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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Radoslav_of_Serbia	Stefan Radoslav	["1 Family","2 Ruler of Zachlumia","3 Reign and deposition","4 See also","5 References","6 Sources"]	For the Serb Prince and ancestor that ruled 814-822, see Radoslav of Serbia. King of Serbia Stefan RadoslavСтефан РадославKing of SerbiaStefan RadoslavReign1228–1234CoronationŽičaPredecessorStefan NemanjićSuccessorStefan VladislavBorn~1192Diedafter 1235BurialStudenica monasterySpouseAnna Angelina Komnene DoukainaIssueDragoslav JovanSerbianStefan RadoslavHouseNemanjić dynasty FatherStefan NemanjićMotherEudokia AngelinaReligionSerbian Orthodox Christian Stefan Radoslav (Serbian Cyrillic: Стефан Радослав; c. 1192 – after 1235), also known as Stephanos Doukas (Greek: Στέφανος Δούκας), was the King of Serbia, from 1228 to 1233. Family Stefan was the eldest son of Stefan Nemanjić (r. 1196–1228), by his first wife Eudokia Angelina, daughter of Byzantine Emperor Alexios III Angelos (r. 1195–1203) and Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamaterina. He reportedly had two sisters, the first of whom, Komnena Nemanjić married first Dhimitër Progoni, and secondly the Greco-Albanian lord Gregorios Kamonas, while the second married the sebastokrator Alexander Asen, whom George Acropolites identifies as a son of Tsar Ivan Asen I. It is uncertain if his mother was Maria or Helena, respectively the first and second wife of Ivan Asen I. Alexander was the father of Kaliman II of Bulgaria. According to the historian John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr., Eudokia was repudiated on grounds of adultery in c. 1200–01. Fine summarizes a passage of Niketas Choniates to state "She left on foot with only the clothes on her back". Eudokia sought refuge with her brother-in-law Vukan Nemanjić, Prince of Zeta. Vukan provided her with hospitality for a while and then arranged for her transportation to Durrës, where she boarded a Byzantine ship heading for Constantinople and returned safely to her father. This indicates Stefan Radoslav was born either in the 1190s or the early 1200s (decade). Fine considers the treatment of Eudokia to be an indication of a decline in the prestige the Byzantine Empire held at the time. The senior Stefan was evidently unafraid of a military confrontation with his former father-in-law which could have occurred in retaliation for his actions. The alliance with the Empire had apparently outlived its use to the Serbian rulers. Stefan Nemanjić had ongoing border disputes with both Vukan Nemanjić and Emeric of Hungary, though outright war had not started yet. The Byzantines had failed to provide him with any military support and Stefan had apparently despaired of any help arriving from that direction. At the same time the senior Stefan was negotiating submitting himself and his subjects to the Roman Catholic Church in exchange for Pope Innocent III declaring him a King. He had reasons to distance himself from the Byzantines and the Eastern Orthodox Church associated with them. His father was later remarried to Anna Dandolo, a daughter of Ranier Dandolo and granddaughter of Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice. Stefan Radoslav had one paternal half-brother from this marriage, Stefan Uroš I. His mother would proceed to marry secondly to Alexios V Doukas and thirdly to Leo Sgouros, ruler of Nafplion. However, there were no known children by either marriage, thus Radoslav consequently had no maternal half-siblings. Ruler of Zachlumia Radoslav, Visoki Dečani According to "The Realm of the Slavs" (1601) by Mavro Orbin, Stefan Radoslav served as ruler of Zachlumia during the reign of his father. However the sources Orbin used for his history of Zachlumia are not identified by name. They are considered lost and Orbin remains our earliest extant source for several of the events mentioned. According to it Miroslav, the Great was succeeded by his son Andrew (Andrija), only ten-years-old. Missing from the text is Toljen, a son of Miroslav who was mentioned as heir apparent in other sources. With Andrew being underage, the local nobility proceeded to depose him. They offered the crown to Peter (Petar), whose relation to his predecessors is not mentioned by Orbin. Fine notes that later scholars tend to assume Peter was another son of Miroslav and brother or half-brother to Andrew. Some time later, the cause of the exiled Andrew was taken up by Stefan Nemanjić who invated Zachlumia. Peter was forced to retreat to the areas west and north of the river Neretva. The rest of Zachlumia fell into the control of Nemanjić. Fine points that the areas supposedly held by Peter would not be uncontested. They are known from other sources to have been claimed by Andrew, Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia since 1198. Orbin next claims that Nemanjić divided Zachlumia between his cousin Andrew, son of Miroslav and his own son, Radolslav. Andrew was given control of Popovo and coastal Hum. The mainland was granted to Radoslav. Orbin then claims that Radoslav died and Nemanjić granted his area to Andrew. Fine points that Radoslav could not have predeceased his father. We know from other sources that he went on to succeed him. Nemanjić could have simply removed him for his position of authority for reasons lost to us. Orbin continues his account but Radoslav is not mentioned again. Fine points that the reliability of the above account is at times difficult to determine because the lack of further sources. There are some obvious inaccuracies at times but the basics of the story could be true. A succession crisis in Zachlumia with the existence of rival heirs would be quite plausible. Nemanjić would have reason to get involved. His ongoing rivalry with his brother in the late 1190s would require him to secure control over Zachlumia, in order to prevent Vukan from claiming control for himself. However his activities in the area are otherwise unrecorded. His motivation for backing Andrew against Peter is also unclear. Either of the two could serve as rulers of a puppet state. Installing Radoslav as ruler of eastern Zachlumia would be a way to secure tighter control of the region. Orbin does not actually provide dates for the events of his account. Fine proceeds to estimate them, based on sources recording other events in the wider region. He estimates the death of Miroslav to 1198. Explaining why Andrew of Croatia and Dalmatia chose that year to attack. He acquired control over areas of Zachlumia northwest of the Neretva. By 1203, this Andrew was involved in conflict with his own brother, Emeric of Hungary. The ongoing conflict would allow Peter to claim the areas northwest of the Neretva for himself. He could have either taken advantage of Andrew's troops already withdrawing or using his own forces to drive them out. Either way, Andrew could probably not afford maintaining two fronts of war at the same time. Securing the area as his powerbase, Peter could then drive his brother from eastern Zachlumia. The amount of time between the time Andrew of Zachlumia went into exile and the decision of Nemanjić to intervene is left unclear in the account by Orbin. Fine suggests it could have been more than a decade. He suggests it could be as late as 1216, just a year before Nemanjić was declared a King by Pope Honorius III. Nemanjić could by then devote his forces to securing eastern Zachlumia for Andrew, his intended puppet ruler. He could then attempt to secure even tighter control by appointing Radoslav in the areas directly bordering Raška. The area could have stayed under his control for longer than Orbin indicates. Fine points that Andrew seems to have "disappeared from the scene" by 1218 when Peter is recorded to have taken over the coastal areas. There seems to be no indication of Peter extending his control to the areas supposedly ruled by Radoslav. Reign and deposition Seal of Stefan Radoslav Fine mentions Radoslav acting as governor of the Principality of Zeta for part the reign of his father. In a charter variously dated to 1222 or 1228, Radoslav appears as co-founder of the monastery of Žiča with his father. King Stefan the First-Crowned, who had become ill, took monastic vows and died in 1227. Radoslav who was the eldest son succeeded as King, crowned at Žiča by Archbishop Sava, his uncle and the first Archbishop (since 1219) of the autocephalous Serbian Orthodox Church. The younger sons, Vladislav and Uroš I, received appanages. The youngest of the brothers, Sava II, was appointed Bishop of Hum shortly thereafter, later serving as Archbishop of Serbia (1263-1270). The Church and state were thus dominated by the same family and the ties between the two as well as the family's role within the Church continued. According to biographer and monk Theodosius, Radoslav was a good ruler at first, but then fell under the influence of his wife, who was the daughter of the ruler of Epirus and Thessalonica, Theodore Komnenos Doukas (r. 1215–1230). Radoslav was most likely not beloved by the Serbian nobility due to this Greek influence. Radoslav used his Greek name, Stephanos Doukas, on his coinage, in several Greek documents and even once in his signature. Radoslav was probably safe from domestic rebellion as long as his father-in-law Theodore remained strong. In 1230, however, Theodore was defeated and captured by Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Asen II, after which Radoslav's position seems to have weakened; some of his nobility revolted in autumn 1233. Serbian medieval biographers noted that the nobility had left the support of Radoslav and stood itself behind the younger Vladislav. Radoslav fled the country between 1 September 1233 and 4 February 1234, and was unable to regain the kingdom, but eventually returned as a monk. Radoslav fled to Dubrovnik (1233) with his wife, and there are indications that Radoslav had organized some actions against Vladislav and that he thought that he would manage to return to the throne - this is evident from an dated 4 February 1234, regarding a promise to Ragusan trading privileges once he had returned to Serbia. Because of this, Vladislav began threatening Ragusa, which then had to turn to Bosnian Ban Ninoslav for help, and as the action against Vladislav was unsuccessful, Radoslav found refuge with the Epirote ruler Michael II Komnenos Doukas in Dyrrhachium. According to Theodosius, Radoslav's wife Anna had left him for a commander of the fortress, a Frank. However, this account has been proven to be false, as there was no Frankish commander in Dyrrachium in Radoslav's time. After some time, Radoslav and his wife returned together to Serbia and took monastic vows. Vladislav was crowned King upon Radoslav's flight. Vladislav married the daughter of Ivan Asen II, much thanks to Sava. Sava then abdicated in favour of his apprentice Arsenije in the end of 1233. Sava died while heading home from a Holy Land trip, while visiting the Bulgarian court in 1235, and was respectfully buried at the Holy Forty Martyrs Church in Tarnovo. Sava's body was returned to Serbia after a series of requests, and was then buried in the Mileševa monastery, built by Vladislav in 1234. Sava was canonized and his relics were miraculous; his cult remained important throughout the Middle Ages and the Ottoman occupation. Radoslav added a narthex to the church in the Studenica Monastery According to Fine both Radoslav and Anna retired into monastic life following their deposition. His monastic name was Jovan. The time and circumstances of his death are unknown. The relations between Vladislav and Radoslav after he had returned and became a monk are not fully known, but he did not disturb his brother. There is a hypothesis that Radoslav even received a part of Serbian land to administrate. In any case, Radoslav continued the rest of his life in peace. The Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten (1978) by Detlev Schwennicke, reports Radoslav betrothed to Theodora Komnene c. 1217. She was a daughter of Michael I Komnenos Doukas, ruler of Epirus. Both of his wives were members of the Melissenos family. Uncertain which of the two was her mother. Fine indicates Radoslav would instead marry her first cousin Anna Doukaina Angelina in 1219/1220. She was a daughter of Theodore Komnenos Doukas and Maria Petraliphaina. The Europäische Stammtafeln reports the marriage resulting in the birth of a single child. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stefan Radoslav of Serbia. List of Serbian monarchs Nemanjić family tree References ^ Dvornik 1962, p. 101. ^ Fine 1994, p. 106, 135-138. ^ Ćirković 2004, p. 38, 44, 46. ^ Curta 2006, p. 394. ^ Curta 2019, p. 665-666. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Fine 1994, p. 136. ^ a b Ćirković 2004, p. 38. ^ Fine 1994, p. 170. ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 46. ^ Fine 1994, p. 107. ^ Polemis 1968, p. 131. ^ Orbini 1601. ^ Fine 1994, pp. 52–53. ^ Fine 1994, pp. 52–54. ^ Fine 1994, p. 54. ^ Fine 1994, p. 106. ^ a b c d Fine 1994, p. 135. ^ Ferjančić & Maksimović 2014, p. 37–54. ^ a b Polemis 1968, p. 93. ^ Polemis 1968, p. 132. ^ Ivanović 2019, p. 108. ^ a b Ćirković 2004, p. 46. ^ a b Ivanović 2019, p. 121. Sources Bataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. ISBN 9782825119587. Bellinger, Alfred Raymond (1999). Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection. Vol. 4. Alexius I to Michael VIII, 1081 - 1261 : Pt. 1. Alexius I to Alexius V : (1081 - 1204). Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 635–. ISBN 978-0-88402-233-6. Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915. Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521815390. Curta, Florin (2019). Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500-1300). Leiden and Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004395190. Ducellier, Alain (1999). "Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria". The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 779–795. ISBN 9780521362894. Ducellier, Alain (2008). "Balkan Powers: Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria (1200-1300)". The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c. 500–1492. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 779–802. ISBN 9780521832311. Dvornik, Francis (1962). The Slavs in European History and Civilization. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813507996. Ferjančić, Božidar; Maksimović, Ljubomir (2014). "Sava Nemanjić and Serbia between Epiros and Nicaea". Balcanica (45): 37–54. doi:10.2298/BALC1445037F. hdl:21.15107/rcub_dais_12894. Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) . The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472082604. Ivanović, Miloš (2019). "Serbian Hagiographies on the Warfare and Political Struggles of the Nemanjić Dynasty (from the Twelfth to Fourteenth Century)". Reform and Renewal in Medieval East and Central Europe: Politics, Law and Society. Cluj-Napoca: Romanian Academy, Center for Transylvanian Studies. pp. 103–129. Ivić, Pavle, ed. (1995). The History of Serbian Culture. Edgware: Porthill Publishers. ISBN 9781870732314. Jireček, Constantin (1911). Geschichte der Serben. Vol. 1. Gotha: Perthes. Jireček, Constantin (1918). Geschichte der Serben. Vol. 2. Gotha: Perthes. Kalić, Jovanka (2017). "The First Coronation Churches of Medieval Serbia". Balcanica (48): 7–18. doi:10.2298/BALC1748007K. Marjanović-Dušanić, Smilja (2006). "Lʹ idéologie monarchique dans les chartes de la dynastie serbe des Némanides (1168-1371): Étude diplomatique". Archiv für Diplomatik: Schriftgeschichte, Siegel- und Wappenkunde. 52: 149–158. doi:10.7788/afd.2006.52.jg.149. S2CID 96483243. Mileusnić, Slobodan (1998). Medieval Monasteries of Serbia (4th ed.). Novi Sad: Prometej. ISBN 9788676393701. Nicol, Donald M. (1984) . The Despotate of Epiros 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages (2. expanded ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521261906. Obolensky, Dimitri (1974) . The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500-1453. London: Cardinal. ISBN 9780351176449. Orbini, Mauro (1601). Il Regno de gli Slavi hoggi corrottamente detti Schiavoni. Pesaro: Apresso Girolamo Concordia. Орбин, Мавро (1968). Краљевство Словена. Београд: Српска књижевна задруга. Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Polemis, Demetrios I. (1968). The Doukai: A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography. London: The Athlone Press. ISBN 9780485131222. Popović, Svetlana (2002). "The Serbian Episcopal Sees in the Thirteenth Century". Старинар (51: 2001): 171–184. Samardžić, Radovan; Duškov, Milan, eds. (1993). Serbs in European Civilization. Belgrade: Nova, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute for Balkan Studies. ISBN 9788675830153. Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295800646. Stefan Radoslav Nemanjić dynastyBorn: c. 1192 c. 1234 Regnal titles Preceded byStefan the First-Crowned King of Serbia 1227/1228–1233/1234 Succeeded byStefan Vladislav Royal titles Preceded byToljen Prince of Zahumljeunder his fatherStefan fl. 1196–1228 VacantTitle next held byStefan Konstantin Preceded byĐorđe Nemanjić Prince of Zetaunder his fatherStefan fl. 1217–1228 VacantTitle next held byBeloslava as Queen of Zeta vteNemanjić dynastyMain ruling members see family tree Stefan Nemanja Stefan the First-Crowned Vukan Radoslav Vladislav Uroš I Dragutin (Uroš II) Milutin (Uroš III) Dečanski (Uroš IV) Dušan Uroš V Other ruling members Đorđe Konstantin Tih Vladislav of Syrmia Stefan Konstantin John Uroš Simeon Uroš Archbishops Sava Sava II Minor members Vratislav Vratko Urošica Dmitar Stefan Vukanović Stefan Uroš of Pharsalos Desa Female members Komnena, Duchess of Kruja and Elbasan Brnjača Zorica Jelena, Princess of Bribir Elizabeth, Baness of Bosnia Ana-Neda, Empress of Bulgaria Teodora-Evdokija, Despotess Milica, Princess of Serbia Maria Angelina, Empress of Epirus Jelena Lazarević Consorts Anastasia Eudokia of Byzantium Anna Dandolo Anna Doukaina Beloslava of Bulgaria Helena of Anjou Catherine of Hungary Helena Doukaina Angelina Elizabeth of Hungary Anna Terter of Bulgaria Simonida of Byzantium Theodora Smilets of Bulgaria Maria Palaiologina Helena of Bulgaria Anna of Wallachia vteMonarchs of SerbiaPrincipality of Serbia (early medieval), 641–969 Unknown Archon Višeslav Radoslav Prosigoj Vlastimir Mutimir Pribislav Petar Pavle Zaharija Časlav Byzantine annexation, Duklja subsequently emerging as seat Serbian Principality of Duklja, 998–1101 Jovan Vladimir Stefan Vojislav Neda Mihailo Constantine Bodin Raška re-emerging as seat (Grand Principality) Grand Principality of Serbia, 1101–1217 Vukan Uroš I Uroš II Beloš Desa Tihomir Stefan Nemanja Stefan the First-Crowned Proclamation of Kingdom Kingdom of Serbia, 1217–1346Serbian Empire, 1346–1371 Stefan the First-Crowned Stefan Radoslav Stefan Vladislav Stefan Uroš I Stefan Dragutin Vladislav at Syrmia Stefan Milutin Stefan Konstantin Stefan Dečanski Stefan Dušan Proclamation of Empire Stefan Dušan Stefan Uroš V Fall of the Serbian Empire Moravian Serbia, 1371–1402Serbian Despotate, 1402–1537 Lazar Stefan Lazarević Proclamation of Despotate Stefan Lazarević Đurađ Branković Lazar Branković Stefan Branković Stephen Tomašević Ottoman annexation, titular: Vuk Grgurević Đorđe Branković Jovan Branković Ivaniš Berislavić Stevan Berislavić Radič Božić Pavle Bakić Stefan Štiljanović Ottoman annexation Second Serbian Empire and Duchy of Srem, 1526–1532 Jovan Nenad Radoslav Čelnik Revolutionary Serbia, 1804–1837 Karađorđe Miloš Obrenović Principality of Serbia, 1837–1882 Miloš I Milan II Mihailo III Aleksandar Miloš I Mihailo III Milan IV Proclamation of Kingdom Kingdom of Serbia, 1882–1918 Milan I Aleksandar I Petar I Proclamation of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radoslav of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radoslav_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962101-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994106,_135-138-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%87200438,_44,_46-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006394-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2019665-666-5"}],"text":"For the Serb Prince and ancestor that ruled 814-822, see Radoslav of Serbia.King of SerbiaStefan Radoslav (Serbian Cyrillic: Стефан Радослав; c. 1192 – after 1235), also known as Stephanos Doukas (Greek: Στέφανος Δούκας), was the King of Serbia, from 1228 to 1233.[1][2][3][4][5]","title":"Stefan Radoslav"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stefan Nemanjić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Nemanji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Eudokia Angelina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudokia_Angelina"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Alexios III Angelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos"},{"link_name":"Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamaterina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrosyne_Doukaina_Kamaterina"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994136-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%87200438-7"},{"link_name":"Komnena Nemanjić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komnena_Nemanji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dhimitër Progoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhimit%C3%ABr_Progoni"},{"link_name":"Gregorios Kamonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorios_Kamonas"},{"link_name":"sebastokrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastokrator"},{"link_name":"Alexander Asen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Asen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Acropolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Acropolites"},{"link_name":"Ivan Asen I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Asen_I"},{"link_name":"Kaliman II of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliman_II_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994170-8"},{"link_name":"John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine,_Jr."},{"link_name":"adultery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultery"},{"link_name":"Niketas Choniates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niketas_Choniates"},{"link_name":"Vukan Nemanjić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vukan_Nemanji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Prince of Zeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Zeta"},{"link_name":"Durrës","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199446-9"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Emeric of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeric_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199446-9"},{"link_name":"Anna Dandolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Dandolo"},{"link_name":"Enrico Dandolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Dandolo"},{"link_name":"Doge of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Doges_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994107-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%87200438-7"},{"link_name":"Stefan Uroš I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Uro%C5%A1_I"},{"link_name":"Alexios V Doukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas"},{"link_name":"Leo Sgouros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Sgouros"},{"link_name":"Nafplion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafplion"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolemis1968131-11"}],"text":"Stefan was the eldest son of Stefan Nemanjić (r. 1196–1228), by his first wife Eudokia Angelina, daughter of Byzantine Emperor Alexios III Angelos (r. 1195–1203) and Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamaterina.[6][7] He reportedly had two sisters, the first of whom, Komnena Nemanjić married first Dhimitër Progoni, and secondly the Greco-Albanian lord Gregorios Kamonas, while the second married the sebastokrator Alexander Asen, whom George Acropolites identifies as a son of Tsar Ivan Asen I. It is uncertain if his mother was Maria or Helena, respectively the first and second wife of Ivan Asen I. Alexander was the father of Kaliman II of Bulgaria.[8]According to the historian John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr., Eudokia was repudiated on grounds of adultery in c. 1200–01. Fine summarizes a passage of Niketas Choniates to state \"She left on foot with only the clothes on her back\". Eudokia sought refuge with her brother-in-law Vukan Nemanjić, Prince of Zeta. Vukan provided her with hospitality for a while and then arranged for her transportation to Durrës, where she boarded a Byzantine ship heading for Constantinople and returned safely to her father.[9] This indicates Stefan Radoslav was born either in the 1190s or the early 1200s (decade).Fine considers the treatment of Eudokia to be an indication of a decline in the prestige the Byzantine Empire held at the time. The senior Stefan was evidently unafraid of a military confrontation with his former father-in-law which could have occurred in retaliation for his actions. The alliance with the Empire had apparently outlived its use to the Serbian rulers. Stefan Nemanjić had ongoing border disputes with both Vukan Nemanjić and Emeric of Hungary, though outright war had not started yet. The Byzantines had failed to provide him with any military support and Stefan had apparently despaired of any help arriving from that direction. At the same time the senior Stefan was negotiating submitting himself and his subjects to the Roman Catholic Church in exchange for Pope Innocent III declaring him a King. He had reasons to distance himself from the Byzantines and the Eastern Orthodox Church associated with them.[9]His father was later remarried to Anna Dandolo, a daughter of Ranier Dandolo and granddaughter of Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice.[10][7] Stefan Radoslav had one paternal half-brother from this marriage, Stefan Uroš I. His mother would proceed to marry secondly to Alexios V Doukas and thirdly to Leo Sgouros, ruler of Nafplion. However, there were no known children by either marriage, thus Radoslav consequently had no maternal half-siblings.[11]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loza_Nemanjica_Decani_d_5_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Visoki Dečani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visoki_De%C4%8Dani"},{"link_name":"Mavro Orbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavro_Orbin"},{"link_name":"Zachlumia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachlumia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrbini1601-12"},{"link_name":"Miroslav, the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav,_the_Great"},{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"},{"link_name":"Neretva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neretva"},{"link_name":"Andrew, Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199452%E2%80%9353-13"},{"link_name":"puppet state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet_state"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199452%E2%80%9354-14"},{"link_name":"Pope Honorius III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199454-15"}],"text":"Radoslav, Visoki DečaniAccording to \"The Realm of the Slavs\" (1601) by Mavro Orbin, Stefan Radoslav served as ruler of Zachlumia during the reign of his father.[12] However the sources Orbin used for his history of Zachlumia are not identified by name. They are considered lost and Orbin remains our earliest extant source for several of the events mentioned. According to it Miroslav, the Great was succeeded by his son Andrew (Andrija), only ten-years-old. Missing from the text is Toljen, a son of Miroslav who was mentioned as heir apparent in other sources. With Andrew being underage, the local nobility proceeded to depose him. They offered the crown to Peter (Petar), whose relation to his predecessors is not mentioned by Orbin. Fine notes that later scholars tend to assume Peter was another son of Miroslav and brother or half-brother to Andrew. Some time later, the cause of the exiled Andrew was taken up by Stefan Nemanjić who invated Zachlumia. Peter was forced to retreat to the areas west and north of the river Neretva. The rest of Zachlumia fell into the control of Nemanjić. Fine points that the areas supposedly held by Peter would not be uncontested. They are known from other sources to have been claimed by Andrew, Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia since 1198. Orbin next claims that Nemanjić divided Zachlumia between his cousin Andrew, son of Miroslav and his own son, Radolslav. Andrew was given control of Popovo and coastal Hum. The mainland was granted to Radoslav. Orbin then claims that Radoslav died and Nemanjić granted his area to Andrew. Fine points that Radoslav could not have predeceased his father. We know from other sources that he went on to succeed him. Nemanjić could have simply removed him for his position of authority for reasons lost to us. Orbin continues his account but Radoslav is not mentioned again.[13]Fine points that the reliability of the above account is at times difficult to determine because the lack of further sources. There are some obvious inaccuracies at times but the basics of the story could be true. A succession crisis in Zachlumia with the existence of rival heirs would be quite plausible. Nemanjić would have reason to get involved. His ongoing rivalry with his brother in the late 1190s would require him to secure control over Zachlumia, in order to prevent Vukan from claiming control for himself. However his activities in the area are otherwise unrecorded. His motivation for backing Andrew against Peter is also unclear. Either of the two could serve as rulers of a puppet state. Installing Radoslav as ruler of eastern Zachlumia would be a way to secure tighter control of the region.[14]Orbin does not actually provide dates for the events of his account. Fine proceeds to estimate them, based on sources recording other events in the wider region. He estimates the death of Miroslav to 1198. Explaining why Andrew of Croatia and Dalmatia chose that year to attack. He acquired control over areas of Zachlumia northwest of the Neretva. By 1203, this Andrew was involved in conflict with his own brother, Emeric of Hungary. The ongoing conflict would allow Peter to claim the areas northwest of the Neretva for himself. He could have either taken advantage of Andrew's troops already withdrawing or using his own forces to drive them out. Either way, Andrew could probably not afford maintaining two fronts of war at the same time. Securing the area as his powerbase, Peter could then drive his brother from eastern Zachlumia. The amount of time between the time Andrew of Zachlumia went into exile and the decision of Nemanjić to intervene is left unclear in the account by Orbin. Fine suggests it could have been more than a decade. He suggests it could be as late as 1216, just a year before Nemanjić was declared a King by Pope Honorius III. Nemanjić could by then devote his forces to securing eastern Zachlumia for Andrew, his intended puppet ruler. He could then attempt to secure even tighter control by appointing Radoslav in the areas directly bordering Raška. The area could have stayed under his control for longer than Orbin indicates. Fine points that Andrew seems to have \"disappeared from the scene\" by 1218 when Peter is recorded to have taken over the coastal areas. There seems to be no indication of Peter extending his control to the areas supposedly ruled by Radoslav.[15]","title":"Ruler of Zachlumia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_Stefan_Radoslav.jpg"},{"link_name":"Principality of Zeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Zeta"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994106-16"},{"link_name":"Žiča","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDi%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994135-17"},{"link_name":"Žiča","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDi%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"Archbishop Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sava"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994135-17"},{"link_name":"autocephalous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocephalous"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerjan%C4%8Di%C4%87Maksimovi%C4%87201437%E2%80%9354-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994135-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994135-17"},{"link_name":"Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994136-6"},{"link_name":"Epirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus"},{"link_name":"Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica"},{"link_name":"Theodore Komnenos Doukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Komnenos_Doukas"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolemis196893-19"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994136-6"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolemis1968132-20"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994136-6"},{"link_name":"defeated and captured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Klokotnitsa"},{"link_name":"Ivan Asen II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Asen_II"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994136-6"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanovi%C4%872019108-21"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994136-6"},{"link_name":"Michael II Komnenos Doukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_II_Komnenos_Doukas"},{"link_name":"Dyrrhachium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyrrhachium"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%87200446-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanovi%C4%872019121-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolemis196893-19"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%86irkovi%C4%87200446-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIvanovi%C4%872019121-23"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994136-6"},{"link_name":"Arsenije","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenije"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994136-6"},{"link_name":"Holy Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land"},{"link_name":"Holy Forty Martyrs Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Forty_Martyrs_Church,_Veliko_Tarnovo"},{"link_name":"Tarnovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994136-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994136-6"},{"link_name":"Mileševa monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile%C5%A1eva_monastery"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994136-6"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Ottoman occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994136-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manastir_Studenica,_Srbija,_029.JPG"},{"link_name":"Studenica Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studenica_Monastery"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994136-6"},{"link_name":"Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%C3%A4ische_Stammtafeln"},{"link_name":"Michael I Komnenos Doukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_I_Komnenos_Doukas"},{"link_name":"Melissenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissenos"},{"link_name":"Maria Petraliphaina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Petraliphaina"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Seal of Stefan RadoslavFine mentions Radoslav acting as governor of the Principality of Zeta for part the reign of his father.[16] In a charter variously dated to 1222 or 1228, Radoslav appears as co-founder of the monastery of Žiča with his father. King Stefan the First-Crowned, who had become ill, took monastic vows and died in 1227.[17] Radoslav who was the eldest son succeeded as King, crowned at Žiča by Archbishop Sava,[17] his uncle and the first Archbishop (since 1219) of the autocephalous Serbian Orthodox Church.[18] The younger sons, Vladislav and Uroš I, received appanages.[17] The youngest of the brothers, Sava II, was appointed Bishop of Hum shortly thereafter, later serving as Archbishop of Serbia (1263-1270).[17] The Church and state were thus dominated by the same family and the ties between the two as well as the family's role within the Church continued.[6]According to biographer and monk Theodosius, Radoslav was a good ruler at first, but then fell under the influence of his wife, who was the daughter of the ruler of Epirus and Thessalonica, Theodore Komnenos Doukas (r. 1215–1230).[19][6] Radoslav was most likely not beloved by the Serbian nobility due to this Greek influence. Radoslav used his Greek name, Stephanos Doukas, on his coinage, in several Greek documents and even once in his signature.[20]Radoslav was probably safe from domestic rebellion as long as his father-in-law Theodore remained strong.[6] In 1230, however, Theodore was defeated and captured by Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Asen II, after which Radoslav's position seems to have weakened; some of his nobility revolted in autumn 1233.[6] Serbian medieval biographers noted that the nobility had left the support of Radoslav and stood itself behind the younger Vladislav.[21] Radoslav fled the country between 1 September 1233 and 4 February 1234, and was unable to regain the kingdom, but eventually returned as a monk.[6] Radoslav fled to Dubrovnik (1233) with his wife, and there are indications that Radoslav had organized some actions against Vladislav and that he thought that he would manage to return to the throne - this is evident from an dated 4 February 1234, regarding a promise to Ragusan trading privileges once he had returned to Serbia. Because of this, Vladislav began threatening Ragusa, which then had to turn to Bosnian Ban Ninoslav for help, and as the action against Vladislav was unsuccessful, Radoslav found refuge with the Epirote ruler Michael II Komnenos Doukas in Dyrrhachium.[22][23]According to Theodosius, Radoslav's wife Anna had left him for a commander of the fortress, a Frank. However, this account has been proven to be false, as there was no Frankish commander in Dyrrachium in Radoslav's time. After some time, Radoslav and his wife returned together to Serbia and took monastic vows.[19][22][23]Vladislav was crowned King upon Radoslav's flight. Vladislav married the daughter of Ivan Asen II,[6] much thanks to Sava. Sava then abdicated in favour of his apprentice Arsenije in the end of 1233.[6] Sava died while heading home from a Holy Land trip, while visiting the Bulgarian court in 1235, and was respectfully buried at the Holy Forty Martyrs Church in Tarnovo.[6] Sava's body was returned to Serbia after a series of requests,[6] and was then buried in the Mileševa monastery, built by Vladislav in 1234.[6] Sava was canonized and his relics were miraculous; his cult remained important throughout the Middle Ages and the Ottoman occupation.[6]Radoslav added a narthex to the church in the Studenica MonasteryAccording to Fine both Radoslav and Anna retired into monastic life following their deposition.[6] His monastic name was Jovan. The time and circumstances of his death are unknown. The relations between Vladislav and Radoslav after he had returned and became a monk are not fully known, but he did not disturb his brother. There is a hypothesis that Radoslav even received a part of Serbian land to administrate. In any case, Radoslav continued the rest of his life in peace.The Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten (1978) by Detlev Schwennicke, reports Radoslav betrothed to Theodora Komnene c. 1217. She was a daughter of Michael I Komnenos Doukas, ruler of Epirus. Both of his wives were members of the Melissenos family. Uncertain which of the two was her mother. Fine indicates Radoslav would instead marry her first cousin Anna Doukaina Angelina in 1219/1220. She was a daughter of Theodore Komnenos Doukas and Maria Petraliphaina. The Europäische Stammtafeln reports the marriage resulting in the birth of a single child.[citation needed]","title":"Reign and deposition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bataković, Dušan T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Histoire du peuple serbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9782825119587","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782825119587"},{"link_name":"Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection. Vol. 4. Alexius I to Michael VIII, 1081 - 1261 : Pt. 1. 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III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihailo_Obrenovi%C4%87,_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Milan IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_I_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Milan I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_I_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Petar I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"}],"text":"Bataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe [History of the Serbian People] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. ISBN 9782825119587.\nBellinger, Alfred Raymond (1999). Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection. Vol. 4. Alexius I to Michael VIII, 1081 - 1261 : Pt. 1. Alexius I to Alexius V : (1081 - 1204). Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 635–. ISBN 978-0-88402-233-6.\nĆirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.\nCurta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521815390.\nCurta, Florin (2019). Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500-1300). Leiden and Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004395190.\nDucellier, Alain (1999). \"Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria\". The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 779–795. ISBN 9780521362894.\nDucellier, Alain (2008). \"Balkan Powers: Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria (1200-1300)\". The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c. 500–1492. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 779–802. ISBN 9780521832311.\nDvornik, Francis (1962). The Slavs in European History and Civilization. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813507996.\nFerjančić, Božidar; Maksimović, Ljubomir (2014). \"Sava Nemanjić and Serbia between Epiros and Nicaea\". Balcanica (45): 37–54. doi:10.2298/BALC1445037F. hdl:21.15107/rcub_dais_12894.\nFine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472082604.\nIvanović, Miloš (2019). \"Serbian Hagiographies on the Warfare and Political Struggles of the Nemanjić Dynasty (from the Twelfth to Fourteenth Century)\". Reform and Renewal in Medieval East and Central Europe: Politics, Law and Society. Cluj-Napoca: Romanian Academy, Center for Transylvanian Studies. pp. 103–129.\nIvić, Pavle, ed. (1995). The History of Serbian Culture. Edgware: Porthill Publishers. ISBN 9781870732314.\nJireček, Constantin (1911). Geschichte der Serben. Vol. 1. Gotha: Perthes.\nJireček, Constantin (1918). Geschichte der Serben. Vol. 2. Gotha: Perthes.\nKalić, Jovanka (2017). \"The First Coronation Churches of Medieval Serbia\". Balcanica (48): 7–18. doi:10.2298/BALC1748007K.\nMarjanović-Dušanić, Smilja (2006). \"Lʹ idéologie monarchique dans les chartes de la dynastie serbe des Némanides (1168-1371): Étude diplomatique\". Archiv für Diplomatik: Schriftgeschichte, Siegel- und Wappenkunde. 52: 149–158. doi:10.7788/afd.2006.52.jg.149. S2CID 96483243.\nMileusnić, Slobodan (1998). Medieval Monasteries of Serbia (4th ed.). Novi Sad: Prometej. ISBN 9788676393701.\nNicol, Donald M. (1984) [1957]. The Despotate of Epiros 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages (2. expanded ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521261906.\nObolensky, Dimitri (1974) [1971]. The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500-1453. London: Cardinal. ISBN 9780351176449.\nOrbini, Mauro (1601). Il Regno de gli Slavi hoggi corrottamente detti Schiavoni. Pesaro: Apresso Girolamo Concordia.\nОрбин, Мавро (1968). Краљевство Словена. Београд: Српска књижевна задруга.\nOstrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.\nPolemis, Demetrios I. (1968). The Doukai: A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography. London: The Athlone Press. ISBN 9780485131222.\nPopović, Svetlana (2002). \"The Serbian Episcopal Sees in the Thirteenth Century\". Старинар (51: 2001): 171–184.\nSamardžić, Radovan; Duškov, Milan, eds. (1993). Serbs in European Civilization. Belgrade: Nova, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute for Balkan Studies. ISBN 9788675830153.\nSedlar, Jean W. (1994). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295800646.vteNemanjić dynastyMain ruling members\nsee family tree\nStefan Nemanja\nStefan the First-Crowned\nVukan\nRadoslav\nVladislav\nUroš I\nDragutin\n(Uroš II) Milutin\n(Uroš III) Dečanski\n(Uroš IV) Dušan\nUroš V\nOther ruling members\nĐorđe\nKonstantin Tih\nVladislav of Syrmia\nStefan Konstantin\nJohn Uroš\nSimeon Uroš\nArchbishops\nSava\nSava II\nMinor members\nVratislav\nVratko\nUrošica\nDmitar\nStefan Vukanović\nStefan Uroš of Pharsalos\nDesa\nFemale members\nKomnena, Duchess of Kruja and Elbasan\nBrnjača\nZorica\nJelena, Princess of Bribir\nElizabeth, Baness of Bosnia\nAna-Neda, Empress of Bulgaria\nTeodora-Evdokija, Despotess\nMilica, Princess of Serbia\nMaria Angelina, Empress of Epirus\nJelena Lazarević\nConsorts\nAnastasia\nEudokia of Byzantium\nAnna Dandolo\nAnna Doukaina\nBeloslava of Bulgaria\nHelena of Anjou\nCatherine of Hungary\nHelena Doukaina Angelina\nElizabeth of Hungary\nAnna Terter of Bulgaria\nSimonida of Byzantium\nTheodora Smilets of Bulgaria\nMaria Palaiologina\nHelena of Bulgaria\nAnna of WallachiavteMonarchs of SerbiaPrincipality of Serbia (early medieval), 641–969\nUnknown Archon\nVišeslav\nRadoslav\nProsigoj\nVlastimir\nMutimir\nPribislav\nPetar\nPavle\nZaharija\nČaslav\nByzantine annexation, Duklja subsequently emerging as seat\nSerbian Principality of Duklja, 998–1101\nJovan Vladimir\nStefan Vojislav\nNeda\nMihailo\nConstantine Bodin\nRaška re-emerging as seat (Grand Principality)\nGrand Principality of Serbia, 1101–1217\nVukan\nUroš I\nUroš II\nBeloš\nDesa\nTihomir\nStefan Nemanja\nStefan the First-Crowned\nProclamation of Kingdom\nKingdom of Serbia, 1217–1346Serbian Empire, 1346–1371\nStefan the First-Crowned\nStefan Radoslav\nStefan Vladislav\nStefan Uroš I\nStefan Dragutin\nVladislav at Syrmia\nStefan Milutin\nStefan Konstantin\nStefan Dečanski\nStefan Dušan\nProclamation of Empire\nStefan Dušan\nStefan Uroš V\nFall of the Serbian Empire\nMoravian Serbia, 1371–1402Serbian Despotate, 1402–1537\nLazar\nStefan Lazarević\nProclamation of Despotate\nStefan Lazarević\nĐurađ Branković\nLazar Branković\nStefan Branković\nStephen Tomašević\nOttoman annexation, titular:\nVuk Grgurević\nĐorđe Branković\nJovan Branković\nIvaniš Berislavić\nStevan Berislavić\nRadič Božić\nPavle Bakić\nStefan Štiljanović\nOttoman annexation\nSecond Serbian Empire and Duchy of Srem, 1526–1532\nJovan Nenad\nRadoslav Čelnik\nRevolutionary Serbia, 1804–1837\nKarađorđe\nMiloš Obrenović\nPrincipality of Serbia, 1837–1882\nMiloš I\nMilan II\nMihailo III\nAleksandar\nMiloš I\nMihailo III\nMilan IV\nProclamation of Kingdom\nKingdom of Serbia, 1882–1918\nMilan I\nAleksandar I\nPetar I\nProclamation of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Radoslav, Visoki Dečani","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Loza_Nemanjica_Decani_d_5_2.jpg/220px-Loza_Nemanjica_Decani_d_5_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seal of Stefan Radoslav","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Seal_of_Stefan_Radoslav.jpg/180px-Seal_of_Stefan_Radoslav.jpg"},{"image_text":"Radoslav added a narthex to the church in the Studenica Monastery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Manastir_Studenica%2C_Srbija%2C_029.JPG/220px-Manastir_Studenica%2C_Srbija%2C_029.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Stefan Radoslav of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stefan_Radoslav_of_Serbia"},{"title":"List of Serbian monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Serbian_monarchs"},{"title":"Nemanjić family tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemanji%C4%87_family_tree"}]	[{"reference":"Bataković, Dušan T., ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe [History of the Serbian People] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme. ISBN 9782825119587.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87","url_text":"Bataković, Dušan T."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC","url_text":"Histoire du peuple serbe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782825119587","url_text":"9782825119587"}]},{"reference":"Bellinger, Alfred Raymond (1999). Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection. Vol. 4. Alexius I to Michael VIII, 1081 - 1261 : Pt. 1. Alexius I to Alexius V : (1081 - 1204). Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 635–. ISBN 978-0-88402-233-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NN1xNdYH6n0C&pg=PA635","url_text":"Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection. Vol. 4. Alexius I to Michael VIII, 1081 - 1261 : Pt. 1. Alexius I to Alexius V : (1081 - 1204)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-233-6","url_text":"978-0-88402-233-6"}]},{"reference":"Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87","url_text":"Ćirković, Sima"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC","url_text":"The Serbs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405142915","url_text":"9781405142915"}]},{"reference":"Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521815390.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_Curta","url_text":"Curta, Florin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YIAYMNOOe0YC","url_text":"Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521815390","url_text":"9780521815390"}]},{"reference":"Curta, Florin (2019). Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500-1300). Leiden and Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004395190.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_Curta","url_text":"Curta, Florin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-sqiDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500-1300)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004395190","url_text":"9789004395190"}]},{"reference":"Ducellier, Alain (1999). \"Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria\". The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 779–795. ISBN 9780521362894.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bclfdU_2lesC&pg=PA779","url_text":"\"Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521362894","url_text":"9780521362894"}]},{"reference":"Ducellier, Alain (2008). \"Balkan Powers: Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria (1200-1300)\". The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c. 500–1492. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 779–802. ISBN 9780521832311.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ehh6hiqpaDsC","url_text":"\"Balkan Powers: Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria (1200-1300)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521832311","url_text":"9780521832311"}]},{"reference":"Dvornik, Francis (1962). The Slavs in European History and Civilization. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813507996.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Dvornik","url_text":"Dvornik, Francis"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LACpYP-g1y8C","url_text":"The Slavs in European History and Civilization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813507996","url_text":"9780813507996"}]},{"reference":"Ferjančić, Božidar; Maksimović, Ljubomir (2014). \"Sava Nemanjić and Serbia between Epiros and Nicaea\". Balcanica (45): 37–54. doi:10.2298/BALC1445037F. hdl:21.15107/rcub_dais_12894.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Ferjan%C4%8Di%C4%87","url_text":"Ferjančić, Božidar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubomir_Maksimovi%C4%87","url_text":"Maksimović, Ljubomir"},{"url":"http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0350-76531445037F","url_text":"\"Sava Nemanjić and Serbia between Epiros and Nicaea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2298%2FBALC1445037F","url_text":"10.2298/BALC1445037F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107%2Frcub_dais_12894","url_text":"21.15107/rcub_dais_12894"}]},{"reference":"Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472082604.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.","url_text":"Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC","url_text":"The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472082604","url_text":"0472082604"}]},{"reference":"Ivanović, Miloš (2019). \"Serbian Hagiographies on the Warfare and Political Struggles of the Nemanjić Dynasty (from the Twelfth to Fourteenth Century)\". Reform and Renewal in Medieval East and Central Europe: Politics, Law and Society. Cluj-Napoca: Romanian Academy, Center for Transylvanian Studies. pp. 103–129.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/43289161","url_text":"\"Serbian Hagiographies on the Warfare and Political Struggles of the Nemanjić Dynasty (from the Twelfth to Fourteenth Century)\""}]},{"reference":"Ivić, Pavle, ed. (1995). The History of Serbian Culture. Edgware: Porthill Publishers. ISBN 9781870732314.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavle_Ivi%C4%87","url_text":"Ivić, Pavle"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7nItAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The History of Serbian Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781870732314","url_text":"9781870732314"}]},{"reference":"Jireček, Constantin (1911). Geschichte der Serben. Vol. 1. Gotha: Perthes.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Jire%C4%8Dek","url_text":"Jireček, Constantin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XoVOAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Geschichte der Serben"}]},{"reference":"Jireček, Constantin (1918). Geschichte der Serben. Vol. 2. Gotha: Perthes.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Jire%C4%8Dek","url_text":"Jireček, Constantin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o85DAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Geschichte der Serben"}]},{"reference":"Kalić, Jovanka (2017). \"The First Coronation Churches of Medieval Serbia\". Balcanica (48): 7–18. doi:10.2298/BALC1748007K.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovanka_Kali%C4%87","url_text":"Kalić, Jovanka"},{"url":"http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0350-76531748007K","url_text":"\"The First Coronation Churches of Medieval Serbia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2298%2FBALC1748007K","url_text":"10.2298/BALC1748007K"}]},{"reference":"Marjanović-Dušanić, Smilja (2006). \"Lʹ idéologie monarchique dans les chartes de la dynastie serbe des Némanides (1168-1371): Étude diplomatique\". Archiv für Diplomatik: Schriftgeschichte, Siegel- und Wappenkunde. 52: 149–158. doi:10.7788/afd.2006.52.jg.149. S2CID 96483243.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smilja_Marjanovi%C4%87-Du%C5%A1ani%C4%87","url_text":"Marjanović-Dušanić, Smilja"},{"url":"https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/10.7788/afd.2006.52.jg.149","url_text":"\"Lʹ idéologie monarchique dans les chartes de la dynastie serbe des Némanides (1168-1371): Étude diplomatique\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7788%2Fafd.2006.52.jg.149","url_text":"10.7788/afd.2006.52.jg.149"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96483243","url_text":"96483243"}]},{"reference":"Mileusnić, Slobodan (1998). Medieval Monasteries of Serbia (4th ed.). Novi Sad: Prometej. ISBN 9788676393701.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc1WAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Medieval Monasteries of Serbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788676393701","url_text":"9788676393701"}]},{"reference":"Nicol, Donald M. (1984) [1957]. The Despotate of Epiros 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages (2. expanded ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521261906.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_M._Nicol","url_text":"Nicol, Donald M."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XIj0FfKto9AC","url_text":"The Despotate of Epiros 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521261906","url_text":"9780521261906"}]},{"reference":"Obolensky, Dimitri (1974) [1971]. The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500-1453. London: Cardinal. ISBN 9780351176449.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Obolensky","url_text":"Obolensky, Dimitri"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RlBoAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500-1453"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780351176449","url_text":"9780351176449"}]},{"reference":"Orbini, Mauro (1601). Il Regno de gli Slavi hoggi corrottamente detti Schiavoni. Pesaro: Apresso Girolamo Concordia.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_Orbini","url_text":"Orbini, Mauro"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fx3OntcdUkQC","url_text":"Il Regno de gli Slavi hoggi corrottamente detti Schiavoni"}]},{"reference":"Орбин, Мавро (1968). Краљевство Словена. Београд: Српска књижевна задруга.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_Orbini","url_text":"Орбин, Мавро"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MduZAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Краљевство Словена"}]},{"reference":"Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ostrogorsky","url_text":"Ostrogorsky, George"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ","url_text":"History of the Byzantine State"}]},{"reference":"Polemis, Demetrios I. (1968). The Doukai: A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography. London: The Athlone Press. ISBN 9780485131222.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CwwJAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Doukai: A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780485131222","url_text":"9780485131222"}]},{"reference":"Popović, Svetlana (2002). \"The Serbian Episcopal Sees in the Thirteenth Century\". Старинар (51: 2001): 171–184.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yuAVAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"The Serbian Episcopal Sees in the Thirteenth Century\""}]},{"reference":"Samardžić, Radovan; Duškov, Milan, eds. (1993). Serbs in European Civilization. Belgrade: Nova, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute for Balkan Studies. ISBN 9788675830153.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radovan_Samard%C5%BEi%C4%87","url_text":"Samardžić, Radovan"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O3MtAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Serbs in European Civilization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788675830153","url_text":"9788675830153"}]},{"reference":"Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295800646.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4NYTCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295800646","url_text":"9780295800646"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC","external_links_name":"Histoire du peuple serbe"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NN1xNdYH6n0C&pg=PA635","external_links_name":"Catalogue of the Byzantine coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection. Vol. 4. Alexius I to Michael VIII, 1081 - 1261 : Pt. 1. Alexius I to Alexius V : (1081 - 1204)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC","external_links_name":"The Serbs"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YIAYMNOOe0YC","external_links_name":"Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-sqiDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500-1300)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bclfdU_2lesC&pg=PA779","external_links_name":"\"Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ehh6hiqpaDsC","external_links_name":"\"Balkan Powers: Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria (1200-1300)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LACpYP-g1y8C","external_links_name":"The Slavs in European History and Civilization"},{"Link":"http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0350-76531445037F","external_links_name":"\"Sava Nemanjić and Serbia between Epiros and Nicaea\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2298%2FBALC1445037F","external_links_name":"10.2298/BALC1445037F"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107%2Frcub_dais_12894","external_links_name":"21.15107/rcub_dais_12894"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC","external_links_name":"The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/43289161","external_links_name":"\"Serbian Hagiographies on the Warfare and Political Struggles of the Nemanjić Dynasty (from the Twelfth to Fourteenth Century)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7nItAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The History of Serbian Culture"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XoVOAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Geschichte der Serben"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o85DAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Geschichte der Serben"},{"Link":"http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0350-76531748007K","external_links_name":"\"The First Coronation Churches of Medieval Serbia\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2298%2FBALC1748007K","external_links_name":"10.2298/BALC1748007K"},{"Link":"https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/10.7788/afd.2006.52.jg.149","external_links_name":"\"Lʹ idéologie monarchique dans les chartes de la dynastie serbe des Némanides (1168-1371): Étude diplomatique\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.7788%2Fafd.2006.52.jg.149","external_links_name":"10.7788/afd.2006.52.jg.149"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96483243","external_links_name":"96483243"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc1WAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Medieval Monasteries of Serbia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XIj0FfKto9AC","external_links_name":"The Despotate of Epiros 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RlBoAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500-1453"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fx3OntcdUkQC","external_links_name":"Il Regno de gli Slavi hoggi corrottamente detti Schiavoni"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MduZAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Краљевство Словена"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"History of the Byzantine State"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CwwJAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The Doukai: A Contribution to Byzantine Prosopography"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yuAVAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"\"The Serbian Episcopal Sees in the Thirteenth Century\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O3MtAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Serbs in European Civilization"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4NYTCgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitta_Bauer	Gitta Bauer	["1 Opposing Nazism","2 Opposing communism","3 References","4 External links"]	German journalist (1919–1990) Gitta BauerBorn1919Berlin, Weimar RepublicDied1990 (aged 70–71)OccupationJournalistNationalityGerman Gitta Bauer (born 1919 in Berlin, died 1990) was a German journalist. Opposing Nazism RighteousAmong the Nations The Holocaust Rescuers of Jews Righteousness Seven Laws of Noah Yad Vashem By country Austrian Croatian German Hungarian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish (list) Romanian Serbian Ukrainian vte She was born into a liberal family and raised a Catholic. She was a member of a Catholic movement, that was banned by the Nazis in 1935. Some years later, she was sent to prison for publishing a small newspaper with six friends, that advocated peace. In 1944, her childhood friend, Ilse Baumgart, who was half Jewish and lived in Berlin under an assumed identity, where she worked as a secretary, got into great trouble. Upon hearing of the 20 July plot, she asked "Is the swine (Hitler) dead? Then the war is finally over". Her comment was reported, but the officer who came to arrest her was himself opposed to the Nazis, and gave her 15 minutes to escape. She was then hidden for the next nine months in the home of Gitta Bauer. Bauer later recounted: "This was no big moral or religious decision. She was a friend and she needed help. We knew it was dangerous, and we were careful, but we didn't consider not taking her". In 1984 Gitta Bauer was honored as a "Righteous among the Nations" by Yad Vashem for saving her friend. She was initially in doubt about accepting the honor, not feeling she did anything extraordinary, but eventually she did. Opposing communism In 1945, she met her husband, Leo Bauer (1912–1972), a Jewish communist veteran. In 1950 their son was born in East Berlin. The same year Leo Bauer was arrested together with his wife Gitta and his sister-in-law Hilde Dubro (who happened to visit them at the time) by the communist regime, accused of being an American spy, and sent to a Gulag concentration camp in Siberia. Gitta Bauer was imprisoned by the Stasi for circa 3 years, first at Bautzen and then at the Waldheim women's prison. Following her release, she became an ardent anti-communist, escaping to West Germany, where she worked as a journalist for the Springer Foreign News Service. She was joined in West Germany by her husband, who became a social democrat and a journalist for the West German magazine Stern. References ^ Kristine Bischof "Gitta Bauer, Germany" The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation ^ Gitta Bauer at Yad Vashem website ^ Beate Kosmala, Revital Ludewig-Kedmi, Verbotene Hilfe. Deutsche Retterinnen und Retter während des Holocaust. Auer, Donauwörth 2003, ISBN 3-403-04085-2 ^ Kristine Bischof "Gitta Bauer, Germany" The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation ^ "Ernst". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-06-06. ^ "Erinnerung an Leo Bauer". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-06. ^ "Gerhard Zwerenz \| der Schatten Leo Bauers \| Poetenladen". ^ Ilan Berman, J. Michael Waller, Dismantling tyranny: transitioning beyond totalitarian regimes, p. 72, Rowman & Littlefield, 2006, ISBN 0-7425-4903-8, ISBN 978-0-7425-4903-6 External links Gitta Bauer – her activity to save Jews' lives during the Holocaust, at Yad Vashem website Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"}],"text":"Gitta Bauer (born 1919 in Berlin, died 1990) was a German journalist.","title":"Gitta Bauer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"20 July plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_July_plot"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Righteous among the Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righteous_among_the_Nations"},{"link_name":"Yad Vashem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"She was born into a liberal family and raised a Catholic. She was a member of a Catholic movement, that was banned by the Nazis in 1935. Some years later, she was sent to prison for publishing a small newspaper with six friends, that advocated peace.In 1944, her childhood friend, Ilse Baumgart, who was half Jewish and lived in Berlin under an assumed identity, where she worked as a secretary, got into great trouble. Upon hearing of the 20 July plot, she asked \"Is the swine (Hitler) dead? Then the war is finally over\". Her comment was reported, but the officer who came to arrest her was himself opposed to the Nazis, and gave her 15 minutes to escape. She was then hidden for the next nine months in the home of Gitta Bauer. Bauer later recounted: \"This was no big moral or religious decision. She was a friend and she needed help. We knew it was dangerous, and we were careful, but we didn't consider not taking her\".[1]In 1984 Gitta Bauer was honored as a \"Righteous among the Nations\" by Yad Vashem for saving her friend.[2] She was initially in doubt about accepting the honor, not feeling she did anything extraordinary, but eventually she did.[3][4][5]","title":"Opposing Nazism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leo Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Bauer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gulag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"Stasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi"},{"link_name":"Bautzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bautzen"},{"link_name":"Waldheim women's prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldheim_women%27s_prison&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"anti-communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communist"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Springer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer_AG"},{"link_name":"Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 1945, she met her husband, Leo Bauer (1912–1972[6][7]), a Jewish communist veteran. In 1950 their son was born in East Berlin. The same year Leo Bauer was arrested together with his wife Gitta and his sister-in-law Hilde Dubro (who happened to visit them at the time) by the communist regime, accused of being an American spy, and sent to a Gulag concentration camp in Siberia. Gitta Bauer was imprisoned by the Stasi for circa 3 years, first at Bautzen and then at the Waldheim women's prison. Following her release, she became an ardent anti-communist, escaping to West Germany, where she worked as a journalist for the Springer Foreign News Service. She was joined in West Germany by her husband, who became a social democrat and a journalist for the West German magazine Stern.[8]","title":"Opposing communism"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ernst\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716160239/http://www.nibis.de/nli1/chaplin/materialien/schindler/presse/ernst/body_ernst.html","url_text":"\"Ernst\""},{"url":"http://www.nibis.de/nli1/chaplin/materialien/schindler/presse/ernst/body_ernst.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Erinnerung an Leo Bauer\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719032049/http://www.gerdgruendler.de/Erinnerung%20an%20Leo%20Bauer.html","url_text":"\"Erinnerung an Leo Bauer\""},{"url":"http://www.gerdgruendler.de/Erinnerung%20an%20Leo%20Bauer.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gerhard Zwerenz \| der Schatten Leo Bauers \| Poetenladen\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.poetenladen.de/zwerenz-gerhard-sachsen17-leo-bauer.htm","url_text":"\"Gerhard Zwerenz \| der Schatten Leo Bauers \| Poetenladen\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/?en/saviors/women/2997/gitta-bauer-germany.3121.htm","external_links_name":"\"Gitta Bauer, Germany\""},{"Link":"http://db.yadvashem.org/righteous/family.html?language=en&itemId=4013839","external_links_name":"Gitta Bauer"},{"Link":"http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/?en/saviors/women/2997/gitta-bauer-germany.3121.htm","external_links_name":"\"Gitta Bauer, Germany\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716160239/http://www.nibis.de/nli1/chaplin/materialien/schindler/presse/ernst/body_ernst.html","external_links_name":"\"Ernst\""},{"Link":"http://www.nibis.de/nli1/chaplin/materialien/schindler/presse/ernst/body_ernst.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719032049/http://www.gerdgruendler.de/Erinnerung%20an%20Leo%20Bauer.html","external_links_name":"\"Erinnerung an Leo Bauer\""},{"Link":"http://www.gerdgruendler.de/Erinnerung%20an%20Leo%20Bauer.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.poetenladen.de/zwerenz-gerhard-sachsen17-leo-bauer.htm","external_links_name":"\"Gerhard Zwerenz \| der Schatten Leo Bauers \| Poetenladen\""},{"Link":"http://db.yadvashem.org/righteous/family.html?language=en&itemId=4013839","external_links_name":"Gitta Bauer"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/971152502834710800009","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1218485434","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0222637&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exponent	Purdue Exponent	["1 History","2 Recent operations","3 Notable alumni","4 References","5 External links"]	Independent student newspaper at Purdue University This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Purdue Exponent" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The ExponentThe January 20, 2006 front page of The ExponentTypeStudent newspaperFormatBroadsheetOwner(s)Purdue Student Publishing FoundationPublisherStacey KelloggEditorAlex HaddonFounded1889; 135 years ago (1889)Headquarters460 Northwestern AvenueWest Lafayette, IN 47906United StatesWebsitepurdueexponent.org The Purdue Exponent is an independent student newspaper that serves Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. It is published on Mondays and Thursdays during university semesters by the Purdue Student Publishing Foundation, and is Indiana's largest collegiate daily newspaper. The Exponent employs seven full-time professionals, relying for most operations on a staff of approximately 80 students, though the university has no journalism school. Exponent alumni have won six Pulitzers, six Emmys, two Peabodys, and two John Chancellors. History The Exponent's first edition was published on December 15, 1889. It was a daily paper from 1906 to 2016. In 2017, it switched to a twice-weekly printing schedule. The Web edition (www.purdueexponent.org) was started in 1996. It was the first college newspaper in the country to build its own building (built in 1989 and sold in 2017, but the organization still resides there) and one of two college newspapers that continues to own its own press. The path to becoming an independent entity began in 1968, when the university removed William R. Smoot II as editor-in-chief. The move followed critical and controversial columns in the newspaper, particularly one on October 23, 1968, that castigated university president Frederick L. Hovde. The university informed Smoot on Friday, Nov. 8, 1968, that he was being removed, but the sixteen editors on the staff refused to accept the dictum. On Saturday, it put out a special edition with a headline, “We Will Still Publish”. By Monday, the headline was more defiant: “Smoot Will Continue: Staff”. University officials claimed that alumni and political pressure had nothing to do with the move to remove Smoot, but Thomas Graham, a Purdue trustee later said, “Not only did I get a whole bunch of letters, I’d go down to cash a check at the bank and an old friend would grab (me) by the front of the shirt and tell (me), ‘Now dammit, you know right from wrong. Now go up there and get those liberals out of that university.’ … That’s how it’s done here in southern Indiana.” The firing of the editor pushed to the fore the issue of who owned and who was responsible for oversight of the student newspaper. The issue was given to a faculty-student-administrator committee called the Exponent Review Board, but known as the Osmun Commission for its chairman, the Dr. John Osmun. Ultimately the Osmun Commission decided over the opposition of administration members that while Hovde had the authority to fire Smoot, the university did not follow due process. Smoot was allowed to remain as editor-in-chief. More important in the long term, the commission recommended that the Exponent become a not-for-profit corporation headed by a publishing board, the Purdue Student Publishing Foundation. Its rent-free use that had been in place since 1933 of windowless offices in the basement (Room B-50) of the Purdue Memorial Union would end in 1969 and the organization paid rent to the University until moving out in May 1989. In 1975, at the urging of then Purdue President Arthur Hansen, the Exponent became free distribution with 10,000 copies distributed on campus. Recent operations The newspaper struggled through the first several years of organization, partly because it was capitalized only by operating revenues and partly because it was being forced to rent space from the university and to purchase printing equipment that had already been paid for. It went through a period of alternately making and losing money, though student staff members were all volunteers at that time. A critical point came in 1975 when the newspaper went to free campus-wide circulation, expanding market coverage and gaining significant advertising income. By 1988, revenues had grown substantially and the newspaper began construction on the 22,500-square-foot (2,090 m2) facility that it now occupies, but no longer owns, at 460 Northwestern Avenue in West Lafayette. The newspaper today distributes 9,000 copies twice-weekly during the school year and 5,000 during the summer. Revenues are nearly $1 million per year. The Exponent is only one of two college newspapers that own and operate their own printing press. The current news adviser is Virginia Black, formerly with the South Bend Tribune. During the 2021-2022 academic year, the Exponent was ranked in ninth place for U.S. college newspapers for the most organic traffic, with 86,465 website visits. It also ranked fourth for most the social engagement, with 377,220 total shares in the same year, and fourth in average number of shares per article, with 204 shares. Notable alumni Ken Armstrong, investigative reporter, book author, reporter, ProPublica, Earl Butz, former U.S. Secretary of Agriculture. Brandt Hershman, attorney, former Majority Floor Leader, Indiana State Senate (retiring in 2018), former writer for President George H.W. Bush. Rick Karr, journalist and educator who reports primarily on media and technology's impact on culture. Michael King, digital executive producer and Internet reporter, WXIA-TV, Atlanta Mark O'Hare, cartoonist Larry Persily, Anchorage Daily News editorial page editor; former publisher The Wrangell Sentinel, nature gas pipeline coordinator for Alaska for President Obama administration Bob Peterson, (cartoonist at Exponent 1985 - 1987) animator, screenwriter, director, voice actor, Pixar Orville Redenbacher, food scientist Ginger Thompson, senior reporter, ProPublica; former bureau chief, The New York Times, 2001 Pulitzer Prize winner, References ^ "Articles by Virginia Black's Profile \| Purdue Exponent Journalist". Muck Rack. Retrieved 2023-08-09. ^ Levy, David (2022-10-04). "We ranked the best college newspapers in 2022 by traffic and engagement". Degreechoices.com. Retrieved 2023-08-09. ^ "Ginger Thompson". The New York Times. March 4, 2019. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 14, 2020. ^ "The 1996 Pulitzer Prize Finalist in Public Service". www.pulitzer.org. Retrieved February 14, 2020. “Purdue’s Gadfly,” thesis by Robin Rauzi, E.W. Scripps School of Journalism (Ohio University), May 27, 1994 Purdue Exponent bound volumes External links Official website vtePurdue UniversityLocated in: West Lafayette, IndianaSystem West Lafayette Fort Wayne IPFW, dissolved 2018 Northwest IUPUI, to be dissolved in 2024 IUPUC, transferring to the IU system in 2024 Global (Law School) Academics College of Agriculture College of Education College of Engineering College of Health and Human Sciences College of Liberal Arts Krannert School of Management College of Pharmacy Polytechnic Institute College of Science College of Veterinary Medicine AthleticsTeams Purdue Boilermakers Baseball Men's basketball Women's basketball Football Men's golf Softball Women's volleyball Indiana rivalry Men's basketball Governor's Cup (Multi-sport) Old Oaken Bucket (Football) Barn Burner Trophy (Women's basketball) Monon Spike (Women's volleyball) Golden Boot (Women's soccer) Other rivalries Illinois (Purdue Cannon) Notre Dame (Shillelagh Trophy) Chicago Facilities Ross–Ade Stadium Mackey Arena Alexander Field Lambert Field Lambert Fieldhouse Other All-American Marching Band Big Bass Drum Big Ten Conference Glee Club Hail Purdue! Boilermaker Special Purdue Pete Campus Purdue Aeronautics Corporation Purdue Airlines Purdue Airport Purdue Bell Tower The Boilermaker Discovery Park Elliott Hall of Music Engineering Fountain Horticulture Gardens Nuclear reactor Purdue Memorial Union Purdue Research Park Rawls Hall Slayter Center West Lafayette Student life The Exponent WBAA Purdue Grand Prix Electric Vehicle Grand Prix Purdue OWL Rube Goldberg Machine Contest Purdue Reamer Club People Alumni Faculty Presidents John Purdue Founded: 1869 Students: 49,639 (2021) Endowment: US $2.59 billion (2020)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"student newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_newspaper"},{"link_name":"Purdue University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University"},{"link_name":"West Lafayette, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Lafayette,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Pulitzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"Emmys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Peabodys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Award"}],"text":"The Purdue Exponent is an independent student newspaper that serves Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. It is published on Mondays and Thursdays during university semesters by the Purdue Student Publishing Foundation, and is Indiana's largest collegiate daily newspaper.The Exponent employs seven full-time professionals, relying for most operations on a staff of approximately 80 students, though the university has no journalism school.Exponent alumni have won six Pulitzers, six Emmys, two Peabodys, and two John Chancellors.","title":"Purdue Exponent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William R. Smoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_R._Smoot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frederick L. Hovde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_L._Hovde"},{"link_name":"dictum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictum"},{"link_name":"not-for-profit corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization"},{"link_name":"Arthur Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Hansen"}],"text":"The Exponent's first edition was published on December 15, 1889. It was a daily paper from 1906 to 2016. In 2017, it switched to a twice-weekly printing schedule. The Web edition (www.purdueexponent.org) was started in 1996. It was the first college newspaper in the country to build its own building (built in 1989 and sold in 2017, but the organization still resides there) and one of two college newspapers that continues to own its own press.The path to becoming an independent entity began in 1968, when the university removed William R. Smoot II as editor-in-chief. The move followed critical and controversial columns in the newspaper, particularly one on October 23, 1968, that castigated university president Frederick L. Hovde.The university informed Smoot on Friday, Nov. 8, 1968, that he was being removed, but the sixteen editors on the staff refused to accept the dictum. On Saturday, it put out a special edition with a headline, “We Will Still Publish”. By Monday, the headline was more defiant: “Smoot Will Continue: Staff”.University officials claimed that alumni and political pressure had nothing to do with the move to remove Smoot, but Thomas Graham, a Purdue trustee later said, “Not only did I get a whole bunch of letters, I’d go down to cash a check at the bank and an old friend would grab (me) by the front of the shirt and tell (me), ‘Now dammit, you know right from wrong. Now go up there and get those liberals out of that university.’ … That’s how it’s done here in southern Indiana.”The firing of the editor pushed to the fore the issue of who owned and who was responsible for oversight of the student newspaper. The issue was given to a faculty-student-administrator committee called the Exponent Review Board, but known as the Osmun Commission for its chairman, the Dr. John Osmun. Ultimately the Osmun Commission decided over the opposition of administration members that while Hovde had the authority to fire Smoot, the university did not follow due process. Smoot was allowed to remain as editor-in-chief.More important in the long term, the commission recommended that the Exponent become a not-for-profit corporation headed by a publishing board, the Purdue Student Publishing Foundation. Its rent-free use that had been in place since 1933 of windowless offices in the basement (Room B-50) of the Purdue Memorial Union would end in 1969 and the organization paid rent to the University until moving out in May 1989.In 1975, at the urging of then Purdue President Arthur Hansen, the Exponent became free distribution with 10,000 copies distributed on campus.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Bend Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The newspaper struggled through the first several years of organization, partly because it was capitalized only by operating revenues and partly because it was being forced to rent space from the university and to purchase printing equipment that had already been paid for. It went through a period of alternately making and losing money, though student staff members were all volunteers at that time.A critical point came in 1975 when the newspaper went to free campus-wide circulation, expanding market coverage and gaining significant advertising income.By 1988, revenues had grown substantially and the newspaper began construction on the 22,500-square-foot (2,090 m2) facility that it now occupies, but no longer owns, at 460 Northwestern Avenue in West Lafayette.The newspaper today distributes 9,000 copies twice-weekly during the school year and 5,000 during the summer. Revenues are nearly $1 million per year. The Exponent is only one of two college newspapers that own and operate their own printing press.The current news adviser is Virginia Black, formerly with the South Bend Tribune.[1]During the 2021-2022 academic year, the Exponent was ranked in ninth place for U.S. college newspapers for the most organic traffic, with 86,465 website visits. It also ranked fourth for most the social engagement, with 377,220 total shares in the same year, and fourth in average number of shares per article, with 204 shares.[2]","title":"Recent operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ken Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Armstrong_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Earl Butz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Butz"},{"link_name":"Brandt Hershman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandt_Hershman"},{"link_name":"Rick Karr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Karr"},{"link_name":"Michael King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_King_(Project_21)"},{"link_name":"WXIA-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXIA-TV"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Mark O'Hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_O%27Hare"},{"link_name":"Larry Persily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Persily"},{"link_name":"Bob Peterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Peterson_(animator)"},{"link_name":"Orville Redenbacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orville_Redenbacher"},{"link_name":"Ginger Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Thompson"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ken Armstrong, investigative reporter, book author, reporter, ProPublica,\nEarl Butz, former U.S. Secretary of Agriculture.\nBrandt Hershman, attorney, former Majority Floor Leader, Indiana State Senate (retiring in 2018), former writer for President George H.W. Bush.\nRick Karr, journalist and educator who reports primarily on media and technology's impact on culture.\nMichael King, digital executive producer and Internet reporter, WXIA-TV, Atlanta\nMark O'Hare, cartoonist\nLarry Persily, Anchorage Daily News editorial page editor; former publisher The Wrangell Sentinel, nature gas pipeline coordinator for Alaska for President Obama administration\nBob Peterson, (cartoonist at Exponent 1985 - 1987) animator, screenwriter, director, voice actor, Pixar\nOrville Redenbacher, food scientist\nGinger Thompson, senior reporter, ProPublica; former bureau chief, The New York Times,[3] 2001 Pulitzer Prize winner,[4]","title":"Notable alumni"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Articles by Virginia Black's Profile \| Purdue Exponent Journalist\". Muck Rack. Retrieved 2023-08-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://muckrack.com/virginia-black-1/articles","url_text":"\"Articles by Virginia Black's Profile \| Purdue Exponent Journalist\""}]},{"reference":"Levy, David (2022-10-04). \"We ranked the best college newspapers in 2022 by traffic and engagement\". Degreechoices.com. Retrieved 2023-08-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.degreechoices.com/blog/college-newspaper-rankings-2022/","url_text":"\"We ranked the best college newspapers in 2022 by traffic and engagement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ginger Thompson\". The New York Times. March 4, 2019. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/times-journeys/expert/ginger-thompson/","url_text":"\"Ginger Thompson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"The 1996 Pulitzer Prize Finalist in Public Service\". www.pulitzer.org. Retrieved February 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/staff-81","url_text":"\"The 1996 Pulitzer Prize Finalist in Public Service\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Purdue+Exponent%22","external_links_name":"\"Purdue Exponent\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Purdue+Exponent%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Purdue+Exponent%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Purdue+Exponent%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Purdue+Exponent%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Purdue+Exponent%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://purdueexponent.org/","external_links_name":"purdueexponent.org"},{"Link":"https://muckrack.com/virginia-black-1/articles","external_links_name":"\"Articles by Virginia Black's Profile \| Purdue Exponent Journalist\""},{"Link":"https://www.degreechoices.com/blog/college-newspaper-rankings-2022/","external_links_name":"\"We ranked the best college newspapers in 2022 by traffic and engagement\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/times-journeys/expert/ginger-thompson/","external_links_name":"\"Ginger Thompson\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/staff-81","external_links_name":"\"The 1996 Pulitzer Prize Finalist in Public Service\""},{"Link":"http://www.purdueexponent.