto No. 1 (1872)
Violin Concerto No. 3 (1880)
Havanaise (1887)
Cello Concerto No. 2 (1902)
Organ Concerto (Cyprès et lauriers) (1919)
Orchestra works
Le Rouet d'Omphale (1872)
Danse macabre (1874)
Suite algérienne (1880)
Chamber music
Piano Quartet in E major (1853)
Piano Quintet (1855/1857)
Suite for Cello and Piano (1862)
Piano Trio No. 1 (1864)
Serenade in E♭ major (1865)
Romance, Op. 37 (1871)
Cello Sonata No. 1 (1871)
Piano Quartet in B♭ major (1875)
Septet (1881)
Violin Sonata No. 1 (1885)
The Carnival of the Animals (1886)
Le cygne
Caprice sur des airs danois et russes (1887)
Piano Trio No. 2 (1891)
Violin Sonata No. 2 (1896)
Barcarolle (1897)
Cello Sonata No. 2 (1905)
Cavatine (1915)
Oboe Sonata (1921)
Clarinet Sonata (1921)
Bassoon Sonata (1921)
Vocal music
Oratorio de Noël (1858)
Le Déluge (1875)
Requiem (1878)
The Promised Land (1913)
Film score
The Assassination of the Duke of Guise (1908)
Related
Camille Awards
Category
Portal: Classical Music
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Other
MusicBrainz work | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E♭ major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-flat_major"},{"link_name":"Op","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_number"},{"link_name":"Camille Saint-Saëns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns"},{"link_name":"clarinet sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet_sonata"},{"link_name":"wind instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_instrument"},{"link_name":"Oboe Sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe_Sonata_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)"},{"link_name":"Bassoon Sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassoon_Sonata_(Saint-Sa%C3%ABns)"},{"link_name":"Jean Chantavoine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chantavoine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Conservatoire de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris"}],"text":"The Clarinet Sonata in E♭ major, Op. 167, was written by Camille Saint-Saëns in 1921 as one of his last works. This clarinet sonata is the second of the three sonatas that Saint-Saëns composed for wind instruments, the other two being the Oboe Sonata (Op. 166) and the Bassoon Sonata (Op. 168), written the same year. These works were part of Saint-Saëns's efforts to expand the repertoire for instruments for which hardly any solo parts were written, as he confided to his friend Jean Chantavoine in a letter dated to 15 April 1921: \"At the moment I am concentrating my last reserves on giving rarely considered instruments the chance to be heard.\"[1][2]Saint-Saëns dedicated the work to Auguste Périer, a professor at the Conservatoire de Paris.","title":"Clarinet Sonata (Saint-Saëns)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The work consists of four movements. A performance takes approximately 16 minutes.Allegretto (E♭ major, 128)Allegro animato (A♭ major, 22)Lento (E♭ minor, 32)Molto allegro (E♭ major, 44)The theme of the first movement is reprised at the end of the fourth movement.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"threnody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threnody"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For the musical scholar Jean Gallois, the Clarinet Sonata is the most important of the three wind sonatas: he calls it \"a masterpiece full of impishness, elegance and discreet lyricism\" amounting to \"a summary of the rest\". The work contrasts a \"doleful threnody\" in the slow movement with the finale, which \"pirouettes in 4/4 time\", in a style reminiscent of the 18th century.[3]Today the sonata is part of the standard repertoire of the clarinet.","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ratner, Sabina Teller (2002). Camille Saint-Saëns, 1835–1922: A Thematic Catalogue of his Complete Works, Volume 1: The Instrumental Works. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-19-816320-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816320-6","url_text":"978-0-19-816320-6"}]},{"reference":"Jost, Peter (2010). Camille Saint-Saëns, Clarinet Sonata op. 167 – Preface. Munich: G. Henle Verlag. pp. IV–V. ISMN 979-0-2018-0965-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.henle.de/en/detail/?Title=Clarinet%20Sonata%20op.%20167_965","url_text":"Camille Saint-Saëns, Clarinet Sonata op. 167 – Preface"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Henle_Verlag","url_text":"G. Henle Verlag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISMN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISMN"}]},{"reference":"Gallois, Jean (2004). Charles-Camille Saint-Saëns (in French). Sprimont, Belgium: Éditions Mardaga. p. 368. ISBN 978-2-87009-851-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87009-851-6","url_text":"978-2-87009-851-6"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fvs4o45M5Sc","external_links_name":"I. Allegretto"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1a9rp-3gvY0","external_links_name":"II. Allegro animato"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQk7J5p9R8M","external_links_name":"III. Lento"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVnU07PUEyc","external_links_name":"IV. Molto allegro"},{"Link":"https://www.henle.de/en/detail/?Title=Clarinet%20Sonata%20op.%20167_965","external_links_name":"Camille Saint-Saëns, Clarinet Sonata op. 167 – Preface"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JK6GdqMyhXw&t=2364","external_links_name":"Clarinet Sonata"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/184463517","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13918531x","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13918531x","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/0913461b-0cc2-43a2-b9df-9f319bb03a2d","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrak | Thrak | ["1 Recording","2 Release","3 Reception","4 Track listing","5 Personnel","6 Charts","7 References","8 External links"] | 1995 studio album by King CrimsonTHRAKStudio album by King CrimsonReleased3 April 1995 (1995-04-03)Recorded24 October – 4 December 1994StudioReal World (Box, Wiltshire)Genre
Progressive rock
progressive metal
industrial rock
Length56:35LabelVirginProducer
King Crimson
David Bottrill
King Crimson chronology
VROOOM(1994)
THRAK(1995)
The ConstruKction of Light(2000)
Singles from THRAK
"Dinosaur"Released: 1995 (US)
"Sex Sleep Eat Drink Dream"Released: 1995 (US)
THRAK /θræk/ is the eleventh studio album by the band King Crimson released in 1995 through Virgin Records. It was preceded by the mini-album VROOOM in 1994. It was their first full-length studio album since Three of a Perfect Pair eleven years earlier, and the only full album to feature the "double trio" lineup of Robert Fripp, Adrian Belew, Tony Levin, Trey Gunn, Bill Bruford and Pat Mastelotto. It is the group's final studio album to feature Bruford or Levin.
Recording
THRAK was recorded in late 1994 at Peter Gabriel's Real World Studios in Box, Wiltshire, England, with producer David Bottrill. Bottrill had previously produced Fripp and David Sylvian's 1993 album The First Day, which had featured Trey Gunn as a session player. With the band consisting of two guitarists, two bassists and two drummers, the opening track begins with all six musicians in the center of the audio mix; as the album progresses, they are split into two trios, with one in each stereo channel.
"Sex Sleep Eat Drink Dream" and "One Time" were developed at studio rehearsals for the 1994 mini-album VROOOM in Woodstock, New York, during the spring of 1994. Instrumental outtakes and improvisations from these sessions would later be released as The Vrooom Sessions in 1999. "Sex Sleep Eat Drink Dream" developed from the instrumental outtake "No Questions Asked".
"Fashionable" was another instrumental from The Vrooom Sessions that was re-recorded at Real World Studios during the recording of THRAK. It features a guitar line reminiscent of David Bowie's "Fashion", on which Fripp played in 1980. Despite being reworked with various additions and refinements by the band members, the piece was ultimately cut from the album.
"VROOOM VROOOM" incorporates a middle section originally composed by Fripp in 1974 for Red’s instrumental title track. The band also experimented with said section in 1983, while working on Three of a Perfect Pair; evidence of this is the track "Working on Sleepless" from the 2016 compilation Rehearsals & Blows.
Release
First released on 3 April 1995, THRAK reached number 58 in the UK Albums Chart, their most recent release to make the chart. The album was reissued on CD in 2002 in a remastered edition. A significantly different 5.1 surround sound mix by Jakko Jakszyk was released as a CD/DVD-A release in October 2015 for the “40th Anniversary Series”. This edition also featured a reimagined new stereo mix by Fripp and Jakszyk. These two mixes were also included in the 2015 THRAK BOX alongside previously unissued studio and live recordings from the period.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicMaximQRolling StoneTrouser Pressfavourable
Trouser Press described it as "an absolute monster, a cerebral sextet adventure stunning in its precisely controlled rock power."
In a retrospective review of Thrak, Allmusic called King Crimson "The only progressive rock band from the '60s to be making new, vital, progressive music in the '90s" and expressed high regard for the various ways they exploited the double trio format on the album. While they noted the album makes a number of nods to previous King Crimson works, they felt that this was a subtle acknowledgment of King Crimson's established fan base rather than a preoccupation with their own past.
Track listing
All lyrics are written by Adrian Belew, except "Coda: Marine 475" by Robert Fripp; all music is composed by King Crimson (Belew, Bill Bruford, Fripp, Trey Gunn, Tony Levin and Pat Mastelotto).No.TitleLength1."VROOOM" (instrumental)4:382."Coda: Marine 475"2:423."Dinosaur"6:374."Walking on Air"4:385."B'Boom" (instrumental)4:116."THRAK" (instrumental)3:597."Inner Garden I"1:478."People"5:539."Radio I" (instrumental)0:4410."One Time"5:2111."Radio II" (instrumental)1:0312."Inner Garden II"1:1613."Sex Sleep Eat Drink Dream"4:5014."VROOOM VROOOM" (instrumental)5:5015."VROOOM VROOOM: Coda" (instrumental)3:01
Personnel
King Crimson
Robert Fripp – electric guitar, guitar synthesizer, Mellotron, soundscapes
Adrian Belew – electric and acoustic guitars, guitar synthesizer, lead vocals
Tony Levin – bass guitar, Chapman Stick, electric upright bass, backing vocals
Bill Bruford – drums, percussion
Trey Gunn – Chapman Stick, Warr guitar, backing vocals
Pat Mastelotto – drums, percussion
Technical personnel
David Bottrill – production, recording
Charts
Chart (1995)
Peakposition
Japanese Albums (Oricon)
24
Scottish Albums (OCC)
92
UK Albums (OCC)
58
US Billboard 200
83
Chart (2015)
Peakposition
UK Independent Albums (OCC)
28
References
^ King Crimson - THRAK Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic, retrieved 29 October 2023
^ Live, D. G. M. (10 October 2016). "King Crimson, 30 October, 1994 Fashionable, 1994". DGM Live. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
^ Live, D. G. M. (7 November 2016). "The Double Trio - Robert Fripp". DGM Live. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
^ "King Crimson | Full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
^ "Fripp's DGM Live diary". Dgmlive.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
^ a b Gioffre, Daniel. King Crimson - THRAK (1995) album review, credits & releases at AllMusic
^ Bambarger, Bradley (19 September 2008). "King Crimson - THRAK (1995) album review". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 19 September 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ a b Grant, Steven; Fleischmann, Mark; Robbins, Ira. "TrouserPress.com :: King Crimson". TrouserPress.com. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
^ Oricon Album Chart Book: Complete Edition 1970–2005 (in Japanese). Roppongi, Tokyo: Oricon Entertainment. 2006. ISBN 4-87131-077-9.
^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
^ "King Crimson Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
^ "Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
External links
King Crimson - THRAK (1995) album releases & credits at Discogs
King Crimson - THRAK (1995) album to be listened on Spotify
King Crimson - THRAK (1995) album to be listened on YouTube
vteKing Crimson
Robert Fripp
Mel Collins
Tony Levin
Pat Mastelotto
Gavin Harrison
Jakko Jakszyk
Jeremy Stacey
Peter Sinfield
Michael Giles
Greg Lake
Ian McDonald
Peter Giles
Gordon Haskell
Andy McCulloch
Boz Burrell
Ian Wallace
Bill Bruford
John Wetton
David Cross
Jamie Muir
Adrian Belew
Trey Gunn
Bill Rieflin
Studio albums
In the Court of the Crimson King
In the Wake of Poseidon
Lizard
Islands
Larks' Tongues in Aspic
Starless and Bible Black
Red
Discipline
Beat
Three of a Perfect Pair
THRAK
The Construkction of Light
The Power to Believe
ProjeKcts albums
Space Groove
Heaven and Earth
A Scarcity of Miracles
Extended plays
VROOOM
Happy with What You Have to Be Happy With
Live albumsStandard release
Earthbound
USA
The Great Deceiver
B'Boom: Live in Argentina
THRaKaTTaK
Epitaph
The Night Watch
Absent Lovers: Live in Montreal
Live in Mexico City
The ProjeKcts
Live at the Jazz Café
Heavy ConstruKction
VROOOM VROOOM
Ladies of the Road
EleKtrik: Live in Japan
Live at the Orpheum
Live in Toronto
Radical Action to Unseat the Hold of Monkey Mind
Live in Chicago
Live in Vienna
Meltdown: Live in Mexico City
Music Is Our Friend: Live in Washington and Albany
Collector's Club
Live at the Marquee
Live at Jacksonville
The Beat Club, Bremen
Live at Cap D'Agde
On Broadway
Live in San Francisco
The Vrooom Sessions
Live at Summit Studios
Live in Central Park, NYC
Live At Moles Club, Bath 1981
Live in Hyde Park
Nashville Rehearsals
Live at Plymouth Guildhall
Live in Mainz
Live in Berkeley, CA
Live in Northampton, MA
Live in Detroit, MI
Live in Nashville
Live at the Zoom Club
The Champaign–Urbana Sessions
Jazz Café Suite
Live in Austin, TX
Rehearsals & Blows
Compilations
A Young Person's Guide to King Crimson
The Compact King Crimson
Heartbeat: The Abbreviated King Crimson
Frame by Frame: The Essential King Crimson
Sleepless: The Concise King Crimson
Cirkus: The Young Persons' Guide to King Crimson Live
The Deception of the Thrush: A Beginners' Guide to ProjeKcts
A Beginners' Guide to the King Crimson Collectors' Club
The Power to Believe Tour Box
The 21st Century Guide to King Crimson Volume One: 1969–1974
The 21st Century Guide to King Crimson Volume Two: 1981–2003
The Condensed 21st Century Guide to King Crimson: 1969–2003
The Elements of King Crimson
Major Box Sets
In the Court of the Crimson King
Larks' Tongues in Aspic
The Road to Red
Starless
THRAK
On (and off) The Road
Sailors' Tales
Heaven & Earth
The Complete 1969 Recordings
Singles
"The Court of the Crimson King"
"Cat Food"
"Epitaph" / "21st Century Schizoid Man"
"Matte Kudasai" / "Elephant Talk"
"Thela Hun Ginjeet"
"Heartbeat"
"Three of a Perfect Pair"
"Sleepless"
"People"
"Sex Sleep Eat Drink Dream"
Other songs
"I Talk to the Wind"
"Moonchild"
"Islands"
"Larks' Tongues in Aspic"
"Fallen Angel"
"Starless"
Videos
Déjà Vrooom
Neal and Jack and Me
Eyes Wide Open
RelatedArticles
Discography
Members
Discipline Global Mobile
In the Court of the Crimson King: King Crimson at 50
Bands
Giles, Giles and Fripp
Yes
McDonald and Giles
Emerson, Lake & Palmer
U.K.
Bruford Levin Upper Extremities
Tuner
HoBoLeMa
Stick Men
TU
21st Century Schizoid Band
Crimson Jazz Trio
Crimson ProjeKct
The Vicar
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/θræk/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"King Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Crimson"},{"link_name":"Virgin Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"mini-album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-album"},{"link_name":"VROOOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrooom"},{"link_name":"Three of a Perfect Pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_of_a_Perfect_Pair"},{"link_name":"Robert Fripp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fripp"},{"link_name":"Adrian Belew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Belew"},{"link_name":"Tony Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Levin"},{"link_name":"Trey Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey_Gunn"},{"link_name":"Bill Bruford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bruford"},{"link_name":"Pat Mastelotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Mastelotto"}],"text":"1995 studio album by King CrimsonTHRAK /θræk/ is the eleventh studio album by the band King Crimson released in 1995 through Virgin Records.[1] It was preceded by the mini-album VROOOM in 1994. It was their first full-length studio album since Three of a Perfect Pair eleven years earlier, and the only full album to feature the \"double trio\" lineup of Robert Fripp, Adrian Belew, Tony Levin, Trey Gunn, Bill Bruford and Pat Mastelotto. It is the group's final studio album to feature Bruford or Levin.","title":"Thrak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Real World Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_World_Studios"},{"link_name":"Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box,_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"David Bottrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bottrill"},{"link_name":"David Sylvian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sylvian"},{"link_name":"The First Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_Day_(David_Sylvian_and_Robert_Fripp_album)"},{"link_name":"VROOOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrooom"},{"link_name":"Woodstock, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock,_New_York"},{"link_name":"The Vrooom Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vrooom_Sessions"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"\"Fashion\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_(David_Bowie_song)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_(King_Crimson_album)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Three of a Perfect Pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_of_a_Perfect_Pair"},{"link_name":"Rehearsals & Blows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehearsals_%26_Blows"}],"text":"THRAK was recorded in late 1994 at Peter Gabriel's Real World Studios in Box, Wiltshire, England, with producer David Bottrill. Bottrill had previously produced Fripp and David Sylvian's 1993 album The First Day, which had featured Trey Gunn as a session player. With the band consisting of two guitarists, two bassists and two drummers, the opening track begins with all six musicians in the center of the audio mix; as the album progresses, they are split into two trios, with one in each stereo channel.\"Sex Sleep Eat Drink Dream\" and \"One Time\" were developed at studio rehearsals for the 1994 mini-album VROOOM in Woodstock, New York, during the spring of 1994. Instrumental outtakes and improvisations from these sessions would later be released as The Vrooom Sessions in 1999. \"Sex Sleep Eat Drink Dream\" developed from the instrumental outtake \"No Questions Asked\".\"Fashionable\" was another instrumental from The Vrooom Sessions that was re-recorded at Real World Studios during the recording of THRAK. It features a guitar line reminiscent of David Bowie's \"Fashion\", on which Fripp played in 1980. Despite being reworked with various additions and refinements by the band members, the piece was ultimately cut from the album.[2]\"VROOOM VROOOM\" incorporates a middle section originally composed by Fripp in 1974 for Red’s instrumental title track.[3] The band also experimented with said section in 1983, while working on Three of a Perfect Pair; evidence of this is the track \"Working on Sleepless\" from the 2016 compilation Rehearsals & Blows.","title":"Recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK Albums Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"5.1 surround sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.1_surround_sound"},{"link_name":"Jakko Jakszyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakko_Jakszyk"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"THRAK BOX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THRAK_(box_set)"}],"text":"First released on 3 April 1995, THRAK reached number 58 in the UK Albums Chart, their most recent release to make the chart.[4] The album was reissued on CD in 2002 in a remastered edition. A significantly different 5.1 surround sound mix by Jakko Jakszyk was released as a CD/DVD-A release in October 2015 for the “40th Anniversary Series”.[5] This edition also featured a reimagined new stereo mix by Fripp and Jakszyk. These two mixes were also included in the 2015 THRAK BOX alongside previously unissued studio and live recordings from the period.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trouser Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouser_Press"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trouser_Press-8"},{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmrev-6"}],"text":"Trouser Press described it as \"an absolute monster, a cerebral sextet adventure stunning in its precisely controlled rock power.\"[8]In a retrospective review of Thrak, Allmusic called King Crimson \"The only progressive rock band from the '60s to be making new, vital, progressive music in the '90s\" and expressed high regard for the various ways they exploited the double trio format on the album. While they noted the album makes a number of nods to previous King Crimson works, they felt that this was a subtle acknowledgment of King Crimson's established fan base rather than a preoccupation with their own past.[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adrian Belew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Belew"},{"link_name":"Robert Fripp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fripp"},{"link_name":"Bill Bruford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bruford"},{"link_name":"Trey Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey_Gunn"},{"link_name":"Tony Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Levin"},{"link_name":"Pat Mastelotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Mastelotto"},{"link_name":"instrumental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental"}],"text":"All lyrics are written by Adrian Belew, except \"Coda: Marine 475\" by Robert Fripp; all music is composed by King Crimson (Belew, Bill Bruford, Fripp, Trey Gunn, Tony Levin and Pat Mastelotto).No.TitleLength1.\"VROOOM\" (instrumental)4:382.\"Coda: Marine 475\"2:423.\"Dinosaur\"6:374.\"Walking on Air\"4:385.\"B'Boom\" (instrumental)4:116.\"THRAK\" (instrumental)3:597.\"Inner Garden I\"1:478.\"People\"5:539.\"Radio I\" (instrumental)0:4410.\"One Time\"5:2111.\"Radio II\" (instrumental)1:0312.\"Inner Garden II\"1:1613.\"Sex Sleep Eat Drink Dream\"4:5014.\"VROOOM VROOOM\" (instrumental)5:5015.\"VROOOM VROOOM: Coda\" (instrumental)3:01","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Fripp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fripp"},{"link_name":"electric guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"},{"link_name":"guitar synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_synthesizer"},{"link_name":"Mellotron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellotron"},{"link_name":"Adrian Belew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Belew"},{"link_name":"Tony Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Levin"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"Chapman Stick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman_Stick"},{"link_name":"electric upright bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_upright_bass"},{"link_name":"Bill Bruford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bruford"},{"link_name":"Trey Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey_Gunn"},{"link_name":"Warr guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warr_Guitar"},{"link_name":"Pat Mastelotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Mastelotto"},{"link_name":"David Bottrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bottrill"}],"text":"King CrimsonRobert Fripp – electric guitar, guitar synthesizer, Mellotron, soundscapes\nAdrian Belew – electric and acoustic guitars, guitar synthesizer, lead vocals\nTony Levin – bass guitar, Chapman Stick, electric upright bass, backing vocals\nBill Bruford – drums, percussion\nTrey Gunn – Chapman Stick, Warr guitar, backing vocals\nPat Mastelotto – drums, percussionTechnical personnelDavid Bottrill – production, recording","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"King Crimson - THRAK Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic, retrieved 29 October 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/thrak-mw0000125655","url_text":"King Crimson - THRAK Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Live, D. G. M. (10 October 2016). \"King Crimson, 30 October, 1994 Fashionable, 1994\". DGM Live. Retrieved 15 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dgmlive.com/albums/30-october-1994-fashionable","url_text":"\"King Crimson, 30 October, 1994 Fashionable, 1994\""}]},{"reference":"Live, D. G. M. (7 November 2016). \"The Double Trio - Robert Fripp\". DGM Live. Retrieved 15 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dgmlive.com/in-depth/the-double-trio-robert-fripp","url_text":"\"The Double Trio - Robert Fripp\""}]},{"reference":"\"King Crimson | Full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 6 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/21481/king-crimson/","url_text":"\"King Crimson | Full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Fripp's DGM Live diary\". Dgmlive.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030532/http://www.dgmlive.com/diaries.htm?entry=15529","url_text":"\"Fripp's DGM Live diary\""},{"url":"http://www.dgmlive.com/diaries.htm?entry=15529","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bambarger, Bradley (19 September 2008). \"King Crimson - THRAK (1995) album review\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 19 September 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080919084153/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/kingcrimson/albums/album/199433/review/6067417/thrak","url_text":"\"King Crimson - THRAK (1995) album review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Grant, Steven; Fleischmann, Mark; Robbins, Ira. \"TrouserPress.com :: King Crimson\". TrouserPress.com. Retrieved 30 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=king_crimson","url_text":"\"TrouserPress.com :: King Crimson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouser_Press","url_text":"TrouserPress.com"}]},{"reference":"Oricon Album Chart Book: Complete Edition 1970–2005 (in Japanese). Roppongi, Tokyo: Oricon Entertainment. 2006. ISBN 4-87131-077-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon Entertainment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-87131-077-9","url_text":"4-87131-077-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/thrak-mw0000125655","external_links_name":"King Crimson - THRAK Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic"},{"Link":"https://www.dgmlive.com/albums/30-october-1994-fashionable","external_links_name":"\"King Crimson, 30 October, 1994 Fashionable, 1994\""},{"Link":"https://www.dgmlive.com/in-depth/the-double-trio-robert-fripp","external_links_name":"\"The Double Trio - Robert Fripp\""},{"Link":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/21481/king-crimson/","external_links_name":"\"King Crimson | Full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030532/http://www.dgmlive.com/diaries.htm?entry=15529","external_links_name":"\"Fripp's DGM Live diary\""},{"Link":"http://www.dgmlive.com/diaries.htm?entry=15529","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/thrak-mw0000125655","external_links_name":"King Crimson - THRAK (1995) album review, credits & releases"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080919084153/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/kingcrimson/albums/album/199433/review/6067417/thrak","external_links_name":"\"King Crimson - THRAK (1995) album review\""},{"Link":"http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=king_crimson","external_links_name":"\"TrouserPress.com :: King Crimson\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-albums-chart/19950409/40/","external_links_name":"\"Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/albums-chart/19950409/7502/","external_links_name":"\"Official Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/King-Crimson/chart-history/TLP","external_links_name":"\"King Crimson Chart History (Billboard 200)\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-albums-chart/20151106/131/","external_links_name":"\"Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/King-Crimson-THRAK/release/402613","external_links_name":"King Crimson - THRAK (1995) album releases & credits"},{"Link":"https://open.spotify.com/album/3qgsEHi1mqPubkwk8UA33Q","external_links_name":"King Crimson - THRAK (1995) album to be listened"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=OLAK5uy_lwE2L44NPzY6toEaacIVMbRmEYc-9ujME","external_links_name":"King Crimson - THRAK (1995) album to be listened"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/e521e3fa-01d8-33d6-aec2-1b5584233e99","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Mullet_Key | Big Mullet Key | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 24°34′45″N 81°55′08″W / 24.579028°N 81.918889°W / 24.579028; -81.918889Island in the Florida Keys, United States
Big Mullet KeyBig Mullet KeyBig Mullet KeyShow map of FloridaBig Mullet KeyBig Mullet Key (Caribbean)Show map of CaribbeanGeographyLocationGulf of MexicoCoordinates24°34′45″N 81°55′08″W / 24.579028°N 81.918889°W / 24.579028; -81.918889ArchipelagoFlorida KeysAdjacent toFlorida StraitsAdministration United StatesStateFloridaCountyMonroe
Big Mullet Key is an island in the Florida Keys in Monroe County, Florida, United States. It is within the boundaries of the Key West National Wildlife Refuge.
Located in the Outlying Islands of the Florida Keys, it is in the northern Mule Keys that are 9 miles (15 km) west of Key West.
References
^ Satellite view from Google Maps
vteFlorida KeysBiscayne National Park
Soldier
Ragged
Boca Chita
Sands
Elliott
Adams
Caesar's Rock
Meig's
Rubicon
Reid
Porgy
Totten
Old Rhodes
Islandia
Upper keys
Key Largo
Island
CDP
North
Tavernier
Plantation
Island
former CDP
Windley
Upper Matecumbe
Tea Table
Indian
Lignumvitae
Lower Matecumbe
Islamorada
Middle keys
Craig
Fiesta
Long
Layton
Conch
Little
Duck Key
Island
CDP
Grassy
Crawl
Little
Long Point
Fat Deer
Vaca
Marathon
Key Colony Beach
Boot
Knights
Lower keys
Pigeon
Money
Little Duck
Missouri
Ohio
Sunshine
Bahia Honda
Spanish Harbor
Scout (West Summerland)
No Name
Big Pine
Torch
Little
Middle
Big
Ramrod
Summerland
Knockemdown
Cudjoe
Sugarloaf
Park
Lower Sugarloaf
Saddlebunch
Shark
Geiger
Big Coppitt
Island
CDP
East Rockland
Rockland
Boca Chica
Raccoon
Stock Island
Island
CDP
Key West
Sigsbee
Fleming
Sunset
Wisteria
Outlying islands
Mule Keys
Mule
Crawfish
Archer
Joe Ingram
Big Mullet
Barracouta
Cottrell
Man
Little Mullet
Ballast
Woman
Boca Grande
Marquesas Keys
Dry Tortugas
Loggerhead Key
Tortugas Banks (submerged)
Areas
Florida Bay
Dry Tortugas National Park
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
National Key Deer Refuge
John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park
Biscayne Bay
Biscayne National Park
Key West National Wildlife Refuge
Great White Heron National Wildlife Refuge
Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Florida Reef
Other topics
Monroe County
Conch Republic
Overseas Highway
Overseas Railroad
Card Sound Bridge
Jewfish Creek Bridge
Seven Mile Bridge
Bahia Honda Rail Bridge
Fort Jefferson
Theater of the Sea
1935 Labor Day hurricane
Hurricane Wilma
Hurricane Irma
Key Deer
Key lime pie
Florida Keys Keynoter
Key West Citizen
This Monroe County, Florida location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florida Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Keys"},{"link_name":"Monroe County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Key West National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_West_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Mule Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mule_Keys"},{"link_name":"Key West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_West,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Island in the Florida Keys, United StatesBig Mullet Key is an island in the Florida Keys in Monroe County, Florida, United States. It is within the boundaries of the Key West National Wildlife Refuge.Located in the Outlying Islands of the Florida Keys, it is in the northern Mule Keys that are 9 miles (15 km) west of Key West.[1]","title":"Big Mullet Key"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Big_Mullet_Key¶ms=24.579028_N_81.918889_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL","external_links_name":"24°34′45″N 81°55′08″W / 24.579028°N 81.918889°W / 24.579028; -81.918889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Big_Mullet_Key¶ms=24.579028_N_81.918889_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL","external_links_name":"24°34′45″N 81°55′08″W / 24.579028°N 81.918889°W / 24.579028; -81.918889"},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?t=h&q=24.579028,-81.918889&ie=UTF8&ll=24.579028,-81.918889&spn=0.451459,0.615234&z=11&iwloc=addr","external_links_name":"Satellite view from Google Maps"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Mullet_Key&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._Sundari_Bai | M. S. Sundari Bai | ["1 Biography","2 Filmography","3 References","4 External links"] | Indian actress and singer
M. S. Sundari BaiBornMadurai Saurashtra Sundari2 March 1923Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.Died12 March 2006(2006-03-12) (aged 83)ChennaiOther namesSundari BaiOccupation(s)Singer, dancer, actressSpouse(s)Kothamangalam Subbu (m.1945-1974) (Until his death)
Madurai Saurashtra Sundari Bai (2 March 1923 – 12 March 2006) was an Indian actress, singer and dancer who worked mainly in Tamil cinema from the 1940s to the 1970s. Sundari Bai was the wife of writer and director Kothamangalam Subbu. Her most notable films include Aadmi (1939), Madanakamarajan (1941), Nandanar (1942), Dasi Aparanji (1944), Kannamma En Kadhali (1945), Miss Malini (1947), Chandralekha (1948), Avvaiyyar (1953), Vanjikottai Valiban (1958), Deivapiravi (1960), Padikkadha Medhai (1960) and Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (1976).
Biography
Sundari Bai was born in Madurai in 1923, and belonged to the Saurashtra community. A family friend persuaded her parents to send her to Bombay (now Mumbai). In the 1930s, she appeared in an advertisement film. When film producer S. S. Vasan bought Krishnaswami Subrahmanyam's MPPC Studio and renamed it Gemini Studios in 1940, Sundari Bai joined Gemini as staff artiste. She appeared in a major role in Gemini's first Tamil production Madanakamarajan (1941). She played a slum girl in Nandanar (1942), while her role as a maid in Dasi Aparanji (1944) elevated her fame. She later fell in love with Kothamangalam Subbu, another member of the Gemini staff who was a writer, actor, and director, and married him. In 1945, Sundari Bai played the lead in Kannamma En Kadhali, a World War II film written by Subbu. In 1947, Gemini produced the critically acclaimed but commercially unsuccessful Miss Malini, written and directed by Subbu, who also played the male lead. Sundari Bai acted and sang two songs in this film that became hits. She later went on to act in various films including Chandralekha, Samsaram, Moondru Pillaigal, Avvaiyar, Valliyin Selvan, Enga Veettu Mahalakshmi, Vanjikottai Valiban, Deivapiravi, Naan Kanda Sorgam, Padikkadha Medhai, Paadhai Theriyudhu Paar and Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal.
Filmography
Madanakamarajan (1941)
Nandanar (1942)
Dasi Aparanji (1944)
Kannamma En Kadhali (1945)
Miss Malini (1947)
Chandralekha (1948)
Moondru Pillaigal (1952)
Mr. Sampat (1952)
Avvaiyyar (1953)
Valliyin Selvan (1955)
Bommai Kalyanam (1958)
Vanjikottai Valiban (1958)
Paththarai Maathu Thangam (1959)
Deivapiravi (1960)
Padikkadha Medhai (1960)
Palum Pazhamum (1961)
Manithan Maravillai (1962)
Annai Illam (1963)
Thulasi Maadam (1963)
Aandavan Kattalai (1964)
Motor Sundaram Pillai (1966)
Selvam (1966)
Pesum Dheivam (1967)
Ooty Varai Uravu (1967)
Galatta Kalyanam (1968)
En Thambi (1968)
Jeevanaamsam (1968)
Kanavan (1968)
Thirudan (1969)
Kanmalar (1970)
Irulum Oliyum (1971)
Thangaikkaaga (1971)
Thenum Paalum (1971)
Uttharavindri Ulle Vaa (1971)
Pillaiyo Pillai (1972)
Arangetram (1973)
Ninaithadhai Mudippavan (1975)
Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (1976)
Nizhal Nijamagiradhu (1978)
References
^ K S Sivakumaran (14 December 2011). "Forgotten Tamil actresses". Daily News. Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
^ a b c d Randor Guy (24 March 2006). "Charming, villainous". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 15 August 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
^ "Aadmi 1939". indiavideo.org. India Video. Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
^ Malathi Rangarajan (11 November 2010). "Emotional recall". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
^ "Madanakamarajan (1941)". The Hindu. 8 October 2009. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
^ "Cinema Plus / Columns : Kannamma En Kaathali 1945". The Hindu. 9 May 2008. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
External links
Sundari Bai at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_cinema"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hindu-2"},{"link_name":"Kothamangalam Subbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kothamangalam_Subbu"},{"link_name":"Aadmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aadmi_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indiavideo-3"},{"link_name":"Madanakamarajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madanakamarajan"},{"link_name":"Nandanar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandanar_(1942_film)"},{"link_name":"Dasi Aparanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasi_Aparanji"},{"link_name":"Kannamma En Kadhali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannamma_En_Kadhali"},{"link_name":"Miss Malini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Malini"},{"link_name":"Chandralekha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandralekha_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"Avvaiyyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avvaiyyar"},{"link_name":"Vanjikottai Valiban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanjikottai_Valiban"},{"link_name":"Deivapiravi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deivapiravi_(1960_film)"},{"link_name":"Padikkadha Medhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padikkadha_Medhai"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sila_Nerangalil_Sila_Manithargal_(1977_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hindu-2"}],"text":"Madurai Saurashtra Sundari Bai (2 March 1923 – 12 March 2006) was an Indian actress, singer and dancer who worked mainly in Tamil cinema from the 1940s to the 1970s.[1][2] Sundari Bai was the wife of writer and director Kothamangalam Subbu. Her most notable films include Aadmi (1939),[3] Madanakamarajan (1941), Nandanar (1942), Dasi Aparanji (1944), Kannamma En Kadhali (1945), Miss Malini (1947), Chandralekha (1948), Avvaiyyar (1953), Vanjikottai Valiban (1958), Deivapiravi (1960), Padikkadha Medhai (1960)[4] and Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (1976).[2]","title":"M. S. Sundari Bai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai"},{"link_name":"Saurashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurashtra_people"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hindu-2"},{"link_name":"S. S. Vasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._S._Vasan"},{"link_name":"Krishnaswami Subrahmanyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnaswami_Subrahmanyam"},{"link_name":"Gemini Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_Studios"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Madanakamarajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madanakamarajan"},{"link_name":"Nandanar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandanar_(1942_film)"},{"link_name":"Dasi Aparanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasi_Aparanji"},{"link_name":"Kothamangalam Subbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kothamangalam_Subbu"},{"link_name":"Kannamma En Kadhali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannamma_En_Kadhali"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Miss Malini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Malini"},{"link_name":"Chandralekha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandralekha_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"Samsaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsaram_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Moondru Pillaigal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moondru_Pillaigal"},{"link_name":"Avvaiyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avvaiyar_(film)"},{"link_name":"Valliyin Selvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valliyin_Selvan"},{"link_name":"Enga Veettu Mahalakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thodi_Kodallu"},{"link_name":"Vanjikottai Valiban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanjikottai_Valiban"},{"link_name":"Deivapiravi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deivapiravi_(1960_film)"},{"link_name":"Naan Kanda Sorgam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naan_Kanda_Sorgam"},{"link_name":"Padikkadha Medhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padikkadha_Medhai"},{"link_name":"Paadhai Theriyudhu Paar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paadhai_Theriyudhu_Paar"},{"link_name":"Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sila_Nerangalil_Sila_Manithargal_(1977_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hindu-2"}],"text":"Sundari Bai was born in Madurai in 1923, and belonged to the Saurashtra community. A family friend persuaded her parents to send her to Bombay (now Mumbai). In the 1930s, she appeared in an advertisement film.[2] When film producer S. S. Vasan bought Krishnaswami Subrahmanyam's MPPC Studio and renamed it Gemini Studios in 1940,[5] Sundari Bai joined Gemini as staff artiste. She appeared in a major role in Gemini's first Tamil production Madanakamarajan (1941). She played a slum girl in Nandanar (1942), while her role as a maid in Dasi Aparanji (1944) elevated her fame. She later fell in love with Kothamangalam Subbu, another member of the Gemini staff who was a writer, actor, and director, and married him. In 1945, Sundari Bai played the lead in Kannamma En Kadhali, a World War II film written by Subbu. In 1947, Gemini produced the critically acclaimed but commercially unsuccessful Miss Malini, written and directed by Subbu, who also played the male lead. Sundari Bai acted and sang two songs in this film that became hits. She later went on to act in various films including Chandralekha, Samsaram, Moondru Pillaigal, Avvaiyar, Valliyin Selvan, Enga Veettu Mahalakshmi, Vanjikottai Valiban, Deivapiravi, Naan Kanda Sorgam, Padikkadha Medhai, Paadhai Theriyudhu Paar and Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madanakamarajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madanakamarajan"},{"link_name":"Nandanar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandanar_(1942_film)"},{"link_name":"Dasi Aparanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasi_Aparanji"},{"link_name":"Kannamma En Kadhali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannamma_En_Kadhali"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Miss Malini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Malini"},{"link_name":"Chandralekha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandralekha_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"Moondru Pillaigal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moondru_Pillaigal"},{"link_name":"Mr. Sampat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Sampat"},{"link_name":"Avvaiyyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avvaiyyar"},{"link_name":"Valliyin Selvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valliyin_Selvan"},{"link_name":"Bommai Kalyanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bommai_Kalyanam"},{"link_name":"Vanjikottai Valiban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanjikottai_Valiban"},{"link_name":"Paththarai Maathu Thangam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paththarai_Maathu_Thangam"},{"link_name":"Deivapiravi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deivapiravi_(1960_film)"},{"link_name":"Padikkadha Medhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padikkadha_Medhai"},{"link_name":"Palum Pazhamum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palum_Pazhamum"},{"link_name":"Manithan Maravillai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manithan_Maravillai_(1962_film)"},{"link_name":"Annai Illam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annai_Illam"},{"link_name":"Thulasi Maadam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulasi_Maadam_(film)"},{"link_name":"Aandavan Kattalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aandavan_Kattalai_(1964_film)"},{"link_name":"Motor Sundaram Pillai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Sundaram_Pillai"},{"link_name":"Selvam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selvam_(1966_film)"},{"link_name":"Pesum Dheivam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesum_Dheivam"},{"link_name":"Ooty Varai Uravu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooty_Varai_Uravu"},{"link_name":"Galatta Kalyanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatta_Kalyanam"},{"link_name":"En Thambi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_Thambi"},{"link_name":"Jeevanaamsam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeevanaamsam_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kanavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanavan"},{"link_name":"Thirudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirudan"},{"link_name":"Irulum Oliyum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irulum_Oliyum"},{"link_name":"Thangaikkaaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thangaikkaaga"},{"link_name":"Thenum Paalum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thenum_Paalum"},{"link_name":"Uttharavindri Ulle Vaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttharavindri_Ulle_Vaa"},{"link_name":"Pillaiyo Pillai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillaiyo_Pillai_(film)"},{"link_name":"Arangetram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arangetram_(1973_film)"},{"link_name":"Ninaithadhai Mudippavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninaithadhai_Mudippavan"},{"link_name":"Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sila_Nerangalil_Sila_Manithargal_(1977_film)"},{"link_name":"Nizhal Nijamagiradhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhal_Nijamagiradhu"}],"text":"Madanakamarajan (1941)\nNandanar (1942)\nDasi Aparanji (1944)\nKannamma En Kadhali (1945)[6]\nMiss Malini (1947)\nChandralekha (1948)\nMoondru Pillaigal (1952)\nMr. Sampat (1952)\nAvvaiyyar (1953)\nValliyin Selvan (1955)\nBommai Kalyanam (1958)\nVanjikottai Valiban (1958)\nPaththarai Maathu Thangam (1959)\nDeivapiravi (1960)\nPadikkadha Medhai (1960)\nPalum Pazhamum (1961)\nManithan Maravillai (1962)\nAnnai Illam (1963)\nThulasi Maadam (1963)\nAandavan Kattalai (1964)\nMotor Sundaram Pillai (1966)\nSelvam (1966)\nPesum Dheivam (1967)\nOoty Varai Uravu (1967)\nGalatta Kalyanam (1968)\nEn Thambi (1968)\nJeevanaamsam (1968)\nKanavan (1968)\nThirudan (1969)\nKanmalar (1970)\nIrulum Oliyum (1971)\nThangaikkaaga (1971)\nThenum Paalum (1971)\nUttharavindri Ulle Vaa (1971)\nPillaiyo Pillai (1972)\nArangetram (1973)\nNinaithadhai Mudippavan (1975)\nSila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal (1976)\nNizhal Nijamagiradhu (1978)","title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"K S Sivakumaran (14 December 2011). \"Forgotten Tamil actresses\". 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Retrieved 3 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/madanakamarajan-1941/article30818.ece","url_text":"\"Madanakamarajan (1941)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161114135641/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/madanakamarajan-1941/article30818.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cinema Plus / Columns : Kannamma En Kaathali 1945\". The Hindu. 9 May 2008. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/kannamma-en-kaathali-1945/article3022882.ece","url_text":"\"Cinema Plus / Columns : Kannamma En Kaathali 1945\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200222151259/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/kannamma-en-kaathali-1945/article3022882.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://archives.dailynews.lk/2011/12/14/art03.asp","external_links_name":"\"Forgotten Tamil actresses\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160222023739/http://archives.dailynews.lk/2011/12/14/art03.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article3217609.ece","external_links_name":"\"Charming, villainous\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140815162422/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article3217609.ece","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.indiavideo.org/cinema/aadmi-v-shantaram-7402.php","external_links_name":"\"Aadmi 1939\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141106144832/http://www.indiavideo.org/cinema/aadmi-v-shantaram-7402.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/emotional-recall/article880086.ece","external_links_name":"\"Emotional recall\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140316052741/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/emotional-recall/article880086.ece","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/madanakamarajan-1941/article30818.ece","external_links_name":"\"Madanakamarajan (1941)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161114135641/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/madanakamarajan-1941/article30818.ece","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/kannamma-en-kaathali-1945/article3022882.ece","external_links_name":"\"Cinema Plus / Columns : Kannamma En Kaathali 1945\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200222151259/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/kannamma-en-kaathali-1945/article3022882.ece","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0839040/","external_links_name":"Sundari Bai"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimaima | Nimaima | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 5°7′34″N 74°23′9″W / 5.12611°N 74.38583°W / 5.12611; -74.38583This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Nimaima" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Municipality and town in Cundinamarca, ColombiaNimaimaMunicipality and town
FlagSealLocation of the municipality and town inside Cundinamarca Department of ColombiaNimaimaLocation in ColombiaCoordinates: 5°7′34″N 74°23′9″W / 5.12611°N 74.38583°W / 5.12611; -74.38583Country ColombiaDepartment CundinamarcaArea • Total59 km2 (23 sq mi)Population (2015) • Total6,679Time zoneUTC-5 (Colombia Standard Time)
Nimaima (Spanish pronunciation: ) is a tourist town in Colombia in the Cundinamarca Department.
References
vteProvinces and Municipalities in Cundinamarca Department Almeidas Province
Chocontá
Machetá
Manta
Sesquilé
Suesca
Tibiritá
Villapinzón
Upper Magdalena Province
Agua de Dios
Girardot
Guataquí
Jerusalén
Nariño
Nilo
Ricaurte
Tocaima
Lower Magdalena Province
Caparrapí
Guaduas
Puerto Salgar
Gualivá Province
Albán
La Peña
La Vega
Nimaima
Nocaima
Quebradanegra
San Francisco
Sasaima
Supatá
Útica
Vergara
Villeta
Guavio Province
Gachalá
Gachetá
Gama
Guasca
Guatavita
Junín
La Calera
Ubalá
Central Magdalena Province
Beltrán
Bituima
Chaguaní
Guayabal de Síquima
Pulí
San Juan de Rioseco
Vianí
Medina Province
Medina
Paratebueno
Eastern Province
Cáqueza
Chipaque
Choachí
Fómeque
Fosca
Guayabetal
Gutiérrez
Quetame
Ubaque
Une
Rionegro Province
El Peñón
La Palma
Pacho
Paime
San Cayetano
Topaipí
Villagómez
Yacopí
Central Savanna Province
Cajicá
Chía
Cogua
Cota
Gachancipá
Nemocón
Sopó
Tabio
Tenjo
Tocancipá
Zipaquirá
Western Savanna Province
Bojacá
El Rosal
Facatativá
Funza
Madrid
Mosquera
Subachoque
Zipacón
Soacha Province
Sibaté
Soacha
Sumapaz Province
Arbeláez
Cabrera
Fusagasugá
Granada
Pandi
Pasca
San Bernardo
Silvania
Tibacuy
Venecia
Tequendama Province
Anapoima
Anolaima
Apulo
Cachipay
El Colegio
La Mesa
Quipile
San Antonio del Tequendama
Tena
Viotá
Ubaté Province
Carmen de Carupa
Cucunubá
Fúquene
Guachetá
Lenguazaque
Simijaca
Susa
Sutatausa
Tausa
Ubaté
Metropolitan Area of Bogotá
Bogotá, Capital District
See also: List of municipalities in Cundinamarca
This Cundinamarca Department location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[niˈnajma]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Cundinamarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cundinamarca_Department"},{"link_name":"Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia"}],"text":"Municipality and town in Cundinamarca, ColombiaNimaima (Spanish pronunciation: [niˈnajma]) is a tourist town in Colombia in the Cundinamarca Department.","title":"Nimaima"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nimaima¶ms=5_7_34_N_74_23_9_W_type:city(6679)_region:CO-CUN","external_links_name":"5°7′34″N 74°23′9″W / 5.12611°N 74.38583°W / 5.12611; -74.38583"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nimaima%22","external_links_name":"\"Nimaima\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nimaima%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nimaima%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nimaima%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nimaima%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nimaima%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nimaima¶ms=5_7_34_N_74_23_9_W_type:city(6679)_region:CO-CUN","external_links_name":"5°7′34″N 74°23′9″W / 5.12611°N 74.38583°W / 5.12611; -74.38583"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nimaima&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Frederikke_M%C3%BCller | Caroline Müller (1755–1826) | ["1 Life","1.1 Career in Denmark","1.2 Career in Sweden","1.3 Roles","2 Legacy","3 References","4 Further reading"] | Swedish opera singer
For the fictional character, see Jack Ryan (character) § Civilian_career.
Caroline MüllerCaroline MüllerBornCaroline Frederikke Halle5 February 1755Copenhagen, Denmark.Died17 November 1826Stockholm, Sweden.Other namesCaroline Halle, Caroline Walther.Spouse(s)Thomas Christian Walther (1774-80), Christian Friedrich Müller (from 1780)
Caroline Frederikke Müller née Halle (5 February 1755 – 17 November 1826) also known as Caroline Walther, was a Danish and later naturalized Swedish opera singer (mezzo-soprano). She was also active as an instructor at the Royal Dramatic Training Academy. She was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music and a Hovsångare.
She was born as Caroline Halle, was known in Denmark as Caroline Walther (1774–80, during her first marriage) and known in Sweden as Caroline Müller (from 1780, after her second marriage).
Life
She was the illegitimate daughter of the ensign Christian Frederik Halle and Johanne Christine Hansdatter. She was the half sister of the actor Ferdinand Lindgreen .
Career in Denmark
Her stepfather Thomas Jespersen was a machinist at the Royal Danish Theatre, and had her enrolled as a student in the Royal Danish Ballet in 1761, at the age of six. Soon, she was also assigned small children's parts at the theater. The theater had not yet an organized theater school, but she was tutored in declamation by Dorothea Biehl and drama by Lisbeth Cathrine Amalie Rose.
She debuted as an actress at the age of thirteen in the role of Pernille in Ludvig Holberg's Den Stundesløse in the season of 1768-69. She made a success and soon became the leading soubrette actress of the theater. In 1771, she made a debut as an opera singer in the main female part of Tronfølgen i Sidon by Giuseppe Sarti. In 1773, the theater organized an opera school, and she was successfully educated in opera singing by Michel Angelo Potenza .
In 1773 she left her abusive mother and the following year, she married the music director and secretary Thomas Christian Walther (1749-1788): the marriage ended in 1775 when he left Denmark, but she was thereafter known as Caroline Walther.
She performed over 124 roles at the opera theater: as a soubrette and tragedienne in theater productions, and in the female leads of the opera. As an opera singer, she also participated in concerts at the royal Danish court. She is considered to have had a great impact on the great age of Danish opera in the 1770s and has been referred to as the "perhaps greatest female stage artist" in Denmark at that time. She was painted by Jens Juel, praised by the poet Johannes Ewald and the Det norske Selskab, and the critic Peder Rosenstand-Goiske wrote: "The fire and emotion, that she understands to give her action, reveal the great genius of her mind."
In 1777, general H. H. von Eickstedt became director of the Royal Danish Theatre. von Eickstedt reportedly undermined her position because he wished to benefit the career of his lover, Catharine Frydendahl, and it is noted how he gave the role in Ewalds Fiskerne, which was written for her, to Frydendahl. The conflict culminated when von Eickstedt refused to give Caroline's lover, the German violinist Christian Friedrich Müller (1752-1827), a position in the theater, ordered him exiled from Denmark and delayed Caroline's divorce. Reportedly, the theater direction feared that they would lose her if she married a foreigner. In 1780, not long after Caroline had finally been granted her divorce, Christian Friedrich Müller left Denmark for Sweden, and soon after, Caroline left Denmark in the guise of a man after her performance as Louise in Desertøren and reunited with him in Gothenburg in Sweden, where they married. They had one child, Caroline (1791).
Career in Sweden
Karolina Müller
In 1780, Caroline Müller was engaged at the Royal Swedish Opera in Bollhuset in Stockholm, where she debuted in Alceste by Glück. Despite her Danish accent, she made a success, and Johan Henric Kellgren wrote: "Yesterday I cried for two hours at the opera, when Alceste was played for the first time: Mrs Müller made her debut. One might say that there had been no performance or an actress in Sweden before."
In 1782, as she was scheduled to perform in the inauguration performance of the new building of the Royal Swedish Opera, Caroline Müller and her spouse suddenly left her contract in Sweden and left for London to escape her creditors. In London, she became the first Danish opera singer to perform outside of the Nordic countries. In 1783, she returned to the Royal Swedish Opera when King Gustav III of Sweden offered her an immunity against her contract crime and raised her salary, and her husband was given a position at the Kungliga Hovkapellet.
When Elisabeth Olin retired in 1784, Müller effectively replaced her as the prima donna of the Royal Swedish Opera, performing in productions written by Italian, French, German and Swedish composers, some of which written by the king, Gustav III. Among her most celebrated parts where Armida and Iphigenie de Thauride by Glück. Her most famous part was arguably the role of Christina Gyllenstierna in Gustav Wasa by Johann Gottlieb Naumann with text by Kellgren and Gustav III and which was referred to as the national opera if Sweden. Her last performance was as Christina Gyllenstierna in Gustav Wasa for the newly elected crown prince Carl Johan Bernadotte in 1810. She was sculptured by J.T. Sergel and a friend of Edvard du Puy and Carl Michael Bellman.
In 1791, she visited Denmark and was present at a performance given to the benefit of her mentor, Lisbeth Cathrine Amalie Rose.
Caroline Müller also took students, and Lars Hjortsberg was among her students. From 1812 to 1815, she was the principal of the Royal Dramatic Training Academy in succession to Sofia Lovisa Gråå, which was a period of expansion and development of the school.
Caroline Müller was appointed Hovsångare and inducted into the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in 1788 (her spouse was also inducted the same year).
Roles
She played the title role in Alceste by Gluck with Carl Stenborg and Kristofer Kristian Karsten (season 1780–81); Anguelique in Roland by Philippe Quinault with Stenborg and Karsten (1781–82); Iphigenie in Iphigénie en Tauride by Gluck with Stenborg and Karsten; Christina Gyllenstierna in Gustaf Vasa by Gustav II composed by Naumann with Stenborg and Karsten (1785–86); Armide in Armide by Quinault with Stenborg and Karsten (1786–87); Christina of Holstein-Gottorp in Gustaf Adolf och Ebba Brahe (Gustav Adolf and Ebba Brahe) by Gustav III with Franziska Stading, Stenborg and Karsten (1787–88); Prosper in Azémia by Nicolas Dalayrac with Abraham de Broen and Karsten (1792–93); Aretea in Alcides inräde in världen (Alcides arrival into the world) by Haeffner with Carl Fredrik Fernstedt and Marie Louise Marcadet; Georgino in La soirée orageuse by Dalayrac with Abraham de Broen and Kjell Waltman; Josef in Les deux petits savoyards by Dalayrac with Kristofer Kristian Karsten and Marie Louise Marcadet (1793–94); Malena in De gamla friarna (The old Suitors) by Dalayrac with Kjell Waltman, Carl Magnus Craelius, Maria Franck and Inga Åberg; Lisette in Renaud d'Ast by Dalayrac with Karsten (1795–96); Colombine in Le tableau parlant by André Grétry with Carolina Kuhlman (1798–99); and Dido in Aeneas in Carthago (Aeneas in Carthage) with Stenborg and Karsten (1799–1800).
Legacy
Carolina Müller
Gustav Löwenhielm mentioned her importance in Swedish theater and opera history in the 19th century, during a discussion about the employment of foreign artists, when he pointed out that several of the artists during the foundation of the Royal Swedish Opera and the Royal Dramatic Theatre had been foreigners: "Is it impossible to engage Mr Berg and Miss Schoultz? - Generally, I can not see how we can elude the employment of half grown foreigners. Gustav III's Swedish national theatre started with the Danish Mrs Müller, the French Mrs Marcadet, the German Mamsell Stading, the German Mrs Augusti and the Polish Mrs Karsten. These ladies occupied our stage and kept it from the foundation of the opera and the premature departure of Mrs Olin in the beginning of the 1780s, until the year of 1800, when the school of Mrs Desguillons had created Mamsell Wässelia cum celeris."