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Stychel	Antoni Stychel	["1 References"]	Antoni Stychel Antoni Stychel (1859–1935) was a Polish priest, member of parliament, president of the Union of the Catholic Societies of Polish Workers (Związek Katolickich Towarzystw Robotników Polskich). He was one of the pioneers of the Catholic social movement in Poland. References Witold Jakóbczyk, Przetrwać na Wartą 1815-1914, Dzieje narodu i państwa polskiego, vol. III-55, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Warszawa 1989 http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00003459/images/index.html?nativeno=385 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Poland People Deutsche Biographie This biographical article about a Polish politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union of the Catholic Societies of Polish Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_of_the_Catholic_Societies_of_Polish_Workers&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Antoni Stychel (1859–1935) was a Polish priest, member of parliament, president of the Union of the Catholic Societies of Polish Workers (Związek Katolickich Towarzystw Robotników Polskich). He was one of the pioneers of the Catholic social movement in Poland.","title":"Antoni Stychel"}]	[{"image_text":"Antoni Stychel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Antoni_Stychel.jpg/220px-Antoni_Stychel.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00003459/images/index.html?nativeno=385","external_links_name":"http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00003459/images/index.html?nativeno=385"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000002310652X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/45485544","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpV9wHWy6KJMtmTQJcByd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/133247708","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810680004205606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd133247708.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoni_Stychel&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Ravel	Sandra Ravel	["1 Biography","2 Filmography","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]	Italian film actress Sandra RavelThose Three French Girls movie poster, with Yola d'Avril, Fifi D'Orsay, and Sandra Ravel (from left to right)BornAlessandra Winkelhauser Ratti(1910-01-16)16 January 1910Milan, Lombardy, ItalyDied13 August 1954(1954-08-13) (aged 44)Milan, Lombardy, ItalyOther namesAlessandra LeverkusenOccupationActressYears active1930–1939 (film)Spouse Rodolfo Gucci (m. 1944)ChildrenMaurizio Gucci Sandra Ravel (16 January 1910 – 13 August 1954) was an Italian film actress of the 1930s. Biography She was born as Alessandra Winkelhauser Ratti in Milan, Italy in 1910 to a German father who was a chemical plant worker, and a Swiss mother from the Ratti family of Lugano. Ravel had a minor role in Together in the Dark, where she met her future husband. She was married in 1944 in Venice to the actor and entrepreneur Rodolfo Gucci. Their only child, Maurizio (1948-1995), was named for his father's theatrical alter ego, "Maurizio D'Ancora". Sandra Ravel died in 1954, aged 44, from uterine cancer in her native Lombardy. Filmography Mysterious Mr. Parkes (1930) Those Three French Girls (1930) War Nurse (1930) The Single Sin (1931) Paradise (1932) A Star Disappears (1932) Together in the Dark (1933) The House of Shame (1938) A Wife in Danger (1939) The Castle Ball (1939) Two Million for a Smile (1939) References ^ Goble, Alan (8 September 2011). The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter. p. 118. ISBN 978-3-11-095194-3. ^ a b c Forden, Sara G. (8 May 2012). The House of Gucci: A Sensational Story of Murder, Madness, Glamour, and Greed. Harper Collins. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-06-222267-1. ^ "Guccio Gucci". The Florentine. 17 June 2009. Retrieved 12 October 2020. married a German actress, Alessandra Leverkusen, known on the screen as Sandra Ravel ^ Gay Forden, Sara (2008). La saga dei Gucci. p. 74. ^ Eames, John Douglas (1 December 1988). The MGM story: the complete history of fifty roaring years. Crown Publishers. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-517-52613-2. ^ Mancini, Elaine (1985). Struggles of the Italian Film Industry During Fascism, 1930-1935. UMI Research Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8357-1655-0. Further reading Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999. External links Sandra Ravel at IMDb This article about an Italian film actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_actress"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Sandra Ravel (16 January 1910 – 13 August 1954) was an Italian film actress of the 1930s.[1]","title":"Sandra Ravel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Lugano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugano"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Together in the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Together_in_the_Dark"},{"link_name":"Rodolfo Gucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Gucci"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Maurizio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Gucci"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"uterine cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_cancer"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"She was born as Alessandra Winkelhauser Ratti in Milan, Italy in 1910 to a German father who was a chemical plant worker, and a Swiss mother from the Ratti family of Lugano.[2]Ravel had a minor role in Together in the Dark, where she met her future husband. She was married in 1944 in Venice to the actor and entrepreneur Rodolfo Gucci.[2][3] Their only child, Maurizio (1948-1995), was named for his father's theatrical alter ego, \"Maurizio D'Ancora\".[2]Sandra Ravel died in 1954, aged 44, from uterine cancer in her native Lombardy.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mysterious Mr. Parkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysterious_Mr._Parkes"},{"link_name":"Those Three French Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Those_Three_French_Girls"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"War Nurse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Nurse"},{"link_name":"The Single Sin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Single_Sin"},{"link_name":"Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_(1932_film)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"A Star Disappears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Star_Disappears"},{"link_name":"Together in the Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Together_in_the_Dark"},{"link_name":"The House of Shame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_Shame_(1938_film)"},{"link_name":"A Wife in Danger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Wife_in_Danger"},{"link_name":"The Castle Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Castle_Ball"},{"link_name":"Two Million for a Smile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Million_for_a_Smile"}],"text":"Mysterious Mr. Parkes (1930)\nThose Three French Girls (1930)[5]\nWar Nurse (1930)\nThe Single Sin (1931)\nParadise (1932)[6]\nA Star Disappears (1932)\nTogether in the Dark (1933)\nThe House of Shame (1938)\nA Wife in Danger (1939)\nThe Castle Ball (1939)\nTwo Million for a Smile (1939)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Yyqc0Qa6b60C"},{"link_name":"Walter de Gruyter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter"}],"text":"Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Goble, Alan (8 September 2011). The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter. p. 118. ISBN 978-3-11-095194-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Yyqc0Qa6b60C","url_text":"The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-095194-3","url_text":"978-3-11-095194-3"}]},{"reference":"Forden, Sara G. (8 May 2012). The House of Gucci: A Sensational Story of Murder, Madness, Glamour, and Greed. Harper Collins. p. 16. 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ISBN 978-0-8357-1655-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZY1ZAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Struggles of the Italian Film Industry During Fascism, 1930-1935"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8357-1655-0","url_text":"978-0-8357-1655-0"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Yyqc0Qa6b60C","external_links_name":"The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EExuyvAOiNgC&pg=PA16","external_links_name":"The House of Gucci: A Sensational Story of Murder, Madness, Glamour, and Greed"},{"Link":"https://www.theflorentine.net/2009/06/18/guccio-gucci/","external_links_name":"\"Guccio Gucci\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dBu0gvY3tMMC","external_links_name":"The MGM story: the complete history of fifty roaring years"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZY1ZAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Struggles of the Italian Film Industry During Fascism, 1930-1935"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Yyqc0Qa6b60C","external_links_name":"The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0712319/","external_links_name":"Sandra Ravel"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Ravel&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_at_the_2020_Summer_Paralympics	Colombia at the 2020 Summer Paralympics	["1 Medalists","2 Competitors","3 Archery","4 Athletics","5 Boccia","6 Cycling","6.1 Road","6.2 Track","7 Powerlifting","8 Swimming","9 Table tennis","10 Wheelchair basketball","11 Wheelchair tennis","12 See also","13 References"]	Sporting event delegationColombia at the2020 Summer ParalympicsFlag of ColombiaIPC codeCOLNPCColombian Paralympic CommitteeWebsitewww.cpc.org.co (in Spanish)in Tokyo, JapanAugust 24, 2021 (2021-08-24) – September 5, 2021 (2021-09-05)Competitors61 in 9 sportsFlag bearer Érica Castaño & Francisco PalomequeMedalsRanked 37th Gold 3 Silver 7 Bronze 14 Total 24 Summer Paralympics appearances (overview)1976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024 Colombia competed at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo, Japan, from 24 August to 5 September 2021. Medalists Main article: 2020 Summer Paralympics medal table Medal Name Sport Event Date Gold Nelson Crispín Swimming Men's 200 metre individual medley SM6 26 August Gold José Lemos Athletics Men's javelin throw F38 27 August Gold Carlos Serrano Zárate Swimming Men's 100 metre breaststroke SB7 1 September Silver Mayerli Buitrago Ariza Athletics Women's shot put F41 27 August Silver Nelson Crispín Swimming Men's 100 metre breaststroke SB6 28 August Silver Darian Faisury Jiménez Athletics Women's 100 metres T38 28 August Silver Moisés Fuentes Swimming Men's 100 metre breaststroke SB4 29 August Silver Carlos Serrano Zárate Swimming Men's 50 metre freestyle S7 31 August Silver Mauricio Valencia Athletics Men's javelin throw F34 1 September Silver Nelson Crispín Swimming Men's 100 metre freestyle S6 1 September Bronze Luis Fernando Lucumí Villegas Athletics Men's javelin throw F38 27 August Bronze Diego Germán Dueñas Cycling Men's individual pursuit C4 27 August Bronze Carlos Serrano Zárate Swimming Men's 200 metre individual medley SM7 27 August Bronze Angie Lizeth Pabon Mamian Athletics Women's 400 metres T11 28 August Bronze Fabio Torres Powerlifting Men's 97 kg 29 August Bronze Jean Carlos Mina Aponzá Athletics Men's 100 metres T13 29 August Bronze Nelson Crispín Swimming Men's 50 metre butterfly S12 30 August Bronze Yesenia Restrepo Athletics Women's discus throw F11 31 August Bronze José Lemos Athletics Men's long jump T38 1 September Bronze Diego Meneses Athletics Men's javelin throw F34 1 September Bronze Juan José Betancourt Quiroga Cycling Men's road race T1–2 2 September Bronze Laura Carolina González Rodríguez Swimming Women's 100 metre butterfly S8 3 September Bronze Carlos Serrano Zárate Swimming Men's 50 metre butterfly S7 3 September Bronze Darian Faisury Jiménez Athletics Women's 400 metres T38 4 September Competitors The following is the list of number of competitors participating in the Games: Sport Men Women Total Archery 0 1 1 Athletics 10 9 19 Boccia 2 1 3 Cycling 4 2 6 Powerlifting 3 1 4 Swimming 9 4 13 Table Tennis 1 0 1 Wheelchair Basketball 12 0 12 Wheelchair Tennis 0 2 2 Total 41 20 61 Archery Main article: Archery at the 2020 Summer Paralympics Colombia entered one female archer to compete. Athlete Event Ranking round Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Score Seed OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank María Daza Women's individual recurve 559 14 Barantseva (RPC) L 4–6 did not advance 17 Athletics Main article: Athletics at the 2020 Summer Paralympics Nineteen athletes have qualified to compete. Men's track Athlete Event Heats Final Result Rank Result Rank Yamil Acosta Men's 100m T12 11.50 11 did not advance Men's 400m T12 50.95 6 did not advance Buinder Bermúdez Men's 100m T13 11.36 11 did not advance Men's 400m T13 49.91 6 Q 49.26 4 Juan Sebastián Gómez Coa Men's 100m T38 11.98 12 did not advance Dixon Hooker Men's 400m T38 55.59 8 q 54.04 8 José Lemos Men's 100m T38 11.43 5 Q 11.53 5 Jean Carlos Mina Aponzá Men's 100m T13 11.08 7 Q 10.64 Men's field Athlete Event Final Result Rank Omar Acosta Men's long jump T36 5.48 6 Juan Sebastián Gómez Coa Men's long jump T38 6.27 7 José Lemos Men's long jump T38 6.78 Men's javelin throw F38 60.31 Luis Fernando Lucumí Villegas Men's javelin throw F38 54.63 Diego Meneses Men's javelin throw F34 37.11 Mauricio Valencia Men's javelin throw F34 37.84 Men's shot put F34 11.03 5 Women's track Athlete Event Heats Semifinals Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Katty Hurtado Women's 100m T38 13.74 6 — did not advance Women's 400m T38 1:01.45 2 Q — 1:01.40 6 Darian Faisury Jiménez Women's 100m T38 12.54 1 Q — 12.49 Women's 400m T38 1:02.20 4 Q — 1:00.17 Francy Osorio Women's 1500m T13 4:55.31 5 q — 5:05.08 10 Angie Lizeth Pabon Mamian Women's 100m T11 12.97 2 q DNS did not advance Women's 400m T11 1:04.44 1 Q 58.18 2 q 57.46 Women's field Athlete Event Final Result Rank Mayerli Buitrago Ariza Women's shot put F41 9.94 Érica Castaño Women's discus throw F55 23.98 4 Martha Liliana Hernández Florián Women's shot put F36 8.31 5 Yesenia Restrepo Women's discus throw F11 36.11 Yanive Torres Martinez Women's javelin throw F54 16.26 4 Boccia Main article: Boccia at the 2020 Summer Paralympics Three Colombian boccia players classified to BC4 events. Athlete Event Group stage Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank OppositionScore OppositionScore OppositionScore Rank Duban Cely Individual BC4 Chica (COL) L 2–2* Balcová (SVK) L 2–10 Nicolai (GER) W 5–3 — 3 did not advance Leidy Chica Chica Individual BC4 Cely (COL) W 2*–2 Nicolai (GER) L 1–7 Balcová (SVK) L 4–7 — 4 did not advance Euclides Grisales Individual BC4 Esaki (JPN) W 4–2 Wong (HKG) W 7–3 McGuire (GBR) W 6–0 — 1 Q Larpyen (THA) L 3–6 did not advance 6 Duban CelyLeidy Chica ChicaEuclides Grisales Team BC4 Thailand L 2–3 Hong Kong L 2–6 Japan L 1–7 RPC L 3–7 did not advance Cycling Main article: Cycling at the 2020 Summer Paralympics Colombia sent one male and one female cyclist after successfully getting a slot in the 2018 UCI Nations Ranking Allocation quota for the Americas. Road Colombia entered a squad of six riders (four men and two women) to compete in their respective Paralympic road races. Athlete Event Time Rank Alejandro Perea Arango Men's C1-3 road race 2:17:56 14 Men's C3 time trial 38:25.24 10 Juan José Betancourt Quiroga Men's T1-2 road race 52:41 Men's T1-2 time trial 31:15.64 6 Diego Germán Dueñas Men's C4-5 road race 2:39:26 15 Men's C4 time trial 49:40.45 7 Edwin Fabián Mátiz Ruiz Men's C4-5 road race 2:33:34 13 Men's C5 time trial 49:46.14 10 Daniela Munévar Women's C1-3 road race 1:15:38 8 Women's C1-3 time trial 28:59.26 8 Paula Ossa Women's C4-5 road race 2:23:49 4 Women's C5 time trial 41:39.89 5 Track Athlete Event Qualification Final Time Rank OppositionTime Rank Alejandro Perea Arango Men's C3 individual pursuit 3:31.551 6 did not advance Men's C1-3 time trial — 1:11.423 13 Mixed C1-5 team sprint 52.409 7 did not advance Diego Germán Dueñas Men's C4 individual pursuit 4:35.230 3 QB Grimes (IRL)4:35.607 Men's C4-5 time trial — 1:11.481 18 Edwin Fabián Mátiz Ruiz Men's C5 individual pursuit 4:39.113 8 did not advance Men's C4-5 time trial — 1:06.925 12 Mixed C1-5 team sprint 52.409 7 did not advance Daniela Munévar Women's C1-3 individual pursuit 4:12.080 10 did not advance Women's C1-3 time trial — 45.541 9 Paula Ossa Women's C5 individual pursuit 4:07.826 6 did not advance Women's C4-5 time trial — 39.868 10 Mixed C1-5 team sprint 52.409 7 did not advance Powerlifting Main article: Powerlifting at the 2020 Summer Paralympics Colombia entered four powerlifters (three men and one woman) to the 2020 Summer Paralympics. Athlete Event Total lifted Rank Francisco Palomeque Men's 80 kg 200 4 Fabio Torres Men's 97 kg 221 Jhon Freddy Castañeda Men's +107 kg 218 4 Cristina Poblador Women's 41 kg 92 6 Swimming Main article: Swimming at the 2020 Summer Paralympics Thirteen Colombian swimmers have qualified to compete at the 2020 Summer Paralympics via the 2019 World Para Swimming Championships slot allocation method including Carlos Serrano Zárate who is a defending champion in the 100m breaststroke SB7 & eight athlete qualified via MQS. Men Athlete Event Heats Final Result Rank Result Rank Nelson Crispín 50 m butterfly S6 31.66 2 Q 31.77 100m freestyle S6 1:06.85 3 Q 1:04.82 100m backstroke S6 1:22.48 10 did not advance 100m breaststroke SB6 1:20.22 1 Q 1:20.19 200m individual medley SM6 2:43.07 1 Q 2:38.12 WR 400m freestyle S6 5:36.25 10 did not advance Moisés Fuentes 100m breaststroke SB4 1:39.65 2 Q 1:35.86 Daniel Giraldo Correa 50m freestyle S13 25.62 13 did not advance 100m backstroke S12 — 1:08.40 7 100m breaststroke SB12 — 1:14.61 7 100m butterfly S12 1:01.77 7 Q 1:02.42 8 Leider Albeiro Lemus Rojas 100m breaststroke S11 1:17.47 5 Q 1:19.47 6 100m butterfly S11 1:12.19 9 did not advance Miguel Rincón Narváez 50m butterfly S5 42.18 16 did not advance 100m breaststroke SB4 1:47.35 7 Q 1:46.74 7 200m freestyle S5 3:03.24 10 did not advance Luis Eduardo Rojas Osorno 50m backstroke S1 — 1:37.53 6 100m backstroke S1 — 3:39.25 6 Carlos Serrano Zarate 50m freestyle S7 28.60 6 Q 27.84 50m butterfly S7 30.04 4 Q 29.34 100m breaststroke SB7 — 1:12.01 PR 200m individual medley SM7 2:36.11 5 Q 2:31.58 Brayan Mauricio Triana Herrera 100m breaststroke S11 1:24.87 8 Q 1:26.16 8 Richard Mateo Vega Correcha 50m backstroke S2 1:14.10 12 Did not advance 100m backstroke S2 2:38.70 11 Did not advance 200m freestyle S2 5:21.29 9 did not advance Women Athlete Event Heats Final Result Rank Result Rank María Paula Barrera Zapata 50m freestyle S10 28.57 6 Q 28.70 6 100m freestyle S10 1:01.69 4 Q 1:01.38 6 100m backstroke S10 1:14.87 10 did not advance 100m butterly S10 — 1:10.92 7 400m freestyle S10 — 4:48.73 5 Laura Carolina González Rodríguez 100m butterfly S8 — 1:20.93 200m individual medley SM8 3:03.23 4 Q 3:03.46 4 Gisell Natalia Prada Pachón 100m breaststroke SB7 1:42.59 6 Q 1:41.11 6 200m individual medley SM7 3:31.61 8 Q 3:29.27 7 Sara Vargas Blanco 50m freestyle S6 33.83 4 Q 33.97 6 50m butterfly S6 37.80 5 Q 37.33 6 100m backstroke S6 1:30.23 10 Did not advance 400m freestyle S6 5:46.87 9 did not advance Mixed Athletes Event Heats Final Result Rank Result Rank Gisell Natalia Prada ChacónMiguel Rincón NarváezSara Vargas BlancoRichard Mateo Vega Correcha 4×50m freestyle relay 20pts 3:01.49 10 did not advance Table tennis Main article: Table tennis at the 2020 Summer Paralympics Men Athlete Event Group Stage Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final OppositionResult OppositionResult Rank OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult Rank José Vargas Men's individual class 7 Morales (ESP) L 0−3 Schnake (GER) L 2−3 3 did not advance Wheelchair basketball Main article: Wheelchair basketball at the 2020 Summer Paralympics The men's team qualified after winning the bronze medal at the 2019 Parapan American Games held in Lima, Peru. The following is the Colombia roster in the men's wheelchair basketball tournament of the 2020 Summer Paralympics. Colombia men's national wheelchair basketball team - 2020 Summer Paralympics roster Players Coaches No. Name Age – Date of birth Pts. 3 Raul Vega 28 – (1993-04-14)14 April 1993 1.0 4 Hector Garces 37 – (1983-12-10)10 December 1983 3.5 5 Guillermo Alzate 38 – (1983-05-29)29 May 1983 1.5 9 Andres Florez 32 – (1988-09-10)10 September 1988 1.0 10 Jose Leep 43 – (1978-08-15)15 August 1978 3.0 14 Daniel Diaz 31 – (1990-05-17)17 May 1990 4.5 18 Juan Escobar 20 – (2000-09-23)23 September 2000 3.5 19 Jhon Hernandez 28 – (1992-10-07)7 October 1992 3.5 20 Nelson Sanz 47 – (1974-03-26)26 March 1974 4.5 23 Jhoan Vargas 34 – (1987-05-04)4 May 1987 2.0 30 Rodrigo Perez 32 – (1989-04-13)13 April 1989 4.0 33 Joymar Granados 26 – (1995-05-22)22 May 1995 2.5 Head coach Lucia Do Nascimento Cardoso Ana Assistant coach(es) Alfonso Well de Las Salas Elkin Legend Age - describes age on 24 August 2021 Group A Pos Teamvte Pld W L PF PA PD Pts Qualification 1 Spain 5 5 0 375 272 +103 10 Quarter-finals 2 Japan (H) 5 4 1 312 298 +14 9 3 Turkey 5 3 2 353 327 +26 8 4 Canada 5 2 3 307 333 −26 7 5 South Korea 5 1 4 305 332 −27 6 9th/10th place playoff 6 Colombia 5 0 5 256 346 −90 5 11th/12th place playoff Source: TOCOGRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head results; 3) Points difference; 4) Points scored.(H) Hosts 26 August 2021 (2021-08-26) 20:30 Report Colombia 56–63 Japan Scoring by quarter: 15–24, 13–12, 15–15, 13–12 Pts: Hernandez 21Rebs: Diaz, Hernandez 8Asts: Leep 6 Pts: Akita 24Rebs: Chokai 17Asts: Chokai 10 Musashino Forest Sport PlazaAttendance: 40Referees: Yap Poh Boon 27 August 2021 (2021-08-27) 14:45 Report Spain 74–56 Colombia Scoring by quarter: 18–16, 15–16, 21–18, 20–6 Pts: Ortega 19Rebs: Zarzuela 11Asts: García 11 Pts: Diaz 18Rebs: Hernandez 12Asts: Leep 7 Ariake ArenaReferees: Tomas Pajer 28 August 2021 (2021-08-28) 20:30 Report South Korea 66–54 Colombia Scoring by quarter: 19–10, 16–17, 18–10, 13–17 Pts: Lee C. 14Rebs: Lee Y. 13Asts: Oh 11 Pts: Hernandez 21Rebs: Sanz 8Asts: Hernandez 9 Musashino Forest Sport PlazaAttendance: 0Referees: Hiroki Ono 29 August 2021 (2021-08-29) 11:15 Report Colombia 38–80 Turkey Scoring by quarter: 8–15, 13–22, 7–27, 10–16 Pts: Diaz 9Rebs: Granados 5Asts: Leep 4 Pts: Gürbulak 19Rebs: Gümüş, Gürbulak 7Asts: Gürbulak 11 Musashino Forest Sport PlazaReferees: Helen Rosenberg 30 August 2021 (2021-08-30) 9:00 Report Colombia 52–63 Canada Scoring by quarter: 7–15, 12–20, 18–16, 15–12 Pts: Diaz 18Rebs: Diaz 11Asts: Hernandez, Leep, Vargas 5 Pts: Anderson 22Rebs: Anderson 17Asts: Anderson, Goncin 8 Ariake ArenaReferees: Hiroki Ono 11th–12th classification match 1 September 2021 (2021-09-01) 9:00 Report Colombia 70–47 Algeria Scoring by quarter: 22–11, 11–15, 15–7, 22–14 Pts: Hernandez 28Rebs: Diaz 13Asts: Hernandez 9 Pts: Ayache 20Rebs: Ayache 9Asts: Zidi 5 Ariake ArenaReferees: Hsieh Shu-fei Wheelchair tennis Main article: Wheelchair tennis at the 2020 Summer Paralympics Colombia qualified two players entries for wheelchair tennis. Angélica Bernal qualified by winning the gold medal at the 2019 Parapan American Games in Lima, Peru. Meanwhile Johana Martinez qualified by world rankings. Athlete Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult OppositionResult Rank Angélica Bernal Women's singles — Whiley (GBR) L 6−0, 6−3 did not advance 17 Johana Martínez — Zhenzhen (CHN) L 6−0, 6−0 did not advance 17 See also Colombia at the Paralympics Colombia at the 2020 Summer Olympics References ^ "NPC Entries - Team Colombia". Tokyo 2020 Paralympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 2021-08-22. Retrieved 2021-08-22. ^ a b "Team Citi athletes revealed ahead of Tokyo 2020 Paralympics". paralympic.org. September 10, 2019. Archived from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019. ^ "Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games Qualification Guide" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee. 17 November 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2020. ^ "2020 Paralympic Games Qualification System - UCI Nations Ranking Allocation" (PDF). uci.org. 19 July 2019. ^ "Qualification Guide - Appendix 1 UCI Para-cycling Road and Track Combined Nations Ranking" (PDF). uci.org. 19 July 2019. ^ "2020 Summer Paralympics Qualification Guide" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee. 17 November 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2020. ^ "Medallists by Event" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee. 15 September 2019. ^ "World Championships Slot Allocation Method" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee. 14 October 2019. ^ "Colombia clinch bronze and Tokyo 2020 spot". IWBF. September 1, 2019. Archived from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019. ^ "Colombia men's national wheelchair basketball team". Tokyo 2020 Paralympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2021. vte National Paralympic Committees at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo, JapanAfrica Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Argentina Aruba Barbados Bermuda Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Saint Vincent and the Grenadines United States Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Chinese Taipei Tajikistan Thailand United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Other Refugee Paralympic Team RPC athletes Withdrawn Myanmar Turkmenistan East Timor Brunei Trinidad and Tobago Macau Suriname Antigua and Barbuda Liechtenstein San Marino Andorra Kiribati North Korea Samoa Tonga Vanuatu Suspended Comoros Djibouti Seychelles Sudan	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"2020 Summer Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"}],"text":"Colombia competed at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo, Japan, from 24 August to 5 September 2021.","title":"Colombia at the 2020 Summer Paralympics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The following is the list of number of competitors participating in the Games:[1]","title":"Competitors"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Colombia entered one female archer to compete.","title":"Archery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-team_citi_athletes_revealed-2"}],"text":"Nineteen athletes have qualified to 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Summer Paralympics.","title":"Powerlifting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2019 World Para Swimming Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Para_Swimming_Championships"},{"link_name":"Carlos Serrano Zárate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Serrano_Z%C3%A1rate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-team_citi_athletes_revealed-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Thirteen Colombian swimmers have qualified to compete at the 2020 Summer Paralympics via the 2019 World Para Swimming Championships slot allocation method including Carlos Serrano Zárate who is a defending champion in the 100m breaststroke SB7 & eight athlete qualified via MQS.[2][7][8]MenWomenMixed","title":"Swimming"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Men","title":"Table tennis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"at the 2019 Parapan American 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men's team qualified after winning the bronze medal at the 2019 Parapan American Games held in Lima, Peru.[9]The following is the Colombia roster in the men's wheelchair basketball tournament of the 2020 Summer Paralympics.\n[10]Group ASource: TOCOGRules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head results; 3) Points difference; 4) Points scored.(H) Hosts26 August 2021 (2021-08-26) 20:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nColombia \n56–63\n Japan\nScoring by quarter: 15–24, 13–12, 15–15, 13–12\nPts: Hernandez 21Rebs: Diaz, Hernandez 8Asts: Leep 6\n\nPts: Akita 24Rebs: Chokai 17Asts: Chokai 10\n\n\n\nMusashino Forest Sport PlazaAttendance: 40Referees: Yap Poh Boon27 August 2021 (2021-08-27) 14:45\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nSpain \n74–56\n Colombia\nScoring by quarter: 18–16, 15–16, 21–18, 20–6\nPts: Ortega 19Rebs: Zarzuela 11Asts: García 11\n\nPts: Diaz 18Rebs: Hernandez 12Asts: Leep 7\n\n\n\nAriake ArenaReferees: Tomas Pajer28 August 2021 (2021-08-28) 20:30\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nSouth Korea \n66–54\n Colombia\nScoring by quarter: 19–10, 16–17, 18–10, 13–17\nPts: Lee C. 14Rebs: Lee Y. 13Asts: Oh 11\n\nPts: Hernandez 21Rebs: Sanz 8Asts: Hernandez 9\n\n\n\nMusashino Forest Sport PlazaAttendance: 0Referees: Hiroki Ono29 August 2021 (2021-08-29) 11:15\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nColombia \n38–80\n Turkey\nScoring by quarter: 8–15, 13–22, 7–27, 10–16\nPts: Diaz 9Rebs: Granados 5Asts: Leep 4\n\nPts: Gürbulak 19Rebs: Gümüş, Gürbulak 7Asts: Gürbulak 11\n\n\n\nMusashino Forest Sport PlazaReferees: Helen Rosenberg30 August 2021 (2021-08-30) 9:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nColombia \n52–63\n Canada\nScoring by quarter: 7–15, 12–20, 18–16, 15–12\nPts: Diaz 18Rebs: Diaz 11Asts: Hernandez, Leep, Vargas 5\n\nPts: Anderson 22Rebs: Anderson 17Asts: Anderson, Goncin 8\n\n\n\nAriake ArenaReferees: Hiroki Ono11th–12th classification match1 September 2021 (2021-09-01) 9:00\n\n\n\nReport\n\n\n\nColombia \n70–47\n Algeria\nScoring by quarter: 22–11, 11–15, 15–7, 22–14\nPts: Hernandez 28Rebs: Diaz 13Asts: Hernandez 9\n\nPts: Ayache 20Rebs: Ayache 9Asts: Zidi 5\n\n\n\nAriake ArenaReferees: Hsieh Shu-fei","title":"Wheelchair basketball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angélica Bernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lica_Bernal"},{"link_name":"2019 Parapan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelchair_tennis_at_the_2019_Parapan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"}],"text":"Colombia qualified two players entries for wheelchair tennis. Angélica Bernal qualified by winning the gold medal at the 2019 Parapan American Games in Lima, Peru. Meanwhile Johana Martinez qualified by world rankings.","title":"Wheelchair tennis"}]	[]	[{"title":"Colombia at the Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_at_the_Paralympics"},{"title":"Colombia at the 2020 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"}]	[{"reference":"\"NPC Entries - Team Colombia\". Tokyo 2020 Paralympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 2021-08-22. Retrieved 2021-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210822072742/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/en/results/all-sports/npc-entries-colombia.htm","url_text":"\"NPC Entries - Team Colombia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Organising_Committee_of_the_Olympic_and_Paralympic_Games","url_text":"Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games"},{"url":"https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/en/results/all-sports/npc-entries-colombia.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Team Citi athletes revealed ahead of Tokyo 2020 Paralympics\". paralympic.org. September 10, 2019. Archived from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191208202709/https://www.paralympic.org/news/team-citi-athletes-revealed-ahead-tokyo-2020-paralympics","url_text":"\"Team Citi athletes revealed ahead of Tokyo 2020 Paralympics\""},{"url":"https://www.paralympic.org/news/team-citi-athletes-revealed-ahead-tokyo-2020-paralympics","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games Qualification Guide\" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee. 17 November 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210810161108/https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/2020-11/2020_11_10%20Tokyo%20QG.pdf","url_text":"\"Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games Qualification Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee","url_text":"International Paralympic Committee"},{"url":"https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/2020-11/2020_11_10%20Tokyo%20QG.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Paralympic Games Qualification System - UCI Nations Ranking Allocation\" (PDF). uci.org. 19 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uci.org/docs/default-source/official-documents/2020-paralympics/tokyo-2020---2018-uci-nations-ranking-allocation.pdf?sfvrsn=4ce816cd_8","url_text":"\"2020 Paralympic Games Qualification System - UCI Nations Ranking Allocation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Qualification Guide - Appendix 1 UCI Para-cycling Road and Track Combined Nations Ranking\" (PDF). uci.org. 19 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uci.org/docs/default-source/official-documents/2020-paralympics/tokyo-2020-%E2%80%93-qualification-guide--appendix-1.pdf?sfvrsn=bca0e654_20","url_text":"\"Qualification Guide - Appendix 1 UCI Para-cycling Road and Track Combined Nations Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Summer Paralympics Qualification Guide\" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee. 17 November 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210810161108/https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/2020-11/2020_11_10%20Tokyo%20QG.pdf","url_text":"\"2020 Summer Paralympics Qualification Guide\""},{"url":"https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/2020-11/2020_11_10%20Tokyo%20QG.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Medallists by Event\" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee. 15 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paralympic.org/static/info/resSWLO19/pdf/SWLO19/SW/SWLO19_SW_C93_SW0000000.pdf","url_text":"\"Medallists by Event\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Championships Slot Allocation Method\" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee. 14 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paralympic.org/sites/default/files/2019-12/2019_10_14%20Tokyo%202020%20Paralympic%20Games_WCH%20slots.pdf","url_text":"\"World Championships Slot Allocation Method\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colombia clinch bronze and Tokyo 2020 spot\". IWBF. September 1, 2019. Archived from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191208222054/https://iwbf.org/2019/09/01/colombia-clinch-bronze-and-tokyo-2020-spot/","url_text":"\"Colombia clinch bronze and Tokyo 2020 spot\""},{"url":"https://iwbf.org/2019/09/01/colombia-clinch-bronze-and-tokyo-2020-spot/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Colombia men's national wheelchair basketball team\". Tokyo 2020 Paralympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210829175816/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/en/results/wheelchair-basketball/athlete-profile-nwbkmteam5-col01-colombia.htm","url_text":"\"Colombia men's national wheelchair basketball team\""},{"url":"https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/en/results/wheelchair-basketball/athlete-profile-nwbkmteam5-col01-colombia.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.cpc.org.co/","external_links_name":"www.cpc.org.co"},{"Link":"http://web.archive.org/web/20210828025549/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/en/results/wheelchair-basketball/groups-men.htm","external_links_name":"TOCOG"},{"Link":"http://web.archive.org/web/20210830201656/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/resPG2020-/pdf/PG2020-/WBK/PG2020-_WBK_C73_WBKMTEAM5---45080-----GPA-000400--.pdf","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://web.archive.org/web/20210830204532/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/resPG2020-/pdf/PG2020-/WBK/PG2020-_WBK_C73_WBKMTEAM5---45080-----GPA-000600--.pdf","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://web.archive.org/web/20210830205908/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/resPG2020-/pdf/PG2020-/WBK/PG2020-_WBK_C73_WBKMTEAM5---45080-----GPA-001000--.pdf","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://web.archive.org/web/20210830210708/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/resPG2020-/pdf/PG2020-/WBK/PG2020-_WBK_C73_WBKMTEAM5---45080-----GPA-001100--.pdf","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://web.archive.org/web/20210830211806/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/resPG2020-/pdf/PG2020-/WBK/PG2020-_WBK_C73_WBKMTEAM5---45080-----GPA-001400--.pdf","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://web.archive.org/web/20210901080119/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/resPG2020-/pdf/PG2020-/WBK/PG2020-_WBK_C73_WBKMTEAM5---45080-----FNL-000600--.pdf","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210822072742/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/paralympic-games/en/results/all-sports/npc-entries-colombia.htm","external_links_name":"\"NPC Entries - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southward_Ho	Southward Ho	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Home media","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	1939 film Southward HoDirected byJoseph KaneWritten byGerald Geraghty (writer)Jack Natteford (story)John Rathmell (story)Produced byJoseph Kane (associate producer)StarringRoy RogersCinematographyJack A. MartaEdited byLester OrlebeckDistributed byRepublic PicturesRelease date March 19, 1939 (1939-03-19) Running time58 minutes (original version)54 minutes (edited version)CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Southward Ho is a 1939 American Western film directed by Joseph Kane and starring Roy Rogers. Plot Towards the end of the War Between the States, Roy and Gabby are two Confederate cavalrymen who lure away a Union Army cavalry patrol in order to steal a cooked chicken and Union Colonel Denbigh's trousers. Following the war the three meet again in Texas when the Colonel and Gabby are co-owners in a ranch. The Colonel is called back into service as a Military Governor to enforce the Reconstruction Acts against the former Confederates of the State. The cavalrymen assigned to the Colonel are all military criminals who use the opportunity to loot and terrorise the people for their own benefit. Roy attempts to convince the Colonel his men are acting unfairly. The Colonel's response is to remove the right of firearm ownership from the Texans with his men confiscating their weapons. The Colonel's men murder the Colonel and further attempt to tyrannise the population until Roy is able to get the population's firearms back. Cast Roy Rogers as Roy Lynne Roberts as Ellen Denbigh George 'Gabby' Hayes as Gabby Whitaker Wade Boteler as Colonel Denbigh Arthur Loft as Captain Jeffries Lane Chandler as Jim Crawford Tom London as Union sergeant Charles R. Moore as Skeeter Ed Brady as Mears Home media On August 25, 2009, Alpha Video released Southward Ho on Region 0 DVD. See also List of films and television shows about the American Civil War References ^ "Southward Ho DVD info, Oldies.com". Retrieved August 13, 2009. External links Southward Ho at IMDb Southward Ho is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive This 1930s Western film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a film on the American Civil War is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kane"},{"link_name":"Roy Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Rogers"}],"text":"Southward Ho is a 1939 American Western film directed by Joseph Kane and starring Roy Rogers.","title":"Southward Ho"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War Between the States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Between_the_States"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"Military Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Governor"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction Acts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts"}],"text":"Towards the end of the War Between the States, Roy and Gabby are two Confederate cavalrymen who lure away a Union Army cavalry patrol in order to steal a cooked chicken and Union Colonel Denbigh's trousers.Following the war the three meet again in Texas when the Colonel and Gabby are co-owners in a ranch. The Colonel is called back into service as a Military Governor to enforce the Reconstruction Acts against the former Confederates of the State. The cavalrymen assigned to the Colonel are all military criminals who use the opportunity to loot and terrorise the people for their own benefit. Roy attempts to convince the Colonel his men are acting unfairly. The Colonel's response is to remove the right of firearm ownership from the Texans with his men confiscating their weapons. The Colonel's men murder the Colonel and further attempt to tyrannise the population until Roy is able to get the population's firearms back.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roy Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Lynne Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynne_Roberts"},{"link_name":"George 'Gabby' Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_%27Gabby%27_Hayes"},{"link_name":"Wade Boteler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade_Boteler"},{"link_name":"Arthur Loft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Loft"},{"link_name":"Lane Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lane_Chandler"},{"link_name":"Tom London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_London"},{"link_name":"Charles R. Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Moore_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ed Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Brady_(actor)"}],"text":"Roy Rogers as Roy\nLynne Roberts as Ellen Denbigh\nGeorge 'Gabby' Hayes as Gabby Whitaker\nWade Boteler as Colonel Denbigh\nArthur Loft as Captain Jeffries\nLane Chandler as Jim Crawford\nTom London as Union sergeant\nCharles R. Moore as Skeeter\nEd Brady as Mears","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alpha Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Video"},{"link_name":"Region 0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region_0"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"On August 25, 2009, Alpha Video released Southward Ho on Region 0 DVD.[1]","title":"Home media"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of films and television shows about the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War"}]	[{"reference":"\"Southward Ho DVD info, Oldies.com\". Retrieved August 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldies.com/product-view/5874D.html","url_text":"\"Southward Ho DVD info, Oldies.com\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.oldies.com/product-view/5874D.html","external_links_name":"\"Southward Ho DVD info, Oldies.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0031958/","external_links_name":"Southward Ho"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/SouthwardHo","external_links_name":"Southward Ho"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southward_Ho&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southward_Ho&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS_Bergen	HNoMS Bergen	[]	At least two ships of the Royal Norwegian Navy have been named HNoMS Bergen, after the city of Bergen: HNoMS Bergen (1946), a C-class destroyer purchased from the Royal Navy in 1946 and broken up in 1967. HNoMS Bergen (F301), an Oslo-class frigate commissioned in 1967 and decommissioned in 2005. List of ships with the same or similar names This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HNoMS Bergen (1946)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS_Bergen_(1946)"},{"link_name":"C-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-class_destroyer_(1943)"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"HNoMS Bergen (F301)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS_Bergen_(F301)"},{"link_name":"Oslo-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo-class_frigate"},{"link_name":"frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate"},{"link_name":"list of ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ships/Guidelines#Index_pages"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/HNoMS_Bergen&namespace=0"}],"text":"HNoMS Bergen (1946), a C-class destroyer purchased from the Royal Navy in 1946 and broken up in 1967.\nHNoMS Bergen (F301), an Oslo-class frigate commissioned in 1967 and decommissioned in 2005.List of ships with the same or similar names\nThis article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.","title":"HNoMS Bergen"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/HNoMS_Bergen&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saionji_Sh%C5%8Dshi	Saionji Shōshi	["1 References"]	In this Japanese name, the surname is Saionji. Empress consort of Japan Saionji Shōshi西園寺鏱子Empress consort of JapanTenure27 November 1288 – 27 September 1298Born1271Died10 June 1342(1342-06-10) (aged 70–71)Heian-kyō (Kyōto)SpouseEmperor FushimiIssueEmperor Go-Fushimi (adopted)HouseYamatoFatherSaionji SanekaneMotherNakanoin Akiko Saionji Shōshi (西園寺しょう子, 西園寺鏱子, 1271 – 10 June 1342), also known as Eifuku Mon'in (永福門院) (also written Eifuku-mon In), was a celebrated Japanese poet of the Kamakura period, and a consort of the 92nd emperor, Fushimi. Her father was the Chancellor Sane-kane. She was a member of the Kyōgoku school of verse (京極派, Kyōgoku-ha), and her work appears in the Gyokuyōshū. She became empress in 1288, and though she had no children of her own, she adopted Go-Fushimi. In 1298, her husband abdicated the throne. On 23 June 1316 (5th year of Shōwa), she took tonsure as a Buddhist nun and was given the Dharma name Shin'nyo Gen (真如源). References ^ a b c The Clear Mirror: A Chronicle of the Japanese Court During the Kamakura Period (1185-1333). Stanford University Press. 1998-08-01. ISBN 978-0-8047-6388-2. ^ The Poetry of Zen. Shambhala Publications. 