References
^ Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon
^ Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon
^ Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon
^ Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon
^ Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon
^ Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon
^ Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon
^ Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon
^ Österberg, Carin, Lewenhaupt, Inga & Wahlberg, Anna Greta, Svenska kvinnor: föregångare nyskapare, Signum, Lund, 1990
^ Österberg, Carin, Lewenhaupt, Inga & Wahlberg, Anna Greta, Svenska kvinnor: föregångare nyskapare, Signum, Lund, 1990
^ Nordensvan, Georg, Svensk teater och svenska skådespelare från Gustav III till våra dagar. Förra delen, 1772-1842 Bonnier, Stockholm, 1917 (in Swedish)
Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon (in Swedish)
Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon (in Danish)
Österberg, Carin, Lewenhaupt, Inga & Wahlberg, Anna Greta, Svenska kvinnor: föregångare nyskapare, Signum, Lund, 1990 (in Swedish)
Oscar Levertin, Teater och drama under Gustaf III, Albert Bonniers förlag, Stockholm, Fjärde Upplagan (1920). (in Swedish)
Nordensvan, Georg, Svensk teater och svenska skådespelare från Gustav III till våra dagar. Förra delen, 1772-1842, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1917 (Swedish theatre and Swedish actors from the days of Gustav III to our days. First Book 1772-1842). Albert Bonniers Förlag (1917), Stockholm. (in Swedish)
Kungliga teaterns repertoar 1773-1973 , 1974 (in Swedish)
Sohlmans musiklexikon (in Swedish)
Further reading
Carolina Frederikke Müller 1763-02-05 — 1826-11-17 at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Netherlands
Artists
KulturNav | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Ryan (character) § Civilian_career","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ryan_(character)#Civilian_career"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"opera singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_singer"},{"link_name":"mezzo-soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzo-soprano"},{"link_name":"Royal Dramatic Training Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dramatic_Training_Academy"},{"link_name":"Royal Swedish Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Hovsångare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovs%C3%A5ngare"}],"text":"For the fictional character, see Jack Ryan (character) § Civilian_career.Caroline Frederikke Müller née Halle (5 February 1755 – 17 November 1826) also known as Caroline Walther, was a Danish and later naturalized Swedish opera singer (mezzo-soprano). She was also active as an instructor at the Royal Dramatic Training Academy. She was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music and a Hovsångare.She was born as Caroline Halle, was known in Denmark as Caroline Walther (1774–80, during her first marriage) and known in Sweden as Caroline Müller (from 1780, after her second marriage).","title":"Caroline Müller (1755–1826)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ferdinand Lindgreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Lindgreen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12311213#sitelinks-wikipedia"}],"text":"She was the illegitimate daughter of the ensign Christian Frederik Halle and Johanne Christine Hansdatter. She was the half sister of the actor Ferdinand Lindgreen [Wikidata].","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Danish Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Royal Danish Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Biehl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Biehl"},{"link_name":"Lisbeth Cathrine Amalie Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbeth_Cathrine_Amalie_Rose"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ludvig Holberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_Holberg"},{"link_name":"soubrette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soubrette"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Sarti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Sarti"},{"link_name":"Michel Angelo Potenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michel_Angelo_Potenza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12327026#sitelinks-wikipedia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jens Juel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Juel_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Johannes Ewald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Ewald"},{"link_name":"Det norske Selskab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_norske_Selskab"},{"link_name":"Peder Rosenstand-Goiske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peder_Rosenstand-Goiske"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Catharine Frydendahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharine_Frydendahl"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Career in Denmark","text":"Her stepfather Thomas Jespersen was a machinist at the Royal Danish Theatre, and had her enrolled as a student in the Royal Danish Ballet in 1761, at the age of six. Soon, she was also assigned small children's parts at the theater. The theater had not yet an organized theater school, but she was tutored in declamation by Dorothea Biehl and drama by Lisbeth Cathrine Amalie Rose.[1]She debuted as an actress at the age of thirteen in the role of Pernille in Ludvig Holberg's Den Stundesløse in the season of 1768-69. She made a success and soon became the leading soubrette actress of the theater.[2] In 1771, she made a debut as an opera singer in the main female part of Tronfølgen i Sidon by Giuseppe Sarti. In 1773, the theater organized an opera school, and she was successfully educated in opera singing by Michel Angelo Potenza [Wikidata].In 1773 she left her abusive mother and the following year, she married the music director and secretary Thomas Christian Walther (1749-1788): the marriage ended in 1775 when he left Denmark, but she was thereafter known as Caroline Walther.She performed over 124 roles at the opera theater: as a soubrette and tragedienne in theater productions, and in the female leads of the opera. As an opera singer, she also participated in concerts at the royal Danish court. She is considered to have had a great impact on the great age of Danish opera in the 1770s and has been referred to as the \"perhaps greatest female stage artist\" in Denmark at that time.[3] She was painted by Jens Juel, praised by the poet Johannes Ewald and the Det norske Selskab, and the critic Peder Rosenstand-Goiske wrote: \"The fire and emotion, that she understands to give her action, reveal the great genius of her mind.\"[4]In 1777, general H. H. von Eickstedt became director of the Royal Danish Theatre. von Eickstedt reportedly undermined her position because he wished to benefit the career of his lover, Catharine Frydendahl, and it is noted how he gave the role in Ewalds Fiskerne, which was written for her, to Frydendahl.[5] The conflict culminated when von Eickstedt refused to give Caroline's lover, the German violinist Christian Friedrich Müller (1752-1827), a position in the theater, ordered him exiled from Denmark and delayed Caroline's divorce.[6] Reportedly, the theater direction feared that they would lose her if she married a foreigner. In 1780, not long after Caroline had finally been granted her divorce, Christian Friedrich Müller left Denmark for Sweden, and soon after, Caroline left Denmark in the guise of a man after her performance as Louise in Desertøren and reunited with him in Gothenburg in Sweden, where they married.[7] They had one child, Caroline (1791).","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:151-Karolina_M%C3%BCller-Svenska_teatern_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Swedish Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Opera"},{"link_name":"Bollhuset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollhuset"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Johan Henric Kellgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Henric_Kellgren"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Gustav III of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Kungliga Hovkapellet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungliga_Hovkapellet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Olin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Olin"},{"link_name":"prima donna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_donna"},{"link_name":"Glück","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BCck"},{"link_name":"Christina Gyllenstierna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Gyllenstierna"},{"link_name":"Carl Johan Bernadotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Johan_Bernadotte"},{"link_name":"Edvard du Puy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_du_Puy"},{"link_name":"Carl Michael Bellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Michael_Bellman"},{"link_name":"Lars Hjortsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Hjortsberg"},{"link_name":"Royal Dramatic Training Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dramatic_Training_Academy"},{"link_name":"Sofia Lovisa Gråå","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Lovisa_Gr%C3%A5%C3%A5"},{"link_name":"Hovsångare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovs%C3%A5ngare"},{"link_name":"Royal Swedish Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Career in Sweden","text":"Karolina MüllerIn 1780, Caroline Müller was engaged at the Royal Swedish Opera in Bollhuset in Stockholm, where she debuted in Alceste by Glück. Despite her Danish accent, she made a success, and Johan Henric Kellgren wrote: \"Yesterday I cried for two hours at the opera, when Alceste was played for the first time: Mrs Müller made her debut. One might say that there had been no performance or an actress in Sweden before.\"[8]In 1782, as she was scheduled to perform in the inauguration performance of the new building of the Royal Swedish Opera, Caroline Müller and her spouse suddenly left her contract in Sweden and left for London to escape her creditors. In London, she became the first Danish opera singer to perform outside of the Nordic countries. In 1783, she returned to the Royal Swedish Opera when King Gustav III of Sweden offered her an immunity against her contract crime and raised her salary, and her husband was given a position at the Kungliga Hovkapellet.[9]When Elisabeth Olin retired in 1784, Müller effectively replaced her as the prima donna of the Royal Swedish Opera, performing in productions written by Italian, French, German and Swedish composers, some of which written by the king, Gustav III. Among her most celebrated parts where Armida and Iphigenie de Thauride by Glück. Her most famous part was arguably the role of Christina Gyllenstierna in Gustav Wasa by Johann Gottlieb Naumann with text by Kellgren and Gustav III and which was referred to as the national opera if Sweden. Her last performance was as Christina Gyllenstierna in Gustav Wasa for the newly elected crown prince Carl Johan Bernadotte in 1810. She was sculptured by J.T. Sergel and a friend of Edvard du Puy and Carl Michael Bellman.In 1791, she visited Denmark and was present at a performance given to the benefit of her mentor, Lisbeth Cathrine Amalie Rose.Caroline Müller also took students, and Lars Hjortsberg was among her students. From 1812 to 1815, she was the principal of the Royal Dramatic Training Academy in succession to Sofia Lovisa Gråå, which was a period of expansion and development of the school.Caroline Müller was appointed Hovsångare and inducted into the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in 1788 (her spouse was also inducted the same year).[10]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alceste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alceste_(Gluck)"},{"link_name":"Gluck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck"},{"link_name":"Carl Stenborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Stenborg"},{"link_name":"Kristofer Kristian Karsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoffer_Christian_Karsten"},{"link_name":"Philippe Quinault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Quinault"},{"link_name":"Iphigénie en Tauride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphig%C3%A9nie_en_Tauride"},{"link_name":"Christina Gyllenstierna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Gyllenstierna"},{"link_name":"Quinault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Quinault"},{"link_name":"Christina of Holstein-Gottorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_of_Holstein-Gottorp"},{"link_name":"Franziska Stading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franziska_Stading"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Dalayrac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Dalayrac"},{"link_name":"Abraham de Broen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_de_Broen"},{"link_name":"Marie Louise Marcadet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Louise_Marcadet"},{"link_name":"Les deux petits savoyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_deux_petits_savoyards"},{"link_name":"Maria Franck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Franck"},{"link_name":"Inga Åberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inga_%C3%85berg"},{"link_name":"Le tableau parlant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_tableau_parlant"},{"link_name":"André Grétry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gr%C3%A9try"},{"link_name":"Carolina Kuhlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Kuhlman"}],"sub_title":"Roles","text":"She played the title role in Alceste by Gluck with Carl Stenborg and Kristofer Kristian Karsten (season 1780–81); Anguelique in Roland by Philippe Quinault with Stenborg and Karsten (1781–82); Iphigenie in Iphigénie en Tauride by Gluck with Stenborg and Karsten; Christina Gyllenstierna in Gustaf Vasa by Gustav II composed by Naumann with Stenborg and Karsten (1785–86); Armide in Armide by Quinault with Stenborg and Karsten (1786–87); Christina of Holstein-Gottorp in Gustaf Adolf och Ebba Brahe (Gustav Adolf and Ebba Brahe) by Gustav III with Franziska Stading, Stenborg and Karsten (1787–88); Prosper in Azémia by Nicolas Dalayrac with Abraham de Broen and Karsten (1792–93); Aretea in Alcides inräde in världen (Alcides arrival into the world) by Haeffner with Carl Fredrik Fernstedt and Marie Louise Marcadet; Georgino in La soirée orageuse by Dalayrac with Abraham de Broen and Kjell Waltman; Josef in Les deux petits savoyards by Dalayrac with Kristofer Kristian Karsten and Marie Louise Marcadet (1793–94); Malena in De gamla friarna (The old Suitors) by Dalayrac with Kjell Waltman, Carl Magnus Craelius, Maria Franck and Inga Åberg; Lisette in Renaud d'Ast by Dalayrac with Karsten (1795–96); Colombine in Le tableau parlant by André Grétry with Carolina Kuhlman (1798–99); and Dido in Aeneas in Carthago (Aeneas in Carthage) with Stenborg and Karsten (1799–1800).","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caroline_Walter_by_Kleve.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gustav Löwenhielm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_L%C3%B6wenhielm"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Mrs Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Frederikke_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Mrs Marcadet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Louise_Marcadet"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Mamsell Stading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franziska_Stading"},{"link_name":"Mrs Augusti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovisa_Augusti"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Mrs Karsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Stebnowska"},{"link_name":"Mrs Olin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Olin"},{"link_name":"Mrs Desguillons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Marie_Milan_Desguillons"},{"link_name":"Mamsell Wässelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanette_W%C3%A4sselius"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nordensvan,_Georg-11"}],"text":"Carolina MüllerGustav Löwenhielm mentioned her importance in Swedish theater and opera history in the 19th century, during a discussion about the employment of foreign artists, when he pointed out that several of the artists during the foundation of the Royal Swedish Opera and the Royal Dramatic Theatre had been foreigners:\"Is it impossible to engage Mr Berg and Miss Schoultz? - Generally, I can not see how we can elude the employment of half grown foreigners. Gustav III's Swedish national theatre started with the Danish Mrs Müller, the French Mrs Marcadet, the German Mamsell Stading, the German Mrs Augusti and the Polish Mrs Karsten. These ladies occupied our stage and kept it from the foundation of the opera and the premature departure of Mrs Olin in the beginning of the 1780s, until the year of 1800, when the school of Mrs Desguillons had created Mamsell Wässelia cum celeris.\"[11]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carolina Frederikke Müller 1763-02-05 — 1826-11-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.skbl.se/en/article/CarolinaFrederikkeMuller"},{"link_name":"Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenskt_kvinnobiografiskt_lexikon"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4989312#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000390033537"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/283591073"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd3QVXwRCVMjWXgWgcMfq"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1052371000"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070737355"},{"link_name":"KulturNav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//kulturnav.org/ad56e2ae-9500-41d7-8975-d7515bc1cb8e"}],"text":"Carolina Frederikke Müller 1763-02-05 — 1826-11-17 at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikonAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nNetherlands\nArtists\nKulturNav","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Karolina Müller","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/151-Karolina_M%C3%BCller-Svenska_teatern_1.jpg/220px-151-Karolina_M%C3%BCller-Svenska_teatern_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Carolina Müller","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Caroline_Walter_by_Kleve.jpg/220px-Caroline_Walter_by_Kleve.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://runeberg.org/sbh/b0157.html","external_links_name":"Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon"},{"Link":"http://www.kvinfo.dk/side/597/bio/1368/origin/170/","external_links_name":"Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon"},{"Link":"http://www.skbl.se/en/article/CarolinaFrederikkeMuller","external_links_name":"Carolina Frederikke Müller 1763-02-05 — 1826-11-17"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000390033537","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/283591073","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJd3QVXwRCVMjWXgWgcMfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1052371000","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070737355","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"http://kulturnav.org/ad56e2ae-9500-41d7-8975-d7515bc1cb8e","external_links_name":"KulturNav"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum_Fashion_Mall | Platinum Fashion Mall | ["1 Floor Directory","2 Operating Hours","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 13°45′0″N 100°32′22″E / 13.75000°N 100.53944°E / 13.75000; 100.53944The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for geographic features. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Platinum Fashion Mall" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Shopping mall in Bangkok, ThailandPlatinum Fashion MallLocationPratunam, Bangkok, ThailandCoordinates13°45′0″N 100°32′22″E / 13.75000°N 100.53944°E / 13.75000; 100.53944AddressPhetchaburi RoadOpening date2000No. of anchor tenants6
The Platinum Fashion Mall is a five billion baht (100 million euro) shopping mall in Pratunam, Bangkok, Thailand, which specializes in fashion clothes and accessories retail and wholesale. It is a six-storey complex with an 11-storey condominium building above the complex.
The mall is located on Phetchaburi Road, next to Pantip Plaza and opposite Pratunam Complex, a 14-storey mall. It is also near CentralWorld. Platinum 2, on the grounds next to Platinum 1, was completed in March 2011.
Platinum Fashion Mall consists of 7 floors of shopping floors (named from basement floor- Ginza, Soho, Oxford, Nathan, Camden, Orchard and Food Center).
Floor Directory
Ginza (Basement Floor)
Jeans & Fashion Clothes
Soho (1st Floor)
Information Counter & Women Fashion Clothes
Oxford (2nd Floor)
Women Fashion Clothes
Nathan (3rd Floor)
Women & Men Fashion Clothes
Camden (4th Floor)
Men Fashion Clothes & Leathers
Orchard (5th Floor)
Children, Leathers & Accessories
Food Center (6th Floor)
Food & Beverage, Mobile Accessories & Souvenirs
7th-10th Floor
Car park & cargo
11th Floor
Inventory store and the Platinum Fashion Mall office
ชั้น 12-23
The Platinum condominium
The mall are separated into 3 zones (Zone 1,2&3), and each row of shoplots are clearly marked (to easily navigate around the building). Information Counters are located at each entrances of the mall. ATMs and mobile top-up machines are available everywhere in the mall.
Operating Hours
Monday, Tuesday, Thursday & Friday : 09:00 till 20:00
Saturday, Sunday & Wednesday : 08:00 till 20:00
See also
List of shopping malls in Bangkok
List of shopping malls in Thailand
References
^ Asia Web, Platinum Fashion Mall
^ "Home". platinumfashionmall.com.
External links
Platinum Fashion Mall
Hotels near Platinum Fashion Mall
vteShopping malls & entertainment centers in Bangkok & Perimeter
Amarin Plaza
BigC
Central Chidlom
Central Ladprao
Central Plaza Bangna
Central Plaza Chaengwattana
Central Plaza Grand Rama IX
Central Plaza Pinklao
Central Plaza Rama II
Central Plaza Rama III
Central Ramindra
Central WestGate
Central World
Emporium
EmQuartier
Esplanade
Fashion Island
Future Park Rangsit
Gaysorn Village
Iconsiam
Index Living Mall
Interchange21 Mall
Jewelry Trade Center
J.J Mall
MBK Center
MBK Fight Night
Number One Plaza
Pantip Plaza
Palladium Square
Paradise Park
Platinum Fashion Mall
River City Shopping Complex
Samyan Mitrtown
Seacon Square Srinakarin
Seacon Bangkae
Siam Center
Siam Discovery Center
Siam Paragon
Terminal 21
Union Mall
vte Shopping malls in ThailandBangkok &PerimeterCentralGroup
Central Chidlom
Central Embassy
Central World
Central Bangna
Central Chaengwattana
Central Rama 9
Central Ladprao
Central Pinklao
Central Rama 2
Central Rama 3
Central Ramindra
Central Rattanathibet
Central WestGate
Central Salaya
Central EastVille
CentralWorld
Central Village
The Esplanade
Mega Bangna
Central WestVille
Dusit Central Park (Project)
Robinson Lifestyle Center
Others
Amarin Plaza
Asiatique
Emporium
EmQuartier
Fashion Island
Future Park Rangsit
Gaysorn Village
Iconsiam
Interchange21
J.J Mall
MBK Center
Palladium World
Pantip Plaza
Paradise Park
Platinum Fashion Mall
River City Shopping Complex
Samyan Mitrtown
Seacon Bangkae
Seacon Square
Siam Center
Siam Paragon
Siam Square
Terminal 21
Union Mall
M Lifestore Thaphra
M Lifestore Ngamwongwan
M Lifestore Bangkabi
M Lifestore Bangkae
ElsewhereCentralGroup
Central Pattaya
Central Marina (Pattaya)
Central Chiang Mai Airport
Central Chiang Rai
Central Chonburi
Central Khon Kaen
Central Nakhon Ratchasima
Central Nakhon Si
Central Phitsanulok
Central Mahachai
Central Suratthani
Central Udon
Central Lampang
Central Rayong
Central Ubon
Central Chiang Mai
Central Hatyai
Central Samui
Central Phuket
Central Korat
Central Si Racha
Central Ayutthaya
Central Chanthaburi
Central Nakhon Sawan
Central Nakhon Pathom
Central Krabi (Project)
Tops Plaza
Robinson Lifestyle Center
Others
Bluport Hua Hin
Hua Hin Market Village
Jewelry Trade Center
Klang Plaza
The Mall Nakhon Ratchasima
Mike Shopping Mall
Terminal 21 Korat
Terminal 21 Pattaya
See also: List of largest shopping malls in Thailand | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_baht"},{"link_name":"shopping mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall"},{"link_name":"Pratunam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratunam"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pantip Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantip_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Pratunam Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pratunam_Complex&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CentralWorld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CentralWorld"}],"text":"Shopping mall in Bangkok, ThailandThe Platinum Fashion Mall is a five billion baht (100 million euro) shopping mall in Pratunam, Bangkok, Thailand, which specializes in fashion clothes and accessories retail and wholesale.[1] It is a six-storey complex with an 11-storey condominium building above the complex.The mall is located on Phetchaburi Road, next to Pantip Plaza and opposite Pratunam Complex, a 14-storey mall. It is also near CentralWorld. Platinum 2, on the grounds next to Platinum 1, was completed in March 2011.Platinum Fashion Mall consists of 7 floors of shopping floors (named from basement floor- Ginza, Soho, Oxford, Nathan, Camden, Orchard and Food Center).","title":"Platinum Fashion Mall"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The mall are separated into 3 zones (Zone 1,2&3), and each row of shoplots are clearly marked (to easily navigate around the building). Information Counters are located at each entrances of the mall. ATMs and mobile top-up machines are available everywhere in the mall.","title":"Floor Directory"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Monday, Tuesday, Thursday & Friday : 09:00 till 20:00\nSaturday, Sunday & Wednesday : 08:00 till 20:00","title":"Operating Hours"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of shopping malls in Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Bangkok"},{"title":"List of shopping malls in Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Thailand"}] | [{"reference":"\"Home\". platinumfashionmall.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.platinumfashionmall.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Platinum_Fashion_Mall¶ms=13_45_0_N_100_32_22_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"13°45′0″N 100°32′22″E / 13.75000°N 100.53944°E / 13.75000; 100.53944"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Platinum+Fashion+Mall%22","external_links_name":"\"Platinum Fashion Mall\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Platinum+Fashion+Mall%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Platinum+Fashion+Mall%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Platinum+Fashion+Mall%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Platinum+Fashion+Mall%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Platinum+Fashion+Mall%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Platinum_Fashion_Mall¶ms=13_45_0_N_100_32_22_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"13°45′0″N 100°32′22″E / 13.75000°N 100.53944°E / 13.75000; 100.53944"},{"Link":"http://www.bangkok.com/shopping-mall/index.html#platinum-fashion-mall-bangkok","external_links_name":"Asia Web, Platinum Fashion Mall"},{"Link":"http://www.platinumfashionmall.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.platinumfashionmall.com/","external_links_name":"Platinum Fashion Mall"},{"Link":"http://platinumfashionmallbangkok.com/hotels-near-platinum-mall-bangkok/","external_links_name":"Hotels near Platinum Fashion Mall"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyLine_(Frankfurt) | SkyLine (Frankfurt) | ["1 Stations","2 References","3 External links"] | "SkyLine" redirects here. For other uses, see skyline (disambiguation).
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SkyLineOverviewStations3ServiceRolling stockBombardier CX-100Ridership10,000,000 journeys per yearHistoryOpened1994TechnicalLine length3.8 km (2.4 mi)Operating speed52 km/h (32 mph)
Route map
Legend
Terminal 1 (A/Z gates)
Terminal 1 (B gates)
Terminal 1
(planned)
Terminal 1 (C gates)
Terminal 2 (D/E gates)
Depot
Depot
Terminal 3
(planned)
SkyLine is a free automatic people mover system at Frankfurt Airport which opened 1994. Using Bombardier CX-100 coaches, the line links the two airport terminals within 8 minutes.
The line has a headway from 90 seconds. The 60 million annual passengers of the airport and its 75,000 employees generate an annual traffic of 10 million journeys on Skyline.
Stations
The original SkyLine route serves four stations:
Terminal 1, Concourse A, Z
Terminal 1, Concourse B (access to buses, long-distance train station and regional train station)
Terminal 1, Concourse C (only for non-Schengen passengers)
Terminal 2
The future SkyLine route will also serve four stations:
Terminal 1 (access to buses, long-distance train station and regional train station)
Terminal 1, Concourse C (future infill station)
Terminal 2
Terminal 3
When the future SkyLine route opens, there will be a direct connection between the two lines at Terminal 2 station, with a second connection at Terminal 1, Concourse C expected to be added in the future.
References
^ "Sky Line People Mover - Frankfurt Airport - Terminal 3". terminal3.frankfurt-airport.com. Retrieved 2023-11-22.
External links
Germany portalAviation portal
Media related to Frankfurt Skyline at Wikimedia Commons
This article about transport in Germany is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This airport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"skyline (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyline_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport"},{"link_name":"Bombardier CX-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Innovia_APM_100"}],"text":"\"SkyLine\" redirects here. For other uses, see skyline (disambiguation).SkyLine is a free automatic people mover system at Frankfurt Airport which opened 1994. Using Bombardier CX-100 coaches, the line links the two airport terminals within 8 minutes.The line has a headway from 90 seconds. The 60 million annual passengers of the airport and its 75,000 employees generate an annual traffic of 10 million journeys on Skyline.","title":"SkyLine (Frankfurt)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"long-distance train station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Flughafen_Fernbahnhof"},{"link_name":"regional train station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport_regional_station"}],"text":"The original SkyLine route serves four stations:[1]Terminal 1, Concourse A, Z\nTerminal 1, Concourse B (access to buses, long-distance train station and regional train station)\nTerminal 1, Concourse C (only for non-Schengen passengers)\nTerminal 2The future SkyLine route will also serve four stations:Terminal 1 (access to buses, long-distance train station and regional train station)\nTerminal 1, Concourse C (future infill station)\nTerminal 2\nTerminal 3When the future SkyLine route opens, there will be a direct connection between the two lines at Terminal 2 station, with a second connection at Terminal 1, Concourse C expected to be added in the future.","title":"Stations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Sky Line People Mover - Frankfurt Airport - Terminal 3\". terminal3.frankfurt-airport.com. Retrieved 2023-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://terminal3.frankfurt-airport.com/en/sky-line-people-mover","url_text":"\"Sky Line People Mover - Frankfurt Airport - Terminal 3\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22SkyLine%22+Frankfurt","external_links_name":"\"SkyLine\" Frankfurt"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22SkyLine%22+Frankfurt+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22SkyLine%22+Frankfurt&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22SkyLine%22+Frankfurt+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22SkyLine%22+Frankfurt","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22SkyLine%22+Frankfurt&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://terminal3.frankfurt-airport.com/en/sky-line-people-mover","external_links_name":"\"Sky Line People Mover - Frankfurt Airport - Terminal 3\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SkyLine_(Frankfurt)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SkyLine_(Frankfurt)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilaginous_versus_bony_fishes | Osteichthyes | ["1 Characteristics","2 Classification","3 Phylogeny","4 Biology","5 Examples","6 Comparison with cartilaginous fishes","7 See also","8 References","9 Sources"] | Diverse group of fish with skeletons of bone rather than cartilage
OsteichthyesTemporal range: Late Silurian–Present, 425–0 Ma
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Example of Osteichthyes: Queensland lungfish and West Indian Ocean coelacanth (two Sarcopterygii), iridescent shark and American black sturgeon (two Actinopterygii)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Subphylum:
Vertebrata
Infraphylum:
Gnathostomata
Clade:
Eugnathostomata
Clade:
Teleostomi
Superclass:
OsteichthyesHuxley, 1880
Classes
†Ligulalepis
†Dialipina
†Andreolepis
†Lophosteus
?†"Psarolepids"
Guiyu
Sparalepis
Psarolepis
Achoania
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish, including tetrapods)
Osteichthyes (/ˌɒstiːˈɪkθi.iːz/), also known as osteichthyans or commonly referred to as the bony fish, is a diverse superclass of vertebrate animals that have endoskeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. They can be contrasted with the Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) and the extinct placoderms and acanthodians, which have endoskeletons primarily composed of cartilage. The vast majority of extant fish are members of Osteichthyes, being an extremely diverse and abundant group consisting of 45 orders, over 435 families and 28,000 species. It is the largest class of vertebrates in existence today, encompassing most aquatic vertebrates, as well as all semi-aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates.
The group is divided into two main clades, the ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii, which makes up the vast majority of extant fish) and the lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii, which gave rise to all land vertebrates, i.e. tetrapods). The oldest known fossils of bony fish are about 425 million years old from the late Silurian, which are also transitional fossils showing a tooth pattern that is in between the tooth rows of sharks and true bony fishes. Despite the name, these early basal bony fish had not yet evolved ossification and their skeletons were still mostly cartilaginous, and the main distinguishing feature that set them apart from other fish clades were the development of foregut pouchs that eventually evolved into the swim bladders and lungs, respectively.
Osteichthyes can be compared to Euteleostomi. In paleontology the terms are synonymous. In ichthyology the difference is that Euteleostomi presents a cladistic view which includes the terrestrial tetrapods that evolved from lobe-finned fish. Until recently, the view of most ichthyologists has been that Osteichthyes were paraphyletic and include only fishes. However, since 2013 widely cited ichthyology papers have been published with phylogenetic trees that treat the Osteichthyes as a clade including tetrapods.
Characteristics
Guiyu oneiros, the earliest known bony fish, lived during the Late Silurian, 425 million years ago. It has a combination of both ray-finned and lobe-finned features.
Bony fish are characterized by a relatively stable pattern of cranial bones, rooted, medial insertion of mandibular muscle in the lower jaw. The head and pectoral girdles are covered with large dermal bones. The eyeball is supported by a sclerotic ring of four small bones, but this characteristic has been lost or modified in many modern species. The labyrinth in the inner ear contains large otoliths. The braincase, or neurocranium, is frequently divided into anterior and posterior sections divided by a fissure.
Early bony fish had simple respiratory diverticula (an outpouching on either side of the esophagus) which helped them breathe air in low-oxygen water as a form of supplementary enteral respiration. In ray-finned fish these have evolved into swim bladders, the changing sizes of which help to alter the body's specific density and buoyancy. In elpistostegalians, a crown group of lobe-finned fish that gave rise to the land-dwelling tetrapods, these respiratory diverticula became further specialized for obligated air breathing and evolved into the modern amphibian, reptilian, avian and mammalian lungs. Early bony fish did not have fin spines like most modern fish, but instead had the fleshy paddle-like fins similar other non-bony clades of fish, although the lobe-finned fish evolved articulated appendicular skeletons within their paired fins, which gave rise to tetrapods' limbs. They also evolved a pair of opercula (gill covers), which can actively draw water across the gills so they can breathe without having to swim.
Bony fish do not have placoid scales like cartilaginous fish, instead they consist of three types of scales that do not penetrate the epidermis in the process. The three categories of scales for Osteichthyes which are cosmoid scales, ganoid scales, teleost scales. The teleost scales are also then divided into two subgroups which are the cycloid scales, and the ctenoid scales. All these scales have a base of bone that they all originate from, the only difference is that the teleost scales only have one layer of bone. Ganoid scales have lamellar bone, and vascular bone that lies on top of the lamellar bone, then enamel lies on top of both layers of bone. Cosmoid scales have the same two layers of bone that ganoid scales have expect they gave dentin in-between the enamel and vascular bone and lamellar (vascular and lamellar two subcategories for bone found in scales). All these scales are found underneath the epidermis and do not break the epidermis of the fish. Unlike the placoid scales that poke through the epidermis of the fish.
Classification
See also: Evolution of fish and List of prehistoric bony fish genera
...it is increasingly widely accepted that tetrapods, including ourselves, are simply modified bony fishes, and so we are comfortable with using the taxon Osteichthyes as a clade, which now includes all tetrapods...
Fishes of the World (5th ed)
Traditionally, Osteichthyes was considered a class, recognised on the presence of a swim bladder, only three pairs of gill arches hidden behind a bony operculum, and a predominantly bony skeleton. Under this classification system, Osteichthyes was considered paraphyletic with regard to land vertebrates, as the common ancestor of all osteichthyans includes tetrapods amongst its descendants. While the largest subclass, Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish), is monophyletic, with the inclusion of the smaller sub-class Sarcopterygii, Osteichthyes was regarded as paraphyletic.
This has led to the current cladistic classification which splits the Osteichthyes into two full classes. Under this scheme Osteichthyes is monophyletic, as it includes the tetrapods making it a synonym of the clade Euteleostomi. Most bony fish belong to the ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii).
Actinopterygii
ray-finned fish
Actinopterygii, members of which are known as ray-finned fishes, is a class or subclass of the bony fishes. The ray-finned fishes are so called because they possess lepidotrichia or "fin rays", their fins being webs of skin supported by bony or horny spines ("rays"), as opposed to the fleshy, lobed fins that characterize the class Sarcopterygii which also possess lepidotrichia. These actinopterygian fin rays attach directly to the proximal or basal skeletal elements, the radials, which represent the link or connection between these fins and the internal skeleton (e.g., pelvic and pectoral girdles). In terms of numbers, actinopterygians are the dominant class of vertebrates, comprising nearly 99% of the over 30,000 species of fish (Davis, Brian 2010). They are ubiquitous throughout freshwater and marine environments from the deep sea to the highest mountain streams. Extant species can range in size from Paedocypris, at 8 mm (0.3 in), to the massive ocean sunfish, at 2,300 kg (5,070 lb), and the long-bodied oarfish, to at least 11 m (36 ft).
Sarcopterygii
lobe-finned fish
Sarcopterygii (fleshy fin), members of which are known as lobe-finned fish, is a group of the bony fishes. Traditionally, it is a class or subclass that excludes Tetrapoda, a group of typically terrestrial vertebrates that descends from lobe-finned fish. However, under modern cladistic classification schemes, Sarcopterygii is a clade that includes the tetrapods. The living sarcopterygians are the coelacanths, lungfish, and the tetrapods. Early lobe-finned fishes had fleshy, lobed, paired fins, joined to the body by a single bone. Their fins differ from those of all other fish in that each is borne on a fleshy, lobelike, scaly stalk extending from the body. Pectoral and pelvic fins have articulations resembling those of tetrapod limbs. These fins evolved into legs of the first tetrapod land vertebrates, amphibians. They also possess two dorsal fins with separate bases, as opposed to the single dorsal fin of actinopterygians (ray-finned fish). The braincase of sarcoptergygians primitively has a hinge line, but this is lost in tetrapods and lungfish. Many early lobe-finned fishes have a symmetrical tail. All lobe-finned fishes possess teeth covered with true enamel.
Phylogeny
A phylogeny of living Osteichthyes, including the tetrapods, is shown in the cladogram below. Whole-genome duplication took place in the ancestral Osteichthyes.
Osteichthyes/
Sarcopterygii
Actinistia
Coelacanthiformes
Rhipidistia
Dipnoi
Ceratodontiformes
Tetrapodomorpha
Tetrapoda
(lobe‑fins)
Actinopterygii
Cladistia
Polypteriformes
Actinopteri
Chondrostei
Acipenseriformes
Neopterygii
Holostei
Ginglymodi
Lepisosteiformes
Halecomorphi
Amiiformes
Teleostei
Elopomorpha
Elopiformes
Albuliformes
Notacanthiformes
Anguilliformes
Osteoglossocephalai
Osteoglossomorpha
Osteoglossiformes
Hiodontiformes
Clupeocephala
Otomorpha
Otocephala
Clupeiformes
Alepocephali
Alepocephaliformes
Ostariophysi
Anotophysa
Gonorynchiformes
Otophysa
Cypriniformes
Characiformes
Gymnotiformes
Siluriformes
Euteleosteomorpha
Lepidogalaxiiformes
Protacanthopterygii
Argentiniformes
Galaxiiformes
Salmoniformes
Esociformes
Stomiatii
Osmeriformes
Stomiatiformes
Neoteleostei
(ray‑fins)
Euteleostomi
Biology
All bony fish possess gills. For the majority this is their sole or main means of respiration. Lungfish and other osteichthyan species are capable of respiration through lungs or vascularized swim bladders. Other species can respire through their skin, intestines, and/or stomach.
Osteichthyes are primitively ectothermic (cold blooded), meaning that their body temperature is dependent on that of the water. But some of the larger marine osteichthyids, such as the opah, swordfish and tuna have independently evolved various levels of endothermy. Bony fish can be any type of heterotroph: numerous species of omnivore, carnivore, herbivore, filter-feeder or detritivore are documented.
Some bony fish are hermaphrodites, and a number of species exhibit parthenogenesis. Fertilization is usually external, but can be internal. Development is usually oviparous (egg-laying) but can be ovoviviparous, or viviparous. Although there is usually no parental care after birth, before birth parents may scatter, hide, guard or brood eggs, with sea horses being notable in that the males undergo a form of "pregnancy", brooding eggs deposited in a ventral pouch by a female.
Examples
The ocean sunfish is one of the heaviest bony fish in the world.
The ocean sunfish is the heaviest bony fish in the world, in late 2021, Portuguese fishermen found a dead sunfish near the coast of Faial Island, Azores, with a weight of 2,744 kilograms (6,049 lb) and 3.6 metres (12 ft) tall and 3.5 metres (11 ft) long established the biggest ocean sunfish ever captured.
The longest is the king of herrings, a type of oarfish. Other very large bony fish include the Atlantic blue marlin, some specimens of which have been recorded as in excess of 820 kilograms (1,810 lb), the black marlin, some sturgeon species, and the giant and goliath grouper, which both can exceed 300 kilograms (660 lb) in weight. In contrast, Paedocypris progenetica and the stout infantfish can measure less than 8 millimetres (0.31 in).
The beluga sturgeon is the largest species of freshwater bony fish extant today, and Arapaima gigas is among the largest of the freshwater fish. The largest bony fish ever was Leedsichthys, which dwarfed the beluga sturgeon as well as the ocean sunfish, giant grouper and all the other giant bony fishes alive today.
Comparison with cartilaginous fishes
Comparison of cartilaginous and bony fishes
Characteristic
Sharks (cartilaginous)
Bony fishes
Habitat
Mainly marine
Marine and freshwater
Shape
Usually dorso-ventrally flattened
Usually bilaterally flattened
Exoskeleton
Separate dermal placoid scales
Overlapping dermal cosmoid, ganoid, cycloid or ctenoid scales
Endoskeleton
Cartilaginous
Mostly bony
Caudal fin
Heterocercal
Heterocercal or diphycercal
Pelvic fins
Usually posterior.
Mostly anterior, occasionally posterior.
Intromittent organ
Males use pelvic fins as claspers for transferring sperm to a female
Do not use claspers, though some species use their anal fins as gonopodium for the same purpose
Mouth
Large, crescent shaped on the ventral side of the head
Variable shape and size at the tip or terminal part of the head
Jaw suspension
Hyostylic
Hyostylic and autostylic
Gill openings
Usually five pairs of gill slits which are not protected by an operculum.
Five pairs of gill slits protected by an operculum (a lateral flap of skin).
Type of gills
Larnellibranch with long interbranchial septum
Filiform with reduced interbranchial septum
Spiracles
The first gill slit usually becomes spiracles opening behind the eyes.
No spiracles
Afferent branchial vessels
Five pairs from ventral aorta to gills
Only four pairs
Efferent branchial vessels
Nine pairs
Four pairs
Conus arteriosus
Present in heart
Absent
Cloaca
A true cloaca is present only in cartilaginous fishes and lobe-finned fishes.
In most bony fishes, the cloaca is absent, and the anus, urinary and genital apertures open separately
Stomach
Typically J-shaped
Shape variable. Absent in some.
Intestine
Short with spiral valve in lumen
Long with no spiral valve
Rectal gland
Present
Absent
Liver
Usually has two lobes
Usually has three lobes
Swim bladder
Absent
Usually present
Brain
Has large olfactory lobes and cerebrum with small optic lobes and cerebellum
Has small olfactory lobes and cerebrum and large optic lobes and cerebellum
Restiform bodies
Present in brain
Absent
Ductus endolymphaticus
Opens on top of head
Does not open to exterior
Retina
Lacks cones
Most fish have double cones, a pair of cone cells joined to each other.
Accommodation of eye
Accommodate for near vision by moving the lens closer to the retina
Accommodate for distance vision by moving the lens further from the retina
Ampullae of Lorenzini
Present
Absent
Male genital duct
Connects to the anterior part of the genital kidney
No connection to kidney
Oviducts
Not connected to ovaries
Connected to ovaries
Urinary and genital apertures
United and urinogenital apertures lead into common cloaca
Separate and open independently to exterior
Eggs
A small number of large eggs with plenty of yolk
A large number of small eggs with little yolk
Fertilisation
Internal
Usually external
Development
Ovoviviparous types develop internally. Oviparous types develop externally using egg cases
Normally develop externally without an egg case
See also
Ostracoderm - armoured jawless fish.
Prehistoric fish
References
^ a b c Zhao, W.; Zhang, X.; Jia, G.; Shen, Y.; Zhu, M. (2021). "The Silurian-Devonian boundary in East Yunnan (South China) and the minimum constraint for the lungfish-tetrapod split". Science China Earth Sciences. 64 (10): 1784–1797. Bibcode:2021ScChD..64.1784Z. doi:10.1007/s11430-020-9794-8. S2CID 236438229.
^ Bony fishes Archived 2013-06-06 at the Wayback Machine SeaWorld. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
^ "Jaws, Teeth of Earliest Bony Fish Discovered". Archived from the original on November 14, 2007.
^ a b c Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). "Teleostomi". Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 96, 101. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
^ a b Betancur-R, Ricardo; et al. (2013). "The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes". PLOS Currents Tree of Life. 5 (Edition 1). doi:10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288. PMC 3644299. PMID 23653398.
^ Betancur-R, R., Wiley, E.O., Arratia, G., Acero, A., Bailly, N., Miya, M., Lecointre, G. and Orti, G. (2017) "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC evolutionary biology, 17(1): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3.
^ Hughes, L.C., Ortí, G., Huang, Y., Sun, Y., Baldwin, C.C., Thompson, A.W., Arcila, D., Betancur-R, R., Li, C., Becker, L. and Bellora, N. (2018) "Comprehensive phylogeny of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) based on transcriptomic and genomic data". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(24): 6249–6254. doi:10.1073/pnas.1719358115.
^ Clack, Jennifer A. (27 June 2012). Gaining Ground, Second Edition: The Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods. Indiana University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-253-00537-3. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
^ Laurin, Michel (2 November 2010). How Vertebrates Left the Water. University of California Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-520-94798-6. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
^ Benton, Michael (4 August 2014). Vertebrate Palaeontology. Wiley. p. 281. ISBN 978-1-118-40764-6. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
^ Parsons, Thomas S.; Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1986). The vertebrate body (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders College Pub. ISBN 978-0-03-910754-3.
^ Clack, J. A. (2002) Gaining Ground. Indiana University
^ Betancur-R; et al. (2013). "Complete tree classification (supplemental figure)" (PDF). PLOS Currents Tree of Life (Edition 1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-21.
^ Betancur-R; et al. (2013). "Appendix 2 – Revised Classification for Bony Fishes" (PDF). PLOS Currents Tree of Life (Edition 1).
^ Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; Arturo Acero; Nicolas Bailly; Masaki Miya; Guillaume Lecointre; Guillermo Ortí (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 162. Bibcode:2017BMCEE..17..162B. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
^ Dehal, Paramvir; Boore, Jeffrey L. (2005-09-06). "Two Rounds of Whole Genome Duplication in the Ancestral Vertebrate". PLOS Biology. 3 (10): e314. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030314. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 1197285. PMID 16128622.
^ Helfman & Facey 1997.
^ Wegner, Nicholas C., Snodgrass, Owen E., Dewar, Heidi, John, Hyde R. Science. "Whole-body endothermy in a mesopelagic fish, the opah, Lampris guttatus". pp. 786–789. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
^ "Warm Blood Makes Opah an Agile Predator". Fisheries Resources Division of the Southwest Fisheries Science Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 12, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015. "New research by NOAA Fisheries has revealed the opah, or moonfish, as the first fully warm-blooded fish that circulates heated blood throughout its body..."
^ Fritsches, K.A., Brill, R.W., and Warrant, E.J. 2005. Warm Eyes Provide Superior Vision in Swordfishes. Archived 2006-07-09 at the Wayback Machine Current Biology 15: 55−58
^ Hopkin, M. (2005). Swordfish heat their eyes for better vision. Nature, 10 January 2005
^ Sepulveda, C.A.; Dickson, K.A.; Bernal, D.; Graham, J.B. (1 July 2008). "Elevated red myotomal muscle temperatures in the most basal tuna species, Allothunnus fallai" (PDF). Journal of Fish Biology. 73 (1): 241–249. Bibcode:2008JFBio..73..241S. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01931.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 7, 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
^ "Mola (Sunfish)". National Geographic. 2010-11-11. Archived from the original on February 4, 2010. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
^ Stan, Joshua (17 October 2022). "Discovered Remains of Sunfish in the Azores Set World Record as Largest Bony Fish". Science Times. Journal of Fish Biology. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
^ Busson, Frédéric; Froese, Rainer (15 November 2011). "Paedocypris progenetica". FishBase. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2017). "Schindleria brevipinguis" in FishBase. September 2017 version.
^ Liston, J., Newbrey, M., Challands, T., and Adams, C., 2013 (2013). "Growth, age and size of the Jurassic pachycormid Leedsichthys problematicus (Osteichthyes: Actinopterygii)" (PDF). In Arratia, G., Schultze, H. and Wilson, M. (ed.). Mesozoic Fishes 5 – Global Diversity and Evolution. München, Germany: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 145–175. ISBN 9783899371598.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 396–399. ISBN 978-0-03-910284-5.
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Sources
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Osteichthyes.
Wikispecies has information related to Osteichthyes.
Helfman, G.S.; Facey, D.E. (1997). The Diversity of Fishes. Blackwell Sciences. ISBN 978-0-86542-256-8.
vteExtant chordate classes
Kingdom Animalia
(unranked) Bilateria
Superphylum Deuterostomia
Cephalochordata
Leptocardii (lancelets)
OlfactoresTunicata(Urochordata)
Appendicularia (larvaceans)
Acopa
Stolidobranchia¹
Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids)
Enterogona
Phlebobranchia¹
Aplousobranchia¹
VertebrataCyclostomata
Myxini (hagfish)
Hyperoartia (lampreys)
Gnathostomata(jawed vertebrates)
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras)
Euteleostomi(bony vertebrates)
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
Sarcopterygii(lobe-finned fish)
Actinistia (coelacanths)²
Rhipidistia
Dipnoi (lungfish)²
Tetrapoda
Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians)
Amniota
Mammalia (mammals)
SauriaLepidosauria
Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)³
Squamata (scaled reptiles)³
Archelosauria
Testudines (turtles)³
Archosauria
Crocodilia (crocodilians)³
Aves (birds)
¹orders of class Ascidiacea (sea squirts)
²subclasses of Sarcopterygii
³orders of class Reptilia (reptiles)
italics denote paraphyletic groups
vteEvolution of fish
Fish
Timeline of fish evolution
Forerunners
Basal member
†Pikaia
Cephalochordate
†Cathaymyrus
Lancelet
Olfactores
†Haikouella
Tunicate
†Myllokunmingiidae? (†Haikouichthys, †Myllokunmingia)
†Zhongxiniscus?
Jawless fishCyclostomata
Hagfish
Hyperoartia
Lamprey
†Conodonts
†Protoconodonta?
†Paraconodontida
†Conodonta
†Ostracoderms
†Pteraspidomorphi
†Thelodonti
†Anaspida
†Cephalaspidomorphi
†Galeaspida
†Pituriaspida
†Osteostraci
Jawed fish†Placoderms
†Antiarchi
†Arthrodira
†Brindabellaspida
†Petalichthyida
†Phyllolepida
†Ptyctodontida
†Rhenanida
†Acanthothoraci
†Pseudopetalichthyida?
†Stensioellida?
†Acanthodii
†Acanthodiformes
†"Climatiiformes"
†Diplacanthiformes
†Ischnacanthiformes
Cartilaginous
Elasmobranchii
†Ctenacanthiformes
†Hybodontiformes
†Phoebodontiformes
†Xenacanthida
Ray
Shark
Holocephali
†Eugeneodontida
†Iniopterygiformes
†Petalodontiformes
†Symmoriiformes
Chimaera
BonyLobe-finned
†Onychodontiformes
Coelacanth
Rhipidistia
†Porolepiformes
Lungfish
Tetrapodomorpha
Ray-finned
†"Palaeonisciformes"
Cladistia
Polypteriformes
Chondrostei
Acipenseriformes
Neopterygii
†Pycnodontiformes
Halecomorphi
Ginglymodi
Teleost
Lists
Lists of prehistoric fish
spiny sharks
placoderms
cartilaginous
bony
lobe-finned
List of transitional fossils
Related
Prehistoric life
Transitional fossils
Vertebrate paleontology
† extinct
vteGnathostomata
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Gnathostomata
†Janusiscus
†Ramirosuarezia
†"Placodermi"
see Placodermi
EugnathostomataChondrichthyes
see Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
†Achoania
†Andreolepis
†Dialipina
†Entelognathus?