2007-02-13. ISBN 978-0-8348-2508-6. ^ p. 160, Acts of Worship, Yukio Mishima, tr. John Bester, pub. Kodansha, Tokyo, 1990. ISBN 0-87011-824-2/ISBN 4-7700-1507-0 ^ a b Louis-Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5. ^ "永福門院". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2019-10-13. Japanese royalty Preceded byPrincess Reishi Empress consort of Japan 1288–1298 Succeeded byFujiwara no Kinshi vte Empresses consort of JapanLegendaryJōmon660 BC–291 BC Himetataraisuzu-hime Isuzuyori-hime Nunasokonakatsu-hime Amonotoyototsu-hime Yosotarashi-hime Oshihime Yayoi290 BC–269 AD Kuwashi-hime Utsushikome Ikagashikome Mimaki-hime Saho-hime Hibasu-hime Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume Yasakairi-hime Okinagatarashi-hime YamatoKofun269–539 Nakatsuhime Princess Iwa Princess Yata Princess Kusakanohatabino-hime Oshisaka no Ōnakatsuhime Princess Nakashi Kusaka no Hatabi no hime Princess Naniwa no Ono Princess Kasuga no Ōiratsume Kasuga no Iratsume Princess Tashiraka Princess Kasuga no Yamada Princess Tachibana no Nakatsu Asuka539–710 Princess Ishi-hime Hirohime Princess Nukatabe Princess Hashihito no Anahobe Princess Takara Princess Hashihito Yamato Hime no Ōkimi Princess Unonosarara Nara710–794 Fujiwara Asukabehime Princess Inoe Fujiwara no Otomuro Heian794–1185 Fujiwara no Tarashiko1 Tachibana no Kachiko Princess Koshi1 Princess Seishi Fujiwara no Onshi Fujiwara no Anshi Princess Masako Fujiwara no Koshi Fujiwara no Junshi Fujiwara no Teishi Fujiwara no Shōshi Fujiwara no Seishi Fujiwara no Kenshi Fujiwara no Ishi Princess Teishi Fujiwara no Genshi Princess Shōshi Fujiwara no Hiroko Fujiwara no Kanshi Princess Kaoruko Fujiwara no Kenshi Princess Teishi2 Princess Tokushi Princess Reishi2 Fujiwara no Tamako Fujiwara no Kiyoko Fujiwara no Yasuko Fujiwara no Nariko Fujiwara no Tashi Fujiwara no Teishi Fujiwara no Kinshi Princess Muneko2 Princess Yoshiko Fujiwara no Ikushi Taira no Tokuko Princess Sukeko2 Kamakura1185–1333 Princess Sukeko2 Fujiwara no Ninshi Princess Noriko2 Fujiwara no Reishi Princess Shōshi2 Fujiwara no Ritsushi Princess Kuniko2 Fujiwara no Ariko Fujiwara no Chōshi Fujiwara no Shunshi Princess Rishi2 Fujiwara no Kisshi Princess Teruko2 Fujiwara no Kimiko Fujiwara no Saneko Fujiwara no Kishi Princess Reishi Saionji Shōshi Fujiwara no Kinshi Princess Shōshi3 Saionji Kishi Princess Junshi Northern Court1333–1392 None Muromachi1333–1573 Empress consort of Emperor Chōkei Azuchi-Momoyama1573–1603 None Edo1603–1868 Tokugawa Masako Takatsukasa Fusako Princess Yukiko Princess Yoshiko Takatsukasa Tsunako1 Empire of Japan1868–1947 Ichijō Masako Kujō Sadako Princess Nagako State of Japan1947–present Princess Nagako Shōda Michiko Owada Masako Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are in CE / AD 1 individuals that were given the title of empress posthumously 2 individuals elevated to the rank of empress due to their position as honorary mother of the emperor 3 Shōshi served briefly as honorary empress for her younger brother Emperor Go-Daigo Imperial House Category Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel United States Japan Academics CiNii Other IdRef This biography of a member of the Imperial House of Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Japanese writer, poet, or screenwriter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_people"},{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"},{"link_name":"Kamakura period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakura_period"},{"link_name":"Fushimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Fushimi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Kyōgoku school of verse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ky%C5%8Dgoku_(poetry)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"京極派","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E6%A5%B5%E6%B4%BE"},{"link_name":"Gyokuyōshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyokuy%C5%8D_Wakash%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Shōwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_(1312%E2%80%931317)"},{"link_name":"Dharma name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma_name"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In this Japanese name, the surname is Saionji.Empress consort of JapanSaionji Shōshi (西園寺しょう子, 西園寺鏱子, 1271 – 10 June 1342), also known as Eifuku Mon'in (永福門院) (also written Eifuku-mon In), was a celebrated Japanese poet of the Kamakura period, and a consort of the 92nd emperor, Fushimi.[1][2] Her father was the Chancellor Sane-kane.[1] She was a member of the Kyōgoku school of verse (京極派, Kyōgoku-ha), and her work appears in the Gyokuyōshū.[3][4]She became empress in 1288, and though she had no children of her own, she adopted Go-Fushimi.[1] In 1298, her husband abdicated the throne.[4] On 23 June 1316 (5th year of Shōwa), she took tonsure as a Buddhist nun and was given the Dharma name Shin'nyo Gen (真如源).[5]","title":"Saionji Shōshi"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Japan_Kou%28tai%29gou_Flag.svg/80px-Japan_Kou%28tai%29gou_Flag.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"The Clear Mirror: A Chronicle of the Japanese Court During the Kamakura Period (1185-1333). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeboy_(talk_show)	Homeboy (talk show)	["1 See also","2 External links"]	This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Homeboy" talk show – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Filipino TV series or program HomeboyGenreTalk showCreated byABS-CBN CorporationWritten byBoy AbundaPresented byBoy AbundaCountry of originPhilippinesOriginal languageFilipinoNo. of episodes624ProductionRunning time60 minutesProduction companyABS-CBN EntertainmentOriginal releaseNetworkABS-CBNReleaseJanuary 31, 2005 (2005-01-31) –June 29, 2007 (2007-06-29)Related Morning Star (October 11, 2004–January 28, 2005) Boy & Kris (July 2, 2007–February 13, 2009) Homeboy was a Philippine morning talk show hosted by Boy Abunda, which aired on ABS-CBN from January 31, 2005, to June 29, 2007, replacing Morning Star. Homeboy presented a dynamic discussion of real stories through interaction between Boy Abunda as host, his celebrity guests and his live studio audience. After two years, Homeboy went off-air on June 29, 2007, to make way for Boy & Kris. See also SiS Boy & Kris List of programs broadcast by ABS-CBN List of Philippine television shows Fast Talk with Boy Abunda External links Homeboy at Telebisyon.net Boy Abunda, The King of Talk - Official Website This Philippine television program-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boy Abunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Abunda"},{"link_name":"ABS-CBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN"},{"link_name":"Morning Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Star_(talk_show)"},{"link_name":"Boy & Kris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_%26_Kris"}],"text":"Filipino TV series or programHomeboy was a Philippine morning talk show hosted by Boy Abunda, which aired on ABS-CBN from January 31, 2005, to June 29, 2007, replacing Morning Star. Homeboy presented a dynamic discussion of real stories through interaction between Boy Abunda as host, his celebrity guests and his live studio audience. After two years, Homeboy went off-air on June 29, 2007, to make way for Boy & Kris.","title":"Homeboy (talk show)"}]	[]	[{"title":"SiS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SiS_(talk_show)"},{"title":"Boy & Kris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_%26_Kris"},{"title":"List of programs broadcast by ABS-CBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_ABS-CBN"},{"title":"List of Philippine television shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Philippine_television_shows"},{"title":"Fast Talk with Boy Abunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Talk_with_Boy_Abunda"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Homeboy%22+talk+show","external_links_name":"\"Homeboy\" talk show"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Homeboy%22+talk+show+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Homeboy%22+talk+show&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Homeboy%22+talk+show+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Homeboy%22+talk+show","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Homeboy%22+talk+show&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927081749/http://telebisyon.net/serye/Homeboy/detalye/73/","external_links_name":"Homeboy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070212030057/http://telebisyon.net/","external_links_name":"Telebisyon.net"},{"Link":"http://www.boyabunda.net/","external_links_name":"Boy Abunda, The King of Talk - Official Website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homeboy_(talk_show)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak-bey	Sanjak-bey	["1 See also","2 References"]	Title given in the Ottoman Empire to a high-ranking officer Sanjak-bey, sanjaq-bey or -beg (Ottoman Turkish: سنجاق بك) (lit. 'lord of the standard') was the title given in the Ottoman Empire to a bey (a high-ranking officer, but usually not a pasha) appointed to the military and administrative command of a district (sanjak, in Arabic liwa’), hence the equivalent Arabic title of amir liwa (أمير لواء ’amīr liwā’) He was answerable to a superior wāli or another provincial governor. In a few cases the sanjak-bey was himself directly answerable to Istanbul. Like other early Ottoman administrative offices, the sanjak-bey had a military origin: the term sanjak (and liva) means "flag" or "standard" and denoted the insigne around which, in times of war, the cavalrymen holding fiefs (timars or ziamets) in the specific district gathered. The sanjakbey was in turn subordinate to a beylerbey ("bey of beys") who governed an eyalet and commanded his subordinate sanjak-beys in war. In this way, the structure of command on the battlefield resembled the hierarchy of provincial government. The office of sanjak-bey resembled that of the beylerbey on a more modest scale. Like the beylerbey, the sanjak-bey drew his income from a prebend, which consisted usually of revenues from the towns, quays and ports within the boundary of his sanjak. Within his own sanjak, a governor was responsible above all for maintaining order and, with the cooperation of the fief holders, arresting and punishing wrongdoers. For this, he usually received half of the fines imposed on miscreants, with the fief holder on whose lands the misdeed took place, receiving the other half. Sanjak governors also had other duties, for example, the pursuit of bandits, the investigation of heretics, the provision of supplies for the army, or the dispatch of materials for shipbuilding, as the sultan commanded. See also Mirliva Beg Beg Khan References ^ Nolan, Cathal J. (2006). The age of wars of religion, 1000-1650: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-313-33733-8. ^ Elouafi, Amy (2007). Being Ottoman. UC Berkeley. p. 73. the Arabic equivalent of Ottoman terms (for example the amir liwa for sanjak beyi). ^ a b c Imber, Colin (2002). "The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power" (PDF). pp. 177–200. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-26. vteOttoman EmpireHistory Osman's Dream Rise Ghaza thesis Interregnum Constantinople Classical Age Sultanate of Women Transformation Decline thesis Köprülü Stagnation and reform Tulip Decline and modernization Tanzimat 1st Constitutional Dissolution 2nd Constitutional Partition Abolition Persecution of Ottoman Muslims Politics Foreign relations Foreign Affairs Ministry Safavid United States Treaties Law Constitution Armenian Constitution Electoral Family law Düstur Civil codes Mecelle Halakha Translation Office GovernmentHouse of Osman Ottoman dynasty List of Ottoman sultans Roman succession claim Ottoman Caliphate Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Imperial Harem Valide sultan Haseki sultan Kadınefendi Hanımefendi List of Ottoman sultans' mothers List of Ottoman sultans' consorts Kizlar Agha Inner Palace Service Kapi Agha Palace Schools Central (Porte)Imperial Council (classic period) Grand Vizier Viziers Kazaskers Defterdars/Ministers of Finance Nişancı Reis ül-Küttab Dragoman of the Porte Outer Palace Service Imperial Government(reform and constitutional period) Assembly Senate Chamber of Deputies Millets Islam Shaykh al-Islām Christianity Rūm Ullah Bulgarian Armenian Judaism Hakham Bashi Provincial Eyalets Beylerbeys Vilayets Sanjaks Sanjakbeys Mutasarrifates Kazas/Kadiluks Vassal and tributary states MilitaryArmy Classic period army: Janissaries Agha of the Janissaries Six Divisions of Cavalry Timariots Reform period: Nizam-i Djedid Sekban-i Djedid Mansure Army Hamidieh Modernized army Navy Kapudan Pasha List Dragoman of the Fleet Imperial Arsenal Admirals Naval battles Ships Other Aviation Conscription Weapons Economy By era Enlargement Reformation Agriculture Central bank Currency Akçe Para Sultani Kuruş Lira Science and technology Taxation Transport Society Social structure Devshirme Ottomanism Ottoman court Languages Ottoman Turkish Slavery Culture Architecture Mosques Art Miniature Music Shadow play Clothing Cuisine Literature Prose Poetry Education Schools Media Demographics Armenians Greeks Jews Women Religion Islam Christianity Judaism Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Flag Tughra Star and crescent Outline Bibliography Category This Ottoman Empire–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottoman Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bey"},{"link_name":"pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha"},{"link_name":"sanjak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak"},{"link_name":"liwa’","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwa_(Arabic)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"wāli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%81li"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"timars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timar"},{"link_name":"ziamets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziamet"},{"link_name":"beylerbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beylerbey"},{"link_name":"eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyalet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Imber-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Imber-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Imber-3"}],"text":"Sanjak-bey, sanjaq-bey or -beg (Ottoman Turkish: سنجاق بك) (lit. 'lord of the standard') was the title given in the Ottoman Empire to a bey (a high-ranking officer, but usually not a pasha) appointed to the military and administrative command of a district (sanjak, in Arabic liwa’),[1] hence the equivalent Arabic title of amir liwa (أمير لواء ’amīr liwā’)[2] He was answerable to a superior wāli or another provincial governor. In a few cases the sanjak-bey was himself directly answerable to Istanbul.Like other early Ottoman administrative offices, the sanjak-bey had a military origin: the term sanjak (and liva) means \"flag\" or \"standard\" and denoted the insigne around which, in times of war, the cavalrymen holding fiefs (timars or ziamets) in the specific district gathered. The sanjakbey was in turn subordinate to a beylerbey (\"bey of beys\") who governed an eyalet and commanded his subordinate sanjak-beys in war. In this way, the structure of command on the battlefield resembled the hierarchy of provincial government.[3]The office of sanjak-bey resembled that of the beylerbey on a more modest scale. Like the beylerbey, the sanjak-bey drew his income from a prebend, which consisted usually of revenues from the towns, quays and ports within the boundary of his sanjak.[3] Within his own sanjak, a governor was responsible above all for maintaining order and, with the cooperation of the fief holders, arresting and punishing wrongdoers. For this, he usually received half of the fines imposed on miscreants, with the fief holder on whose lands the misdeed took place, receiving the other half. Sanjak governors also had other duties, for example, the pursuit of bandits, the investigation of heretics, the provision of supplies for the army, or the dispatch of materials for shipbuilding, as the sultan commanded.[3]","title":"Sanjak-bey"}]	[]	[{"title":"Mirliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirliva"},{"title":"Beg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baig"},{"title":"Beg Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beg_Khan"}]	[{"reference":"Nolan, Cathal J. (2006). The age of wars of religion, 1000-1650: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 77. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouchita_River_Correctional_Unit	Ouachita River Unit	["1 History","2 Operations","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 34°20′41″N 92°50′34″W / 34.344772°N 92.842777°W / 34.344772; -92.842777Prison in Arkansas, USA Ouachita River UnitLocationMalvern, ArkansasCoordinates34°20′41″N 92°50′34″W / 34.344772°N 92.842777°W / 34.344772; -92.842777StatusOperationalCapacity1782Opened2003 (2003)Managed byArkansas Department of CorrectionStreet address100 Walco LaneCityMalvernState/provinceArkansasZIP Code72104CountryUSA The Ouachita River Unit is a prison in Malvern, Arkansas, operated by the Arkansas Department of Correction. The prison opened in 2003. History In 2012, a special needs unit was opened which included a 72-bed hospital, and a 40-bed special services area which included a barracks for elderly, chronically ill and acute-illness inmates. Over 4000 prisoners-per-year in Arkansas are studying to receive their GED. Each May, prisoners who have earned their GED are brought to the Ouachita River Unit for a graduation ceremony. Operations inmate intake special needs unit regional maintenance garment processing construction reduction of sexual victimization program substance abuse education livestock and forage production education chaplaincy services gravel harvesting Paws in Prison program References ^ a b "Ouachita River Unit". Arkansas Department of Correction. Archived from the original on April 6, 2012. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ Bryan, Wayne (January 5, 2012). "New Prison Unit Hiring". Arkansas Online. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 19, 2015. ^ Varno, Susan (May 31, 2015). "Earning a GED in Prison". Arkansas Online. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 19, 2015. External links Ouachita River Unit United States portal vte Arkansas Department of Corrections prisonsState prisons Benton Unit Boot Camp Program♂♀ Cummins Unit Delta Regional Unit East Arkansas Regional Unit Barbara Ester Unit Grimes Unit Hawkins Center for Women♀ Maximum Security Unit McPherson Unit♀ North Central Unit Ouachita River Unit Pine Bluff Unit Texarkana Regional Correction Center Tucker Unit Varner Unit Randall L. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Loganberry/Archive10	User talk:Loganberry/Archive10	["1 Did you know","2 H. D. G. Leveson-Gower","3 Arthur Robinson","4 Norman Jolly","5 Template:Watership Down/temp","6 Arthur Holt (cricketer)","7 Speedy Deletion For Saint Vincent and the Grenadines cricket team","8 Hazel, etc.","9 Re:BMW M3","10 brendan mulcahy and zishan afsar","11 Watership Down and feminism","12 Watership Down on Front Page of German Wikipedia","13 Re Chequers Image","14 Reply:Image:Bigwig.jpg","15 New Image!"]	Did you know On 27 September, 2007, Did you know? was updated with a fact from the article Ronald Bird, which you created or substantially expanded. If you know of another interesting fact from a recently created article, then please suggest it on the Did you know? talk page. --Allen3 talk 11:00, 27 September 2007 (UTC) The correction you left on my talk page has been made. In the future, you may wish to report this type of issue to Wikipedia:Main Page/Errors in case the admin who made the update steps away from his computer. --Allen3 talk 16:16, 27 September 2007 (UTC) H. D. G. Leveson-Gower ah ok. michfan2123 23:50, 29 September 2007 (UTC) Arthur Robinson Hi, Have seen to the infobox - have created a blank row at the moment, but can't have everything! It works with a 'partialdates = true' function. Best wishes, –MDCollins (talk) 00:46, 12 October 2007 (UTC) No problem. Better? –MDCollins (talk) 14:57, 15 October 2007 (UTC) Norman Jolly Given that Norman Jolly only lived in England from 1904 to 1907, can he really be classed as an English cricketer? Pdfpdf 15:51, 15 October 2007 (UTC) Template:Watership Down/temp Hi, I just noticed that a template you created, Template:Watership Down/temp, is unused and appears to be abandoned. I've marked it as deprecated, meaning it'll be deleted in two weeks' time if nobody objects. If there's a reason to keep it please leave a note at Wikipedia talk:Deprecated and orphaned templates and feel free to remove the {{deprecated}} tag from the template. Thanks. Bryan Derksen 05:38, 3 November 2007 (UTC) Arthur Holt (cricketer) Hi - sorry to bother you. I have recently created an article about Arthur Holt who was both a cricketer with Hampshire and a footballer with Southampton. As my cricket knowledge is fairly limited, I was wondering if you could have a look at the article and possibly tidy up, improve or expand the cricket sections. I was deliberating whether to title the article as "Arthur Holt (cricketer)" or "Arthur Holt (footballer)" and decided that he was probably better known as a cricketer and his shop definitely specialised in cricket. Thanks in anticipation of your help. --Daemonic Kangaroo 07:58, 10 November 2007 (UTC) Speedy Deletion For Saint Vincent and the Grenadines cricket team A tag has been placed on Saint Vincent and the Grenadines cricket team, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done for the following reason: This does not tell what it is. It only tells what they have done. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not meet basic Wikipedia criteria may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as an appropriate article, and if you can indicate why the subject of this article is appropriate, you may contest the tagging. To do this, add {{hangon}} on the top of the page and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm its subject's notability under the guidelines. For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Ludds (talk) 00:38, 26 November 2007 (UTC) Hazel, etc. You might want to take a look at Hazel (Watership Down), where a disagreement over whether it is "original research" to say that it is the Black Rabbit who, in the film version, comes for Hazel at his death, has just led to one editor to delete nearly the whole article as "original research". -- Lonewolf BC (talk) 21:10, 29 December 2007 (UTC) Re:BMW M3 Sorry about that. I reverted myself. jj137 (talk) 03:40, 20 February 2008 (UTC) brendan mulcahy and zishan afsar are back. logamberry my friend you probably wont remember but look in your archives to around the end of 06 if you need anything pleare a comment on the account soqimple123 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.157.24.119 (talk) 20:42, 29 March 2008 (UTC) Watership Down and feminism Loganberry, thank you very much for your post. Personally, I've always been uncomfortable with the does' minor roles in WD, not that it's diminished the pleasure of the story for me. Maybe it's an American PC thing (and being a child of the Sixties), but I thought it strange that Adams didn't give the girls a more prominent role. I, however, attributed it to rabbit world realism rather than a consciously developed motif: I assumed real does are rather dumb and do little in the warren social world. After reading references raising the possibility that this depiction is at odds with Adams's favorite source (Lockley) and reality itself, I am a bit surprised, but think it likely that Adams's combat experiences are more an influence (as some sources have alluded) than any truly misogynic streak in his character. I also have to remind myself that Adams was raised in a different era than I. I enjoyed your essay, "Passive Baby-Factories"? The Role of Does in Watership Down". The Tucker, Thomas and Townsend perspectives would be excellent additions to the article, but I have not been able to gain direct access to the source material. I'm going to make more of an effort this weekend at one of the local universities. However, if you still have the original material and the time . . . ? Again, thanks for the heads-up, and I'll have to give your Anglo/American difference some thought (curious).Jim Dunning \| talk 10:45, 1 April 2008 (UTC) Watership Down on Front Page of German Wikipedia Hello Loganberry, the German article about Watership Down with your photos will be on the front page tomorrow (April 2nd) as "Article of the Day": http://de.wikipedia.org/ --84.57.177.238 (talk) 19:52, 1 April 2008 (UTC) Re Chequers Image Sorry about that, I forgot to take the other image out when I inserted it into the infobox! -- Roleplayer (talk) 01:19, 4 April 2008 (UTC) Reply:Image:Bigwig.jpg Thank you for notifying me of my fair use violation on this image, how silly of me to forget. I will remove the image at once, or at least upload a new version. Im sorry for this mix-up, i will see to it that this doesn't occur again. Remember me? Anonymous reader (talk) 00:11, 17 April 2008 (UTC) New Image! Hello again, David. I don't believe it; I've finally uploaded a new Bigwig Image, and a rationale, too. It is also under the size you reccomended. I also moved it to the top right of the page. Thanks alot. What do you want for nothing? Anonymous reader (talk) 14:05, 20 April 2008 (UTC) Thank you for your compliments, and sorry for the whole "name thing", I just wanted you to know I had visited your WD fansite ;). But anyway, thank you-I didn't know I had it in me. What do you want for nothing? Anonymous reader (talk) 20:23, 20 April 2008 (UTC)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Loganberry/Archive10&action=edit&section=1"},{"link_name":"Allen3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Allen3"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Allen3"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Main 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In the future, you may wish to report this type of issue to Wikipedia:Main Page/Errors in case the admin who made the update steps away from his computer. --Allen3 talk 16:16, 27 September 2007 (UTC)[reply]H. D. G. Leveson-Gower[edit]ah ok.michfan2123 23:50, 29 September 2007 (UTC)[reply]Arthur Robinson[edit]Hi,Have seen to the infobox - have created a blank row at the moment, but can't have everything! It works with a 'partialdates = true' function.Best wishes,\n–MDCollins (talk) 00:46, 12 October 2007 (UTC)[reply]No problem. Better? –MDCollins (talk) 14:57, 15 October 2007 (UTC)[reply]Norman Jolly[edit]Given that Norman Jolly only lived in England from 1904 to 1907, can he really be classed as an English cricketer? Pdfpdf 15:51, 15 October 2007 (UTC)[reply]Template:Watership Down/temp[edit]Hi, I just noticed that a template you created, Template:Watership Down/temp, is unused and appears to be abandoned. I've marked it as deprecated, meaning it'll be deleted in two weeks' time if nobody objects. If there's a reason to keep it please leave a note at Wikipedia talk:Deprecated and orphaned templates and feel free to remove the {{deprecated}} tag from the template. Thanks. Bryan Derksen 05:38, 3 November 2007 (UTC)[reply]Arthur Holt (cricketer)[edit]Hi - sorry to bother you. I have recently created an article about Arthur Holt who was both a cricketer with Hampshire and a footballer with Southampton. As my cricket knowledge is fairly limited, I was wondering if you could have a look at the article and possibly tidy up, improve or expand the cricket sections. I was deliberating whether to title the article as \"Arthur Holt (cricketer)\" or \"Arthur Holt (footballer)\" and decided that he was probably better known as a cricketer and his shop definitely specialised in cricket. Thanks in anticipation of your help. --Daemonic Kangaroo 07:58, 10 November 2007 (UTC)[reply]Speedy Deletion For Saint Vincent and the Grenadines cricket team[edit]A tag has been placed on Saint Vincent and the Grenadines cricket team, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done for the following reason:This does not tell what it is. It only tells what they have done.Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not meet basic Wikipedia criteria may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as an appropriate article, and if you can indicate why the subject of this article is appropriate, you may contest the tagging. To do this, add {{hangon}} on the top of the page and leave a note on the article's talk page explaining your position. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm its subject's notability under the guidelines.For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Ludds (talk) 00:38, 26 November 2007 (UTC)[reply]Hazel, etc.[edit]You might want to take a look at Hazel (Watership Down), where a disagreement over whether it is \"original research\" to say that it is the Black Rabbit who, in the film version, comes for Hazel at his death, has just led to one editor to delete nearly the whole article as \"original research\". -- Lonewolf BC (talk) 21:10, 29 December 2007 (UTC)[reply]Re:BMW M3[edit]Sorry about that. I reverted myself. jj137 (talk) 03:40, 20 February 2008 (UTC)[reply]brendan mulcahy and zishan afsar[edit]are back. logamberry my friend you probably wont remember but look in your archives to around the end of 06 if you need anything pleare a comment on the account soqimple123 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.157.24.119 (talk) 20:42, 29 March 2008 (UTC)[reply]Watership Down and feminism[edit]Loganberry, thank you very much for your post. Personally, I've always been uncomfortable with the does' minor roles in WD, not that it's diminished the pleasure of the story for me. Maybe it's an American PC thing (and being a child of the Sixties), but I thought it strange that Adams didn't give the girls a more prominent role. I, however, attributed it to rabbit world realism rather than a consciously developed motif: I assumed real does are rather dumb and do little in the warren social world. After reading references raising the possibility that this depiction is at odds with Adams's favorite source (Lockley) and reality itself, I am a bit surprised, but think it likely that Adams's combat experiences are more an influence (as some sources have alluded) than any truly misogynic streak in his character. I also have to remind myself that Adams was raised in a different era than I.I enjoyed your essay, \"Passive Baby-Factories\"? The Role of Does in Watership Down\". The Tucker, Thomas and Townsend perspectives would be excellent additions to the article, but I have not been able to gain direct access to the source material. I'm going to make more of an effort this weekend at one of the local universities. However, if you still have the original material and the time . . . ? Again, thanks for the heads-up, and I'll have to give your Anglo/American difference some thought (curious).Jim Dunning \| talk 10:45, 1 April 2008 (UTC)[reply]Watership Down on Front Page of German Wikipedia[edit]Hello Loganberry,the German article about Watership Down with your photos will be on the front page tomorrow (April 2nd) as \"Article of the Day\": http://de.wikipedia.org/--84.57.177.238 (talk) 19:52, 1 April 2008 (UTC)[reply]Re Chequers Image[edit]Sorry about that, I forgot to take the other image out when I inserted it into the infobox! -- Roleplayer (talk) 01:19, 4 April 2008 (UTC)[reply]Reply:Image:Bigwig.jpg[edit]Thank you for notifying me of my fair use violation on this image, how silly of me to forget. I will remove the image at once, or at least upload a new version. Im sorry for this mix-up, i will see to it that this doesn't occur again.Remember me?\nAnonymous reader (talk) 00:11, 17 April 2008 (UTC)[reply]New Image![edit]Hello again, David. I don't believe it; I've finally uploaded a new Bigwig Image, and a rationale, too. It is also under the size you reccomended. I also moved it to the top right of the page. Thanks alot.What do you want for nothing?Anonymous reader (talk) 14:05, 20 April 2008 (UTC)[reply]Thank you for your compliments, and sorry for the whole \"name thing\", I just wanted you to know I had visited your WD fansite ;). But anyway, thank you-I didn't know I had it in me.What do you want for nothing?Anonymous reader (talk) 20:23, 20 April 2008 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Loganberry/Archive10"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://de.wikipedia.org/","external_links_name":"http://de.wikipedia.org/"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagala_Premi	Pagala Premi	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Soundtrack","5 Accolades","6 References","7 External links"]	2007 Indian filmPagala PremiMovie poster for Pagala PremiDirected byHara PatnaikWritten bySukumarProduced byA. Ramesh PrasadStarringSabyasachi MishraArpita MukherjeeSushant LenkaSaroj DashCinematographyNiranjan DashEdited byChandra Sekhar MishraMusic byManmatha MisraDistributed byPrasad ProductionsRelease date 14 June 2007 (2007-06-14) CountryIndiaLanguageOdia Pagala Premi (transl. Crazy lover) is a 2007 Indian Odia-language romantic drama film directed by Hara Patnaik and stars Sabyasachi Mishra and newcomer Arpita Mukherjee. This is a remake of Telugu movie Arya (2004). Plot Surya (Sabyasachi Mishra) and Gitanjali (Arpita) are smart college students. Surya falls in love with Gitanjali at first sight. Ajay (Sukanta) is a spoilt brat and is the son of local M.L.A. Abinash (Pradyumna Lenka). Ajay likes Gitanjali and thus proposes to her. When Gitanjali refuses, Ajay threatens that he will jump from the college roof top. Being a meek girl, Gitanjali accepts the proposal and starts dating Ajay. Meanwhile, Surya proposes to Gitanjali. In the presence of Gitanjali's boy friend, Ajay, Gitanjali refuses. But Surya doesn't yet to give up on her as he feels that Gitanjali doesn't love Ajay truly. Surya tries to impress Gitanjali sincerely without creating a rift between the two. The film is all about how Surya tries to win Gitanjali with his attitude and positive out look. Cast Sabyasachi Mishra as Surya Arpita Mukherjee as Gitanjali Sukanta as Ajaya Pradyumna Lenka as M.L.A. Abinash Saroj Dash Chaitali Debjani Alok Roy Tapas Sargharia Nimananda Niranjan Pati Koyel Das Sonali Hara Patnaik Abhinayasri as an item number in "Aa Mane Anandapur" Production Sabyasachi Mishra was offered the lead role after he was spotted by Hara Patnaik at a stage show. Kolkata-based Arpita Mukherjee made her debut with this film. Soundtrack The songs were composed by Manmatha Misra who reused all the songs from the original. No.TitleSinger(s)Length1."Aa Mane Anandpur"Tapu Mishra, Hara Pattnayak 2."Feel My Love"Kumar Bapi 3."One Side Love"T. Souri, Manmath Mishra 4."Tak Dhina Dhin"T. Souri 5."Tora E Hasare Aji"Kumar Bapi 6."You Know"T. Srinu Accolades Sabyasachi Mishra won the Best Actor Award from the Orissa State Film Awards in 2007. References ^ "Pagala Premi slated for June 14 release". orissacinema.com. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2009. ^ "Meet Sabyasachi Mishra, the 'Half telugu' Odia superstar". The Times of India. Retrieved 3 March 2019. ^ "Sabyasachi Mishra: ଲଭର୍ ବୟରୁ ରହସ୍ୟମୟ ଚରିତ୍ର..." Zee Odisha (in Odia). 4 January 2023. ^ a b "Void in Villainy: Hara Patnaik". The New Indian Express. 16 January 2015. ^ "Arpita Mukherjee". The Times of India. 7 October 2007. ^ "Orissa film awards for 2007 announced". www.orissadiary.com. Retrieved 6 March 2009. External links Pagala Premi at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hara Patnaik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hara_Patnaik"},{"link_name":"Sabyasachi Mishra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabyasachi_Mishra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Arya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n-4"}],"text":"2007 Indian filmPagala Premi (transl. Crazy lover) is a 2007 Indian Odia-language romantic drama film directed by Hara Patnaik and stars Sabyasachi Mishra and newcomer Arpita Mukherjee.[1] This is a remake of Telugu movie Arya (2004).[2][3][4]","title":"Pagala Premi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sabyasachi Mishra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabyasachi_Mishra"}],"text":"Surya (Sabyasachi Mishra) and Gitanjali (Arpita) are smart college students. Surya falls in love with Gitanjali at first sight. Ajay (Sukanta) is a spoilt brat and is the son of local M.L.A. Abinash (Pradyumna Lenka). Ajay likes Gitanjali and thus proposes to her. When Gitanjali refuses, Ajay threatens that he will jump from the college roof top. Being a meek girl, Gitanjali accepts the proposal and starts dating Ajay.Meanwhile, Surya proposes to Gitanjali. In the presence of Gitanjali's boy friend, Ajay, Gitanjali refuses. But Surya doesn't yet to give up on her as he feels that Gitanjali doesn't love Ajay truly. Surya tries to impress Gitanjali sincerely without creating a rift between the two. The film is all about how Surya tries to win Gitanjali with his attitude and positive out look.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sabyasachi Mishra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabyasachi_Mishra"},{"link_name":"Debjani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debjani"},{"link_name":"Tapas Sargharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapas_Sargharia"},{"link_name":"Niranjan Pati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niranjan_Pati"},{"link_name":"Hara Patnaik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hara_Patnaik"},{"link_name":"Abhinayasri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhinayasri"},{"link_name":"item number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Item_number"}],"text":"Sabyasachi Mishra as Surya\nArpita Mukherjee as Gitanjali\nSukanta as Ajaya\nPradyumna Lenka as M.L.A. Abinash\nSaroj Dash\nChaitali\nDebjani\nAlok Roy\nTapas Sargharia\nNimananda\nNiranjan Pati\nKoyel Das\nSonali\nHara Patnaik\nAbhinayasri as an item number in \"Aa Mane Anandapur\"","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Sabyasachi Mishra was offered the lead role after he was spotted by Hara Patnaik at a stage show.[4] Kolkata-based Arpita Mukherjee made her debut with this film.[5]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The songs were composed by Manmatha Misra who reused all the songs from the original.No.TitleSinger(s)Length1.\"Aa Mane Anandpur\"Tapu Mishra, Hara Pattnayak 2.\"Feel My Love\"Kumar Bapi 3.\"One Side Love\"T. Souri, Manmath Mishra 4.\"Tak Dhina Dhin\"T. Souri 5.\"Tora E Hasare Aji\"Kumar Bapi 6.\"You Know\"T. Srinu","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sabyasachi Mishra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabyasachi_Mishra"},{"link_name":"Orissa State Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissa_State_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Sabyasachi Mishra won the Best Actor Award from the Orissa State Film Awards in 2007.[6]","title":"Accolades"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Pagala Premi slated for June 14 release\". orissacinema.com. Archived from the original on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110823203400/http://orissacinema.com/blog/2007/06/06/pagala/","url_text":"\"Pagala Premi slated for June 14 release\""},{"url":"http://orissacinema.com/blog/2007/06/06/pagala/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Sabyasachi Mishra, the 'Half telugu' Odia superstar\". The Times of India. Retrieved 3 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/meet-sabyasachi-mishra-the-half-telugu-odia-superstar/articleshow/57186332.cms","url_text":"\"Meet Sabyasachi Mishra, the 'Half telugu' Odia superstar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Sabyasachi Mishra: ଲଭର୍ ବୟରୁ ରହସ୍ୟମୟ ଚରିତ୍ର...\" Zee Odisha (in Odia). 4 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeeodisha/photo-gallery-sabyasachi-mishra-films-pagal-premi-to-pushkara-journey/1514429/-1514432","url_text":"\"Sabyasachi Mishra: ଲଭର୍ ବୟରୁ ରହସ୍ୟମୟ ଚରିତ୍ର...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_Odisha","url_text":"Zee Odisha"}]},{"reference":"\"Void in Villainy: Hara Patnaik\". The New Indian Express. 16 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2015/jan/16/void-in-villainy-hara-patnaik-705753.html","url_text":"\"Void in Villainy: Hara Patnaik\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express","url_text":"The New Indian Express"}]},{"reference":"\"Arpita Mukherjee\". The Times of India. 7 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/kolkata/arpita-mukherjee/articleshow/2437415.cms","url_text":"\"Arpita Mukherjee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orissa film awards for 2007 announced\". www.orissadiary.com. Retrieved 6 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowEntertainmentNews.asp?id=10684","url_text":"\"Orissa film awards for 2007 announced\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110823203400/http://orissacinema.com/blog/2007/06/06/pagala/","external_links_name":"\"Pagala Premi slated for June 14 release\""},{"Link":"http://orissacinema.com/blog/2007/06/06/pagala/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/meet-sabyasachi-mishra-the-half-telugu-odia-superstar/articleshow/57186332.cms","external_links_name":"\"Meet Sabyasachi Mishra, the 'Half telugu' Odia superstar\""},{"Link":"https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeeodisha/photo-gallery-sabyasachi-mishra-films-pagal-premi-to-pushkara-journey/1514429/-1514432","external_links_name":"\"Sabyasachi Mishra: ଲଭର୍ ବୟରୁ ରହସ୍ୟମୟ ଚରିତ୍ର...\""},{"Link":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2015/jan/16/void-in-villainy-hara-patnaik-705753.html","external_links_name":"\"Void in Villainy: Hara Patnaik\""},{"Link":"https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/kolkata/arpita-mukherjee/articleshow/2437415.cms","external_links_name":"\"Arpita Mukherjee\""},{"Link":"http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowEntertainmentNews.asp?id=10684","external_links_name":"\"Orissa film awards for 2007 announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1404069/","external_links_name":"Pagala Premi"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croweology	Croweology	["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 Charts","4 References","5 External links"]	2010 studio album by The Black CrowesCroweologyStudio album by The Black CrowesReleasedAugust 3, 2010 (2010-08-03)Recorded2009–2010Genre Southern rock blues rock hard rock acoustic rock folk rock jazz rock Length121:24LabelSilver ArrowProducerPaul StaceyThe Black Crowes chronology Before the Frost...Until the Freeze(2009) Croweology(2010) Wiser for the Time(2013) Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic(69/100)Review scoresSourceRatingAllmusicThe Austin ChronicleBBC Music(favorable)The Daily TelegraphEntertainment WeeklyBKerrang!Paste(7.3/10)PopMattersRolling StoneUncut Croweology is an acoustic-based album by American rock band The Black Crowes, released on August 3, 2010. The set includes newly recorded versions of nineteen songs from the band's career, covering their albums from Shake Your Money Maker to Lions, plus a cover of the Chris Ethridge and Gram Parsons song "She", in mostly-acoustic arrangements. Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine stated the Crowes capture "the sound of seasoned veterans still finding new ways to play old favorites" and the double album is "a generous, entertaining gift to the fans who have stayed true throughout the years". This would be the last recorded album to feature lead guitarist, Luther Dickinson. Croweology was the last studio record released by the band before their hiatus lasting from 2013 to 2020. Track listing Disc one "Jealous Again" – 5:13 "Share the Ride" – 3:58 "Remedy" – 5:33 "Non-Fiction" – 7:54 "Hotel Illness" – 3:38 "Soul Singing" – 4:15 "Ballad in Urgency" – 9:16 "Wiser Time" – 9:33 "Cold Boy Smile" – 5:35 "Under a Mountain" – 4:42 Disc two "She Talks to Angels" – 6:16 "Morning Song" – 6:13 "Downtown Money Waster" – 4:17 "Good Friday" – 5:42 "Thorn in My Pride" – 9:35 "Welcome to the Good Times" – 4:01 "Girl from a Pawnshop" – 7:08 "Sister Luck" – 5:58 "She" – 5:31 "Bad Luck Blue Eyes Goodbye" – 7:03 Bonus tracks (iTunes only) "Boomer's Story" "Willin'" Personnel The Black Crowes Chris Robinson – vocals, harp, guitars Richard Robinson – guitars, vocals Steve Gorman – drums Sven Pipien – bass, vocals Luther Dickinson – guitars, mandolin, banjo Adam MacDougall – keyboards, vocals Additional personnel Charity White and Mona Lisa Young – backing vocals Joe Magistro – percussion Donny Herron – pedal steel, lap steel, banjo, fiddle Charts Chart (2010) Peakposition Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 80 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 98 Scottish Albums (OCC) 56 UK Albums (OCC) 62 US Billboard 200 13 References ^ a b c "Critic Reviews for Croweology". Metacritic. Retrieved January 28, 2013. ^ a b c Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Croweology – The Black Crowes". Allmusic. ^ Hernandez, Raoul (September 24, 2010). "Review: The Black Crowes (Croweology)". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved January 28, 2013. ^ Patashnik, Ben (August 10, 2010). "Music – Review of The Black Crowes – Croweology". BBC Music. Retrieved January 28, 2013. ^ Collis, Clark (August 6, 2010). "Croweology Review". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 28, 2013. ^ Perry, Andrew (August 3, 2010). "The Black Crowes: Croweology, CD Review". The Daily Telegraph. London. ^ Vrabel, Jeff (August 6, 2010). "The Black Crowes: Croweology :: Music :: Reviews". Paste. Retrieved January 28, 2013. ^ Kosakow, Jonathan (August 9, 2010). "The Black Crowes: Croweology". PopMatters. Retrieved January 28, 2013. ^ Fricke, David (August 2, 2010). "Croweology". Rolling Stone. Retrieved January 28, 2013. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – The Black Crowes – Croweology" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 2021-11-20. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – The Black Crowes – Before The Frost" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 2021-11-20. ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2021-11-20. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2021-11-20. ^ "The Black Crowes". Billboard. Retrieved 2021-11-20. External links The Black Crowes' Croweology Set For Release On August 3 at Swampland.com Croweology at Metacritic vteThe Black Crowes Chris Robinson Rich Robinson Sven Pipien Steve Gorman Johnny Colt Jeff Cease Eddie Harsch Marc Ford Audley Freed Greg Rzab Andy Hess Rob Clores Adam MacDougall Luther Dickinson Jackie Greene Studio albums Shake Your Money Maker The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion Amorica Three Snakes and One Charm By Your Side Lions Warpaint Before the Frost...Until the Freeze Croweology Happiness Bastards Live albums Sho' Nuff Live Live at the Greek Live Freak 'n' Roll...Into the Fog Warpaint Live Wiser for the Time EPs1972Video albumsFor Those About to Rock: Monsters in MoscowCompilations Sho' Nuff Greatest Hits 1990–1999: A Tribute to a Work in Progress... The Lost Crowes Singles "Jealous Again" "Hard to Handle" "Twice As Hard" "She Talks to Angels" "Remedy" "Sting Me" "Wiser Time" "Blackberry" "Only a Fool" "Soul Singing" Related articles Discography Members Brothers of a Feather: Live at the Roxy Chris Robinson Brotherhood The Magpie Salute Trigger Hippy Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"The Black Crowes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Crowes"},{"link_name":"Shake Your Money Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shake_Your_Money_Maker_(album)"},{"link_name":"Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lions_(album)"},{"link_name":"Chris Ethridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Ethridge"},{"link_name":"Gram Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Stephen Thomas Erlewine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-2"},{"link_name":"Luther Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Dickinson"}],"text":"Croweology is an acoustic-based album by American rock band The Black Crowes, released on August 3, 2010. The set includes newly recorded versions of nineteen songs from the band's career, covering their albums from Shake Your Money Maker to Lions, plus a cover of the Chris Ethridge and Gram Parsons song \"She\", in mostly-acoustic arrangements. Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine stated the Crowes capture \"the sound of seasoned veterans still finding new ways to play old favorites\"[2] and the double album is \"a generous, entertaining gift to the fans who have stayed true throughout the years\".[2] This would be the last recorded album to feature lead guitarist, Luther Dickinson. Croweology was the last studio record released by the band before their hiatus lasting from 2013 to 2020.","title":"Croweology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jealous Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jealous_Again_(The_Black_Crowes_song)"},{"link_name":"Remedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remedy_(The_Black_Crowes_song)"},{"link_name":"Soul Singing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Singing"},{"link_name":"She Talks to Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Talks_to_Angels"}],"text":"Disc one\"Jealous Again\" – 5:13\n\"Share the Ride\" – 3:58\n\"Remedy\" – 5:33\n\"Non-Fiction\" – 7:54\n\"Hotel Illness\" – 3:38\n\"Soul Singing\" – 4:15\n\"Ballad in Urgency\" – 9:16\n\"Wiser Time\" – 9:33\n\"Cold Boy Smile\" – 5:35\n\"Under a Mountain\" – 4:42Disc two\"She Talks to Angels\" – 6:16\n\"Morning Song\" – 6:13\n\"Downtown Money Waster\" – 4:17\n\"Good Friday\" – 5:42\n\"Thorn in My Pride\" – 9:35\n\"Welcome to the Good Times\" – 4:01\n\"Girl from a Pawnshop\" – 7:08\n\"Sister Luck\" – 5:58\n\"She\" – 5:31\n\"Bad Luck Blue Eyes Goodbye\" – 7:03Bonus tracks (iTunes only)\"Boomer's Story\"\n\"Willin'\"","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Robinson_(singer)"},{"link_name":"vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"harp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonica"},{"link_name":"guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Richard Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Steve Gorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gorman"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"Sven Pipien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_Pipien"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"Luther Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"mandolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin"},{"link_name":"banjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo"},{"link_name":"Adam MacDougall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_MacDougall_(keyboardist)"},{"link_name":"keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"}],"text":"The Black CrowesChris Robinson – vocals, harp, guitars\nRichard Robinson – guitars, vocals\nSteve Gorman – drums\nSven Pipien – bass, vocals\nLuther Dickinson – guitars, mandolin, banjo\nAdam MacDougall – keyboards, vocalsAdditional personnelCharity White and Mona Lisa Young – backing vocals\nJoe Magistro – percussion\nDonny Herron – pedal steel, lap steel, banjo, fiddle","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Critic Reviews for Croweology\". Metacritic. Retrieved January 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/croweology/the-black-crowes/critic-reviews","url_text":"\"Critic Reviews for Croweology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"Croweology – The Black Crowes\". Allmusic.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine","url_text":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas"},{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1834424","url_text":"\"Croweology – The Black Crowes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"Hernandez, Raoul (September 24, 2010). \"Review: The Black Crowes (Croweology)\". The Austin Chronicle. Retrieved January 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austinchronicle.com/music/2010-09-24/1087101/","url_text":"\"Review: The Black Crowes (Croweology)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Austin_Chronicle","url_text":"The Austin Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Patashnik, Ben (August 10, 2010). \"Music – Review of The Black Crowes – Croweology\". BBC Music. Retrieved January 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/p8j9","url_text":"\"Music – Review of The Black Crowes – Croweology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Music","url_text":"BBC Music"}]},{"reference":"Collis, Clark (August 6, 2010). \"Croweology Review\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20405916,00.html","url_text":"\"Croweology Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Perry, Andrew (August 3, 2010). \"The Black Crowes: Croweology, CD Review\". The Daily Telegraph. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/cdreviews/7924626/The-Black-Crowes-Croweology-CD-review.html","url_text":"\"The Black Crowes: Croweology, CD Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Vrabel, Jeff (August 6, 2010). \"The Black Crowes: Croweology :: Music :: Reviews\". Paste. Retrieved January 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2010/08/the-black-crowes-croweology.html","url_text":"\"The Black Crowes: Croweology :: Music :: Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paste_(magazine)","url_text":"Paste"}]},{"reference":"Kosakow, Jonathan (August 9, 2010). \"The Black Crowes: Croweology\". PopMatters. Retrieved January 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/129347-the-black-crowes-croweology/","url_text":"\"The Black Crowes: Croweology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters","url_text":"PopMatters"}]},{"reference":"Fricke, David (August 2, 2010). \"Croweology\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved January 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/croweology-20100802","url_text":"\"Croweology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"The Black Crowes\". Billboard. Retrieved 2021-11-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-black-crowes/chart-history/TLP","url_text":"\"The Black Crowes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/croweology/the-black-crowes/critic-reviews","external_links_name":"\"Critic Reviews for Croweology\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r1834424","external_links_name":"\"Croweology – The Black Crowes\""},{"Link":"http://www.austinchronicle.com/music/2010-09-24/1087101/","external_links_name":"\"Review: The Black Crowes (Croweology)\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/p8j9","external_links_name":"\"Music – Review of The Black Crowes – Croweology\""},{"Link":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20405916,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Croweology Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/cdreviews/7924626/The-Black-Crowes-Croweology-CD-review.html","external_links_name":"\"The Black Crowes: Croweology, CD Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2010/08/the-black-crowes-croweology.html","external_links_name":"\"The Black Crowes: Croweology :: Music :: Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/129347-the-black-crowes-croweology/","external_links_name":"\"The Black Crowes: Croweology\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/croweology-20100802","external_links_name":"\"Croweology\""},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=The+Black+Crowes&titel=Croweology&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Dutchcharts.nl – The Black Crowes – Croweology\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-137026","external_links_name":"\"Offiziellecharts.de – The Black Crowes – Before The Frost\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-albums-chart/20100808/40/","external_links_name":"\"Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/albums-chart/20100808/7502/","external_links_name":"\"Official Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/the-black-crowes/chart-history/TLP","external_links_name":"\"The Black Crowes\""},{"Link":"http://swampland.com/posts/view/title:the_black_crowes_croweology_set_for_release_on_august_3","external_links_name":"The Black Crowes' Croweology Set For Release On August 3"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/croweology/the-black-crowes","external_links_name":"Croweology"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/42e76f03-7d56-43fd-9312-75de1753a307","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_Auditor	State Auditor of Mississippi	["1 History of the office","2 Powers, duties, and structure","3 List of auditors","3.1 Territorial auditors (1798–1817)","3.2 State auditors (1817–present)","4 References","5 Works cited","6 External links"]	Elected official in the executive branch of Mississippi's state government State Auditor of MississippiIncumbentShad Whitesince July 17, 2018Term lengthFour years, renewable, no term limitsInaugural holderJohn R. GiraultFormation1817Websiteosa.state.ms.us The state auditor of Mississippi is an elected official in the executive branch of Mississippi's state government. The duty of the state auditor is to ensure accountability in the use of funds appropriated by the state legislature by inspecting and reporting on the expenditure of the public funds. Shad White is the incumbent state auditor of Mississippi as of 2022. He assumed office on July 17, 2018. History of the office The position of state auditor was enumerated as part of the executive branch in Mississippi's first constitution in 1817. The office was filled by the choice of the Mississippi Legislature. The first auditor, John R. Girault, was elected on December 19, 1817. The 1832 constitution stipulated that the auditor was to be popularly elected to serve a two-year term. The 1869 Constitution extended the term to four years. The fourth Constitution of Mississippi, ratified in 1890, made the state auditor ineligible to hold consecutive terms, and barred the state auditor and state treasurer from immediately succeeding each other. This measure was implemented as an effort to prevent collusion between the two officeholders, after a series of embezzlements and misuses of public funds during the Reconstruction era. A 1966 constitutional amendment lifted the prohibitions, making the state auditor eligible to serve consecutive terms. In 1986, the Constitution Committee of the Mississippi House voted to approve a proposal to limit the state auditor to a ten-year tenure, but the measure was rejected by the full House after initially being passed by the state senate. The 1890 constitution also required the auditor to publish a report of all expenses incurred by the legislature during its sessions, though this responsibility was transferred to a different officer in 1989. In 1993 some employees in the Department of Audit's investigative division were made law enforcement officers. Originally restricted to exercising the power of arrest only after an individual had been indicted by a court following an auditing investigation, in 2003 the officers were granted full arrest powers and thus permitted to arrest anyone for any crime they detected in the course of their duties. Hamp King, who held the office from 1964 to 1984, was the first certified public accountant to serve as state auditor. Ray Mabus, who became auditor in 1984, raised the public profile of the office through a crackdown on corruption. The incumbent auditor, Shad White, assumed office on July 17, 2018. Powers, duties, and structure Under Article 5, Section 134, of the Mississippi Constitution, the state auditor is elected every four years. Candidates for the office must meet the same constitutional qualifications as candidates for the position of secretary of state; they must be at least 25 years old and have lived in the state for at least five years. They are elected to a four-year term without term limits. The state auditor is responsible for auditing state agencies, county governments, school districts, and tertiary educational institutions. They also conduct data audits for public schools and monitor state agencies' inventory. They advise local governments on accounting matters in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and relevant laws, and investigate misuse of public funds. The office lacks the ability to prosecute cases of criminal wrongdoing in court and, in such instances where wrongdoing is believed to have occurred, typically turns over its findings to other prosecutors. The Department of Audit has approximately 150 employees, including about 40 certified public accountants. It has four divisions: Financial and Compliance Audit Division, Investigative Division, Government Accountability Division, and the Technical Assistance Division. The auditor's salary is $90,000 per year, but is set to increase to $150,000 annually in 2024. List of auditors Source: Mississippi Official & Statistical Register Territorial auditors (1798–1817) Charles B. Howell Beverly R. Grayson Park Walton State auditors (1817–present) # Image Name Term of office 1 John R. Girault 1817–1819 2 John Richards 1819–1822 3 Hiram G. Runnels 1822–1830 4 Thomas B. J. Hadley 1830–1833 5 John H. Mallory 1833–1837 6 A. B. Saunders 1837–1842 7 J. E. Matthews 1842–1847 8 George T. Swann 1847–1851 9 Daniel R. Russell 1851–1855 10 Madison McAfee 1855–1859 11 Erasmus Burt 1859–1861 12 A. B. Dilworth 1861–1862 13 A. J. Gillespie 1862–1865 14 Thomas T. Swann 1865–1869 15 Henry Musgrove 1869–1874 16 William H. Gibbs 1874–1876 17 Sylvester Gwin 1878–1886 18 W. W. Stone 1886–1896 19 W. D. Holder 1896–1900 20 William Qualls Cole 1900–1904 21 Thomas Monroe Henry 1904–1908 22 Elias Jefferson Smith 1908–1912 23 Duncan Lafayette Thompson 1912–1916 24 Robert A. Wilson 1916–1920 25 W. J. Miller 1920–1924 26 George Dumah Riley 1924–1928 27 Carl C. White 1928–1932 28 Joe S. Price 1932–1936 29 Carl Craig 1936–1940 30 J. M. Causey 1940–1944 31 Bert J. Barnett 1944–1948 32 Carl Craig 1948–1952 33 William Donelson Neal 1952–1956 34 E. Boyd Golding 1956–1960 35 William Donelson Neal 1960–1964 36 Hamp King 1964–1984 37 Ray Mabus 1984–1988 38 Pete Johnson 1988–1992 39 Steve Patterson 1992–1996 40 Phil Bryant 1996–2008 41 Stacey Pickering 2008–2018 42 Shad White 2018–present References ^ "Auditor: Accountability not partisan". Clarion-Ledger. June 17, 2007. p. 61. Retrieved March 19, 2021. ^ Pettus, Emily Wagster (July 17, 2018). "Shad White takes oath as new state auditor in Mississippi". Clarion-Ledger. Retrieved March 20, 2021. ^ Busbee 2014, pp. 73–74. ^ Rowland 1904, p. 124. ^ Busbee 2014, p. 87. ^ Rowland 1904, p. 31. ^ Krane & Shaffer 1992, pp. 49–50. ^ MS Const. (1890) art. V, § 134. ^ "". The Mississippi Enterprise. October 10, 1890. p. 4. Retrieved March 19, 2021. ^ "Amendment Would Change 1890 Constitution On State Auditor". Columbian-Progress. October 27, 1966. p. 15. Retrieved March 19, 2021. ^ "Mississippi's amendments gather heavy urban votes". Hattiesburg American. November 9, 1966. p. 1. Retrieved March 19, 2021. ^ "Treasurer succession recommended". The Clarksdale Press Register. January 30, 1986. Retrieved March 19, 2021. ^ "Legislature OKs amendment to let treasurers succeed selves". The Clarion-Ledger. Associated Press. February 12, 1986. p. 3B. Retrieved March 19, 2021. ^ Winkle 2014, p. 87. ^ Crockett 2007, p. 12. ^ "Longtime auditor Hamp King dies". Enterprise-Journal. Associated Press. April 5, 1991. p. 1. ^ Johnson, Hayes (July 23, 1987). "6 vie for post in low visibility state auditor race". The Clarion-Ledger. pp. 1A, 12A. ^ Pettus, Emily Wagster (July 17, 2018). "Shad White takes oath as new state auditor in Mississippi". The Clarion-Ledger. Associated Press. Retrieved April 1, 2023. ^ Winkle 2014, p. 95. ^ a b Mississippi Official and Statistical Register 2017, p. 84. ^ Gates, Jimmie E. (July 22, 2018). "When politics meets the road". The Clarion-Ledger. pp. 1C, 2C. ^ "About". Mississippi Office of the State Auditor. Retrieved August 17, 2022. ^ Pender, Geoff (April 7, 2022). "Amid vetoes, Gov. Reeves lets pay raises for elected officials pass". Mississippi Today. Nonprofit Mississippi News. Retrieved October 10, 2022. ^ Mississippi Official and Statistical Register 2017, pp. 718–719. Works cited Busbee, Westley F. Jr. (2014). Mississippi: A History (second ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118755921. "Constitution of the State of Mississippi" (current, 1890 with amendments). Mississippi Secretary of State (Education and Publications). Retrieved March 19, 2021. "Constitution of the State of Mississippi" (1890). Mississippi History Now. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2021. "Constitution of the State of Mississippi" (1868). Mississippi History Now. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2021. "Constitution of the State of Mississippi" (1832). Mississippi History Now. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2021. "Constitution of the State of Mississippi" (1817). Mississippi History Now. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2021. Crockett, James R. (2007). Hands in the Till: Embezzlement of Public Monies in Mississippi. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781578069354. Krane, Dale; Shaffer, Stephen D. (1992). Mississippi Government and Politics: Modernizers Versus Traditionalists. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803277588. Mississippi Official and Statistical Register 2016–2020. Jackson: Mississippi Secretary of State. 2017. OCLC 1045214160. Rowland, Dunbar, ed. (1904). The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi. Jackson: Mississippi Department of Archives and History. OCLC 777030828. Winkle, John W. III (2014). The Mississippi State Constitution (second ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199300631. External links Mississippi State Auditor website vteState of MississippiJackson (capital)Topics Index Climate Climate change Geography Government Delegations Governors Lieutenant governors Legislature History Law Constitution Music State landmarks State parks Symbols Tourist attractions Society Abortion Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Homelessness Gun laws Mass media Newspapers Radio TV LGBT rights Mississippians Politics Regions The Delta Golden Triangle Gulf Coast Mississippi Plain Natchez District North Mississippi Pine Belt Tennessee Valley Metros Gulfport-Biloxi Hattiesburg Jackson Memphis (TN) Pascagoula Larger cities Gulfport Jackson Southaven Smaller cities Bay St. Louis Biloxi Brandon Brookhaven Canton Clarksdale Cleveland Clinton Columbus Corinth Gautier Greenville Greenwood Grenada Hattiesburg Horn Lake Indianola Itta Bena Iuka Laurel Long Beach Louisville Madison Magee McComb Mendenhall Meridian Moss Point Natchez Ocean Springs Olive Branch Oxford Pascagoula Pass Christian Pearl Picayune Ridgeland Starkville Tunica Tupelo Vicksburg Waveland West Hattiesburg (Oak Grove) West Point Yazoo City Counties Adams Alcorn Amite Attala Benton Bolivar Calhoun Carroll Chickasaw Choctaw Claiborne Clarke Clay Coahoma Copiah Covington DeSoto Forrest Franklin George Greene Grenada Hancock Harrison Hinds Holmes Humphreys Issaquena Itawamba Jackson Jasper Jefferson Jefferson Davis Jones Kemper Lafayette Lamar Lauderdale Lawrence Leake Lee Leflore Lincoln Lowndes Madison Marion Marshall Monroe Montgomery Neshoba Newton Noxubee Oktibbeha Panola Pearl River Perry Pike Pontotoc Prentiss Quitman Rankin Scott Sharkey Simpson Smith Stone Sunflower Tallahatchie Tate Tippah Tishomingo Tunica Union Walthall Warren Washington Wayne Webster Wilkinson Winston Yalobusha Yazoo Mississippi portal vteMississippi statewide elected officials Governor Lieutenant Governor Secretary of State Attorney General Treasurer Auditor Insurance Commissioner Commissioner of Agriculture and Commerce	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mississippi's state government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Shad White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shad_White"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The state auditor of Mississippi is an elected official in the executive branch of Mississippi's state government. The duty of the state auditor is to ensure accountability in the use of funds appropriated by the state legislature by inspecting and reporting on the expenditure of the public funds.[1]Shad White is the incumbent state auditor of Mississippi as of 2022. He assumed office on July 17, 2018.[2]","title":"State Auditor of Mississippi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mississippi Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Legislature"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbee201473%E2%80%9374-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1904124-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbee201487-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland190431-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraneShaffer199249%E2%80%9350-7"},{"link_name":"state treasurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_Treasurer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"collusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collusion"},{"link_name":"embezzlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlement"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Mississippi House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"state senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkle201487-14"},{"link_name":"law enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement"},{"link_name":"power of arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_of_arrest"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrockett200712-15"},{"link_name":"Hamp King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamp_King"},{"link_name":"certified public accountant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_public_accountant"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ray Mabus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Mabus"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Shad White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shad_White"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The position of state auditor was enumerated as part of the executive branch in Mississippi's first constitution in 1817. The office was filled by the choice of the Mississippi Legislature.[3] The first auditor, John R. Girault, was elected on December 19, 1817.[4] The 1832 constitution stipulated that the auditor was to be popularly elected to serve a two-year term.[5] The 1869 Constitution extended the term to four years.[6]The fourth Constitution of Mississippi, ratified in 1890, made the state auditor ineligible to hold consecutive terms,[7] and barred the state auditor and state treasurer from immediately succeeding each other.[8][9] This measure was implemented as an effort to prevent collusion between the two officeholders, after a series of embezzlements and misuses of public funds during the Reconstruction era.[10] A 1966 constitutional amendment lifted the prohibitions, making the state auditor eligible to serve consecutive terms.[11] In 1986, the Constitution Committee of the Mississippi House voted to approve a proposal to limit the state auditor to a ten-year tenure,[12] but the measure was rejected by the full House after initially being passed by the state senate.[13] The 1890 constitution also required the auditor to publish a report of all expenses incurred by the legislature during its sessions, though this responsibility was transferred to a different officer in 1989.[14]In 1993 some employees in the Department of Audit's investigative division were made law enforcement officers. Originally restricted to exercising the power of arrest only after an individual had been indicted by a court following an auditing investigation, in 2003 the officers were granted full arrest powers and thus permitted to arrest anyone for any crime they detected in the course of their duties.[15]Hamp King, who held the office from 1964 to 1984, was the first certified public accountant to serve as state auditor.[16] Ray Mabus, who became auditor in 1984, raised the public profile of the office through a crackdown on corruption.[17] The incumbent auditor, Shad White, assumed office on July 17, 2018.[18]","title":"History of the office"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mississippi Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Constitution"},{"link_name":"secretary of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkle201495-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMississippi_Official_and_Statistical_Register201784-20"},{"link_name":"data audits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_auditing"},{"link_name":"Generally Accepted Accounting Principles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generally_Accepted_Accounting_Principles_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMississippi_Official_and_Statistical_Register201784-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Under Article 5, Section 134, of the Mississippi Constitution, the state auditor is elected every four years. Candidates for the office must meet the same constitutional qualifications as candidates for the position of secretary of state; they must be at least 25 years old and have lived in the state for at least five years.[19] They are elected to a four-year term without term limits.[20]The state auditor is responsible for auditing state agencies, county governments, school districts, and tertiary educational institutions. They also conduct data audits for public schools and monitor state agencies' inventory. They advise local governments on accounting matters in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and relevant laws, and investigate misuse of public funds.[20] The office lacks the ability to prosecute cases of criminal wrongdoing in court and, in such instances where wrongdoing is believed to have occurred, typically turns over its findings to other prosecutors.[21]The Department of Audit has approximately 150 employees, including about 40 certified public accountants. It has four divisions: Financial and Compliance Audit Division, Investigative Division, Government Accountability Division, and the Technical Assistance Division.[22] The auditor's salary is $90,000 per year, but is set to increase to $150,000 annually in 2024.[23]","title":"Powers, duties, and structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMississippi_Official_and_Statistical_Register2017718%E2%80%93719-24"}],"text":"Source: Mississippi Official & Statistical Register[24]","title":"List of auditors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beverly R. Grayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_R._Grayson"}],"sub_title":"Territorial auditors (1798–1817)","text":"Charles B. Howell\nBeverly R. Grayson\nPark Walton","title":"List of auditors"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"State auditors (1817–present)","title":"List of auditors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mississippi: A History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=sG0gBQAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781118755921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118755921"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the State of Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sos.state.ms.us/ed_pubs/constitution/constitution.asp"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the State of Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161009115613/http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/98/index.php?s=extra&id=270"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/98/index.php?s=extra&id=270"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the State of Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160421150249/http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/98/index.php?s=extra&id=269"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/98/index.php?s=extra&id=269"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the State of Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161009120328/http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/98/index.php?s=extra&id=268"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/98/index.php?s=extra&id=268"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the State of Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20161009120601/http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/98/index.php?s=extra&id=267"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/98/index.php?s=extra&id=267"},{"link_name":"Hands in the Till: Embezzlement of Public Monies in Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=gyGZRG3H4DoC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781578069354","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781578069354"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Government and Politics: Modernizers Versus Traditionalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ygMQDdnlH6cC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780803277588","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803277588"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Official and Statistical Register 2016–2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sos.ms.gov/communications-publications/2016-2020-mississippi-blue-book"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1045214160","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1045214160"},{"link_name":"The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=V1WjAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"777030828","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/777030828"},{"link_name":"The Mississippi State Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=SCj-AgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780199300631","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199300631"}],"text":"Busbee, Westley F. Jr. (2014). Mississippi: A History (second ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118755921.\n\"Constitution of the State of Mississippi\" (current, 1890 with amendments). Mississippi Secretary of State (Education and Publications). Retrieved March 19, 2021.\n\"Constitution of the State of Mississippi\" (1890). Mississippi History Now. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2021.\n\"Constitution of the State of Mississippi\" (1868). Mississippi History Now. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2021.\n\"Constitution of the State of Mississippi\" (1832). Mississippi History Now. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2021.\n\"Constitution of the State of Mississippi\" (1817). Mississippi History Now. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2021.\nCrockett, James R. (2007). Hands in the Till: Embezzlement of Public Monies in Mississippi. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781578069354.\nKrane, Dale; Shaffer, Stephen D. (1992). Mississippi Government and Politics: Modernizers Versus Traditionalists. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803277588.\nMississippi Official and Statistical Register 2016–2020. Jackson: Mississippi Secretary of State. 2017. OCLC 1045214160.\nRowland, Dunbar, ed. (1904). The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi. Jackson: Mississippi Department of Archives and History. OCLC 777030828.\nWinkle, John W. III (2014). The Mississippi State Constitution (second ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199300631.","title":"Works cited"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Auditor: Accountability not partisan\". Clarion-Ledger. June 17, 2007. p. 61. Retrieved March 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73903435/clarion-ledger/","url_text":"\"Auditor: Accountability not partisan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarion-Ledger","url_text":"Clarion-Ledger"}]},{"reference":"Pettus, Emily Wagster (July 17, 2018). \"Shad White takes oath as new state auditor in Mississippi\". Clarion-Ledger. Retrieved March 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/politics/2018/07/17/shad-white-sworn-mississippi-state-auditor/793106002/","url_text":"\"Shad White takes oath as new state auditor in Mississippi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarion-Ledger","url_text":"Clarion-Ledger"}]},{"reference":"\"[untitled]\". The Mississippi Enterprise. October 10, 1890. p. 4. Retrieved March 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73905987/mississippi-enterprise/","url_text":"\"[untitled]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mississippi_Enterprise","url_text":"The Mississippi Enterprise"}]},{"reference":"\"Amendment Would Change 1890 Constitution On State Auditor\". Columbian-Progress. October 27, 1966. p. 15. Retrieved March 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73907001/columbian-progress/","url_text":"\"Amendment Would Change 1890 Constitution On State Auditor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mississippi's amendments gather heavy urban votes\". Hattiesburg American. November 9, 1966. p. 1. Retrieved March 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73907300/hattiesburg-american/","url_text":"\"Mississippi's amendments gather heavy urban votes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattiesburg_American","url_text":"Hattiesburg American"}]},{"reference":"\"Treasurer succession recommended\". The Clarksdale Press Register. January 30, 1986. Retrieved March 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73908509/the-clarksdale-press-register/","url_text":"\"Treasurer succession recommended\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clarksdale_Press_Register","url_text":"The Clarksdale Press Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Legislature OKs amendment to let treasurers succeed selves\". The Clarion-Ledger. Associated Press. February 12, 1986. p. 3B. Retrieved March 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73908712/clarion-ledger/","url_text":"\"Legislature OKs amendment to let treasurers succeed selves\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clarion-Ledger","url_text":"The Clarion-Ledger"}]},{"reference":"\"Longtime auditor Hamp King dies\". Enterprise-Journal. Associated Press. April 5, 1991. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121219690/enterprise-journal/","url_text":"\"Longtime auditor Hamp King dies\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Hayes (July 23, 1987). \"6 vie for post in low visibility state auditor race\". The Clarion-Ledger. pp. 1A, 12A.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121219159/clarion-ledger/","url_text":"\"6 vie for post in low visibility state auditor race\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121219427/clarion-ledger/","url_text":"12A"}]},{"reference":"Pettus, Emily Wagster (July 17, 2018). \"Shad White takes oath as new state auditor in Mississippi\". The Clarion-Ledger. Associated Press. Retrieved April 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/politics/2018/07/17/shad-white-sworn-mississippi-state-auditor/793106002/","url_text":"\"Shad White takes oath as new state auditor in Mississippi\""}]},{"reference":"Gates, Jimmie E. (July 22, 2018). \"When politics meets the road\". The Clarion-Ledger. pp. 1C, 2C.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121221813/clarion-ledger/","url_text":"\"When politics meets the road\""},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121221928/clarion-ledger/","url_text":"2C"}]},{"reference":"\"About\". Mississippi Office of the State Auditor. Retrieved August 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.osa.state.ms.us/about/","url_text":"\"About\""}]},{"reference":"Pender, Geoff (April 7, 2022). \"Amid vetoes, Gov. Reeves lets pay raises for elected officials pass\". Mississippi Today. Nonprofit Mississippi News. Retrieved October 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://mississippitoday.org/2022/04/27/reeves-lets-pay-raises-for-elected-officials-pass/","url_text":"\"Amid vetoes, Gov. Reeves lets pay raises for elected officials pass\""}]},{"reference":"Busbee, Westley F. Jr. (2014). Mississippi: A History (second ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118755921.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sG0gBQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Mississippi: A History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118755921","url_text":"9781118755921"}]},{"reference":"Crockett, James R. (2007). Hands in the Till: Embezzlement of Public Monies in Mississippi. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781578069354.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gyGZRG3H4DoC","url_text":"Hands in the Till: Embezzlement of Public Monies in Mississippi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781578069354","url_text":"9781578069354"}]},{"reference":"Krane, Dale; Shaffer, Stephen D. (1992). Mississippi Government and Politics: Modernizers Versus Traditionalists. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803277588.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ygMQDdnlH6cC","url_text":"Mississippi Government and Politics: Modernizers Versus Traditionalists"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803277588","url_text":"9780803277588"}]},{"reference":"Mississippi Official and Statistical Register 2016–2020. Jackson: Mississippi Secretary of State. 2017. OCLC 1045214160.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sos.ms.gov/communications-publications/2016-2020-mississippi-blue-book","url_text":"Mississippi Official and Statistical Register 2016–2020"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1045214160","url_text":"1045214160"}]},{"reference":"Rowland, Dunbar, ed. (1904). The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi. Jackson: Mississippi Department of Archives and History. OCLC 777030828.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V1WjAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/777030828","url_text":"777030828"}]},{"reference":"Winkle, John W. III (2014). The Mississippi State Constitution (second ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199300631.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SCj-AgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Mississippi State Constitution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199300631","url_text":"9780199300631"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://osa.state.ms.us/","external_links_name":"osa.state.ms.us"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73903435/clarion-ledger/","external_links_name":"\"Auditor: Accountability not partisan\""},{"Link":"https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/politics/2018/07/17/shad-white-sworn-mississippi-state-auditor/793106002/","external_links_name":"\"Shad White takes oath as new state auditor in Mississippi\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73905987/mississippi-enterprise/","external_links_name":"\"[untitled]\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73907001/columbian-progress/","external_links_name":"\"Amendment Would Change 1890 Constitution On State Auditor\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73907300/hattiesburg-american/","external_links_name":"\"Mississippi's amendments gather heavy urban votes\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73908509/the-clarksdale-press-register/","external_links_name":"\"Treasurer succession recommended\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73908712/clarion-ledger/","external_links_name":"\"Legislature OKs amendment to let treasurers succeed selves\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121219690/enterprise-journal/","external_links_name":"\"Longtime auditor Hamp King dies\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121219159/clarion-ledger/","external_links_name":"\"6 vie for post in low visibility state auditor race\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121219427/clarion-ledger/","external_links_name":"12A"},{"Link":"https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/politics/2018/07/17/shad-white-sworn-mississippi-state-auditor/793106002/","external_links_name":"\"Shad White takes oath as new state auditor in Mississippi\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121221813/clarion-ledger/","external_links_name":"\"When politics meets the road\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/121221928/clarion-ledger/","external_links_name":"2C"},{"Link":"https://www.osa.state.ms.us/about/","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"https://mississippitoday.org/2022/04/27/reeves-lets-pay-raises-for-elected-officials-pass/","external_links_name":"\"Amid vetoes, Gov. Reeves lets pay raises for elected officials pass\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sG0gBQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Mississippi: A History"},{"Link":"http://www.sos.state.ms.us/ed_pubs/constitution/constitution.asp","external_links_name":"Constitution of the State of Mississippi"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161009115613/http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/98/index.php?s=extra&id=270","external_links_name":"Constitution of the State of Mississippi"},{"Link":"http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/98/index.php?s=extra&id=270","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160421150249/http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/98/index.php?s=extra&id=269","external_links_name":"Constitution of the State of Mississippi"},{"Link":"http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/98/index.php?s=extra&id=269","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161009120328/http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/98/index.php?s=extra&id=268","external_links_name":"Constitution of the State of Mississippi"},{"Link":"http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/98/index.php?s=extra&id=268","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161009120601/http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/98/index.php?s=extra&id=267","external_links_name":"Constitution of the State of Mississippi"},{"Link":"http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/98/index.php?s=extra&id=267","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gyGZRG3H4DoC","external_links_name":"Hands in the Till: Embezzlement of Public Monies in Mississippi"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ygMQDdnlH6cC","external_links_name":"Mississippi Government and Politics: Modernizers Versus Traditionalists"},{"Link":"https://www.sos.ms.gov/communications-publications/2016-2020-mississippi-blue-book","external_links_name":"Mississippi Official and Statistical Register 2016–2020"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1045214160","external_links_name":"1045214160"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V1WjAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/777030828","external_links_name":"777030828"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SCj-AgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Mississippi State Constitution"},{"Link":"http://www.osa.state.ms.us/","external_links_name":"Mississippi State Auditor website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin%27s_18th_State_Senate_district	Wisconsin's 18th Senate district	["1 Current elected officials","2 Past senators","3 References","4 External links"]	American legislative district in east-central Wisconsin Wisconsin's 18thState Senate district From 2024 to 2031 From 2022 to 2023 From 2012 to 20212024 map defined in 2023 Wisc. Act 942022 map defined in Johnson v. Wisconsin Elections Commission2011 map was defined in 2011 Wisc. Act 43composed of Assembly districts 52, 53, and 54Senator Dan FeyenR–Fond du Lacsince January 3, 2017 (7 years) Demographics83.98% White3.9% Black5.03% Hispanic4.54% Asian2.16% Native American0.15% Hawaiian/Pacific IslanderPopulation (2020) • Voting age178,722141,269WebsiteOfficial websiteNotesEast-central Wisconsin The 18th Senate District of Wisconsin is one of 33 districts in the Wisconsin Senate. Located in east-central Wisconsin, the district comprises parts of northeast Winnebago County and southern Outagamie County. It includes the cities of Menasha and Neenah, most of the city of Appleton, and the northern half of the city of Oshkosh. It contains landmarks such as College Avenue Historic District, Lawrence University, and the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh campus. Current elected officials Dan Feyen is the senator representing the 18th district. He was first elected to the Senate in the 2016 general election and is now in his second four-year term. Each Wisconsin State Senate district is composed of three Wisconsin State Assembly districts. The 18th Senate district comprises the 52nd, 53rd, and 54th Assembly districts. The current representatives of those districts are: Assembly District 52: Jerry L. O'Connor (R–Fond du Lac) Assembly District 53: Michael Schraa (R–Oshkosh) Assembly District 54: Lori Palmeri (D–Oshkosh) The district is crosses two congressional districts. The part of the district in Outagamie County falls within Wisconsin's 8th congressional district, which is represented by U.S. Representative Mike Gallagher. The remainder of the district in Winnebago County falls within Wisconsin's 6th congressional district, represented by U.S. Representative Glenn Grothman. Thrivent Financial Appleton headquarters College Avenue Historic District in downtown Appleton Main Hall of Lawrence University Downtown Menasha Kimberly Point Lighthouse on Neenah Point Neenah City Hall Doty Island viewed from Neenah Downtown Oshkosh Historic Dempsey Hall on the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh campus Where the Fox River meets Lake Winnebago Past senators The district has previously been represented by: Note: the boundaries of districts have changed repeatedly over history. Previous politicians of a specific numbered district have represented a completely different geographic area, due to redistricting. Prior to 1852, the 18th District was a Milwaukee-area district. Senator Party Notes Session Years District Definition District created 1848 Southern Milwaukee County Town of Franklin Town of Greenfield Town of Lake Town of Oak Creek Wards 3, 4, 5, City of Milwaukee Asa Kinney Dem. 1st 2nd 1849 Duncan Reed Dem. Redistricted to 6th district. 