†Guiyu
†Ligulalepis
†Lophosteus
†Megamastax
†Naxilepis
†Orvikuina
†Psarolepis
†Sparalepis
†Terenolepis
Actinopterygii
see Actinopterygii
Sarcopterygii
†Ptyctolepis
†Styloichthys
Actinistia
see Actinistia
includes coelacanths
RhipidistiaDipnomorpha
see Dipnomorpha
includes lungfish
Tetrapodomorpha
see Tetrapodomorpha
includes tetrapods
Taxon identifiersOsteichthyes
Wikidata: Q27207
Wikispecies: Osteichthyes
BioLib: 15403
EoL: 2775704
ITIS: 161030
Paleobiology Database: 218963
WoRMS: 152352
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Latvia
Japan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˌɒstiːˈɪkθi.iːz/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"superclass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superclass_(biology)"},{"link_name":"vertebrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate"},{"link_name":"animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal"},{"link_name":"endoskeletons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoskeleton"},{"link_name":"bone tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_tissue"},{"link_name":"Chondrichthyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes"},{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct"},{"link_name":"placoderms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placoderm"},{"link_name":"acanthodians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodian"},{"link_name":"cartilage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage"},{"link_name":"extant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxon"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)"},{"link_name":"families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"aquatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_animal"},{"link_name":"semi-aquatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-aquatic"},{"link_name":"terrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_animal"},{"link_name":"clades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"ray-finned fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray-finned_fish"},{"link_name":"Actinopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii"},{"link_name":"lobe-finned fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobe-finned_fish"},{"link_name":"Sarcopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcopterygii"},{"link_name":"tetrapods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod"},{"link_name":"fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"Silurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhao2021-1"},{"link_name":"transitional fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_fossil"},{"link_name":"tooth pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentition"},{"link_name":"tooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth"},{"link_name":"sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"basal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)"},{"link_name":"ossification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossification"},{"link_name":"foregut pouchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_bud"},{"link_name":"swim bladders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swim_bladder"},{"link_name":"lungs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung"},{"link_name":"Euteleostomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euteleostomi"},{"link_name":"paleontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology"},{"link_name":"ichthyology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyology"},{"link_name":"cladistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistic"},{"link_name":"paraphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyletic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fotw-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Betancur-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fotw-4"}],"text":"Osteichthyes (/ˌɒstiːˈɪkθi.iːz/), also known as osteichthyans or commonly referred to as the bony fish, is a diverse superclass of vertebrate animals that have endoskeletons primarily composed of bone tissue. They can be contrasted with the Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) and the extinct placoderms and acanthodians, which have endoskeletons primarily composed of cartilage. The vast majority of extant fish are members of Osteichthyes, being an extremely diverse and abundant group consisting of 45 orders, over 435 families and 28,000 species.[2] It is the largest class of vertebrates in existence today, encompassing most aquatic vertebrates, as well as all semi-aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates.The group is divided into two main clades, the ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii, which makes up the vast majority of extant fish) and the lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii, which gave rise to all land vertebrates, i.e. tetrapods). The oldest known fossils of bony fish are about 425 million years old from the late Silurian,[1] which are also transitional fossils showing a tooth pattern that is in between the tooth rows of sharks and true bony fishes.[3] Despite the name, these early basal bony fish had not yet evolved ossification and their skeletons were still mostly cartilaginous, and the main distinguishing feature that set them apart from other fish clades were the development of foregut pouchs that eventually evolved into the swim bladders and lungs, respectively.Osteichthyes can be compared to Euteleostomi. In paleontology the terms are synonymous. In ichthyology the difference is that Euteleostomi presents a cladistic view which includes the terrestrial tetrapods that evolved from lobe-finned fish. Until recently, the view of most ichthyologists has been that Osteichthyes were paraphyletic and include only fishes.[4] However, since 2013 widely cited ichthyology papers have been published with phylogenetic trees that treat the Osteichthyes as a clade including tetrapods.[5][6][7][4]","title":"Osteichthyes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guiyu_BW.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guiyu oneiros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiyu_oneiros"},{"link_name":"Late Silurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Silurian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhao2021-1"},{"link_name":"ray-finned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii"},{"link_name":"lobe-finned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcopterygii"},{"link_name":"cranial bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_bone"},{"link_name":"mandibular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible"},{"link_name":"pectoral girdles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectoral_girdle"},{"link_name":"sclerotic ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerotic_ring"},{"link_name":"inner ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_ear"},{"link_name":"otoliths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otolith"},{"link_name":"anterior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior"},{"link_name":"posterior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"fissure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissure_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"respiratory diverticula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_bud"},{"link_name":"esophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagus"},{"link_name":"enteral respiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteral_respiration"},{"link_name":"ray-finned fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray-finned_fish"},{"link_name":"swim bladders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swim_bladder"},{"link_name":"specific density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_density"},{"link_name":"buoyancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoyancy"},{"link_name":"elpistostegalians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpistostegalia"},{"link_name":"crown group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_group"},{"link_name":"lobe-finned fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobe-finned_fish"},{"link_name":"tetrapods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod"},{"link_name":"amphibian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian"},{"link_name":"reptilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile"},{"link_name":"avian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"mammalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"lungs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clack2012-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laurin2010lungs-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Benton2014-10"},{"link_name":"fin spines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidotrichia"},{"link_name":"articulated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint"},{"link_name":"appendicular skeletons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendicular_skeleton"},{"link_name":"paired fins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paired_fins"},{"link_name":"limbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"opercula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculum_(fish)"},{"link_name":"gills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_gill"},{"link_name":"placoid scales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placoid_scales"}],"text":"Guiyu oneiros, the earliest known bony fish, lived during the Late Silurian, 425 million years ago.[1] It has a combination of both ray-finned and lobe-finned features.Bony fish are characterized by a relatively stable pattern of cranial bones, rooted, medial insertion of mandibular muscle in the lower jaw. The head and pectoral girdles are covered with large dermal bones. The eyeball is supported by a sclerotic ring of four small bones, but this characteristic has been lost or modified in many modern species. The labyrinth in the inner ear contains large otoliths. The braincase, or neurocranium, is frequently divided into anterior and posterior sections divided by a fissure.Early bony fish had simple respiratory diverticula (an outpouching on either side of the esophagus) which helped them breathe air in low-oxygen water as a form of supplementary enteral respiration. In ray-finned fish these have evolved into swim bladders, the changing sizes of which help to alter the body's specific density and buoyancy. In elpistostegalians, a crown group of lobe-finned fish that gave rise to the land-dwelling tetrapods, these respiratory diverticula became further specialized for obligated air breathing and evolved into the modern amphibian, reptilian, avian and mammalian lungs.[8][9][10] Early bony fish did not have fin spines like most modern fish, but instead had the fleshy paddle-like fins similar other non-bony clades of fish, although the lobe-finned fish evolved articulated appendicular skeletons within their paired fins, which gave rise to tetrapods' limbs. They also evolved a pair of opercula (gill covers), which can actively draw water across the gills so they can breathe without having to swim.Bony fish do not have placoid scales like cartilaginous fish, instead they consist of three types of scales that do not penetrate the epidermis in the process. The three categories of scales for Osteichthyes which are cosmoid scales, ganoid scales, teleost scales. The teleost scales are also then divided into two subgroups which are the cycloid scales, and the ctenoid scales. All these scales have a base of bone that they all originate from, the only difference is that the teleost scales only have one layer of bone. Ganoid scales have lamellar bone, and vascular bone that lies on top of the lamellar bone, then enamel lies on top of both layers of bone. Cosmoid scales have the same two layers of bone that ganoid scales have expect they gave dentin in-between the enamel and vascular bone and lamellar (vascular and lamellar two subcategories for bone found in scales). All these scales are found underneath the epidermis and do not break the epidermis of the fish. Unlike the placoid scales that poke through the epidermis of the fish.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evolution of fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_fish"},{"link_name":"List of prehistoric bony fish genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_bony_fish_genera"},{"link_name":"Fishes of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishes_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fotw-4"},{"link_name":"class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(biology)"},{"link_name":"swim bladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swim_bladder"},{"link_name":"gill arches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill_arch"},{"link_name":"operculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculum_(fish)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Romer_&_Parson-11"},{"link_name":"paraphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyletic"},{"link_name":"land vertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda"},{"link_name":"tetrapods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod"},{"link_name":"cladistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistics"},{"link_name":"Euteleostomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euteleostomi"}],"text":"See also: Evolution of fish and List of prehistoric bony fish genera...it is increasingly widely accepted that tetrapods, including ourselves, are simply modified bony fishes, and so we are comfortable with using the taxon Osteichthyes as a clade, which now includes all tetrapods...\n\n\nFishes of the World (5th ed) [4]Traditionally, Osteichthyes was considered a class, recognised on the presence of a swim bladder, only three pairs of gill arches hidden behind a bony operculum, and a predominantly bony skeleton.[11] Under this classification system, Osteichthyes was considered paraphyletic with regard to land vertebrates, as the common ancestor of all osteichthyans includes tetrapods amongst its descendants. While the largest subclass, Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish), is monophyletic, with the inclusion of the smaller sub-class Sarcopterygii, Osteichthyes was regarded as paraphyletic.This has led to the current cladistic classification which splits the Osteichthyes into two full classes. Under this scheme Osteichthyes is monophyletic, as it includes the tetrapods making it a synonym of the clade Euteleostomi. Most bony fish belong to the ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii).","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cladogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Betancur-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Whole-genome duplication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_genome_duplication"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Sarcopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcopterygii"},{"link_name":"Actinistia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinistia"},{"link_name":"Coelacanthiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelacanthiformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coelacanth_flipped.png"},{"link_name":"Rhipidistia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipidistia"},{"link_name":"Dipnoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipnoi"},{"link_name":"Ceratodontiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratodontiformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinle_fish_Arganodus_cropped_cropped.png"},{"link_name":"Tetrapodomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapodomorpha"},{"link_name":"Tetrapoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapoda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salamandra_salamandra_(white_background).jpg"},{"link_name":"Actinopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii"},{"link_name":"Cladistia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistia"},{"link_name":"Polypteriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypteriformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cuvier-105-Polypt%C3%A8re.jpg"},{"link_name":"Actinopteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopteri"},{"link_name":"Chondrostei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrostei"},{"link_name":"Acipenseriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acipenseriformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atlantic_sturgeon_flipped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopterygii"},{"link_name":"Holostei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holostei"},{"link_name":"Ginglymodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginglymodi"},{"link_name":"Lepisosteiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepisosteiformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alligator_gar_fish_(white_background).jpg"},{"link_name":"Halecomorphi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halecomorphi"},{"link_name":"Amiiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiiformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amia_calva_(white_background).jpg"},{"link_name":"Teleostei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleostei"},{"link_name":"Elopomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elopomorpha"},{"link_name":"Elopiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elopiformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M.E._Blochii_..._Systema_ichthyologiae_iconibus_CX_illustratum_(Plate_82)_(white_background).jpg"},{"link_name":"Albuliformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuliformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pterothrissus_gissu1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Notacanthiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notacanthiformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Notacanthus_sexspinis1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anguilliformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilliformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anguilla_anguilla1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Osteoglossocephalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoglossocephalai"},{"link_name":"Osteoglossomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoglossomorpha"},{"link_name":"Osteoglossiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoglossiformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F_de_Castelnau-poissonsPl26_Osteoglossum_minus_flipped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hiodontiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiodontiformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hiodon_tergisus_NOAA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Clupeocephala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clupeocephala"},{"link_name":"Otomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomorpha"},{"link_name":"Otocephala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otocephala"},{"link_name":"Clupeiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clupeiformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clupea_harengus_Gervais.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alepocephali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alepocephali"},{"link_name":"Alepocephaliformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alepocephaliformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xenodermichthys_copei1_flipped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ostariophysi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostariophysi"},{"link_name":"Anotophysa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anotophysa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gonorynchiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonorynchiformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chanos_chanos_Day.png"},{"link_name":"Otophysa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otophysa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cypriniformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypriniformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Common_carp_(white_background).jpg"},{"link_name":"Characiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characiformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F_de_Castelnau-poissonsPl37_(Serrasalmus_humeralis).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gymnotiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnotiformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johann_Natterer_-_Itu%C3%AD-cavalo_(Apteronotus_albifrons).jpg"},{"link_name":"Siluriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siluriformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_bullhead_flipped.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Euteleosteomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euteleostei"},{"link_name":"Lepidogalaxiiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidogalaxiiformes"},{"link_name":"Protacanthopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protacanthopterygii"},{"link_name":"Argentiniformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentiniformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Argentina_sphyraena.jpg"},{"link_name":"Galaxiiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxiiformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galaxias_maculatus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Salmoniformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmoniformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salmo_salar_flipped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Esociformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esociformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Esox_lucius1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stomiatii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stomiatii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Osmeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmeriformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Osmerus_mordax_flipped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stomiatiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomiatiformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Idiacanthus_atlanticus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neoteleostei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoteleostei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zeus_faber.jpg"},{"link_name":"Euteleostomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euteleostomi"}],"text":"A phylogeny of living Osteichthyes, including the tetrapods, is shown in the cladogram below.[5][13][14][15] Whole-genome duplication took place in the ancestral Osteichthyes.[16]Osteichthyes/\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSarcopterygii\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nActinistia\n\n\nCoelacanthiformes \n\n\n\n\n\n\nRhipidistia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDipnoi\n\n\nCeratodontiformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTetrapodomorpha\n\n\nTetrapoda\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(lobe‑fins)\n\n\nActinopterygii\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCladistia\n\n\nPolypteriformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\nActinopteri\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChondrostei\n\n\nAcipenseriformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNeopterygii\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHolostei\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGinglymodi\n\n\nLepisosteiformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHalecomorphi\n\n\nAmiiformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeleostei\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nElopomorpha\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nElopiformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlbuliformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNotacanthiformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnguilliformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOsteoglossocephalai\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOsteoglossomorpha\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOsteoglossiformes \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHiodontiformes \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nClupeocephala\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOtomorpha\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOtocephala\n\n\nClupeiformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlepocephali\n\n\nAlepocephaliformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOstariophysi\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnotophysa\n\n\nGonorynchiformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOtophysa\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCypriniformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCharaciformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGymnotiformes \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSiluriformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEuteleosteomorpha\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLepidogalaxiiformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nProtacanthopterygii\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nArgentiniformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGalaxiiformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSalmoniformes \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEsociformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStomiatii\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOsmeriformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStomiatiformes\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNeoteleostei\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(ray‑fins)\n\n\n\nEuteleostomi","title":"Phylogeny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gills"},{"link_name":"Lungfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungfish"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHelfmanFacey1997-17"},{"link_name":"ectothermic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectothermic"},{"link_name":"opah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opah"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sciencemag-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWFSC-19"},{"link_name":"swordfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swordfish"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warmeye1-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warmeye2-21"},{"link_name":"tuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muscletemp-22"},{"link_name":"endothermy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothermy"},{"link_name":"heterotroph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotroph"},{"link_name":"omnivore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnivore"},{"link_name":"carnivore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivore"},{"link_name":"herbivore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivore"},{"link_name":"filter-feeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter-feeder"},{"link_name":"detritivore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detritivore"},{"link_name":"hermaphrodites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermaphrodite"},{"link_name":"parthenogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenogenesis"},{"link_name":"oviparous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviparous"},{"link_name":"ovoviviparous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovoviviparity"},{"link_name":"viviparous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viviparity"},{"link_name":"sea horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_horses"}],"text":"All bony fish possess gills. For the majority this is their sole or main means of respiration. Lungfish and other osteichthyan species are capable of respiration through lungs or vascularized swim bladders. Other species can respire through their skin, intestines, and/or stomach.[17]Osteichthyes are primitively ectothermic (cold blooded), meaning that their body temperature is dependent on that of the water. But some of the larger marine osteichthyids, such as the opah,[18][19] swordfish[20][21] and tuna[22] have independently evolved various levels of endothermy. Bony fish can be any type of heterotroph: numerous species of omnivore, carnivore, herbivore, filter-feeder or detritivore are documented.Some bony fish are hermaphrodites, and a number of species exhibit parthenogenesis. Fertilization is usually external, but can be internal. Development is usually oviparous (egg-laying) but can be ovoviviparous, or viviparous. Although there is usually no parental care after birth, before birth parents may scatter, hide, guard or brood eggs, with sea horses being notable in that the males undergo a form of \"pregnancy\", brooding eggs deposited in a ventral pouch by a female.","title":"Biology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sunfish2.jpg"},{"link_name":"ocean sunfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_sunfish"},{"link_name":"ocean sunfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_sunfish"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Faial Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faial_Island"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"ocean sunfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_sunfish"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biggestsunfish-24"},{"link_name":"king of herrings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_herrings"},{"link_name":"oarfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oarfish"},{"link_name":"Atlantic blue marlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_blue_marlin"},{"link_name":"black marlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_marlin"},{"link_name":"sturgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturgeon"},{"link_name":"giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_grouper"},{"link_name":"goliath grouper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_goliath_grouper"},{"link_name":"Paedocypris progenetica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paedocypris_progenetica"},{"link_name":"stout infantfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stout_infantfish"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fishbase-26"},{"link_name":"beluga sturgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beluga_(sturgeon)"},{"link_name":"Arapaima gigas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapaima_gigas"},{"link_name":"Leedsichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leedsichthys"},{"link_name":"ocean sunfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_sunfish"},{"link_name":"giant grouper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_grouper"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liston2013-27"}],"text":"The ocean sunfish is one of the heaviest bony fish in the world.The ocean sunfish is the heaviest bony fish in the world,[23] in late 2021, Portuguese fishermen found a dead sunfish near the coast of Faial Island, Azores, with a weight of 2,744 kilograms (6,049 lb) and 3.6 metres (12 ft) tall and 3.5 metres (11 ft) long established the biggest ocean sunfish ever captured.[24]The longest is the king of herrings, a type of oarfish. Other very large bony fish include the Atlantic blue marlin, some specimens of which have been recorded as in excess of 820 kilograms (1,810 lb), the black marlin, some sturgeon species, and the giant and goliath grouper, which both can exceed 300 kilograms (660 lb) in weight. In contrast, Paedocypris progenetica and the stout infantfish can measure less than 8 millimetres (0.31 in).[25][26]\nThe beluga sturgeon is the largest species of freshwater bony fish extant today, and Arapaima gigas is among the largest of the freshwater fish. The largest bony fish ever was Leedsichthys, which dwarfed the beluga sturgeon as well as the ocean sunfish, giant grouper and all the other giant bony fishes alive today.[27]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Comparison with cartilaginous fishes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osteichthyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Osteichthyes"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Osteichthyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-86542-256-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86542-256-8"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chordata"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Chordata"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chordata"},{"link_name":"chordate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate"},{"link_name":"Animalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal"},{"link_name":"Bilateria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateria"},{"link_name":"Deuterostomia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterostome"},{"link_name":"Cephalochordata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalochordate"},{"link_name":"Leptocardii (lancelets)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelet"},{"link_name":"Olfactores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactores"},{"link_name":"Tunicata(Urochordata)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunicate"},{"link_name":"Appendicularia (larvaceans)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larvacean"},{"link_name":"Stolidobranchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolidobranchia"},{"link_name":"Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaliacea"},{"link_name":"Enterogona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterogona"},{"link_name":"Phlebobranchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlebobranchia"},{"link_name":"Aplousobranchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplousobranchia"},{"link_name":"Vertebrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate"},{"link_name":"Cyclostomata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclostomata"},{"link_name":"Myxini (hagfish)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagfish"},{"link_name":"Hyperoartia (lampreys)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperoartia"},{"link_name":"Gnathostomata(jawed vertebrates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata"},{"link_name":"Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes"},{"link_name":"Euteleostomi(bony vertebrates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euteleostomi"},{"link_name":"Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii"},{"link_name":"Sarcopterygii(lobe-finned fish)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcopterygii"},{"link_name":"Actinistia (coelacanths)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinistia"},{"link_name":"Rhipidistia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipidistia"},{"link_name":"Dipnoi (lungfish)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungfish"},{"link_name":"Tetrapoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod"},{"link_name":"Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissamphibia"},{"link_name":"Amniota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniote"},{"link_name":"Mammalia (mammals)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"Sauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauria"},{"link_name":"Lepidosauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidosauria"},{"link_name":"Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchocephalia"},{"link_name":"Squamata (scaled reptiles)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamata"},{"link_name":"Archelosauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archelosauria"},{"link_name":"Testudines (turtles)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle"},{"link_name":"Archosauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archosaur"},{"link_name":"Crocodilia (crocodilians)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodilia"},{"link_name":"Aves (birds)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Ascidiacea (sea squirts)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascidiacea"},{"link_name":"Sarcopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcopterygii"},{"link_name":"Reptilia (reptiles)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Evolution_of_fish"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Evolution_of_fish"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolution_of_fish"},{"link_name":"Evolution of fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_fish"},{"link_name":"Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"Timeline of fish evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_fish_evolution"},{"link_name":"Forerunners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate"},{"link_name":"Pikaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikaia"},{"link_name":"Cephalochordate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalochordate"},{"link_name":"Cathaymyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathaymyrus"},{"link_name":"Lancelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelet"},{"link_name":"Olfactores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactores"},{"link_name":"Haikouella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haikouella"},{"link_name":"Tunicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunicate"},{"link_name":"Myllokunmingiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myllokunmingiidae"},{"link_name":"Haikouichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haikouichthys"},{"link_name":"Myllokunmingia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myllokunmingia"},{"link_name":"Zhongxiniscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongxiniscus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pikaia_gracilens_-_MUSE.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myxine_glutinosa_Gervais.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ConodontZICA.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Astraspis_desiderata.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coccosteus_reconstruction.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ischnacanthus_gracilis_life_restoration.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ctenacanthus_concinnus.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qingmenodus_(life_restoration).png"},{"link_name":"Jawless fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnatha"},{"link_name":"Cyclostomata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclostomata"},{"link_name":"Hagfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagfish"},{"link_name":"Hyperoartia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperoartia"},{"link_name":"Lamprey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamprey"},{"link_name":"Protoconodonta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoconodont"},{"link_name":"Paraconodontida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraconodontida"},{"link_name":"Conodonta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conodonta"},{"link_name":"Ostracoderms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostracoderm"},{"link_name":"Pteraspidomorphi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteraspidomorphi"},{"link_name":"Thelodonti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelodonti"},{"link_name":"Anaspida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaspida"},{"link_name":"Cephalaspidomorphi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalaspidomorphi"},{"link_name":"Galeaspida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeaspida"},{"link_name":"Pituriaspida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituriaspida"},{"link_name":"Osteostraci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteostraci"},{"link_name":"Jawed fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata"},{"link_name":"Placoderms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placoderm"},{"link_name":"Antiarchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiarchi"},{"link_name":"Arthrodira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthrodira"},{"link_name":"Brindabellaspida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brindabellaspida"},{"link_name":"Petalichthyida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petalichthyida"},{"link_name":"Phyllolepida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllolepida"},{"link_name":"Ptyctodontida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptyctodontida"},{"link_name":"Rhenanida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenanida"},{"link_name":"Acanthothoraci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthothoraci"},{"link_name":"Pseudopetalichthyida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudopetalichthyida"},{"link_name":"Stensioellida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stensioellida"},{"link_name":"Acanthodii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodii"},{"link_name":"Acanthodiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodiformes"},{"link_name":"Climatiiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatiiformes"},{"link_name":"Diplacanthiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplacanthiformes"},{"link_name":"Ischnacanthiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischnacanthiformes"},{"link_name":"Cartilaginous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes"},{"link_name":"Elasmobranchii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasmobranchii"},{"link_name":"Ctenacanthiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenacanthiformes"},{"link_name":"Hybodontiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybodontiformes"},{"link_name":"Phoebodontiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebodontiformes"},{"link_name":"Xenacanthida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenacanthida"},{"link_name":"Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batoidea"},{"link_name":"Shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark"},{"link_name":"Holocephali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocephali"},{"link_name":"Eugeneodontida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugeneodontida"},{"link_name":"Iniopterygiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iniopterygiformes"},{"link_name":"Petalodontiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petalodontiformes"},{"link_name":"Symmoriiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmoriiformes"},{"link_name":"Chimaera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimaera"},{"link_name":"Bony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Lobe-finned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcopterygii"},{"link_name":"Onychodontiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychodontiformes"},{"link_name":"Coelacanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelacanth"},{"link_name":"Rhipidistia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipidistia"},{"link_name":"Porolepiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porolepiformes"},{"link_name":"Lungfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungfish"},{"link_name":"Tetrapodomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapodomorpha"},{"link_name":"Ray-finned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii"},{"link_name":"Palaeonisciformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeonisciformes"},{"link_name":"Cladistia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladistia"},{"link_name":"Polypteriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypteriformes"},{"link_name":"Chondrostei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrostei"},{"link_name":"Acipenseriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acipenseriformes"},{"link_name":"Neopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopterygii"},{"link_name":"Pycnodontiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnodontiformes"},{"link_name":"Halecomorphi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halecomorphi"},{"link_name":"Ginglymodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginglymodi"},{"link_name":"Teleost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleost"},{"link_name":"Lists of prehistoric fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_prehistoric_fish"},{"link_name":"spiny sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acanthodians"},{"link_name":"placoderms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_placoderm_genera"},{"link_name":"cartilaginous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_cartilaginous_fish_genera"},{"link_name":"bony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_bony_fish_genera"},{"link_name":"lobe-finned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sarcopterygian_genera"},{"link_name":"List of transitional fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_transitional_fossils"},{"link_name":"Prehistoric life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_life"},{"link_name":"Transitional fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_fossils"},{"link_name":"Vertebrate paleontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate_paleontology"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gnathostomata"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gnathostomata"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gnathostomata"},{"link_name":"Gnathostomata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata"},{"link_name":"Animalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal"},{"link_name":"Chordata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordate"},{"link_name":"Vertebrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate"},{"link_name":"Gnathostomata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnathostomata"},{"link_name":"Janusiscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusiscus"},{"link_name":"Ramirosuarezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramirosuarezia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Placodermi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placoderm"},{"link_name":"Placodermi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Placodermi"},{"link_name":"Eugnathostomata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugnathostomata"},{"link_name":"Chondrichthyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes"},{"link_name":"Chondrichthyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chondrichthyan_genera"},{"link_name":"Osteichthyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Achoania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achoania"},{"link_name":"Andreolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreolepis"},{"link_name":"Dialipina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialipina"},{"link_name":"Entelognathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entelognathus"},{"link_name":"Guiyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiyu_oneiros"},{"link_name":"Ligulalepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligulalepis"},{"link_name":"Lophosteus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophosteus"},{"link_name":"Megamastax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamastax"},{"link_name":"Naxilepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxilepis"},{"link_name":"Orvikuina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orvikuina"},{"link_name":"Psarolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psarolepis"},{"link_name":"Sparalepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sparalepis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Terenolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terenolepis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Actinopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinopterygii"},{"link_name":"Actinopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Actinopterygian_genera"},{"link_name":"Sarcopterygii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcopterygii"},{"link_name":"Ptyctolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ptyctolepis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Styloichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styloichthys"},{"link_name":"Actinistia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinistia"},{"link_name":"Actinistia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Actinistia"},{"link_name":"coelacanths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelacanth"},{"link_name":"Rhipidistia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhipidistia"},{"link_name":"Dipnomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipnomorpha"},{"link_name":"Dipnomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dipnomorpha"},{"link_name":"lungfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungfish"},{"link_name":"Tetrapodomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapodomorpha"},{"link_name":"Tetrapodomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tetrapodomorpha"},{"link_name":"tetrapods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Psarolepis_BW.jpg"},{"link_name":"Taxon identifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q27207","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27207"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Osteichthyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Osteichthyes"},{"link_name":"15403","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id15403"},{"link_name":"EoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life"},{"link_name":"2775704","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eol.org/pages/2775704"},{"link_name":"ITIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System"},{"link_name":"161030","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161030"},{"link_name":"Paleobiology Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleobiology_Database"},{"link_name":"218963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=218963"},{"link_name":"WoRMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species"},{"link_name":"152352","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=152352"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27207#identifiers"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12132712n"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12132712n"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4164285-5"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553344805171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85095954"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000123758&P_CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01143165"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Osteichthyes.Wikispecies has information related to Osteichthyes.Helfman, G.S.; Facey, D.E. (1997). The Diversity of Fishes. Blackwell Sciences. ISBN 978-0-86542-256-8.vteExtant chordate classes\nKingdom Animalia\n(unranked) Bilateria\nSuperphylum Deuterostomia\nCephalochordata\nLeptocardii (lancelets)\nOlfactoresTunicata(Urochordata)\nAppendicularia (larvaceans)\nAcopa\nStolidobranchia¹\nThaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids)\nEnterogona\nPhlebobranchia¹\nAplousobranchia¹\nVertebrataCyclostomata\nMyxini (hagfish)\nHyperoartia (lampreys)\nGnathostomata(jawed vertebrates)\nChondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras)\nEuteleostomi(bony vertebrates)\nActinopterygii (ray-finned fish)\nSarcopterygii(lobe-finned fish)\nActinistia (coelacanths)²\nRhipidistia\nDipnoi (lungfish)²\nTetrapoda\nLissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians)\nAmniota\nMammalia (mammals)\nSauriaLepidosauria\nRhynchocephalia (tuatara)³\nSquamata (scaled reptiles)³\nArchelosauria\nTestudines (turtles)³\nArchosauria\nCrocodilia (crocodilians)³\nAves (birds)\n\n\n¹orders of class Ascidiacea (sea squirts)\n²subclasses of Sarcopterygii\n³orders of class Reptilia (reptiles)\nitalics denote paraphyletic groupsvteEvolution of fish\nFish\nTimeline of fish evolution\nForerunners\nBasal member\n†Pikaia\nCephalochordate\n†Cathaymyrus\nLancelet\nOlfactores\n†Haikouella\nTunicate\n†Myllokunmingiidae? (†Haikouichthys, †Myllokunmingia)\n†Zhongxiniscus?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJawless fishCyclostomata\nHagfish\nHyperoartia\nLamprey\n†Conodonts\n†Protoconodonta?\n†Paraconodontida\n†Conodonta\n†Ostracoderms\n†Pteraspidomorphi\n†Thelodonti\n†Anaspida\n†Cephalaspidomorphi\n†Galeaspida\n†Pituriaspida\n†Osteostraci\nJawed fish†Placoderms\n†Antiarchi\n†Arthrodira\n†Brindabellaspida\n†Petalichthyida\n†Phyllolepida\n†Ptyctodontida\n†Rhenanida\n†Acanthothoraci\n†Pseudopetalichthyida?\n†Stensioellida?\n†Acanthodii\n†Acanthodiformes\n†\"Climatiiformes\"\n†Diplacanthiformes\n†Ischnacanthiformes\nCartilaginous\nElasmobranchii\n†Ctenacanthiformes\n†Hybodontiformes\n†Phoebodontiformes\n†Xenacanthida\nRay\nShark\nHolocephali\n†Eugeneodontida\n†Iniopterygiformes\n†Petalodontiformes\n†Symmoriiformes\nChimaera\nBonyLobe-finned\n†Onychodontiformes\nCoelacanth\nRhipidistia\n†Porolepiformes\nLungfish\nTetrapodomorpha\nRay-finned\n†\"Palaeonisciformes\"\nCladistia\nPolypteriformes\nChondrostei\nAcipenseriformes\nNeopterygii\n†Pycnodontiformes\nHalecomorphi\nGinglymodi\nTeleost\nLists\nLists of prehistoric fish\nspiny sharks\nplacoderms\ncartilaginous\nbony\nlobe-finned\nList of transitional fossils\nRelated\nPrehistoric life\nTransitional fossils\nVertebrate paleontology\n† extinctvteGnathostomata\nKingdom: Animalia\nPhylum: Chordata\nSubphylum: Vertebrata\nGnathostomata\n†Janusiscus\n†Ramirosuarezia\n†\"Placodermi\"\nsee Placodermi\nEugnathostomataChondrichthyes\nsee Chondrichthyes\nOsteichthyes\n†Achoania\n†Andreolepis\n†Dialipina\n†Entelognathus?\n†Guiyu\n†Ligulalepis\n†Lophosteus\n†Megamastax\n†Naxilepis\n†Orvikuina\n†Psarolepis\n†Sparalepis\n†Terenolepis\nActinopterygii\nsee Actinopterygii\nSarcopterygii\n†Ptyctolepis\n†Styloichthys\nActinistia\nsee Actinistia\nincludes coelacanths\nRhipidistiaDipnomorpha\nsee Dipnomorpha\nincludes lungfish\nTetrapodomorpha\nsee Tetrapodomorpha\nincludes tetrapodsTaxon identifiersOsteichthyes\nWikidata: Q27207\nWikispecies: Osteichthyes\nBioLib: 15403\nEoL: 2775704\nITIS: 161030\nPaleobiology Database: 218963\nWoRMS: 152352Authority control databases: National \nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nLatvia\nJapan","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Guiyu oneiros, the earliest known bony fish, lived during the Late Silurian, 425 million years ago.[1] It has a combination of both ray-finned and lobe-finned features.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Guiyu_BW.jpg/220px-Guiyu_BW.jpg"},{"image_text":"The ocean sunfish is one of the heaviest bony fish in the world.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Sunfish2.jpg/220px-Sunfish2.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Ostracoderm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostracoderm"},{"title":"Prehistoric fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_fish"}] | [{"reference":"Zhao, W.; Zhang, X.; Jia, G.; Shen, Y.; Zhu, M. (2021). \"The Silurian-Devonian boundary in East Yunnan (South China) and the minimum constraint for the lungfish-tetrapod split\". Science China Earth Sciences. 64 (10): 1784–1797. Bibcode:2021ScChD..64.1784Z. doi:10.1007/s11430-020-9794-8. S2CID 236438229.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353479392","url_text":"\"The Silurian-Devonian boundary in East Yunnan (South China) and the minimum constraint for the lungfish-tetrapod split\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ScChD..64.1784Z","url_text":"2021ScChD..64.1784Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11430-020-9794-8","url_text":"10.1007/s11430-020-9794-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236438229","url_text":"236438229"}]},{"reference":"\"Jaws, Teeth of Earliest Bony Fish Discovered\". Archived from the original on November 14, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071114054414/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/08/070801-jawed-fish.html","url_text":"\"Jaws, Teeth of Earliest Bony Fish Discovered\""},{"url":"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/08/070801-jawed-fish.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). \"Teleostomi\". Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 96, 101. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E-MLDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT=152","url_text":"\"Teleostomi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishes_of_the_World","url_text":"Fishes of the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119174844","url_text":"10.1002/9781119174844"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-34233-6","url_text":"978-1-118-34233-6"}]},{"reference":"Betancur-R, Ricardo; et al. (2013). \"The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes\". PLOS Currents Tree of Life. 5 (Edition 1). doi:10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288. PMC 3644299. PMID 23653398.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3644299","url_text":"\"The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fcurrents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288","url_text":"10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3644299","url_text":"3644299"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23653398","url_text":"23653398"}]},{"reference":"Clack, Jennifer A. (27 June 2012). Gaining Ground, Second Edition: The Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods. Indiana University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-253-00537-3. Retrieved 12 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Clack","url_text":"Clack, Jennifer A."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4j9AKGsQ1msC&pg=PA23","url_text":"Gaining Ground, Second Edition: The Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00537-3","url_text":"978-0-253-00537-3"}]},{"reference":"Laurin, Michel (2 November 2010). How Vertebrates Left the Water. University of California Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-520-94798-6. Retrieved 14 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Laurin","url_text":"Laurin, Michel"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fa6gOvRdl9sC&pg=PA38","url_text":"How Vertebrates Left the Water"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94798-6","url_text":"978-0-520-94798-6"}]},{"reference":"Benton, Michael (4 August 2014). Vertebrate Palaeontology. Wiley. p. 281. ISBN 978-1-118-40764-6. Retrieved 22 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Benton","url_text":"Benton, Michael"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qak-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT281","url_text":"Vertebrate Palaeontology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-40764-6","url_text":"978-1-118-40764-6"}]},{"reference":"Parsons, Thomas S.; Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1986). The vertebrate body (6th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders College Pub. ISBN 978-0-03-910754-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Sherwood_Romer","url_text":"Romer, Alfred Sherwood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-910754-3","url_text":"978-0-03-910754-3"}]},{"reference":"Betancur-R; et al. (2013). \"Complete tree classification (supplemental figure)\" (PDF). PLOS Currents Tree of Life (Edition 1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131021004157/http://www.deepfin.org/images/Fig_S1_Complete_tree_classification.pdf","url_text":"\"Complete tree classification (supplemental figure)\""},{"url":"http://www.deepfin.org/images/Fig_S1_Complete_tree_classification.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Betancur-R; et al. (2013). \"Appendix 2 – Revised Classification for Bony Fishes\" (PDF). PLOS Currents Tree of Life (Edition 1).","urls":[{"url":"http://currents.plos.org/treeoflife/files/2013/04/Appendix_2_Classification1.pdf","url_text":"\"Appendix 2 – Revised Classification for Bony Fishes\""}]},{"reference":"Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; Arturo Acero; Nicolas Bailly; Masaki Miya; Guillaume Lecointre; Guillermo Ortí (2017). \"Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes\". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 162. Bibcode:2017BMCEE..17..162B. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangye_Gyamtso | Desi Sangye Gyatso | ["1 Chagpori School of Medicine","2 Medical treatise","2.1 Tibetan Buddhist medical concepts","2.2 Six herbs","3 Regency","4 The murder of the desi","5 In popular culture","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Tibetan regent and scholar (1653–1705)
Desi Sangye Gyatso
Desi Sangye Gyatso (1653–1705) was the sixth regent (desi) of the 5th Dalai Lama (1617–1682) in the Ganden Phodrang government. He founded the School of Medicine and Astrology called Men-Tsee-Khang on Chagpori ('Iron Mountain') in 1694 and wrote the Blue Beryl (Blue Sapphire) treatise. His name is sometimes written as Sangye Gyamtso and Sans-rGyas rGya-mTsho: 342, 351
By some erroneous accounts, Sangye Gyatso is believed to be the son of the "Great Fifth". He could not be the son of the Fifth Dalai Lama because he was born near Lhasa in September 1653, when the Dalai Lama had been absent on his trip to China for the preceding sixteen months.: 264−322 He ruled as regent, hiding the death of the Dalai Lama, while the infant 6th Dalai Lama was growing up, for 16 years. During this period, he oversaw the completion of the Potala Palace and warded off Chinese politicking.
He is also known for harboring disdain for Tulku Dragpa Gyaltsen, although this lama died in 1656, when Sangye Gyatso was only three years old.: 364−365 According to Lindsay G. McCune in her thesis (2007), Desi Sangye Gyamtso refers in his Vaidurya Serpo to the Lama as the "pot-bellied official" (nang so grod lhug) and states that, following his death, he had an inauspicious rebirth.
Illustration ("Conception to Birth") from the Blue Beryl or Ornament to the Mind of Medicine Buddha- Blue Beryl Lamp Illuminating Four Tantras by Sangye Gyatso c. 1720
Chagpori School of Medicine
Sangye Gyatso founded the School of Medicine and Astrology called Men-Tsee-Khang on Chagpori ('Iron Mountain') in 1694. The college was designed for monastic scholars who would, after learning esoteric arts of medicine and tantrism, mostly remain in the monastery, serving the public as would other monk scholars and lamas. In 1916, Khenrab Norbu, physician to the 13th Dalai Lama, sponsored the construction of the Mentsikhang, a second secular college of Tibetan medicine and astrology. Mentsikhang was designed as a college for 'laypersons' who would, after receiving training, return to their rural areas to work as doctors and educators.
Medical treatise
An important part of Sangye Gyatso's contribution to medicine was his composition of the Blue Beryl Treatise and the preparation of a series of nearly 100 medical paintings illustrating medical theory and practice. These paintings were copied and distributed to several other monasteries. A set created in 1920 and preserved in Ulan Ude, Buryatia, was reproduced in facsimile together with a translation of the Blue Beryl Treatise and published in 1992.
Tibetan Buddhist medical concepts
A drawing from the Blue Beryl illustrating the Tibetan Buddhist view of the chakras (rsta-khor) and sushumna (dbu-ma).
The tradition emphasizes the existence of five major chakras, which are depicted in Blue Beryl as possessing twenty-four spokes, said to symbolize their ability to generate and link with the numerous subtle meridians or currents (Classical Tibetan: rsta). The Brow and Throat centers are associated with the cosmic plane (stod); the Heart center to the human plane (bar); and the Solar and Vitality centers to the earth plane (smad).
Six herbs
Six common medicinal herbs in Tibet
Six medicinal substances were in common use in Tibet when they appeared in the Blue Beryl Treatise:
Arabic frankincense (Burseraceae) (see on the left, top-left corner)
Mongolian garlic (Allium tuberosum) (see on the left, top-middle)
Chinese quince (Pseudocydonia) (see on the left, top-right corner)
Indian embelic myrobalan (Terminalia chebula) (see on the left, bottom-left corner)
Tibetan ginger (Hedychium gardenerianum) (see on the left, bottom-middle)
South Chinese Kaempferia galanga (see on the left, bottom-right corner)
Regency
Sangye Gyatso became regent or desi of Tibet at the age of 26 in 1679. Three years later, in 1682, the 5th Dalai Lama died. However, his demise was kept secret until 1696-97, and the desi governed Tibet.
From 1679 to 1684, the Ganden Phodrang fought in the Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War against the Namgyal dynasty of neighboring Ladakh. Desi Sangye Gyatso: 342 : 351 and the King Delek Namgyal of Ladakh: 351–353 : 171–172 agreed on the Treaty of Tingmosgang in the fortress of Tingmosgang at the conclusion of the war in 1684. The original text of the Treaty of Tingmosgang no longer survives, but its contents are summarized in the Ladakh Chronicles.: 37 : 38 : 40
He entertained close contacts with Galdan Boshugtu Khan, the ruler of the emerging Dzungar Khanate of Inner Asia, with the aim of countering the role of the Khoshut Mongols in Tibetan affairs. The Khoshut khans had functioned as protector-rulers of Tibet since 1642 but their influence had been on the wane since 1655. The supposed reincarnation of the Dalai Lama was born in 1683 and discovered two years later. He was secretly educated in Nankhartse while Sangye Gyatso proceeded to hide the death of his master. It was only in 1697 that the Sixth Dalai Lama, Tsangyang Gyatso, was installed. This evoked great irritation from the Qing Kangxi Emperor who had been kept in the dark about the matter, and furthermore was an enemy of the Dzungar rulers. Meanwhile, a new and ambitious Khoshut ruler came to power, Lha-bzang Khan.
The murder of the desi
Desi Sangye Gyatso
The Sixth Dalai Lama turned out to be a talented but boisterous young man who preferred poetry-writing and the company of young women to monastic life. In 1702 he renounced his monastic vows and returned to lay status but retained his temporal authority.
In the next year, Sangye Gyatso formally turned over the regent title to his own son, Ngawang Rinchen, but in fact kept the executive powers. Now, a rift emerged within the Tibetan elite. Lha-bzang Khan was a man of character and energy who was not content with the effaced state in which the Khoshut royal power had sunk. He set about to change this, probably after an attempt by Sangye Gyatso to poison the king and his chief minister. Matters came to their head during the Monlam Prayer Festival in Lhasa in 1705, which followed the Losar (New Year). During a grand meeting with the clergy, Sangye Gyatso proposed to seize and execute Lha-bzang Khan. This was opposed by the cleric Jamyang Zhépa from Drepung Monastery, the personal guru of Lha-bzang. Rather, Lha-bzang Khan was strongly recommended to leave for Amdo, the usual abode of the Khoshut elite. He pretended to comply and started his journey to the north.
However, when Lha-bzang Khan reached the banks of the Nagchu River northeast of Ü-Tsang, he halted and began to gather the Khoshut tribesmen. In the summer of 1705 he marched on Lhasa and divided his troops in three columns, one under his wife Tsering Tashi. When Sangye Gyatso heard about this he gathered the troops of Ü-Tsang, Ngari and Kham close to Lhasa. He offered battle but was badly defeated with the loss of 400 men.
The Lobsang Yeshe, 5th Panchen Lama tried to mediate. Realizing that his situation was hopeless, Sangye Gyatso surrendered on condition that he was spared and was sent to Gonggar Dzong west of Lhasa. However, the vengeful Queen Tsering Tashi arrested Sangye Gyatso and brought him to the Tölung Valley, where he was killed, probably on 6 September 1705.
In popular culture
Sangye Gyatso appears as a minor character in the wuxia novel The Deer and the Cauldron by Jin Yong. He becomes sworn brothers with the protagonist Wei Xiaobao and Galdan Boshugtu Khan.
See also
Ayurveda
Tibetan people
Traditional Chinese medicine
Traditional Mongolian medicine
Traditional Tibetan medicine
Tree of physiology
References
^ Medicine Across Cultures: History and Practice of Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (Science Across Cultures: the History of Non-Western Science) by Hugh Shapiro and H. Selin (2006) p.87
^ a b c Gyurme Dorje; I︠U︡riĭ Mikhaĭlovich Parfionovich (1992). Gyurme Dorje; I︠U︡riĭ Mikhaĭlovich Parfionovich; Fernand Meyer (eds.). Tibetan medical paintings: Illustrations to the Blue Beryl Treatise of Sangye Gyamtso (1653-1705). The works by Sangye Gyamtso; Dalai Lama XIV, Bstan-’dzin-rgya-mtsho. New York: H.N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 0-8109-3861-8. OCLC 25508990. ISBN 9780810938618
^ Healing Powers and Modernity: Traditional Medicine, Shamanism, and Science in Asian Societies by Linda H. Connor and Geoffrey Samuel (2001) p.267
^ Jaroslav Průšek and Zbigniew Słupski, eds., Dictionary of Oriental Literatures: East Asia (Charles Tuttle, 1978): 147.
^ a b c Ahmad, Zahiruddin (1968). "New light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal war of 1679—1684". East and West. 18 (3/4): 340–361. JSTOR 29755343.
^ Bryan J. Cuevas, Lhasa in the Seventeenth Century: The Capital of the Dalai Lamas,
The Journal of Asian Studies (2004), 63: 1124-1127
^ a b Dalai Lama V (2014). The Illusive Play: The Autobiography of the Fifth Dalai Lama. Translated by Karmay, Samten G. Chicago: Serindia Publications. ISBN 978-1-932476675.
^ Richardson, Hugh E. (1998) High Peaks, Pure Earth; Collected Writings on Tibetan History and Culture. Serindia Publications, London. p. 455 ISBN 0906026466
^ Tales of Intrigue from Tibet's Holy City: The Historical Underpinnings of a Modern Buddhist Crisis Thesis by Lindsay G. McCune Archived February 14, 2012, at the Wayback Machine The Florida State University College of Arts and Sciences, see page 8 of introduction
^ Tibet Information Network (2004). Tibetan Medicine in Contemporary Tibet: Health and Health Care in Tibet II. Health and health care in Tibet. Tibet Information Network. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-9541961-7-2. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
^ Lade, Arnie (1999). Energetic healing: Embracing the life force (1st ed.). Twin Lakes, Wis. (USA): Lotus. p. 48. ISBN 978-0914955467.
^ Gyamtso, S., Klassische Tibetische Medizin (1996) ISBN 978-3-258-05550-3
^ Petech, Luciano (1977). The Kingdom of Ladakh: C. 950-1842 A.D. Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. ISBN 9788863230581.
^ Lamb, Alastair (1965), "Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector of the Sino-Indian Boundary Dispute" (PDF), The Australian Year Book of International Law: 37–52
^ Tsepon W.D. Shakabpa, Tibet. A political history. Yale 1967, pp. 125-8.
^ Luciano Petech, China and Tibet in the early 18th century. Leiden 1950.
^ Cha, Louis (2018). Minford, John (ed.). The Deer and the Cauldron: 3 Volume Set. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190836054.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sangs-rgyas_rgya-mtsho.jpg"},{"link_name":"desi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desi_(Tibet)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"5th Dalai Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama"},{"link_name":"Ganden Phodrang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang"},{"link_name":"Astrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology"},{"link_name":"Men-Tsee-Khang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men-Tsee-Khang"},{"link_name":"Chagpori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagpori"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blue_work-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ahmad-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-karmay-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-high_peaks-8"},{"link_name":"6th Dalai Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Dalai_Lama"},{"link_name":"Potala Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potala_Palace"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tulku Dragpa Gyaltsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku_Dragpa_Gyaltsen"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-karmay-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illustration_(Conception_to_Birth)_from_Ornament_to_the_Mind_of_Medicine_Buddha-_Blue_Beryl_Lamp_Illuminating_Four_Tantras_written_around_the_year_1720_by_Desi_Sangye_Gyatso_(1653%E2%80%931705),_the_regent_(Desi)_of_the_5th_Dalai_Lama.png"}],"text":"Desi Sangye GyatsoDesi Sangye Gyatso (1653–1705) was the sixth regent (desi) of the 5th Dalai Lama (1617–1682) in the Ganden Phodrang government. He founded the School of Medicine and Astrology called Men-Tsee-Khang on Chagpori ('Iron Mountain') in 1694[1] and wrote the Blue Beryl (Blue Sapphire) treatise.[2][3] His name is sometimes written as Sangye Gyamtso[4] and Sans-rGyas rGya-mTsho[5]: 342, 351By some erroneous accounts, Sangye Gyatso is believed to be the son of the \"Great Fifth\".[6] He could not be the son of the Fifth Dalai Lama because he was born near Lhasa in September 1653, when the Dalai Lama had been absent on his trip to China for the preceding sixteen months.[7]: 264−322 [8] He ruled as regent, hiding the death of the Dalai Lama, while the infant 6th Dalai Lama was growing up, for 16 years. During this period, he oversaw the completion of the Potala Palace and warded off Chinese politicking.[citation needed]He is also known for harboring disdain for Tulku Dragpa Gyaltsen, although this lama died in 1656, when Sangye Gyatso was only three years old.[7]: 364−365 According to Lindsay G. McCune in her thesis (2007), Desi Sangye Gyamtso refers in his Vaidurya Serpo to the Lama as the \"pot-bellied official\" (nang so grod lhug) and states that, following his death, he had an inauspicious rebirth.[9]Illustration (\"Conception to Birth\") from the Blue Beryl or Ornament to the Mind of Medicine Buddha- Blue Beryl Lamp Illuminating Four Tantras by Sangye Gyatso c. 1720","title":"Desi Sangye Gyatso"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Astrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology"},{"link_name":"Men-Tsee-Khang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men-Tsee-Khang"},{"link_name":"Chagpori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagpori"},{"link_name":"tantrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantrism"},{"link_name":"Khenrab Norbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khenrab_Norbu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"13th Dalai Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r287-10"}],"text":"Sangye Gyatso founded the School of Medicine and Astrology called Men-Tsee-Khang on Chagpori ('Iron Mountain') in 1694. The college was designed for monastic scholars who would, after learning esoteric arts of medicine and tantrism, mostly remain in the monastery, serving the public as would other monk scholars and lamas. In 1916, Khenrab Norbu, physician to the 13th Dalai Lama, sponsored the construction of the Mentsikhang, a second secular college of Tibetan medicine and astrology. Mentsikhang was designed as a college for 'laypersons' who would, after receiving training, return to their rural areas to work as doctors and educators.[10]","title":"Chagpori School of Medicine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blue Beryl Treatise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Beryl_Treatise&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blue_work-2"}],"text":"An important part of Sangye Gyatso's contribution to medicine was his composition of the Blue Beryl Treatise and the preparation of a series of nearly 100 medical paintings illustrating medical theory and practice. These paintings were copied and distributed to several other monasteries. A set created in 1920 and preserved in Ulan Ude, Buryatia, was reproduced in facsimile together with a translation of the Blue Beryl Treatise and published in 1992.[2]","title":"Medical treatise"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TibChakra.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tibetan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"chakras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakra"},{"link_name":"sushumna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)"},{"link_name":"chakras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakra"},{"link_name":"Classical Tibetan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Tibetan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Tibetan Buddhist medical concepts","text":"A drawing from the Blue Beryl illustrating the Tibetan Buddhist view of the chakras (rsta-khor) and sushumna (dbu-ma).The tradition emphasizes the existence of five major chakras, which are depicted in Blue Beryl as possessing twenty-four spokes, said to symbolize their ability to generate and link with the numerous subtle meridians or currents (Classical Tibetan: rsta). The Brow and Throat centers are associated with the cosmic plane (stod); the Heart center to the human plane (bar); and the Solar and Vitality centers to the earth plane (smad).[11]","title":"Medical treatise"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SixSubstances.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blue_work-2"},{"link_name":"frankincense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankincense"},{"link_name":"Burseraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burseraceae"},{"link_name":"Allium tuberosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_tuberosum"},{"link_name":"Pseudocydonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocydonia"},{"link_name":"Terminalia chebula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminalia_chebula"},{"link_name":"Hedychium gardenerianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedychium_gardenerianum"},{"link_name":"Kaempferia galanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaempferia_galanga"}],"sub_title":"Six herbs","text":"Six common medicinal herbs in TibetSix medicinal substances were in common use in Tibet when they appeared in the Blue Beryl Treatise:[12][2]Arabic frankincense (Burseraceae) (see on the left, top-left corner)\nMongolian garlic (Allium tuberosum) (see on the left, top-middle)\nChinese quince (Pseudocydonia) (see on the left, top-right corner)\nIndian embelic myrobalan (Terminalia chebula) (see on the left, bottom-left corner)\nTibetan ginger (Hedychium gardenerianum) (see on the left, bottom-middle)\nSouth Chinese Kaempferia galanga (see on the left, bottom-right corner)","title":"Medical treatise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"5th Dalai Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama"},{"link_name":"Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_War"},{"link_name":"Namgyal dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh"},{"link_name":"Ladakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ahmad-5"},{"link_name":"Delek Namgyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delek_Namgyal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ahmad-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petech-13"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Tingmosgang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tingmosgang"},{"link_name":"Tingmosgang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingmosgang"},{"link_name":"Ladakh Chronicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh_Chronicles"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lamb-14"},{"link_name":"Galdan Boshugtu Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galdan_Boshugtu_Khan"},{"link_name":"Dzungar Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Khoshut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoshut"},{"link_name":"Nankhartse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nankhartse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tsangyang Gyatso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsangyang_Gyatso"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Kangxi Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Lha-bzang Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lha-bzang_Khan"}],"text":"Sangye Gyatso became regent or desi of Tibet at the age of 26 in 1679. Three years later, in 1682, the 5th Dalai Lama died. However, his demise was kept secret until 1696-97, and the desi governed Tibet.From 1679 to 1684, the Ganden Phodrang fought in the Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War against the Namgyal dynasty of neighboring Ladakh. Desi Sangye Gyatso[5]: 342 : 351 and the King Delek Namgyal of Ladakh[5]: 351–353 [13]: 171–172 agreed on the Treaty of Tingmosgang in the fortress of Tingmosgang at the conclusion of the war in 1684. The original text of the Treaty of Tingmosgang no longer survives, but its contents are summarized in the Ladakh Chronicles.[14]: 37 : 38 : 40He entertained close contacts with Galdan Boshugtu Khan, the ruler of the emerging Dzungar Khanate of Inner Asia, with the aim of countering the role of the Khoshut Mongols in Tibetan affairs. The Khoshut khans had functioned as protector-rulers of Tibet since 1642 but their influence had been on the wane since 1655. The supposed reincarnation of the Dalai Lama was born in 1683 and discovered two years later. He was secretly educated in Nankhartse while Sangye Gyatso proceeded to hide the death of his master. It was only in 1697 that the Sixth Dalai Lama, Tsangyang Gyatso, was installed.[15] This evoked great irritation from the Qing Kangxi Emperor who had been kept in the dark about the matter, and furthermore was an enemy of the Dzungar rulers. Meanwhile, a new and ambitious Khoshut ruler came to power, Lha-bzang Khan.","title":"Regency"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sangye_Gyatso.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lha-bzang Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lha-bzang_Khan"},{"link_name":"Khoshut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoshut"},{"link_name":"Monlam Prayer Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monlam_Prayer_Festival"},{"link_name":"Lhasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhasa"},{"link_name":"Losar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losar"},{"link_name":"Jamyang Zhépa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamyang_Zh%C3%A9pa"},{"link_name":"Drepung Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drepung_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Amdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amdo"},{"link_name":"Khoshut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoshut"},{"link_name":"Nagchu River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salween_River"},{"link_name":"Ü-Tsang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang"},{"link_name":"Ngari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Kham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kham"},{"link_name":"Lobsang Yeshe, 5th Panchen Lama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobsang_Yeshe,_5th_Panchen_Lama"},{"link_name":"Gonggar Dzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonggar_Dzong"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Desi Sangye GyatsoThe Sixth Dalai Lama turned out to be a talented but boisterous young man who preferred poetry-writing and the company of young women to monastic life. In 1702 he renounced his monastic vows and returned to lay status but retained his temporal authority.In the next year, Sangye Gyatso formally turned over the regent title to his own son, Ngawang Rinchen, but in fact kept the executive powers. Now, a rift emerged within the Tibetan elite. Lha-bzang Khan was a man of character and energy who was not content with the effaced state in which the Khoshut royal power had sunk. He set about to change this, probably after an attempt by Sangye Gyatso to poison the king and his chief minister. Matters came to their head during the Monlam Prayer Festival in Lhasa in 1705, which followed the Losar (New Year). During a grand meeting with the clergy, Sangye Gyatso proposed to seize and execute Lha-bzang Khan. This was opposed by the cleric Jamyang Zhépa from Drepung Monastery, the personal guru of Lha-bzang. Rather, Lha-bzang Khan was strongly recommended to leave for Amdo, the usual abode of the Khoshut elite. He pretended to comply and started his journey to the north.However, when Lha-bzang Khan reached the banks of the Nagchu River northeast of Ü-Tsang, he halted and began to gather the Khoshut tribesmen. In the summer of 1705 he marched on Lhasa and divided his troops in three columns, one under his wife Tsering Tashi. When Sangye Gyatso heard about this he gathered the troops of Ü-Tsang, Ngari and Kham close to Lhasa. He offered battle but was badly defeated with the loss of 400 men.The Lobsang Yeshe, 5th Panchen Lama tried to mediate. Realizing that his situation was hopeless, Sangye Gyatso surrendered on condition that he was spared and was sent to Gonggar Dzong west of Lhasa. However, the vengeful Queen Tsering Tashi arrested Sangye Gyatso and brought him to the Tölung Valley, where he was killed, probably on 6 September 1705.[16]","title":"The murder of the desi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"appears as a minor character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Deer_and_the_Cauldron_characters#Tibetans"},{"link_name":"wuxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia"},{"link_name":"The Deer and the Cauldron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deer_and_the_Cauldron"},{"link_name":"Jin Yong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Yong"},{"link_name":"sworn brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sworn_brother"},{"link_name":"Galdan Boshugtu Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galdan_Boshugtu_Khan"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Sangye Gyatso appears as a minor character in the wuxia novel The Deer and the Cauldron by Jin Yong. He becomes sworn brothers with the protagonist Wei Xiaobao and Galdan Boshugtu Khan.[17]","title":"In popular culture"}] | [{"image_text":"Desi Sangye Gyatso","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Sangs-rgyas_rgya-mtsho.jpg/220px-Sangs-rgyas_rgya-mtsho.jpg"},{"image_text":"Illustration (\"Conception to Birth\") from the Blue Beryl or Ornament to the Mind of Medicine Buddha- Blue Beryl Lamp Illuminating Four Tantras by Sangye Gyatso c. 1720","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Illustration_%28Conception_to_Birth%29_from_Ornament_to_the_Mind_of_Medicine_Buddha-_Blue_Beryl_Lamp_Illuminating_Four_Tantras_written_around_the_year_1720_by_Desi_Sangye_Gyatso_%281653%E2%80%931705%29%2C_the_regent_%28Desi%29_of_the_5th_Dalai_Lama.png/262px-thumbnail.png"},{"image_text":"A drawing from the Blue Beryl illustrating the Tibetan Buddhist view of the chakras (rsta-khor) and sushumna (dbu-ma).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/TibChakra.jpg/150px-TibChakra.jpg"},{"image_text":"Six common medicinal herbs in Tibet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SixSubstances.jpg/150px-SixSubstances.jpg"},{"image_text":"Desi Sangye Gyatso","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sangye_Gyatso.jpg/220px-Sangye_Gyatso.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Ayurveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda"},{"title":"Tibetan people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_people"},{"title":"Traditional Chinese medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine"},{"title":"Traditional Mongolian medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Mongolian_medicine"},{"title":"Traditional Tibetan medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine"},{"title":"Tree of physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_physiology"}] | [{"reference":"Gyurme Dorje; I︠U︡riĭ Mikhaĭlovich Parfionovich (1992). Gyurme Dorje; I︠U︡riĭ Mikhaĭlovich Parfionovich; Fernand Meyer (eds.). Tibetan medical paintings: Illustrations to the Blue Beryl Treatise of Sangye Gyamtso (1653-1705). The works by Sangye Gyamtso; Dalai Lama XIV, Bstan-’dzin-rgya-mtsho. New York: H.N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 0-8109-3861-8. OCLC 25508990.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25508990","url_text":"Tibetan medical paintings: Illustrations to the Blue Beryl Treatise of Sangye Gyamtso (1653-1705)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangye_Gyamtso","url_text":"Sangye Gyamtso"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama","url_text":"Dalai Lama XIV, Bstan-’dzin-rgya-mtsho"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-3861-8","url_text":"0-8109-3861-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25508990","url_text":"25508990"}]},{"reference":"Ahmad, Zahiruddin (1968). \"New light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal war of 1679—1684\". East and West. 18 (3/4): 340–361. JSTOR 29755343.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/29755343","url_text":"29755343"}]},{"reference":"Dalai Lama V (2014). The Illusive Play: The Autobiography of the Fifth Dalai Lama. Translated by Karmay, Samten G. Chicago: Serindia Publications. ISBN 978-1-932476675.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samten_Karmay","url_text":"Karmay, Samten G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932476675","url_text":"978-1-932476675"}]},{"reference":"Tibet Information Network (2004). Tibetan Medicine in Contemporary Tibet: Health and Health Care in Tibet II. Health and health care in Tibet. Tibet Information Network. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-9541961-7-2. Retrieved 2024-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9ughAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Tibetan Medicine in Contemporary Tibet: Health and Health Care in Tibet II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9541961-7-2","url_text":"978-0-9541961-7-2"}]},{"reference":"Lade, Arnie (1999). Energetic healing: Embracing the life force (1st ed.). Twin Lakes, Wis. (USA): Lotus. p. 48. ISBN 978-0914955467.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0914955467","url_text":"978-0914955467"}]},{"reference":"Petech, Luciano (1977). The Kingdom of Ladakh: C. 950-1842 A.D. Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. ISBN 9788863230581.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Petech","url_text":"Petech, Luciano"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4oduAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Kingdom of Ladakh: C. 950-1842 A.D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788863230581","url_text":"9788863230581"}]},{"reference":"Lamb, Alastair (1965), \"Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector of the Sino-Indian Boundary Dispute\" (PDF), The Australian Year Book of International Law: 37–52","urls":[{"url":"http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUYrBkIntLaw/1965/4.pdf","url_text":"\"Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector of the Sino-Indian Boundary Dispute\""}]},{"reference":"Cha, Louis (2018). Minford, John (ed.). The Deer and the Cauldron: 3 Volume Set. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190836054.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Yong","url_text":"Cha, Louis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deer_and_the_Cauldron","url_text":"The Deer and the Cauldron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190836054","url_text":"978-0190836054"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25508990","external_links_name":"Tibetan medical paintings: Illustrations to the Blue Beryl Treatise of Sangye Gyamtso (1653-1705)"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25508990","external_links_name":"25508990"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/29755343","external_links_name":"29755343"},{"Link":"http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04092007-003235/unrestricted/lgm_thesis.pdf","external_links_name":"Tales of Intrigue from Tibet's Holy City: The Historical Underpinnings of a Modern Buddhist Crisis Thesis by Lindsay G. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanish | Tanish | ["1 Early life and family","2 Career","3 Controversy","4 Filmography","4.1 Television","5 References","6 External links"] | Indian actor - Telugu language
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Tanish" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
TanishBornTanish AlladiNationalityIndianOccupationActorYears active1998–2006 (Child artist)2008-present (Actor)
Tanish is an Indian actor and television personality known for his lead roles in very Low budget, small Telugu films. He has starred in films such as Nachavule, Ride, Telugabbai, Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda, and Nakshatram. He has also kickstarted a television career, as he was one of the contestants on the reality TV show Bigg Boss Telugu 2, which was hosted by noted Telugu star Nani. Tanish finished in 3rd place in Bigg Boss Telugu 2. He has gained popularity and fans among the youth due to the majority of his films being youth films and love stories.
Early life and family
Tanish was born to Alladi Yesuvardhan Babu and Saraswati. He has 2 younger brothers named Alladi Vamsi Krishna and Alladi Kushwanth.
Career
In 2008 and 2009 he appeared in two successful films Nachavule and Ride. In 2012 he appeared in Mem Vayasuku Vacham with Niti Taylor. In the same year, another movie Chanakyudu with Ishita Dutta under the direction of Gotteganti Srinivas, was released.
In 2013 he worked with director Avinash O Sridhar for Telugabbai. Co-starring Ramya Nambeesan, the film did not do well at the box office. After many solo failures at the box office, Tanish also starred in two big multistarrers. The first was the moderately successful Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda (2014), in which he starred alongside Mohan Babu, Vishnu Manchu, Manoj Manchu, Varun Sandesh, Hansika Motwani, and Pranitha Subhash. In 2017, he starred in another ensemble film directed by Krishna Vamsi, Nakshatram, in which he starred alongside Sundeep Kishan and Sai Dharam Tej.
Controversy
In February 2019, Kaushal blamed Tanish over his lost chance to get a movie offer for which his fan was supposed to be the producer. Tanish denied these allegations and stated he would proceed with legal notices against Kaushal.
In 2017, Tanish was called for investigation in a drugs case in Nampally.
Filmography
Year
Film
Role(s)
Notes
1998
Premante Idera
Child artist
1999
Prema Katha
Subba Rao
Alludugaaru Vachcharu
2000
Yuvakudu
Ninne Premistha
Chala Bagundi
Devullu
Lord Ayyappa
2002
Vasu
Arun's friend
Manmadhudu
Harika's Brother
2006
Evandoi Srivaru
Divya's Brother
Bhageeratha
Young Bullabbai
2008
Nachavule
Luv Kumar
Debut as lead actor.
2009
Ride
Mahesh
2010
Mouna Ragam
Chandu
2011
Kodipunju
Abhimanyu
2012
Mem Vayasuku Vacham
Lakshman "Lucky"
2013
Telugabbai
Arun
2014
Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda
Lucky
2015
Superstar Kidnap
Michael
Cameo appearance
2016
Oh My God
2017
Nakshatram
Rahul
2018
Rangu
Pawan Kumar "Lara"
Desa Dimmari
2021
Maro Prasthanam
Shiva
2023
Vanakkam SaLaam
Television
Year
Show
Role(s)
Notes
2018
Bigg Boss Telugu 2
Himself
TV show
References
^ "Tollywood actor Tanish's father found dead". Deccan Chronicle. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
^ "Chanakyudu". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2 December 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
^ Kanoj, Priyanka (1 March 2019). "From Bigg Boss Telugu 2 to big fight in court: Tanish Alladi takes aim at Kaushal Manda". International Business Times, India Edition.
^ Sriram (6 November 2015). "Oh My God Telugu Movie - Theatrical Trailer Tanish". IndRead. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
External links
Tanish at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nachavule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachavule"},{"link_name":"Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Telugabbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugabbai"},{"link_name":"Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandavulu_Pandavulu_Thummeda"},{"link_name":"Nakshatram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatram_(film)"},{"link_name":"Bigg Boss Telugu 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigg_Boss_Telugu_2"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_cinema"},{"link_name":"Nani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nani_(actor)"}],"text":"Tanish is an Indian actor and television personality known for his lead roles in very Low budget, small Telugu films. He has starred in films such as Nachavule, Ride, Telugabbai, Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda, and Nakshatram. He has also kickstarted a television career, as he was one of the contestants on the reality TV show Bigg Boss Telugu 2, which was hosted by noted Telugu star Nani. Tanish finished in 3rd place in Bigg Boss Telugu 2. He has gained popularity and fans among the youth due to the majority of his films being youth films and love stories.","title":"Tanish"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Tanish was born to Alladi Yesuvardhan Babu and Saraswati. He has 2 younger brothers named Alladi Vamsi Krishna and Alladi Kushwanth.[1]","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nachavule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachavule"},{"link_name":"Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Mem Vayasuku Vacham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mem_Vayasuku_Vacham"},{"link_name":"Niti Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niti_Taylor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Telugabbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugabbai"},{"link_name":"Ramya Nambeesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramya_Nambeesan"},{"link_name":"Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandavulu_Pandavulu_Thummeda"},{"link_name":"Mohan Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_Babu"},{"link_name":"Vishnu Manchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu_Manchu"},{"link_name":"Manoj Manchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoj_Manchu"},{"link_name":"Varun Sandesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varun_Sandesh"},{"link_name":"Hansika Motwani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansika_Motwani"},{"link_name":"Pranitha Subhash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranitha_Subhash"},{"link_name":"Krishna Vamsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Vamsi"},{"link_name":"Nakshatram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakshatram_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sundeep Kishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundeep_Kishan"},{"link_name":"Sai Dharam Tej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai_Dharam_Tej"}],"text":"In 2008 and 2009 he appeared in two successful films Nachavule and Ride. In 2012 he appeared in Mem Vayasuku Vacham with Niti Taylor. In the same year, another movie Chanakyudu with Ishita Dutta under the direction of Gotteganti Srinivas, was released.[2]In 2013 he worked with director Avinash O Sridhar for Telugabbai. Co-starring Ramya Nambeesan, the film did not do well at the box office. After many solo failures at the box office, Tanish also starred in two big multistarrers. The first was the moderately successful Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda (2014), in which he starred alongside Mohan Babu, Vishnu Manchu, Manoj Manchu, Varun Sandesh, Hansika Motwani, and Pranitha Subhash. In 2017, he starred in another ensemble film directed by Krishna Vamsi, Nakshatram, in which he starred alongside Sundeep Kishan and Sai Dharam Tej.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaushal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaushal_Manda"},{"link_name":"Nampally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nampally,_Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In February 2019, Kaushal blamed Tanish over his lost chance to get a movie offer for which his fan was supposed to be the producer. Tanish denied these allegations and stated he would proceed with legal notices against Kaushal.In 2017, Tanish was called for investigation in a drugs case in Nampally.[3]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Tollywood actor Tanish's father found dead\". Deccan Chronicle. 19 May 2016. 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International Business Times, India Edition.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-telugu-2-big-fight-courts-tanish-alladi-takes-aim-kaushal-manda-792918","url_text":"\"From Bigg Boss Telugu 2 to big fight in court: Tanish Alladi takes aim at Kaushal Manda\""}]},{"reference":"Sriram (6 November 2015). \"Oh My God Telugu Movie - Theatrical Trailer Tanish\". IndRead. Retrieved 24 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://indread.com/16002/oh-my-god-telugu-movie-theatrical-trailer-tanish","url_text":"\"Oh My God Telugu Movie - Theatrical Trailer Tanish\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tanish%22","external_links_name":"\"Tanish\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tanish%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tanish%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tanish%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tanish%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tanish%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/crime/190516/tollywood-actor-tanish-s-father-found-dead.html","external_links_name":"\"Tollywood actor Tanish's father found dead\""},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/movie-reviews/Chanakyudu/movie-review/17454242.cms","external_links_name":"\"Chanakyudu\""},{"Link":"https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-telugu-2-big-fight-courts-tanish-alladi-takes-aim-kaushal-manda-792918","external_links_name":"\"From Bigg Boss Telugu 2 to big fight in court: Tanish Alladi takes aim at Kaushal Manda\""},{"Link":"https://indread.com/16002/oh-my-god-telugu-movie-theatrical-trailer-tanish","external_links_name":"\"Oh My God Telugu Movie - Theatrical Trailer Tanish\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3766634/","external_links_name":"Tanish"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Udugama | Richard Udugama | ["1 Early life","2 Military career","2.1 World War II","2.2 Ceylon Army","2.3 Army Commander","2.4 Alleged 1966 attempted coup d'état","3 Later years","4 Family","5 Honours","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Hon. Major General DeshamanyaAlexander Richard UdugamaMBEMember of Parliamentfor MataleIn office7 June 1970 – 18 May 1977Preceded byAlick AluwihareSucceeded byAlick Aluwihare
Personal detailsBorn11 November 1911Matale, British CeylonDied14 May 1995(1995-05-14) (aged 83)NationalitySri LankanPolitical partySri Lanka Freedom PartyOccupationSoldierAwardsBurma Star, Defence Medal, War Medal 1939–1945Military serviceAllegianceSri LankaBranch/serviceCeylon Defence ForceCeylon ArmyYears of service1940-1946,1949–1966RankMajor GeneralUnitCeylon Light InfantryCommandsArmy Commander, Chief of Staff, Garrison Commander, Troops Jaffna, 1st Battalion, Ceylon Light InfantryBattles/warsWorld War II
Major General Deshamanya Alexander Richard Udugama, MBE (11 November 1911 – 14 May 1995) was a Sri Lankan soldier, politician and diplomat. Former Army Commander (1964–1966), he was elected as Member of Parliament for Matale from 1970 to 1977 and served as Sri Lankan Ambassador to Iraq from 1979 to 1982. He was accused of an alleged coup d'état in 1966.
Early life
Born on 11 November 1911 in Matale to a Kandyan radala family, who claimed to be linked to the Uva Rebellion. His father was W. A. Udugama Disawe a local headmen and his mother was Loku Kumarihamy, he had five siblings. Udugama was educated at Trinity College, Kandy, where he won the Trinity Lion for rugby. Following his schooling at Trinity College, he became a school teacher.
Military career
World War II
With the out break of World War II, he joined the Ceylon Light Infantry and was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in 1940 with the war time expansion of the regiment within the Ceylon Defence Force. Thereafter, he served in the 1st, 3rd and 4th Battalions of the Ceylon Light Infantry and undertook several infantry courses in Ceylon and India. He was promoted to the temporary rank of Captain on 1 January 1943. In November 1943, he was transferred to the British 14th Army operating in the Burma Campaign on secondment with the British Army. There he served with the 7th Battalion, 2nd Punjab Regiment which was under the 7th Indian Infantry Division in Arakan, on the eastern side of Mayu Range. During the Arakan campaign, he was captured by the Japanese and held in a POW camp until the end of the war in 1945. After the war, he was demobilised and returned to work as a school teacher.
Ceylon Army
With the formation of the Ceylon Army in 1949, he transferred to the regular force with the rank of Major in the 1st Battalion, Ceylon Light Infantry which was briefly named the Ceylon Infantry Regiment. He also served as the Chief Security Officer of the Ceylon Government Railway from 1949 to 1951. He then served as the Army Recruiting Officer and Commanded the Recruit Training Depot. In 1956, he was serving as the Garrison Commander, Diyatalawa when he was dispatched to Ampara after communal rioting broke out with a detachment of Ceylon Light Infantry to assist the police to subdue the riots. Later he served as the Coordinating Officer for Batticaloa. Promoted to lieutenant colonel, he served as the commanding officer of the 1st Battalion, Ceylon Light Infantry from November 1959 to November 1962. In February 1961, he was dispatched to Jaffna with the 1st Battalion, after the Federal Party launched a Satyagraha against the language policy of the government. The government having declared a state of emergency under the Public Security Act had Udugama break up the protest and arrest its leaders. Establishing a command headquarters, in the Jaffna Kachcheri, Udugama now promoted to the rank of colonel, was appointed Garrison Commander, Troops Jaffna in command of all army units in the Jaffna District which included the Ceylon Light Infantry and the Ceylon Sinha Regiment to ensure that the civil unrest by the Federal Party was stopped. He remained in Jaffna until February 1962, when he was recalled to Colombo to take up the post of Chief of Staff of the army following an attempted coup d'état by senior army and police officers.
Army Commander
Although not connected to the attempted coup, the Army Commander Major General H.W.G. Wijeyekoon was forced to retire by the government of Prime Minister Sirima Bandaranaike on 31 December 1963. Bandaranaike appointed Udugama to succeed Wijeyekoon with the promotion to the rank of Brigadier on 1 January 1964. Brigadier Udugama, became the first Sinhalese Buddhist and combat experienced officer to be appointed as Army Commander. Given that the officers connected to the attempted coup were all Christian, Bandaranaike had preferred appointing Udugama over the more senior Colonel Bertram Heyn, given that he was a Buddhist and kinsmen from a Kandyan Radala family. He increased the intake of Buddhist officers to the army and increased the focus on jungle warfare training having established links with Yugoslavia. He also encourage sports within the army. He was later promoted to the rank of Major General.
Alleged 1966 attempted coup d'état
Main article: 1966 alleged Ceylonese coup d'état attempt
In June 1966, Major General Udugama was on an official tour in Europe, visiting military training schools in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Switzerland. While in the United Kingdom, he was visited by the Director of the Criminal Investigation Department who questioned him on an investigation that was carried out about a possible attempt coup d'état against the government of Prime Minister Dudley Senanayake in what was known as the Bathroom coup. Shortly thereafter he was recalled to Ceylon via a coded message from the Ministry of External Affairs and Defence. On 7 July 1966, the BOAC aircraft carrying him landed at the Bandaranaike International Airport and he was met by Air Commodore Rohan Amerasekera, who escorted him to the officers mess of RCyAF Katunayake under guard where the Inspector General of Police John Attygalle presented a detention order issued under emergency regulations that was in-effect at the time and was informed that he was suspended as Army Commander with effect from 7 July 1966. Transferred to the Welikada Prison, he was remanded at the Welikada Prison for three years as the trial took place and the Supreme Court found him not guilty and acquitted him of all charges. His legal counsels were Neville Samarakoon, QC and Tissa Wijeyeratne.
Later years
Following his acquittal he contested the Matale seat from the Sri Lanka Freedom Party and was elected as a Member of Parliament in the 1970 General Election which he held till 1977, when he was defeated 1977 General Election. By the late 1970s he became a supporter of the United National Party and in 1979 he was appointed as Sri Lankan Ambassador to Iraq, serving until 1982. The government of Sri Lanka bestowed the title of Deshamanya and on his death in 1995 a state funeral was granted with full military honours.
Family
Udugama married Rita Nugawela Kumarihamy, daughter of Tikiri Banda Nugawela, Rate Mahatmaya of Udu Nuwara and sister of Colonel Alan Nugawela. They had a son, Ajith Ravindra and a daughter, Kshanika.
Honours
He was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1956 New Year Honours and was awarded the title Deshamanya by the Government of Sri Lanka in 1993. For his war service he was awarded the Burma Star, the Defence Medal and the War Medal 1939–1945. During his service in the Ceylon Army, he received the Ceylon Armed Services Inauguration Medal.
See also
Sri Lankan Non Career Diplomats
References
^ a b c Fernando, Lalin. "The General Udugama I knew". Island. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
^ Horowitz, Donald L. (1980). Coup Theories and Officers' Motives: Sri Lanka in Comparative Perspective. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400854127.
^ "THE CEYLON GOVERNMENT GAZETTE" (PDF). natlib.lk. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
^ 1st BATTALION OF SRI LANKA LIGHT INFANTRY
^ "OPERATIONS". army.lk. Sri Lanka Army. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
^ Army Commander arrested Archived 15 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Washed out 'bathroom coup'". Daily News. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
^ Udugama, Kshanika. "Major General Richard Udugama: Just and upright leader". Daily News. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
^ Major General Richard Udugama: Just and upright leader
^ "The London Gazette Publication date:30 December 1955". The London Gazette. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
External links
Remembering the dark hour
Military offices
Preceded byH.W.G. Wijeyekoon
Commander of the Ceylon Army 1964–1966
Succeeded byBertram Heyn
vteParliament of Sri Lanka from Matale (1947–1989)
V. T. Nanayakkara
Bernard Aluwihare
Nimal Karunatilake
Bernard Aluwihare
Alick Aluwihare
Richard Udugama
Alick Aluwihare
Current District: Matale Electoral District
vte← Members of the 7th Parliament of Sri Lanka (1970 (1970)–1977) →
Speaker: Stanley Tillekeratne
Prime Minister: Sirimavo Bandaranaike
Leader of the Opposition: J. R. Jayewardene
Central Province (23)
M. S. Aluthgamage
P. G. Ariyatillake
Gamini Dissanayake
A. G. Fernando
Monty Gopallawa
Abdul Cader Shahul Hameed
T. B. M. Herath
Tamara Kumari Ilangaratne
D. M. Jayaratne
T. B. Jayasundera
U. P. Y. Jinadasa
Hector Kobbekaduwa
R. Kulatillake
H. M. Navaratne
E. L. Senanayake
Hemachandra Sirisena
Piyasena Tennakoon
T. B. Tennekoon
Richard Udugama
P. B. Unantenne
J. D. Weerasekera
Noel Wimalasena
S. B. Yalegama
Eastern Province (11)
M. C. Ahamed
K. W. Devanayagam
A. L. Abdul Majeed
M. A. Abdul Majeed
M. M. Mustapha
B. Neminathan
C. Rajadurai
P. R. Selvanayagam
Senerath Somaratne
S. Thambirajah
A. Thangathurai
Northern Province (13)
V. A. Alegacone
S. A. Raheem
V. Anandasangaree
C. Arulampalam
S. J. V. Chelvanayakam
V. Dharmalingam
K. Jeyakody
S. Kathiravelupillai
C. X. Martyn
V. N. Navaratnam
K. P. Ratnam
X. M. Sellathambu
A. Thiagarajah
K. Thurairatnam
North Central Province (8)
T. B. Herath
A. M. Jinadasa
R. B. Ratnamalala
A. M. S. Adikari
K. B. Ratnayake
Maithripala Senanayake
Ratna Deshapriya Senanayake
P. M. K. Tennakoon
Leelaratne Wijesinghe
North Western Province (16)
S. M. Asenkudhoos
M. H. Naina Marikkar
Tissa Balalla
Augustheenu Fonseka
Maithripala Herath
S. B. Herat
S. D. R. Jayaratne
L. B. Jayasena
G. W. Samarasinghe
Tikiri Banda Subasinghe
Mudiyanse Tennakoon
Protus Tissera
P. B. Wettewa
D. P. Wickramasinghe
M. A. J. Wijesinghe
P. Wijesinghe
S. Wijewardena
Sabaragamuwa Province (16)
B. A. P. B. Balasuriya
Nanda Ellawala
Piyadasa Harischandra
P. B. G. Kalugalla
V. T. G. Karunaratne
Sarath Muttetuwegama
Vasudeva Nanayakkara
N. M. Perera
P. R. Ratnayake
Mallikka Ellawala Ratwatte
Seetha Seneviratne
Dudley Senanayake
Rukman Senanayake
Athauda Seneviratne
W. A. A. Sirisena
Dharmadasa Wanniarachchi
Dhanapala Weerasekera
P. O. Wimalanaga
Southern Province (19)
Sumanapala Dahanayake
Wijeyananda Dahanayake
Neal de Alwis
Ronnie de Mel
L. C. de Silva
Weerasinghe de Silva
Henry William Dissanayake
Prins Gunasekera
Panini Ilangakoon
Albert Kariyawasam
M. G. Mendis
Aelian Mahanaga Nanayakkara
George Rajapaksa
Lakshman Rajapaksa
Mahinda Rajapaksa
Don Roy Rajapakse
Senapala Samarasekera
Edirisuriya Tennyson
B. Y. Tudawe
S. A. Wickramasinghe
Uva Province (10)
R. M. Appuhamy
W. P. G. Ariyadasa
K. Y. M. Wijeratne Banda
B. H. Bandara
R. M. Bandara
W. M. R. S. B. Delungahawatta
A. M. Jayawardena
S. A. S. Somapala
Raja Welegama
D. D. E. Wickremaratne
Western Province (35)
Kusala Abhayawardana
Felix Dias Bandaranaike
Sirimavo Bandaranaike
A. T. Basnayake
I. A. Cader
Falil Caffoor
Somaweera Chandrasiri
Dharmasena Attygalle
Wimalasiri de Mel
Colvin R. de Silva
K. C. de Silva
Wijayapala Mendis
Denzil Fernando
Cholomondeley Goonewardene
Leslie Goonewardene
Vivienne Goonewardene
Chandra Gunasekera
T. B. Ilangaratne
Lakshman Jayakody
Bonnie Jayasuriya
J. R. Jayewardene
Pieter Keuneman
A. D. J. L. Leo
Mangala Moonesinghe
S. Obeyesekera
Dayasena Pasqual
Paris Perera
Joseph Michael Perera
R. S. Perera
Ranasinghe Premadasa
Wilfred Senanayake
M. P. de Z. Siriwardena
Bernard Soysa
V. A. Sugathadasa
Vincent Perera
S. K. K. Suriarachchi
Stanley Tillekeratne
Herbert Wickramasinghe
Ratnasiri Wickremanayake
Appointed (6)
Abdul Aziz
M. D. S. Jayawardene
S. S. Kulatileke
Badi-ud-din Mahmud
J. E. J. Rodrigo
M. C. Subramaniam
Chelliah Kumarasuriyar
*Appointed MPs were abolished in 1972 by the First Republican Constitution
vteCommanders of the Sri Lankan Army
1 Sinclair
2 Reid
3 Muttukumaru
4 Wijeyekoon
5 Udugama
6 Heyn
7 Attygalle
8 Perera
9 Weeratunga
10 Seneviratne
11 Wanasinghe
12 Waidyaratne
13 De Silva
14 Daluwatte
15 Weerasooriya
16 Balagalle
17 Kottegoda
18 Fonseka
19 Jayasuriya
20 Ratnayake
21 De Silva
22 Senanayake
23 Silva
24 Liyanage | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"Deshamanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deshamanya"},{"link_name":"MBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"diplomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomat"},{"link_name":"Army Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Army_(Sri_Lanka)"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Matale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matale_Electoral_District_(1947%E2%80%931989)"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"alleged coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_alleged_Ceylonese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt"}],"text":"Major General Deshamanya Alexander Richard Udugama, MBE (11 November 1911 – 14 May 1995) was a Sri Lankan soldier, politician and diplomat. Former Army Commander (1964–1966), he was elected as Member of Parliament for Matale from 1970 to 1977 and served as Sri Lankan Ambassador to Iraq from 1979 to 1982. He was accused of an alleged coup d'état in 1966.","title":"Richard Udugama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matale"},{"link_name":"Kandyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandy"},{"link_name":"radala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radala"},{"link_name":"Uva Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Disawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disawe"},{"link_name":"local headmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_headmen_of_Ceylon"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Kandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Kandy"},{"link_name":"Trinity Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Kandy#Awards"},{"link_name":"rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Island1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Born on 11 November 1911 in Matale to a Kandyan radala family, who claimed to be linked to the Uva Rebellion. His father was W. A. Udugama Disawe a local headmen and his mother was Loku Kumarihamy, he had five siblings. Udugama was educated at Trinity College, Kandy, where he won the Trinity Lion for rugby. Following his schooling at Trinity College, he became a school teacher.[1][2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Ceylon Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"Second Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Ceylon Defence Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon_Defence_Force"},{"link_name":"Battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"temporary rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_rank"},{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(land)"},{"link_name":"British 14th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Burma Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Campaign"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"7th Battalion, 2nd Punjab Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Punjab_Regiment"},{"link_name":"7th Indian Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Indian_Infantry_Division"},{"link_name":"Arakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakan"},{"link_name":"Arakan campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakan_Campaign_1942%E2%80%9343"},{"link_name":"POW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POW"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Island1-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"With the out break of World War II, he joined the Ceylon Light Infantry and was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in 1940 with the war time expansion of the regiment within the Ceylon Defence Force. Thereafter, he served in the 1st, 3rd and 4th Battalions of the Ceylon Light Infantry and undertook several infantry courses in Ceylon and India. He was promoted to the temporary rank of Captain on 1 January 1943. In November 1943, he was transferred to the British 14th Army operating in the Burma Campaign on secondment with the British Army. There he served with the 7th Battalion, 2nd Punjab Regiment which was under the 7th Indian Infantry Division in Arakan, on the eastern side of Mayu Range. During the Arakan campaign, he was captured by the Japanese and held in a POW camp until the end of the war in 1945. 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He also served as the Chief Security Officer of the Ceylon Government Railway from 1949 to 1951. He then served as the Army Recruiting Officer and Commanded the Recruit Training Depot. In 1956, he was serving as the Garrison Commander, Diyatalawa when he was dispatched to Ampara after communal rioting broke out with a detachment of Ceylon Light Infantry to assist the police to subdue the riots. Later he served as the Coordinating Officer for Batticaloa. Promoted to lieutenant colonel, he served as the commanding officer of the 1st Battalion, Ceylon Light Infantry from November 1959 to November 1962.[4] In February 1961, he was dispatched to Jaffna with the 1st Battalion, after the Federal Party launched a Satyagraha against the language policy of the government. The government having declared a state of emergency under the Public Security Act had Udugama break up the protest and arrest its leaders. Establishing a command headquarters, in the Jaffna Kachcheri, Udugama now promoted to the rank of colonel, was appointed Garrison Commander, Troops Jaffna in command of all army units in the Jaffna District which included the Ceylon Light Infantry and the Ceylon Sinha Regiment to ensure that the civil unrest by the Federal Party was stopped. He remained in Jaffna until February 1962, when he was recalled to Colombo to take up the post of Chief of Staff of the army following an attempted coup d'état by senior army and police officers.[5]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H.W.G. Wijeyekoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.W.G._Wijeyekoon"},{"link_name":"Sirima Bandaranaike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirima_Bandaranaike"},{"link_name":"Brigadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier"},{"link_name":"Sinhalese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhalese_people"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Bertram Heyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Heyn"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Island1-1"}],"sub_title":"Army Commander","text":"Although not connected to the attempted coup, the Army Commander Major General H.W.G. Wijeyekoon was forced to retire by the government of Prime Minister Sirima Bandaranaike on 31 December 1963. Bandaranaike appointed Udugama to succeed Wijeyekoon with the promotion to the rank of Brigadier on 1 January 1964. Brigadier Udugama, became the first Sinhalese Buddhist and combat experienced officer to be appointed as Army Commander. Given that the officers connected to the attempted coup were all Christian, Bandaranaike had preferred appointing Udugama over the more senior Colonel Bertram Heyn, given that he was a Buddhist and kinsmen from a Kandyan Radala family. He increased the intake of Buddhist officers to the army and increased the focus on jungle warfare training having established links with Yugoslavia. He also encourage sports within the army. He was later promoted to the rank of Major General.[1]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Criminal Investigation Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department_(Sri_Lanka)"},{"link_name":"Dudley Senanayake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Senanayake"},{"link_name":"Bathroom coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_alleged_Ceylonese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt"},{"link_name":"Ministry of External Affairs and Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_and_Defence"},{"link_name":"BOAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOAC"},{"link_name":"Bandaranaike International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandaranaike_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Air Commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Commodore"},{"link_name":"Rohan Amerasekera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohan_Amerasekera"},{"link_name":"RCyAF Katunayake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCyAF_Katunayake"},{"link_name":"Inspector General of Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_General_of_Police_(Sri_Lanka)"},{"link_name":"John Attygalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Attygalle"},{"link_name":"Welikada Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welikada_Prison"},{"link_name":"remanded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remand_(detention)"},{"link_name":"Neville Samarakoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Samarakoon"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Tissa Wijeyeratne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissa_Wijeyeratne"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Alleged 1966 attempted coup d'état","text":"In June 1966, Major General Udugama was on an official tour in Europe, visiting military training schools in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Switzerland. While in the United Kingdom, he was visited by the Director of the Criminal Investigation Department who questioned him on an investigation that was carried out about a possible attempt coup d'état against the government of Prime Minister Dudley Senanayake in what was known as the Bathroom coup. Shortly thereafter he was recalled to Ceylon via a coded message from the Ministry of External Affairs and Defence. On 7 July 1966, the BOAC aircraft carrying him landed at the Bandaranaike International Airport and he was met by Air Commodore Rohan Amerasekera, who escorted him to the officers mess of RCyAF Katunayake under guard where the Inspector General of Police John Attygalle presented a detention order issued under emergency regulations that was in-effect at the time and was informed that he was suspended as Army Commander with effect from 7 July 1966. Transferred to the Welikada Prison, he was remanded at the Welikada Prison for three years as the trial took place and the Supreme Court found him not guilty and acquitted him of all charges. His legal counsels were Neville Samarakoon, QC and Tissa Wijeyeratne.[6][7][8]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matale_Electoral_District_(1947%E2%80%931989)"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Freedom Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Freedom_Party"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"1970 General Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Ceylonese_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"1977 General Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Sri_Lankan_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"United National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Deshamanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deshamanya"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Following his acquittal he contested the Matale seat from the Sri Lanka Freedom Party and was elected as a Member of Parliament in the 1970 General Election which he held till 1977, when he was defeated 1977 General Election. By the late 1970s he became a supporter of the United National Party and in 1979 he was appointed as Sri Lankan Ambassador to Iraq, serving until 1982. The government of Sri Lanka bestowed the title of Deshamanya and on his death in 1995 a state funeral was granted with full military honours.[9]","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rate Mahatmaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_Mahatmaya"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Alan Nugawela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Nugawela"}],"text":"Udugama married Rita Nugawela Kumarihamy, daughter of Tikiri Banda Nugawela, Rate Mahatmaya of Udu Nuwara and sister of Colonel Alan Nugawela. They had a son, Ajith Ravindra and a daughter, Kshanika.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Member of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"1956 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Deshamanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deshamanya"},{"link_name":"Burma Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Star"},{"link_name":"Defence Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Medal_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"War Medal 1939–1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Medal_1939%E2%80%931945"},{"link_name":"Ceylon Armed Services Inauguration Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon_Armed_Services_Inauguration_Medal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Military)_Ribbon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_Burma_Star.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defence_Medal_BAR.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ribbon_-_War_Medal.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceylon_Armed_Services_Inauguration_Medal_ribbon_bar.svg"}],"text":"He was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1956 New Year Honours[10] and was awarded the title Deshamanya by the Government of Sri Lanka in 1993. For his war service he was awarded the Burma Star, the Defence Medal and the War Medal 1939–1945. During his service in the Ceylon Army, he received the Ceylon Armed Services Inauguration Medal.","title":"Honours"}] | [] | [{"title":"Sri Lankan Non Career Diplomats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Non_Career_Diplomats"}] | [{"reference":"Fernando, Lalin. \"The General Udugama I knew\". Island. Retrieved 27 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=101835","url_text":"\"The General Udugama I knew\""}]},{"reference":"Horowitz, Donald L. (1980). Coup Theories and Officers' Motives: Sri Lanka in Comparative Perspective. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400854127.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbP_AwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Coup Theories and Officers' Motives: Sri Lanka in Comparative Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400854127","url_text":"9781400854127"}]},{"reference":"\"THE CEYLON GOVERNMENT GAZETTE\" (PDF). natlib.lk. Retrieved 25 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://diglib.natlib.lk/bitstream/handle/123456789/28767/001_1943-JANUARY-JUNE_INDEX_I_E.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","url_text":"\"THE CEYLON GOVERNMENT GAZETTE\""}]},{"reference":"\"OPERATIONS\". army.lk. Sri Lanka Army. Retrieved 27 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://alt.army.lk/lightinfantry/operation","url_text":"\"OPERATIONS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Washed out 'bathroom coup'\". Daily News. Retrieved 28 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailynews.lk/2018/01/02/features/138717/washed-out-%E2%80%98bathroom-coup%E2%80%99","url_text":"\"Washed out 'bathroom coup'\""}]},{"reference":"Udugama, Kshanika. \"Major General Richard Udugama: Just and upright leader\". Daily News. Retrieved 29 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.dailynews.lk/2010/03/11/fea05.asp","url_text":"\"Major General Richard Udugama: Just and upright leader\""}]},{"reference":"\"The London Gazette Publication date:30 December 1955\". The London Gazette. Retrieved 1 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/40672/supplement/47","url_text":"\"The London Gazette Publication date:30 December 1955\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=101835","external_links_name":"\"The General Udugama I knew\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbP_AwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Coup Theories and Officers' Motives: Sri Lanka in Comparative Perspective"},{"Link":"http://diglib.natlib.lk/bitstream/handle/123456789/28767/001_1943-JANUARY-JUNE_INDEX_I_E.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","external_links_name":"\"THE CEYLON GOVERNMENT GAZETTE\""},{"Link":"https://alt.army.lk/lightinfantry/1slli","external_links_name":"1st BATTALION OF SRI LANKA LIGHT INFANTRY"},{"Link":"https://alt.army.lk/lightinfantry/operation","external_links_name":"\"OPERATIONS\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailynews.lk/2010/02/12/fea03.asp","external_links_name":"Army Commander arrested"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100215213313/http://www.dailynews.lk/2010/02/12/fea03.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.dailynews.lk/2018/01/02/features/138717/washed-out-%E2%80%98bathroom-coup%E2%80%99","external_links_name":"\"Washed out 'bathroom coup'\""},{"Link":"http://archives.dailynews.lk/2010/03/11/fea05.asp","external_links_name":"\"Major General Richard Udugama: Just and upright leader\""},{"Link":"http://digitallife.lk/oopadoopainfo/wordpress/?p=5571","external_links_name":"Major General Richard Udugama: Just and upright leader"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/40672/supplement/47","external_links_name":"\"The London Gazette Publication date:30 December 1955\""},{"Link":"http://digitallife.lk/oopadoopainfo/wordpress/?p=4857","external_links_name":"Remembering the dark hour"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Publishing_Co | Sterling Publishing | ["1 Notable authors","2 References","3 External links"] | Book publisher
Sterling PublishingParent companyBarnes & NobleStatusRebranded as Union Square & Co. in 2022Founded1949FounderDavid Alfred BoehmCountry of originUnited StatesHeadquarters locationNew York CityPublication typesBooksNo. of employees280Official websiteunionsquareandco.com
Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. is a publisher of a broad range of subject areas, with multiple imprints and more than 5,000 titles in print. Founded in 1949 by David A. Boehm, Sterling also publishes books for a number of brands, including AARP, Hasbro, Hearst Magazines, and USA TODAY, as well as serves as the North American distributor for domestic and international publishers including: Anova, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Carlton Books, Duncan Baird, Guild of Master Craftsmen, the Orion Publishing Group, and Sixth & Spring Books.
Sterling Publishing is a wholly owned subsidiary of Barnes & Noble, which acquired it in 2003. On January 5, 2012, The Wall Street Journal reported that Barnes & Noble had put its Sterling Publishing business up for sale. Negotiations failed to produce a buyer, however, and Sterling is reportedly no longer for sale as of March, 2012.
In January 2022, Sterling rebranded as Union Square & Co. In March 2022, Sterling acquired the British children's publisher Boxer Books, one of its distribution clients.
Notable authors
Sterling's authors include Colleen Houck, Paul McKenna, Richard Scarry, Barton Seaver, Paul Sloane, Peter Yarrow, and Kevin Zraly.
References
^ "Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.: Private Company Information". Businessweek investing. Archived from the original on July 5, 2009. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
^ "Distribution and Imprints List". Sterling Publishing. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
^ "Video - A Video History of Every Book Ever Written - WSJ.com". The Wall Street Journal. New York: Dow Jones. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
^ "Sterling Off the Block as B&N Weighs Future of Nook Biz". Publishers Weekly. Mar 2, 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
^ Milliot |, Jim. "Barnes & Noble Unveils Union Square & Company". PublishersWeekly.com. Retrieved 2022-08-08.
^ "Sterling Acquires Boxer Books".
External links
Union Square & Co. website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"publisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publisher"},{"link_name":"David A. 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Founded in 1949 by David A. Boehm,[1] Sterling also publishes books for a number of brands, including AARP, Hasbro, Hearst Magazines, and USA TODAY, as well as serves as the North American distributor for domestic and international publishers including: Anova, the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Carlton Books, Duncan Baird, Guild of Master Craftsmen, the Orion Publishing Group, and Sixth & Spring Books.[2]Sterling Publishing is a wholly owned subsidiary of Barnes & Noble, which acquired it in 2003. On January 5, 2012, The Wall Street Journal reported that Barnes & Noble had put its Sterling Publishing business up for sale.[3] Negotiations failed to produce a buyer, however, and Sterling is reportedly no longer for sale as of March, 2012.[4]In January 2022, Sterling rebranded as Union Square & Co.[5] In March 2022, Sterling acquired the British children's publisher Boxer Books, one of its distribution clients.[6]","title":"Sterling Publishing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colleen Houck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleen_Houck"},{"link_name":"Paul McKenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McKenna"},{"link_name":"Richard Scarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Scarry"},{"link_name":"Barton Seaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton_Seaver"},{"link_name":"Paul Sloane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Sloane_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peter Yarrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Yarrow"},{"link_name":"Kevin Zraly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Zraly"}],"text":"Sterling's authors include Colleen Houck, Paul McKenna, Richard Scarry, Barton Seaver, Paul Sloane, Peter Yarrow, and Kevin Zraly.","title":"Notable authors"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Sterling Publishing Co., Inc.: Private Company Information\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angry_Inuk | Angry Inuk | ["1 Development","2 Release and reception","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | 2016 Canadian filmAngry InukDirected byAlethea Arnaquq-BarilWritten byAlethea Arnaquq-BarilProduced byAlethea Arnaquq-BarilCinematographyQajaaq EllsworthEdited bySophie Farkas BollaMusic byFlorencia Di ConcilioRelease date
May 2, 2016 (2016-05-02) (Hot Docs)
Running time85 minutesCountryCanadaLanguageInuktitut
Angry Inuk is a 2016 Canadian Inuit-themed feature-length documentary film written and directed by Alethea Arnaquq-Baril that defends the Inuit seal hunt, as the hunt is a vital means for Inuit to sustain themselves. Subjects in Angry Inuk include Arnaquq-Baril herself as well as Aaju Peter, an Inuit seal hunt advocate, lawyer and seal fur clothing designer who depends on the sealskins for her livelihood. Partially shot in the filmmaker's home community of Iqaluit, as well as Kimmirut and Pangnirtung, where seal hunting is essential for survival, the film follows Peter and other Inuit to Europe in an effort to have the EU Ban on Seal Products overturned. The film also criticizes NGOs such as Greenpeace and the International Fund for Animal Welfare for ignoring the needs of vulnerable northern communities who depend on hunting for their livelihoods by drawing a false distinction between subsistence-driven Inuit hunters and profit-driven commercial hunters.
Development
Angry Inuk was co-produced by Arnaquq-Baril and the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) in association with EyeSteelFilm.
Release and reception
Angry Inuk premiered May 2, 2016 at the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, where the film received the Vimeo On Demand Audience Award along with the Canadian Documentary Promotion Award. In October 2016, the film received the Alanis Obomsawin Best Documentary Award at the imagineNATIVE Film + Media Arts Festival in Toronto. The following month, it received both the Women Inmates' Prize and the Magnus Isacsson Award at the Montreal International Documentary Festival. On December 7, 2016, Angry Inuk was named in the Toronto International Film Festival's annual Canada's Top 10 list, and took home the People's Choice Award at the TIFF Canada's Top Ten Festival.
While Arnaquq-Baril has stated that the anti-sealing movement has forced Inuit to turn to the mining and the natural gas industry to support themselves, with dire consequences for the Arctic environment, supporters of the EU ban on seal products have countered that such a ban does not block Inuit from seal hunting to sustain themselves and supply market demand. However, the film argues that even with the exemption for Inuit, the ban drives down demand and prices so greatly that hunters can no longer financially support themselves or their communities.
See also
My Ancestors Were Rogues and Murderers, a 2005 NFB documentary about the Newfoundland seal hunt
References
^ a b Mullen, Patrick (11 May 2016). "Review: 'Angry Inuk'". Point of View. Documentary Organization of Canada. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
^ Cole, Susan G. (29 April 2016). "Angry Inuk". Now Magazine. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
^ Winton, Ezra (17 December 2015). "CURATING THE NORTH: DOCUMENTARY SCREENING ETHICS AND INUIT REPRESENTATION IN (FESTIVAL) CINEMA (Interview)". Art Threat. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
^ "'Angry Inuk' wins audience award and $25K prize at Hot Docs festival". CBC News. 10 May 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
^ "Inuit, Arctic films big winners at 2016 imagineNATIVE festival". CBC News. Retrieved 2016-12-09.
^ Mullen, Pat (2016-11-20). "RIDM Announces Award Winners". Point of View Magazine. Documentary Organization of Canada. Retrieved 2016-12-09.
^ "'Telling stories that show Canadians who we are:' TIFF unveils top 10 Canadian films of 2016". CBC News. Retrieved 2016-12-08.
^ "'Angry Inuk' documentary crowned audience favourite at TIFF's Canada's Top Ten Film Festival | Toronto Star". thestar.com. 23 January 2017. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
^ Tremonti, Anna Maria (4 May 2016). "'Angry Inuk' argues anti-seal hunt campaign hurts Canadian Inuit life". The Current. CBC Radio. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
^ Cabana, Ysh (20 October 2017). "Dishing the dirt on the anti-seal hunt campaign: Review of "Angry Inuk" (2016)". HuffPost. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
External links
Official website
Angry Inuk at IMDb
Interview with the filmmaker, Canada AM, CTV News | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Alethea Arnaquq-Baril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alethea_Arnaquq-Baril"},{"link_name":"Inuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit"},{"link_name":"seal hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_hunting"},{"link_name":"Aaju Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaju_Peter"},{"link_name":"EU Ban on Seal Products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Ban_on_Seal_Products"},{"link_name":"Greenpeace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeace"},{"link_name":"International Fund for Animal Welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fund_for_Animal_Welfare"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mullen-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Angry Inuk is a 2016 Canadian Inuit-themed feature-length documentary film written and directed by Alethea Arnaquq-Baril that defends the Inuit seal hunt, as the hunt is a vital means for Inuit to sustain themselves. Subjects in Angry Inuk include Arnaquq-Baril herself as well as Aaju Peter, an Inuit seal hunt advocate, lawyer and seal fur clothing designer who depends on the sealskins for her livelihood. Partially shot in the filmmaker's home community of Iqaluit, as well as Kimmirut and Pangnirtung, where seal hunting is essential for survival, the film follows Peter and other Inuit to Europe in an effort to have the EU Ban on Seal Products overturned. The film also criticizes NGOs such as Greenpeace and the International Fund for Animal Welfare for ignoring the needs of vulnerable northern communities who depend on hunting for their livelihoods by drawing a false distinction between subsistence-driven Inuit hunters and profit-driven commercial hunters.[1][2]","title":"Angry Inuk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Film Board of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"EyeSteelFilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EyeSteelFilm"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winton-3"}],"text":"Angry Inuk was co-produced by Arnaquq-Baril and the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) in association with EyeSteelFilm.[3]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Docs_Canadian_International_Documentary_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mullen-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbcaward-4"},{"link_name":"Alanis Obomsawin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanis_Obomsawin"},{"link_name":"imagineNATIVE Film + Media Arts Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImagineNATIVE_Film_%2B_Media_Arts_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Magnus Isacsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Isacsson"},{"link_name":"Montreal International Documentary Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_International_Documentary_Festival"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Angry Inuk premiered May 2, 2016 at the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, where the film received the Vimeo On Demand Audience Award along with the Canadian Documentary Promotion Award.[1][4] In October 2016, the film received the Alanis Obomsawin Best Documentary Award at the imagineNATIVE Film + Media Arts Festival in Toronto.[5] The following month, it received both the Women Inmates' Prize and the Magnus Isacsson Award at the Montreal International Documentary Festival.[6] On December 7, 2016, Angry Inuk was named in the Toronto International Film Festival's annual Canada's Top 10 list,[7] and took home the People's Choice Award at the TIFF Canada's Top Ten Festival.[8]While Arnaquq-Baril has stated that the anti-sealing movement has forced Inuit to turn to the mining and the natural gas industry to support themselves, with dire consequences for the Arctic environment, supporters of the EU ban on seal products have countered that such a ban does not block Inuit from seal hunting to sustain themselves and supply market demand.[9] However, the film argues that even with the exemption for Inuit, the ban drives down demand and prices so greatly that hunters can no longer financially support themselves or their communities.[10]","title":"Release and reception"}] | [] | [{"title":"My Ancestors Were Rogues and Murderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Ancestors_Were_Rogues_and_Murderers"}] | [{"reference":"Mullen, Patrick (11 May 2016). \"Review: 'Angry Inuk'\". Point of View. Documentary Organization of Canada. Retrieved 9 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://povmagazine.com/articles/view/review-angry-inuk","url_text":"\"Review: 'Angry Inuk'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_Organization_of_Canada","url_text":"Documentary Organization of Canada"}]},{"reference":"Cole, Susan G. (29 April 2016). \"Angry Inuk\". Now Magazine. Retrieved 9 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_G._Cole","url_text":"Cole, Susan G."},{"url":"https://nowtoronto.com/movies/hot-docs-2016/angry-inuk/","url_text":"\"Angry Inuk\""}]},{"reference":"Winton, Ezra (17 December 2015). \"CURATING THE NORTH: DOCUMENTARY SCREENING ETHICS AND INUIT REPRESENTATION IN (FESTIVAL) CINEMA (Interview)\". Art Threat. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161017010349/http://artthreat.net/2015/12/alethea-arnaquq-baril/","url_text":"\"CURATING THE NORTH: DOCUMENTARY SCREENING ETHICS AND INUIT REPRESENTATION IN (FESTIVAL) CINEMA (Interview)\""},{"url":"http://artthreat.net/2015/12/alethea-arnaquq-baril/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Angry Inuk' wins audience award and $25K prize at Hot Docs festival\". CBC News. 10 May 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/angry-inuk-hot-docs-award-1.3574182","url_text":"\"'Angry Inuk' wins audience award and $25K prize at Hot Docs festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inuit, Arctic films big winners at 2016 imagineNATIVE festival\". CBC News. Retrieved 2016-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/inuit-arctic-films-big-winners-at-imaginenative-1.3819179","url_text":"\"Inuit, Arctic films big winners at 2016 imagineNATIVE festival\""}]},{"reference":"Mullen, Pat (2016-11-20). \"RIDM Announces Award Winners\". Point of View Magazine. Documentary Organization of Canada. Retrieved 2016-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://povmagazine.com/blog/view/ridm-announces-award-winners","url_text":"\"RIDM Announces Award Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_Organization_of_Canada","url_text":"Documentary Organization of Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"'Telling stories that show Canadians who we are:' TIFF unveils top 10 Canadian films of 2016\". CBC News. Retrieved 2016-12-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/tiff-canada-top-10-films-2016-1.3884421","url_text":"\"'Telling stories that show Canadians who we are:' TIFF unveils top 10 Canadian films of 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Angry Inuk' documentary crowned audience favourite at TIFF's Canada's Top Ten Film Festival | Toronto Star\". thestar.com. 23 January 2017. Retrieved 2017-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/2017/01/23/angry-inuk-documentary-crowned-audience-favourite-at-tiffs-canadas-top-ten-film-festival.html","url_text":"\"'Angry Inuk' documentary crowned audience favourite at TIFF's Canada's Top Ten Film Festival | Toronto Star\""}]},{"reference":"Tremonti, Anna Maria (4 May 2016). \"'Angry Inuk' argues anti-seal hunt campaign hurts Canadian Inuit life\". The Current. CBC Radio. Retrieved 9 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Maria_Tremonti","url_text":"Tremonti, Anna Maria"},{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-may-4-2016-1.3565645/angry-inuk-argues-anti-seal-hunt-campaign-hurts-canadian-inuit-life-1.3565719","url_text":"\"'Angry Inuk' argues anti-seal hunt campaign hurts Canadian Inuit life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Current_(radio_program)","url_text":"The Current"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Radio","url_text":"CBC Radio"}]},{"reference":"Cabana, Ysh (20 October 2017). \"Dishing the dirt on the anti-seal hunt campaign: Review of \"Angry Inuk\" (2016)\". HuffPost. Retrieved 11 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dishing-the-dirt-on-the-anti-seal-hunt-campaign-review_b_59e8eccbe4b032f98fa30c2d","url_text":"\"Dishing the dirt on the anti-seal hunt campaign: Review of \"Angry Inuk\" (2016)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://povmagazine.com/articles/view/review-angry-inuk","external_links_name":"\"Review: 'Angry Inuk'\""},{"Link":"https://nowtoronto.com/movies/hot-docs-2016/angry-inuk/","external_links_name":"\"Angry Inuk\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161017010349/http://artthreat.net/2015/12/alethea-arnaquq-baril/","external_links_name":"\"CURATING THE NORTH: DOCUMENTARY SCREENING ETHICS AND INUIT REPRESENTATION IN (FESTIVAL) CINEMA (Interview)\""},{"Link":"http://artthreat.net/2015/12/alethea-arnaquq-baril/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/angry-inuk-hot-docs-award-1.3574182","external_links_name":"\"'Angry Inuk' wins audience award and $25K prize at Hot Docs festival\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/inuit-arctic-films-big-winners-at-imaginenative-1.3819179","external_links_name":"\"Inuit, Arctic films big winners at 2016 imagineNATIVE festival\""},{"Link":"http://povmagazine.com/blog/view/ridm-announces-award-winners","external_links_name":"\"RIDM Announces Award Winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/tiff-canada-top-10-films-2016-1.3884421","external_links_name":"\"'Telling stories that show Canadians who we are:' TIFF unveils top 10 Canadian films of 2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/movies/2017/01/23/angry-inuk-documentary-crowned-audience-favourite-at-tiffs-canadas-top-ten-film-festival.html","external_links_name":"\"'Angry Inuk' documentary crowned audience favourite at TIFF's Canada's Top Ten Film Festival | Toronto Star\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-may-4-2016-1.3565645/angry-inuk-argues-anti-seal-hunt-campaign-hurts-canadian-inuit-life-1.3565719","external_links_name":"\"'Angry Inuk' argues anti-seal hunt campaign hurts Canadian Inuit life\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dishing-the-dirt-on-the-anti-seal-hunt-campaign-review_b_59e8eccbe4b032f98fa30c2d","external_links_name":"\"Dishing the dirt on the anti-seal hunt campaign: Review of \"Angry Inuk\" (2016)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nfb.ca/film/angry_inuk/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5709536/","external_links_name":"Angry Inuk"},{"Link":"http://www.ctvnews.ca/video?clipId=860597","external_links_name":"Interview with the filmmaker"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Malta | List of governors of Malta | ["1 The governor","2 List of governors (1801–1964)","3 Lieutenant governors of Malta","4 Flag of the Governor","5 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of governors of Malta" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Governor of MaltaCoat of arms of the governor of MaltaStyleHis ExcellencyResidenceGrandmaster's Palace, VallettaAppointerKing/Queen of the United KingdomPrecursorCivil Commissioner of MaltaFormation5 October 1813First holderSir Thomas MaitlandFinal holderSir Maurice DormanAbolished21 September 1964SuccessionGovernor-General of Malta
The governor of Malta (Maltese: Gvernatur ta' Malta) was an official who ruled Malta during the British colonial period between 1813 and 1964. This office replaced that of the civil commissioner. Upon the end of British rule and the creation of the State of Malta in 1964, this office was replaced by the governor-general, who represented the British monarch and not the government of the United Kingdom as did the governor. The office of Governor-General was itself abolished in 1974 and replaced by the post of president when Malta became a republic.
The governor
The governor, appointed by the British monarch (on the advice of the prime minister), maintained executive power in Malta throughout British rule. He was head of the executive council and the pre-independence government of Malta.
The governor was the most powerful official in Malta.
The governor was initially supported by a lieutenant-governor. For example, from ca. 1813 to ca. 1820, Major-General Sir William Hutchinson served as lieutenant governor. After the death of the Marquess of Hastings in 1826, the British government decided to downgrade the post of Governor to Lieutenant-Governor, with a reduced allowance. Sir Frederick Ponsonby was formally designated Lieutenant-Governor and Commander of the Malta Garrison.
List of governors (1801–1964)
Name(birth–death)
Portrait
Term of office
Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Maitland(1759–1824)
5 October 1813
17 January 1824
GeneralThe 1st Marquess of Hastings(1754–1826)
22 March 1824
28 November 1826
Major-General Alexander George Woodford(1782–1870)Acting Governor
28 November 1826
15 February 1827
Major-General Sir Frederick Cavendish Ponsonby(1783–1837)
15 February 1827
May 1835De jure until 30 September 1836
George Cardew(1785–1857)Acting Governor
May 1835
4 July 1836
Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Evans(1776–1863)Acting Governor
4 July 1836
30 September 1836
Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Bouverie(1783–1853)
1 October 1836
1843
General Sir Patrick Stuart(1777–1855)
1843
October 1847
Richard More O'Ferrall(1797–1880)
October 1847
13 May 1851
General Robert Ellice(1784–1856)Acting Governor
13 May 1851
27 October 1851
Major-General Sir William Reid(1791–1858)
27 October 1851
1858
Lieutenant-General Sir John Le Marchant(1803–1874)
1858
15 November 1864
Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Knight Storks(1811–1874)
15 November 1864
15 May 1867
General Sir Patrick Grant(1804–1895)
15 May 1867
3 June 1872
General Sir Charles van Straubenzee(1812–1892)
3 June 1872
13 May 1878
General Sir Arthur Borton(1814–1893)
10 June 1878
April 1884
General Sir Lintorn Simmons(1821–1903)
April 1884
28 September 1888
Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Torrens(1823–1889)
28 September 1888
1 December 1889
General Sir Henry Augustus Smyth(1825–1906)
1890
1893
General Sir Arthur Lyon Fremantle(1835–1901)
1893
6 January 1899
General Sir Francis Grenfell (The 1st Baron Grenfell from July 1902)(1841–1925)
6 January 1899
1903
General Sir Charles Clarke, 3rd Bt.(1839–1932)
1903
1907
General Sir Henry Grant(1848–1919)
1907
1909
General Sir Leslie Rundle(1856–1934)
1909
February 1915
Field Marshal The 3rd Baron Methuen(1845–1932)
February 1915
May 1919
Field Marshal The 1st Baron Plumer(1857–1932)
1919
1924
General Sir Walter Congreve(1862–1927)
29 June 1924
28 February 1927
General Sir John Philip Du Cane(1865–1947)
28 February 1927
1931
General Sir David Campbell(1869–1936)
June 1931
12 March 1936
General Sir Charles Bonham-Carter(1876–1955)
12 March 1936
1940
Lieutenant-General Sir William Dobbie(1879–1964)
April 1940
May 1942
Field Marshal The 6th Viscount Gort(1886–1946)
May 1942
26 September 1944
Lieutenant-General Sir Edmond Schreiber(1890–1978)
26 September 1944
10 July 1946
Sir Francis Douglas(1889–1980)
10 July 1946
16 September 1949
Sir Gerald Creasy(1897–1983)
16 September 1949
3 August 1954
Major-General Sir Robert Laycock(1907–1968)
3 August 1954
13 February 1959
Admiral Sir Guy Grantham(1900–1992)
13 February 1959
2 July 1962
Sir Maurice Dorman(1902–1993)
2 July 1962
21 September 1964
Lieutenant governors of Malta
Public Secretary
Arthur Baynes 1801
Alexander Macauley 1801
Samuel Taylor Coleridge 1804–1805
E.F. Chapman 1805
Rev. Francis Laing 1811–1813
Chief Secretary
Rev. Francis Laing 1813–1815
Alexander Wood 1815–1817
Richard Plasket 1817–1824
Colonel Sir Frederick Hankey 1824–1837
Sir Hector Greig 1837–1847
Henry Lushington 1847–1855
Sir Victor Houlton 1855–1883
Sir Walter Hely-Hutchinson 1883–1884
Lieutenant Governor
Sir Walter Hely-Hutchinson 1884–1889 (as Lieutenant Governor)
Sir Gerald Strickland 1889–1902 (as Chief Secretary)
Sir Edward Marsh Merewether 1902–1910 (as Lieutenant Governor and Chief Secretary)
Chief Secretary
Major John Eugene Clauson 1911–1914
Horace Archer Byatt 1914–1916
Sir William C. F. Robertson 1917–1925
Sir Thomas Alexander Vans Best 1925–1930
Sir Harry Charles Luke 1930–1938
John Adams Hunter 1938–1940
Sir Edward St. John Jackson 1940–1943
Sir David Campbell 1943–1952
Trafford Smith 1952–1959
Archibald Campbell 1959–1962
Flag of the Governor
Flag used from 1813 to 1875
Flag used from 1875 to 1898
Flag used from 1898 to 1943
Flag used from 1943 to 1964
References
^ Bulletins of State Intelligence, Etc., 1820, p. 203. London: R.G. Clarke
^ Malta Government Gazette 1826
^ Grech, Chris (27 October 2013). "Sir Hildebrand Oakes' resignation as Governor of Malta in 1813". Times of Malta. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
^ "No. 27498". The London Gazette. 25 November 1902. p. 7936.
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category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maltese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_language"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"civil commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Civil_Commissioners_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"State of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"governor-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"British monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"government of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic"}],"text":"The governor of Malta (Maltese: Gvernatur ta' Malta) was an official who ruled Malta during the British colonial period between 1813 and 1964. This office replaced that of the civil commissioner. Upon the end of British rule and the creation of the State of Malta in 1964, this office was replaced by the governor-general, who represented the British monarch and not the government of the United Kingdom as did the governor. 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For example, from ca. 1813 to ca. 1820, Major-General Sir William Hutchinson served as lieutenant governor.[1] After the death of the Marquess of Hastings in 1826, the British government decided to downgrade the post of Governor to Lieutenant-Governor, with a reduced allowance. Sir Frederick Ponsonby was formally designated Lieutenant-Governor and Commander of the Malta Garrison.[2]","title":"The governor"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of governors (1801–1964)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick Hankey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Hankey_(diplomat)"},{"link_name":"Walter Hely-Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hely-Hutchinson"},{"link_name":"Walter Hely-Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hely-Hutchinson"},{"link_name":"Gerald Strickland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Strickland,_1st_Baron_Strickland"},{"link_name":"Edward Marsh Merewether","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Merewether"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"John Eugene Clauson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clauson"},{"link_name":"Horace Archer Byatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Byatt"},{"link_name":"Sir William C. F. Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Charles_Fleming_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Thomas Alexander Vans Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Alexander_Vans_Best"},{"link_name":"Harry Charles Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Luke"},{"link_name":"John Adams Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_Hunter"},{"link_name":"Edward St. John Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_St._John_Jackson"},{"link_name":"David Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Campbell_(MP)"},{"link_name":"Trafford Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafford_Smith"}],"text":"Public SecretaryArthur Baynes 1801\nAlexander Macauley 1801\nSamuel Taylor Coleridge 1804–1805\nE.F. Chapman 1805\nRev. Francis Laing 1811–1813Chief SecretaryRev. Francis Laing 1813–1815\nAlexander Wood 1815–1817\nRichard Plasket 1817–1824\nColonel Sir Frederick Hankey 1824–1837\nSir Hector Greig 1837–1847\nHenry Lushington 1847–1855\nSir Victor Houlton 1855–1883\nSir Walter Hely-Hutchinson 1883–1884Lieutenant GovernorSir Walter Hely-Hutchinson 1884–1889 (as Lieutenant Governor)\nSir Gerald Strickland 1889–1902 (as Chief Secretary)\nSir Edward Marsh Merewether 1902–1910 (as Lieutenant Governor and Chief Secretary)[4]Chief SecretaryMajor John Eugene Clauson 1911–1914\nHorace Archer Byatt 1914–1916\nSir William C. F. Robertson 1917–1925\nSir Thomas Alexander Vans Best 1925–1930\nSir Harry Charles Luke 1930–1938\nJohn Adams Hunter 1938–1940\nSir Edward St. John Jackson 1940–1943\nSir David Campbell 1943–1952\nTrafford Smith 1952–1959\nArchibald Campbell 1959–1962","title":"Lieutenant governors of Malta"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Malta_(1875%E2%80%931898).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Malta_(1898%E2%80%931943).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Governor_of_Malta_(1943%E2%80%931964).svg"}],"text":"Flag used from 1813 to 1875\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlag used from 1875 to 1898\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlag used from 1898 to 1943\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlag used from 1943 to 1964","title":"Flag of the Governor"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28Tudor_Crown%29.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28Tudor_Crown%29.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Grech, Chris (27 October 2013). \"Sir Hildebrand Oakes' resignation as Governor of Malta in 1813\". Times of Malta. Retrieved 12 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/Sir-Hildebrand-Oakes-resignation-as-Governor-of-Malta-in-1813.492333","url_text":"\"Sir Hildebrand Oakes' resignation as Governor of Malta in 1813\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_of_Malta","url_text":"Times of Malta"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27498\". The London Gazette. 25 November 1902. p. 7936.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27498/page/7936","url_text":"\"No. 27498\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+governors+of+Malta%22","external_links_name":"\"List of governors of Malta\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+governors+of+Malta%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+governors+of+Malta%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+governors+of+Malta%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+governors+of+Malta%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+governors+of+Malta%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/Sir-Hildebrand-Oakes-resignation-as-Governor-of-Malta-in-1813.492333","external_links_name":"\"Sir Hildebrand Oakes' resignation as Governor of Malta in 1813\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27498/page/7936","external_links_name":"\"No. 27498\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geling | Pigeon whistle | ["1 Description and history","2 Mann revival","3 References","4 External links"] | Noise-making device attached to pigeons
A pigeon whistle (known as a geling 鸽铃 or geshao 鸽哨 in China) is a device attached to a pigeon such that it emits a noise while flying. They have long been used in Asian countries, particularly China for entertainment, tracking and to deter attack by birds of prey. The practice was once common but is now much less widespread owing to increasing urbanisation and regulation of pigeon keeping. A modern version of the device, based on specimens held at the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford, has been developed by musician Nathaniel Mann. Mann has performed with the devices attached to racing pigeons at festivals across the United Kingdom.
Description and history
On pigeon whistles
the birds fly the wind blowing through the whistles sets them vibrating, and thus produces an open-air concert, for the instruments in one and the same flock are all tuned differently. On a serene day in Peking, where these instruments are manufactured with great cleverness and ingenuity, it is possible to enjoy this aerial music while sitting in one’s room.
Berthold Laufer, 1908
Pigeon whistles are small devices fitted to pigeons that emit a noise as the bird flies through the air. They have been used in China, where they are known as geling or geshao, since at least the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) and also in Japan and Indonesia. Traditionally they were made from lightweight bamboo or from gourds and attached to the pigeon by a toggle fixed between its tail feathers - causing no harm to the bird. They are used to deter birds of prey, for entertainment and as a means of an owner recognising their pigeons. They have been used in Taiwan on racing pigeons and may also have been used by the American Army. The carrier pigeons used by banking houses in Peking to carry reports were fitted with particularly intricate whistles carved with animal head designs and capable of emitting a number of different tones at once. During the 1986 visit of Queen Elizabeth II to China a flock of pigeons fitted with whistles was released in Tiananmen Square.
Owing to the progress of urban development and increasing regulation of pigeon keeping the sound of the pigeon whistle, commonly heard in cities before the 1990s, has become rare in modern China. Whilst in the 1970s there might have been 5–6 people in each street of Beijing keeping pigeons with whistles it is said to be rare to find even one person doing so in a whole district of the modern city. The modern practice has been documented by Colin Chinnery, a British consultant who has made sound recordings for exhibitions at a museum about traditional Beijing cultures in Dongcheng District. The Oxford-based Pitt Rivers Museum contains examples of traditional Chinese and Indonesian whistles (including one mounted on a taxidermy pigeon) as well as more modern types.
Mann revival
Nathaniel Mann, composer in Residence at Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford became interested in the museum's collection of pigeon whistles in the early 2010s. He had first come across them in a display cabinet in the early 2000s and his interest was piqued as he had no idea what sound they would make. He placed an advert in British Homing World, a pigeon racing magazine, looking for birds that he could attach whistles to, but received no response. The National Pigeon Association put him in touch with Pete Petravicius (known as "Pigeon Pete"), a pigeon racer. Upon first making contact Petravicius thought that Mann was a prank caller; however, the pair soon began a collaboration.
Mann first tried mounting some wooden whistles he had sourced from Java to the birds but these proved too heavy. He experimented with his own whistles made from ping pong balls, dog whistles and plastic egg shells before settling for a design made from a film canister, lolly sticks and old vinyl records. He has also experimented with 3D printed whistles. Mann's whistles are mounted to the birds by securing together two of their tail feathers and securing the whistle between them with a toggle. Petravicius is the only person in the United Kingdom to have trained pigeons to return to a mobile loft (his is mounted on a moped). This is essential to the performance as otherwise the birds would quickly return to their home loft, leaving the intended audience behind.
Petravicius' Birmingham Rollers are well suited to the task as they are able to make quick, acrobatic turns. The sound of the whistle varies depending on the movement of the wings, acceleration of the pigeon, wind speed, wind direction and the positions of pigeons within the flock. The effect of Mann and Petravicius' displays has been described as "unlike any other phenomenon", with Petravicius describing it as "rubbish on record but brilliant live". They have toured the performance to festivals across the country, initially for 15 minute performances but later for longer periods, with Mann accompanying the pigeons with folk songs. The audience is asked to lie down on the grass to experience the performance. Mann proposed a collaboration with American performance artist Baby Dee. The performance was premiered at the Brighton Festival in May 2013 and in 2014 won the Butterworth Prize for Composition.
References
^ a b c d e "Pigeon Whistles: From Utilitarian to Orchestral". JSTOR Daily. 24 March 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "The Pigeon Whistles". BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
^ a b c d "British Artist Records Beijing's Sounds Before They Fall Silent". Star2.com. 18 July 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
^ Clark, Mitchell (2006). "Chinese Instruments in the Galpin Collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, with a Focus on the Sound-Makers". The Galpin Society Journal. 59: 213. JSTOR 25163867.
^ "Pigeon Whistles". Bulletin of the Pennsylvania Museum. 3 (12): 78. 1905. doi:10.2307/3793668. JSTOR 3793668.
^ a b c d e f Todd, Bella (22 August 2014). "Pigeon Whistles: 'The closest thing I've ever experienced to heaven'". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
^ a b c d Gilyeat, Dave (26 June 2013). "Pigeons make music with whistles". BBC News. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
^ a b c "Pigeon Whistles: An Orchestra in Flight". Pitt Rivers Museum. 7 November 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
External links
The Pigeon Whistle: A Defining Sound of Old Beijing, Article by Jiao Feng, in China Today 29 November 2019.
vteWhistles and whistling
Apito
Boatswain's call
Dog
Eagle-bone
Hand flute
Language
Monopipe
Pigeon
Pyzhatka
Shepherd's
Steam
Train
Wolf
Alfred De Courcy
J Hudson & Co
James Dixon & Sons
W Dowler & Sons
Henry Arthur Ward | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pitt Rivers Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitt_Rivers_Museum"}],"text":"A pigeon whistle (known as a geling 鸽铃 or geshao 鸽哨 in China) is a device attached to a pigeon such that it emits a noise while flying. They have long been used in Asian countries, particularly China for entertainment, tracking and to deter attack by birds of prey. The practice was once common but is now much less widespread owing to increasing urbanisation and regulation of pigeon keeping. A modern version of the device, based on specimens held at the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford, has been developed by musician Nathaniel Mann. Mann has performed with the devices attached to racing pigeons at festivals across the United Kingdom.","title":"Pigeon whistle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berthold Laufer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthold_Laufer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jstor-1"},{"link_name":"emit a noise as the bird flies through the air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolian_sound"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"gourds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourd"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jstor-1"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2"},{"link_name":"Peking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jstor-1"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Tiananmen Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmen_Square"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star-3"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star-3"},{"link_name":"Dongcheng District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongcheng_District,_Beijing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star-3"},{"link_name":"Pitt Rivers Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitt_Rivers_Museum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jstor-1"}],"text":"On pigeon whistles\n\n[When] the birds fly the wind blowing through the whistles sets them vibrating, and thus produces an open-air concert, for the instruments in one and the same flock are all tuned differently. On a serene day in Peking, where these instruments are manufactured with great cleverness and ingenuity, it is possible to enjoy this aerial music while sitting in one’s room.\n\n\nBerthold Laufer, 1908[1]Pigeon whistles are small devices fitted to pigeons that emit a noise as the bird flies through the air.[2] They have been used in China, where they are known as geling or geshao, since at least the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) and also in Japan and Indonesia.[2][3][4][5] Traditionally they were made from lightweight bamboo or from gourds and attached to the pigeon by a toggle fixed between its tail feathers - causing no harm to the bird.[2] They are used to deter birds of prey, for entertainment and as a means of an owner recognising their pigeons.[2][1] They have been used in Taiwan on racing pigeons and may also have been used by the American Army.[2] The carrier pigeons used by banking houses in Peking to carry reports were fitted with particularly intricate whistles carved with animal head designs and capable of emitting a number of different tones at once.[1] During the 1986 visit of Queen Elizabeth II to China a flock of pigeons fitted with whistles was released in Tiananmen Square.[2]Owing to the progress of urban development and increasing regulation of pigeon keeping the sound of the pigeon whistle, commonly heard in cities before the 1990s, has become rare in modern China.[3] Whilst in the 1970s there might have been 5–6 people in each street of Beijing keeping pigeons with whistles it is said to be rare to find even one person doing so in a whole district of the modern city.[3] The modern practice has been documented by Colin Chinnery, a British consultant who has made sound recordings for exhibitions at a museum about traditional Beijing cultures in Dongcheng District.[3] The Oxford-based Pitt Rivers Museum contains examples of traditional Chinese and Indonesian whistles (including one mounted on a taxidermy pigeon) as well as more modern types.[1]","title":"Description and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nathaniel Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Mann"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guard-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2"},{"link_name":"British Homing World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Homing_World"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guard-6"},{"link_name":"National Pigeon Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Pigeon_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc2-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc2-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc2-7"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Rollers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Roller"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jstor-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prm-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guard-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prm-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc2-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guard-6"},{"link_name":"Baby Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Dee"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guard-6"},{"link_name":"Brighton Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Festival"},{"link_name":"Butterworth Prize for Composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterworth_Prize_for_Composition"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guard-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prm-8"}],"text":"Nathaniel Mann, composer in Residence at Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford became interested in the museum's collection of pigeon whistles in the early 2010s.[2][6] He had first come across them in a display cabinet in the early 2000s and his interest was piqued as he had no idea what sound they would make.[2] He placed an advert in British Homing World, a pigeon racing magazine, looking for birds that he could attach whistles to, but received no response.[6] The National Pigeon Association put him in touch with Pete Petravicius (known as \"Pigeon Pete\"), a pigeon racer. Upon first making contact Petravicius thought that Mann was a prank caller; however, the pair soon began a collaboration.[2]Mann first tried mounting some wooden whistles he had sourced from Java to the birds but these proved too heavy.[7] He experimented with his own whistles made from ping pong balls, dog whistles and plastic egg shells before settling for a design made from a film canister, lolly sticks and old vinyl records.[2][7] He has also experimented with 3D printed whistles.[2] Mann's whistles are mounted to the birds by securing together two of their tail feathers and securing the whistle between them with a toggle.[2] Petravicius is the only person in the United Kingdom to have trained pigeons to return to a mobile loft (his is mounted on a moped). This is essential to the performance as otherwise the birds would quickly return to their home loft, leaving the intended audience behind.[7]Petravicius' Birmingham Rollers are well suited to the task as they are able to make quick, acrobatic turns.[1] The sound of the whistle varies depending on the movement of the wings, acceleration of the pigeon, wind speed, wind direction and the positions of pigeons within the flock.[8] The effect of Mann and Petravicius' displays has been described as \"unlike any other phenomenon\", with Petravicius describing it as \"rubbish on record but brilliant live\".[6][8] They have toured the performance to festivals across the country, initially for 15 minute performances but later for longer periods, with Mann accompanying the pigeons with folk songs.[2][7] The audience is asked to lie down on the grass to experience the performance.[6] Mann proposed a collaboration with American performance artist Baby Dee.[6] The performance was premiered at the Brighton Festival in May 2013 and in 2014 won the Butterworth Prize for Composition.[6][8]","title":"Mann revival"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Pigeon Whistles: From Utilitarian to Orchestral\". JSTOR Daily. 24 March 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://daily.jstor.org/pigeon-whistles-utilitarian-orchestral/","url_text":"\"Pigeon Whistles: From Utilitarian to Orchestral\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Pigeon Whistles\". BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 17 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08ynyk5","url_text":"\"The Pigeon Whistles\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Artist Records Beijing's Sounds Before They Fall Silent\". Star2.com. 18 July 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.star2.com/culture/2018/07/18/british-artist-hutong-beijing-sound-field-recordings-history/","url_text":"\"British Artist Records Beijing's Sounds Before They Fall Silent\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Mitchell (2006). \"Chinese Instruments in the Galpin Collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, with a Focus on the Sound-Makers\". The Galpin Society Journal. 59: 213. JSTOR 25163867.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25163867","url_text":"25163867"}]},{"reference":"\"Pigeon Whistles\". Bulletin of the Pennsylvania Museum. 3 (12): 78. 1905. doi:10.2307/3793668. JSTOR 3793668.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3793668","url_text":"10.2307/3793668"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3793668","url_text":"3793668"}]},{"reference":"Todd, Bella (22 August 2014). \"Pigeon Whistles: 'The closest thing I've ever experienced to heaven'\". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/aug/22/pigeon-whistles-the-closest-thing-to-heaven","url_text":"\"Pigeon Whistles: 'The closest thing I've ever experienced to heaven'\""}]},{"reference":"Gilyeat, Dave (26 June 2013). \"Pigeons make music with whistles\". BBC News. Retrieved 17 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-23004042","url_text":"\"Pigeons make music with whistles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pigeon Whistles: An Orchestra in Flight\". Pitt Rivers Museum. 7 November 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prm.ox.ac.uk/pigeon-whistles","url_text":"\"Pigeon Whistles: An Orchestra in Flight\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://daily.jstor.org/pigeon-whistles-utilitarian-orchestral/","external_links_name":"\"Pigeon Whistles: From Utilitarian to Orchestral\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08ynyk5","external_links_name":"\"The Pigeon Whistles\""},{"Link":"https://www.star2.com/culture/2018/07/18/british-artist-hutong-beijing-sound-field-recordings-history/","external_links_name":"\"British Artist Records Beijing's Sounds Before They Fall Silent\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25163867","external_links_name":"25163867"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3793668","external_links_name":"10.2307/3793668"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3793668","external_links_name":"3793668"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/aug/22/pigeon-whistles-the-closest-thing-to-heaven","external_links_name":"\"Pigeon Whistles: 'The closest thing I've ever experienced to heaven'\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-23004042","external_links_name":"\"Pigeons make music with whistles\""},{"Link":"https://www.prm.ox.ac.uk/pigeon-whistles","external_links_name":"\"Pigeon Whistles: An Orchestra in Flight\""},{"Link":"http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/ctenglish/2018/cs/201911/t20191129_800186426.html","external_links_name":"The Pigeon Whistle: A Defining Sound of Old Beijing"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_Fulvia_HF | Lancia Fulvia | ["1 Specifications","1.1 Chassis","1.2 Engine","2 Model history","2.1 Berlina","2.2 Coupé","2.3 Sport","3 Concept cars and specials","3.1 Lancia Fulvia Sport Spider (1968)","3.2 Lancia Fulvia Berlinetta Competizione (1969)","3.3 Dunja 1.6 HF (1971)","3.4 Lancia Fulvia Coupé Concept (2003)","4 Motorsport","4.1 Rallying","4.2 Endurance racing","4.3 Fulvia HF F&M","5 References","6 External links"] | Motor vehicle
Lancia FulviaSeries II Lancia Fulvia BerlinaOverviewManufacturerLanciaProduction1963–1976DesignerPiero Castagnero at Centro Stile Lancia (Berlina and Coupé)Ercole Spada at Zagato (Sport)Body and chassisClassLarge family car (D)Body style4-door saloon (Berlina)2-door coupé (Coupé)2-door fastback coupé (Sport)LayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-drivePowertrainEnginepetrol:1,091 cc Lancia V41,199 cc Lancia V41,216 cc Lancia V41,231 cc Lancia V41,298 cc Lancia V41,584 cc Lancia V4Transmission4-speed manual5-speed manualDimensionsWheelbase2,480 mm (97.6 in) (Berlina '63-'69)2,500 mm (98.4 in) (Berlina '69-'72)2,330 mm (91.7 in) (Coupé, Sport)Length4,110 mm (161.8 in) (Berlina)3,975 mm (156.5 in) (Coupé)4,090 mm (161.0 in) (Sport)Width1,555 mm (61.2 in) (Berlina, Coupé)1,570 mm (61.8 in) (Sport)Height1,400 mm (55.1 in) (Berlina)1,300 mm (51.2 in) (Coupé)1,200 mm (47.2 in) (Sport)ChronologyPredecessorLancia AppiaSuccessorLancia BetaLancia Trevi (1980–1984)
The Lancia Fulvia (Tipo 818) is a car produced by Lancia between 1963 and 1976. Named after Via Fulvia, the Roman road leading from Tortona to Turin, it was introduced at the Geneva Motor Show in 1963 and manufactured in three variants: Berlina 4-door saloon, 2-door Coupé, and Sport, an alternative fastback coupé designed and built by Zagato on the Coupé floorpan.
Fulvias are noted for their role in motorsport history, including a 1972 win of the International Rally Championship. Road & Track described the Fulvia as "a precision motorcar, an engineering tour de force".
Specifications
Chassis
The Fulvia Berlina was designed by Antonio Fessia, to replace the Lancia Appia with which it shared almost no components. The Appia was a rear wheel drive car, however, while the Fulvia moved to front wheel drive like the Flavia. The general engineering design of the Fulvia was identical to that of the Flavia with the major exception of the engine, the Flavia having a four-cylinder horizontally opposed engine and the Fulvia a 'Narrow Angle' vee configuration as featured on most production Lancias from the Lambda. The Fulvia used a longitudinal engine mounted in front of its transaxle. An independent suspension in front used wishbones and a single leaf spring, while a beam axle with a panhard rod and leaf springs was used in back. Four wheel Dunlop disc brakes were fitted to first series Fulvias. With the introduction of the second series in 1970 the brakes were uprated with larger Girling calipers all round and a brake servo. The handbrake design was also changed - using separate drums and brake-shoes operating on the rear wheels.
Engine
The V4 engine of a 1972 Fulvia Berlina
The Fulvia's narrow-angle DOHC Lancia V4 engine was mounted well forward at a 45° angle. A new design, by Zaccone Mina, its unusually narrow 12° V allowed a single cylinder head to cover all the cylinders, with one cam each for intake and exhaust valves.
Displacement started out at just 1091 cc, with a 72 mm bore and 67 mm stroke. Fitted with a single carburettor it produces 58 CV (43 kW; 57 hp). A higher (9.0:1) compression ratio and twin Solex carburettors raised power to 71 CV (52 kW; 70 hp) soon after.
The engine was bored to 76 mm for the 1216 ccHF model. With additional tuning output was raised from 80 to 88 CV (59 to 65 kW; 79 to 87 hp).
The engine was re-engineered with a slightly narrower bank angle (from 12°53'28" down to 12°45'28") and longer (69.7 mm) stroke for 1967. Three displacements were produced: 1199 cc (74 mm bore), 1231 cc (75 mm bore), and 1298 cc (77 mm bore). The new 1298 cc engine was produced in two versions; the type 818.302 produced 87 bhp (65 kW) at 6000 rpm and was fitted to first series Coupés, Sports and Berlina GTE and later to the second Series Berlina. The Type 818.303 was first produced with 92 CV (68 kW; 91 hp) and was fitted to the first series Coupé Rallye S and Sport S. For the second Series Coupé and Sport power was slightly reduced to 90 CV (66 kW; 89 hp) at 6000 rpm. The 1199 cc engine was only fitted to the Berlina sold in Greece.
The engine was completely reworked for the new 1.6 HF with an even-narrower angle (now 11°20') and longer 75 mm stroke combined with a bore of 82 mm gave it a displacement of 1584 cc, and power ranged from 115 to 132 CV (85 to 97 kW; 113 to 130 hp) depending on tune.
Model history
Series I Lancia Fulvia Berlina 2C
Lancia Fulvia Berlina GTE
Rear view of a Series II Fulvia Berlina
1972 Lancia Fulvia interior
Berlina
Series I
Berlina (Tipo 818.000/001): 1963–64. A compact four-door saloon introduced in 1963 with a 1091 cc, single twin-choke carburettor engine producing 58 bhp (43 kW) at 5800 rpm.
Berlina 2C (Tipo 818.100/101): 1964–69. Improved, more powerful Berlina launched late in 1964, with a 71 bhp (53 kW) engine fitted with double twin-choke Solex carburettors. 155R14 Michelin X radial tyres. The body-shell also had revised front subframe mountings. Distinguished by an enamelled "2C" badge on the radiator grille and rear "Fulvia 2C" script.
Berlina GT (Tipo 818.200/201/210/211): 1967–68. Introduced at the 1967 Geneva Salon with the 1216 cc (later 1231 cc) engine from the Coupé, producing 80 bhp (60 kW) at 6000 rpm. Distinguished by an enamelled "GT" badge on the radiator grille and rear "Fulvia GT" script. Fitted with 155R14 Michelin X
Berlina "Grecia" (Tipo 818.282/292): 1967–69. Greece-only version fitted with a smaller 818.282 1.2 L (1,199 cc) engine, putting out 79 PS (58 kW; 78 hp) at 6200 rpm. 145R14 Pirelli Cinturato CA67 radial tyres
Berlina GTE (Tipo 818.310/311): 1968–69. Introduced in 1968 with the 1298 cc (818.302) engine from the Coupé Rallye 1.3, for an output of 87 bhp (65 kW) at 6000 rpm. In addition, the brakes were uprated with a brake servo, and fitted with 155 SR 14 Michelin ZX radial tyres
Series II
The Fulvia saloon was updated in August 1969 with a redesigned body on a 20 mm (0.8 in) longer wheelbase, and an updated interior. An altered roofline also provided more space for rear-seat passengers.
Berlina (Tipo 818.610/611): 1969–71. Series 2 was introduced in 1969 with the 1298 cc.
Berlina "Grecia" (Tipo 818.682): 1969–70. Series 2 Greece-only limited displacement version; the 818.282 1.2-litre engine was unchanged.
Berlina (Tipo 818.612/613): 1970–72. Series 2 with the 1298 cc (818.302) engine and 5-speed gearbox, introduced in 1970. Larger Girling callipers and pads replaced the Dunlop system fitted to first-series cars.
Berlina "Grecia" (Tipo 818.694): 1970–72. Updated with the 5-speed gearbox like the regular saloon.
Coupé
1968 Lancia Fulvia Coupé
1970 Lancia Fulvia Rallye 1.6 HF Fanalone
The Fulvia Coupé was a compact two-door, three-box coupé introduced in 1965. Like the saloon it was designed in-house by Piero Castagnero, using a wheelbase 150 mm (5.9 in) shorter than its sedan counterpart. As the last Fulvia model to be discontinued, the coupe was ultimately replaced in 1977 by a 1.3-litre version of the Beta Coupé.
Series I
Coupé (Tipo 818.130/131): 1965–67. Equipped with a 1,216 cc 818.100 engine—from 1967 enlarged to 1,231 cc—producing 80 CV (59 kW; 79 hp) at 6,000 rpm. The same engines were subsequently used on the Berlina GT.
Coupé HF (Tipo 818.140): 1966–67. The competition version of the coupé, introduced later in 1965, carried a tuned version of the 1,216 cc engine producing 88 CV (65 kW; 87 hp) at 6,000 rpm. Bodywork was lightened by removing the bumpers, using an aluminium bonnet, doors and boot lid, Plexiglas side and rear windows, and bare steel wheels without hubcaps.
Rallye 1.3 HF (Tipo 818.340/341): 1967–69. 1.3-litre HF. New 1,298 cc engine with 101 CV (74 kW; 100 hp) at 6,400 rpm.
Rallye 1.3 (Tipo 818.330/331): 1967–68. An updated coupé with the 818.302 1,298 cc engine with 87 CV (64 kW; 86 hp) at 6,000 rpm.
Rallye 1.3 S (Tipo 818.360/361): 1968–70. Updated, more powerful Rallye 1.3 with a new 818.303 1,298 cc engine producing 92 CV (68 kW; 91 hp) at 6,000 rpm.
Rallye 1.6 HF (Tipo 818.540/541): 1969–70. Known as Fanalone ("big lamps") because of the characteristic upsized inner pair of headlamps. The evolution of Rallye 1.3 HF, equipped with an all-new 818.540 1,584 cc engine producing 115 CV (85 kW; 113 hp) at 6,500 rpm. Other changes included negative camber front suspension geometry, with light alloy 13 inch 6J wheels; and a close ratio 5-speed gearbox and wheel arch extensions. The easiest way to distinguish this version is by the triangular holes between headlamps and grille.
Rallye 1.6 HF tipo 818.540 variante 1016: 1969–70. Works rally-spec Fanalone, produced in very limited numbers. The most powerful Fulvia with a 1,584 cc engine producing up to 132 CV (97 kW; 130 hp) depending on tune. This was the version used by the works rally team until 1974 when it was superseded in competition by the Stratos HF. 45 mm bore Solex carburettors were used that were later replaced by 45 DCOE Webers. The cam cover had a special blue stripe over the yellow paint job (HF cars had just a yellow paint job).
Lancia Fulvia Coupé 3
Series II
Coupé 1.3 S (Tipo 818.630/631): 1970–73. Face-lifted body and new 5 speed gearbox with 1298 cc (818.303) engine producing 90 CV (66 kW; 89 hp) at 6000 rpm. Larger Girling callipers and pads replaced the Dunlop system fitted to 1st series cars.
Coupé 1.3 S Montecarlo: 1972–73. Special edition based on the 1.3 S, commemorating Lancia's victory at the 1972 Monte Carlo Rally. The livery resembled the works car, with matte black bonnet and boot lid bearing Monte Carlo rally plate-style stickers. This version used his own bodyshell with flared wheel arches, similar to the 1.6 HF bodyshell. Other accoutrements included 1.6 HF Lusso interior fittings such as bucket seats with headrests, rectangular front fog lamps, no bumpers and black single wing mirror; 4.5J steel wheels of the standard Coupé were fitted.
Coupé 1600 HF (Tipo 818.740/741): 1970. Face-lifted all steel body with 1,584 cc engine with Solex C42DDHF carb producing 115 CV (85 kW; 113 hp) at 6,000 rpm. The bodywork was changed from the standard 1.3 Coupé to incorporate flared wheel arches (replacing the extensions used on 1st series HFs).
Lancia Fulvia Coupe 3 rear view
Coupé 1600 HF "Lusso" (Tipo 818.740/741): 1970–73. As 1600 HF, but with extra trim, radio and fitted with bumpers. Mostly produced for export.
Coupé 3 (Tipo 818.630/631): 1974–76. Updated Coupé introduced in 1974, mechanically the same as the earlier Series 2 1.3 S except for the addition of emission control on the Solex carburettors. Other than for "Fulvia 3" badges, it is easily recognized by its matte black grilled and headlight frame. It featured a new design of seats incorporating headrests and new white-faced instrument dials with an updated range of trim colours, materials and options.
Coupé 3 Montecarlo: 1974–76. As the earlier Montecarlo, but with Coupé 3 accoutrements.
Safari: 1974–76. A limited edition based on the standard Coupé 3 with simplified trim and equipment, celebrating Fulvia's participation in the Safari Rally. It came without bumpers, with matte black exterior trim, seats upholstered in denim cloth and leatherette, exterior badges on the bonnet and on the boot lid and also a special numbered plaque on the dashboard.
Sport
Series I Fulvia Sport 1.3 S
The Fulvia Sport was a fastback two-seater based on Coupé mechanicals, built for Lancia by Zagato — where it had also been designed, by Ercole Spada. The Sport was commissioned by Lancia to Zagato as more aerodynamic and sportier version of the coupé, which could be used in road and track competitions.
Series I
Three peculiarities of the Sport body were the engine bonnet, which was hinged to the right-hand side, the rear hatch, which could be lifted electrically by a handful of centimetres to aid cabin ventilation, and the spare wheel, which was housed in a separate compartment and accessed from a rotating panel which held the rear number plate. The tail lights were sourced from the NSU Prinz 4.
Sport (Tipo 818.132/133): 1965–67. Introduced at the 1965 Turin Motor Show, the first Sport had an all-aluminium alloy bodyshell and used the coupé's 1.2-litre (1,216 cc) engine. Inside it reprised the wood-trimmed dashboard of the coupé, and featured two small bucket seats of Zagato's own design. Just 202 were made in total.
Sport 1.3 (Tipo 818.332/333): 1966–69. In 1966 Sport was upgraded to an 818.302 1,298 cc engine from the Rallye 1.3, producing 87 hp (65 kW) at 6,000 rpm. Early versions still had all aluminium bodyshells (700 were produced with both 1,216 cc & 1,298 cc engines), but later ones were fitted with steel bodyshells with aluminium bonnet, doors, and spare wheel hatch. Whereas the first Sport was homologated as a two-seater, the car was now classified as a three-seater—or 2+1. The 1.3 can be distinguished from the 1.2 for its silver- instead of ivory-painted steel wheels, and the side mirror on the driver's side front wing.
Sport 1.3 S (Tipo 818.362/363): 1968–69. An updated Sport 1.3 with 1,298 cc (818.303) engine producing 92 hp (69 kW) at 6,000 rpm. These Sports were normally fitted with brake servos. It is recognizable by its larger hubcaps, decorated with Lancia flag logos instead of being plain.
Series II
The second series Fulvia Sport was launched at the 1970 Turin Motor Show. Changes included a 5-speed gearbox, revised suspension geometry, taller ride height, an alternator in place of the previous dynamo, a taller final drive compared to coupés, and wider tyres. The body was now all-steel, and seated 2+2 passengers. Some of the Zagato's most unusual features were lost: the bonnet was now hinged at the front, and the spare wheel compartment hatch was deleted. Several other changes set the second series apart from the first: new driving lights, a side mirror moved from the wing to the door, larger bullet-shaped tail lights from the Peugeot 204, and stamped steel wheels without hubcaps.Lancia Fulvia Sport 1600 Zagato
Sport 1.3 S (Tipo 818.650/651): 1970–73. Same engine as Series 1 1.3 S, but five-speed transmission. Very early versions of these Series 2 cars were fitted with Series I bodyshells with a separate spare wheel-hatch, smaller rear lights and aluminium bonnet and doors. Later versions have all-steel bodyshells, no spare wheel hatch, and larger rear lights.
Sport 1600 (Tipo 818.750/751): 1971–72. Top of the range Sport, with 1,584 cc engine from the HF, producing 115 hp (86 kW). With a top speed of 118 mph (190 km/h), this version was the fastest production Fulvia ever produced. The 1600 was distinguished by a matte black radiator grille with chrome edges, black rubber over-riders on the bumpers, a matte black band on the engine bonnet, and new flush door handles. Some of these new fixtures—like the black grille and door handles—found their way on late 1.3 S examples.
Inside the 1600 had an oil temperature gauge, bucket seats with headrests and electric front windows as standard. Cromodora alloy wheels like those found on the 1600 HF were optional.
Concept cars and specials
Lancia Fulvia Sport Spider (1968)
At the October 1968 Turin Motor Show Milanese coachbuilder Zagato showed the Fulvia Sport Spider, a 2-seater roadster based on the Fulvia Sport. The prototype reprised the lines of the Fulvia Sport, but was built on a 150 mm (5.9 in); the soft top folded underneath a flush tonneau cover. The car was finished in red, with matching leather covering the seats, dashboard and steering wheel; Plexiglas-covered headlamps were fitted. Outside, details like the black front grille and Peugeot 202-derived tail lights previewed the 1970 Series 2 Fulvia Sport.
Lancia Fulvia Berlinetta Competizione (1969)
The Fulvia Berlinetta Competizione was a concept car by Ghia first displayed at the March 1969 Geneva Motor Show. It was built with a fastback berlinetta body designed by Tom Tjaarda, using a Fulvia Rallye 1.6 HF Fanalone floorpan and mechanicals.
Dunja 1.6 HF (1971)
The Dunja 1.6 HF was a concept car with kammback coupé body based on Fulvia 1600 HF mechanicals, first shown on the Glasurit stand at the 1971 Turin Motor Show. Commissioned by Glasurit, it was designed by Aldo Sessano and built by Turinese coachbuilder Carrozzeria Coggiola on a Fulvia Coupé 1600 HF (type 818.740) chassis.
Lancia Fulvia Coupé Concept (2003)
Lancia Fulvia Coupé Concept at IAA 2003
In 2003 the Fulvia name was used on a concept car, the Lancia Fulvia Coupé Concept, inspired by the original 1965 Coupé. Based on the Fiat Barchetta and designed by Centro Stile Lancia under the direction of Flavio Manzoni working with Alberto Dilillo , the car made its début at the September 2003 Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung in Frankfurt am Main. The two-seater cabin was upholstered in Testa di moro (dark brown) leather and trimmed in Tanganika wood, contrasting with the tree-layer Avorio (ivory) exterior paint colour. The prototype was front-wheel drive, weighed 990 kg (2,180 lb), and was powered by a transverse-mounted 16-valve 1.8-litre VVT, 140 PS (103 kW) inline-four engine which could propel the vehicle from 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) in 8.6 seconds and to a top speed of 213 km/h (132 mph). The suspension uses MacPherson struts at the front and trailing arms at the rear; electronic control systems were limited to ABS. Despite the needs of a possible production model having been considered during development, the new Fulvia Coupé did not progress past the prototype stage.
Motorsport
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2015)
Rallying
Amilcare Ballestrieri won the 1972 Rallye Sanremo on Lancia-Marlboro Fulvia Coupé HF 1.6
It was with the Fulvia that Lancia went officially back into racing after its withdrawal from Formula 1 in 1955; this time the effort was focused on rallying. In 1965 the company absorbed the HF Squadra Corse, a privateer racing team founded by Lancia enthusiasts which previously received some factory support, which became the works team under the direction of Cesare Fiorio. The same year the Fulvia Coupé made its racing debut at the Tour de Corse, placing 8th overall. Starting with the lightened and more powerful 1965 Rallye HF, special HF versions were put on sale to the general public to homologate improvements for the rally cars. In 1967 the larger displacement Rallye 1.3 HF followed. As the V4 engine had reached the limit of its development, an all-new 1.6-litre V4 engine was developed and installed on the 1967 Rallye 1.6 HF. The car raced as a prototype until August 1969, when it received FIA homologation.
With the exception of 1970, Fulvias won the Italian Rally Championship every year from 1965 to 1973. The Fulvia's rallying career reached its zenith in 1972, when Lancia won the International Championship for Manufacturers two rounds in advance. First placements at rallies valid for the Championship were three: included Sandro Munari and Mario Mannucci at the famous Monte Carlo Rally, with a 10' 50" margin over the runner up, Larrousse/Perramond on a much more powerful Porsche 911 S, Lampinen/Andreasson at the Rallye du Maroc, and Ballestrieri/Bernacchini at the Rallye Sanremo. In 1973 Lancia did not score any podium finishes valid for that year's first-ever World Rally Championship season; though at the hands of Munari, the Fulvia won its second European Rally Championship, after the 1969 victory by Harry Källström. During the 1974 season the ageing Fulvia was replaced in rallying by the Lancia Stratos HF. That year Lancia won its second World Championship, also thanks to points scored by the Fulvia in the first rallies—such as the third place Munari caught in the gruelling East African Safari Rally.
Endurance racing
The Fulvia Sport was prepared and raced by several privateers in track events. During 1968 Zagato built 27 Sport Competizione competition versions, as well as two specials which later became known as Sport Daytona. These were modified with twin, different sized round headlamps under flush Plexiglas covers, a mesh front grille, widened fenders, Plexiglas side and rear windows, quick-fill fuel cap, and a 155 PS engine. In 1969 these two cars were entered with Maglioli and Pinto as drivers at the 12 Hours of Sebring, placing 18th overall, and at the 24 Hours of Daytona, where they scored a remarkable class win in the sports prototype category and an 11th place overall.
Fulvia HF F&M
Claudio Maglioli on Lancia F&M Special, a Fulvia HF 1.6 with barchetta body, at the 1969 Mugello Grand Prix
In 1969 three competition Fulvia 1.6 HF were transformed into racing barchettas by Claudio Maglioli. The roof and about 28 cm (11.0 in) of rear bodywork were cut away; heating, interior trim, the passenger seat, and the inner pair of headlamps were removed, while the fuel tank took place of the rear bench seat. In spite of the chassis bracing needed to preserve rigidity without the roof, the car resulted 200 kg (441 lb) lighter than the coupé; the suspension had to be retuned to compensate for the lighter weight, and one leaf was removed from the front spring. The car was christened Fulvia HF F&M Special, where F and M stood for the initials of Lancia team manager Cesare Fiorio and of Maglioli. The barchetta's first major race entry was the 1969 Targa Florio. Sandro Munari and Rauno Aaltonen drove one to a ninth overall placement as well as to a class victory.
References
^ "Designer". ajovalo.net. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
^ "The Fulvia Was Lancia's First Great Rally Car". Road & Track. 14 December 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
^ Road & Track, September 1967, page 66
^ Braunschweig, Robert; et al., eds. (9 March 1967). "Automobil Revue Modelle 1967/Revue Automobile modèles 1967" (in German and French). 62. Berne, Switzerland: Hallwag AG: 330. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Oude Weernink, Wim H.J. (1984), Lancia Fulvia and Flavia: a Collector's Guide, Croydon, England: Motor Racing Publications, pp. 76–77, ISBN 1-899870-52-0
^ "Lancia Fulvias - Road versus Rally". classicandperformancecar.com. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
^ "Lancia Fulvia Safari 1300". tonyerker.info. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
^ a b c d "Tagli di Spada". Automobilismo d'epoca (in Italian) (10): 84–91. October 2012.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Piú Zagato di cosí...". AutoCapital (in Italian) (10): 86–93. October 1991.
^ Fenu, Michele (29 October 1968). "Molte le novità fra i carrozzieri". La Stampa (in Italian). p. 9. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
^ Bernabò, Feruccio (14 March 1969). "Successo delle auto italiane". La Stampa (in Italian). p. 13. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
^ "1969 GHIA LANCIA FULVIA COMPETIZIONE". archivioprototipi.it (in Italian). Retrieved 17 December 2019.
^ a b "Due originali coupé con tanta "grinta"". La Stampa (in Italian). 6 November 1971. p. 19. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
^ "I Carrozzieri e la Fulvia". alma.it. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-05-26.
^ a b Bianco, Piero (18 September 2003). "Francoforte effetto Italia". La Stampa (in Italian). p. 6. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
^ Hemmes, Henny (26 August 2003). "Wedergeboorte Lancia Fulvia" . autoweek.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2015.
^ "Lancia Fulvia Coupé show car". lanciapress.com (press release). 26 August 2003. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
^ a b Amatori et al. 1992, p. 345.
^ Amatori et al. 1992, p. 344.
^ Amatori et al. 1992, p. 346.
^ Fenu, Michele (28 January 1972). "Munari su Lancia". Stampa Sera (in Italian). pp. 1, 9. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
^ a b c d "Lancia F&M Special". Grace (in Italian). II (4). April 2004.
"All about Lancia Fulvia". Fulvia Site. Archived from the original on 7 March 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2005.
Crowe, James T. (1968). "Toyota 2000 GT". Road & Track Road Test Annual: 110–113.
Amatori, Franco; et al. (1992). Storia della Lancia — Impresa Tecnologie Mercati 1906–1969. Milan: Fabbri Editori. p. 350.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lancia Fulvia.
New Lancia Fulvia Concept Archived 2015-05-27 at the Wayback Machine
Lancisti.net — Information exchange and support community for Lancia owners and enthusiasts
Lancia Motor Club (UK) Archived 2011-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
Viva Lancia — website dedicated to all Lancias of any vintage
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Montecarlo Turbo | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lancia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia"},{"link_name":"Roman road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_road"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"Geneva Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"saloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"Coupé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"fastback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastback"},{"link_name":"Zagato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagato"},{"link_name":"motorsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorsport"},{"link_name":"International Rally Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Championship_for_Manufacturers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Road & Track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_%26_Track"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Lancia Fulvia (Tipo 818) is a car produced by Lancia between 1963 and 1976. Named after Via Fulvia, the Roman road leading from Tortona to Turin, it was introduced at the Geneva Motor Show in 1963 and manufactured in three variants: Berlina 4-door saloon, 2-door Coupé, and Sport, an alternative fastback coupé designed and built by Zagato on the Coupé floorpan.Fulvias are noted for their role in motorsport history, including a 1972 win of the International Rally Championship.[2] Road & Track described the Fulvia as \"a precision motorcar, an engineering tour de force\".[3]","title":"Lancia Fulvia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lancia Appia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_Appia"},{"link_name":"rear wheel drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"front wheel drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"Flavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_Flavia"},{"link_name":"Lambda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_Lambda"},{"link_name":"transaxle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaxle"},{"link_name":"independent suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_suspension"},{"link_name":"wishbones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wishbone_suspension"},{"link_name":"leaf spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_spring"},{"link_name":"beam axle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_axle"},{"link_name":"panhard rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhard_rod"},{"link_name":"Dunlop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunlop_(brands)"},{"link_name":"disc brakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_brake"}],"sub_title":"Chassis","text":"The Fulvia Berlina was designed by Antonio Fessia, to replace the Lancia Appia with which it shared almost no components. The Appia was a rear wheel drive car, however, while the Fulvia moved to front wheel drive like the Flavia. The general engineering design of the Fulvia was identical to that of the Flavia with the major exception of the engine, the Flavia having a four-cylinder horizontally opposed engine and the Fulvia a 'Narrow Angle' vee configuration as featured on most production Lancias from the Lambda. The Fulvia used a longitudinal engine mounted in front of its transaxle. An independent suspension in front used wishbones and a single leaf spring, while a beam axle with a panhard rod and leaf springs was used in back. Four wheel Dunlop disc brakes were fitted to first series Fulvias. With the introduction of the second series in 1970 the brakes were uprated with larger Girling calipers all round and a brake servo. The handbrake design was also changed - using separate drums and brake-shoes operating on the rear wheels.","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lancia_Fulvia_5M_1972_m2_engine.jpg"},{"link_name":"DOHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOHC"},{"link_name":"Lancia V4 engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_V4_engine"},{"link_name":"cylinder head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_head"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"}],"sub_title":"Engine","text":"The V4 engine of a 1972 Fulvia BerlinaThe Fulvia's narrow-angle DOHC Lancia V4 engine was mounted well forward at a 45° angle. A new design, by Zaccone Mina, its unusually narrow 12° V allowed a single cylinder head to cover all the cylinders, with one cam each for intake and exhaust valves.Displacement started out at just 1091 cc, with a 72 mm bore and 67 mm stroke. Fitted with a single carburettor it produces 58 CV (43 kW; 57 hp). A higher (9.0:1) compression ratio and twin Solex carburettors raised power to 71 CV (52 kW; 70 hp) soon after.The engine was bored to 76 mm for the 1216 ccHF model. With additional tuning output was raised from 80 to 88 CV (59 to 65 kW; 79 to 87 hp).The engine was re-engineered with a slightly narrower bank angle (from 12°53'28\" down to 12°45'28\") and longer (69.7 mm) stroke for 1967. Three displacements were produced: 1199 cc (74 mm bore), 1231 cc (75 mm bore), and 1298 cc (77 mm bore). The new 1298 cc engine was produced in two versions; the type 818.302 produced 87 bhp (65 kW) at 6000 rpm and was fitted to first series Coupés, Sports and Berlina GTE and later to the second Series Berlina. The Type 818.303 was first produced with 92 CV (68 kW; 91 hp) and was fitted to the first series Coupé Rallye S and Sport S. For the second Series Coupé and Sport power was slightly reduced to 90 CV (66 kW; 89 hp) at 6000 rpm. The 1199 cc engine was only fitted to the Berlina sold in Greece.The engine was completely reworked for the new 1.6 HF with an even-narrower angle (now 11°20') and longer 75 mm stroke combined with a bore of 82 mm gave it a displacement of 1584 cc, and power ranged from 115 to 132 CV (85 to 97 kW; 113 to 130 hp) depending on tune.","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auto_Italia_Autumn_Italian_Car_Day_Heritage_Motor_Centre_Gaydon_IMG_6649_(4935695145).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1963_Lancia_Fulvia_CTE_-_rvl-1_(4637123845).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lancia_Fulvia_Goodwood_March_2009_IMG_4381_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lamcia_Fulvia_5M_1972_i.jpg"}],"text":"Series I Lancia Fulvia Berlina 2CLancia Fulvia Berlina GTERear view of a Series II Fulvia Berlina1972 Lancia Fulvia interior","title":"Model history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carburettor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburettor"},{"link_name":"Solex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solex_Carburetor"},{"link_name":"Geneva Salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AR67-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoWL-5"}],"sub_title":"Berlina","text":"Series IBerlina (Tipo 818.000/001): 1963–64. A compact four-door saloon introduced in 1963 with a 1091 cc, single twin-choke carburettor engine producing 58 bhp (43 kW) at 5800 rpm.\nBerlina 2C (Tipo 818.100/101): 1964–69. Improved, more powerful Berlina launched late in 1964, with a 71 bhp (53 kW) engine fitted with double twin-choke Solex carburettors. 155R14 Michelin X radial tyres. The body-shell also had revised front subframe mountings. Distinguished by an enamelled \"2C\" badge on the radiator grille and rear \"Fulvia 2C\" script.\nBerlina GT (Tipo 818.200/201/210/211): 1967–68. Introduced at the 1967 Geneva Salon with the 1216 cc (later 1231 cc) engine from the Coupé, producing 80 bhp (60 kW) at 6000 rpm.[4] Distinguished by an enamelled \"GT\" badge on the radiator grille and rear \"Fulvia GT\" script. Fitted with 155R14 Michelin X\nBerlina \"Grecia\" (Tipo 818.282/292): 1967–69. Greece-only version fitted with a smaller 818.282 1.2 L (1,199 cc) engine, putting out 79 PS (58 kW; 78 hp) at 6200 rpm. 145R14 Pirelli Cinturato CA67 radial tyres\nBerlina GTE (Tipo 818.310/311): 1968–69. Introduced in 1968 with the 1298 cc (818.302) engine from the Coupé Rallye 1.3, for an output of 87 bhp (65 kW) at 6000 rpm. In addition, the brakes were uprated with a brake servo, and fitted with 155 SR 14 Michelin ZX radial tyresSeries IIThe Fulvia saloon was updated in August 1969 with a redesigned body on a 20 mm (0.8 in) longer wheelbase, and an updated interior. An altered roofline also provided more space for rear-seat passengers.[5]Berlina (Tipo 818.610/611): 1969–71. Series 2 was introduced in 1969 with the 1298 cc.\nBerlina \"Grecia\" (Tipo 818.682): 1969–70. Series 2 Greece-only limited displacement version; the 818.282 1.2-litre engine was unchanged.\nBerlina (Tipo 818.612/613): 1970–72. Series 2 with the 1298 cc (818.302) engine and 5-speed gearbox, introduced in 1970. Larger Girling callipers and pads replaced the Dunlop system fitted to first-series cars.\nBerlina \"Grecia\" (Tipo 818.694): 1970–72. Updated with the 5-speed gearbox like the regular saloon.","title":"Model history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1968_Lancia_Fulvia_Series_I_Coup%C3%A9,_front_right_-_in_Greenwich.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lancia_Fulvia_HF_Fanalone_1970_-_0.jpg"},{"link_name":"Beta Coupé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_Beta"},{"link_name":"Plexiglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plexiglas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-classicandperformancecar.com-6"},{"link_name":"Stratos HF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_Stratos"},{"link_name":"Solex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solex_Carburetor"},{"link_name":"Webers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber_carburetor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lancia_Fulvia_3_Coupe_(1976).jpg"},{"link_name":"Monte Carlo Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_Rally"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1976_Lancia_Fulvia_3_Coup%C3%A9_Verde_Dublino,_rear_left.jpg"},{"link_name":"Safari Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_Rally"},{"link_name":"denim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denim"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tonyerker.info-7"}],"sub_title":"Coupé","text":"1968 Lancia Fulvia Coupé1970 Lancia Fulvia Rallye 1.6 HF FanaloneThe Fulvia Coupé was a compact two-door, three-box coupé introduced in 1965. Like the saloon it was designed in-house by Piero Castagnero, using a wheelbase 150 mm (5.9 in) shorter than its sedan counterpart. As the last Fulvia model to be discontinued, the coupe was ultimately replaced in 1977 by a 1.3-litre version of the Beta Coupé.Series ICoupé (Tipo 818.130/131): 1965–67. Equipped with a 1,216 cc 818.100 engine—from 1967 enlarged to 1,231 cc—producing 80 CV (59 kW; 79 hp) at 6,000 rpm. The same engines were subsequently used on the Berlina GT.\nCoupé HF (Tipo 818.140): 1966–67. The competition version of the coupé, introduced later in 1965, carried a tuned version of the 1,216 cc engine producing 88 CV (65 kW; 87 hp) at 6,000 rpm. Bodywork was lightened by removing the bumpers, using an aluminium bonnet, doors and boot lid, Plexiglas side and rear windows, and bare steel wheels without hubcaps.\nRallye 1.3 HF (Tipo 818.340/341): 1967–69. 1.3-litre HF. New 1,298 cc engine with 101 CV (74 kW; 100 hp) at 6,400 rpm.\nRallye 1.3 (Tipo 818.330/331): 1967–68. An updated coupé with the 818.302 1,298 cc engine with 87 CV (64 kW; 86 hp) at 6,000 rpm.\nRallye 1.3 S (Tipo 818.360/361): 1968–70. Updated, more powerful Rallye 1.3 with a new 818.303 1,298 cc engine producing 92 CV (68 kW; 91 hp) at 6,000 rpm.\nRallye 1.6 HF (Tipo 818.540/541): 1969–70. Known as Fanalone (\"big lamps\") because of the characteristic upsized inner pair of headlamps. The evolution of Rallye 1.3 HF, equipped with an all-new 818.540 1,584 cc engine producing 115 CV (85 kW; 113 hp) at 6,500 rpm. Other changes included negative camber front suspension geometry, with light alloy 13 inch 6J wheels; and a close ratio 5-speed gearbox and wheel arch extensions. The easiest way to distinguish this version is by the triangular holes between headlamps and grille.[6]\nRallye 1.6 HF tipo 818.540 variante 1016: 1969–70. Works rally-spec Fanalone, produced in very limited numbers. The most powerful Fulvia with a 1,584 cc engine producing up to 132 CV (97 kW; 130 hp) depending on tune. This was the version used by the works rally team until 1974 when it was superseded in competition by the Stratos HF. 45 mm bore Solex carburettors were used that were later replaced by 45 DCOE Webers. The cam cover had a special blue stripe over the yellow paint job (HF cars had just a yellow paint job).Lancia Fulvia Coupé 3Series IICoupé 1.3 S (Tipo 818.630/631): 1970–73. Face-lifted body and new 5 speed gearbox with 1298 cc (818.303) engine producing 90 CV (66 kW; 89 hp) at 6000 rpm. Larger Girling callipers and pads replaced the Dunlop system fitted to 1st series cars.\nCoupé 1.3 S Montecarlo: 1972–73. Special edition based on the 1.3 S, commemorating Lancia's victory at the 1972 Monte Carlo Rally. The livery resembled the works car, with matte black bonnet and boot lid bearing Monte Carlo rally plate-style stickers. This version used his own bodyshell with flared wheel arches, similar to the 1.6 HF bodyshell. Other accoutrements included 1.6 HF Lusso interior fittings such as bucket seats with headrests, rectangular front fog lamps, no bumpers and black single wing mirror; 4.5J steel wheels of the standard Coupé were fitted.\nCoupé 1600 HF (Tipo 818.740/741): 1970. Face-lifted all steel body with 1,584 cc engine with Solex C42DDHF carb producing 115 CV (85 kW; 113 hp) at 6,000 rpm. The bodywork was changed from the standard 1.3 Coupé to incorporate flared wheel arches (replacing the extensions used on 1st series HFs).Lancia Fulvia Coupe 3 rear viewCoupé 1600 HF \"Lusso\" (Tipo 818.740/741): 1970–73. As 1600 HF, but with extra trim, radio and fitted with bumpers. Mostly produced for export.\nCoupé 3 (Tipo 818.630/631): 1974–76. Updated Coupé introduced in 1974, mechanically the same as the earlier Series 2 1.3 S except for the addition of emission control on the Solex carburettors. Other than for \"Fulvia 3\" badges, it is easily recognized by its matte black grilled and headlight frame. It featured a new design of seats incorporating headrests and new white-faced instrument dials with an updated range of trim colours, materials and options.\nCoupé 3 Montecarlo: 1974–76. As the earlier Montecarlo, but with Coupé 3 accoutrements.\nSafari: 1974–76. A limited edition based on the standard Coupé 3 with simplified trim and equipment, celebrating Fulvia's participation in the Safari Rally. It came without bumpers, with matte black exterior trim, seats upholstered in denim cloth and leatherette, exterior badges on the bonnet and on the boot lid and also a special numbered plaque on the dashboard.[7]","title":"Model history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chelsea_Auto_Legends_2012_(7948692734).jpg"},{"link_name":"fastback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastback"},{"link_name":"Zagato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagato"},{"link_name":"Ercole Spada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ercole_Spada"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-automobilismo_sport-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autocapital_sport-9"},{"link_name":"NSU Prinz 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSU_Prinz"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autocapital_sport-9"},{"link_name":"1965 Turin Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin_Motor_Show#1965"},{"link_name":"aluminium alloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autocapital_sport-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autocapital_sport-9"},{"link_name":"hubcaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubcap"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autocapital_sport-9"},{"link_name":"1970 Turin Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin_Motor_Show#1970"},{"link_name":"alternator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternator"},{"link_name":"dynamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo"},{"link_name":"final drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_drive"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autocapital_sport-9"},{"link_name":"2+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%2B2_(car_body_style)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autocapital_sport-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autocapital_sport-9"},{"link_name":"Peugeot 204","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_204"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autocapital_sport-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lancia_Fulvia_Sport_1600_Zagato.JPG"},{"link_name":"alloy wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy_wheel"}],"sub_title":"Sport","text":"Series I Fulvia Sport 1.3 SThe Fulvia Sport was a fastback two-seater based on Coupé mechanicals, built for Lancia by Zagato — where it had also been designed, by Ercole Spada.[8] The Sport was commissioned by Lancia to Zagato as more aerodynamic and sportier version of the coupé, which could be used in road and track competitions.Series IThree peculiarities of the Sport body were the engine bonnet, which was hinged to the right-hand side, the rear hatch, which could be lifted electrically by a handful of centimetres to aid cabin ventilation, and the spare wheel, which was housed in a separate compartment and accessed from a rotating panel which held the rear number plate.[9] The tail lights were sourced from the NSU Prinz 4.[9]Sport (Tipo 818.132/133): 1965–67. Introduced at the 1965 Turin Motor Show, the first Sport had an all-aluminium alloy bodyshell and used the coupé's 1.2-litre (1,216 cc) engine.[9] Inside it reprised the wood-trimmed dashboard of the coupé, and featured two small bucket seats of Zagato's own design.[9] Just 202 were made in total.\nSport 1.3 (Tipo 818.332/333): 1966–69. In 1966 Sport was upgraded to an 818.302 1,298 cc engine from the Rallye 1.3, producing 87 hp (65 kW) at 6,000 rpm. Early versions still had all aluminium bodyshells (700 were produced with both 1,216 cc & 1,298 cc engines), but later ones were fitted with steel bodyshells with aluminium bonnet, doors, and spare wheel hatch. Whereas the first Sport was homologated as a two-seater, the car was now classified as a three-seater—or 2+1. The 1.3 can be distinguished from the 1.2 for its silver- instead of ivory-painted steel wheels, and the side mirror on the driver's side front wing.\nSport 1.3 S (Tipo 818.362/363): 1968–69. An updated Sport 1.3 with 1,298 cc (818.303) engine producing 92 hp (69 kW) at 6,000 rpm. These Sports were normally fitted with brake servos. It is recognizable by its larger hubcaps, decorated with Lancia flag logos instead of being plain.[9]Series IIThe second series Fulvia Sport was launched at the 1970 Turin Motor Show. Changes included a 5-speed gearbox, revised suspension geometry, taller ride height, an alternator in place of the previous dynamo, a taller final drive compared to coupés, and wider tyres.[9] The body was now all-steel, and seated 2+2 passengers.[9] Some of the Zagato's most unusual features were lost: the bonnet was now hinged at the front, and the spare wheel compartment hatch was deleted.[9] Several other changes set the second series apart from the first: new driving lights, a side mirror moved from the wing to the door, larger bullet-shaped tail lights from the Peugeot 204, and stamped steel wheels without hubcaps.[9]Lancia Fulvia Sport 1600 ZagatoSport 1.3 S (Tipo 818.650/651): 1970–73. Same engine as Series 1 1.3 S, but five-speed transmission. Very early versions of these Series 2 cars were fitted with Series I bodyshells with a separate spare wheel-hatch, smaller rear lights and aluminium bonnet and doors. Later versions have all-steel bodyshells, no spare wheel hatch, and larger rear lights.Sport 1600 (Tipo 818.750/751): 1971–72. Top of the range Sport, with 1,584 cc engine from the HF, producing 115 hp (86 kW). With a top speed of 118 mph (190 km/h), this version was the fastest production Fulvia ever produced. The 1600 was distinguished by a matte black radiator grille with chrome edges, black rubber over-riders on the bumpers, a matte black band on the engine bonnet, and new flush door handles. Some of these new fixtures—like the black grille and door handles—found their way on late 1.3 S examples.Inside the 1600 had an oil temperature gauge, bucket seats with headrests and electric front windows as standard. Cromodora alloy wheels like those found on the 1600 HF were optional.","title":"Model history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Concept cars and specials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turin Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin_Motor_Show#1968"},{"link_name":"Zagato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagato"},{"link_name":"roadster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadster_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"tonneau cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonneau_cover"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autocapital_sport-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autocapital_sport-9"},{"link_name":"Peugeot 202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_202"}],"sub_title":"Lancia Fulvia Sport Spider (1968)","text":"At the October 1968 Turin Motor Show Milanese coachbuilder Zagato showed the Fulvia Sport Spider, a 2-seater roadster based on the Fulvia Sport.[10] The prototype reprised the lines of the Fulvia Sport, but was built on a 150 mm (5.9 in);[clarification needed] the soft top folded underneath a flush tonneau cover.[9] The car was finished in red, with matching leather covering the seats, dashboard and steering wheel; Plexiglas-covered headlamps were fitted.[9] Outside, details like the black front grille and Peugeot 202-derived tail lights previewed the 1970 Series 2 Fulvia Sport.","title":"Concept cars and specials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concept car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_car"},{"link_name":"Ghia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghia"},{"link_name":"Geneva Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Motor_Show#1969"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"berlinetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinetta"},{"link_name":"Tom Tjaarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Tjaarda"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Lancia Fulvia Berlinetta Competizione (1969)","text":"The Fulvia Berlinetta Competizione was a concept car by Ghia first displayed at the March 1969 Geneva Motor Show.[11] It was built with a fastback berlinetta body designed by Tom Tjaarda, using a Fulvia Rallye 1.6 HF Fanalone floorpan and mechanicals.[12]","title":"Concept cars and specials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concept car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_car"},{"link_name":"kammback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kammback"},{"link_name":"coupé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Glasurit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glasurit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1971 Turin Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin_Motor_Show#1971"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastampa_dunja-13"},{"link_name":"coachbuilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachbuilder"},{"link_name":"Carrozzeria Coggiola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carrozzeria_Coggiola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastampa_dunja-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alma.it-14"}],"sub_title":"Dunja 1.6 HF (1971)","text":"The Dunja 1.6 HF was a concept car with kammback coupé body based on Fulvia 1600 HF mechanicals, first shown on the Glasurit stand at the 1971 Turin Motor Show.[13] Commissioned by Glasurit, it was designed by Aldo Sessano and built by Turinese coachbuilder Carrozzeria Coggiola[13] on a Fulvia Coupé 1600 HF (type 818.740) chassis.[14]","title":"Concept cars and specials"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LanciaFulvia(2003).JPG"},{"link_name":"IAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"concept car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_car"},{"link_name":"Fiat Barchetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_Barchetta"},{"link_name":"Flavio Manzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavio_Manzoni"},{"link_name":"Alberto Dilillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alberto_Dilillo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Dilillo"},{"link_name":"Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt am Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastampa_2003-15"},{"link_name":"transverse-mounted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_engine"},{"link_name":"VVT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_valve_timing"},{"link_name":"inline-four engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline-four_engine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"MacPherson struts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacPherson_strut"},{"link_name":"trailing arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailing_arm"},{"link_name":"ABS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastampa_2003-15"}],"sub_title":"Lancia Fulvia Coupé Concept (2003)","text":"Lancia Fulvia Coupé Concept at IAA 2003In 2003 the Fulvia name was used on a concept car, the Lancia Fulvia Coupé Concept, inspired by the original 1965 Coupé. Based on the Fiat Barchetta and designed by Centro Stile Lancia under the direction of Flavio Manzoni working with Alberto Dilillo [it], the car made its début at the September 2003 Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung in Frankfurt am Main.[15] The two-seater cabin was upholstered in Testa di moro (dark brown) leather and trimmed in Tanganika wood, contrasting with the tree-layer Avorio (ivory) exterior paint colour. The prototype was front-wheel drive, weighed 990 kg (2,180 lb), and was powered by a transverse-mounted 16-valve 1.8-litre VVT, 140 PS (103 kW) inline-four engine which could propel the vehicle from 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) in 8.6 seconds and to a top speed of 213 km/h (132 mph).[16] The suspension uses MacPherson struts at the front and trailing arms at the rear; electronic control systems were limited to ABS.[17] Despite the needs of a possible production model having been considered during development,[15] the new Fulvia Coupé did not progress past the prototype stage.","title":"Concept cars and specials"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Motorsport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amilcare_Ballestrieri_-_Lancia_Fulvia_Coup%C3%A9_HF_Marlboro_(1972_Rallye_Sanremo).jpg"},{"link_name":"Rallye Sanremo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallye_Sanremo"},{"link_name":"Formula 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_1"},{"link_name":"rallying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallying"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmatori_et_al.1992345-18"},{"link_name":"Cesare Fiorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Fiorio"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmatori_et_al.1992345-18"},{"link_name":"Tour de Corse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_Corse"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmatori_et_al.1992344-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmatori_et_al.1992346-20"},{"link_name":"Italian Rally Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Rally_Championship"},{"link_name":"International Championship for Manufacturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Championship_for_Manufacturers"},{"link_name":"Sandro Munari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Munari"},{"link_name":"Mario Mannucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mario_Mannucci&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monte Carlo Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_Rally"},{"link_name":"Porsche 911 S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche_911"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Lampinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simo_Lampinen"},{"link_name":"Rallye du Maroc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallye_du_Maroc"},{"link_name":"Rallye Sanremo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rallye_Sanremo"},{"link_name":"first-ever World Rally Championship season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_World_Rally_Championship_season"},{"link_name":"European Rally Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Rally_Championship"},{"link_name":"Harry Källström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_K%C3%A4llstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"1974 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_World_Rally_Championship_season"},{"link_name":"Lancia Stratos HF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_Stratos_HF"},{"link_name":"East African Safari Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_Rally"}],"sub_title":"Rallying","text":"Amilcare Ballestrieri won the 1972 Rallye Sanremo on Lancia-Marlboro Fulvia Coupé HF 1.6It was with the Fulvia that Lancia went officially back into racing after its withdrawal from Formula 1 in 1955; this time the effort was focused on rallying.[18] In 1965 the company absorbed the HF Squadra Corse, a privateer racing team founded by Lancia enthusiasts which previously received some factory support, which became the works team under the direction of Cesare Fiorio.[18] The same year the Fulvia Coupé made its racing debut at the Tour de Corse, placing 8th overall.[19] Starting with the lightened and more powerful 1965 Rallye HF, special HF versions were put on sale to the general public to homologate improvements for the rally cars. In 1967 the larger displacement Rallye 1.3 HF followed. As the V4 engine had reached the limit of its development, an all-new 1.6-litre V4 engine was developed and installed on the 1967 Rallye 1.6 HF. The car raced as a prototype until August 1969, when it received FIA homologation.[20]With the exception of 1970, Fulvias won the Italian Rally Championship every year from 1965 to 1973. The Fulvia's rallying career reached its zenith in 1972, when Lancia won the International Championship for Manufacturers two rounds in advance. First placements at rallies valid for the Championship were three: included Sandro Munari and Mario Mannucci at the famous Monte Carlo Rally, with a 10' 50\" margin over the runner up, Larrousse/Perramond on a much more powerful Porsche 911 S,[21] Lampinen/Andreasson at the Rallye du Maroc, and Ballestrieri/Bernacchini at the Rallye Sanremo. In 1973 Lancia did not score any podium finishes valid for that year's first-ever World Rally Championship season; though at the hands of Munari, the Fulvia won its second European Rally Championship, after the 1969 victory by Harry Källström. During the 1974 season the ageing Fulvia was replaced in rallying by the Lancia Stratos HF. That year Lancia won its second World Championship, also thanks to points scored by the Fulvia in the first rallies—such as the third place Munari caught in the gruelling East African Safari Rally.","title":"Motorsport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-automobilismo_sport-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-automobilismo_sport-8"},{"link_name":"12 Hours of Sebring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_Hours_of_Sebring"},{"link_name":"24 Hours of Daytona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Hours_of_Daytona"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-automobilismo_sport-8"}],"sub_title":"Endurance racing","text":"The Fulvia Sport was prepared and raced by several privateers in track events. During 1968 Zagato built 27 Sport Competizione competition versions, as well as two specials which later became known as Sport Daytona.[8] These were modified with twin, different sized round headlamps under flush Plexiglas covers, a mesh front grille, widened fenders, Plexiglas side and rear windows, quick-fill fuel cap, and a 155 PS engine.[8] In 1969 these two cars were entered with Maglioli and Pinto as drivers at the 12 Hours of Sebring, placing 18th overall, and at the 24 Hours of Daytona, where they scored a remarkable class win in the sports prototype category and an 11th place overall.[8]","title":"Motorsport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1969_Mugello_GP_-_Maglioli%27s_Lancia_F%26M_Special.jpg"},{"link_name":"Claudio Maglioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claudio_Maglioli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"barchetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barchetta"},{"link_name":"Mugello Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugello_Circuit#Road_race_(1920%E2%80%931970)"},{"link_name":"barchettas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barchetta"},{"link_name":"Claudio Maglioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claudio_Maglioli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grace_F&M-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grace_F&M-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grace_F&M-22"},{"link_name":"Cesare Fiorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Fiorio"},{"link_name":"Targa Florio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targa_Florio"},{"link_name":"Sandro Munari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Munari"},{"link_name":"Rauno Aaltonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauno_Aaltonen"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grace_F&M-22"}],"sub_title":"Fulvia HF F&M","text":"Claudio Maglioli on Lancia F&M Special, a Fulvia HF 1.6 with barchetta body, at the 1969 Mugello Grand PrixIn 1969 three competition Fulvia 1.6 HF were transformed into racing barchettas by Claudio Maglioli.[22] The roof and about 28 cm (11.0 in) of rear bodywork were cut away; heating, interior trim, the passenger seat, and the inner pair of headlamps were removed, while the fuel tank took place of the rear bench seat.[22] In spite of the chassis bracing needed to preserve rigidity without the roof, the car resulted 200 kg (441 lb) lighter than the coupé; the suspension had to be retuned to compensate for the lighter weight, and one leaf was removed from the front spring.[22] The car was christened Fulvia HF F&M Special, where F and M stood for the initials of Lancia team manager Cesare Fiorio and of Maglioli. The barchetta's first major race entry was the 1969 Targa Florio. Sandro Munari and Rauno Aaltonen drove one to a ninth overall placement as well as to a class victory.[22]","title":"Motorsport"}] | [{"image_text":"The V4 engine of a 1972 Fulvia Berlina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lancia_Fulvia_5M_1972_m2_engine.jpg/220px-Lancia_Fulvia_5M_1972_m2_engine.jpg"},{"image_text":"Series I Lancia Fulvia Berlina 2C","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Auto_Italia_Autumn_Italian_Car_Day_Heritage_Motor_Centre_Gaydon_IMG_6649_%284935695145%29.jpg/220px-Auto_Italia_Autumn_Italian_Car_Day_Heritage_Motor_Centre_Gaydon_IMG_6649_%284935695145%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lancia Fulvia Berlina GTE","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/1963_Lancia_Fulvia_CTE_-_rvl-1_%284637123845%29.jpg/220px-1963_Lancia_Fulvia_CTE_-_rvl-1_%284637123845%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rear view of a Series II Fulvia Berlina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lancia_Fulvia_Goodwood_March_2009_IMG_4381_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Lancia_Fulvia_Goodwood_March_2009_IMG_4381_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"1972 Lancia Fulvia interior","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Lamcia_Fulvia_5M_1972_i.jpg/220px-Lamcia_Fulvia_5M_1972_i.jpg"},{"image_text":"1968 Lancia Fulvia Coupé","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/1968_Lancia_Fulvia_Series_I_Coup%C3%A9%2C_front_right_-_in_Greenwich.jpg/220px-1968_Lancia_Fulvia_Series_I_Coup%C3%A9%2C_front_right_-_in_Greenwich.jpg"},{"image_text":"1970 Lancia Fulvia Rallye 1.6 HF Fanalone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lancia_Fulvia_HF_Fanalone_1970_-_0.jpg/220px-Lancia_Fulvia_HF_Fanalone_1970_-_0.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lancia Fulvia Coupé 3","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lancia_Fulvia_3_Coupe_%281976%29.jpg/220px-Lancia_Fulvia_3_Coupe_%281976%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lancia Fulvia Coupe 3 rear view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/1976_Lancia_Fulvia_3_Coup%C3%A9_Verde_Dublino%2C_rear_left.jpg/220px-1976_Lancia_Fulvia_3_Coup%C3%A9_Verde_Dublino%2C_rear_left.jpg"},{"image_text":"Series I Fulvia Sport 1.3 S","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Chelsea_Auto_Legends_2012_%287948692734%29.jpg/220px-Chelsea_Auto_Legends_2012_%287948692734%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lancia Fulvia Sport 1600 Zagato","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Lancia_Fulvia_Sport_1600_Zagato.JPG/220px-Lancia_Fulvia_Sport_1600_Zagato.JPG"},{"image_text":"Lancia Fulvia Coupé Concept at IAA 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/LanciaFulvia%282003%29.JPG/220px-LanciaFulvia%282003%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Amilcare Ballestrieri won the 1972 Rallye Sanremo on Lancia-Marlboro Fulvia Coupé HF 1.6","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Amilcare_Ballestrieri_-_Lancia_Fulvia_Coup%C3%A9_HF_Marlboro_%281972_Rallye_Sanremo%29.jpg/220px-Amilcare_Ballestrieri_-_Lancia_Fulvia_Coup%C3%A9_HF_Marlboro_%281972_Rallye_Sanremo%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Claudio Maglioli on Lancia F&M Special, a Fulvia HF 1.6 with barchetta body, at the 1969 Mugello Grand Prix","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/1969_Mugello_GP_-_Maglioli%27s_Lancia_F%26M_Special.jpg/220px-1969_Mugello_GP_-_Maglioli%27s_Lancia_F%26M_Special.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Designer\". ajovalo.net. Retrieved 2012-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ajovalo.net/muotoilijat.htm","url_text":"\"Designer\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Fulvia Was Lancia's First Great Rally Car\". Road & Track. 14 December 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/classic-cars/a14433075/lancia-fulvia-rallye-16-hf/","url_text":"\"The Fulvia Was Lancia's First Great Rally Car\""}]},{"reference":"Braunschweig, Robert; et al., eds. (9 March 1967). \"Automobil Revue Modelle 1967/Revue Automobile modèles 1967\" (in German and French). 62. Berne, Switzerland: Hallwag AG: 330.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Oude Weernink, Wim H.J. (1984), Lancia Fulvia and Flavia: a Collector's Guide, Croydon, England: Motor Racing Publications, pp. 76–77, ISBN 1-899870-52-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899870-52-0","url_text":"1-899870-52-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Lancia Fulvias - Road versus Rally\". classicandperformancecar.com. Retrieved 2012-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/features/octane_features/263533/lancia_fulvias.html","url_text":"\"Lancia Fulvias - Road versus Rally\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lancia Fulvia Safari 1300\". tonyerker.info. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013. Retrieved 2012-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130218062025/http://www.tonyerker.info/html/lancia_fulvia_safari.html","url_text":"\"Lancia Fulvia Safari 1300\""},{"url":"http://www.tonyerker.info/html/lancia_fulvia_safari.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tagli di Spada\". Automobilismo d'epoca (in Italian) (10): 84–91. October 2012.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Piú Zagato di cosí...\". AutoCapital (in Italian) (10): 86–93. October 1991.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fenu, Michele (29 October 1968). \"Molte le novità fra i carrozzieri\". La Stampa (in Italian). p. 9. Retrieved 27 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,9/articleid,0122_01_1968_0247_0009_7796327/","url_text":"\"Molte le novità fra i carrozzieri\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Stampa","url_text":"La Stampa"}]},{"reference":"Bernabò, Feruccio (14 March 1969). \"Successo delle auto italiane\". La Stampa (in Italian). p. 13. Retrieved 27 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,13/articleid,0125_01_1969_0061_0013_24794540/","url_text":"\"Successo delle auto italiane\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Stampa","url_text":"La Stampa"}]},{"reference":"\"1969 GHIA LANCIA FULVIA COMPETIZIONE\". archivioprototipi.it (in Italian). Retrieved 17 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archivioprototipi.it/carrozzieri/ghia/fulvia.html","url_text":"\"1969 GHIA LANCIA FULVIA COMPETIZIONE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Due originali coupé con tanta \"grinta\"\". La Stampa (in Italian). 6 November 1971. p. 19. Retrieved 26 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,19/articleid,0140_01_1971_0260_0019_4895200/","url_text":"\"Due originali coupé con tanta \"grinta\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Stampa","url_text":"La Stampa"}]},{"reference":"\"I Carrozzieri e la Fulvia\". alma.it. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220905/http://www.alma.it/vanzettip/fulvia/eng/Fulvia.coachbuilders.html","url_text":"\"I Carrozzieri e la Fulvia\""},{"url":"http://www.alma.it/vanzettip/fulvia/eng/Fulvia.coachbuilders.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bianco, Piero (18 September 2003). \"Francoforte effetto Italia\". La Stampa (in Italian). p. 6. Retrieved 27 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,70/articleid,0170_01_2003_0256_0070_1179944/","url_text":"\"Francoforte effetto Italia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Stampa","url_text":"La Stampa"}]},{"reference":"Hemmes, Henny (26 August 2003). \"Wedergeboorte Lancia Fulvia\" [Lancia Fulvia reborn]. autoweek.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autoweek.nl/nieuws/1762/wedergeboorte-lancia-fulvia","url_text":"\"Wedergeboorte Lancia Fulvia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lancia Fulvia Coupé show car\". lanciapress.com (press release). 26 August 2003. Retrieved 27 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lanciapress.com/press/detail/6620","url_text":"\"Lancia Fulvia Coupé show car\""}]},{"reference":"Fenu, Michele (28 January 1972). \"Munari su Lancia\". Stampa Sera (in Italian). pp. 1, 9. Retrieved 27 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,1/articleid,1510_02_1972_0023_0001_21012108/","url_text":"\"Munari su Lancia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Stampa","url_text":"Stampa Sera"}]},{"reference":"\"Lancia F&M Special\". Grace (in Italian). II (4). April 2004.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"All about Lancia Fulvia\". Fulvia Site. Archived from the original on 7 March 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050307070616/http://www.alma.it/vanzettip/Fulvia/fulviae.html","url_text":"\"All about Lancia Fulvia\""},{"url":"http://www.alma.it/vanzettip/fulvia/fulviae.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Crowe, James T. (1968). \"Toyota 2000 GT\". Road & Track Road Test Annual: 110–113.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Amatori, Franco; et al. (1992). Storia della Lancia — Impresa Tecnologie Mercati 1906–1969. Milan: Fabbri Editori. p. 350.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabbri_Editori","url_text":"Fabbri Editori"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lancia_Fulvia&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www.ajovalo.net/muotoilijat.htm","external_links_name":"\"Designer\""},{"Link":"https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/classic-cars/a14433075/lancia-fulvia-rallye-16-hf/","external_links_name":"\"The Fulvia Was Lancia's First Great Rally Car\""},{"Link":"http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/features/octane_features/263533/lancia_fulvias.html","external_links_name":"\"Lancia Fulvias - Road versus Rally\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130218062025/http://www.tonyerker.info/html/lancia_fulvia_safari.html","external_links_name":"\"Lancia Fulvia Safari 1300\""},{"Link":"http://www.tonyerker.info/html/lancia_fulvia_safari.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,9/articleid,0122_01_1968_0247_0009_7796327/","external_links_name":"\"Molte le novità fra i carrozzieri\""},{"Link":"http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,13/articleid,0125_01_1969_0061_0013_24794540/","external_links_name":"\"Successo delle auto italiane\""},{"Link":"http://www.archivioprototipi.it/carrozzieri/ghia/fulvia.html","external_links_name":"\"1969 GHIA LANCIA FULVIA COMPETIZIONE\""},{"Link":"http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,19/articleid,0140_01_1971_0260_0019_4895200/","external_links_name":"\"Due originali coupé con tanta \"grinta\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220905/http://www.alma.it/vanzettip/fulvia/eng/Fulvia.coachbuilders.html","external_links_name":"\"I Carrozzieri e la Fulvia\""},{"Link":"http://www.alma.it/vanzettip/fulvia/eng/Fulvia.coachbuilders.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,70/articleid,0170_01_2003_0256_0070_1179944/","external_links_name":"\"Francoforte effetto Italia\""},{"Link":"https://www.autoweek.nl/nieuws/1762/wedergeboorte-lancia-fulvia","external_links_name":"\"Wedergeboorte Lancia Fulvia\""},{"Link":"http://www.lanciapress.com/press/detail/6620","external_links_name":"\"Lancia Fulvia Coupé show car\""},{"Link":"http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,1/articleid,1510_02_1972_0023_0001_21012108/","external_links_name":"\"Munari su Lancia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050307070616/http://www.alma.it/vanzettip/Fulvia/fulviae.html","external_links_name":"\"All about Lancia Fulvia\""},{"Link":"http://www.alma.it/vanzettip/fulvia/fulviae.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://autoya.info/question_coupe_lancia_fulvia_2000_2003_future/","external_links_name":"New Lancia Fulvia Concept"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150527144426/http://autoya.info/question_coupe_lancia_fulvia_2000_2003_future/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.lancisti.net/","external_links_name":"Lancisti.net"},{"Link":"http://www.lanciamotorclub.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Lancia Motor Club (UK)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930133039/http://www.lanciamotorclub.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.viva-lancia.com/","external_links_name":"Viva Lancia"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_V._Spencer | Richard V. Spencer | ["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Secretary of the Navy","3 Later career","4 References","5 External links"] | American politician & businessman (born 1954)
For other people with similar names, see Richard Spencer.
Not to be confused with Richard B. Spencer.
Richard V. SpencerOfficial portrait, 201976th United States Secretary of the NavyIn officeAugust 3, 2017 – November 24, 2019PresidentDonald TrumpDeputyThomas ModlyPreceded bySean StackleySucceeded byKenneth BraithwaiteActing United States Deputy Secretary of DefenseIn officeJuly 24 – July 31, 2019PresidentDonald TrumpPreceded byDavid Norquist (acting)Succeeded byDavid NorquistActing United States Secretary of DefenseIn officeJuly 15 – July 23, 2019PresidentDonald TrumpDeputyDavid Norquist (acting)Preceded byMark Esper (acting)Succeeded byMark Esper
Personal detailsBornRichard Vaughn Spencer (1954-01-18) January 18, 1954 (age 70)Waterbury, Connecticut, U.S.Political partyRepublicanEducationRollins College (BA)Military serviceBranch/serviceUnited States Marine CorpsYears of service1976–1981RankCaptain*Thomas Modly served in an acting capacity from July 15 to July 31, 2019, while Spencer served as Acting Secretary and then Acting Deputy Secretary of Defense.
Richard Vaughn Spencer (born January 18, 1954) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 76th United States Secretary of the Navy from August 3, 2017, to November 24, 2019. While serving as Secretary of the Navy, he also briefly served as Acting United States Secretary of Defense (July 15 to July 23, 2019) and Acting United States Deputy Secretary of Defense (July 24 to July 31, 2019). Spencer served in the U.S. Marine Corps from 1976 to 1981 as a Marine Aviator and also served as Vice Chairman and Chief Financial Officer of Intercontinental Exchange from November 2001 to January 2008. Spencer served as Secretary of the Navy from August 3, 2017, to November 24, 2019, when Secretary of Defense Mark Esper requested his resignation over his handling of the Eddie Gallagher case. Spencer was displeased that the White House interfered and pressured him to let Gallagher retire as a Navy SEAL.
Early life
Born in 1954 in Waterbury, Connecticut, Spencer attended Rollins College as an undergraduate, majoring in economics. After graduating, he joined the United States Marine Corps, serving as a Marine Aviator from 1976 to 1981. While in the Marines, he was assigned to Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 161, VMM-161, Marine Aircraft Group 16 with the callsign "Chowder".
Career
After leaving the Marines as a captain, he worked on Wall Street for 15 years, holding positions at Goldman Sachs, Bear Stearns, Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, A. G. Becker, Paine Webber and Merrill Lynch. Spencer served on the Defense Business Board, a Pentagon advisory panel, from 2009 to 2015 and on the Chief of Naval Operations Executive Panel. During his time on the Defense Business Board, he proposed shutting down domestic military commissaries in favor of negotiated military discounts at public retailers.
Secretary of the Navy
In June 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Spencer to serve as the 76th United States Secretary of the Navy. Spencer was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 1, 2017. He was sworn in on August 3, 2017, and served until November 24, 2019.
On July 15, 2019, he assumed the duties of acting Secretary of Defense and expected "to continue to serve in this role until a Secretary of Defense nominee is confirmed by the Senate and assumes office. At that time, I will continue to serve as Secretary of the Navy." He assumed the duties of Deputy Secretary of Defense on July 23, 2019.
In November 2019, Secretary of Defense Mark Esper stated he had learned that Spencer had proposed to White House officials that, if they did not interfere with military justice proceedings against Navy SEAL Eddie Gallagher, Spencer would ensure that Gallagher was able to retire with his Trident Pin, a symbol of membership in the SEALs. Gallagher had been convicted by court martial in July 2019 of wrongfully posing for an unofficial picture with a human casualty, and acquitted of six additional charges including murder. Spencer's private proposal to the White House – which he did not share with Esper over the course of several conversations about the matter – contradicted his public position on the Gallagher case, chief Pentagon spokesman Jonathan Hoffman said in a statement. Esper fired Spencer on November 24, 2019, saying he was "flabbergasted" by Spencer going directly to the White House outside the chain of command. The next day Esper told reporters that Trump had issued an order that Gallagher be allowed to retire as a Navy SEAL.
In a letter to Trump acknowledging his termination, Spencer stressed his belief in the importance of "good order and discipline", saying, "Unfortunately, it has become apparent that... I no longer share the same understanding with the Commander in Chief who appointed me, in regards to the key principle of good order and discipline. I cannot in good conscience obey an order that I believe violates the sacred oath I took in the presence of my family, my flag and my faith to support and defend the Constitution of the United States."
On November 27, 2019, The Washington Post published an op-ed by Spencer, in which he said that Trump "has very little understanding of what it means to be in the military", and referred to Trump's actions in the Gallagher case as a "shocking and unprecedented intervention".
Later career
On February 7, 2020, Spencer endorsed Michael Bloomberg for U.S. President in the 2020 U.S. presidential election. He is a member of the Marine Corps Association and Foundation and the Marine Corps Aviation Association.
References
^ a b Blake, Andrew (February 7, 2020). "Richard Spencer, Trump's former Navy secretary, endorses Michael Bloomberg in 2020 race". The Washington Times. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
^ a b "Letter from Acting Secretary of Defense Richard V. Spencer to Pentagon". news.usni.org. July 15, 2019. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
^ "Statement by DOD Spokesman Jonathan Hoffman". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved November 24, 2019.
^ a b c McLaughlin, Elizabeth; Martinez, Luis (November 25, 2019). "Trump ordered Gallagher be allowed to retire as Navy SEAL, defense secretary says". ABC News. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
^ "Appointments and Resignations - Secretary of the Navy: Who Is Richard Spencer? - AllGov - News". AllGov. Archived from the original on July 10, 2017. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
^ U.S. Navy. "U.S. Navy Biographies – Richard V. Spencer". Archived from the original on November 25, 2017. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
^ Chandrasekaran, Rajiv (May 1, 2013). "Commissary plan, backlash show difficulty of cutting military personnel spending". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 28, 2018. Retrieved July 27, 2018.
^ "Stocks". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on May 8, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
^ "President Trump moves to fill out top ranks at Pentagon". The Hill. April 3, 2017. Archived from the original on April 9, 2017. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
^ Klimas, Jacqueline (March 9, 2017). "Former Marine Richard V. Spencer to be nominated for Navy Secretary". The Washington Examiner. Archived from the original on March 24, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
^ "Newswire Bloomberg reported Trump offered Spencer the job on Thursday." Archived August 2, 2017, at the Wayback Machine (March 9, 2017)
^ LaGrone, Sam (August 1, 2017). "Senate Confirms Richard V. Spencer as SECNAV, Ellen Lord as Pentagon Acquisition Chief". USNI News. Archived from the original on August 8, 2017. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
^ Drew, Jonathan (August 3, 2017). "Marine Vet Richard V. Spencer Takes Over as Navy Secretary". Military.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
^ a b O’reilly, Andrew (November 24, 2019). "Eddie Gallagher controversy: Esper fires Navy secretary, SEAL will keep Trident pin, Pentagon says". Fox News. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
^ Parker, Ashley; Lamothe, Dan. "Pentagon chief asks for Navy secretary's resignation over private proposal in Navy SEAL's case". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 24, 2019.
^ "Navy Secretary Richard Spencer's letter to the President acknowledging his termination". CNN. November 24, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
^ "Fired navy secretary blasts Trump over 'shocking' handling of Navy seal case". The Guardian. Associated Press. November 28, 2019. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
^ Spencer, Richard (November 27, 2019). "Richard Spencer: I was fired as Navy secretary. Here's what I've learned because of it". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Richard V. Spencer.
Biography at U.S. Navy Archived November 25, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
Bloomberg Background
Appearances on C-SPAN
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Political offices
Preceded byRay Mabus
United States Secretary of the Navy 2017–2019
Succeeded byThomas ModlyActing
Preceded byMark EsperActing
United States Secretary of DefenseActing 2019
Succeeded byMark Esper
Preceded byDavid NorquistActing
United States Deputy Secretary of DefenseActing 2019
Succeeded byDavid Norquist
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Shipbuilding and Logistics | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Spencer_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Richard B. 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Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._G._Becker_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Paine Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paine_Webber"},{"link_name":"Merrill Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrill_Lynch"},{"link_name":"Defense Business Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Business_Board"},{"link_name":"Chief of Naval Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"After leaving the Marines as a captain, he worked on Wall Street for 15 years, holding positions at Goldman Sachs, Bear Stearns, Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, A. G. Becker, Paine Webber and Merrill Lynch. Spencer served on the Defense Business Board, a Pentagon advisory panel, from 2009 to 2015 and on the Chief of Naval Operations Executive Panel.[6] During his time on the Defense Business Board, he proposed shutting down domestic military commissaries in favor of negotiated military discounts at public retailers.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OReilly-2019-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Deputy Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Mark Esper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Esper"},{"link_name":"Eddie Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Gallagher_(Navy_SEAL)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tridentpin-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OReilly-2019-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tridentpin-4"},{"link_name":"good order and discipline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduct_prejudicial_to_good_order_and_discipline"},{"link_name":"sacred oath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_office#Federal_executive_and_legislative_branch_oaths"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-28nov2018-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-27nov2019-18"}],"sub_title":"Secretary of the Navy","text":"In June 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Spencer to serve as the 76th United States Secretary of the Navy.[8][9][10][11] Spencer was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 1, 2017.[12] He was sworn in on August 3, 2017,[13] and served until November 24, 2019.[14]On July 15, 2019, he assumed the duties of acting Secretary of Defense and expected \"to continue to serve in this role until a Secretary of Defense nominee is confirmed by the Senate and assumes office. At that time, I will continue to serve as Secretary of the Navy.\"[2] He assumed the duties of Deputy Secretary of Defense on July 23, 2019.In November 2019, Secretary of Defense Mark Esper stated he had learned that Spencer had proposed to White House officials that, if they did not interfere with military justice proceedings against Navy SEAL Eddie Gallagher, Spencer would ensure that Gallagher was able to retire with his Trident Pin, a symbol of membership in the SEALs. Gallagher had been convicted by court martial in July 2019 of wrongfully posing for an unofficial picture with a human casualty, and acquitted of six additional charges including murder. Spencer's private proposal to the White House – which he did not share with Esper over the course of several conversations about the matter – contradicted his public position on the Gallagher case, chief Pentagon spokesman Jonathan Hoffman said in a statement.[15] Esper fired Spencer on November 24, 2019, saying he was \"flabbergasted\" by Spencer going directly to the White House outside the chain of command.[4][14] The next day Esper told reporters that Trump had issued an order that Gallagher be allowed to retire as a Navy SEAL.[4]In a letter to Trump acknowledging his termination, Spencer stressed his belief in the importance of \"good order and discipline\", saying, \"Unfortunately, it has become apparent that... I no longer share the same understanding with the Commander in Chief who appointed me, in regards to the key principle of good order and discipline. I cannot in good conscience obey an order that I believe violates the sacred oath I took in the presence of my family, my flag and my faith to support and defend the Constitution of the United States.\"[16]On November 27, 2019, The Washington Post published an op-ed by Spencer, in which he said that Trump \"has very little understanding of what it means to be in the military\", and referred to Trump's actions in the Gallagher case as a \"shocking and unprecedented intervention\".[17][18]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Bloomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg"},{"link_name":"2020 U.S. presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bloomberg2/7/2020-1"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Association and Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Corps_Association_and_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Aviation Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Corps_Aviation_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"On February 7, 2020, Spencer endorsed Michael Bloomberg for U.S. President in the 2020 U.S. presidential election.[1] He is a member of the Marine Corps Association and Foundation and the Marine Corps Aviation Association.","title":"Later career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Blake, Andrew (February 7, 2020). \"Richard Spencer, Trump's former Navy secretary, endorses Michael Bloomberg in 2020 race\". The Washington Times. Retrieved February 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/feb/7/richard-spencer-trumps-former-navy-secretary-endor/","url_text":"\"Richard Spencer, Trump's former Navy secretary, endorses Michael Bloomberg in 2020 race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Times","url_text":"The Washington Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Letter from Acting Secretary of Defense Richard V. Spencer to Pentagon\". news.usni.org. July 15, 2019. Archived from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved July 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.usni.org/2019/07/15/letter-from-acting-secretary-of-defense-richard-v-spencer-to-pentagon","url_text":"\"Letter from Acting Secretary of Defense Richard V. 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Retrieved November 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-ordered-gallagher-allowed-retire-navy-seal-defense/story?id=67292918","url_text":"\"Trump ordered Gallagher be allowed to retire as Navy SEAL, defense secretary says\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News","url_text":"ABC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Appointments and Resignations - Secretary of the Navy: Who Is Richard Spencer? - AllGov - News\". AllGov. Archived from the original on July 10, 2017. Retrieved August 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allgov.com/news/appointments-and-resignations/secretary-of-the-navy-who-is-richard-spencer-170706?news=860236","url_text":"\"Appointments and Resignations - Secretary of the Navy: Who Is Richard Spencer? - AllGov - News\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170710132728/http://www.allgov.com/news/appointments-and-resignations/secretary-of-the-navy-who-is-richard-spencer-170706?news=860236","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"U.S. Navy. \"U.S. Navy Biographies – Richard V. Spencer\". Archived from the original on November 25, 2017. Retrieved July 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171125115036/http://www.navy.mil/navydata/bios/bio.asp?bioID=1001","url_text":"\"U.S. Navy Biographies – Richard V. 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Retrieved April 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/markets/stocks","url_text":"\"Stocks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News","url_text":"Bloomberg News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170508034725/https://www.bloomberg.com/markets/stocks","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"President Trump moves to fill out top ranks at Pentagon\". The Hill. April 3, 2017. Archived from the original on April 9, 2017. Retrieved May 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehill.com/policy/defense/327099-president-trump-moves-to-fill-out-top-ranks-at-pentagon/","url_text":"\"President Trump moves to fill out top ranks at Pentagon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)","url_text":"The Hill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170409025136/http://thehill.com/policy/defense/327099-president-trump-moves-to-fill-out-top-ranks-at-pentagon","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Klimas, Jacqueline (March 9, 2017). \"Former Marine Richard V. Spencer to be nominated for Navy Secretary\". The Washington Examiner. Archived from the original on March 24, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/reports-former-marine-richard-v.-spencer-to-be-nominated-for-navy-secretary/article/2616969","url_text":"\"Former Marine Richard V. 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Retrieved November 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2019/11/24/pentagon-chief-asks-navy-secretarys-resignation-over-private-proposal-navy-seals-case/","url_text":"\"Pentagon chief asks for Navy secretary's resignation over private proposal in Navy SEAL's case\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Navy Secretary Richard Spencer's letter to the President acknowledging his termination\". CNN. November 24, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/24/politics/read-navy-secretary-richard-spencer-resignation-letter/index.html","url_text":"\"Navy Secretary Richard Spencer's letter to the President acknowledging his termination\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"\"Fired navy secretary blasts Trump over 'shocking' handling of Navy seal case\". The Guardian. Associated Press. November 28, 2019. Retrieved November 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/nov/28/navy-secretary-richard-spencer-donald-trump-navy-seal","url_text":"\"Fired navy secretary blasts Trump over 'shocking' handling of Navy seal case\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Spencer, Richard (November 27, 2019). \"Richard Spencer: I was fired as Navy secretary. Here's what I've learned because of it\". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/richard-spencer-i-was-fired-as-navy-secretary-heres-what-ive-learned-because-of-it/2019/11/27/9c2e58bc-1092-11ea-bf62-eadd5d11f559_story.html","url_text":"\"Richard Spencer: I was fired as Navy secretary. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Society_of_Boston | Islamic Society of Boston | ["1 History","2 Building project","3 Outreach","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 42°19′51.2″N 71°5′36.1″W / 42.330889°N 71.093361°W / 42.330889; -71.093361Islamic Society of Boston headquarters in Cambridge, Massachusetts
The Islamic Society of Boston (ISB) is an organization that runs two mosques in the Boston area. The original mosque called Islamic Society of Boston is in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 2007, the Islamic Society of Boston Cultural Center (ISBCC) was built in Roxbury, Boston. Both mosques offer daily, weekly and annual programs for Muslims including Arabic and English classes on religious and secular topics. ISB also has a religious school for children and holiday programs. It organizes trips and summer camps for children and classes on Islam for new and non-Muslims.
History
The society was founded in 1981 by Muslim students as a consolidation of Muslim Students' Associations at Harvard University, Boston University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Northeastern University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Suffolk University, and Tufts University. The organization's first location was a hall reserved at MIT where they held prayers and weekly seminars and classes. In 1991, the ISB purchased a Cambridge building as a community center and in 1993 purchased a second location and began to renovate it. In 1994 they opened the second location as a mosque. The ISB has also purchased a rental property to provide income for the annual operating expenses of the center.
Reports of ties to radical Islam and terrorism have been controversial and disputed. The society had brought suit in 2005 for defamation against individuals and institutions issuing press and other reports of these ties. However, it abandoned the suit in 2007 when "one after another of the allegations made by the Islamic Society collapsed." According to prominent First Amendment lawyer Floyd Abrams, who served as defense counsel in the suit, documents revealed in the discovery phase of the lawsuit confirmed the accuracy of reports tying the Islamic Society of Boston to radical Islam and terrorism.
This mosque shares many of its members and teachers with the nearby mosques of Islamic Center of New England.
The mosque has been praised by Christian religious leaders as "an American Muslim institution, well respected in Cambridge, contributing positively to the community at large."
The mosque temporarily shut down during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Building project
Islamic Society of Boston mosque in Roxbury
In 1999, ISB purchased land from the Boston Redevelopment Authority to build an Islamic community center, near the campus of Roxbury Community College. The deal was supported by Boston mayor Thomas Menino. The ISB agreed to compensate the city for some of the cost of the land through community service by donating books to and sponsoring lectures about Islam for the college, as well as a 10-year agreement to maintain local parks; in exchange they were able to purchase land valued at $401,187 for $175,000. The project broke ground in 2003. The building project was surrounded by controversy, such as concerns about the land purchase deal and the city employee who negotiated the deal was also an ISB member and fundraiser. The "David Project", a right-leaning advocacy group began a campaign against the project and filed a lawsuit against the city of Boston. Some Jewish groups were critical of the ISB, while other Jews launched a website to support the mosque.
The facility can accommodate 3000 individuals in its sanctuary, includes an Islamic school for children, an Islamic library, a morgue with burial preparation facilities, administrative offices, a media center, store, a women's gymnasium, a kitchen, a hall for events, and an underground parking garage. Opening events included an interfaith breakfast with appearances by Boston mayor Thomas Menino and the local heads of many Christian denominations, as well as a Muslim congressional representative.
Outreach
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The ISB is active in dawah, or educating the public about Islam. As part of this, the community engages in an interfaith project with Temple Beth Shalom in Cambridge. The organization participates in civil rights work with the ACLU, and has received a grant from the National Conference for Community and Justice (NCCJ) for civil rights and civics training for the Muslim community in Boston.
See also
List of mosques in the Americas
Lists of mosques
List of mosques in the United States
Islam in the United States
References
^ "Loading..."
^ Boston Herald October 23, 2003
^ a b Miller, Judith. "A SLAPP Against Freedom". City Journal. The Manhattan Institute. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
^ Abrams, Floyd (2007-06-06). "Be Careful What You Sue For". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2016-05-20.
^ "Moderate imam reveals how radicals won battle for soul of Boston mosques". FoxNews. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
^ Smith, Daniel (April 14, 2015). "Cambridge mosque unfairly cast in negative light". Boston Globe. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
^ Hannah Chanatry (2020-05-20). "State's Largest Mosque Will Remain Closed For Now".
^ a b c d e Nahid Afrose Kabir (2016). Muslim Americans Debating the Notions of American and Un-American. Taylor & Francis. pp. 48–50.
^ "Praised as beacon, mosque project stalls amid rancor; allegations said to harm funding for Roxbury center". The Boston Globe. December 18, 2005.
^ Paulson, Michael (June 25, 2009). "A call to prayer, a long quest fulfilled; Celebration follows years of controversy". The Boston Globe. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Islamic Society of Boston.
Official website
Islamic Society of Boston Cultural Center (Roxbury location) web site
Overview at Harvard University Pluralism Project website
42°19′51.2″N 71°5′36.1″W / 42.330889°N 71.093361°W / 42.330889; -71.093361
vteMosques in the United StatesAlaska
Islamic Community Center of Anchorage Alaska
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Diyanet Center of America
Imam Mahdi Islamic Education Center of Baltimore
Islamic Society of Baltimore
Islamic Society of Western Maryland
Massachusetts
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Islamic Society of Boston
Islamic Society of Greater Lowell
Mosque No. 11
Quincy Mosque
Sharon Mosque
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Al-Islah Mosque
Dearborn Mosque
First Albanian Bektashi Tekke in America
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Islamic Center and Mosque of Grand Rapids
Islamic Center of America
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Minnesota
Dar Al-Farooq Islamic Center
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Nevada
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Dar al-Islam
New York
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Islamic Society of Central New York
Masjid al-Ikhlas
Masjid Al-Mamoor
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Mid-Hudson Islamic Association
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Ohio
Islamic Center of Greater Toledo
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Oregon
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Islamic Center of Pittsburgh
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Mosque of Shaikh M. R. Bawa Muhaiyaddeen
North Penn Mosque
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Tennessee
Islamic Center of Murfreesboro
Texas
Baitus Samee Mosque
East Plano Islamic Center
Islamic Association of North Texas
Islamic Center of Greater Austin
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Islamic Society of Greater Houston (Al-Noor Mosque · Masjid Al-Ansaar (Woodland Islamic Center) · Pearland Islamic Center)
Virginia
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Islamic Center of Washington
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Mosques by country
Authority control databases
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Islamic_Society_of_Boston.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"mosques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosques"},{"link_name":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Roxbury, Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"}],"text":"Islamic Society of Boston headquarters in Cambridge, MassachusettsThe Islamic Society of Boston[1] (ISB) is an organization that runs two mosques in the Boston area. The original mosque called Islamic Society of Boston is in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 2007, the Islamic Society of Boston Cultural Center (ISBCC) was built in Roxbury, Boston. Both mosques offer daily, weekly and annual programs for Muslims including Arabic and English classes on religious and secular topics. ISB also has a religious school for children and holiday programs. It organizes trips and summer camps for children and classes on Islam for new and non-Muslims.","title":"Islamic Society of Boston"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muslim Students' Associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Students%27_Association"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Boston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Northeastern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University"},{"link_name":"Wentworth Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Suffolk University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_University"},{"link_name":"Tufts University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller2007-3"},{"link_name":"Floyd Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Abrams"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Islamic Center of New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Center_of_New_England"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOXICNE1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The society was founded in 1981 by Muslim students as a consolidation of Muslim Students' Associations at Harvard University, Boston University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Northeastern University, Wentworth Institute of Technology, Suffolk University, and Tufts University. The organization's first location was a hall reserved at MIT where they held prayers and weekly seminars and classes. In 1991, the ISB purchased a Cambridge building as a community center and in 1993 purchased a second location and began to renovate it. In 1994 they opened the second location as a mosque. The ISB has also purchased a rental property to provide income for the annual operating expenses of the center.Reports of ties to radical Islam and terrorism have been controversial and disputed.[2] The society had brought suit in 2005 for defamation against individuals and institutions issuing press and other reports of these ties.[3] However, it abandoned the suit in 2007 when \"one after another of the allegations made by the Islamic Society [in its suit] collapsed.\" According to prominent First Amendment lawyer Floyd Abrams, who served as defense counsel in the suit, documents revealed in the discovery phase of the lawsuit confirmed the accuracy of reports tying the Islamic Society of Boston to radical Islam and terrorism.[4]This mosque shares many of its members and teachers with the nearby mosques of Islamic Center of New England.[5]The mosque has been praised by Christian religious leaders as \"an American Muslim institution, well respected in Cambridge, contributing positively to the community at large.\"[6]The mosque temporarily shut down during the COVID-19 pandemic.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RoxburyMosque2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Boston Redevelopment Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Redevelopment_Authority"},{"link_name":"community center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_center"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nuzhat-8"},{"link_name":"Roxbury Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Thomas Menino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Menino"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nuzhat-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"broke ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broke_ground"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nuzhat-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller2007-3"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nuzhat-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nuzhat-8"},{"link_name":"a Muslim congressional representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Ellison"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paulson_2009-10"}],"text":"Islamic Society of Boston mosque in RoxburyIn 1999, ISB purchased land from the Boston Redevelopment Authority to build an Islamic community center,[8] near the campus of Roxbury Community College. The deal was supported by Boston mayor Thomas Menino.[8] The ISB agreed to compensate the city for some of the cost of the land through community service by donating books to and sponsoring lectures about Islam for the college, as well as a 10-year agreement to maintain local parks; in exchange they were able to purchase land valued at $401,187 for $175,000.[9] The project broke ground in 2003.[8] The building project was surrounded by controversy, such as concerns about the land purchase deal and the city employee who negotiated the deal was also an ISB member and fundraiser.[3][better source needed] The \"David Project\", a right-leaning advocacy group began a campaign against the project and filed a lawsuit against the city of Boston.[8] Some Jewish groups were critical of the ISB, while other Jews launched a website to support the mosque.[8]The facility can accommodate 3000 individuals in its sanctuary, includes an Islamic school for children, an Islamic library, a morgue with burial preparation facilities, administrative offices, a media center, store, a women's gymnasium, a kitchen, a hall for events, and an underground parking garage. Opening events included an interfaith breakfast with appearances by Boston mayor Thomas Menino and the local heads of many Christian denominations, as well as a Muslim congressional representative.[10]","title":"Building project"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dawah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawah"},{"link_name":"ACLU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACLU"},{"link_name":"National Conference for Community and Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conference_for_Community_and_Justice"}],"text":"The ISB is active in dawah, or educating the public about Islam. As part of this, the community engages in an interfaith project with Temple Beth Shalom in Cambridge. The organization participates in civil rights work with the ACLU, and has received a grant from the National Conference for Community and Justice (NCCJ) for civil rights and civics training for the Muslim community in Boston.","title":"Outreach"}] | [{"image_text":"Islamic Society of Boston headquarters in Cambridge, Massachusetts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Islamic_Society_of_Boston.jpg/350px-Islamic_Society_of_Boston.jpg"},{"image_text":"Islamic Society of Boston mosque in Roxbury","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/RoxburyMosque2.JPG/250px-RoxburyMosque2.JPG"}] | [{"title":"List of mosques in the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_the_Americas"},{"title":"Lists of mosques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_mosques"},{"title":"List of mosques in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Islam in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States"}] | [{"reference":"\"Loading...\"","urls":[{"url":"http://islamicsocietyofboston.net/","url_text":"\"Loading...\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Judith. \"A SLAPP Against Freedom\". City Journal. The Manhattan Institute. Retrieved 2007-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.city-journal.org/html/17_4_sndgs01.html","url_text":"\"A SLAPP Against Freedom\""}]},{"reference":"Abrams, Floyd (2007-06-06). \"Be Careful What You Sue For\". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2016-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118109777647426054","url_text":"\"Be Careful What You Sue For\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","url_text":"0099-9660"}]},{"reference":"\"Moderate imam reveals how radicals won battle for soul of Boston mosques\". FoxNews. Retrieved 23 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxnews.com/us/2015/07/22/moderate-imam-reveals-how-radicals-won-battle-for-soul-boston-mosques/","url_text":"\"Moderate imam reveals how radicals won battle for soul of Boston mosques\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Daniel (April 14, 2015). \"Cambridge mosque unfairly cast in negative light\". Boston Globe. Retrieved November 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/editorials/2015/04/13/cambridge-mosque-unfairly-cast-negative-light/sK0k123k2Yh1zGpl3Ms1UI/story.html","url_text":"\"Cambridge mosque unfairly cast in negative light\""}]},{"reference":"Hannah Chanatry (2020-05-20). \"State's Largest Mosque Will Remain Closed For Now\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wbur.org/news/2020/05/20/islamic-society-boston-cultural-center-not-reopening","url_text":"\"State's Largest Mosque Will Remain Closed For Now\""}]},{"reference":"Nahid Afrose Kabir (2016). Muslim Americans Debating the Notions of American and Un-American. Taylor & Francis. pp. 48–50.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis","url_text":"Taylor & Francis"}]},{"reference":"\"Praised as beacon, mosque project stalls amid rancor; allegations said to harm funding for Roxbury center\". The Boston Globe. December 18, 2005.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Paulson, Michael (June 25, 2009). \"A call to prayer, a long quest fulfilled; Celebration follows years of controversy\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved November 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/06/26/muslim_community_to_celebrate_mosque8217s_ceremonial_opening/","url_text":"\"A call to prayer, a long quest fulfilled; Celebration follows years of controversy\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Islamic_Society_of_Boston¶ms=42_19_51.2_N_71_5_36.1_W_region:US","external_links_name":"42°19′51.2″N 71°5′36.1″W / 42.330889°N 71.093361°W / 42.330889; -71.093361"},{"Link":"http://islamicsocietyofboston.net/","external_links_name":"\"Loading...\""},{"Link":"http://www.city-journal.org/html/17_4_sndgs01.html","external_links_name":"\"A SLAPP Against Freedom\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118109777647426054","external_links_name":"\"Be Careful What You Sue For\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","external_links_name":"0099-9660"},{"Link":"http://www.foxnews.com/us/2015/07/22/moderate-imam-reveals-how-radicals-won-battle-for-soul-boston-mosques/","external_links_name":"\"Moderate imam reveals how radicals won battle for soul of Boston mosques\""},{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/editorials/2015/04/13/cambridge-mosque-unfairly-cast-negative-light/sK0k123k2Yh1zGpl3Ms1UI/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Cambridge mosque unfairly cast in negative light\""},{"Link":"https://www.wbur.org/news/2020/05/20/islamic-society-boston-cultural-center-not-reopening","external_links_name":"\"State's Largest Mosque Will Remain Closed For Now\""},{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/06/26/muslim_community_to_celebrate_mosque8217s_ceremonial_opening/","external_links_name":"\"A call to prayer, a long quest fulfilled; Celebration follows years of controversy\""},{"Link":"https://isbcc.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://isbcc.org/","external_links_name":"Islamic Society of Boston Cultural Center (Roxbury location) web site"},{"Link":"http://www.pluralism.org/research/profiles/display.php?profile=69268","external_links_name":"Overview at Harvard University Pluralism Project website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Islamic_Society_of_Boston¶ms=42_19_51.2_N_71_5_36.1_W_region:US","external_links_name":"42°19′51.2″N 71°5′36.1″W / 42.330889°N 71.093361°W / 42.330889; -71.093361"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/2585156858478649780004","external_links_name":"VIAF"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChiNext | ChiNext | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References"] | This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
ChiNext is a NASDAQ-style subsidiary of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. The first batch of firms started trading on ChiNext on October 30, 2009. As of June 2015, there were 464 firms listed on ChiNext.
ChiNext aims to attract innovative and fast-growing enterprises, especially high-tech firms. Its listing standards are less stringent than those of the Main and SME Boards of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange.
History
The initial proposal to establish a stock exchange for high-tech firms in China came in August 1999, which was a time when internet stocks were highly popular in the US. However, the plans were shelved for a long time, potentially due to the burst of the dot-com bubble in 2000 and the lost confidence in internet and technology stocks. ChiNext was finally inaugurated in Shenzhen on 23 October 2009.
The shares of the first batch of 28 firms made their debut on ChiNext on October 30, 2009, with a Total Market Cap value of nearly 11 billion RMB and a Total Negotiable Cap. Value of 7.8 billion RMB. Trading in each of these stocks had to be temporarily suspended on this day due to their prices reaching change limits. The second batch contained eight firms whose shares started trading on December 25, 2009. At the end of 2009 there were 36 firms listed on ChiNext. In 2010, a further 117 firms went public, increasing the total number of listed firms to 153. 128 and 74 firms went public in 2011 and 2012 respectively. As a result, there were 355 firms listed by the end of 2012.
The IPO market was closed in China throughout 2013. Therefore, no new listings took place on ChiNext during that year. In January 2014, there were 24 new listings following the decision of CSRC to reopen the IPO market. In May 2014, CSRC announced a change in rules that eased profitability requirements for firms seeking a listing on ChiNext.
As of June 2014, the Total Market Cap. Value of all companies was 95 billion RMB and the Negotiable Cap. Value was almost 59 billion RMB.
See also
Alternative Investment Market
Growth Enterprise Market
Shanghai Stock Exchange
Companies Listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange - ChiNext Board
References
^ China Opens Nasdaq-Like Exchange in Shenzhen
^ China's Self-Styled Nasdaq Shines in Debut
^ China's Nasdaq fails to get off the ground as venture capitalists look to the US
^ Shenzhen Stock Exchange official page comparing ChiNext with the SME Board Archived March 28, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
^ China launches Nasdaq-style market to spur small businesses
^ Shenzhen Stock Exchange official page about listing requirements
^ Shenzhen Stock Exchange official page about ChiNext
^ All stocks trigger suspensions on China's Nasdaq-style board under price-rise rules on first day
^ China eases ChiNext Board IPO restrictions
^ Download All ChiNext Listings (English Version, Excel Format) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NASDAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"ChiNext is a NASDAQ-style subsidiary of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange.[1] The first batch of firms started trading on ChiNext on October 30, 2009.[2] As of June 2015, there were 464 firms listed on ChiNext.ChiNext aims to attract innovative and fast-growing enterprises, especially high-tech firms.[3][4][5] Its listing standards are less stringent than those of the Main and SME Boards of the Shenzhen Stock Exchange.[6]","title":"ChiNext"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dot-com bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"IPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPO"},{"link_name":"CSRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSRC"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The initial proposal to establish a stock exchange for high-tech firms in China came in August 1999, which was a time when internet stocks were highly popular in the US. However, the plans were shelved for a long time, potentially due to the burst of the dot-com bubble in 2000 and the lost confidence in internet and technology stocks. ChiNext was finally inaugurated in Shenzhen on 23 October 2009.[7]The shares of the first batch of 28 firms made their debut on ChiNext on October 30, 2009, with a Total Market Cap value of nearly 11 billion RMB and a Total Negotiable Cap. Value of 7.8 billion RMB. Trading in each of these stocks had to be temporarily suspended on this day due to their prices reaching change limits.[8] The second batch contained eight firms whose shares started trading on December 25, 2009. At the end of 2009 there were 36 firms listed on ChiNext. In 2010, a further 117 firms went public, increasing the total number of listed firms to 153. 128 and 74 firms went public in 2011 and 2012 respectively. As a result, there were 355 firms listed by the end of 2012.The IPO market was closed in China throughout 2013. Therefore, no new listings took place on ChiNext during that year. In January 2014, there were 24 new listings following the decision of CSRC to reopen the IPO market. In May 2014, CSRC announced a change in rules that eased profitability requirements for firms seeking a listing on ChiNext.[9]As of June 2014, the Total Market Cap. Value of all companies was 95 billion RMB and the Negotiable Cap. Value was almost 59 billion RMB.[10]","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"title":"Alternative Investment Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Investment_Market"},{"title":"Growth Enterprise Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_Enterprise_Market"},{"title":"Shanghai Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Stock_Exchange"},{"title":"Companies Listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange - ChiNext Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companies_listed_on_the_Shenzhen_Stock_Exchange#ChiNext_300001-300101"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ChiNext&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2009/10/30/china-opens-nasdaq-like-exchange-in-shenzhen/","external_links_name":"China Opens Nasdaq-Like Exchange in Shenzhen"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB125687962237018131","external_links_name":"China's Self-Styled Nasdaq Shines in Debut"},{"Link":"https://theconversation.com/chinas-nasdaq-fails-to-get-off-the-ground-as-venture-capitalists-look-to-the-us-24170","external_links_name":"China's Nasdaq fails to get off the ground as venture capitalists look to the US"},{"Link":"http://www.szse.cn/main/en/ListingatSZSE/ListingQA/","external_links_name":"Shenzhen Stock Exchange official page comparing ChiNext with the SME Board"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140328083642/http://www.szse.cn/main/en/ListingatSZSE/ListingQA/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091027044205/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-10/23/content_12308120.htm","external_links_name":"China launches Nasdaq-style market to spur small businesses"},{"Link":"http://www.szse.cn/main/en/ListingatSZSE/ListingRequirements/","external_links_name":"Shenzhen Stock Exchange official page about listing requirements"},{"Link":"http://www.szse.cn/main/en/chinext/","external_links_name":"Shenzhen Stock Exchange official page about ChiNext"},{"Link":"http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90778/90859/6799005.html","external_links_name":"All stocks trigger suspensions on China's Nasdaq-style board under price-rise rules on first day"},{"Link":"http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2014-05/17/content_17514780.htm","external_links_name":"China eases ChiNext Board IPO restrictions"},{"Link":"http://www.szse.cn/szseWeb/FrontController.szse?ACTIONID=8&CATALOGID=1693&TABKEY=tab4&ENCODE=1","external_links_name":"Download All ChiNext Listings (English Version, Excel Format)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praekogia_cedrosensis | Praekogia | ["1 References"] | Extinct genus of mammals
PraekogiaTemporal range: Late Miocene~7–5 Ma
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
↓
Reconstruction of Praekogia cedrosensis
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Artiodactyla
Infraorder:
Cetacea
Family:
Kogiidae
Genus:
†PraekogiaBarnes, 1973
Species:
†P. cedrosensis
Binomial name
†Praekogia cedrosensisBarnes, 1973
Praekogia is an extinct genus of cetacean in the family Kogiidae that lived during the Miocene, containing one species: P. cedrosensis. Fossils have been found in Mexico (Baja California).
References
^ "Praekogia Fossilworks".
^ Barnes, Lawrence G. (30 June 1973). "BHL". Contributions in Science. 247: 1––20. doi:10.5962/p.241230.
vteOdontocete genera
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
OdontocetiOdontoceti
†Agorophius
†Ankylorhiza
†Archaeodelphis
†Argyrocetus
†Ashleycetus
†Caolodelphis
†Chilcacetus
†Enigmatocetus
†Eoplatanista
†Inticetus
†Macrodelphinus
†Microcetus
†Mirocetus
†Neosqualodon
†Olympicetus
†Papahu
†Patriocetus
†Phoberodon
†Phococetus
†Prosqualodon
†Sachalinocetus
†Simocetus
†Sulakocetus
†Tangaroasaurus
†Xenorophidae
Albertocetus
Cotylocara
Echovenator
Inermorostrum
Xenorophus
†Waipatiidae
Awamokoa
Ediscetus
Nihohae
Nihoroa
Otekaikea
Urkudelphis
Waipatia
†Squalodontidae
Eosqualodon
Squalodon
†Squaloziphiidae
Crisocetus?
Squaloziphius
Yaquinacetus
†Eurhinodelphinidae
Ceterhinops
Eurhinodelphis
Iniopsis
Mycteriacetus
Phocaenopsis
Schizodelphis
Vanbreenia
Xiphiacetus
Ziphiodelphis
Crown-Odontoceti
see below↓
Crown-OdontocetiPhyseteroidea
†Acrophyseter
†Albicetus
†Brygmophyseter
†Eudelphis
†Hoplocetus
†Livyatan
†Miophyseter
†Rhaphicetus
†Scaldicetus
†Zygophyseter
Kogiidae
†Aprixokogia
Kogia
†Koristocetus
†Nanokogia
†Platyscaphokogia
†Pliokogia
†Praekogia
†Scaphokogia
†Thalassocetus?
Physeteridae
†Aulophyseter
†Cozzuoliphyseter
†Diaphorocetus
†Idiophyseter
†Idiorophus
†Orycterocetus
Physeter
†Physeterula
†Placoziphius
†Thalassocetus?
Platanistoidea
†Aondelphis
†Dolgopolis
†Ensidelphis
†Perditicetus
†Eurhinodelphinidae?
†Squalodontidae?
†Waipatiidae?
†Allodelphinidae?
Allodelphis
Arktocara
Goedertius
Ninjadelphis
Zarhinocetus
†Squalodelphinidae?
Furcacetus
Huaridelphis
Macrosqualodelphis
Medocinia
Notocetus
Phocageneus
Squalodelphis
Platanistidae
†Araeodelphis
†Dilophodelphis
†Grimadelphis
†Pachyacanthus?
†Pebanista
Platanista
†Pomatodelphis
†Prepomatodelphis
†Zarhachis?
Ziphiidae
†Aporotus
†Beneziphius
†Caviziphius
†Chavinziphius
†Chimuziphius
†Choneziphius
†Dagonodum
†Globicetus
†Imocetus
†Messapicetus
†Nazcacetus
†Nenga
†Ninoziphius
†Notoziphius
†Pterocetus
Tasmacetus
†Tusciziphius
†Xhosacetus
†Ziphirostrum
Berardiinae
†Archaeoziphius
Berardius
†Microberardius
Ziphiinae
†Izikoziphius
Ziphius
Hyperoodontinae
†Africanacetus
Hyperoodon
†Ihlengesi
Indopacetus
Mesoplodon
Delphinida
see below↓
DelphinidaDelphinida
†Albireo
†Atocetus
†Brevirostrodelphis
†Cammackacetus
†Delphinodon
†Hadrodelphis
†Herbeinodelphis
†Liolithax
†Lophocetus
†Macrokentriodon
†Miminiacetus
†Odobenocetops
†Pictodelphis
†Pithanodelphis
†Tagicetus
†Westmorelandelphis
†Kentriodontidae
Belonodelphis?
Kampholophos
Kentriodon
Platysvercus
Sophianacetus
Rudicetus
Wimahl
Lipotidae
Lipotes
†Parapontoporia
†Prolipotes
Inioidea
†Awadelphis
Iniidae
†Brujadelphis
†Goniodelphis
Inia
†Ischyrorhynchus
†Isoninia?
†Isthminia
†Kwanzacetus
†Meherrinia
†Plicodontinia
†Saurocetes
Pontoporiidae
†Atocetus?
†Auroracetus
†Brachydelphis
†Piscorhynchus
†Pliopontos
†Pontistes
†Protophocaena
†Samaydelphis
†Scaldiporia
†Stenasodelphis
Pontoporia
DelphinoideaMonodontidae
†Bohaskaia
†Casatia
Delphinapterus
†Denebola
†Haborodelphis
Monodon
Phocoenidae
†Archaeophocaena
†Australithax
†Haborophocoena
†Lomacetus
†Miophocaena
Neophocaena
†Numataphocoena
Phocoena
Phocoenoides
†Piscolithax
†Pterophocaena?
†Semirostrum
†Septemtriocetus
Delphinidae
†Arimidelphis
†Australodelphis
†Eodelphinus
†Etruridelphis
†Hemisyntrachelus
Lagenorhynchus
†Norisdelphis
Orcinus
†Platalearostrum
†Pliodelphis
†Pterophocaena?
Lissodelphininae
Cephalorhynchus
Lissodelphis
Delphininae
Delphinus
Lagenodelphis
Sotalia
Sousa
Stenella
Tursiops
Globicephalinae
Feresa
Globicephala
Grampus
Orcaella
Peponocephala
Pseudorca
Steno
Taxon identifiersPraekogia
Wikidata: Q21364389
Wikispecies: Praekogia
GBIF: 4832615
IRMNG: 1320268
Open Tree of Life: 3612364
Paleobiology Database: 36824
This prehistoric cetacean-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cetacean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacean"},{"link_name":"Kogiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogiidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Praekogia is an extinct genus of cetacean in the family Kogiidae that lived during the Miocene, containing one species: P. cedrosensis.[1] Fossils have been found in Mexico (Baja California).[2]","title":"Praekogia"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Praekogia Fossilworks\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=36824","url_text":"\"Praekogia Fossilworks\""}]},{"reference":"Barnes, Lawrence G. (30 June 1973). \"BHL\". Contributions in Science. 247: 1––20. doi:10.5962/p.241230.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/241230#/details","url_text":"\"BHL\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fp.241230","url_text":"10.5962/p.241230"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=36824","external_links_name":"\"Praekogia Fossilworks\""},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/241230#/details","external_links_name":"\"BHL\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fp.241230","external_links_name":"10.5962/p.241230"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/4832615","external_links_name":"4832615"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1320268","external_links_name":"1320268"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3612364","external_links_name":"3612364"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36824","external_links_name":"36824"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Praekogia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_token_offering | Security token offering | ["1 Controversy regarding ICOs","2 Regulation","3 See also","4 References"] | Not to be confused with Security token.
A security token offering (STO) / tokenized IPO is a type of public offering in which tokenized digital securities, known as security tokens, are sold in security token exchanges. Tokens can be used to trade real financial assets such as equities and fixed income, and use a blockchain virtual ledger system to store and validate token transactions.
Due to tokens being classified as securities, STOs are more susceptible to regulation and thus represent a more secure investment alternative than ICOs, which have been subject to numerous fraudulent schemes.
Furthermore, since ICOs are not held in traditional exchanges, they can be a less expensive funding source for small and medium-sized companies when compared to an IPO. An STO on a regulated stock exchange (referred to as a tokenized IPO) has the potential to deliver significant efficiencies and cost savings, however.
By the end of 2019, STOs had been used in multiple scenarios including the trading of Nasdaq-listed company stocks, the pre-IPO of World Chess, FIDE's official broadcasting platform, and the creation of Singapore Exchange's own STO market, backed by Japan's Tokai Tokyo Financial Holdings.
Controversy regarding ICOs
Though sharing some core concepts with ICOs and IPOs, STOs are in fact different from both, standing as an intermediary model. Similarly to ICOs, STOs are offerings that are made by selling digital tokens to the general public in cryptocurrency exchanges such as Binance, Kraken, Binaryx and others. The main difference stands in the fact that ICO tokens are the offered cryptocurrency's actual coins, entirely digital, and classified as utilities. New ICO currencies can be generated ad infinitum, as might in some cases their tokens. Additionally, their value is almost entirely speculative and arises from the perceived utility value buyers expect them to provide.
Security tokens, on the other hand, are actual securities, like bonds or stocks, tied to a real company.
In terms of legislation, some jurisdictions do treat STOs, ICOs, and other cryptocurrency-related operations under the same legislative umbrella. In general, though, STOs are placed under securities legislation (together with traditional IPOs), and ICOs under utilities, with the differentiation being made mostly on a case-by-case basis.
The main debate surrounding security tokens is, thus, the legal differentiation of what can be qualified as a utility instead of a security. Generally, legislation understands that if a passive financial return is expected from the investment, then it is classified as a security. This way, even if the offering company understands their tokens are merely a utility asset with no expected return investment, if it can be proven otherwise then the ICO becomes an unregulated STO, passive of legal punishment. Moreover, this assumption of utility has been abused by some STO offering companies to sell securities without regulatory compliance (maliciously labeled as ICOs).
This legal ambiguity has led to some ICO offerers being prosecuted by the SEC as a security offering part, though their tokens were announced as utilities. Such companies include messaging apps Kik and Telegram, the former being sued by the SEC for over $100 million and the latter delaying their offering plans after similar prosecution.
Regulation
One of the main selling points of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin has been the decentralization aspect, by which no government can influence or control the currency. By extension, a cryptocurrency is not directly affected by a specific country's jurisdiction, sociopolitical environment, or economic events. Such a lack of regulation has led to the rising of large-scale crypto-related criminal activity, ranging from terrorist funding to tax evasion, most of which go untracked and unpunished. Similarly, ICO scams have been an increasingly troublesome matter, causing billions of dollars in losses and damaging the cryptocurrency market's value as a whole.
So far, STOs have been regulated and legalized in many countries where ICOs have not, due to fitting in many already pre-existing regulations regarding securities.
Jurisdiction
Status
Comments
European Union
Regulated
Regulated by MiFID II. Newly issued security tokens must fulfill requirements of the Prospectus Directive.
Germany
Regulated
MiFID licenses are issued by BaFin.
United Kingdom
Regulated
Categorized by the FCA under the category of Specified Investments.
Switzerland
Regulated
Regulated by FINMA and subject to the same laws as traditional securities.
United States
Regulated
Security tokens are subject to the SEC under the same laws as traditional securities.
Canada
Regulated
Must obtain approval from the CSA.
Brazil
Regulated
STOs must be registered and approved by the CVM.
Australia
Regulated
Legal under the regulation of ASIC. Traditional and tokenized securities are treated differently.
Israel
Regulated
Must follow the legal framework provided by the ISA and are subject to the same laws as traditional securities.
United Arab Emirates
No Regulation
No federal regulations, but very well-defined legislation at regulator-level. Both ADGM and DFSA have provided some form of guidance on Security Tokens.
Thailand
No Regulation
Legal approval of ICOs has already been made by Thailand's Securities and Exchange Commission. STO application criteria expected to be released soon.
Singapore
Regulated
Must receive approval from the MAS and be compliant with the Securities and Futures Act.
Japan
Regulated
Regulated under the FIEA.
Hong Kong
Regulated
Regulated under a framework provided by the SFC.
China
Banned
STOs and ICOs are banned and constitute illegal financial activity.
South Korea
Banned
Security tokens are under the same prohibition as standard ICOs.
Malaysia
Regulated
Must receive approval from the Securities Commission Malaysia and Labuan Financial Services Authority
See also
Initial coin offering
Initial public offering
Alternative currencies
Private currency
Digital asset
References
^ a b Browne, Ryan (8 January 2019). "Apple and Tesla shares on the blockchain could be the next big thing in crypto". CNBC. Retrieved 2019-11-26.
^ a b Shimada, Yu (14 November 2019). "Singapore brings Japan into Asia's first digital securities market". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 2019-11-26.
^ Chen, Qian (21 November 2019). "The good, the bad and the ugly of a Chinese state-backed digital currency". CNBC. Retrieved 2019-11-26.
^ Allison, Ian (26 November 2019). "Tokenized Real Estate Falters as Another Hyped Deal Falls Apart". Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved 2019-11-26.
^ Michaels, Dave (26 November 2019). "Crypto Startup Calls It Quits After a Regulatory Reprieve". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2019-11-26.
^ a b Murphy, Hannah (21 November 2019). "World Chess announces plans for 'hybrid IPO'". Financial Times. Retrieved 2019-11-26.
^ Jolly, Jasper (21 November 2019). "World Chess to issue digital tokens in stock market flotation". The Guardian. Retrieved 2019-11-26.
^ "Binaryx: Crypto Exchange. Bitcoin Exchange and Digital Assets".
^ "Blockchain & Cryptocurrency Laws and Regulations | Hong Kong | GLI". GLI - Global Legal Insights - International legal business solutions. Retrieved 2021-09-02.
^ Wolf, Martin (12 February 2019). "The libertarian fantasies of cryptocurrencies". Financial Times. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
^ "Security token offerings: The next phase of financial market evolution?" (PDF).
^ a b França de Mello, Leandro (24 November 2019). "Desvendando a extensão das regulações impostas às criptomoedas na China" . Money Times (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-11-27.
^ "Guidance on Cryptoassets" (PDF) (Press release). United Kingdom. Financial Conduct Authority. January 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-26.
^ Rooney, Kate (6 June 2018). "SEC chief says agency won't change securities laws to cater to cryptocurrencies". CNBC. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
^ Badkar, Mamta (4 June 2019). "SEC sues messaging app Kik over $100m ICO". Financial Times. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
^ McIntosh, Rachel (18 October 2019). "SEC vs. Telegram: Will Gram Tokens Ever Be Distributed?". Finance Magnates. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
^ Rooney, Kate (16 November 2018). "In bigger crackdown of crypto abuses, SEC goes after unregistered coin offerings". CNBC. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
^ Baldwin, Rosecrans (26 November 2019). "Cryptocurrency Will Not Die". GQ. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
^ Popper, Nathaniel (18 August 2019). "Terrorists Turn to Bitcoin for Funding, and They're Learning Fast". The New York Times. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
^ Helmore, Edward (27 July 2019). "IRS warns crypto holders: dodge tax and we'll hand out stiff punishments". The Guardian. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
^ "Cryptoqueen: How this woman scammed the world, then vanished". BBC News. 24 November 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
^ Morris, David (27 November 2019). "Crypto Needs Journalists More Than It Wants to Admit". Fortune. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
^ a b "The Laws That Govern the Securities Industry" (Press release). U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 1 October 2013. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
^ a b "Canadian securities regulators provide additional guidance on securities law implications for offerings of tokens" (Press release). 11 June 2018. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
^ Regulation (EU) 2017/1129 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2017 on the prospectus to be published when securities are offered to the public or admitted to trading on a regulated market, and repealing Directive 2003/71/EC
^ "Cryptoassets: our work" (Press release). United Kingdom. Financial Conduct Authority. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-26.
^ "FINMA publishes ICO guidelines" (Press release). Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority. 16 February 2018. Retrieved 2019-11-26.
^ "Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs)" (Press release) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Securities and Exchange Commission of Brazil. 16 November 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
^ "Initial coin offerings and crypto-assets" (Press release). Australian Securities & Investments Commission. May 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
^ "Israel market regulator sees room for cryptocurrency trading". Reuters. 6 March 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
^ Beedham, Matthew (6 March 2019). "Israel regulators support 'heavily regulated' cryptocurrency trading platform". The Next Web. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
^ "ADGM Publishes Detailed Guidance on Digital Securities". ADGM. 5 September 2019.
^ "DFSA Starts 30 Day Public Consultation on Security Token Regulations". The National. 29 March 2021.
^ Chudasri, Darana (13 March 2019). "SEC approves first ICO portal, still unnamed". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
^ "Securities and Futures Act" (Press release). Singapore Statutes Online. 1 April 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
^ Lee, Georgina (7 November 2019). "Hong Kong sets out regulatory framework for virtual asset trading platforms, emphasises investor protection". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
^ Lee, Jung Min. "Blockchain & Cryptocurrency Regulation 2020 Korea". Global Legal Insights. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
^ "Securities Commission Malaysia Act 1993 - Acts | Securities Commission Malaysia". www.sc.com.my. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
^ "Legislation - Legislation | Labuan FSA". www.labuanfsa.gov.my. Retrieved 2020-11-29. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Security token","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_token"},{"link_name":"public offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_offering"},{"link_name":"tokenized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokenization_(data_security)"},{"link_name":"securities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_(finance)"},{"link_name":"financial assets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_assets"},{"link_name":"equities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_(finance)"},{"link_name":"fixed income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_income"},{"link_name":"blockchain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockchain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNBC-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tokyo-2"},{"link_name":"securities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_(finance)"},{"link_name":"ICOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_coin_offering"},{"link_name":"fraudulent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraud"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"traditional exchanges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_exchange"},{"link_name":"IPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FT_Chess-6"},{"link_name":"Nasdaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq"},{"link_name":"stocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNBC-1"},{"link_name":"FIDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FT_Chess-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Singapore Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Tokai Tokyo Financial Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokai_Tokyo_Financial_Holdings"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tokyo-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Security token.A security token offering (STO) / tokenized IPO is a type of public offering in which tokenized digital securities, known as security tokens, are sold in security token exchanges. Tokens can be used to trade real financial assets such as equities and fixed income, and use a blockchain virtual ledger system to store and validate token transactions.[1][2]Due to tokens being classified as securities, STOs are more susceptible to regulation and thus represent a more secure investment alternative than ICOs, which have been subject to numerous fraudulent schemes.[3][4][5]\nFurthermore, since ICOs are not held in traditional exchanges, they can be a less expensive funding source for small and medium-sized companies when compared to an IPO.[6] An STO on a regulated stock exchange (referred to as a tokenized IPO) has the potential to deliver significant efficiencies and cost savings, however.By the end of 2019, STOs had been used in multiple scenarios including the trading of Nasdaq-listed company stocks,[1] the pre-IPO of World Chess, FIDE's official broadcasting platform,[6][7] and the creation of Singapore Exchange's own STO market, backed by Japan's Tokai Tokyo Financial Holdings.[2]","title":"Security token offering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Binance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binance"},{"link_name":"Kraken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraken_(company)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"utilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility"},{"link_name":"ad infinitum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_infinitum"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_(finance)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chin-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"SEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission"},{"link_name":"Kik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kik_Messenger"},{"link_name":"Telegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram_(software)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Though sharing some core concepts with ICOs and IPOs, STOs are in fact different from both, standing as an intermediary model. Similarly to ICOs, STOs are offerings that are made by selling digital tokens to the general public in cryptocurrency exchanges such as Binance, Kraken, Binaryx and others.[8][9] The main difference stands in the fact that ICO tokens are the offered cryptocurrency's actual coins, entirely digital, and classified as utilities. New ICO currencies can be generated ad infinitum, as might in some cases their tokens. Additionally, their value is almost entirely speculative and arises from the perceived utility value buyers expect them to provide.[10]\nSecurity tokens, on the other hand, are actual securities, like bonds or stocks, tied to a real company.[11]In terms of legislation, some jurisdictions do treat STOs, ICOs, and other cryptocurrency-related operations under the same legislative umbrella.[12] In general, though, STOs are placed under securities legislation (together with traditional IPOs), and ICOs under utilities, with the differentiation being made mostly on a case-by-case basis.[13]The main debate surrounding security tokens is, thus, the legal differentiation of what can be qualified as a utility instead of a security. Generally, legislation understands that if a passive financial return is expected from the investment, then it is classified as a security. This way, even if the offering company understands their tokens are merely a utility asset with no expected return investment, if it can be proven otherwise then the ICO becomes an unregulated STO, passive of legal punishment. Moreover, this assumption of utility has been abused by some STO offering companies to sell securities without regulatory compliance (maliciously labeled as ICOs).[14]This legal ambiguity has led to some ICO offerers being prosecuted by the SEC as a security offering part, though their tokens were announced as utilities. Such companies include messaging apps Kik and Telegram, the former being sued by the SEC for over $100 million and the latter delaying their offering plans after similar prosecution.[15][16][17]","title":"Controversy regarding ICOs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bitcoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin"},{"link_name":"decentralization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralization"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"scams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scams"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"ICOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_coin_offering"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-us-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-can-24"}],"text":"One of the main selling points of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin has been the decentralization aspect, by which no government can influence or control the currency. By extension, a cryptocurrency is not directly affected by a specific country's jurisdiction, sociopolitical environment, or economic events.[18] Such a lack of regulation has led to the rising of large-scale crypto-related criminal activity, ranging from terrorist funding to tax evasion, most of which go untracked and unpunished.[19][20] Similarly, ICO scams have been an increasingly troublesome matter, causing billions of dollars in losses and damaging the cryptocurrency market's value as a whole.[21][22]So far, STOs have been regulated and legalized in many countries where ICOs have not, due to fitting in many already pre-existing regulations regarding securities.[23][24]","title":"Regulation"}] | [] | [{"title":"Initial coin offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_coin_offering"},{"title":"Initial public offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"title":"Alternative currencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_currencies"},{"title":"Private currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_currency"},{"title":"Digital asset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_asset"}] | [{"reference":"Browne, Ryan (8 January 2019). \"Apple and Tesla shares on the blockchain could be the next big thing in crypto\". CNBC. Retrieved 2019-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/07/bitcoin-security-token-and-sto-explained.html","url_text":"\"Apple and Tesla shares on the blockchain could be the next big thing in crypto\""}]},{"reference":"Shimada, Yu (14 November 2019). \"Singapore brings Japan into Asia's first digital securities market\". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 2019-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Singapore-brings-Japan-into-Asia-s-first-digital-securities-market","url_text":"\"Singapore brings Japan into Asia's first digital securities market\""}]},{"reference":"Chen, Qian (21 November 2019). \"The good, the bad and the ugly of a Chinese state-backed digital currency\". CNBC. Retrieved 2019-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/22/chinese-crypto-beijing-sees-opportunity-but-concerns-linger.html","url_text":"\"The good, the bad and the ugly of a Chinese state-backed digital currency\""}]},{"reference":"Allison, Ian (26 November 2019). \"Tokenized Real Estate Falters as Another Hyped Deal Falls Apart\". Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved 2019-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/tokenized-real-estate-falters-another-090000644.html","url_text":"\"Tokenized Real Estate Falters as Another Hyped Deal Falls Apart\""}]},{"reference":"Michaels, Dave (26 November 2019). \"Crypto Startup Calls It Quits After a Regulatory Reprieve\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2019-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/crypto-startup-calls-it-quits-after-a-regulatory-reprieve-11574783559","url_text":"\"Crypto Startup Calls It Quits After a Regulatory Reprieve\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Hannah (21 November 2019). \"World Chess announces plans for 'hybrid IPO'\". Financial Times. Retrieved 2019-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/46547c2e-0c3b-11ea-bb52-34c8d9dc6d84","url_text":"\"World Chess announces plans for 'hybrid IPO'\""}]},{"reference":"Jolly, Jasper (21 November 2019). \"World Chess to issue digital tokens in stock market flotation\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2019-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/nov/21/world-chess-to-issue-digital-tokens-in-stock-market-flotation","url_text":"\"World Chess to issue digital tokens in stock market flotation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Binaryx: Crypto Exchange. Bitcoin Exchange and Digital Assets\".","urls":[{"url":"https://binaryx.com/","url_text":"\"Binaryx: Crypto Exchange. Bitcoin Exchange and Digital Assets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blockchain & Cryptocurrency Laws and Regulations | Hong Kong | GLI\". GLI - Global Legal Insights - International legal business solutions. Retrieved 2021-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/blockchain-laws-and-regulations/hong-kong","url_text":"\"Blockchain & Cryptocurrency Laws and Regulations | Hong Kong | GLI\""}]},{"reference":"Wolf, Martin (12 February 2019). \"The libertarian fantasies of cryptocurrencies\". Financial Times. Retrieved 2019-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/eeeacd7c-2e0e-11e9-ba00-0251022932c8","url_text":"\"The libertarian fantasies of cryptocurrencies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Security token offerings: The next phase of financial market evolution?\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/cn/Documents/audit/deloitte-cn-audit-security-token-offering-en-201009.pdf","url_text":"\"Security token offerings: The next phase of financial market evolution?\""}]},{"reference":"França de Mello, Leandro (24 November 2019). \"Desvendando a extensão das regulações impostas às criptomoedas na China\" [Uncovering the extension of regulations imposed on cryptocurrencies in China]. Money Times (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://moneytimes.com.br/desvendando-a-extensao-das-regulacoes-impostas-as-criptomoedas-na-china/","url_text":"\"Desvendando a extensão das regulações impostas às criptomoedas na China\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guidance on Cryptoassets\" (PDF) (Press release). United Kingdom. Financial Conduct Authority. January 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fca.org.uk/publication/consultation/cp19-03.pdf","url_text":"\"Guidance on Cryptoassets\""}]},{"reference":"Rooney, Kate (6 June 2018). \"SEC chief says agency won't change securities laws to cater to cryptocurrencies\". CNBC. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2018/06/06/sec-chairman-clayton-says-agency-wont-change-definition-of-a-security.html","url_text":"\"SEC chief says agency won't change securities laws to cater to cryptocurrencies\""}]},{"reference":"Badkar, Mamta (4 June 2019). \"SEC sues messaging app Kik over $100m ICO\". Financial Times. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/3cc0a036-86e7-11e9-97ea-05ac2431f453","url_text":"\"SEC sues messaging app Kik over $100m ICO\""}]},{"reference":"McIntosh, Rachel (18 October 2019). \"SEC vs. Telegram: Will Gram Tokens Ever Be Distributed?\". Finance Magnates. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/sec-vs-telegram-will-gram-tokens-ever-be-distributed/","url_text":"\"SEC vs. Telegram: Will Gram Tokens Ever Be Distributed?\""}]},{"reference":"Rooney, Kate (16 November 2018). \"In bigger crackdown of crypto abuses, SEC goes after unregistered coin offerings\". CNBC. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/16/in-crackdown-of-crypto-sec-goes-after-unregistered-coin-offerings.html","url_text":"\"In bigger crackdown of crypto abuses, SEC goes after unregistered coin offerings\""}]},{"reference":"Baldwin, Rosecrans (26 November 2019). \"Cryptocurrency Will Not Die\". GQ. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gq.com/story/cryptocurrency-will-not-die","url_text":"\"Cryptocurrency Will Not Die\""}]},{"reference":"Popper, Nathaniel (18 August 2019). \"Terrorists Turn to Bitcoin for Funding, and They're Learning Fast\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/18/technology/terrorists-bitcoin.html","url_text":"\"Terrorists Turn to Bitcoin for Funding, and They're Learning Fast\""}]},{"reference":"Helmore, Edward (27 July 2019). \"IRS warns crypto holders: dodge tax and we'll hand out stiff punishments\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jul/27/irs-tax-cryptocurrency-bitcoin-income","url_text":"\"IRS warns crypto holders: dodge tax and we'll hand out stiff punishments\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cryptoqueen: How this woman scammed the world, then vanished\". BBC News. 24 November 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-50435014","url_text":"\"Cryptoqueen: How this woman scammed the world, then vanished\""}]},{"reference":"Morris, David (27 November 2019). \"Crypto Needs Journalists More Than It Wants to Admit\". Fortune. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://fortune.com/2019/11/27/crypto-needs-journalists-more-than-it-wants-to-admit/","url_text":"\"Crypto Needs Journalists More Than It Wants to Admit\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Laws That Govern the Securities Industry\" (Press release). U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 1 October 2013. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.gov/answers/about-lawsshtml.html","url_text":"\"The Laws That Govern the Securities Industry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian securities regulators provide additional guidance on securities law implications for offerings of tokens\" (Press release). 11 June 2018. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.osc.gov.on.ca/en/NewsEvents_nr_20180611_securities-law-implications-for-offerings-of-tokens.htm","url_text":"\"Canadian securities regulators provide additional guidance on securities law implications for offerings of tokens\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cryptoassets: our work\" (Press release). United Kingdom. Financial Conduct Authority. 23 January 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fca.org.uk/firms/cryptoassets","url_text":"\"Cryptoassets: our work\""}]},{"reference":"\"FINMA publishes ICO guidelines\" (Press release). Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority. 16 February 2018. Retrieved 2019-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.finma.ch/en/news/2018/02/20180216-mm-ico-wegleitung/","url_text":"\"FINMA publishes ICO guidelines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs)\" (Press release) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Securities and Exchange Commission of Brazil. 16 November 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cvm.gov.br/noticias/arquivos/2017/20171116-1.html","url_text":"\"Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Initial coin offerings and crypto-assets\" (Press release). Australian Securities & Investments Commission. May 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/digital-transformation/initial-coin-offerings-and-crypto-assets/","url_text":"\"Initial coin offerings and crypto-assets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Israel market regulator sees room for cryptocurrency trading\". Reuters. 6 March 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/israel-crypto/israel-market-regulator-sees-room-for-cryptocurrency-trading-idUSL5N20T31V?rpc=401&","url_text":"\"Israel market regulator sees room for cryptocurrency trading\""}]},{"reference":"Beedham, Matthew (6 March 2019). \"Israel regulators support 'heavily regulated' cryptocurrency trading platform\". The Next Web. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://thenextweb.com/hardfork/2019/03/06/israel-regulated-cryptocurrency-trading-platform/","url_text":"\"Israel regulators support 'heavily regulated' cryptocurrency trading platform\""}]},{"reference":"\"ADGM Publishes Detailed Guidance on Digital Securities\". ADGM. 5 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adgm.com/media/announcements/adgm-publishes-detailed-guidance-on-digital-securities","url_text":"\"ADGM Publishes Detailed Guidance on Digital Securities\""}]},{"reference":"\"DFSA Starts 30 Day Public Consultation on Security Token Regulations\". The National. 29 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/markets/dfsa-starts-30-day-public-consultation-on-security-tokens-regulations-1.1193255","url_text":"\"DFSA Starts 30 Day Public Consultation on Security Token Regulations\""}]},{"reference":"Chudasri, Darana (13 March 2019). \"SEC approves first ICO portal, still unnamed\". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/1643532/sec-approves-first-ico-portal-still-unnamed","url_text":"\"SEC approves first ICO portal, still unnamed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Securities and Futures Act\" (Press release). Singapore Statutes Online. 1 April 2019. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/SFA2001","url_text":"\"Securities and Futures Act\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Georgina (7 November 2019). \"Hong Kong sets out regulatory framework for virtual asset trading platforms, emphasises investor protection\". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/business/banking-finance/article/3036632/hong-kong-sets-out-regulatory-framework-virtual-asset","url_text":"\"Hong Kong sets out regulatory framework for virtual asset trading platforms, emphasises investor protection\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Jung Min. \"Blockchain & Cryptocurrency Regulation 2020 Korea\". Global Legal Insights. Retrieved 2019-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/blockchain-laws-and-regulations/korea","url_text":"\"Blockchain & Cryptocurrency Regulation 2020 Korea\""}]},{"reference":"\"Securities Commission Malaysia Act 1993 - Acts | Securities Commission Malaysia\". www.sc.com.my. Retrieved 2020-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sc.com.my/regulation/acts/securities-commission-malaysia-act-1993","url_text":"\"Securities Commission Malaysia Act 1993 - Acts | Securities Commission Malaysia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Legislation - Legislation | Labuan FSA\". www.labuanfsa.gov.my. Retrieved 2020-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.labuanfsa.gov.my/legislation-guidelines/legislation/legislation","url_text":"\"Legislation - Legislation | Labuan FSA\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/07/bitcoin-security-token-and-sto-explained.html","external_links_name":"\"Apple and Tesla shares on the blockchain could be the next big thing in crypto\""},{"Link":"https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/Singapore-brings-Japan-into-Asia-s-first-digital-securities-market","external_links_name":"\"Singapore brings Japan into Asia's first digital securities market\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/22/chinese-crypto-beijing-sees-opportunity-but-concerns-linger.html","external_links_name":"\"The good, the bad and the ugly of a Chinese state-backed digital currency\""},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/tokenized-real-estate-falters-another-090000644.html","external_links_name":"\"Tokenized Real Estate Falters as Another Hyped Deal Falls Apart\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/crypto-startup-calls-it-quits-after-a-regulatory-reprieve-11574783559","external_links_name":"\"Crypto Startup Calls It Quits After a Regulatory Reprieve\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/46547c2e-0c3b-11ea-bb52-34c8d9dc6d84","external_links_name":"\"World Chess announces plans for 'hybrid IPO'\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/nov/21/world-chess-to-issue-digital-tokens-in-stock-market-flotation","external_links_name":"\"World Chess to issue digital tokens in stock market flotation\""},{"Link":"https://binaryx.com/","external_links_name":"\"Binaryx: Crypto Exchange. Bitcoin Exchange and Digital Assets\""},{"Link":"https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/blockchain-laws-and-regulations/hong-kong","external_links_name":"\"Blockchain & Cryptocurrency Laws and Regulations | Hong Kong | GLI\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/eeeacd7c-2e0e-11e9-ba00-0251022932c8","external_links_name":"\"The libertarian fantasies of cryptocurrencies\""},{"Link":"https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/cn/Documents/audit/deloitte-cn-audit-security-token-offering-en-201009.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Security token offerings: The next phase of financial market evolution?\""},{"Link":"https://moneytimes.com.br/desvendando-a-extensao-das-regulacoes-impostas-as-criptomoedas-na-china/","external_links_name":"\"Desvendando a extensão das regulações impostas às criptomoedas na China\""},{"Link":"https://www.fca.org.uk/publication/consultation/cp19-03.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Guidance on Cryptoassets\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/amp/2018/06/06/sec-chairman-clayton-says-agency-wont-change-definition-of-a-security.html","external_links_name":"\"SEC chief says agency won't change securities laws to cater to cryptocurrencies\""},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/3cc0a036-86e7-11e9-97ea-05ac2431f453","external_links_name":"\"SEC sues messaging app Kik over $100m ICO\""},{"Link":"https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/sec-vs-telegram-will-gram-tokens-ever-be-distributed/","external_links_name":"\"SEC vs. Telegram: Will Gram Tokens Ever Be Distributed?\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/16/in-crackdown-of-crypto-sec-goes-after-unregistered-coin-offerings.html","external_links_name":"\"In bigger crackdown of crypto abuses, SEC goes after unregistered coin offerings\""},{"Link":"https://www.gq.com/story/cryptocurrency-will-not-die","external_links_name":"\"Cryptocurrency Will Not Die\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/18/technology/terrorists-bitcoin.html","external_links_name":"\"Terrorists Turn to Bitcoin for Funding, and They're Learning Fast\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jul/27/irs-tax-cryptocurrency-bitcoin-income","external_links_name":"\"IRS warns crypto holders: dodge tax and we'll hand out stiff punishments\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-50435014","external_links_name":"\"Cryptoqueen: How this woman scammed the world, then vanished\""},{"Link":"https://fortune.com/2019/11/27/crypto-needs-journalists-more-than-it-wants-to-admit/","external_links_name":"\"Crypto Needs Journalists More Than It Wants to Admit\""},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/answers/about-lawsshtml.html","external_links_name":"\"The Laws That Govern the Securities Industry\""},{"Link":"https://www.osc.gov.on.ca/en/NewsEvents_nr_20180611_securities-law-implications-for-offerings-of-tokens.htm","external_links_name":"\"Canadian securities regulators provide additional guidance on securities law implications for offerings of tokens\""},{"Link":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32017R1129","external_links_name":"Regulation (EU) 2017/1129 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2017 on the prospectus to be published when securities are offered to the public or admitted to trading on a regulated market, and repealing Directive 2003/71/EC"},{"Link":"https://www.fca.org.uk/firms/cryptoassets","external_links_name":"\"Cryptoassets: our work\""},{"Link":"https://www.finma.ch/en/news/2018/02/20180216-mm-ico-wegleitung/","external_links_name":"\"FINMA publishes ICO guidelines\""},{"Link":"http://www.cvm.gov.br/noticias/arquivos/2017/20171116-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs)\""},{"Link":"https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/digital-transformation/initial-coin-offerings-and-crypto-assets/","external_links_name":"\"Initial coin offerings and crypto-assets\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/israel-crypto/israel-market-regulator-sees-room-for-cryptocurrency-trading-idUSL5N20T31V?rpc=401&","external_links_name":"\"Israel market regulator sees room for cryptocurrency trading\""},{"Link":"https://thenextweb.com/hardfork/2019/03/06/israel-regulated-cryptocurrency-trading-platform/","external_links_name":"\"Israel regulators support 'heavily regulated' cryptocurrency trading platform\""},{"Link":"https://www.adgm.com/media/announcements/adgm-publishes-detailed-guidance-on-digital-securities","external_links_name":"\"ADGM Publishes Detailed Guidance on Digital Securities\""},{"Link":"https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/markets/dfsa-starts-30-day-public-consultation-on-security-tokens-regulations-1.1193255","external_links_name":"\"DFSA Starts 30 Day Public Consultation on Security Token Regulations\""},{"Link":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/1643532/sec-approves-first-ico-portal-still-unnamed","external_links_name":"\"SEC approves first ICO portal, still unnamed\""},{"Link":"https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/SFA2001","external_links_name":"\"Securities and Futures Act\""},{"Link":"https://www.scmp.com/business/banking-finance/article/3036632/hong-kong-sets-out-regulatory-framework-virtual-asset","external_links_name":"\"Hong Kong sets out regulatory framework for virtual asset trading platforms, emphasises investor protection\""},{"Link":"https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/blockchain-laws-and-regulations/korea","external_links_name":"\"Blockchain & Cryptocurrency Regulation 2020 Korea\""},{"Link":"https://www.sc.com.my/regulation/acts/securities-commission-malaysia-act-1993","external_links_name":"\"Securities Commission Malaysia Act 1993 - Acts | Securities Commission Malaysia\""},{"Link":"https://www.labuanfsa.gov.my/legislation-guidelines/legislation/legislation","external_links_name":"\"Legislation - Legislation | Labuan FSA\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Tarang_Cine_Awards | 7th Tarang Cine Awards | ["1 External links"] | The results of the 2016, 7th Tarang Cine Awards, was presented annually by the Tarang entertainment television channel to honor artistic and technical excellence in the Oriya language film industry of India ("Ollywood"), are as follow:
Category
Winner
Film
Lifetime Achievement Award
Uttam Mohanty
Best Movie
Pooja Bharalwala
Pilata Bigidigala
Best Director
Basant Sahu
Pilata Bigidigala
Best Actor Popular
Babushan
Bhalapaie Tate 100 ru 100
Best Actress Popular
Archita Sahu
Pilata Bigidigala
Best Actor Jury
Sabyasachi Mishra
Pilata Bigidigala
Best Actress Jury
Riya Dey
College Time
Best Actor In Negative Role
Samaresh Routray
Ishq Tu Hi Tu
Best Actress In Negative Role
Best Actor In Supporting Role
Mihir Das
Kie Daba Takkar
Best Actress In Supporting Role
Aparajita Mohanty
Kie Daba Takkar
Best Actor In Comic Role
Papu Pom Pom
Pilata Bigidigala
Best Debutante Actor
Pradeep Dutt
kie Daba Takkar
Best Debutante Actress
Elina Samantray
Ishq Tu Hi Tu
Best Music Director
Prem Anand
Gapa Helebi Sata
Best Lyric Writer
Nimai Mohanty
Ishq Tu Hi Tu
Best Singer Male
Human Sagar
Gapa Helebi Sata
Best Singer Female
Human Sagar
Gapa Helebi Sata
Best Dialogue Writer
Bijaya Mall
Love You Hamesha
Best Cinematography
Sanjib Mohapatra
College Time
Best Choreographer
Girish Mohanty
Ishq Tu Hi Tu
Best Child Artist
Animesh
Gapa Helebi Sata
7th Tarang Cine Awards 2016
7th Tarang Cine Awards 2016 Winners List
External links
7th Tarang Cine Awards 2016
7th Tarang Cine Awards 2016 Winners List | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"7th Tarang Cine Awards 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.odiaweb.in/7th-tarang-cine-awards-2016/"},{"link_name":"7th Tarang Cine Awards 2016 Winners List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.odiaweb.in/7th-tarang-cine-awards-2016-winners-list/"}],"text":"7th Tarang Cine Awards 20167th Tarang Cine Awards 2016 Winners List","title":"7th Tarang Cine Awards"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.odiaweb.in/7th-tarang-cine-awards-2016/","external_links_name":"7th Tarang Cine Awards 2016"},{"Link":"https://www.odiaweb.in/7th-tarang-cine-awards-2016-winners-list/","external_links_name":"7th Tarang Cine Awards 2016 Winners List"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon_8.2 | Avalon 8.2 | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Avalon 8.2DevelopmentDesignerRay KendrickLocationAustraliaYearAbout 1990NameAvalon 8.2BoatCrew3-4Draft0.3 m (0.98 ft) (board up)
1.35 m (4.4 ft) (board down)HullTypetrimaranConstructionFoam core strip planks or foam sandwich over male mould.Hull weight1,000 kg (2,200 lb)LOA8.2 m (27 ft)LWL7.685 m (25.21 ft)Beam6.2 m (20 ft)
2.5 m (8.2 ft) (folded)Hull appendagesKeel/board typecenterboardRigRig typeBermuda or Marconi rigSailsTotal sail area36.6 m2 (394 sq ft)
The Avalon 8.2 folding trimaran is a trailerable fast cruising and racing sailboat designed by Ray Kendrick. It is sold in plan form.
See also
List of multihulls
References
^ a b c d e f g h i "Avalon 8.2 metre folding trimaran".
^ Response to email query by Ray Kendrick, 2014-12-24: "The Aussie 3m was designed and built around the year 2000, Avalon 8.2 about 1990 and the Scarab 670 about 1996-97."
^ "Building a Avalon 8.2 Folding trimaran".
vteTypes of sailing vessels and rigsOverviews
Age of Sail
Maritime history
Age of Discovery
Navigation
Sailing rigs
Bermuda rig
Crab claw
Fore-and-aft rig
Gaff rig
Gunter rig
Junk rig
Lateen rig
Ljungström rig
Lug rig
Mast aft rig
Pinisi rig
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Tanja rig
By sailing rigs
Barque
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Multihull vessels
ʻalia
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Lanong
Outrigger canoe
Pahi
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Proa
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Takia
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Trimaran
Ungalawa
Va'a-tele
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Vinta
Wa
Naval and merchantsailing shipsand other vessels (by origin date)Ancient
Balangay
Boita
Borobudur ship
Dhow
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K'un-lun po
Lepa
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Uru
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18th c.
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Recreational vessels
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Mast aft rig
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Special terms
Inflatable
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ULDB
Other types
Bristol Channel pilot cutter
Floating restaurant
Fusta
Mersey flat
Norfolk punt
Norfolk wherry
Pausik
Pinnace (ship's boat)
Pram
Scow
Thames sailing barge
Wherry
Related
Nautical operations
This sailing-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trimaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimaran"},{"link_name":"trailerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"sailboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailboat"},{"link_name":"Ray Kendrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kendrick"}],"text":"The Avalon 8.2 folding trimaran is a trailerable fast cruising and racing sailboat designed by Ray Kendrick. It is sold in plan form.","title":"Avalon 8.2"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of multihulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_multihulls"}] | [{"reference":"\"Avalon 8.2 metre folding trimaran\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.teamscarab.com.au/avalon820/design.html","url_text":"\"Avalon 8.2 metre folding trimaran\""}]},{"reference":"\"Building a Avalon 8.2 Folding trimaran\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.teamscarab.com.au/avalon820/avalon-820.html","url_text":"\"Building a Avalon 8.2 Folding trimaran\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.teamscarab.com.au/avalon820/design.html","external_links_name":"\"Avalon 8.2 metre folding trimaran\""},{"Link":"http://www.teamscarab.com.au/avalon820/avalon-820.html","external_links_name":"\"Building a Avalon 8.2 Folding trimaran\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avalon_8.2&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Albany_Public_Schools | New Albany School District | ["1 Schools","2 Demographics","2.1 2006-07 school year","2.2 Previous school years","3 Accountability statistics","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | School district in Mississippi
The New Albany School District is a public school district based in New Albany, Mississippi (USA).
The district includes almost all of New Albany and some unincorporated areas.
Schools
New Albany High School (Formerly W. P. Daniel High School, opened 1962)
New Albany Middle School
New Albany Elementary School
Demographics
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2021)
2006-07 school year
There were a total of 2,201 students enrolled in the New Albany School District during the 2006–2007 school year. The gender makeup of the district was 48% female and 52% male. The racial makeup of the district was 34.58% African American, 58.75% White, 5.95% Hispanic, and 0.73% Asian. 45.6% of the district's students were eligible to receive free lunch.
Previous school years
School Year
Enrollment
Gender Makeup
Racial Makeup
Female
Male
Asian
African American
Hispanic
Native American
White
2005-06
2,109
48%
52%
0.33%
36.23%
4.74%
–
58.70%
2004-05
2,060
48%
52%
0.34%
35.05%
4.66%
–
59.95%
2003-04
2,034
48%
52%
0.15%
35.30%
4.28%
–
60.28%
2002-03
2,026
48%
52%
0.15%
36.48%
3.90%
–
59.48%
Accountability statistics
2006-07
2005-06
2004-05
2003-04
2002-03
District Accreditation Status
Accredited
Accredited
Accredited
Accredited
Accredited
School Performance Classifications
Level 5 (Superior Performing) Schools
3
3
2
3
1
Level 4 (Exemplary) Schools
0
0
1
0
2
Level 3 (Successful) Schools
0
0
0
0
0
Level 2 (Under Performing) Schools
0
0
0
0
0
Level 1 (Low Performing) Schools
0
0
0
0
0
Not Assigned
0
0
0
0
0
See also
List of school districts in Mississippi
References
^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Union County, MS" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 31, 2022. - Text list
^ "NAHS celebrates 50 years". New Albany School District.
^ a b c d "Mississippi Assessment and Accountability Reporting System". Office of Research and Statistics, Mississippi Department of Education. Archived from the original on March 23, 2007.
^ "2006-07 State, District, and School Enrollment by Race/Gender with Poverty Data" (XLS). Mississippi Department of Education. January 16, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2008.
^ "Mississippi Report Card for 2002-2003". Office of Educational Accountability, Mississippi Department of Education. September 2, 2004. Archived from the original on August 12, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
^ "2007 Results" (PDF). Mississippi Statewide Accountability System. Mississippi Department of Education. September 13, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2007. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
^ "2006 Results" (PDF). Mississippi Statewide Accountability System. Mississippi Department of Education. September 6, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 17, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2007.
^ "2005 Results" (PDF). Mississippi Statewide Accountability System. Mississippi Department of Education. September 9, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2007.
^ "2004 Results" (PDF). Mississippi Statewide Accountability System. Mississippi Department of Education. September 26, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2007.
^ "2003 Results" (PDF). Mississippi Statewide Accountability System. Mississippi Department of Education. November 21, 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 5, 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2007.
External links
Official website
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekeli_Wesley | Mekeli Wesley | ["1 Early life","2 College","3 Professional","4 Personal","5 References"] | Fijian-Samoan former basketball player (born 1979)
Mekeli WesleyPersonal informationBorn (1979-02-02) 2 February 1979 (age 45)Suva, FijiNationalityFijian / SamoanListed height6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)Listed weight240 lb (109 kg)Career informationHigh schoolProvo (Provo, Utah)CollegeBYU (1997–2001)NBA draft2001: undraftedPlaying career2001–2010PositionForwardCareer history2001Mulhouse2001Polonia Warszawa2001–2002Ferrol CB2001–2004Eurolines Vilvoorde2004–2005Stade Clermontois BA2005C.S. Autun Basket2005S.L. Benfica2009–2010Bucaneros de Campeche
Career highlights and awards
Mountain West Player of the Year (2001)
First-team All-Mountain West (2001)
Second-team All-Mountain West (2000)
AP Honorable mention All-American (2001)
Mountain West tournament MVP (2001)
Medals
Representing Guam
Pacific Games
2019 Samoa
Team
Mekeli Tiu Wesley (born 2 February 1979) is a Fijian-Samoan former basketball player who starred in the United States before embarking on an international professional career. In college, he was the 2001 Mountain West Conference Player of the Year while playing for Brigham Young (BYU). Professionally, Wesley's staggered career began in 2001 and officially ended in 2010. He now works in the insurance industry.
Early life
Wesley was born in Suva, Fiji as one of five children to parents Hiagi and Susan Wesley, who met one another while attending BYU. He grew up in Provo, Utah and attended Provo High School. While on the basketball team, Wesley guided the Bulldogs to state championships in 1994–95 and 1996–97. For his high school career he averaged 21.7 points and 10.8 rebounds and was a three-time all-state selection. Both the Salt Lake Tribune and Deseret News named him their MVP. Wesley also represented Western Samoa in National Junior Olympics.
He was recruited by universities such as Colorado State, Hawaii, Washington State, LSU, Marquette, Pepperdine and Loyola Marymount. Ultimately, however, Wesley chose BYU and enrolled the fall of 1997.
College
During Mekeli Wesley's four-year career as a Cougar, he scored 1,740 points and held the school record for most free throws made in a game with 16 (since broken by Jimmer Fredette). As a freshman, Wesley started in 29 of 30 games, was named to the WAC All-Newcomer Team, was named the most valuable player of the Cougar Classic, and held averages of 13.5 points and 5.0 rebounds per game. As a sophomore, he was suspended for the first semester due to violating BYU rules, but came back to average 11.0 points and 4.9 rebounds per game. Then, as a junior in 1999–2000, he increased his averages to career-highs of 16.8 points and 5.8 rebounds en route to an All-Mountain West Conference Second Team selection.
In his final collegiate season, Mekeli led BYU in scoring at 17.2 points per game and in rebounding at 5.2 per game. For the first time since 1993, BYU won or shared a conference title, and for the first time since 1992 won the conference tournament championship. He was a two-time MWC Player of the Week and at the end of the season was named the conference player of the year.
Professional
Despite being a viable draft candidate in the 2001 NBA draft, Wesley went unselected. He never got the chance to compete in the National Basketball Association but he did embark on an international career that ultimately spanned between 2001 and 2010. He played for teams in France, Poland, Spain, Belgium, Portugal and Mexico.
Personal
Wesley is married to Montell McDonald and they have a son, Keliano John. Mekeli is the older brother of professional basketball player Tai Wesley. Tai, coincidentally, was also named a Division I conference player of the year; in 2011 he earned the Western Athletic Conference Player of the Year while at Utah State. Wesley is of Rotuman and Samoan descent.
References
^ a b c d e f g h "Mekeli Wesley". NBA Draft 2001 Prospects. NBA Media Ventures, LLC. 2001. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
^ a b c d "MEKELI WESLEY basketball profile". Latin Basket. Eurobasket, Inc. 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
^ "Mekeli Wesley". LinkedIn. 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
^ a b c d e f "Mekeli Wesley Athlete Profile". BYUCougars.com. Brigham Young University. 2000. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
^ a b c Rayburn, Jim (23 February 2004). "Provo's Wesley is Last in Line". Deseret News. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
^ "Utah State's Tai Wesley Named WAC Player of the Year and Stew Morrill Named WAC Coach of the Year". UtahStateAggies.com. CBS Interactive. 6 March 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
^ Wilson, Soli (19 July 2019). "Brothers power Guam to gold". Samoa Observer. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
vteMountain West Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year
2000: Jensen
2001: Wesley
2002: Johnsen
2003: Douglas
2004: Araújo & Welch
2005: Bogut
2006: Heath
2007: Young
2008: Cummard & Giddens
2009: Nevill
2010: Hobson
2011: Fredette
2012: Franklin
2013: Williams
2014: Thames
2015: Marks
2016: Harris
2017: Clavell
2018: Martin
2019: Merrill
2020: Flynn
2021: Mitchell
2022: Roddy
2023: Moore
2024: Osobor
vteGuam squad – 2019 Pacific Games – Gold medal
4 Calvo
6 Jose
10 Stinnett
12 Belger
13 Cruz
15 Wesley
22 Hechanova
24 Borja
25 Wesley
30 Simon
42 Wesley
55 Galloway
Coach: Edward Calvo | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRAFT-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATINB-2"},{"link_name":"Mountain West Conference Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference_Men%27s_Basketball_Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young (BYU)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYU_Cougars_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LINKEDIN-3"}],"text":"Mekeli Tiu Wesley (born 2 February 1979)[1] is a Fijian-Samoan[2] former basketball player who starred in the United States before embarking on an international professional career. In college, he was the 2001 Mountain West Conference Player of the Year while playing for Brigham Young (BYU). Professionally, Wesley's staggered career began in 2001 and officially ended in 2010. He now works in the insurance industry.[3]","title":"Mekeli Wesley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suva"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BYUBIO-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PROVO-5"},{"link_name":"Provo, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provo,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Provo High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provo_High_School"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PROVO-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BYUBIO-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BYUBIO-4"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Deseret News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BYUBIO-4"},{"link_name":"Colorado State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Rams_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Rainbow_Warriors_basketball"},{"link_name":"Washington State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_Cougars_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"LSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSU_Tigers_basketball"},{"link_name":"Marquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquette_Golden_Eagles_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Pepperdine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepperdine_Waves_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Loyola Marymount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_Marymount_Lions_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BYUBIO-4"}],"text":"Wesley was born in Suva, Fiji[4] as one of five children to parents Hiagi and Susan Wesley, who met one another while attending BYU.[5] He grew up in Provo, Utah and attended Provo High School.[5] While on the basketball team, Wesley guided the Bulldogs to state championships in 1994–95 and 1996–97.[4] For his high school career he averaged 21.7 points and 10.8 rebounds and was a three-time all-state selection.[4] Both the Salt Lake Tribune and Deseret News named him their MVP. Wesley also represented Western Samoa in National Junior Olympics.[4]He was recruited by universities such as Colorado State, Hawaii, Washington State, LSU, Marquette, Pepperdine and Loyola Marymount.[4] Ultimately, however, Wesley chose BYU and enrolled the fall of 1997.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"free throws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_throw"},{"link_name":"Jimmer Fredette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmer_Fredette"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRAFT-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRAFT-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRAFT-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRAFT-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRAFT-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRAFT-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DRAFT-1"}],"text":"During Mekeli Wesley's four-year career as a Cougar, he scored 1,740 points and held the school record for most free throws made in a game with 16 (since broken by Jimmer Fredette).[1] As a freshman, Wesley started in 29 of 30 games, was named to the WAC All-Newcomer Team, was named the most valuable player of the Cougar Classic, and held averages of 13.5 points and 5.0 rebounds per game.[1] As a sophomore, he was suspended for the first semester due to violating BYU rules, but came back to average 11.0 points and 4.9 rebounds per game.[1] Then, as a junior in 1999–2000, he increased his averages to career-highs of 16.8 points and 5.8 rebounds en route to an All-Mountain West Conference Second Team selection.[1]In his final collegiate season, Mekeli led BYU in scoring at 17.2 points per game and in rebounding at 5.2 per game.[1] For the first time since 1993, BYU won or shared a conference title, and for the first time since 1992 won the conference tournament championship.[1] He was a two-time MWC Player of the Week and at the end of the season was named the conference player of the year.[1]","title":"College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2001 NBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_NBA_draft"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATINB-2"},{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATINB-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATINB-2"}],"text":"Despite being a viable draft candidate in the 2001 NBA draft, Wesley went unselected.[2] He never got the chance to compete in the National Basketball Association but he did embark on an international career that ultimately spanned between 2001 and 2010.[2] He played for teams in France, Poland, Spain, Belgium, Portugal and Mexico.[2]","title":"Professional"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BYUBIO-4"},{"link_name":"Tai Wesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_Wesley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PROVO-5"},{"link_name":"Western Athletic Conference Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference_Men%27s_Basketball_Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Utah State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Aggies_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rotuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotumans"},{"link_name":"Samoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoans"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Wesley is married to Montell McDonald and they have a son, Keliano John.[4] Mekeli is the older brother of professional basketball player Tai Wesley.[5] Tai, coincidentally, was also named a Division I conference player of the year; in 2011 he earned the Western Athletic Conference Player of the Year while at Utah State.[6] Wesley is of Rotuman and Samoan descent.[7]","title":"Personal"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Mekeli Wesley\". NBA Draft 2001 Prospects. NBA Media Ventures, LLC. 2001. Retrieved 19 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nba.com/draft2001/playerfiles/mekeli_wesley.html?nav=ArticleList","url_text":"\"Mekeli Wesley\""}]},{"reference":"\"MEKELI WESLEY basketball profile\". Latin Basket. Eurobasket, Inc. 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latinbasket.com/player.asp?Cntry=MEX&PlayerID=5696&AmNotSure=1","url_text":"\"MEKELI WESLEY basketball profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mekeli Wesley\". LinkedIn. 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.linkedin.com/pub/mekeli-wesley/6/b0b/585","url_text":"\"Mekeli Wesley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mekeli Wesley Athlete Profile\". BYUCougars.com. Brigham Young University. 2000. Retrieved 19 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://byucougars.com/athlete/m-basketball/mekeli-wesley","url_text":"\"Mekeli Wesley Athlete Profile\""}]},{"reference":"Rayburn, Jim (23 February 2004). \"Provo's Wesley is Last in Line\". Deseret News. Retrieved 19 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/590045183/Provos-Wesley-is-last-in-line.html?pg=all","url_text":"\"Provo's Wesley is Last in Line\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News","url_text":"Deseret News"}]},{"reference":"\"Utah State's Tai Wesley Named WAC Player of the Year and Stew Morrill Named WAC Coach of the Year\". UtahStateAggies.com. CBS Interactive. 6 March 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.utahstateaggies.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/030611aab.html","url_text":"\"Utah State's Tai Wesley Named WAC Player of the Year and Stew Morrill Named WAC Coach of the Year\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Soli (19 July 2019). \"Brothers power Guam to gold\". Samoa Observer. Retrieved 1 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/sport/45930?fbclid=IwAR1dUQwWOkghK9teDfVE_5R1rDHo_Xf34UFaBTQYUVQRbv6_3xnKembHfGw","url_text":"\"Brothers power Guam to gold\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.nba.com/draft2001/playerfiles/mekeli_wesley.html?nav=ArticleList","external_links_name":"\"Mekeli Wesley\""},{"Link":"http://www.latinbasket.com/player.asp?Cntry=MEX&PlayerID=5696&AmNotSure=1","external_links_name":"\"MEKELI WESLEY basketball profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.linkedin.com/pub/mekeli-wesley/6/b0b/585","external_links_name":"\"Mekeli Wesley\""},{"Link":"http://byucougars.com/athlete/m-basketball/mekeli-wesley","external_links_name":"\"Mekeli Wesley Athlete Profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/590045183/Provos-Wesley-is-last-in-line.html?pg=all","external_links_name":"\"Provo's Wesley is Last in Line\""},{"Link":"http://www.utahstateaggies.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/030611aab.html","external_links_name":"\"Utah State's Tai Wesley Named WAC Player of the Year and Stew Morrill Named WAC Coach of the Year\""},{"Link":"https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/sport/45930?fbclid=IwAR1dUQwWOkghK9teDfVE_5R1rDHo_Xf34UFaBTQYUVQRbv6_3xnKembHfGw","external_links_name":"\"Brothers power Guam to gold\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HQ-6 | HQ-6 | ["1 Development","2 Variants","2.1 PL-11","2.2 HQ-61","2.3 LY-60","2.4 HQ-64","2.5 HQ-6A","3 Operators","3.1 Current operators","3.2 Former operators","4 References","4.1 Bibliography","5 See also"] | Air-to-air & surface-to-air missiles HQ-6 HQ-6A Surface-to-air missiles mounted with road-mobile launcherTypeair-to-air & surface-to-air missilesPlace of originChinaService historyIn servicelate 1980s – presentUsed byPrimary user: China See Operators section for othersProduction historyManufacturerShanghai Academy of Science and TechnologyProducedsince late 1980sSpecificationsMass220 kgLength3.69 meterDiameter203 mmWarhead33 kg warheadDetonationmechanismimpact / proximityEnginerocket motorPropellantsolid fuelOperationalrange18 km for SAM, 60 km for AAMMaximum speed Mach 3GuidancesystemSARH / ARHLaunchplatformAir & surface
The HQ-6, also known as LY-60 (NATO reporting name: CH-SA-6), is a family of Chinese air defense missiles developed by the Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, largely based on the Chinese PL-11 and Italian Selenia (now as Leonardo S.p.A.) Aspide missile.
Development
HQ-6 is a surface-to-air missile system developed by the Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, incorporating technologies from PL-11 missile. PL-11 is the license-produced version of Aspide missile, which itself is based on the American AIM-7 Sparrow missile. It was speculated the missile is a copy of AIM-7 when the system was revealed in the late 1970s, though HQ-6 is considerably larger than the AIM-7 Sparrow. HQ-6 missile went through multiple iterations, and an export variant named LY-60 was also developed.
Variants
PL-11
Main article: PL-11 (missile)
The PL-11 (Chinese: 霹雳-11; pinyin: Pī Lì-11; lit. 'Thunderbolt-11') is a medium-range semi-active radar homing (SARH) air-to-air missile (AAM) developed by a subsidiary of the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology in the People's Republic of China. It is a derivate or copy of the Italian Aspide air-to-air missile, which in turn was developed from the American AIM-7 Sparrow. PL-11 is not officially a part of the HQ-6 surface-to-air missile family, but it serves as the technology base for the HQ-6.
HQ-61
HQ-61 launcher rail on the decommissioned Type 053K frigate at Qingdao Naval Museum
Tube-shaped HQ-61 launcher can be seen on the Type 053H2G frigate, just behind the main gun turret
The HQ-61 (simplified Chinese: 红旗-61; traditional Chinese: 紅旗-61; pinyin: Hóng Qí-61; lit. 'Red Banner-61') is the first member of the HQ-6 missile family. The entire SAM system consists of four truck-mounted radars (one search/surveillance radar and three tracking/fire control radars), one power supply truck, and six transporter erector launchers (TEL). The missile itself is directly derived from the air-to-air version PL-11. But unlike the Italian Aspide which uses containers as launchers, HQ-6 uses missile launching rails (MLR) instead, and each truck-mounted launcher has two missile rails. Specifications:
Length: 3.99 m
Diameter: 286 mm
Wingspan: 1 m
Weight: 300 kg
Speed: Mach 3
Maximum maneuvering overload: 35G
Maximum maneuvering overload : 7G
Range: 30m to 8 km (altitude), 10 m to 10 km (slant)
Guidance: Semi-Active Radar Homing
The HQ-61 was deployed on Type 053H2G frigate Jiangwei I frigate of the People's Liberation Army Navy Surface Force. The HQ-61 was equipped on four Type 053H2G built between 1988 and 1991. The capability of the missile was questioned by the Chinese Navy, and the missile system was eventually replaced by the HQ-7 air defense system.
LY-60
In October 1994, China unveils a new medium-low-altitude surface-to-air missile system named LY-60 (Chinese: 猎鹰-60; pinyin: Lieying-60; lit. 'Falcon-60'). LY-60 was designed to intercept military aircraft and missiles flying in medium to low altitudes. To improve anti-jamming capability, the command control system features a unique artificial interference system due to its improved microprocessor, never seen before in contemporary medium-low-altitude air defense missiles. The search radar of the LY-60 can track up to 40 targets simultaneously, and the tracking radar is able to simultaneously track 12 targets, and engage three targets at once.
HQ-64
HQ-64 missile launcher vehicle, part of the HQ-6A gun-missile air defense system
The HQ-64 is an improved version of the HQ-61, incorporating experience and technologies gained from the LY-60 project. When paired with a command vehicle, the system is called HQ-6D air defense system. The firepower is doubled by increasing the number of missiles for each truck mounted launcher from two to four, and by replacing the launching rails with container box launchers, the reliability is also increased. Both the missile and transporter vehicles are directly developed from the LY-60 system. The missile is smaller than that of the HQ-6, yet the performance is enhanced due to technological improvements. HQ-64 passed the state certification test and was accepted into Chinese service in 2001.
Each command vehicle is able to command & control up to four HQ-64 batteries, linking up independent HQ-64 batteries to form an integrated air defense net work, and individual HQ-64 network can in turn be integrated into a larger air defense zone. The field deployment time of HQ-64 SAM system is 9 to 15 minutes. Specifications:
Length: 3.89 m
Diameter: 203 mm
Weight: 220 kg
Speed: Mach 3
Range: 30m to 12 km (altitude), 10 m to 18 km (slant)
Guidance: Semi-Active Radar Homing
HQ-6A
HQ-6A is a gun-missile air defense system combining a HQ-64 missile launcher with a LD-2000 close-in weapon system.
Operators
Current operators
China
Ethiopia
Morocco
Sudan
Former operators
Pakistan
References
^ "6 Asia". The Military Balance 2023. London: Routledge. 15 February 2023. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ "中国霹雳系列空空导弹发展历程". sina news. 12 June 2010.
^ Wood, Yang & Cliff 2020, p. 37-38.
^ a b "迟到的利器——试析军演中的红旗6D防空导弹". www.zgjunshi.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2011-08-14.
^ Toppan, Andrew. "World Navies Today: Chinese Surface Combatants." Haze Gray & Underway.2002-03-24. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
^ "LY-60". globalsecurity.
^ "解放军装备的新型红旗-6D防空导弹". Sina News.
^ "HQ-6D Chinese Surface-to-Air Missile System". US Army TRADOC.
^ "红旗6（红旗61/红旗63/红旗64）中低空防空导弹". www.zgjunshi.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2011-08-14.
^ "成空地空导弹旅列装国产红旗-6D新型导弹9分钟完成战斗准备_007兄弟_新浪博客". blog.sina.com.cn. Archived from the original on 2012-10-20. Retrieved 2011-08-14.
^ "成空列装新型红旗-6D防空导弹 9分钟完成战斗准备_军事频道_凤凰网". news.ifeng.com. Archived from the original on 2011-08-31. Retrieved 2011-08-14.
^ "HQ-6D exercise" Archived 2011-07-13 at the Wayback Machine
^ "红旗6A为何如此奇特 一套武器竟有三辆车分开运载". Sina News.
^ "Trade Registers". armstrade.sipri.org.
^ "Transfer agreement signing of Ex-TARIQ TO FOCI, UK held in London". 2023-09-25. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
19960619, National Air Intelligence Center (NAIC): "Lieh Ying: The Chinese-built Surface to Air Missile Weapon System", An Hua, NAIC-ID(RS)T-0253-96
Bibliography
Wood, Peter; Yang, David; Cliff, Roger (November 2020). Air-to-Air Missiles: Capabilities And Development In China (PDF). Montgomery: China Aerospace Studies Institute. ISBN 9798574996270.
See also
List of missiles
PL-11
vteMissiles of the People's Republic of ChinaSurface-to-surface(SSM)BallisticIntercontinental
DF-41
DF-31AG
DF-31A
DF-31
DF-5B
DF-5
DF-4
Intermediate-range
DF-27
DF-26
DF-3A
DF-3
Medium-range
DF-17
DF-21
DF-2A
DF-2
Short-range
B-611
P-12
BRE8
DF-16
DF-15 (M-9)
DF-11 (M-11)
DF-1
M-7
WM-120
WS-2 series
WS-3 series
WS-15
WS-22
WS-32
WS-33
WS-35
WS-43
WS-63
WS-64
WS-600L
A100
A200
A300
SR-5
SY300
SY400
Submarine-launched
JL-3
JL-2
JL-1
Anti-ship
DF-26
DF-21D
YJ-21 (CM-401)
Hypersonic glide
DF-ZF
CruiseLong-rangeland attack
CJ-100/DF-100
CJ-20
CJ-10
DH-2000
HN-2000
CF-2
CF-1
HN-3
HN-2
HN-1
Short-rangeland attack
YJ-18
CX-1
CM-602G
YJ-62 (C-602)
YJ-22
KD-88
YJ-2
KD-63
YJ-63 (C-603)
YJ-7 (C-701)
C-703
C-704KD
C-705KD
YJ-4
YJ-1
C-611
XW-41
HD-1
Anti-shipsupersonic
YJ-12A
YJ-18A
CX-1
YJ-22
YJ-2
DH-2000
HN-2000
YJ-91
FL-7
HY-3 (C-301)
FL-2 (C-101)
3M-80MBE/E Moskit (SS-N-22)
3M-54E/E1 Klub (SS-N-27)
C-302
C-303
YJ-1
HD-1
Anti-shipsubsonic
YJ-100
YJ-62 (C-602)
YJ-8 (C-801)
YJ-82
YJ-83 (C-802)
C-705
C-704
C-703
YJ-7 (C-701)
FL-10
TL-10A
TL-1A
FL-8
TL-6
TL-2
FL-9
SY-1
HY-1
SY-2
HY-2 (C-201)
HY-4 (C-401)
XW-41
Anti-tankguided
CM-501G
CM-501GA
HJ-12
HJ-11
HJ-10
HJ-9
HJ-8
HJ-73
3UBK23-3
J-202
J-201
265-I
Anti-submarine
CY-1
CY-2
CY-3
CY-4
CY-5
WS-3 ASW missile
Air-to-surface(ASM)CruiseLong-rangeland attack
CJ-20
CJ-10
HN-1
HN-2
HN-3
CF-2
CF-1
Short-rangeland attack
YJ-12
YJ-22
YJ-62 (C-602)
CM-802AKG
YJ-2
KD-88
YJ-63 (C-603)
KD-63
CM-400AKG
CM-501GA
CM-502KG
YJ-1
C-704KD
C-705KD
YJ-7 (C-701)
C-703
Kh-59
Kh-29
YJ-4
CS/BBC5
K/YBS500
TL500
QW-1
TB-1
Anti-shipsupersonic
YJ-12
YJ-22
DH-2000
HN-2000
YJ-2
CM-400AKG
YJ-91
FL-7
HY-3 (C-301)
FL-2 (C-101)
C-302
C-303
3M-80MBE/E Moskit (SS-N-22)
3M-54E/E1 Klub (SS-N-27)
YJ-1
Anti-shipsubsonic
YJ-7 (C-701)
YJ-100
C-703
C-704
C-705
TL-10
TL-1
TL-6
TL-2
YJ-6 (C-601)
YJ-61 (C-611)
YJ-8K (C-801K)
YJ-82
YJ-83 (C-802)
Anti-radiation
CM400AKG
LD10
YJ-12
YJ-91
FL-7
YJ-5 (HQ-61)
Kh-31P
Anti-tankguided
CM-502KG
AKD-10
HJ-9
HJ-8
HJ-73
TB-1
7
Guidedbombs
CM-506KG
FT series
TD series (TD500-ER)
LS series
CS/BBC5
K/YBS500
TL500
YZ-100 series
YZ-102 series
YZ-200 series
LT series
GB-1
TG-100/250/500/1000-ER
KAB-1500Kr
KAB-500Kr
Surface-to-air(SAM)Anti-satellite
HQ-29
HQ-26
HQ-19
SC-19
DN-3
DN-2
Anti-ballistic
HQ-29
HQ-26
HQ-19
SC-19
DN-3
DN-2
HQ-22 (FK-3)
S-300PMU-1 (HQ-15)
S-300PMU-2 (HQ-15)
S-300V (HQ-18)
S-400
HQ-12 (KS-1A)
FJ
Anti-high-radiationemitter platform
FT-2000
Long-rangearea defence
HQ-9 (FD-2000)
HQ-22 (FK-3)
S-300PMU-1 (HQ-15)
S-300PMU-2 (HQ-15)
S-300V (HQ-18)
Rif-M
S-400
Medium-rangearea defence
HQ-16 (LY-80)
DK-10
HQ-12 (KS-1A)
FK-1000
HQ-2
Short-range(SHORAD)
HQ-17
HQ-11 (FM-3000)
HQ-10 (FL-3000N)
HQ-7 (FM-80)
HQ-6 (LY-60)
DK-9
TY-90
FN-6A (FB-6A)
LY-70
FB-10A
FB-10
Man-portable(MANPADS)
HN-6
FN-16
FN-6
HN-5C
HN-5B
HN-5
QW-3
QW-2
QW-1
Air-to-air(AAM)Beyond visual range
PL-21
PL-17
PL-15
PL-12 (SD-10)
PL-11
PL-4
Within visual range
PL-10
PL-9
PL-8 (Python 3)
PL-7
PL-6
PL-5
PL-3
PL-2
K-5 (PL-1)
TY-90
QW-18
QW-11
QW-4
QW-3
TB-1
QW-2
FN-6
FN-16
HN-6
TransportersTransporter erectorlaunchers (TELs)
TA580/TAS5380
TA5450/TAS5450
HTF5980
HTF5680A1
WS2300
WS2400
WS2500
WS2600
Tractor trucks
Hanyang HY4260
Hanyang HY4330
Notes
See also: People's Liberation Army | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NATO reporting name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_reporting_name"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IISS_2023-1"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PL-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL-11_(missile)"},{"link_name":"Selenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenia_(company)"},{"link_name":"Leonardo S.p.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_S.p.A."},{"link_name":"Aspide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspide"}],"text":"The HQ-6, also known as LY-60 (NATO reporting name: CH-SA-6[1]), is a family of Chinese air defense missiles developed by the Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, largely based on the Chinese PL-11 and Italian Selenia (now as Leonardo S.p.A.) Aspide missile.","title":"HQ-6"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PL-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL-11_(missile)"},{"link_name":"Aspide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspide"},{"link_name":"AIM-7 Sparrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-7_Sparrow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"HQ-6 is a surface-to-air missile system developed by the Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, incorporating technologies from PL-11 missile. PL-11 is the license-produced version of Aspide missile, which itself is based on the American AIM-7 Sparrow missile. It was speculated the missile is a copy of AIM-7 when the system was revealed in the late 1970s, though HQ-6 is considerably larger than the AIM-7 Sparrow.[2] HQ-6 missile went through multiple iterations, and an export variant named LY-60 was also developed.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"semi-active radar homing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-active_radar_homing"},{"link_name":"air-to-air missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-air_missile"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Academy_of_Spaceflight_Technology"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Aspide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspide"},{"link_name":"AIM-7 Sparrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-7_Sparrow"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodYangCliff202037-38-3"}],"sub_title":"PL-11","text":"The PL-11 (Chinese: 霹雳-11; pinyin: Pī Lì-11; lit. 'Thunderbolt-11') is a medium-range semi-active radar homing (SARH) air-to-air missile (AAM) developed by a subsidiary of the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology in the People's Republic of China. It is a derivate or copy of the Italian Aspide air-to-air missile, which in turn was developed from the American AIM-7 Sparrow. PL-11 is not officially a part of the HQ-6 surface-to-air missile family, but it serves as the technology base for the HQ-6.[3]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E2%80%9C%E9%B9%B0%E6%BD%AD%E5%8F%B7%E2%80%9D053K%E5%9E%8B%E6%8A%A4%E5%8D%AB%E8%88%B0%EF%BC%88%E8%88%B7%E5%8F%B7531%EF%BC%89_%E9%9D%92%E5%B2%9B%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_port_bow_view_of_PRC_Huiman_(F-540).JPEG"},{"link_name":"Type 053H2G frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_053H2G_frigate"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"transporter erector launchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter_erector_launcher"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-specs-4"},{"link_name":"Type 053H2G frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_053H2G_frigate"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army Navy Surface Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy_Surface_Force"},{"link_name":"HQ-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HQ-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"HQ-61","text":"HQ-61 launcher rail on the decommissioned Type 053K frigate at Qingdao Naval MuseumTube-shaped HQ-61 launcher can be seen on the Type 053H2G frigate, just behind the main gun turretThe HQ-61 (simplified Chinese: 红旗-61; traditional Chinese: 紅旗-61; pinyin: Hóng Qí-61; lit. 'Red Banner-61') is the first member of the HQ-6 missile family. The entire SAM system consists of four truck-mounted radars (one search/surveillance radar and three tracking/fire control radars), one power supply truck, and six transporter erector launchers (TEL). The missile itself is directly derived from the air-to-air version PL-11. But unlike the Italian Aspide which uses containers as launchers, HQ-6 uses missile launching rails (MLR) instead, and each truck-mounted launcher has two missile rails. Specifications:[4]Length: 3.99 m\nDiameter: 286 mm\nWingspan: 1 m\nWeight: 300 kg\nSpeed: Mach 3\nMaximum maneuvering overload: 35G\nMaximum maneuvering overload [interception]: 7G\nRange: 30m to 8 km (altitude), 10 m to 10 km (slant)\nGuidance: Semi-Active Radar HomingThe HQ-61 was deployed on Type 053H2G frigate Jiangwei I frigate of the People's Liberation Army Navy Surface Force. The HQ-61 was equipped on four Type 053H2G built between 1988 and 1991. The capability of the missile was questioned by the Chinese Navy, and the missile system was eventually replaced by the HQ-7 air defense system.[5]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"LY-60","text":"In October 1994, China unveils a new medium-low-altitude surface-to-air missile system named LY-60 (Chinese: 猎鹰-60; pinyin: Lieying-60; lit. 'Falcon-60'). LY-60 was designed to intercept military aircraft and missiles flying in medium to low altitudes. To improve anti-jamming capability, the command control system features a unique artificial interference system due to its improved microprocessor, never seen before in contemporary medium-low-altitude air defense missiles. The search radar of the LY-60 can track up to 40 targets simultaneously, and the tracking radar is able to simultaneously track 12 targets, and engage three targets at once.[6]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HQ-6A_Surface-to-air_missiles_20170902.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_battery"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-specs-4"}],"sub_title":"HQ-64","text":"HQ-64 missile launcher vehicle, part of the HQ-6A gun-missile air defense systemThe HQ-64[7] is an improved version of the HQ-61, incorporating experience and technologies gained from the LY-60 project. When paired with a command vehicle, the system is called HQ-6D air defense system.[8] The firepower is doubled by increasing the number of missiles for each truck mounted launcher from two to four, and by replacing the launching rails with container box launchers, the reliability is also increased. Both the missile and transporter vehicles are directly developed from the LY-60 system. The missile is smaller than that of the HQ-6, yet the performance is enhanced due to technological improvements. HQ-64 passed the state certification test and was accepted into Chinese service in 2001.[9]Each command vehicle is able to command & control up to four HQ-64 batteries,[10] linking up independent HQ-64 batteries to form an integrated air defense net work, and individual HQ-64 network can in turn be integrated into a larger air defense zone. The field deployment time of HQ-64 SAM system is 9 to 15 minutes.[11][12] Specifications:[4]Length: 3.89 m\nDiameter: 203 mm\nWeight: 220 kg\nSpeed: Mach 3\nRange: 30m to 12 km (altitude), 10 m to 18 km (slant)\nGuidance: Semi-Active Radar Homing","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LD-2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LD-2000"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"HQ-6A","text":"HQ-6A is a gun-missile air defense system combining a HQ-64 missile launcher with a LD-2000 close-in weapon system.[13]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"}],"sub_title":"Current operators","text":"China\n Ethiopia[14]\n Morocco\n Sudan","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Former operators","text":"Pakistan [15]","title":"Operators"}] | [{"image_text":"HQ-61 launcher rail on the decommissioned Type 053K frigate at Qingdao Naval Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E2%80%9C%E9%B9%B0%E6%BD%AD%E5%8F%B7%E2%80%9D053K%E5%9E%8B%E6%8A%A4%E5%8D%AB%E8%88%B0%EF%BC%88%E8%88%B7%E5%8F%B7531%EF%BC%89_%E9%9D%92%E5%B2%9B%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%E2%80%9C%E9%B9%B0%E6%BD%AD%E5%8F%B7%E2%80%9D053K%E5%9E%8B%E6%8A%A4%E5%8D%AB%E8%88%B0%EF%BC%88%E8%88%B7%E5%8F%B7531%EF%BC%89_%E9%9D%92%E5%B2%9B%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tube-shaped HQ-61 launcher can be seen on the Type 053H2G frigate, just behind the main gun turret","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/A_port_bow_view_of_PRC_Huiman_%28F-540%29.JPEG/220px-A_port_bow_view_of_PRC_Huiman_%28F-540%29.JPEG"},{"image_text":"HQ-64 missile launcher vehicle, part of the HQ-6A gun-missile air defense system","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/HQ-6A_Surface-to-air_missiles_20170902.jpg/220px-HQ-6A_Surface-to-air_missiles_20170902.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_missiles"},{"title":"PL-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL-11_(missile)"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chinese_missiles"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_missiles"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_missiles"},{"title":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"title":"Surface-to-surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-to-surface_missile"},{"title":"Ballistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missiles"},{"title":"Intercontinental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile"},{"title":"DF-41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-41"},{"title":"DF-31AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-31#DF-31AG"},{"title":"DF-31A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-31#DF-31A"},{"title":"DF-31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-31"},{"title":"DF-5B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-5#DF-5B"},{"title":"DF-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-5"},{"title":"DF-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-4"},{"title":"Intermediate-range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate-range_ballistic_missile"},{"title":"DF-27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-27"},{"title":"DF-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-26"},{"title":"DF-3A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-3A"},{"title":"DF-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongfeng_(missile)#Dongfeng_3_(CSS-2)"},{"title":"Medium-range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-range_ballistic_missile"},{"title":"DF-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-17"},{"title":"DF-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-21"},{"title":"DF-2A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongfeng_(missile)#Dongfeng_2_(CSS-1)"},{"title":"DF-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongfeng_(missile)#Dongfeng_2_(CSS-1)"},{"title":"Short-range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-range_ballistic_missile"},{"title":"B-611","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-611"},{"title":"P-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-611#P-12"},{"title":"BRE8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRE8"},{"title":"DF-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-16"},{"title":"DF-15 (M-9)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-15"},{"title":"DF-11 (M-11)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-11"},{"title":"DF-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongfeng_missile#Dongfeng_1_.28SS-2.29"},{"title":"M-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-75_Dvina#Description"},{"title":"WM-120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WM-80_MRL"},{"title":"WS-2 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weishi_Rockets#WS-2"},{"title":"WS-3 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weishi_Rockets#WS-3"},{"title":"WS-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weishi_Rockets#WS-15"},{"title":"WS-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weishi_Rockets#WS-22"},{"title":"WS-32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weishi_Rockets#WS-32"},{"title":"WS-33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weishi_Rockets#WS-33"},{"title":"WS-35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weishi_Rockets#WS-35"},{"title":"WS-43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weishi_Rockets#WS-43"},{"title":"WS-63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weishi_Rockets#WS-63"},{"title":"WS-64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weishi_Rockets#WS-64"},{"title":"WS-600L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weishi_Rockets#WS-600L"},{"title":"A100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weishi_Rockets#A100"},{"title":"A200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weishi_Rockets#A200"},{"title":"A300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weishi_Rockets#A300"},{"title":"SR-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weishi_Rockets#SR-5"},{"title":"SY300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weishi_Rockets#SY300"},{"title":"SY400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weishi_Rockets#SY400"},{"title":"Submarine-launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missile"},{"title":"JL-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JL-3"},{"title":"JL-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JL-2"},{"title":"JL-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JL-1"},{"title":"Anti-ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-ship_ballistic_missile"},{"title":"DF-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-26"},{"title":"DF-21D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-21#DF-21D_(CSS-5_Mod-4)_Anti-ship_ballistic_missile"},{"title":"YJ-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YJ-21"},{"title":"CM-401","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CM-401"},{"title":"Hypersonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic"},{"title":"glide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boost-glide"},{"title":"DF-ZF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-ZF"},{"title":"Cruise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile"},{"title":"Long-rangeland attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile"},{"title":"CJ-100/DF-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DF-100"},{"title":"CJ-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJ-10_(missile)#Variants"},{"title":"CJ-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJ-10_(missile)"},{"title":"DH-2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJ-10_(missile)#Variants"},{"title":"HN-2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongniao_(missile)#HN-2000"},{"title":"CF-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changfeng_missile#Chang_Feng_2"},{"title":"CF-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changfeng_missile#Chang_Feng_1"},{"title":"HN-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongniao_missile#HN-3"},{"title":"HN-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongniao_missile#HN-2"},{"title":"HN-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongniao_missile#HN-1"},{"title":"Short-rangeland attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile"},{"title":"YJ-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YJ-18"},{"title":"CX-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CX-1_Missile_Systems"},{"title":"CM-602G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-602#CM-602G"},{"title":"YJ-62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YJ-62"},{"title":"(C-602)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-602"},{"title":"YJ-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YJ-22"},{"title":"KD-88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KD-88"},{"title":"YJ-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-802#YJ-2"},{"title":"KD-63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkworm_missile#KD-63"},{"title":"YJ-63 (C-603)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YJ-6"},{"title":"YJ-7 (C-701)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-701"},{"title":"C-703","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-701#C-703"},{"title":"C-704KD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-704#C-704KD"},{"title":"C-705KD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-704#C-705KD"},{"title":"YJ-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkworm_missile#YJ-4"},{"title":"YJ-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-101"},{"title":"C-611","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkworm_missile#C-611"},{"title":"XW-41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkworm_missile#XW-41"},{"title":"HD-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD-1"},{"title":"Anti-shipsupersonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-ship_missile"},{"title":"YJ-12A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YJ-12"},{"title":"YJ-18A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YJ-18"},{"title":"CX-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CX-1_Missile_Systems"},{"title":"YJ-22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YJ-22"},{"title":"YJ-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-802#YJ-2"},{"title":"DH-2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJ-10_(missile)#Variants"},{"title":"HN-2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongniao_(missile)#HN-2000"},{"title":"YJ-91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YJ-91#YJ-91_Anti-ship_missile"},{"title":"FL-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FL-7"},{"title":"HY-3 (C-301)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-301"},{"title":"FL-2 (C-101)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-101"},{"title":"3M-80MBE/E Moskit (SS-N-22)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-270_Moskit"},{"title":"3M-54E/E1 Klub (SS-N-27)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-N-27"},{"title":"C-302","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-301#C-302"},{"title":"C-303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-301#C-303"},{"title":"YJ-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-101"},{"title":"HD-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD-1"},{"title":"Anti-shipsubsonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-ship_missile"},{"title":"YJ-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJ-10_(missile)#Variants"},{"title":"YJ-62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YJ-62"},{"title":"(C-602)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-602"},{"title":"YJ-8 (C-801)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-801_anti-ship_missile"},{"title":"YJ-82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YJ-82"},{"title":"YJ-83 (C-802)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YJ-83"},{"title":"C-705","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-704#C-705"},{"title":"C-704","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-704"},{"title":"C-703","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-701#C-703"},{"title":"YJ-7 (C-701)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-701"},{"title":"FL-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-701#FL-10"},{"title":"TL-10A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TL-10"},{"title":"TL-1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TL-10#TL-1"},{"title":"FL-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TL-10#FL-8"},{"title":"TL-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TL-6"},{"title":"TL-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TL-6#TL-2"},{"title":"FL-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TL-6#FL-9"},{"title":"SY-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkworm_missile#SY-1"},{"title":"HY-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkworm_missile#HY-1"},{"title":"SY-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkworm_missile#SY-2"},{"title":"HY-2 (C-201)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-201"},{"title":"HY-4 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Sina News.","urls":[{"url":"http://slide.mil.news.sina.com.cn/slide_8_199_6385.html#p=1","url_text":"\"解放军装备的新型红旗-6D防空导弹\""}]},{"reference":"\"HQ-6D Chinese Surface-to-Air Missile System\". US Army TRADOC.","urls":[{"url":"https://odin.tradoc.army.mil/mediawiki/index.php/HQ-6D_Chinese_Surface-to-Air_Missile_System","url_text":"\"HQ-6D Chinese Surface-to-Air Missile System\""}]},{"reference":"\"红旗6（红旗61/红旗63/红旗64）中低空防空导弹\". www.zgjunshi.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2011-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zgjunshi.com/Article/Class38/Class89/Class91/200407/20040711101253.html","url_text":"\"红旗6（红旗61/红旗63/红旗64）中低空防空导弹\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120330181649/http://www.zgjunshi.com/Article/Class38/Class89/Class91/200407/20040711101253.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"成空地空导弹旅列装国产红旗-6D新型导弹9分钟完成战斗准备_007兄弟_新浪博客\". blog.sina.com.cn. Archived from the original on 2012-10-20. Retrieved 2011-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_58ef0cfa0102dqhb.html","url_text":"\"成空地空导弹旅列装国产红旗-6D新型导弹9分钟完成战斗准备_007兄弟_新浪博客\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121020005452/http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_58ef0cfa0102dqhb.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"成空列装新型红旗-6D防空导弹 9分钟完成战斗准备_军事频道_凤凰网\". news.ifeng.com. Archived from the original on 2011-08-31. Retrieved 2011-08-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.ifeng.com/mil/bigpicture/detail_2011_07/07/7494306_0.shtml","url_text":"\"成空列装新型红旗-6D防空导弹 9分钟完成战斗准备_军事频道_凤凰网\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110831102811/http://news.ifeng.com/mil/bigpicture/detail_2011_07/07/7494306_0.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"红旗6A为何如此奇特 一套武器竟有三辆车分开运载\". Sina News.","urls":[{"url":"https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2019-10-22/doc-iicezuev4045492.shtml","url_text":"\"红旗6A为何如此奇特 一套武器竟有三辆车分开运载\""}]},{"reference":"\"Trade Registers\". armstrade.sipri.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php","url_text":"\"Trade Registers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transfer agreement signing of Ex-TARIQ TO FOCI, UK held in London\". 2023-09-25. Retrieved 2024-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.app.com.pk/global/transfer-agreement-signing-of-ex-tariq-to-foci-uk-held-in-london/","url_text":"\"Transfer agreement signing of Ex-TARIQ TO FOCI, UK held in London\""}]},{"reference":"Wood, Peter; Yang, David; Cliff, Roger (November 2020). Air-to-Air Missiles: Capabilities And Development In China (PDF). Montgomery: China Aerospace Studies Institute. ISBN 9798574996270.","urls":[{"url":"https://airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/CASI/Books/2020-11-%2030%20Air-to-Air%20Missiles%20and%20Guidance%20Systems.pdf?ver=C8qY98R8IETgcweqak0tqA%3d%3d","url_text":"Air-to-Air Missiles: Capabilities And Development In China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798574996270","url_text":"9798574996270"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2010-06-12/1521596783.html","external_links_name":"\"中国霹雳系列空空导弹发展历程\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120330181641/http://www.zgjunshi.com/Article/Class1/200908/20090812095619_3.html","external_links_name":"\"迟到的利器——试析军演中的红旗6D防空导弹\""},{"Link":"http://www.zgjunshi.com/Article/Class1/200908/20090812095619_3.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hazegray.org/worldnav/china/surface.htm","external_links_name":"World Navies Today: Chinese Surface Combatants"},{"Link":"https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/ly-60.htm","external_links_name":"\"LY-60\""},{"Link":"http://slide.mil.news.sina.com.cn/slide_8_199_6385.html#p=1","external_links_name":"\"解放军装备的新型红旗-6D防空导弹\""},{"Link":"https://odin.tradoc.army.mil/mediawiki/index.php/HQ-6D_Chinese_Surface-to-Air_Missile_System","external_links_name":"\"HQ-6D Chinese Surface-to-Air Missile System\""},{"Link":"http://www.zgjunshi.com/Article/Class38/Class89/Class91/200407/20040711101253.html","external_links_name":"\"红旗6（红旗61/红旗63/红旗64）中低空防空导弹\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120330181649/http://www.zgjunshi.com/Article/Class38/Class89/Class91/200407/20040711101253.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_58ef0cfa0102dqhb.html","external_links_name":"\"成空地空导弹旅列装国产红旗-6D新型导弹9分钟完成战斗准备_007兄弟_新浪博客\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121020005452/http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_58ef0cfa0102dqhb.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.ifeng.com/mil/bigpicture/detail_2011_07/07/7494306_0.shtml","external_links_name":"\"成空列装新型红旗-6D防空导弹 9分钟完成战斗准备_军事频道_凤凰网\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110831102811/http://news.ifeng.com/mil/bigpicture/detail_2011_07/07/7494306_0.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://mili.cn.yahoo.com/newspic/mili/3671/2/","external_links_name":"\"HQ-6D exercise\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110713020935/http://mili.cn.yahoo.com/newspic/mili/3671/2","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2019-10-22/doc-iicezuev4045492.shtml","external_links_name":"\"红旗6A为何如此奇特 一套武器竟有三辆车分开运载\""},{"Link":"http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php","external_links_name":"\"Trade Registers\""},{"Link":"https://www.app.com.pk/global/transfer-agreement-signing-of-ex-tariq-to-foci-uk-held-in-london/","external_links_name":"\"Transfer agreement signing of Ex-TARIQ TO FOCI, UK held in London\""},{"Link":"https://airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/CASI/Books/2020-11-%2030%20Air-to-Air%20Missiles%20and%20Guidance%20Systems.pdf?ver=C8qY98R8IETgcweqak0tqA%3d%3d","external_links_name":"Air-to-Air Missiles: Capabilities And Development In China"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENG_(disambiguation) | Eng | ["1 Language and linguistics","2 People","3 Places","4 Other uses"] | Look up eng in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Eng or ENG may refer to:
Language and linguistics
Eng (letter), Ŋ ŋ
En with descender, Ң ң
eng, ISO 639-3 and ISO 639-2 code for English language
Velar nasal, a phoneme
People
Eng (name), a given name and surname in various cultures
Places
Eng Lake, in Minnesota, United States
ENG, FIFA country code for England
Eng, Netherlands, a hamlet in the municipality of Altena, North Brabant
Eng, Tyrol, an exclave in Tyrol, Austria
Other uses
E.N.G., a Canadian television drama
Electronic news-gathering
Electronystagmography
Empty net goal
Endoglin, a protein
Engineer
Engineering
Engineering notation
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Eng.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eng"}],"text":"Look up eng in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Eng or ENG may refer to:","title":"Eng"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eng (letter)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eng_(letter)"},{"link_name":"En with descender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_with_descender"},{"link_name":"English language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Velar nasal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_nasal"}],"text":"Eng (letter), Ŋ ŋ\nEn with descender, Ң ң\neng, ISO 639-3 and ISO 639-2 code for English language\nVelar nasal, a phoneme","title":"Language and linguistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eng (name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eng_(name)"}],"text":"Eng (name), a given name and surname in various cultures","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eng Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eng_Lake"},{"link_name":"FIFA country code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_FIFA_country_codes"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Eng, Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eng,_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Altena, North Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altena,_North_Brabant"},{"link_name":"Eng, Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eng,_Tyrol&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"exclave in Tyrol, Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enclaves_and_exclaves"}],"text":"Eng Lake, in Minnesota, United States\nENG, FIFA country code for England\nEng, Netherlands, a hamlet in the municipality of Altena, North Brabant\nEng, Tyrol, an exclave in Tyrol, Austria","title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"E.N.G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.N.G."},{"link_name":"Electronic news-gathering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_news-gathering"},{"link_name":"Electronystagmography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronystagmography"},{"link_name":"Empty net goal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_net_goal"},{"link_name":"Endoglin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoglin"},{"link_name":"Engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer"},{"link_name":"Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"Engineering notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_notation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Eng&namespace=0"}],"text":"E.N.G., a Canadian television drama\nElectronic news-gathering\nElectronystagmography\nEmpty net goal\nEndoglin, a protein\nEngineer\nEngineering\nEngineering notationTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Eng.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Other uses"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Eng&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_PGA_Tour | 2021–22 PGA Tour | ["1 Changes for 2021–22","1.1 Prize fund","2 Response to LIV Golf","3 Schedule","3.1 Unofficial events","4 Location of tournaments","5 FedEx Cup","5.1 Points distribution","5.2 Final standings","6 Money list","7 Awards","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 External links"] | Golf tour season
2021–22 PGA Tour seasonDurationSeptember 16, 2021 (2021-09-16) – August 28, 2022 (2022-08-28)Number of official events48Most wins Scottie Scheffler (4)FedEx Cup Rory McIlroyMoney list Scottie SchefflerPGA Tour Player of the Year Scottie SchefflerPGA Player of the Year Cameron SmithRookie of the Year Cameron Young← 2020–21 2022–23 →
The 2021–22 PGA Tour was the 107th season of the PGA Tour, the main professional golf tour in the United States. It was also the 54th season since separating from the PGA of America, and the 16th edition of the FedEx Cup.
Changes for 2021–22
Prize fund
The Tour announced more than $100 million in purse increases for the 2021–22 season including:
Increasing the FedEx Cup bonus pool (from $60 million to $75 million)
Doubling the regular season bonus pool, known as the Comcast Business Tour Top 10 (from $10 million to $20 million)
Increasing the Player Impact Program, which rewards players that drive fan engagement (from $40 million to $50 million)
Introducing the Play15 Bonus program, which rewards every player who makes at least 15 starts with $50,000
Significant increases in the purses of limited-field events including increasing the Players Championship purse to $20 million
Response to LIV Golf
Preceding the first event of the LIV Golf Invitational Series in London, the PGA Tour announced on June 1, 2022, that they would sanction players who competed in the event. Seventeen PGA Tour members played in the event, including major champions Phil Mickelson, Dustin Johnson, Sergio García, Martin Kaymer, Louis Oosthuizen, Charl Schwartzel and Graeme McDowell, and former world number one Lee Westwood. Nine of the players resigned from the tour. On June 9, the tour announced that all members participating in the first LIV tournament, including those who had resigned, were no longer eligible to compete in tour events or the Presidents Cup.
Seven more PGA Tour members joined LIV Golf for the series' second event in Portland, Oregon, including major champions Brooks Koepka, Bryson DeChambeau, and Patrick Reed (who resigned from the tour). The PGA Tour confirmed their suspensions shortly following the start of that event.
In late July, the tour created a FedExCup Playoffs Eligibility ranking list which did not include the suspended players. Ten players who finished inside the top-125 of the standard FedExCup Standings were excluded; they were Talor Gooch, Jason Kokrak, Matt Jones, Hudson Swafford, Matthew Wolff, Abraham Ancer, Carlos Ortiz, Brooks Koepka, Charles Howell III, and Pat Perez. Three of these (Gooch, Jones and Swafford) failed in their attempt to gain a temporary restraining order to allow them to compete in the playoffs.
Schedule
The following table lists official events during the 2021–22 season.
Date
Tournament
Location
Purse(US$)
Winner(s)
OWGRpoints
Othertours
Notes
Sep 19
Fortinet Championship
California
7,000,000
Max Homa (3)
40
Oct 3
Sanderson Farms Championship
Mississippi
7,000,000
Sam Burns (2)
36
Oct 10
Shriners Children's Open
Nevada
7,000,000
Im Sung-jae (2)
56
Oct 17
CJ Cup
Nevada
9,750,000
Rory McIlroy (20)
68
Limited-field event
Oct 24
Zozo Championship
Japan
9,950,000
Hideki Matsuyama (7)
40
JPN
Limited-field event
Oct 31
WGC-HSBC Champions
China
–
Canceled
–
World Golf Championship
Oct 31
Butterfield Bermuda Championship
Bermuda
6,500,000
Lucas Herbert (1)
24
Alternate event
Nov 7
World Wide Technology Championship
Mexico
7,200,000
Viktor Hovland (3)
52
Nov 14
Hewlett Packard Enterprise Houston Open
Texas
7,500,000
Jason Kokrak (3)
50
Nov 21
RSM Classic
Georgia
7,200,000
Talor Gooch (1)
44
Jan 9
Sentry Tournament of Champions
Hawaii
8,200,000
Cameron Smith (4)
62
Winners-only event
Jan 16
Sony Open in Hawaii
Hawaii
7,500,000
Hideki Matsuyama (8)
46
Jan 23
The American Express
California
7,600,000
Hudson Swafford (3)
50
Pro-Am
Jan 29
Farmers Insurance Open
California
8,400,000
Luke List (1)
60
Feb 6
AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am
California
8,700,000
Tom Hoge (1)
36
Pro-Am
Feb 13
WM Phoenix Open
Arizona
8,200,000
Scottie Scheffler (1)
62
Feb 20
Genesis Invitational
California
12,000,000
Joaquín Niemann (2)
72
Invitational
Feb 27
The Honda Classic
Florida
8,000,000
Sepp Straka (1)
42
Mar 6
Arnold Palmer Invitational
Florida
12,000,000
Scottie Scheffler (2)
64
Invitational
Mar 6
Puerto Rico Open
Puerto Rico
3,700,000
Ryan Brehm (1)
24
Alternate event
Mar 14
The Players Championship
Florida
20,000,000
Cameron Smith (5)
80
Flagship event
Mar 20
Valspar Championship
Florida
7,800,000
Sam Burns (3)
56
Mar 27
WGC-Dell Technologies Match Play
Texas
12,000,000
Scottie Scheffler (3)
74
World Golf Championship
Mar 27
Corales Puntacana Championship
Dominican Republic
3,700,000
Chad Ramey (1)
24
Alternate event
Apr 3
Valero Texas Open
Texas
8,600,000
J. J. Spaun (1)
38
Apr 10
Masters Tournament
Georgia
15,000,000
Scottie Scheffler (4)
100
Major championship
Apr 17
RBC Heritage
South Carolina
8,000,000
Jordan Spieth (13)
58
Invitational
Apr 24
Zurich Classic of New Orleans
Louisiana
8,300,000
Patrick Cantlay (7) and Xander Schauffele (5)
n/a
Team event
May 1
Mexico Open
Mexico
7,300,000
Jon Rahm (7)
32
New to PGA Tour
May 8
Wells Fargo Championship
Maryland
9,000,000
Max Homa (4)
44
May 15
AT&T Byron Nelson
Texas
9,100,000
Lee Kyoung-hoon (2)
52
May 22
PGA Championship
Oklahoma
15,000,000
Justin Thomas (15)
100
Major championship
May 29
Charles Schwab Challenge
Texas
8,400,000
Sam Burns (4)
60
Invitational
Jun 5
Memorial Tournament
Ohio
12,000,000
Billy Horschel (7)
68
Invitational
Jun 12
RBC Canadian Open
Canada
8,700,000
Rory McIlroy (21)
46
Jun 19
U.S. Open
Massachusetts
17,500,000
Matt Fitzpatrick (1)
100
Major championship
Jun 26
Travelers Championship
Connecticut
8,300,000
Xander Schauffele (6)
54
Jul 3
John Deere Classic
Illinois
7,100,000
J. T. Poston (2)
24
Jul 10
Genesis Scottish Open
Scotland
8,000,000
Xander Schauffele (7)
70
EUR
New to PGA Tour
Jul 10
Barbasol Championship
Kentucky
3,700,000
Trey Mullinax (1)
24
EUR
Alternate event
Jul 17
The Open Championship
Scotland
14,000,000
Cameron Smith (6)
100
Major championship
Jul 17
Barracuda Championship
California
3,700,000
Chez Reavie (3)
24
EUR
Alternate event
Jul 24
3M Open
Minnesota
7,500,000
Tony Finau (3)
26
Jul 31
Rocket Mortgage Classic
Michigan
8,400,000
Tony Finau (4)
42
Aug 7
Wyndham Championship
North Carolina
7,300,000
Tom Kim (1)
42
Aug 14
FedEx St. Jude Championship
Tennessee
15,000,000
Will Zalatoris (1)
67.19
FedEx Cup playoff event
Aug 21
BMW Championship
Delaware
15,000,000
Patrick Cantlay (8)
50.59
FedEx Cup playoff event
Aug 28
Tour Championship
Georgia
n/a
Rory McIlroy (22)
38.81
FedEx Cup playoff event
Unofficial events
The following events were sanctioned by the PGA Tour, but did not carry FedEx Cup points or official money, nor were wins official.
Date
Tournament
Location
Purse($)
Winner(s)
OWGRpoints
Notes
Sep 26
Ryder Cup
Wisconsin
n/a
Team USA
n/a
Team event
Dec 5
Hero World Challenge
Bahamas
3,500,000
Viktor Hovland
48
Limited-field event
Dec 12
QBE Shootout
Florida
3,600,000
Jason Kokrak and Kevin Na
n/a
Team event
Location of tournaments
49
48
47
46
45
44
42
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
5
4
3
2
1 PGA Tour sanctioned events (numbered chronologically).
Legend：
600-point event (Major championships & The Players)
550-point event (World Golf Championships, Genesis, Arnold Palmer, Memorial)
500-point event (Regular events)
400-point event (Official team event)
300-point event (Alternate events)
FedEx Cup playoff event
Non FedEx Cup event
43
41 PGA Tour sanctioned events in Scotland
14
13 PGA Tour sanctioned events in Hawaii
6 PGA Tour sanctioned events in Japan
FedEx Cup
Points distribution
Main article: List of point distributions of the FedEx Cup
The distribution of points for 2021–22 PGA Tour events were as follows:
Finishing position
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
20th
30th
40th
50th
60th
Majors & Players Championship
600
330
210
150
120
110
100
94
88
82
51
32
18
10
6
WGCs, Genesis, Arnold Palmer, and Memorial
550
315
200
140
115
105
95
89
83
78
51
32
18
10
6
Other PGA Tour events
500
300
190
135
110
100
90
85
80
75
45
28
16
8.5
5
Team event (each player)
400
163
105
88
78
68
59
54
50
46
17
5
2
0
0
Alternate events
300
165
105
80
65
60
55
50
45
40
28
17
10
5
3
Playoff events
2000
1200
760
540
440
400
360
340
320
300
180
112
64
34
20
Tour Championship starting score (to par), based on position in the FedEx Cup rankings after the BMW Championship:
Position
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th–10th
11th–15th
16th–20th
21st–25th
26th–30th
Starting score
−10
−8
−7
−6
−5
−4
−3
−2
−1
E
Final standings
For full rankings, see 2022 FedEx Cup Playoffs.
Top 31 in the final FedEx Cup standings following the Tour Championship:
Pos.
Player
Majors & The Players
WGCs, Genesis, API, and Memorial
Top 10s in other PGA Tour events
Regularseasonpoints
Playoffs
Totalpoints
Tour C'ship
Tmts
Money ($m)
Nat.
Name
Ply
Mas
PGA
USO
Opn
WGCCha
Gen
API
WGCMP
Mem
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
FStJ
BMW
Start
Final
Basic
CBTop10
FedExBonus
1
McIlroy
T33
2nd
8th
T5
3rd
CANCELED
T10
T13
•
T18
1st
5th
1st
2,104
CUT
T8
2,414
−4
−21
16
8.65
1.70
18.00
T2
Im
T55
T8
•
CUT
T81
T33
T20
T35
T10
1st
T9
T8
T6
T2
T2
1,733
12th
T15
2,201
−4
−20
26
5.57
1.00
5.75
Scheffler
T55
1st
CUT
T2
T21
T7
1st
1st
•
4th
T2
1st
2nd
3,556
CUT
T3
4,206
−10
25
14.05
4.00
4
Schauffele
CUT
CUT
T13
T14
T15
T13
•
T35
T18
T3
1st
T5
1st
1st
2,153
T57
T3
2,825
−6
−18
21
7.43
2.20
4.00
T5
Homa
T13
T48
T13
T47
CUT
T10
T17
T35
T5
1st
1st
1,625
T42
T23
1,818
−2
−17
24
5.29
2.75
Thomas
T33
T8
1st
T37
T53
6th
•
T35
•
3rd
T5
T8
T3
T5
3rd
1,783
T13
T52
2,025
−3
21
6.83
1.20
T7
Cantlay
CUT
T39
CUT
T14
T8
T33
•
T26
T3
4th
9th
T4
2nd
2nd
1st
T4
T2
2,108
T57
1st
4,129
−8
−16
20
9.37
2.00
1.75
Straka
T9
T30
78th
CUT
CUT
T15
CUT
T35
T45
1st
T3
909
2nd
T28
2,224
−4
33
4.72
9
Finau
CUT
T35
T30
CUT
T28
T33
•
T35
•
T2
T4
2nd
1st
1st
1,912
T5
T28
2,376
−4
−15
25
6.12
1.40
1.25
10
Hoge
T33
T39
T9
CUT
CUT
CUT
T32
T58
CUT
T4
2nd
1st
T4
1,424
CUT
T48
1,459
−1
−14
32
4.31
1.00
T11
Matsuyama
•
T14
T60
4th
T68
T39
T20
•
DQ
T6
1st
1st
T8
T3
1,697
•
T35
1,765
−2
−13
21
5.78
0.93
Niemann
T22
T35
T23
T47
T53
1st
•
T35
T3
T5
1,228
T13
T8
1,750
−2
24
5.08
T13
Spieth
CUT
CUT
T34
T37
T8
T26
•
T35
T18
2nd
1st
2nd
T7
T10
1,574
CUT
T19
1,750
−2
−12
22
5.02
0.83
Wise
T50
•
T23
T27
T34
T67
T17
•
2nd
T5
T6
952
T31
T15
1,241
E
24
3.45
T15
Fitzpatrick
CUT
T14
T5
1st
T21
•
T9
T18
CUT
T6
T10
T5
T2
T10
T6
1,596
T5
T48
1,980
−3
−11
20
7.01
0.72
Hovland
T9
T27
T41
CUT
T4
T4
T2
T18
T51
1st
1,314
T20
T35
1,535
−2
21
4.87
Poston
CUT
•
•
•
CUT
CUT
•
•
T37
T3
T9
T2
1st
1,146
T20
T35
1,368
E
30
3.29
Rahm
T55
T27
T48
T12
T34
T21
T17
T9
T10
2nd
T3
T10
1st
1,449
T5
T8
2,108
−3
19
5.25
19
Young
CUT
CUT
T3
CUT
2nd
T2
T13
T35
T60
T2
T3
T2
T2
1,774
T31
T23
1,997
−3
−10
25
6.52
1.10
0.66
20
Ca. Smith
1st
T3
T13
CUT
1st
T33
•
•
T13
T9
T4
1st
T10
2,335
T13
•
2,548
−4
−9
18
10.11
3.00
0.64
T21
Harman
T63
CUT
T34
T43
T6
•
•
T35
T18
T3
T5
T9
T8
694
T3
T35
1,412
−1
−8
27
3.23
0.60
Horschel
WD
43
68th
CUT
T21
•
T2
T9
1st
T6
2nd
1,377
CUT
T35
1,471
−1
22
4.94
Morikawa
CUT
5th
T55
T5
CUT
T2
•
T9
CUT
2nd
T7
T5
1,089
T5
T44
1,481
−1
19
4.84
24
Burns
T26
CUT
T20
T27
T42
CUT
T9
•
•
1st
T5
T7
1st
2nd
1st
T4
2,275
T20
T19
2,605
−5
−7
24
7.07
2.40
0.57
25
Scott
CUT
T48
CUT
T14
T15
T4
T26
T9
T67
T5
551
T5
T5
1,299
E
−4
20
2.91
0.55
26
Conners
T26
T6
CUT
CUT
T28
CUT
T11
3rd
T13
6th
936
T28
T5
1,454
−1
−3
25
3.88
0.54
27
Lee
T55
CUT
T41
T37
CUT
T26
T42
•
T53
1st
853
T20
T5
1,406
E
−1
28
3.35
0.53
28
Theegala
CUT
•
•
•
T34
T48
CUT
•
T5
T8
T3
T7
T2
886
T13
T15
1,307
E
+1
32
3.12
0.52
29
Stallings
T42
•
CUT
CUT
•
CUT
CUT
•
CUT
T6
T5
T4
T8
T4
T10
852
CUT
2nd
2,052
−3
+3
31
3.93
0.51
T30
Gooch
CUT
T14
T20
CUT
T34
CUT
T7
T18
•
T4
T5
1st
1,302
•
•
1,302
•
•
22
3.72
Zalatoris
T26
T5
2nd
T2
T28
T26
T38
T5
T5
T10
T2
T6
2nd
T4
1,680
1st
WD
3,680
−7
•
24
9.37
0.50
Win
Top 10
Made cut
Missed cut
Withdrew or disqualified
• Did not play
Money list
The money list was based on prize money won during the season, calculated in U.S. dollars.
Position
Player
Prize money ($)
1
Scottie Scheffler
14,046,910
2
Cameron Smith
10,107,897
3
Will Zalatoris
9,405,082
4
Patrick Cantlay
9,369,605
5
Rory McIlroy
8,654,566
6
Xander Schauffele
7,427,299
7
Sam Burns
7,073,986
8
Matt Fitzpatrick
7,012,672
9
Justin Thomas
6,829,576
10
Cameron Young
6,520,598
Awards
Award
Winner
Ref.
PGA Tour Player of the Year (Jack Nicklaus Trophy)
Scottie Scheffler
PGA Player of the Year
Cameron Smith
Rookie of the Year (Arnold Palmer Award)
Cameron Young
Scoring leader (PGA Tour – Byron Nelson Award)
Rory McIlroy
Scoring leader (PGA – Vardon Trophy)
Rory McIlroy
See also
2021 in golf
2022 in golf
2022 Korn Ferry Tour
2022 PGA Tour Champions season
Notes
^ One further tournament was scheduled but was canceled.
^ The number in parentheses after each winner's name is the number of PGA Tour events they had won up to and including that tournament. This information is only shown for PGA Tour members.
^ EUR − European Tour; JPN − Japan Golf Tour.
^ Originally planned to return to South Korea. However, due to COVID-19 considerations, the CJ Cup was held in Las Vegas, Nevada for the second consecutive year.
^ With the cancelation of the WGC-HSBC Champions, the Butterfield Bermuda Championship was elevated to a full status event.
^ European Tour Rolex Series
^ The Tour Championship has no stand-alone purse and does not carry official money; the tournament directly determines the assignment of the FedEx Cup bonus pool money, including US$18,000,000 to the winner.
^ OWGR points at the Tour Championship were awarded based on aggregate scores only (see Tour Championship format). McIlroy had the lowest aggregate score and was awarded with the 38.81 points.
^ The top 125 point scorers in the regular season retain their tour card for the following season, and qualify for the FedEx St. Jude Championship. The top 70 points scorers after the FedEx St. Jude Championship qualify for the BMW Championship.
^ The top 30 point scorers after the BMW Championship qualify for the Tour Championship. Each player begins with a score adjustment to par determined by their point ranking, the lowest scorers in the Tour Championship in addition to this adjustment win the FedEx Cup.
^ In addition to tournament prize money, the top ten regular season point scorers receive a share of a US$20,000,000 bonus, and the US$75,000,000 FedEx Cup postseason bonus money is distributed based upon standings after the Tour Championship.
^ Scheffler also won a further US$1,000,000 by topping the Aon Risk Reward Challenge standings.
^ Gooch was suspended from the tour and deemed ineligible for the FedEx Cup Playoffs or bonus pool having joined LIV Golf; he was 29th on the points list entering the Tour Championship.
References
^ Lynch, Eamon (November 22, 2021). "PGA Tour is boosting bonuses, prize money for stars; FedEx Cup jumps to $75 million". Golfweek. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
^ "LIV Golf Invitational: PGA Tour says it will sanction players who compete in London event which could result in potential fines, suspensions, or bans". BBC Sport. June 1, 2022. Retrieved June 5, 2022.
^ Schlabach, Mark (June 9, 2022). "PGA Tour suspends all players taking part in first LIV Golf tournament". ESPN. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
^ Hoggard, Rex (July 1, 2022). "Seven more players suspended by PGA Tour; Patrick Reed resigns card". Golf Channel. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
^ Hoggard, Rex (July 26, 2022). "PGA Tour creates playoff 'eligibility list' to remove suspended players". Golf Channel. Archived from the original on July 26, 2022. Retrieved August 10, 2022.
^ Hoggard, Rex (August 3, 2022). "Eleven LIV players file suit against PGA Tour; three looking to get into playoffs". Golf Channel. Archived from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
^ Beall, Joel (August 9, 2022). "PGA Tour wins first legal battle against LIV Golf as players are denied restraining order, kept out of FedEx Cup Playoffs". Golf Digest. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
^ "2021–22 Tournament schedule". PGA Tour. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
^ "PGA Tour releases full 2021-22 schedule". PGA Tour. August 3, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
^ Yoo, Jee-ho (October 18, 2020). "PGA tournament CJ Cup to return to S. Korea in 2021". Yonhap News Agency. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
^ Ferguson, Doug (August 25, 2021). "PGA Tour still planning for Japan event, but sources say China event will be canceled". Golf Channel. Archived from the original on August 26, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
^ a b "WGC-HSBC Champions cancelled for second consecutive season due to coronavirus pandemic". Sky Sports. August 31, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
^ "How it works: Tour Championship". PGA Tour. August 18, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
^ "PGA Tour's unprecedented momentum results in increased purses". PGA Tour. November 22, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2021. The top 30 in the standings will then compete at the Tour Championship for the FedEx Cup's increased first prize of $18 million
^ Smith, Jeff (August 19, 2019). "10 FAQs: Tour Championship, FedExCup Format". Pro Golf Weekly. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
^ "Tour Championship - 72 Hole Scores". Official World Golf Ranking. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
^ "FedExCup point distribution: PGA Tour Season". PGA Tour. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
^ "2021–22 FedEx Cup". PGA Tour. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
^ Schupak, Adam (August 28, 2022). "Rory McIlroy pulls off stunning comeback to win Tour Championship and FedEx Cup". Golfweek. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
^ Jourdan, Cameron (August 10, 2022). "Scottie Scheffler captures season-long Aon Risk Reward challenge, $1 million prize". Golfweek. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
^ "2021–22 Official money". PGA Tour. Archived from the original on August 29, 2022. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
^ Jourdan, Cameron (August 29, 2022). "Scottie Scheffler earned a record-setting amount of money during the PGA Tour's 2021-22 season". Golfweek. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
^ Porter, Kyle (September 10, 2022). "Scottie Scheffler voted 2022 PGA Tour Player of the Year over Rory McIlroy after four-win season". CBS Sports. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
^ a b "Cameron Smith Captures PGA of America Player of the Year Award; Rory McIlroy Wins Vardon Trophy". Professional Golfers' Association of America. August 29, 2022. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
^ Hall, Mike (October 19, 2022). "Cameron Young Named PGA Tour Rookie Of The Year". Golfweek. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
^ "2022–23 PGA Tour Media guide | Awards". PGA Tour. Retrieved October 22, 2023.
External links
Official website
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2024 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PGA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour"},{"link_name":"professional golf tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_golf_tour"},{"link_name":"PGA of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_of_America"},{"link_name":"FedEx Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx_Cup"}],"text":"The 2021–22 PGA Tour was the 107th season of the PGA Tour, the main professional golf tour in the United States. It was also the 54th season since separating from the PGA of America, and the 16th edition of the FedEx Cup.","title":"2021–22 PGA Tour"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Changes for 2021–22"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pgapurse2022-2"}],"sub_title":"Prize fund","text":"The Tour announced more than $100 million in purse increases for the 2021–22 season including:[1]Increasing the FedEx Cup bonus pool (from $60 million to $75 million)\nDoubling the regular season bonus pool, known as the Comcast Business Tour Top 10 (from $10 million to $20 million)\nIncreasing the Player Impact Program, which rewards players that drive fan engagement (from $40 million to $50 million)\nIntroducing the Play15 Bonus program, which rewards every player who makes at least 15 starts with $50,000\nSignificant increases in the purses of limited-field events including increasing the Players Championship purse to $20 million","title":"Changes for 2021–22"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LIV Golf Invitational Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIV_Golf_Invitational_Series"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIV_Golf_Invitational_London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Phil Mickelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Mickelson"},{"link_name":"Dustin Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dustin_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Sergio García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Martin Kaymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Kaymer"},{"link_name":"Louis Oosthuizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Oosthuizen"},{"link_name":"Charl Schwartzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charl_Schwartzel"},{"link_name":"Graeme McDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_McDowell"},{"link_name":"Lee Westwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Westwood"},{"link_name":"Presidents Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidents_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"event in Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIV_Golf_Invitational_Portland"},{"link_name":"Brooks Koepka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Koepka"},{"link_name":"Bryson DeChambeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryson_DeChambeau"},{"link_name":"Patrick Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Reed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Talor Gooch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talor_Gooch"},{"link_name":"Jason Kokrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Kokrak"},{"link_name":"Matt Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Jones_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"Hudson Swafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Swafford"},{"link_name":"Matthew Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Wolff"},{"link_name":"Abraham Ancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Ancer"},{"link_name":"Carlos Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Ortiz_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"Brooks Koepka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Koepka"},{"link_name":"Charles Howell III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Howell_III"},{"link_name":"Pat Perez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Perez"},{"link_name":"temporary restraining order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_restraining_order"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Preceding the first event of the LIV Golf Invitational Series in London, the PGA Tour announced on June 1, 2022, that they would sanction players who competed in the event.[2] Seventeen PGA Tour members played in the event, including major champions Phil Mickelson, Dustin Johnson, Sergio García, Martin Kaymer, Louis Oosthuizen, Charl Schwartzel and Graeme McDowell, and former world number one Lee Westwood. Nine of the players resigned from the tour. On June 9, the tour announced that all members participating in the first LIV tournament, including those who had resigned, were no longer eligible to compete in tour events or the Presidents Cup.[3]Seven more PGA Tour members joined LIV Golf for the series' second event in Portland, Oregon, including major champions Brooks Koepka, Bryson DeChambeau, and Patrick Reed (who resigned from the tour). The PGA Tour confirmed their suspensions shortly following the start of that event.[4]In late July, the tour created a FedExCup Playoffs Eligibility ranking list which did not include the suspended players.[5] Ten players who finished inside the top-125 of the standard FedExCup Standings were excluded; they were Talor Gooch, Jason Kokrak, Matt Jones, Hudson Swafford, Matthew Wolff, Abraham Ancer, Carlos Ortiz, Brooks Koepka, Charles Howell III, and Pat Perez. Three of these (Gooch, Jones and Swafford) failed in their attempt to gain a temporary restraining order to allow them to compete in the playoffs.[6][7]","title":"Response to LIV Golf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pgasched2022-10"}],"text":"The following table lists official events during the 2021–22 season.[8][9]","title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Unofficial events","text":"The following events were sanctioned by the PGA Tour, but did not carry FedEx Cup points or official money, nor were wins official.","title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/4/35/-95/en"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.openstreetmap.org/copyright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_Championship_(PGA_Tour)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx_St._Jude_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyndham_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Mortgage_Classic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3M_Open"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbasol_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deere_Classic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelers_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Open_(golf)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBC_Canadian_Open"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Tournament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Schwab_Challenge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Byron_Nelson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Open_(golf)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich_Classic_of_New_Orleans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBC_Heritage"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_Tournament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valero_Texas_Open"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corales_Puntacana_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGC-Dell_Technologies_Match_Play"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valspar_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Players_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Open"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Palmer_Invitational"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Honda_Classic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_Invitational"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WM_Phoenix_Open"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Pebble_Beach_Pro-Am"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers_Insurance_Open"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Express"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Open_in_Hawaii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentry_Tournament_of_Champions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QBE_Shootout"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_World_Challenge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSM_Classic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Open"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayakoba_Golf_Classic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJ_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shriners_Hospitals_for_Children_Open"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanderson_Farms_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortinet_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/4/35/-95/en"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_dot_red.svg"},{"link_name":"Major championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_major_golf_championships"},{"link_name":"The Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Players_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_dot_green.svg"},{"link_name":"World Golf Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Golf_Championships"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_Invitational"},{"link_name":"Arnold Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Palmer_Invitational"},{"link_name":"Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Tournament"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_dot_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_dot_black.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GAudit_YellowDot.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_dot_purple.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray_140.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/5/56/-3/en"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.openstreetmap.org/copyright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_Scottish_Open"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/6/56/-3/en"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/5/21/-158/en"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.openstreetmap.org/copyright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Open_in_Hawaii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentry_Tournament_of_Champions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/6/21/-158/en"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/4/36/140/en"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.openstreetmap.org/copyright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zozo_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/5/36/140/en"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"}],"text":"49\n48\n47\n46\n45\n44\n42\n40\n39\n38\n37\n36\n35\n34\n33\n32\n31\n30\n29\n28\n27\n26\n25\n24\n23\n22\n21\n20\n19\n18\n17\n16\n15\n14\n13\n12\n11\n10\n9\n8\n7\n5\n4\n3\n\n2\n\n1 PGA Tour sanctioned events (numbered chronologically).\nLegend： \n 600-point event (Major championships & The Players) \n 550-point event (World Golf Championships, Genesis, Arnold Palmer, Memorial) \n 500-point event (Regular events) \n 400-point event (Official team event) \n 300-point event (Alternate events)\n FedEx Cup playoff event\n\n Non FedEx Cup event43\n41 PGA Tour sanctioned events in Scotland14\n13 PGA Tour sanctioned events in Hawaii6 PGA Tour sanctioned events in Japan","title":"Location of tournaments"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"FedEx Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Tour Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Championship"},{"link_name":"par","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par_(score)"},{"link_name":"BMW Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_Championship_(PGA_Tour)"}],"sub_title":"Points distribution","text":"The distribution of points for 2021–22 PGA Tour events were as follows:[17]Tour Championship starting score (to par), based on position in the FedEx Cup rankings after the BMW Championship:","title":"FedEx Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 FedEx Cup Playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_FedEx_Cup_Playoffs"},{"link_name":"FedEx Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx_Cup"},{"link_name":"Tour Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Championship"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Final standings","text":"For full rankings, see 2022 FedEx Cup Playoffs.Top 31 in the final FedEx Cup standings following the Tour Championship:[18][19]WinTop 10Made cutMissed cutWithdrew or disqualified• Did not play","title":"FedEx Cup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"money list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGA_Tour#Money_list_winners"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The money list was based on prize money won during the season, calculated in U.S. dollars.[21][22]","title":"Money list"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"European Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Tour"},{"link_name":"Japan Golf Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Golf_Tour"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hsbc-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"FedEx Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx_Cup"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-second_24-0"},{"link_name":"Tour Championship format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Championship#Format:_2019%E2%80%93present"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Playoff_28-0"},{"link_name":"FedEx St. Jude Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx_St._Jude_Championship"},{"link_name":"BMW Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_Championship_(PGA_Tour)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Champ_29-0"},{"link_name":"BMW Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_Championship_(PGA_Tour)"},{"link_name":"Tour Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Championship"},{"link_name":"FedEx Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-$$_30-0"},{"link_name":"Tour Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Championship"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aon_32-0"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"LIV Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIV_Golf"}],"text":"^ One further tournament was scheduled but was canceled.\n\n^ The number in parentheses after each winner's name is the number of PGA Tour events they had won up to and including that tournament. This information is only shown for PGA Tour members.\n\n^ EUR − European Tour; JPN − Japan Golf Tour.\n\n^ Originally planned to return to South Korea.[10] However, due to COVID-19 considerations, the CJ Cup was held in Las Vegas, Nevada for the second consecutive year.[11]\n\n^ With the cancelation of the WGC-HSBC Champions, the Butterfield Bermuda Championship was elevated to a full status event.[12]\n\n^ European Tour Rolex Series\n\n^ The Tour Championship has no stand-alone purse and does not carry official money; the tournament directly determines the assignment of the FedEx Cup bonus pool money, including US$18,000,000 to the winner.[13][14]\n\n^ OWGR points at the Tour Championship were awarded based on aggregate scores only (see Tour Championship format).[15] McIlroy had the lowest aggregate score and was awarded with the 38.81 points.[16]\n\n^ The top 125 point scorers in the regular season retain their tour card for the following season, and qualify for the FedEx St. Jude Championship. The top 70 points scorers after the FedEx St. Jude Championship qualify for the BMW Championship.\n\n^ The top 30 point scorers after the BMW Championship qualify for the Tour Championship. Each player begins with a score adjustment to par determined by their point ranking, the lowest scorers in the Tour Championship in addition to this adjustment win the FedEx Cup.\n\n^ In addition to tournament prize money, the top ten regular season point scorers receive a share of a US$20,000,000 bonus, and the US$75,000,000 FedEx Cup postseason bonus money is distributed based upon standings after the Tour Championship.\n\n^ Scheffler also won a further US$1,000,000 by topping the Aon Risk Reward Challenge standings.[20]\n\n^ Gooch was suspended from the tour and deemed ineligible for the FedEx Cup Playoffs or bonus pool having joined LIV Golf; he was 29th on the points list entering the Tour Championship.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"2021 in golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_in_golf"},{"title":"2022 in golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_in_golf"},{"title":"2022 Korn Ferry Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Korn_Ferry_Tour"},{"title":"2022 PGA Tour Champions season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_PGA_Tour_Champions_season"}] | [{"reference":"Lynch, Eamon (November 22, 2021). \"PGA Tour is boosting bonuses, prize money for stars; FedEx Cup jumps to $75 million\". Golfweek. Retrieved November 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2021/11/22/pga-tour-bigger-bonuses-more-prize-money-2022/","url_text":"\"PGA Tour is boosting bonuses, prize money for stars; FedEx Cup jumps to $75 million\""}]},{"reference":"\"LIV Golf Invitational: PGA Tour says it will sanction players who compete in London event which could result in potential fines, suspensions, or bans\". BBC Sport. June 1, 2022. Retrieved June 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/golf/61662624","url_text":"\"LIV Golf Invitational: PGA Tour says it will sanction players who compete in London event which could result in potential fines, suspensions, or bans\""}]},{"reference":"Schlabach, Mark (June 9, 2022). \"PGA Tour suspends all players taking part in first LIV Golf tournament\". ESPN. Retrieved June 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/golf/story/_/id/34063037/pga-tour-suspends-all-players-taking-part-first-liv-golf-tournament","url_text":"\"PGA Tour suspends all players taking part in first LIV Golf tournament\""}]},{"reference":"Hoggard, Rex (July 1, 2022). \"Seven more players suspended by PGA Tour; Patrick Reed resigns card\". Golf Channel. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220701130907/https://www.golfchannel.com/news/seven-more-players-suspended-pga-tour-patrick-reed-resigns-card","url_text":"\"Seven more players suspended by PGA Tour; Patrick Reed resigns card\""},{"url":"https://www.golfchannel.com/news/seven-more-players-suspended-pga-tour-patrick-reed-resigns-card","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hoggard, Rex (July 26, 2022). \"PGA Tour creates playoff 'eligibility list' to remove suspended players\". Golf Channel. Archived from the original on July 26, 2022. Retrieved August 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220726131740/https://www.golfchannel.com/news/pga-tour-creates-playoff-eligibility-list-remove-suspended-players","url_text":"\"PGA Tour creates playoff 'eligibility list' to remove suspended players\""},{"url":"https://www.golfchannel.com/news/pga-tour-creates-playoff-eligibility-list-remove-suspended-players","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hoggard, Rex (August 3, 2022). \"Eleven LIV players file suit against PGA Tour; three looking to get into playoffs\". Golf Channel. Archived from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220804013423/https://www.golfchannel.com/news/eleven-liv-players-file-suit-again-pga-tour-three-looking-get-playoffs","url_text":"\"Eleven LIV players file suit against PGA Tour; three looking to get into playoffs\""},{"url":"https://www.golfchannel.com/news/eleven-liv-players-file-suit-again-pga-tour-three-looking-get-playoffs","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beall, Joel (August 9, 2022). \"PGA Tour wins first legal battle against LIV Golf as players are denied restraining order, kept out of FedEx Cup Playoffs\". Golf Digest. Retrieved August 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.golfdigest.com/story/pga-tour-liv-golf-tro-ruling","url_text":"\"PGA Tour wins first legal battle against LIV Golf as players are denied restraining order, kept out of FedEx Cup Playoffs\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021–22 Tournament schedule\". PGA Tour. Retrieved October 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pgatour.com/schedule/2022","url_text":"\"2021–22 Tournament schedule\""}]},{"reference":"\"PGA Tour releases full 2021-22 schedule\". PGA Tour. August 3, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pgatour.com/news/2021/08/03/pga-tour-full-schedule-2021-22-season.html","url_text":"\"PGA Tour releases full 2021-22 schedule\""}]},{"reference":"Yoo, Jee-ho (October 18, 2020). \"PGA tournament CJ Cup to return to S. Korea in 2021\". Yonhap News Agency. Retrieved September 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20201018000900315","url_text":"\"PGA tournament CJ Cup to return to S. Korea in 2021\""}]},{"reference":"Ferguson, Doug (August 25, 2021). \"PGA Tour still planning for Japan event, but sources say China event will be canceled\". Golf Channel. Archived from the original on August 26, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210826151841/https://www.golfchannel.com/news/pga-tour-still-planning-japan-event-sources-say-china-event-will-be-canceled","url_text":"\"PGA Tour still planning for Japan event, but sources say China event will be canceled\""},{"url":"https://www.golfchannel.com/news/pga-tour-still-planning-japan-event-sources-say-china-event-will-be-canceled","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"WGC-HSBC Champions cancelled for second consecutive season due to coronavirus pandemic\". Sky Sports. August 31, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/golf/news/12176/12396028/wgc-hsbc-champions-cancelled-for-second-consecutive-season-due-to-coronavirus-pandemic","url_text":"\"WGC-HSBC Champions cancelled for second consecutive season due to coronavirus pandemic\""}]},{"reference":"\"How it works: Tour Championship\". PGA Tour. August 18, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pgatour.com/news/2019/08/18/how-it-works-tour-championship-fedexcup-playoffs.html","url_text":"\"How it works: Tour Championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"PGA Tour's unprecedented momentum results in increased purses\". PGA Tour. November 22, 2021. Retrieved November 23, 2021. The top 30 in the standings will then compete at the Tour Championship for the FedEx Cup's increased first prize of $18 million","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pgatour.com/news/2021/11/22/pga-tours-unprecedented-momentum-results-in-increased-purses.html","url_text":"\"PGA Tour's unprecedented momentum results in increased purses\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Jeff (August 19, 2019). \"10 FAQs: Tour Championship, FedExCup Format\". Pro Golf Weekly. Retrieved August 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://progolfweekly.com/10-faqs-tour-championship-fedexcup-format/","url_text":"\"10 FAQs: Tour Championship, FedExCup Format\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tour Championship - 72 Hole Scores\". Official World Golf Ranking. Retrieved August 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.owgr.com/events/tour-championship---72-hole-scores-9675","url_text":"\"Tour Championship - 72 Hole Scores\""}]},{"reference":"\"FedExCup point distribution: PGA Tour Season\". PGA Tour. Retrieved October 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pgatour.com/fedexcup/fedexcup-point-distribution--pga-tour-season.html","url_text":"\"FedExCup point distribution: PGA Tour Season\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021–22 FedEx Cup\". PGA Tour. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220823182558/https://www.pgatour.com/fedexcup/official-standings.html","url_text":"\"2021–22 FedEx Cup\""},{"url":"https://www.pgatour.com/fedexcup/official-standings.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schupak, Adam (August 28, 2022). \"Rory McIlroy pulls off stunning comeback to win Tour Championship and FedEx Cup\". Golfweek. Retrieved October 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2022/08/28/rory-mcilroy-wins-tour-championship-fedex-cup/","url_text":"\"Rory McIlroy pulls off stunning comeback to win Tour Championship and FedEx Cup\""}]},{"reference":"Jourdan, Cameron (August 10, 2022). \"Scottie Scheffler captures season-long Aon Risk Reward challenge, $1 million prize\". Golfweek. Retrieved August 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2022/08/10/scottie-scheffler-wins-million-dollars-aon-risk-reward-challenge/","url_text":"\"Scottie Scheffler captures season-long Aon Risk Reward challenge, $1 million prize\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021–22 Official money\". PGA Tour. Archived from the original on August 29, 2022. Retrieved October 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220829163525/https://www.pgatour.com/stats/stat.109.html","url_text":"\"2021–22 Official money\""},{"url":"https://www.pgatour.com/stats/stat.109.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jourdan, Cameron (August 29, 2022). \"Scottie Scheffler earned a record-setting amount of money during the PGA Tour's 2021-22 season\". Golfweek. Retrieved October 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://golfweek.usatoday.com/lists/scottie-scheffler-pga-tour-prize-money-2022-season/","url_text":"\"Scottie Scheffler earned a record-setting amount of money during the PGA Tour's 2021-22 season\""}]},{"reference":"Porter, Kyle (September 10, 2022). \"Scottie Scheffler voted 2022 PGA Tour Player of the Year over Rory McIlroy after four-win season\". CBS Sports. Retrieved October 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/golf/news/scottie-scheffler-voted-2022-pga-tour-player-of-the-year-over-rory-mcilroy-after-four-win-season/","url_text":"\"Scottie Scheffler voted 2022 PGA Tour Player of the Year over Rory McIlroy after four-win season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cameron Smith Captures PGA of America Player of the Year Award; Rory McIlroy Wins Vardon Trophy\". Professional Golfers' Association of America. August 29, 2022. Retrieved October 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.pga.org/industry-news/cameron-smith-captures-pga-of-america-player-of-the-year-award-rory-mcilroy-wins-vardon-trophy","url_text":"\"Cameron Smith Captures PGA of America Player of the Year Award; Rory McIlroy Wins Vardon Trophy\""}]},{"reference":"Hall, Mike (October 19, 2022). \"Cameron Young Named PGA Tour Rookie Of The Year\". Golfweek. Retrieved October 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.golfmonthly.com/news/cameron-young-named-pga-tour-rookie-of-the-year","url_text":"\"Cameron Young Named PGA Tour Rookie Of The Year\""}]},{"reference":"\"2022–23 PGA Tour Media guide | Awards\". PGA Tour. Retrieved October 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pgatourmediaguide.com/awards/index/byron-nelson-award","url_text":"\"2022–23 PGA Tour Media guide | Awards\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://golfweek.usatoday.com/2021/11/22/pga-tour-bigger-bonuses-more-prize-money-2022/","external_links_name":"\"PGA Tour is boosting bonuses, prize money for stars; FedEx Cup jumps to $75 million\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/golf/61662624","external_links_name":"\"LIV Golf Invitational: PGA Tour says it will sanction players who compete in London event which could result in potential fines, suspensions, or bans\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/golf/story/_/id/34063037/pga-tour-suspends-all-players-taking-part-first-liv-golf-tournament","external_links_name":"\"PGA Tour suspends all players taking part in first LIV Golf tournament\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220701130907/https://www.golfchannel.com/news/seven-more-players-suspended-pga-tour-patrick-reed-resigns-card","external_links_name":"\"Seven more players suspended by PGA Tour; Patrick Reed resigns card\""},{"Link":"https://www.golfchannel.com/news/seven-more-players-suspended-pga-tour-patrick-reed-resigns-card","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220726131740/https://www.golfchannel.com/news/pga-tour-creates-playoff-eligibility-list-remove-suspended-players","external_links_name":"\"PGA Tour creates playoff 'eligibility list' to remove suspended players\""},{"Link":"https://www.golfchannel.com/news/pga-tour-creates-playoff-eligibility-list-remove-suspended-players","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220804013423/https://www.golfchannel.com/news/eleven-liv-players-file-suit-again-pga-tour-three-looking-get-playoffs","external_links_name":"\"Eleven LIV players file suit against PGA Tour; three looking to get into playoffs\""},{"Link":"https://www.golfchannel.com/news/eleven-liv-players-file-suit-again-pga-tour-three-looking-get-playoffs","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.golfdigest.com/story/pga-tour-liv-golf-tro-ruling","external_links_name":"\"PGA Tour wins first legal battle against LIV Golf as players are denied restraining order, kept out of FedEx Cup Playoffs\""},{"Link":"https://www.pgatour.com/schedule/2022","external_links_name":"\"2021–22 Tournament schedule\""},{"Link":"https://www.pgatour.com/news/2021/08/03/pga-tour-full-schedule-2021-22-season.html","external_links_name":"\"PGA Tour releases full 2021-22 schedule\""},{"Link":"https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20201018000900315","external_links_name":"\"PGA tournament CJ Cup to return to S. 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