3rd 1850 4th 1851 5th 1852 John R. Briggs Jr. Whig Won 1852 special election. 6th 1853 Eastern Rock County Town of Beloit Town of Bradford Town of Clinton Town of Harmony Town of Johnstown Town of La Prairie Town of Lima Town of Milton Town of Turtle Louis P. Harvey Rep. 7th 1854 8th 1855 9th 1856 10th 1857 Eastern Rock County Town of Beloit Town of Bradford Town of Clinton Town of Harmony Town of Johnstown Town of La Prairie Town of Lima Town of Milton Town of Turtle City of Beloit Alden I. Bennett Rep. 11th 1858 12th 1859 13th 1860 14th 1861 Joel Rich Dem. 15th 1862 Western Dodge County Town of Beaver Dam Town of Burnett Town of Calamus Town of Chester Town of Clyman Town of Elba Town of Emmet Town of Fox Lake Town of Lowell Town of Oak Grove Town of Portland Town of Shields Town of Westford City of Beaver Dam South Ward, Village of Waupun Wards 5, 6, City of Watertown 16th 1863 William E. Smith Natl. Union 17th 1864 18th 1865 Stoddard Judd Natl. Union 19th 1866 20th 1867 Western Dodge County Town of Beaver Dam Town of Burnett Town of Calamus Town of Chester Town of Elba Town of Fox Lake Town of Lowell Town of Oak Grove Town of Portland Town of Shields Town of Trenton Town of Westford City of Beaver Dam South Ward, Village of Waupun Henry W. Lander Dem. 21st 1868 22nd 1869 Samuel D. Burchard Dem. 23rd 1870 24th 1871 William Hiner Rep. 25th 1872 Western Fond du Lac County Town of Alto Town of Eldorado Town of Fond du Lac Town of Friendship Town of Lamartine Town of Metomen Town of Oakfield Town of Ripon Town of Rosendale Town of Springvale Town of Waupun City of Fond du Lac City of Ripon North Ward, Village of Waupun 26th 1873 27th 1874 28th 1875 29th 1876 30th 1877 1876–1881 1882–1887 1888–1891 Western Fond du Lac County Town of Alto Town of Byron Town of Eldorado Town of Empire Town of Fond du Lac Town of Friendship Town of Lamartine Town of Metomen Town of Oakfield Town of Ripon Town of Rosendale Town of Springvale Town of Waupun City of Fond du Lac City of Ripon North Ward, Village of Waupun 1885 population: 34,172 Alonzo A. Loper Rep. 31st 1878 32nd 1879 George E. Sutherland Rep. 33rd 1880 34th 1881 Edward Colman Rep. 35th 1882 36th 1883–1884 James F. Ware Rep. 37th 1885–1886 38th 1887–1888 Samuel B. Stanchfield Rep. 39th 1889–1890 40th 1891–1892 Samuel M. Smead Dem. Resigned Jan. 1895. 41st 1893–1894 Fond du Lac County1890 population: 42,088 Lyman W. Thayer Rep. Won 1895 special election. 42nd 1895–1896 43rd 1897–1898 1896–1901 1902–1911 1912–1921Fond du Lac & Green Lake counties1895 population: 63,3751900 population: 63,386 44th 1899–1900 Elmer D. Morse Rep. 45th 1901–1902 46th 1903–1904 Charles H. Smith Dem. 47th 1905–1906 48th 1907–1908 Edward H. Lyons Rep. 49th 1909–1910 50th 1911–1912 Lewis G. Kellogg Dem. 51st 1913–1914 52nd 1915–1916 Albert J. Pullen Rep. 53rd 1917–1918 54th 1919–1920 William A. Titus Rep. 55th 1921–1922 56th 1923–1924 Fond du Lac, Green Lake, and Waushara counties 57th 1925–1926 58th 1927–1928 Louis J. Fellenz Sr. Rep. 59th 1929–1930 60th 1931–1932 Morley Garfield Kelly Dem. 61st 1933–1934 62nd 1935–1936 Morvin Duel Rep. 63rd 1937–1938 64th 1939–1940 Louis J. Fellenz Jr. Rep. 65th 1941–1942 66th 1943–1944 67th 1945–1946 68th 1947–1948 Alfred Van De Zande Rep. 69th 1949–1950 70th 1951–1952 71st 1953–1954 72nd 1955–1956 Walter G. Hollander Rep. 73rd 1957–1958 74th 1959–1960 75th 1961–1962 76th 1963–1964 77th 1965–1966 Fond du Lac County andWestern Dodge County 78th 1967–1968 79th 1969–1970 80th 1971–1972 81st 1973–1974 Most of Dodge CountyCentral Fond du Lac CountyNorthwest Washington CountyPart of Jefferson County 82nd 1975–1976 Scott McCallum Rep. Resigned 1986 after elected Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin. 83rd 1977–1978 84th 1979–1980 85th 1981–1982 86th 1983–1984 Central Fond du Lac CountyEastern Dodge CountySouthern Winnebago CountyNorthwest Washington County 87th 1985–1986 Eastern Fond du Lac CountySoutheast Winnebago CountyNortheast Washington CountyPart of Ozaukee CountyPart of Sheboygan County --Vacant-- 88th 1987–1988 Carol Roessler Rep. Won 1987 special election. 89th 1989–1990 90th 1991–1992 91st 1993–1994 Central Fond du Lac CountySoutheast Winnebago CountyParts of Dodge County 92nd 1995–1996 93rd 1997–1998 94th 1999–2000 95th 2001–2002 96th 2003–2004 Central Fond du Lac CountySouthern Winnebago CountyPart of Dodge County 97th 2005–2006 98th 2007–2008 Randy Hopper Rep. Lost 2011 recall election. 99th 2009–2010 100th 2011–2012 Jessica King Dem. Won 2011 recall election. Rick Gudex Rep. 101st 2013–2014 Central Fond du Lac County,southern Winnebago County,& part of Dodge County Fond du Lac County Town of Byron Town of Eldorado Town of Empire Town of Fond du Lac Town of Friendship Town of Lamartine Town of Oakfield Town of Rosendale Town of Springvale Town of Taycheedah Town of Waupun Village of North Fond du Lac Village of Oakfield Village of Rosendale City of Fond du Lac City of Waupun Western ward, Town of Calumet Winnebago County Town of Algoma Town of Black Wolf Town of Nekimi Town of Nepeuskun Town of Omro Town of Oshkosh Town of Rushford Town of Utica City of Omro City of Oshkosh Dodge County City of Waupun 102nd 2015–2016 Dan Feyen Rep. 103rd 2017–2018 104th 2019–2020 105th 2021–2022 106th 2023–2024 Central Fond du Lac County,southern Winnebago County,part of Dodge County References ^ "Senate District 18". Wisconsin Legislature. Retrieved March 11, 2021. ^ "Wisconsin Legislative Districts - Senate District 18 Boundaries". Wisconsin Legislature. Retrieved March 11, 2021. ^ "Senator Dan Feyen". Wisconsin Legislature. Retrieved March 11, 2021. ^ Wisconsin Blue Book, 2011-12 edition, page 54. ISBN 978-0-9752820-1-4. ^ "State of Wisconsin Congressional Districts" (PDF). Wisconsin Legislature. Retrieved March 11, 2021. ^ Wisconsin Blue Book, 1991-92 edition, Statistics: History, pages 657-666. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Heg, J. E., ed. (1882). "Annals of the Legislature" (PDF). The Blue Book of the state of Wisconsin (Report). State of Wisconsin. Retrieved March 11, 2021. External links Senate District 18 at Wisconsin Legislature Senator Dan Feyen (2023) Senator Dan Feyen (2021) Senator Dan Feyen (2019) Senator Dan Feyen (2017) vteWisconsin Legislature districts Sen. Assembly Sen. Assembly Sen. Assembly SD-01 AD-01 • AD-02 • AD-03 SD-12 AD-34 • AD-35 • AD-36 SD-23 AD-67 • AD-68 • AD-69 SD-02 AD-04 • AD-05 • AD-06 SD-13 AD-37 • AD-38 • AD-39 SD-24 AD-70 • AD-71 • AD-72 SD-03 AD-07 • AD-08 • AD-09 SD-14 AD-40 • AD-41 • AD-42 SD-25 AD-73 • AD-74 • AD-75 SD-04 AD-10 • AD-11 • AD-12 SD-15 AD-43 • AD-44 • AD-45 SD-26 AD-76 • AD-77 • AD-78 SD-05 AD-13 • AD-14 • AD-15 SD-16 AD-46 • AD-47 • AD-48 SD-27 AD-79 • AD-80 • AD-81 SD-06 AD-16 • AD-17 • AD-18 SD-17 AD-49 • AD-50 • AD-51 SD-28 AD-82 • AD-83 • AD-84 SD-07 AD-19 • AD-20 • AD-21 SD-18 AD-52 • AD-53 • AD-54 SD-29 AD-85 • AD-86 • AD-87 SD-08 AD-22 • AD-23 • AD-24 SD-19 AD-55 • AD-56 • AD-57 SD-30 AD-88 • AD-89 • AD-90 SD-09 AD-25 • AD-26 • AD-27 SD-20 AD-58 • AD-59 • AD-60 SD-31 AD-91 • AD-92 • AD-93 SD-10 AD-28 • AD-29 • AD-30 SD-21 AD-61 • AD-62 • AD-63 SD-32 AD-94 • AD-95 • AD-96 SD-11 AD-31 • AD-32 • AD-33 SD-22 AD-64 • AD-65 • AD-66 SD-33 AD-97 • AD-98 • AD-99 vteLegislatures of the United StatesUnited States Congress United States House of Representatives United States Senate State legislatures Alabama (H, S) Alaska (H, S) Arizona (H, S) Arkansas (H, S) California (A, S) Colorado (H, S) Connecticut (H, S) Delaware (H, S) Florida (H, S) Georgia (H, S) Hawaii (H, S) Idaho (H, S) Illinois (H, S) Indiana (H, S) Iowa (H, S) Kansas (H, S) Kentucky (H, S) Louisiana (H, S) Maine (H, S) Maryland (H, S) Massachusetts (H, S) Michigan (H, S) Minnesota (H, S) Mississippi (H, S) Missouri (H, S) Montana (H, S) Nebraska Nevada (A, S) New Hampshire (H, S) New Jersey (GA, S) New Mexico (H, S) New York (A, S) North Carolina (H, S) North Dakota (H, S) Ohio (H, S) Oklahoma (H, S) Oregon (H, S) Pennsylvania (H, S) Rhode Island (H, S) South Carolina (H, S) South Dakota (H, S) Tennessee (H, S) Texas (H, S) Utah (H, S) Vermont (H, S) Virginia (H, S) Washington (H, S) West Virginia (H, S) Wisconsin (A, S) Wyoming (H, S) Other legislatures District of Columbia American Samoa (H, S) Guam Northern Mariana Islands (H, S) Puerto Rico (H, S) U.S. Virgin Islands Legislative elections 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of U.S. state legislators	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Senate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Winnebago County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnebago_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Outagamie County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outagamie_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Menasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menasha,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Neenah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neenah,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Appleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appleton,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Oshkosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"College Avenue Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Avenue_Historic_District_(Appleton,_Wisconsin)"},{"link_name":"Lawrence University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_University"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Oshkosh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 18th Senate District of Wisconsin is one of 33 districts in the Wisconsin Senate.[1] Located in east-central Wisconsin, the district comprises parts of northeast Winnebago County and southern Outagamie County. It includes the cities of Menasha and Neenah, most of the city of Appleton, and the northern half of the city of Oshkosh. It contains landmarks such as College Avenue Historic District, Lawrence University, and the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh campus.[2]","title":"Wisconsin's 18th Senate district"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dan Feyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Feyen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Assembly District 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin%27s_52nd_Assembly_district"},{"link_name":"Jerry L. O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_L._O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"Fond du Lac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fond_du_Lac,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Assembly District 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin%27s_53rd_Assembly_district"},{"link_name":"Michael Schraa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Schraa"},{"link_name":"Oshkosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Assembly District 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin%27s_54th_Assembly_district"},{"link_name":"Lori Palmeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori_Palmeri"},{"link_name":"Oshkosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin's 8th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin%27s_8th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Mike Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Gallagher_(American_politician)"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin's 6th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Glenn Grothman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Grothman"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThriventFinancialAppletonWisconsinLocation.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thrivent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrivent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AppletonWisconsinDowntown3.jpg"},{"link_name":"College Avenue Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Avenue_Historic_District_(Appleton,_Wisconsin)"},{"link_name":"Appleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appleton,_Wisconsin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lawrence_University.jpg"},{"link_name":"Main Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Hall_(Lawrence_University)"},{"link_name":"Lawrence University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Downtown_Menasha.jpg"},{"link_name":"Menasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menasha,_Wisconsin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NeenahLighthouse2009FoxRiver.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kimberly Point Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neenah_Light"},{"link_name":"Neenah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neenah,_Wisconsin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NeenahWisconsinCityHall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neenah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neenah,_Wisconsin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DotyIslandFoxRiverNeenahWisconsin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Doty Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doty_Island"},{"link_name":"Neenah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neenah,_Wisconsin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Downtown_Oshkosh,_Wisconsin,_in_2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oshkosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DempseyHallUWOshkosh.jpg"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Oshkosh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FoxRiverMouthOshkosh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fox River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_River_(Green_Bay_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Lake Winnebago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Winnebago"}],"text":"Dan Feyen is the senator representing the 18th district. He was first elected to the Senate in the 2016 general election and is now in his second four-year term.[3]Each Wisconsin State Senate district is composed of three Wisconsin State Assembly districts. The 18th Senate district comprises the 52nd, 53rd, and 54th Assembly districts. The current representatives of those districts are:[4]Assembly District 52: Jerry L. O'Connor (R–Fond du Lac)\nAssembly District 53: Michael Schraa (R–Oshkosh)\nAssembly District 54: Lori Palmeri (D–Oshkosh)The district is crosses two congressional districts. The part of the district in Outagamie County falls within Wisconsin's 8th congressional district, which is represented by U.S. Representative Mike Gallagher. The remainder of the district in Winnebago County falls within Wisconsin's 6th congressional district, represented by U.S. Representative Glenn Grothman.[5]Thrivent Financial Appleton headquarters\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCollege Avenue Historic District in downtown Appleton\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMain Hall of Lawrence University\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDowntown Menasha\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKimberly Point Lighthouse on Neenah Point\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNeenah City Hall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDoty Island viewed from Neenah\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDowntown Oshkosh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHistoric Dempsey Hall on the University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh campus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWhere the Fox River meets Lake Winnebago","title":"Current elected officials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"redistricting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"}],"text":"The district has previously been represented by:[6]Note: the boundaries of districts have changed repeatedly over history. Previous politicians of a specific numbered district have represented a completely different geographic area, due to redistricting. Prior to 1852, the 18th District was a Milwaukee-area district.","title":"Past senators"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/1848_WI_Sen_18.png/300px-1848_WI_Sen_18.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/1852_WI_Sen_18.svg/150px-1852_WI_Sen_18.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/1856_WI_Sen_18.svg/150px-1856_WI_Sen_18.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/1861_WI_Sen_18.svg/150px-1861_WI_Sen_18.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/1866_WI_Sen_18.svg/150px-1866_WI_Sen_18.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/1871_WI_Sen_18.svg/150px-1871_WI_Sen_18.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/1876_WI_Sen_18.svg/150px-1876_WI_Sen_18.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1882_WI_Sen_18.svg/150px-1882_WI_Sen_18.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/1888_WI_Sen_18.svg/150px-1888_WI_Sen_18.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1892_WI_Sen_18.svg/150px-1892_WI_Sen_18.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/1896_WI_Sen_18.svg/150px-1896_WI_Sen_18.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/1902_WI_Sen_18.svg/150px-1902_WI_Sen_18.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/1912_WI_Sen_18.svg/150px-1912_WI_Sen_18.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/2011_WI_Sen_18.png/300px-2011_WI_Sen_18.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/2022_WI_Sen_18.png/300px-2022_WI_Sen_18.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Senate District 18\". Wisconsin Legislature. Retrieved March 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/districts/senate/18","url_text":"\"Senate District 18\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Legislature","url_text":"Wisconsin Legislature"}]},{"reference":"\"Wisconsin Legislative Districts - Senate District 18 Boundaries\". Wisconsin Legislature. Retrieved March 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.legis.wisconsin.gov/?sen=18&single=y","url_text":"\"Wisconsin Legislative Districts - Senate District 18 Boundaries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Legislature","url_text":"Wisconsin Legislature"}]},{"reference":"\"Senator Dan Feyen\". Wisconsin Legislature. Retrieved March 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2021/legislators/senate/2096","url_text":"\"Senator Dan Feyen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Legislature","url_text":"Wisconsin Legislature"}]},{"reference":"Wisconsin Blue Book, 2011-12 edition, page 54. ISBN 978-0-9752820-1-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9752820-1-4","url_text":"978-0-9752820-1-4"}]},{"reference":"\"State of Wisconsin Congressional Districts\" (PDF). Wisconsin Legislature. Retrieved March 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://legis.wisconsin.gov/ltsb/gisdocs/CongressionalMaps/Statewide_Congressional_Map_Poster.pdf","url_text":"\"State of Wisconsin Congressional Districts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Legislature","url_text":"Wisconsin Legislature"}]},{"reference":"Heg, J. E., ed. (1882). \"Annals of the Legislature\" (PDF). The Blue Book of the state of Wisconsin (Report). State of Wisconsin. Retrieved March 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/WI/EFacs/WIBlueBks/BlueBks/WIBlueBk1882/reference/wi.wibluebk1882.i0011.pdf","url_text":"\"Annals of the Legislature\""},{"url":"http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.WIBlueBk1882","url_text":"The Blue Book of the state of Wisconsin"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2023/related/acts/94","external_links_name":"2023 Wisc. Act 94"},{"Link":"https://www.wicourts.gov/sc/opinion/DisplayDocument.pdf?content=pdf&seqNo=512188","external_links_name":"Johnson v. Wisconsin Elections Commission"},{"Link":"https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2011/related/acts/43","external_links_name":"2011 Wisc. Act 43"},{"Link":"https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/districts/senate/18","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/districts/senate/18","external_links_name":"\"Senate District 18\""},{"Link":"https://maps.legis.wisconsin.gov/?sen=18&single=y","external_links_name":"\"Wisconsin Legislative Districts - Senate District 18 Boundaries\""},{"Link":"https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2021/legislators/senate/2096","external_links_name":"\"Senator Dan Feyen\""},{"Link":"https://legis.wisconsin.gov/ltsb/gisdocs/CongressionalMaps/Statewide_Congressional_Map_Poster.pdf","external_links_name":"\"State of Wisconsin Congressional Districts\""},{"Link":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/WI/EFacs/WIBlueBks/BlueBks/WIBlueBk1882/reference/wi.wibluebk1882.i0011.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Annals of the Legislature\""},{"Link":"http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.WIBlueBk1882","external_links_name":"The Blue Book of the state of Wisconsin"},{"Link":"https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/districts/senate/18","external_links_name":"Senate District 18"},{"Link":"https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2023/legislators/senate/2418","external_links_name":"Senator Dan Feyen (2023)"},{"Link":"https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2021/legislators/senate/2096","external_links_name":"Senator Dan Feyen (2021)"},{"Link":"https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2019/legislators/senate/1900","external_links_name":"Senator Dan Feyen (2019)"},{"Link":"https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2017/legislators/senate/1644","external_links_name":"Senator Dan Feyen (2017)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Mccapra	User talk:Mccapra	["1 Adulf mcEtulfe hoax?","2 New Pages Patrol newsletter April 2024","3 New page patrol May 2024 Backlog drive","4 About Qingshui metro station article","5 A cup of tea for you!","6 Nice to meet you","7 Kindly help review my page","8 June 2024","9 Bigdelete on User:Mccapra/1963 Attempted Coup in Turkey","10 Waldschloss Restaurant, Bytom","11 Thank you"]	It is approximately 5:31 AM where this user lives (BST). Archives Archive 1Archive 2Archive 3Archive 4Archive 5Archive 6Archive 7Archive 8Archive 9Archive 10Archive 11Archive 12Archive 13Archive 14Archive 15Archive 16Archive 17 This page has archives. Sections older than 90 days may be automatically archived by Lowercase sigmabot III when more than 5 sections are present. Adulf mcEtulfe hoax? Why have you listed my article as a hoax? GoldenBootWizard276 (talk) 13:02, 22 March 2024 (UTC) Because I can’t find any sources supporting it and it contradicts sourced articles on the topic we already have. Mccapra (talk) 13:04, 22 March 2024 (UTC) What sourced articles do we already have that it contradicts? I did not intend to put false information on Wikipedia, if I have then I apologise. GoldenBootWizard276 (talk) 13:08, 22 March 2024 (UTC) @GoldenBootWizard276: apologies my misreading. I’ll remove the tag. Mccapra (talk) 21:21, 22 March 2024 (UTC) New Pages Patrol newsletter April 2024 Hello Mccapra, New Page Review queue January to March 2024 Backlog update: The October drive reduced the article backlog from 11,626 to 7,609 and the redirect backlog from 16,985 to 6,431! Congratulations to Schminnte, who led with over 2,300 points. Following that, New Page Patrol organized another backlog drive for articles in January 2024. The January drive started with 13,650 articles and reduced the backlog to 7,430 articles. Congratulations to JTtheOG, who achieved first place with 1,340 points in this drive. Looking at the graph, it seems like backlog drives are one of the only things keeping the backlog under control. Another backlog drive is being planned for May. Feel free to participate in the May backlog drive planning discussion. It's worth noting that both queues are gradually increasing again and are nearing 14,034 articles and 22,540 redirects. We encourage you to keep contributing, even if it's just a single patrol per day. Your support is greatly appreciated! 2023 Awards Onel5969 won the 2023 cup with 17,761 article reviews last year - that's an average of nearly 50/day. There was one Platinum Award (10,000+ reviews), 2 Gold Awards (5000+ reviews), 6 Silver (2000+), 8 Bronze (1000+), 30 Iron (360+) and 70 more for the 100+ barnstar. Hey man im josh led on redirect reviews by clearing 36,175 of them. For the full details, see the Awards page and the Hall of Fame. Congratulations everyone for their efforts in reviewing! WMF work on PageTriage: The WMF Moderator Tools team and volunteer software developers deployed the rewritten NewPagesFeed in October, and then gave the NewPagesFeed a slight visual facelift in November. This concludes most major work to Special:NewPagesFeed, and most major work by the WMF Moderator Tools team, who wrapped up their major work on PageTriage in October. The WMF Moderator Tools team and volunteer software developers will continue small work on PageTriage as time permits. Recruitment: A couple of the coordinators have been inviting editors to become reviewers, via mass-messages to their talk pages. If you know someone who you'd think would make a good reviewer, then a personal invitation to them would be great. Additionally, if there are Wikiprojects that you are active on, then you can add a post there asking participants to join NPP. Please be careful not to double invite folks that have already been invited. Reviewing tip: Reviewers who prefer to patrol new pages within their most familiar subjects can use the regularly updated NPP Browser tool. Reminders: You can access live chat with patrollers on the New Pages Patrol Discord. Consider adding the project discussion page to your watchlist. To opt out of future mailings, please remove yourself here. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 16:26, 2 April 2024 (UTC) New page patrol May 2024 Backlog drive New Page Patrol \| May 2024 Articles Backlog Drive On 1 May 2024, a one-month backlog drive for New Page Patrol will begin. Barnstars will be awarded based on the number of articles patrolled. Barnstars will also be granted for re-reviewing articles previously reviewed by other patrollers during the drive. Each review will earn 1 point. Interested in taking part? Sign up here. You're receiving this message because you are a new page patroller. To opt-out of future mailings, please remove yourself here. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 16:14, 17 April 2024 (UTC) About Qingshui metro station article Hello, Please don't worry, I'm just learning to edit articles (like as Qingshui metro station). BartkovskyMc (talk) 14:03, 28 April 2024 (UTC) A cup of tea for you! thanks for your contributions! :) xRozuRozu (t • c) 03:25, 4 May 2024 (UTC) Nice to meet you We just met at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Capital Sports Hall I see youre a new page reviewer - could I send you a couple of drafts I created to take a look at? Theyre awaiting review. MaskedSinger (talk) 16:52, 15 May 2024 (UTC) hi yes if you like. I’m only intermittently active as a page reviewer and if your articles are sport-related I won’t review them, but no harm in having a look. Mccapra (talk) 04:58, 16 May 2024 (UTC) thanks. one is sport related, she does taekwondo. the other is Draft:Logan Levkoff. MaskedSinger (talk) 05:03, 16 May 2024 (UTC) ok well my view is that notability is doubtful in the case of Logan Levkoff based on the current sourcing. If there were some quality reviews of her books that would change my view. Mccapra (talk) 17:17, 16 May 2024 (UTC) ok. thanks for that. ill look MaskedSinger (talk) 17:47, 16 May 2024 (UTC) i found these https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/2006276 https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/authorpage/logan-levkoff-ph-d.html https://jarm.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/jarm/article/view/40386/36562 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/parenting/wp/2014/02/12/parenting-book-round-up/ not a review but found it while looking for others https://www.nationalreview.com/the-home-front/are-real-women-liberal-suzanne-venker/ would you classify these as quality reviews? MaskedSinger (talk) 17:50, 16 May 2024 (UTC) Goodreads and other UGC sites are never acceptable as sources to support notability but yes the others are good and I think will make this subject a pass under WP:AUTHOR. If you add them in (not Goodreads!) I’ll complete the review. Mccapra (talk) 20:24, 16 May 2024 (UTC) super. thankyou! i will do it tomorrow. much appreciated. thanks for your terrific counsel and guidance. MaskedSinger (talk) 20:41, 16 May 2024 (UTC) good morning. just added. MaskedSinger (talk) 04:51, 17 May 2024 (UTC) I just discovered that the page has been protected so it can only be moved by an admin so I’m afraid I cam’t move it. Sorry. Mccapra (talk) 06:40, 17 May 2024 (UTC) ok no problem. are you able to let one of them know? MaskedSinger (talk) 07:50, 17 May 2024 (UTC) Actually I am going to leave it. If it has been move-protected that means there is a contentious past history of editing on this topic so the best thing is just to wait till the AfC reviewers reach it and do their work. Mccapra (talk) 11:39, 17 May 2024 (UTC) ok. thankyou. the issues were 11 years ago. MaskedSinger (talk) 12:00, 17 May 2024 (UTC) Kindly help review my page Hi @Mccapra nice meeting you, pls can you kindly help me review this new page I just created Eko Heritage Awards, I think its meets all notability guidelines and has no errors. Thanks Nenub (talk) 10:05, 29 May 2024 (UTC) June 2024 Your edit to 1963 Turkish coup attempt has been removed in whole or in part, as it appears to have added copyrighted material to Wikipedia without evidence of permission from the copyright holder. If you are the copyright holder, please read Wikipedia:Donating copyrighted materials for information on how to contribute your work appropriately. For legal reasons, Wikipedia strictly cannot host copyrighted text or images from print media or digital platforms without an appropriate and verifiable license. Contributions infringing on copyright will be removed. You may use external websites or publications as a source of information, but not as a source of content, such as sentences or images—you must write using your own words. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously, and persistent violators of our copyright policy will be blocked from editing. See Wikipedia:Copying text from other sources for more information. — Diannaa (talk) 12:03, 2 June 2024 (UTC) Bigdelete on User:Mccapra/1963 Attempted Coup in Turkey Hello Mccapra, I see that you have requested CSD U1 speedy deletion on User:Mccapra/1963 Attempted Coup in Turkey. I would be happy to carry out this request, except that this page has more than 23,000 edits to it—due to technical limitations, English Wikipedia administrators only have the ability to delete pages that have fewer than 5,000 revisions (see WP:BIGDELETE). If you don't need this page anymore, I would consider just blanking it and leaving it be, but if you are sure that you want to delete the page, then we would need to have a steward delete the page. You can request a steward perform the deletion at this noticeboard: meta:Steward requests/Miscellaneous. Thanks, Mz7 (talk) 01:32, 4 June 2024 (UTC) Thanks for the guidance I’ll do that. Mccapra (talk) 04:14, 4 June 2024 (UTC) Waldschloss Restaurant, Bytom Hi, I've reversed your move of this article to draft as it was created almost three months ago and there's no clear reason for it to be in draftspace. Feel free to nominate it at AfD. SportingFlyer T·C 23:11, 4 June 2024 (UTC) Thank you Thank you for re-directing the article. I uploaded with the middle name as this is the link from the Order of Australia, but I think the version without the middle name is probably the best one. Thank you for fixing this so quickly. I normally don't add messages to talk pages so perhaps have added to the wrong location. Thank you. 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from other sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_text_from_other_sources"},{"link_name":"Diannaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Diannaa"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Diannaa"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"User:Mccapra/1963 Attempted Coup in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mccapra/1963_Attempted_Coup_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Mccapra&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"CSD U1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CSD#U1"},{"link_name":"User:Mccapra/1963 Attempted Coup in Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mccapra/1963_Attempted_Coup_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"WP:BIGDELETE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BIGDELETE"},{"link_name":"steward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stewards"},{"link_name":"meta:Steward requests/Miscellaneous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Miscellaneous"},{"link_name":"Mz7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mz7"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Mz7"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Mccapra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mccapra"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Waldschloss Restaurant, Bytom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldschloss_Restaurant,_Bytom"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Mccapra&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"SportingFlyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:SportingFlyer"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:SportingFlyer"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/SportingFlyer"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Mccapra&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"User:DrPlantGenomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:DrPlantGenomics"}],"text":"Adulf mcEtulfe hoax?[edit]Why have you listed my article as a hoax? GoldenBootWizard276 (talk) 13:02, 22 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]Because I can’t find any sources supporting it and it contradicts sourced articles on the topic we already have. Mccapra (talk) 13:04, 22 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nWhat sourced articles do we already have that it contradicts? I did not intend to put false information on Wikipedia, if I have then I apologise. GoldenBootWizard276 (talk) 13:08, 22 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]\n@GoldenBootWizard276: apologies my misreading. I’ll remove the tag. Mccapra (talk) 21:21, 22 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]New Pages Patrol newsletter April 2024[edit]Hello Mccapra,\n\n\n\n\nNew Page Review queue January to March 2024\nBacklog update: The October drive reduced the article backlog from 11,626 to 7,609 and the redirect backlog from 16,985 to 6,431! Congratulations to Schminnte, who led with over 2,300 points.\nFollowing that, New Page Patrol organized another backlog drive for articles in January 2024. The January drive started with 13,650 articles and reduced the backlog to 7,430 articles. Congratulations to JTtheOG, who achieved first place with 1,340 points in this drive.\nLooking at the graph, it seems like backlog drives are one of the only things keeping the backlog under control. Another backlog drive is being planned for May. Feel free to participate in the May backlog drive planning discussion.\nIt's worth noting that both queues are gradually increasing again and are nearing 14,034 articles and 22,540 redirects. We encourage you to keep contributing, even if it's just a single patrol per day. Your support is greatly appreciated!\n2023 Awards\n\n\nOnel5969 won the 2023 cup with 17,761 article reviews last year - that's an average of nearly 50/day. There was one Platinum Award (10,000+ reviews), 2 Gold Awards (5000+ reviews), 6 Silver (2000+), 8 Bronze (1000+), 30 Iron (360+) and 70 more for the 100+ barnstar. Hey man im josh led on redirect reviews by clearing 36,175 of them. For the full details, see the Awards page and the Hall of Fame. Congratulations everyone for their efforts in reviewing!\nWMF work on PageTriage: The WMF Moderator Tools team and volunteer software developers deployed the rewritten NewPagesFeed in October, and then gave the NewPagesFeed a slight visual facelift in November. This concludes most major work to Special:NewPagesFeed, and most major work by the WMF Moderator Tools team, who wrapped up their major work on PageTriage in October. The WMF Moderator Tools team and volunteer software developers will continue small work on PageTriage as time permits.\nRecruitment: A couple of the coordinators have been inviting editors to become reviewers, via mass-messages to their talk pages. If you know someone who you'd think would make a good reviewer, then a personal invitation to them would be great. Additionally, if there are Wikiprojects that you are active on, then you can add a post there asking participants to join NPP. Please be careful not to double invite folks that have already been invited.\nReviewing tip: Reviewers who prefer to patrol new pages within their most familiar subjects can use the regularly updated NPP Browser tool.\n\n\nReminders:\n\nYou can access live chat with patrollers on the New Pages Patrol Discord.\nConsider adding the project discussion page to your watchlist.\nTo opt out of future mailings, please remove yourself here.MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 16:26, 2 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]New page patrol May 2024 Backlog drive[edit]MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 16:14, 17 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]About Qingshui metro station article[edit]Hello,Please don't worry, I'm just learning to edit articles (like as Qingshui metro station). BartkovskyMc (talk) 14:03, 28 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]A cup of tea for you![edit]Nice to meet you[edit]We just met at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/New Capital Sports Hall \nI see youre a new page reviewer - could I send you a couple of drafts I created to take a look at? Theyre awaiting review. MaskedSinger (talk) 16:52, 15 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]hi yes if you like. I’m only intermittently active as a page reviewer and if your articles are sport-related I won’t review them, but no harm in having a look. Mccapra (talk) 04:58, 16 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nthanks. one is sport related, she does taekwondo. the other is Draft:Logan Levkoff. MaskedSinger (talk) 05:03, 16 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nok well my view is that notability is doubtful in the case of Logan Levkoff based on the current sourcing. If there were some quality reviews of her books that would change my view. Mccapra (talk) 17:17, 16 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nok. thanks for that. ill look MaskedSinger (talk) 17:47, 16 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]\ni found these\nhttps://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/2006276\nhttps://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/authorpage/logan-levkoff-ph-d.html\nhttps://jarm.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/jarm/article/view/40386/36562\nhttps://www.washingtonpost.com/news/parenting/wp/2014/02/12/parenting-book-round-up/\nnot a review but found it while looking for others\nhttps://www.nationalreview.com/the-home-front/are-real-women-liberal-suzanne-venker/\nwould you classify these as quality reviews? MaskedSinger (talk) 17:50, 16 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]Goodreads and other UGC sites are never acceptable as sources to support notability but yes the others are good and I think will make this subject a pass under WP:AUTHOR. If you add them in (not Goodreads!) I’ll complete the review. Mccapra (talk) 20:24, 16 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nsuper. thankyou! i will do it tomorrow. much appreciated. thanks for your terrific counsel and guidance. MaskedSinger (talk) 20:41, 16 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]\ngood morning. just added. MaskedSinger (talk) 04:51, 17 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]I just discovered that the page has been protected so it can only be moved by an admin so I’m afraid I cam’t move it. Sorry. Mccapra (talk) 06:40, 17 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]ok no problem. are you able to let one of them know? MaskedSinger (talk) 07:50, 17 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nActually I am going to leave it. If it has been move-protected that means there is a contentious past history of editing on this topic so the best thing is just to wait till the AfC reviewers reach it and do their work. Mccapra (talk) 11:39, 17 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]\nok. thankyou. the issues were 11 years ago. MaskedSinger (talk) 12:00, 17 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]Kindly help review my page[edit]Hi @Mccapra nice meeting you, pls can you kindly help me review this new page I just created Eko Heritage Awards, I think its meets all notability guidelines and has no errors. Thanks Nenub (talk) 10:05, 29 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]June 2024[edit]Your edit to 1963 Turkish coup attempt has been removed in whole or in part, as it appears to have added copyrighted material to Wikipedia without evidence of permission from the copyright holder. If you are the copyright holder, please read Wikipedia:Donating copyrighted materials for information on how to contribute your work appropriately. For legal reasons, Wikipedia strictly cannot host copyrighted text or images from print media or digital platforms without an appropriate and verifiable license. Contributions infringing on copyright will be removed. You may use external websites or publications as a source of information, but not as a source of content, such as sentences or images—you must write using your own words. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously, and persistent violators of our copyright policy will be blocked from editing. See Wikipedia:Copying text from other sources for more information. — Diannaa (talk) 12:03, 2 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]Bigdelete on User:Mccapra/1963 Attempted Coup in Turkey[edit]Hello Mccapra, I see that you have requested CSD U1 speedy deletion on User:Mccapra/1963 Attempted Coup in Turkey. I would be happy to carry out this request, except that this page has more than 23,000 edits to it—due to technical limitations, English Wikipedia administrators only have the ability to delete pages that have fewer than 5,000 revisions (see WP:BIGDELETE). If you don't need this page anymore, I would consider just blanking it and leaving it be, but if you are sure that you want to delete the page, then we would need to have a steward delete the page. You can request a steward perform the deletion at this noticeboard: meta:Steward requests/Miscellaneous. Thanks, Mz7 (talk) 01:32, 4 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]Thanks for the guidance I’ll do that. Mccapra (talk) 04:14, 4 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]Waldschloss Restaurant, Bytom[edit]Hi, I've reversed your move of this article to draft as it was created almost three months ago and there's no clear reason for it to be in draftspace. Feel free to nominate it at AfD. SportingFlyer T·C 23:11, 4 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]Thank you[edit]Thank you for re-directing the article. I uploaded with the middle name as this is the link from the Order of Australia, but I think the version without the middle name is probably the best one. Thank you for fixing this so quickly. I normally don't add messages to talk pages so perhaps have added to the wrong location. Thank you. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Orasmaa	Johannes Orasmaa	["1 References"]	Estonian general and politician Johannes Orasmaa Johannes Orasmaa, until 1935 Johannes Roska (3 December 1890 – 24 May 1943) was an Estonian general. Johannes Orasmaa was born in the village of Joala, which then was part of the Governorate of Estonia but which now is included within the city limits of Narva. He fought in World War I as an officer of the Imperial Russian Army, then in the Estonian War of Independence, and then pursued a military career. He was promoted to the rank of major general in 1928 and was commander of the Estonian Defence League between 1925 and 1940. He was awarded the Estonian Cross of Liberty and also the Order of the White Rose of Finland and the Polish Gold Cross of Merit. During the Soviet occupation of Estonia, he was arrested and sent to a labour camp by the Soviet authorities, where he died in 1943. References ^ "Johannes Orasmaa". Estonian War Museum. Retrieved 17 March 2017. ^ "Orasmaa, Johannes". generals.dk. Steen Ammentorp. Retrieved 17 March 2017. ^ "THE FATE OF THE ESTONIAN GENERALS (IN ACTIVE SERVICE IN 1940)" (PDF). mnemosyne.ee. Estonian Institute of Historical Memory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2017. Portals: Biography Estonia Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany This article about an Estonian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article related to the military is a stub. 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He fought in World War I as an officer of the Imperial Russian Army, then in the Estonian War of Independence, and then pursued a military career. He was promoted to the rank of major general in 1928 and was commander of the Estonian Defence League between 1925 and 1940. He was awarded the Estonian Cross of Liberty and also the Order of the White Rose of Finland and the Polish Gold Cross of Merit. During the Soviet occupation of Estonia, he was arrested and sent to a labour camp by the Soviet authorities, where he died in 1943.[1][2][3]","title":"Johannes Orasmaa"}]	[{"image_text":"Johannes Orasmaa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Johannes_Roska.jpg/220px-Johannes_Roska.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Johannes Orasmaa\". Estonian War Museum. Retrieved 17 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://prosopos.esm.ee/index.aspx?type=1&id=24234","url_text":"\"Johannes Orasmaa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orasmaa, Johannes\". generals.dk. Steen Ammentorp. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Had_to_Choose	She Had to Choose	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]	1934 film by Ralph Ceder She Had to Choosefilm still with Isabel Jewell and Regis ToomeyDirected byRalph CederWritten byHouston Branch (writer)Izola Forrester (story)Mann Page (story)Produced byLarry Darmour (executive producer), Majestic PicturesStarringBuster Crabbe Isabel Jewell Sally BlaneCinematographyJames S. Brown Jr.Edited byCharles HarrisDistributed byMajestic PicturesRelease date October 1, 1934 (1934-10-01) Running time65 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish She Had to Choose is a 1934 American romantic comedy crime drama film directed by Ralph Ceder and starring Buster Crabbe, Isabel Jewell and Sally Blane. Distributed by Majestic Pictures, it is set in California during The Depression. Plot Sally Bates (Isabel Jewell) leaves Texas, headed for Hollywood, in the 1930s. She is tempted to take a job as a mechanic, with Pop (Arthur Stone), on the highway, but presses on in to town. She's going to sleep in her old "Tin Lizzie". But after she saves Bill's neck (Buster Crabbe) with her old six-shooter during a botched hold-up, Bill takes her home to live with his mom (Maidel Turner), and gives her a job at his drive-in restaurant. Sally's friendly and easy going manner is very popular with the customers, but Bill gets jealous when Jack (Regis Toomey), the reckless younger brother of his well-to-do girlfriend Clara (Sally Blane), starts paying Sally attention, following her around in his roadster. Sally is so humiliated when Clara rips off the dress Jack gave her, at a nightclub, she ends up at his hotel room, married to Jack, after an ill-conceived night of drinking. Bill arrives in the morning to confront the drunken Jack and take Sally home, but Jack trips and smashes his head, killing himself. Bill is under investigation for murder of the wealthy socialite. Buster Crabbe and Sally Blane Cast Buster Crabbe as Bill Cutler Isabel Jewell as Sally Bates Sally Blane as Clara Berry Regis Toomey as Jack Berry Maidel Turner as Mrs. Cutler Fuzzy Knight as Wally Arthur Stone as Pop Edward Gargan as Higgins Huntley Gordon as Attorney Wallis Clark as District Attorney Kenneth Howell as Announcer Eddie Fetherston as Hold-Up Man Max Wagner as Hold-Up Man References External links She Had to Choose at IMDb She Had to Choose is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive This article about a 1930s crime drama film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"romantic comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"crime drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_drama_film"},{"link_name":"Ralph Ceder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Ceder"},{"link_name":"Buster Crabbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_Crabbe"},{"link_name":"Isabel Jewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Jewell"},{"link_name":"Sally Blane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Blane"},{"link_name":"Majestic Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majestic_Pictures"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"The Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Depression"}],"text":"She Had to Choose is a 1934 American romantic comedy crime drama film directed by Ralph Ceder and starring Buster Crabbe, Isabel Jewell and Sally Blane. Distributed by Majestic Pictures, it is set in California during The Depression.","title":"She Had to Choose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isabel Jewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Jewell"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Arthur Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Stone_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Tin Lizzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Lizzie"},{"link_name":"Buster Crabbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_Crabbe"},{"link_name":"six-shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-shooter"},{"link_name":"Maidel Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidel_Turner"},{"link_name":"drive-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive-in"},{"link_name":"Regis Toomey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_Toomey"},{"link_name":"well-to-do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Well_to_do&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sally Blane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Blane"},{"link_name":"roadster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadster_(automobile)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buster_Crabbe_and_Sally_Blane,_She_Had_To_Choose_(1934)..jpg"},{"link_name":"Buster Crabbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_Crabbe"},{"link_name":"Sally Blane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Blane"}],"text":"Sally Bates (Isabel Jewell) leaves Texas, headed for Hollywood, in the 1930s. She is tempted to take a job as a mechanic, with Pop (Arthur Stone), on the highway, but presses on in to town.She's going to sleep in her old \"Tin Lizzie\". But after she saves Bill's neck (Buster Crabbe) with her old six-shooter during a botched hold-up, Bill takes her home to live with his mom (Maidel Turner), and gives her a job at his drive-in restaurant.Sally's friendly and easy going manner is very popular with the customers, but Bill gets jealous when Jack (Regis Toomey), the reckless younger brother of his well-to-do girlfriend Clara (Sally Blane), starts paying Sally attention, following her around in his roadster.Sally is so humiliated when Clara rips off the dress Jack gave her, at a nightclub, she ends up at his hotel room, married to Jack, after an ill-conceived night of drinking.Bill arrives in the morning to confront the drunken Jack and take Sally home, but Jack trips and smashes his head, killing himself. Bill is under investigation for murder of the wealthy socialite.Buster Crabbe and Sally Blane","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buster Crabbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_Crabbe"},{"link_name":"Isabel Jewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Jewell"},{"link_name":"Sally Blane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Blane"},{"link_name":"Regis Toomey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_Toomey"},{"link_name":"Maidel Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidel_Turner"},{"link_name":"Fuzzy Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzy_Knight"},{"link_name":"Arthur Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Stone_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Edward Gargan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gargan"},{"link_name":"Huntley Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntley_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Wallis Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Clark"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Howell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Howell"},{"link_name":"Max Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Wagner"}],"text":"Buster Crabbe as Bill Cutler\nIsabel Jewell as Sally Bates\nSally Blane as Clara Berry\nRegis Toomey as Jack Berry\nMaidel Turner as Mrs. Cutler\nFuzzy Knight as Wally\nArthur Stone as Pop\nEdward Gargan as Higgins\nHuntley Gordon as Attorney\nWallis Clark as District Attorney\nKenneth Howell as Announcer\nEddie Fetherston as Hold-Up Man\nMax Wagner as Hold-Up Man","title":"Cast"}]	[{"image_text":"Buster Crabbe and Sally Blane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Buster_Crabbe_and_Sally_Blane%2C_She_Had_To_Choose_%281934%29..jpg/220px-Buster_Crabbe_and_Sally_Blane%2C_She_Had_To_Choose_%281934%29..jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0025772/","external_links_name":"She Had to Choose"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/SheHadtoChoose","external_links_name":"She Had to Choose"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=She_Had_to_Choose&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juraj_Dobrovi%C4%87	Juraj Dobrović	["1 Notes","2 References"]	Croatian artist Juraj Dobrović (pronounced ; born 1928 in Jelsa, Croatia) is a Croatian artist working in the media of sculpture, painting and graphic arts. The focus of his art is mainly oriented towards geometrical structures. He makes use of light effects to emphasize the plasticity of the form. Dobrović's works are closely related to the principles of Geometric abstraction and Neo-constructivism. He lives and works in Zagreb, Croatia. He belonged to the New Tendencies art movement and participated at the New Tendencies exhibitions in Zagreb (1965, 1969 and 1973). He published the graphic maps Fields 1 (1967), Fields 2 (1969) and Campi 3 (1971). He is especially known for his spatial constructions and reliefs for example Spatial Construction, 1966 and Folded Square, 1973. He has had solo exhibitions in Croatia and abroad (since 1962). He has exhibited at the Venice Biennale (1972), the São Paulo Art Biennial (1973), at Expo-67 in Montreal (1967) and in the exhibition, Constructivism and Kinetic Art (Zagreb, 1995). He had a retrospective exhibition at the Glyptotheque of the Croatian Academy in Zagreb (2003). He was a five-time winner of the Zagreb School of Yugoslav Graphic Arts biennial exhibition award (1966–1982). His works are kept by Croatian and renowned European museums and private collections. One extensive catalogue and one monograph about his work have been published to date: Župan, Ivica - Juraj Dobrović: Spatial Constructions – Reliefs - Paintings: 1962–2002, (Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Glyptotheque HAZU, Zagreb, 2003). Denegri, Jerko - Juraj Dobrović (DAF, Zagreb, 2007). Notes ^ Mangold (2005:279 and 446) ^ New Tendencies, The Museum of Contemporary Art, Zagreb Official Website Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine, (accessed 25/02/2011). ^ Publications, Croatian Academy of Science and Art Official Website, (accessed 25/02/2011). References Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, ISBN 9783411040667 vteVladimir Nazor Award for Life Achievement in Visual Arts Frano Kršinić (1961) Marino Tartaglia (1963) Ljubo Babić / Oton Postružnik (1964) Oskar Herman (1965) Vilko Gecan / Mirko Rački (1966) Jerolim Miše (1968) Antun Motika / Zlatko Šulentić (1969) Marijan Detoni / Krsto Hegedušić (1970) Antun Mezdjić (1971) Frano Šimunović (1972) Vilko Šeferov (1973) Stella Skopal (1974) Vjekoslav Parać (1975) Oton Gliha (1976) Vilim Svečnjak (1977) Ante Roca / Slavko Šohaj (1978) Vojin Bakić (1979) Zlatko Prica / Milan Vulpe (1980) Edo Kovačević (1981) Željko Hegedušić / Mira Kovačević-Ovčačik (1982) Ljubo Ivančić / Oto Reisinger (1983) Ksenija Kantoci (1984) Branko Ružić (1985) Kosta Angeli Radovani (1986) Ivan Šebalj (1987) Želimir Janeš (1988) Šime Perić (1989) Ferdinand Kulmer (1990) Ivan Lovrenčić (1991) Dalibor Parać (1992) Mladen Veža (1993) Ivan Picelj (1994) Milena Lah (1995) Đuro Pulitika (1996) Ivan Kožarić (1997) Nikola Reiser (1998) Aleksandar Srnec (1999) Edo Murtić (2000) Đuro Seder (2001) Julije Knifer (2002) Nives Kavurić-Kurtović (2003) Zlatko Bourek (2004) Vjekoslav Vojo Radoičić (2005) Josip Vaništa (2006) Dušan Džamonja (2007) Nikola Koydl (2008) Alfred Pal (2009) Šime Vulas (2010) Ivan Ladislav Galeta (2011) Marija Ujević-Galetović (2012) Mladen Stilinović (2013) Jagoda Buić (2014) Zlatko Keser (2015) Eugen Feller (2016) Biserka Baretić (2017) Nevenka Arbanas (2018) Mihajlo Arsovski (2019) Juraj Dobrović (2020) Slavka Pavić (2021) Goran Trbuljak (2022) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Croatia Netherlands Artists RKD Artists Other SNAC IdRef This Croatian artist-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[jûraj dǒːbrovit͡ɕ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jelsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelsa,_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Geometric abstraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_abstraction"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Venice Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Biennale"},{"link_name":"São Paulo Art Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Art_Biennial"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Juraj Dobrović (pronounced [jûraj dǒːbrovit͡ɕ];[1] born 1928 in Jelsa, Croatia) is a Croatian artist working in the media of sculpture, painting and graphic arts. The focus of his art is mainly oriented towards geometrical structures. He makes use of light effects to emphasize the plasticity of the form. Dobrović's works are closely related to the principles of Geometric abstraction and Neo-constructivism. He lives and works in Zagreb, Croatia.He belonged to the New Tendencies art movement and participated at the New Tendencies exhibitions in Zagreb (1965, 1969 and 1973). He published the graphic maps Fields 1 (1967), Fields 2 (1969) and Campi 3 (1971). He is especially known for his spatial constructions and reliefs for example Spatial Construction, 1966 and Folded Square, 1973.[2]He has had solo exhibitions in Croatia and abroad (since 1962). He has exhibited at the Venice Biennale (1972), the São Paulo Art Biennial (1973), at Expo-67 in Montreal (1967) and in the exhibition, Constructivism and Kinetic Art (Zagreb, 1995). He had a retrospective exhibition at the Glyptotheque of the Croatian Academy in Zagreb (2003). He was a five-time winner of the Zagreb School of Yugoslav Graphic Arts biennial exhibition award (1966–1982). His works are kept by Croatian and renowned European museums and private collections.One extensive catalogue and one monograph about his work have been published to date:Župan, Ivica - Juraj Dobrović: Spatial Constructions – Reliefs - Paintings: 1962–2002, (Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Glyptotheque HAZU, Zagreb, 2003).[3]\nDenegri, Jerko - Juraj Dobrović (DAF, Zagreb, 2007).","title":"Juraj Dobrović"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Mangold (2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMangold2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"The Museum of Contemporary Art, Zagreb Official Website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.msu.t-com.hr/msuzbirke_tendencije_e.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110721102416/http://www.msu.t-com.hr/msuzbirke_tendencije_e.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Croatian Academy of Science and Art Official Website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//info.hazu.hr/publications/publicationMenu/publicationMenu/show/publication_type_id=4&year=2003"}],"text":"^ Mangold (2005:279 and 446)\n\n^ New Tendencies, The Museum of Contemporary Art, Zagreb Official Website Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine, (accessed 25/02/2011).\n\n^ Publications, Croatian Academy of Science and Art Official Website, (accessed 25/02/2011).","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, ISBN 9783411040667","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783411040667","url_text":"9783411040667"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.msu.t-com.hr/msuzbirke_tendencije_e.htm","external_links_name":"The Museum of Contemporary Art, Zagreb Official Website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721102416/http://www.msu.t-com.hr/msuzbirke_tendencije_e.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://info.hazu.hr/publications/publicationMenu/publicationMenu/show/publication_type_id=4&year=2003","external_links_name":"Croatian Academy of Science and Art Official Website"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/283156/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000120221810","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/21995601","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtcCQ38YyrBGwwYvVDyVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/101312216X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr91006874","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000090535&local_base=nsk10","external_links_name":"Croatia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070441855","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/117161","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bs08x8","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/250971593","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juraj_Dobrovi%C4%87&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasmine_Motarjemi	Yasmine Motarjemi	["1 Biography","2 Bibliography","3 References"]	Yasmine Motarjemi (born 1955) is a food safety specialist and whistleblower. Biography Motarjemi studied chemistry and biology at the Claude-Bernard University in Lyon and food industry techniques at the University of Montpellier, before doing PhD studies in food technology at the University of Lund. She then worked as a research assistant at the same university. In 1990, she joined the World Health Organisation in Geneva, where she became a scientific expert and Director of Food Security and Food Aid. From 2000, as Corporate Food Safety Manager and Assistant Vice-President, she became responsible for food safety at Nestlé's headquarters in Vevey. In 2003, following a complaint from parents, she wanted to withdraw from the market baby biscuits manufactured by the multinational . From 2006 onwards, she called for an audit on the toxicity of baby products. In 2009, a large-scale food poisoning incident affected 300,000 babies in China, 13 of whom died. The director of the offending products was promoted and became her manager. He took away her responsibilities and relegated her to menial tasks. In 2010, she was fired. In March 2011, she filed a complaint against Nestlé with the court of the canton of Vaud for moral and psychological harassment. By a judgement of 7 January 2020, the civil court of appeal recognised the grounds for harassment and that she had been intimidated in an "insidious manner". In 2019, she received the GUE/NGL Award for Journalists, Whistleblowers and Defenders of the Right to Information. Motarjemi was nominated for the Prix Courage 2020 by the Swiss magazine Beobachter, a prize that honours and promotes personalities "who fight fearlessly and with dedication for an idea - for an open, united and fair Switzerland". Bibliography (Co-editor) Encyclopedia on Food Safety, Academic Press, 2014 References ^ "Entre prison et millions, 12 destins de lanceurs d'alerte". Le Temps (in French). 5 May 2015. ISSN 1423-3967. Retrieved 18 July 2021. ^ "Whistleblowerin zerzaust neues Gesetz". Der Bund (in German). 8 January 2020. ISSN 0774-6156. Retrieved 18 July 2021. ^ "La lourde charge d'une ancienne employée contre Nestlé". Le Temps (in French). 1 December 2015. ISSN 1423-3967. Retrieved 18 July 2021. ^ Abboud, Leila (23 January 2020). "Former Nestlé food safety expert wins long-running dismissal case". Financial Times. Retrieved 18 July 2021. ^ "Motarjemi contre Nestlé". www.humanrights.ch (in French). Retrieved 18 July 2021. ^ "PRESS RELEASE - Food Safety Whistleblower Vindicated While Swiss Law Makers Flounder - Whistleblowing International Network". whistleblowingnetwork.org. Retrieved 18 July 2021. ^ "GUE/NGL awards its Journalists, Whistleblowers and Defenders of the Right to Information prize". The Parliament Magazine. 15 October 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2021. ^ Homann, Birthe (10 September 2020). "Prix Courage 2020 – Kandidatin 4: Jetzt für Yasmine Motarjemi abstimmen". Beobachter (in German). Retrieved 18 July 2021. ^ Encyclopedia on Food Safety in libraries (WorldCat catalog) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway France BnF data Italy Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Yasmine Motarjemi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Claude-Bernard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Bernard_University_Lyon_1"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"University of Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Montpellier"},{"link_name":"University of Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"World Health Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"Nestlé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Vevey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vevey"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"GUE/NGL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Left_in_the_European_Parliament_%E2%80%93_GUE/NGL"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Beobachter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beobachter_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Motarjemi studied chemistry and biology at the Claude-Bernard University in Lyon and food industry techniques at the University of Montpellier, before doing PhD studies in food technology at the University of Lund. She then worked as a research assistant at the same university.[citation needed]In 1990, she joined the World Health Organisation in Geneva, where she became a scientific expert and Director of Food Security and Food Aid. From 2000, as Corporate Food Safety Manager and Assistant Vice-President, she became responsible for food safety at Nestlé's headquarters in Vevey.[citation needed]In 2003, following a complaint from parents, she wanted to withdraw from the market baby biscuits manufactured by the multinational .[1] From 2006 onwards, she called for an audit on the toxicity of baby products. In 2009, a large-scale food poisoning incident affected 300,000 babies in China, 13 of whom died. The director of the offending products was promoted and became her manager. He took away her responsibilities and relegated her to menial tasks.[2] In 2010, she was fired. In March 2011, she filed a complaint against Nestlé with the court of the canton of Vaud for moral and psychological harassment.[3] By a judgement of 7 January 2020, the civil court of appeal recognised the grounds for harassment and that she had been intimidated in an \"insidious manner\".[4][5][6]In 2019, she received the GUE/NGL Award for Journalists, Whistleblowers and Defenders of the Right to Information.[7]Motarjemi was nominated for the Prix Courage 2020 by the Swiss magazine Beobachter, a prize that honours and promotes personalities \"who fight fearlessly and with dedication for an idea - for an open, united and fair Switzerland\".[8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"(Co-editor) Encyclopedia on Food Safety, Academic Press, 2014[9]","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Entre prison et millions, 12 destins de lanceurs d'alerte\". Le Temps (in French). 5 May 2015. ISSN 1423-3967. Retrieved 18 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.letemps.ch/societe/entre-prison-millions-12-destins-lanceurs-dalerte","url_text":"\"Entre prison et millions, 12 destins de lanceurs d'alerte\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1423-3967","url_text":"1423-3967"}]},{"reference":"\"Whistleblowerin zerzaust neues Gesetz\". Der Bund (in German). 8 January 2020. ISSN 0774-6156. Retrieved 18 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derbund.ch/schweiz/standard/whistleblowerin-zerzaust-neues-gesetz/story/22711668","url_text":"\"Whistleblowerin zerzaust neues Gesetz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0774-6156","url_text":"0774-6156"}]},{"reference":"\"La lourde charge d'une ancienne employée contre Nestlé\". Le Temps (in French). 1 December 2015. ISSN 1423-3967. 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Retrieved 18 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.humanrights.ch/fr/litiges-strategiques/cas-traites/motarjemi-nestle/","url_text":"\"Motarjemi contre Nestlé\""}]},{"reference":"\"PRESS RELEASE - Food Safety Whistleblower Vindicated While Swiss Law Makers Flounder - Whistleblowing International Network\". whistleblowingnetwork.org. Retrieved 18 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://whistleblowingnetwork.org/News-Events/News/News-Archive/PRESS-RELEASE-Food-Safety-Whistleblower-Vindicat.aspx","url_text":"\"PRESS RELEASE - Food Safety Whistleblower Vindicated While Swiss Law Makers Flounder - Whistleblowing International Network\""}]},{"reference":"\"GUE/NGL awards its Journalists, Whistleblowers and Defenders of the Right to Information prize\". The Parliament Magazine. 15 October 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/news/article/guengl-awards-its-journalists-whistleblowers-and-defenders-of-the-right-to-information-prize","url_text":"\"GUE/NGL awards its Journalists, Whistleblowers and Defenders of the Right to Information prize\""}]},{"reference":"Homann, Birthe (10 September 2020). \"Prix Courage 2020 – Kandidatin 4: Jetzt für Yasmine Motarjemi abstimmen\". Beobachter (in German). Retrieved 18 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.beobachter.ch/prix-courage/nominiert-fur-den-prix-courage-2020-yasmine-motarjemi-sie-deckte-missstande-bei-nestle","url_text":"\"Prix Courage 2020 – Kandidatin 4: Jetzt für Yasmine Motarjemi abstimmen\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.letemps.ch/societe/entre-prison-millions-12-destins-lanceurs-dalerte","external_links_name":"\"Entre prison et millions, 12 destins de lanceurs d'alerte\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1423-3967","external_links_name":"1423-3967"},{"Link":"https://www.derbund.ch/schweiz/standard/whistleblowerin-zerzaust-neues-gesetz/story/22711668","external_links_name":"\"Whistleblowerin zerzaust neues Gesetz\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0774-6156","external_links_name":"0774-6156"},{"Link":"https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/lourde-charge-dune-ancienne-employee-contre-nestle","external_links_name":"\"La lourde charge d'une ancienne employée contre Nestlé\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1423-3967","external_links_name":"1423-3967"},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/cb9eeeb6-3dd5-11ea-a01a-bae547046735","external_links_name":"\"Former Nestlé food safety expert wins long-running dismissal case\""},{"Link":"https://www.humanrights.ch/fr/litiges-strategiques/cas-traites/motarjemi-nestle/","external_links_name":"\"Motarjemi contre Nestlé\""},{"Link":"https://whistleblowingnetwork.org/News-Events/News/News-Archive/PRESS-RELEASE-Food-Safety-Whistleblower-Vindicat.aspx","external_links_name":"\"PRESS RELEASE - Food Safety Whistleblower Vindicated While Swiss Law Makers Flounder - Whistleblowing International Network\""},{"Link":"https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/news/article/guengl-awards-its-journalists-whistleblowers-and-defenders-of-the-right-to-information-prize","external_links_name":"\"GUE/NGL awards its Journalists, Whistleblowers and Defenders of the Right to Information prize\""},{"Link":"https://www.beobachter.ch/prix-courage/nominiert-fur-den-prix-courage-2020-yasmine-motarjemi-sie-deckte-missstande-bei-nestle","external_links_name":"\"Prix Courage 2020 – Kandidatin 4: Jetzt für Yasmine Motarjemi abstimmen\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/865335120","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia on Food Safety"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000383971234","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/272961625","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90350855","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15110818h","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15110818h","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UBOV054827","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007371058605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14472825","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n00119950","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ntk2014831353&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p370159926","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/110166817","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellalars	Vellalar	["1 Etymology","2 History","2.1 In Sangam literature","2.2 Post-Sangam period","2.3 The Velir","2.4 The Chola period","3 Sri Lanka","4 In Jainism","5 Current usage","6 Social status","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 Further reading"]	Indian caste For other uses, see Vellalar (disambiguation). VellalarReligionsHinduism, Jainism, ChristianityLanguagesTamilSubdivisionsMudaliar ‡ — Thondai NaduGounder ‡ — Kongu NaduPillai ‡ — Chola Nadu, Pandya NaduSri Lankan Vellalar ‡ — Yazhpana Kudanaadu, Vanni NaduRelated groupsTamil people Vellalar is a group of castes in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and northeastern parts of Sri Lanka. The Vellalar are members of several endogamous castes such as the numerically strong Arunattu Vellalar, Chozhia Vellalar, Karkarthar Vellalar, Kongu Vellalar, Thuluva Vellalar and Sri Lankan Vellalar. Etymology The earliest occurrence of the term Velaalar (வேளாளர்) in Sangam literature is in Paripadal where it is used in the sense of a landowner. The term Velaalar (வேளாளர்) can be derived from the word Vel (வேள்), Vel being a title that was borne by the Velir chieftains of Sangam age among other things. The word Vellalar (வெள்ளாளர் ) may come from the root Vellam for flood, which gave rise to various rights of land; and it is because of the acquisition of land rights that the Vellalar got their name. History Vellālars worshipping lingam, snake-stones and Ganēsa from Castes and Tribes of Southern India (1909). The Vellalars have a long cultural history that goes back to over two millennia in southern India, where once they were the ruling and land-owning community. Though the Vellalar have generally been associated with the landed gentry and agriculture, they are not a homogenous group and various people from diverse backgrounds have identified themselves as a Vellalar in the course of history. In Sangam literature The Vellalar are spoken of as a group of people right from the Sangam period and are mentioned in many of the classical works of Sangam literature. The Tolkappiyam does not contain the term Vellalar but refers to a group of people called Velaan Maanthar who apart from practising agriculture had the right to carry weapons and wear garlands when they were involved in affairs of the state. The term Vellalar itself occurs in the sense of a landowner in Paripadal. The poem Pattinappaalai lists the six virtues of Vellalar as abstention from killing, abstention from stealing, propagation of religion, hospitality, justice and honesty. Post-Sangam period In the years that immediately followed the Sangam age (from third to sixth century CE), the Tamil lands were ruled by a dynasty called Kalabhras. Historians believe that the Kalabhras belonged to the Vellalar community of warriors who were possibly once the feudatories of the Cholas and the Pallavas. Scholar and historian M. Raghava Iyengar identifies the Kalabhras with the Kalappalar section of the Vellalar and equates king Achyuta Vikranta with Achyuta Kalappala the father of Meykandar. Buddhadatta, the Pali writer who stayed in the Chola kingdom and authored Buddhist manuals refers (in the Nigamanagātha of Vinayavinicchaya, verse 3179) to his patron Achyuta Vikranta who was then (fifth century CE) ruling the Chola kingdom as Kalamba-kula nandane meaning the favourite of the Kalamba family. In Pali language as in Tamil, the word Kalamba or Kalambam (in Tamil) means the Kadamba tree, the sacred totemic symbol that is associated with Tamil god Murugan. The Velir The Velir were an ancient group of Tamil chieftains who claimed Yadava (Yadu) descent. The Ay Vels were one such Velir group that ruled the territory in and around Venad during the Sangam period. The word Venad is derived from Vel -nadu, that is the country ruled by Vel chieftains. We know of a queen of Vikramaditya Varaguna, an Ay king of 9th century who is referred to as Murugan Chenthi and as Aykula Mahadevi from inscriptions. Her father, an Ay chief called Chathan Murugan is described as a Vennir Vellala that is a Vellala by birth, in the Huzur plates of king Karunandakkan, the predecessor of Vikramaditya Varaguna. The Irunkovel or Irukkuvel chieftains were another ancient Velir clan who ruled from their capital Kodumbalur (near Pudukottai district). They were related to the Cholas by marriage. In an inscription of Rajadhiraja Chola an Irukkuvel feudatory who was a high-ranking military officer (Dandanayaka) of the king is described as a Velala. The Irungovels are considered to be of the same stock as the Hoysalas as in one of the Sangam poems, the ancestor of the Irungovel chieftain is said to have ruled the fortified city of Tuvarai. This city is identified with the Hoysala capital Dwarasamudra by some historians. Also, the legend of the chief killing a tiger (Pulikadimal) has a striking resemblance to the origin legend of the Hoysalas where ‘'sala'’ kills the tiger to save a sage. As per historian Arokiaswami, the Hoysala title ‘'Ballala'’ is only a variant of the Tamil word ‘'Vellala'’. The Hoysala king Veera Ballala III is even now locally known as the ‘'Vellala Maharaja'’ in Thiruvannamalai, the town that served as their capital in 14th century. The Chola period According to the anthropologist Kathleen Gough, "the Vellalars were the dominant secular aristocratic caste under the Chola kings, providing the courtiers, most of the army officers, the lower ranks of the kingdom's bureaucracy, and the upper layer of the peasantry". Two identical Tamil inscriptions from Avani and Uttanur in Mulbagal Taluk dated in the 3rd year of Kulottunga I (about 1072-1073 CE) describe how the great army of the right hand class (perumpadai valangai mahasenai) having arrived with great weapons of war from the 78-nadus of Chola-mandalam and the 48000-bhumi of Jayangonda-cholamandalam (the northern districts of Tamil Nadu that is Tondaimandalam) conquered and colonized southern Karnataka (Kolar district) by the grace of Rajendrachola (Kulottunga I). Historian Burton Stein who has done a detailed analysis of this inscription equates the Valangai military forces and the Velaikkara troops of the Cholas with the Vellalas and notes that the contents of the above inscription confirm this identification. The Velaikkara troops were special units of armed forces drawn from the right-hand castes that were close to the king. The units were generally named after the king like Rajaraja-terinda-valangai-velaikkarar, that is the known (terinda) forces of king Rajaraja Chola I. The Chola inscriptions state that the Velaikkara forces pledged under oath to commit suicide in case they failed to defend their king or in the event of his death. The Chalukya kings were also known by the title Velpularasar, that is kings of Vel country (pulam means region or country in Tamil) and as Velkulattarasar, that is kings of the Vel clan (kulam), in epigraphs and in the old Tamil lexicon Divakaram. The Vellalar also contributed to the Bhakti movement in south India from the seventh century CE onwards and helped revive Hinduism. Many of the Nayanmars, the Shaiva saints, were Vellalar. In the 12th century CE, saint Sekkilan Mahadevadigal Ramadeva sang the glories of these Nayanmars in his magnum opus, the Periyapuranam. Sekkizhar was born in a Vellala family in Kundrathur in Thondaimandalam and had the title Uttama Chola Pallavaraiyan. Sekkilan Mahadevadigal Ramadeva was an elder contemporary of Kulothunga Chola II, the king who is said to have persecuted the Brahmin philosopher Ramanuja for his Vaishnavite preachings by forcing him to sign a document stating Shiva is the greatest god. Sri Lanka Main article: Sri Lankan Vellalar The Vellalars of Sri Lanka have been chronicled in the Yalpana Vaipava Malai and other historical texts of the Jaffna kingdom. They form half of the Sri Lankan Tamil population and are the major husbandmen, involved in tillage and cattle cultivation. Local Sri Lankan literature, such as the Kailiyai Malai, an account on Kalinga Magha, narrates the migration of Vellala Nattar chiefs from the Coromandel Coast to Sri Lanka. Their dominance rose under Dutch rule and they formed one of the colonial political elites of the island. In Jainism At present, most of the Tamil Jains are from the Vellalar social group. Also, the Saiva Velaalar sect are originally believed to have been Jainas before they embraced Hinduism. The Tamil Jains refer to the Saiva Velaalar as nīr-pūci-nayinārs or nīr-pūci-vellalars meaning the vellalars who left Jainism by smearing the sacred ash or (tiru)-nīru. While some of the Jains assign this conversion to the period of the Bhakti movement in Tamil nadu others link it to a conflict with a ruler of the Vijayanagar empire in the 15th century. The villages and areas settled by the Saiva Velaalar even now have a small number of Jaina families and inscriptional evidence indicate that these were earlier Jaina settlements as is evident by the existence of old Jaina temples. Current usage Even though at present, the term "Vellalar" is uncertain, a number of non-cultivating landholding castes like Kaarukaatha Velaalar and the Kondaikatti Velaalar who served ruling dynasties in various capacities also identify themselves as Vellalar. Likewise, the Kottai Pillaimar who were traditionally land-holders and lived inside forts, neither lease land for agriculture nor do they till their own fields. They also do not supervise cultivation directly due to the stigma attached to farming and manual labor. Similarly, the Vellala Chettis, a branch of the Chozhia Vellalars were traders and merchants. The Adi-saiva vellalar sect is a strictly vegetarian Saivite group that traditionally served as priests. Social status The Vellalar were considered to be of high status and enjoyed a high rank during the Chola period. They helped promote and stabilize Shaivism during the Chola era and many of the cult's leaders were drawn from the ranks of the Vellalar. They were a prosperous community of farmers and landowners who had provided economic support to Shiva temples in the Tamil country. In the Tamil region, Vellalar like Mudaliyar and Pillai along with certain other non-brahmin groups enjoyed a status equal to that of the Brahmins. The Vellalar also had more authority, power and status than the Brahmins in some social and ritual contexts. They were more orthodox than the Brahmins in their religious practices. The Vellalar nobles had marriage alliances with Chola royal families. The Smarta Brahmins have always competed with the Tamil Shaivites for religious influence in the temples in the Kaveri delta region. The Smarta adopted the worship of Hindu deities and combined their Sanskritic background with Tamil Saiva and Vaishnava devotionalism and eventually identified themselves as Shaivites and started worshipping in Shiva temples. The neutrality of this section is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) From the Sangam period to the Chola period of Indian history (A.d. 600 to 1200), state-level political authority was in the hands of relatively low, Vellalar chieftains, who endowed local and nonlocal Brahmins with land and honors, and were in turn legitimized by them. See also Pallavaraiyan List of Vellalars List of Vellalar sub castes Ponnambalam-Coomaraswamy family Notes ^ According to Susan Bayly, even in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, "Vellalar affiliation was as vague and uncertain as that of most other south Indian castes"; Vellalar identity was a source of prestige and "There were any number of groups sought to claim Vellalar status for themselves" ^ The term "Vellalar" is a generic term for a group of high ranking Non-brahmin castes in TamilNadu ^ Coming to the Vellalas, Andre Beteille, an authority on caste in South India writes: The term 'Vellala' is rather confusing because of its comprehensive use. Even the Vellalas proper, those who are of Vellala origin-are not a homogeneous unit but are subdivided into small sections. These sub-groups are always segmented and are endogamous. ^ Without going into detail, it must suffice to say that in Sripuram the Vellalas proper are segmented into three endogamous units: Chozhia Vellala, Karaikathu Vellala, and Kodikkal Vellala. ^ The Kongu Vellalar is an engogamous group. They use 'gounder' as a title and hence they are also known as Kongu Vellala Gounders. ^ Records in his third year gift of 90 sheep for a lamp by Velala Madurantakam alias Tandanayakan Rajadhiraja Ilangovelan of Nadar, a village in Tiraimur-nadu which was a sub-division of Uyyakondan-valanadu in Solamandalam. ^ It is also widely believed that the Saiva Vellalas of Madras State who are stricter vegetarians than even Tamil Brahmins, were Jainas. ^ All of those who feared for their lives converted to Saivism (and not any other religious sect) adorning the sacred ash, 'throwing away their sacred threads', they assumed the identity of Saiva (nir-puci) vellalars or nir-puci-nayinars (the Jainas who smeared sacred ash). ^ Among the Tamil castes, both Karkattar Vellalas (Arunachalam, 1975) and Kondaikatti Vellalas (Barnett, 1970) have much the same profile as the KP (Kottai Pillaimar): both are non-cultivating land-holders, with a history of service to ruling dynasties. References ^ a b R. Umamaheshwari (2018). Reading History with the Tamil Jainas. A Study on Identity, Memory and Marginalisation. Volume 22 of Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures. Springer. p. 250. ^ Rowena Robinson (2003). Christians of India. SAGE Publications. p. 81. ^ "Vellala \| Encyclopedia.com". encyclopedia.com. ^ Orr, L.C. (2000). Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God: Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu. South Asia Research. Oxford University Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-19-535672-4. Retrieved 29 March 2023. ^ Peterson, I.V. (2014). Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints. Princeton Library of Asian Translations. Princeton University Press. p. 355. ISBN 978-1-4008-6006-7. Retrieved 29 March 2023. ^ a b P. R. G. Mathur (1994). Applied Anthropology and Challenges of Development in India. Punthi-Pustak. p. 152. ^ André Béteille (2012). Caste, Class and Power: Changing Patterns of Stratification in a Tanjore Village. Oxford University Press. p. 86. ^ D. Tyagi; K. K. Bhattacharya; S. S. Datta Chaudhuri; D. Xaviour, eds. (2012). Nutritional Status of Indian Population: Southern region. Anthropological Survey of India, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Department of Culture, Government of India. p. 243. ^ a b Derges, Jane (2013). Ritual and Recovery in Post-Conflict Sri Lanka. Routledge. p. 77. ISBN 978-1136214882. ^ Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2017). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 390. ISBN 978-1-53810-686-0. ^ a b Dev Nathan (1997). From Tribe to Caste. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. p. 233. ^ M. D. Raghavan (1971). Tamil Culture in Ceylon: A General Introduction. Kalai Nilayam. p. 136. ^ Venkatasubramanian, T. K. (1993). Societas to Civitas: evolution of political society in South India: pre-Pallavan Tamil̤akam. Kalinga Publications. p. 64. ISBN 9788185163420. ^ Iravatham Mahadevan. "Meluhha and Agastya: Alpha and Omega of the Indus Script" (PDF). p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011. The Ventar-Velir-Velalar groups constituted the ruling and land-owning classes in the Tamil country since the beginning of recorded history ^ André Wink (2002). Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 321. ISBN 9004092498. Not only were the Vellalas the landowning communities of South India,... ^ a b Gough, Kathleen (2008). Rural Society in Southeast India. Cambridge University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780521040198. ^ Ka. Ta Tirunāvukkaracu (1994). Chieftains of the Sangam Age. International Institute of Tamil Studies. p. 33. ^ C. Sivaratnam (1964). An Outline of the Cultural History and Principles of Hinduism. Stangard Printers. p. 269. ^ D. Devakunjari (1979). Madurai Through the Ages From the Earliest Times to 1801 A.D. Publisher: Society for Archaeological, Historical, and Epigraphical Research. p. 72. ^ Chakrabarty, D.K. (2010). The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties. OUP India. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-19-908832-4. Retrieved 16 January 2023. ^ N. Subrahmanian (1993). Social and Cultural History of Tamilnad: To A.D. 1336. Ennes. p. 67. ^ K. A. NILAKANTA SASTRI, M.A., Emeritus Professor of Indian History and Archaeology, University of Madras. Professor of Indology. University of Mysore. (1955). The Colas, Second Edition. G. S. Press, Madras. p. 108.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Thomas Oberlies, Richard Pischel (2001). Pāli, A Grammar of the Language of the Theravāda Tipiṭaka. Walter de Gruyter. p. 88. ^ K. R. Srinivasan (1979). Temples of South India. National Book Trust. p. 8. ^ Vijaya Laxmi Singh (2005). Mathurā.The Settlement Pattern and Cultural Profile of an Early Historical City. Sundeep Prakashan. p. 121. ^ R. Leela Devi. History of Kerala. Vidyarthi Mithram Press & Book Depot. p. 117. ^ Burton Stein (1994). Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India. Oxford University Press. p. 350. ^ Raj Kumar (2008). Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient, Medieval and Modern. Kalpaz Publications. p. 181. ^ Indu Banga, ed. (1991). The City in Indian History. Urban Demography, Society, and Politics. South Asia Publications. p. 61. ^ P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar (1993). South Indian Shrines. Asian Educational Services. p. 53. ^ T.A. Society (Tiruchchirāppalli, India) (1986). The Tamilian Antiquary Volume 1, Issue 5. Asian Educational Services. p. 28. ^ M. Arokiaswami. The Early History of the Vellar Basin, with Special Reference to the Irukkuvels of Kodumbalur. A Study in Vellala Origin and Early History. Amudha Nilayam. p. 28. ^ M. Arokiaswami. The Early History of the Vellar Basin, with Special Reference to the Irukkuvels of Kodumbalur. A Study in Vellala Origin and Early History. Amudha Nilayam. p. 29. ^ F. H. Gravely (2002). The Gopuras of Thiruvannamalai. Commissioner of Museums, Government of Tamil Nadu. p. 2. ^ B. Sheikh Ali (1990). H. V. Sreenivasa Murthy (ed.). Essays on Indian History and Culture. Felicitation Volume in Honour of Professor B. Sheik Ali. Mittal Publications. pp. 105–107. ^ Burton Stein (1994). Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India. Oxford University Press. pp. 190–191. ^ Gurcharn Singh Sandhu (2003). A Military History of Medieval India. Vision Books. p. 208. ^ École pratique des hautes études (France). Section des sciences économiques et sociales, University of Oxford. Institute of Social Anthropology, Research Centre on Social and Economic Development in Asia (1995). Contributions to Indian Sociology Volumes 29-30 of Contributions to Indian Sociology: Occasional Studies. Mouton. p. 265.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Raj Kumar (2008). Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient, Medieval and Modern. Gyan Publishing House. p. 179. ^ K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, M.A., Professor of Indian History and Archaeology University of Madras (1937). The Colas. Thompson & Co., Ltd., Printers, Madras. p. 11.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Keith E. Yandell Keith E. Yandell, John J. Paul (2013). Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India. Routledge. p. 249. ^ Professor of Asian History Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Psychology Press. p. 143. ^ Muthusamy Govindasamy (1977). A Survey of the Sources for the History of Tamil Literature. Annamalai University. p. 135. ^ C. Chandramouli (2003). Temples of Tamilnadu Kancheepuram District, Volume 1. Controller of Publications. p. 54. ^ Balasubrahmanyam Venkataraman (1994). Tillai and Nataraja. Mudgala Trust. p. 65. ^ B. Natarajan (1974). The City of the Cosmic Dance: Chidambaram. Orient Longman. p. 32. ^ Caṇmukam Meyyappan̲ (1992). Chidambaram Golden Temple. Manivasagar Pathippagam. p. 13. ^ Madabhushini Narasimhacharya (2004). Sri Ramanuja. Makers of Indian literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 25. ^ Fernando, A. Denis N. (1987). "PENINSULAR JAFFNA FROM ANCIENT TO MEDIEVAL TIMES: Its Significant Historical and Settlement Aspects". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka. 32: 84. JSTOR 23731055. ^ Holt, John (2011). The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0822349822. ^ Gerharz, Eva (3 April 2014). The Politics of Reconstruction and Development in Sri Lanka: Transnational Commitments to Social Change. Routledge. p. 73. ISBN 9781317692799. ^ Welhengama, Gnanapala; Pillay, Nirmala (2014). The Rise of Tamil Separatism in Sri Lanka: From Communalism to Secession. Routledge. p. 168. ISBN 9781135119713. ^ Andhra University (1972). Religion and Politics in Medieval South India. Papers of a Seminar Held by the Institute of Asian Studies and Andhra University. Institute of Asian Studies. p. 15. ^ a b R. Umamaheshwari (2018). Reading History with the Tamil Jainas. A Study on Identity, Memory and Marginalisation. Volume 22 of Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures. Springer. p. 222. ^ R. Umamaheshwari (2018). Reading History with the Tamil Jainas. A Study on Identity, Memory and Marginalisation. Volume 22 of Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures. Springer. p. 223. ^ Karuna Chanana, Maithreyi Krishna Raj, ed. (1989). Gender and the Household Domain. Social and Cultural Dimensions. Sage Publications. p. 92. ^ Kamala Ganesh (1993). Boundary Walls. Caste and Women in a Tamil Community. Hindustan Publishing Corporation. p. 27. ^ Govind Sadashiv Ghurye (1969). Caste and Race in India. Popular Prakashan. p. 209. ^ A. Aiyappan, K. Mahadevan (1988). Population and Social Change in an Indian Village. Quarter Century of Development in Managadu Village, Tamil Nadu. Mittal Publications. p. 42. ^ Indira Viswanathan Peterson (2014). Poems to Siva The Hymns of the Tamil Saints. Princeton University Press. p. 45,54. ^ Madras (India : State). Record Office (1957), Tanjore District Handbook (in Slovenian), Superintendent Government Press, p. 128, retrieved 4 January 2023 ^ Rajaraman, P. (1988), The Justice Party: A Historical Perspective, 1916-37, Poompozhil Publishers, p. 17, retrieved 4 January 2023 ^ Gough, K. (1978), Dravidian Kinship and Modes of Production, Publication (Indian Council of Social Science Research), Indian Council of Social Science Research, p. 10, retrieved 4 January 2023 ^ University of Travancore; University of Kerala (1948), Journal of Indian History, p. 274, retrieved 4 January 2023 ^ Indira Viswanathan Peterson (2014). Poems to Siva The Hymns of the Tamil Saints. Princeton University Press. pp. 54–55. ^ Moffatt, Michael (2015). An Untouchable Community in South India: Structure and Consensus. Princeton University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-40087-036-3. Further reading Lucassen, Jan; Lucassen, Leo (2014). Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-00427-136-4.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vellalar (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellalar_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"castes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste_system_in_India"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Arunattu Vellalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunattu_Vellalar"},{"link_name":"Chozhia Vellalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chozhia_Vellalar"},{"link_name":"Karkarthar Vellalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkarthar"},{"link_name":"Kongu Vellalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongu_Vellalar"},{"link_name":"Thuluva Vellalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuluva_Vellalar"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan Vellalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Vellalar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-derges-14"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Indian casteFor other uses, see Vellalar (disambiguation).Vellalar is a group of castes in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and northeastern parts of Sri Lanka.[a][b][c] The Vellalar are members of several endogamous[d][e] castes such as the numerically strong Arunattu Vellalar, Chozhia Vellalar, Karkarthar Vellalar, Kongu Vellalar, Thuluva Vellalar and Sri Lankan Vellalar.[9][10]","title":"Vellalar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sangam literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangam_literature"},{"link_name":"Paripadal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paripatal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nathan-16"},{"link_name":"Velir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velir"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tkv-18"}],"text":"The earliest occurrence of the term Velaalar (வேளாளர்) in Sangam literature is in Paripadal where it is used in the sense of a landowner.[11] The term Velaalar (வேளாளர்) can be derived from the word Vel (வேள்), Vel being a title that was borne by the Velir chieftains of Sangam age among other things.[12]The word Vellalar (வெள்ளாளர் ) may come from the root Vellam for flood, which gave rise to various rights of land; and it is because of the acquisition of land rights that the Vellalar got their name.[13]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vell%C4%81las_worshipping_lingam,_snake-stones_and_Gan%C4%93sa..jpg"},{"link_name":"Castes and Tribes of Southern India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castes_and_Tribes_of_Southern_India"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meluhha_and_Agastya_:_Alpha_and_Omega_of_the_Indus_Script_By_Iravatham_Mahadevan-19"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Al-Hind:_Early_medieval_India_and_the_expansion_of_Islam,_7th-11th_centuries_By_Andr%C3%A9_Wink-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gough-21"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mathur-8"}],"text":"Vellālars worshipping lingam, snake-stones and Ganēsa from Castes and Tribes of Southern India (1909).The Vellalars have a long cultural history that goes back to over two millennia in southern India,[14] where once they were the ruling and land-owning community.[15][16] Though the Vellalar have generally been associated with the landed gentry and agriculture, they are not a homogenous group and various people from diverse backgrounds have identified themselves as a Vellalar in the course of history.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sangam period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangam_period"},{"link_name":"Sangam literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangam_literature"},{"link_name":"Tolkappiyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkappiyam"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Paripadal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paripatal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nathan-16"},{"link_name":"Pattinappaalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattinappalai"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"In Sangam literature","text":"The Vellalar are spoken of as a group of people right from the Sangam period and are mentioned in many of the classical works of Sangam literature. The Tolkappiyam does not contain the term Vellalar but refers to a group of people called Velaan Maanthar who apart from practising agriculture had the right to carry weapons and wear garlands when they were involved in affairs of the state.[17] The term Vellalar itself occurs in the sense of a landowner in Paripadal.[11] The poem Pattinappaalai lists the six virtues of Vellalar as abstention from killing, abstention from stealing, propagation of religion, hospitality, justice and honesty.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kalabhras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalabhra"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Cholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Pallavas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chakrabarty_2010_p._84-25"},{"link_name":"M. Raghava Iyengar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Raghava_Iyengar"},{"link_name":"Meykandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meykandar"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Buddhadatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhadatta"},{"link_name":"Chola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Pali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Kadamba tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadamba_tree"},{"link_name":"totemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem"},{"link_name":"Murugan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murugan"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Post-Sangam period","text":"In the years that immediately followed the Sangam age (from third to sixth century CE), the Tamil lands were ruled by a dynasty called Kalabhras.[19] Historians believe that the Kalabhras belonged to the Vellalar community of warriors who were possibly once the feudatories of the Cholas and the Pallavas.[20] Scholar and historian M. Raghava Iyengar identifies the Kalabhras with the Kalappalar section of the Vellalar and equates king Achyuta Vikranta with Achyuta Kalappala the father of Meykandar.[21] Buddhadatta, the Pali writer who stayed in the Chola kingdom and authored Buddhist manuals refers (in the Nigamanagātha of Vinayavinicchaya, verse 3179) to his patron Achyuta Vikranta who was then (fifth century CE) ruling the Chola kingdom as Kalamba-kula nandane meaning the favourite of the Kalamba family.[22] In Pali language as in Tamil, the word Kalamba or Kalambam (in Tamil) means the Kadamba tree, the sacred totemic symbol that is associated with Tamil god Murugan.[23][24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Velir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velir"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Ay Vels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Venad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venad"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Irunkovel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irunkovel"},{"link_name":"Kodumbalur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodumbalur"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Rajadhiraja Chola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajadhiraja_Chola"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Hoysalas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoysala"},{"link_name":"Dwarasamudra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarasamudra"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Veera Ballala III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veera_Ballala_III"},{"link_name":"Thiruvannamalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvannamalai"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"The Velir","text":"The Velir were an ancient group of Tamil chieftains who claimed Yadava (Yadu) descent.[25] The Ay Vels were one such Velir group that ruled the territory in and around Venad during the Sangam period. The word Venad is derived from Vel -nadu, that is the country ruled by Vel chieftains.[26] We know of a queen of Vikramaditya Varaguna, an Ay king of 9th century who is referred to as Murugan Chenthi and as Aykula Mahadevi from inscriptions. Her father, an Ay chief called Chathan Murugan is described as a Vennir Vellala that is a Vellala by birth,[27] in the Huzur plates of king Karunandakkan, the predecessor of Vikramaditya Varaguna.[28]The Irunkovel or Irukkuvel chieftains were another ancient Velir clan who ruled from their capital Kodumbalur (near Pudukottai district). They were related to the Cholas by marriage.[29] In an inscription of Rajadhiraja Chola an Irukkuvel feudatory who was a high-ranking military officer (Dandanayaka) of the king is described as a Velala.[f]The Irungovels are considered to be of the same stock as the Hoysalas as in one of the Sangam poems, the ancestor of the Irungovel chieftain is said to have ruled the fortified city of Tuvarai. This city is identified with the Hoysala capital Dwarasamudra by some historians.[31] Also, the legend of the chief killing a tiger (Pulikadimal) has a striking resemblance to the origin legend of the Hoysalas where ‘'sala'’ kills the tiger to save a sage.[32] As per historian Arokiaswami, the Hoysala title ‘'Ballala'’ is only a variant of the Tamil word ‘'Vellala'’.[33] The Hoysala king Veera Ballala III is even now locally known as the ‘'Vellala Maharaja'’ in Thiruvannamalai, the town that served as their capital in 14th century.[34]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kathleen Gough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Gough"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gough-21"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Mulbagal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulbagal"},{"link_name":"Kulottunga I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulottunga_I"},{"link_name":"Tondaimandalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondaimandalam"},{"link_name":"Kolar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolar"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Burton Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Stein"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Rajaraja Chola I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajaraja_Chola_I"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Bhakti movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti_movement"},{"link_name":"Nayanmars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayanmar"},{"link_name":"Shaiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaiva"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Sekkilan Mahadevadigal Ramadeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekkizhar"},{"link_name":"Periyapuranam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyapuranam"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Kundrathur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundrathur"},{"link_name":"Thondaimandalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thondaimandalam"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Kulothunga Chola II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulothunga_Chola_II"},{"link_name":"Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Ramanuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramanuja"},{"link_name":"Vaishnavite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavite"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"The Chola period","text":"According to the anthropologist Kathleen Gough, \"the Vellalars were the dominant secular aristocratic caste under the Chola kings, providing the courtiers, most of the army officers, the lower ranks of the kingdom's bureaucracy, and the upper layer of the peasantry\".[16]Two identical Tamil inscriptions from Avani and Uttanur in Mulbagal Taluk dated in the 3rd year of Kulottunga I (about 1072-1073 CE) describe how the great army of the right hand class (perumpadai valangai mahasenai) having arrived with great weapons of war from the 78-nadus of Chola-mandalam and the 48000-bhumi of Jayangonda-cholamandalam (the northern districts of Tamil Nadu that is Tondaimandalam) conquered and colonized southern Karnataka (Kolar district) by the grace of Rajendrachola (Kulottunga I).[35]Historian Burton Stein who has done a detailed analysis of this inscription equates the Valangai military forces and the Velaikkara troops of the Cholas with the Vellalas and notes that the contents of the above inscription confirm this identification.[36] The Velaikkara troops were special units of armed forces drawn from the right-hand castes that were close to the king. The units were generally named after the king like Rajaraja-terinda-valangai-velaikkarar, that is the known (terinda) forces of king Rajaraja Chola I.[37] The Chola inscriptions state that the Velaikkara forces pledged under oath to commit suicide in case they failed to defend their king or in the event of his death.[38] The Chalukya kings were also known by the title Velpularasar, that is kings of Vel country (pulam means region or country in Tamil) and as Velkulattarasar, that is kings of the Vel clan (kulam), in epigraphs and in the old Tamil lexicon Divakaram.[39][40]The Vellalar also contributed to the Bhakti movement in south India from the seventh century CE onwards and helped revive Hinduism. Many of the Nayanmars, the Shaiva saints, were Vellalar.[41][42] In the 12th century CE, saint Sekkilan Mahadevadigal Ramadeva sang the glories of these Nayanmars in his magnum opus, the Periyapuranam.[43] Sekkizhar was born in a Vellala family in Kundrathur in Thondaimandalam and had the title Uttama Chola Pallavaraiyan.[44][45][46] Sekkilan Mahadevadigal Ramadeva was an elder contemporary of Kulothunga Chola II, the king who is said to have persecuted the Brahmin philosopher Ramanuja for his Vaishnavite preachings by forcing him to sign a document stating Shiva is the greatest god.[47][48]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yalpana Vaipava Malai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalpana_Vaipava_Malai"},{"link_name":"Jaffna kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils"},{"link_name":"husbandmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husbandman"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-derges-14"},{"link_name":"Kalinga Magha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_Magha"},{"link_name":"Coromandel Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coromandel_Coast"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Dutch rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"text":"The Vellalars of Sri Lanka have been chronicled in the Yalpana Vaipava Malai and other historical texts of the Jaffna kingdom. They form half of the Sri Lankan Tamil population and are the major husbandmen, involved in tillage and cattle cultivation.[49][9] Local Sri Lankan literature, such as the Kailiyai Malai, an account on Kalinga Magha, narrates the migration of Vellala Nattar chiefs from the Coromandel Coast to Sri Lanka.[50]Their dominance rose under Dutch rule and they formed one of the colonial political elites of the island.[51][52]","title":"Sri Lanka"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil Jains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Jain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Umamaheshwari-1"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Tamil nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_nadu"},{"link_name":"Vijayanagar empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagar_empire"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-umamaheshwari222-61"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"At present, most of the Tamil Jains are from the Vellalar social group.[1] Also, the Saiva Velaalar sect are originally believed to have been Jainas before they embraced Hinduism.[g] The Tamil Jains refer to the Saiva Velaalar as nīr-pūci-nayinārs or nīr-pūci-vellalars meaning the vellalars who left Jainism by smearing the sacred ash or (tiru)-nīru.[h] While some of the Jains assign this conversion to the period of the Bhakti movement in Tamil nadu others link it to a conflict with a ruler of the Vijayanagar empire in the 15th century.[54] The villages and areas settled by the Saiva Velaalar even now have a small number of Jaina families and inscriptional evidence indicate that these were earlier Jaina settlements as is evident by the existence of old Jaina temples.[55]","title":"In Jainism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaarukaatha Velaalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkarthar"},{"link_name":"Kondaikatti Velaalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondaikatti_Vellalar"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Kottai Pillaimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankudi_Vellalar"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Saivite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saivite"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"Even though at present, the term \"Vellalar\" is uncertain, a number of non-cultivating landholding castes like Kaarukaatha Velaalar and the Kondaikatti Velaalar who served ruling dynasties in various capacities also identify themselves as Vellalar.[i] Likewise, the Kottai Pillaimar who were traditionally land-holders and lived inside forts, neither lease land for agriculture nor do they till their own fields. They also do not supervise cultivation directly due to the stigma attached to farming and manual labor.[57] Similarly, the Vellala Chettis, a branch of the Chozhia Vellalars were traders and merchants.[58] The Adi-saiva vellalar sect is a strictly vegetarian Saivite group that traditionally served as priests.[59]","title":"Current usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shaivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivism"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Madras_(India_:_State)._Record_Office_1957_p.128-70"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rajaraman_1988_p.-71"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gough_1978_p.10-72"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-University_of_Travancore_University_of_Kerala_1948_p.274-73"},{"link_name":"Smarta Brahmins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyer"},{"link_name":"Shaivites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivite"},{"link_name":"Kaveri delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaveri"},{"link_name":"Shaivites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaivite"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"The Vellalar were considered to be of high status and enjoyed a high rank during the Chola period. They helped promote and stabilize Shaivism during the Chola era and many of the cult's leaders were drawn from the ranks of the Vellalar. They were a prosperous community of farmers and landowners who had provided economic support to Shiva temples in the Tamil country. In the Tamil region, Vellalar like Mudaliyar and Pillai along with certain other non-brahmin groups enjoyed a status equal to that of the Brahmins. The Vellalar also had more authority, power and status than the Brahmins in some social and ritual contexts.[60] They were more orthodox than the Brahmins in their religious practices.[61][62] The Vellalar nobles had marriage alliances with Chola royal families.[63][64]The Smarta Brahmins have always competed with the Tamil Shaivites for religious influence in the temples in the Kaveri delta region. The Smarta adopted the worship of Hindu deities and combined their Sanskritic background with Tamil Saiva and Vaishnava devotionalism and eventually identified themselves as Shaivites and started worshipping in Shiva temples.[65]From the Sangam period to the Chola period of Indian history (A.d. 600 to 1200), state-level political authority was in the hands of relatively low, Vellalar chieftains, who endowed local and nonlocal Brahmins with land and honors, and were in turn legitimized by them.[66]","title":"Social status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Susan Bayly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Bayly"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orr_2000_p._209-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterson_2014_p._355-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mathur-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-umamaheshwari222-61"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-65"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"^ According to Susan Bayly, even in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, \"Vellalar affiliation was as vague and uncertain as that of most other south Indian castes\"; Vellalar identity was a source of prestige and \"There were any number of groups sought to claim Vellalar status for themselves\"[4]\n\n^ The term \"Vellalar\" is a generic term for a group of high ranking Non-brahmin castes in TamilNadu[5]\n\n^ Coming to the Vellalas, Andre Beteille, an authority on caste in South India writes: The term 'Vellala' is rather confusing because of its comprehensive use. Even the Vellalas proper, those who are of Vellala origin-are not a homogeneous unit but are subdivided into small sections. These sub-groups are always segmented and are endogamous.[6]\n\n^ Without going into detail, it must suffice to say that in Sripuram the Vellalas proper are segmented into three endogamous units: Chozhia Vellala, Karaikathu Vellala, and Kodikkal Vellala.[7]\n\n^ The Kongu Vellalar is an engogamous group. They use 'gounder' as a title and hence they are also known as Kongu Vellala Gounders.[8]\n\n^ Records in his third year gift of 90 sheep for a lamp by Velala Madurantakam alias Tandanayakan Rajadhiraja Ilangovelan of Nadar, a village in Tiraimur-nadu which was a sub-division of Uyyakondan-valanadu in Solamandalam.[30]\n\n^ It is also widely believed that the Saiva Vellalas of Madras State who are stricter vegetarians than even Tamil Brahmins, were Jainas.[53]\n\n^ All of those who feared for their lives converted to Saivism (and not any other religious sect) adorning the sacred ash, 'throwing away their sacred threads', they assumed the identity of Saiva (nir-puci) vellalars or nir-puci-nayinars (the Jainas who smeared sacred ash).[54]\n\n^ Among the Tamil castes, both Karkattar Vellalas (Arunachalam, 1975) and Kondaikatti Vellalas (Barnett, 1970) have much the same profile as the KP (Kottai Pillaimar): both are non-cultivating land-holders, with a history of service to ruling dynasties.[56]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9-00427-136-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-00427-136-4"}],"text":"Lucassen, Jan; Lucassen, Leo (2014). Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-00427-136-4.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Vellālars worshipping lingam, snake-stones and Ganēsa from Castes and Tribes of Southern India (1909).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Vell%C4%81las_worshipping_lingam%2C_snake-stones_and_Gan%C4%93sa..jpg/220px-Vell%C4%81las_worshipping_lingam%2C_snake-stones_and_Gan%C4%93sa..jpg"}]	[{"title":"Pallavaraiyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallavaraiyan"},{"title":"List of Vellalars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vellalars"},{"title":"List of Vellalar sub castes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vellalar_sub_castes"},{"title":"Ponnambalam-Coomaraswamy family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponnambalam-Coomaraswamy_family"}]	[{"reference":"R. Umamaheshwari (2018). Reading History with the Tamil Jainas. A Study on Identity, Memory and Marginalisation. Volume 22 of Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures. Springer. p. 250.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rowena Robinson (2003). Christians of India. SAGE Publications. p. 81.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Vellala \| Encyclopedia.com\". encyclopedia.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/vellala","url_text":"\"Vellala \| Encyclopedia.com\""}]},{"reference":"Orr, L.C. (2000). Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God: Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu. South Asia Research. Oxford University Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-19-535672-4. Retrieved 29 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F___xKcP8lMC&pg=PA209","url_text":"Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God: Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535672-4","url_text":"978-0-19-535672-4"}]},{"reference":"Peterson, I.V. (2014). Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints. Princeton Library of Asian Translations. Princeton University Press. p. 355. ISBN 978-1-4008-6006-7. Retrieved 29 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kQwABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA355","url_text":"Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6006-7","url_text":"978-1-4008-6006-7"}]},{"reference":"P. R. G. Mathur (1994). Applied Anthropology and Challenges of Development in India. Punthi-Pustak. p. 152.","urls":[]},{"reference":"André Béteille (2012). Caste, Class and Power: Changing Patterns of Stratification in a Tanjore Village. Oxford University Press. p. 86.","urls":[]},{"reference":"D. Tyagi; K. K. Bhattacharya; S. S. Datta Chaudhuri; D. Xaviour, eds. (2012). Nutritional Status of Indian Population: Southern region. Anthropological Survey of India, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, Department of Culture, Government of India. p. 243.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Derges, Jane (2013). Ritual and Recovery in Post-Conflict Sri Lanka. Routledge. p. 77. ISBN 978-1136214882.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aMWGiJLptNoC","url_text":"Ritual and Recovery in Post-Conflict Sri Lanka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136214882","url_text":"978-1136214882"}]},{"reference":"Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2017). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 390. ISBN 978-1-53810-686-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA268","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of the Tamils"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-53810-686-0","url_text":"978-1-53810-686-0"}]},{"reference":"Dev Nathan (1997). From Tribe to Caste. Indian Institute of Advanced Study. p. 233.","urls":[]},{"reference":"M. D. Raghavan (1971). Tamil Culture in Ceylon: A General Introduction. Kalai Nilayam. p. 136.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Venkatasubramanian, T. K. (1993). Societas to Civitas: evolution of political society in South India: pre-Pallavan Tamil̤akam. Kalinga Publications. p. 64. ISBN 9788185163420.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SWeBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA64","url_text":"Societas to Civitas: evolution of political society in South India: pre-Pallavan Tamil̤akam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185163420","url_text":"9788185163420"}]},{"reference":"Iravatham Mahadevan. \"Meluhha and Agastya: Alpha and Omega of the Indus Script\" (PDF). p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011. The Ventar-Velir-Velalar groups constituted the ruling and land-owning classes in the Tamil country since the beginning of recorded history","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607212814/http://www.harappa.com/arrow/meluhha_and_agastya_2009.pdf","url_text":"\"Meluhha and Agastya: Alpha and Omega of the Indus Script\""},{"url":"http://www.harappa.com/arrow/meluhha_and_agastya_2009.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"André Wink (2002). Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 321. ISBN 9004092498. Not only were the Vellalas the landowning communities of South India,...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA321","url_text":"Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Academic_Publishers","url_text":"Brill Academic Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004092498","url_text":"9004092498"}]},{"reference":"Gough, Kathleen (2008). Rural Society in Southeast India. Cambridge University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780521040198.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GZwD7EqLcAUC","url_text":"Rural Society in Southeast India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521040198","url_text":"9780521040198"}]},{"reference":"Ka. Ta Tirunāvukkaracu (1994). Chieftains of the Sangam Age. International Institute of Tamil Studies. p. 33.","urls":[]},{"reference":"C. Sivaratnam (1964). An Outline of the Cultural History and Principles of Hinduism. Stangard Printers. p. 269.","urls":[]},{"reference":"D. Devakunjari (1979). Madurai Through the Ages From the Earliest Times to 1801 A.D. Publisher: Society for Archaeological, Historical, and Epigraphical Research. p. 72.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chakrabarty, D.K. (2010). The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties. OUP India. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-19-908832-4. Retrieved 16 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84","url_text":"The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908832-4","url_text":"978-0-19-908832-4"}]},{"reference":"N. Subrahmanian (1993). Social and Cultural History of Tamilnad: To A.D. 1336. Ennes. p. 67.","urls":[]},{"reference":"K. A. NILAKANTA SASTRI, M.A., Emeritus Professor of Indian History and Archaeology, University of Madras. Professor of Indology. University of Mysore. (1955). The Colas, Second Edition. G. S. Press, Madras. p. 108.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thomas Oberlies, Richard Pischel (2001). Pāli, A Grammar of the Language of the Theravāda Tipiṭaka. Walter de Gruyter. p. 88.","urls":[]},{"reference":"K. R. Srinivasan (1979). Temples of South India. National Book Trust. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Vijaya Laxmi Singh (2005). Mathurā.The Settlement Pattern and Cultural Profile of an Early Historical City. Sundeep Prakashan. p. 121.","urls":[]},{"reference":"R. Leela Devi. History of Kerala. Vidyarthi Mithram Press & Book Depot. p. 117.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Burton Stein (1994). Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India. Oxford University Press. p. 350.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Raj Kumar (2008). Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient, Medieval and Modern. Kalpaz Publications. p. 181.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Indu Banga, ed. (1991). The City in Indian History. Urban Demography, Society, and Politics. South Asia Publications. p. 61.","urls":[]},{"reference":"P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar (1993). South Indian Shrines. Asian Educational Services. p. 53.","urls":[]},{"reference":"T.A. Society (Tiruchchirāppalli, India) (1986). The Tamilian Antiquary Volume 1, Issue 5. Asian Educational Services. p. 28.","urls":[]},{"reference":"M. Arokiaswami. The Early History of the Vellar Basin, with Special Reference to the Irukkuvels of Kodumbalur. A Study in Vellala Origin and Early History. Amudha Nilayam. p. 28.","urls":[]},{"reference":"M. Arokiaswami. The Early History of the Vellar Basin, with Special Reference to the Irukkuvels of Kodumbalur. A Study in Vellala Origin and Early History. Amudha Nilayam. p. 29.","urls":[]},{"reference":"F. H. Gravely (2002). The Gopuras of Thiruvannamalai. Commissioner of Museums, Government of Tamil Nadu. p. 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"B. Sheikh Ali (1990). H. V. Sreenivasa Murthy (ed.). Essays on Indian History and Culture. Felicitation Volume in Honour of Professor B. Sheik Ali. Mittal Publications. pp. 105–107.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._Sheikh_Ali","url_text":"B. Sheikh Ali"}]},{"reference":"Burton Stein (1994). Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India. Oxford University Press. pp. 190–191.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gurcharn Singh Sandhu (2003). A Military History of Medieval India. Vision Books. p. 208.","urls":[]},{"reference":"École pratique des hautes études (France). Section des sciences économiques et sociales, University of Oxford. Institute of Social Anthropology, Research Centre on Social and Economic Development in Asia (1995). Contributions to Indian Sociology Volumes 29-30 of Contributions to Indian Sociology: Occasional Studies. Mouton. p. 265.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Raj Kumar (2008). Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient, Medieval and Modern. Gyan Publishing House. p. 179.","urls":[]},{"reference":"K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, M.A., Professor of Indian History and Archaeology University of Madras (1937). The Colas. Thompson & Co., Ltd., Printers, Madras. p. 11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Keith E. Yandell Keith E. Yandell, John J. Paul (2013). Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India. Routledge. p. 249.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Professor of Asian History Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Psychology Press. p. 143.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Muthusamy Govindasamy (1977). A Survey of the Sources for the History of Tamil Literature. Annamalai University. p. 135.","urls":[]},{"reference":"C. Chandramouli (2003). Temples of Tamilnadu Kancheepuram District, Volume 1. Controller of Publications. p. 54.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Balasubrahmanyam Venkataraman (1994). Tillai and Nataraja. Mudgala Trust. p. 65.","urls":[]},{"reference":"B. Natarajan (1974). The City of the Cosmic Dance: Chidambaram. Orient Longman. p. 32.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Caṇmukam Meyyappan̲ (1992). Chidambaram Golden Temple. Manivasagar Pathippagam. p. 13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Madabhushini Narasimhacharya (2004). Sri Ramanuja. Makers of Indian literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 25.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fernando, A. Denis N. (1987). \"PENINSULAR JAFFNA FROM ANCIENT TO MEDIEVAL TIMES: Its Significant Historical and Settlement Aspects\". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka. 32: 84. JSTOR 23731055.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23731055","url_text":"23731055"}]},{"reference":"Holt, John (2011). The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Duke University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0822349822.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Kj_aWm4DeFEC","url_text":"The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822349822","url_text":"978-0822349822"}]},{"reference":"Gerharz, Eva (3 April 2014). The Politics of Reconstruction and Development in Sri Lanka: Transnational Commitments to Social Change. Routledge. p. 73. ISBN 9781317692799.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xj9FAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT73","url_text":"The Politics of Reconstruction and Development in Sri Lanka: Transnational Commitments to Social Change"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317692799","url_text":"9781317692799"}]},{"reference":"Welhengama, Gnanapala; Pillay, Nirmala (2014). The Rise of Tamil Separatism in Sri Lanka: From Communalism to Secession. Routledge. p. 168. ISBN 9781135119713.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Aob8AgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Rise of Tamil Separatism in Sri Lanka: From Communalism to Secession"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135119713","url_text":"9781135119713"}]},{"reference":"Andhra University (1972). Religion and Politics in Medieval South India. Papers of a Seminar Held by the Institute of Asian Studies and Andhra University. Institute of Asian Studies. p. 15.","urls":[]},{"reference":"R. Umamaheshwari (2018). Reading History with the Tamil Jainas. A Study on Identity, Memory and Marginalisation. Volume 22 of Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures. Springer. p. 222.","urls":[]},{"reference":"R. Umamaheshwari (2018). Reading History with the Tamil Jainas. A Study on Identity, Memory and Marginalisation. Volume 22 of Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures. Springer. p. 223.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Karuna Chanana, Maithreyi Krishna Raj, ed. (1989). Gender and the Household Domain. Social and Cultural Dimensions. Sage Publications. p. 92.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kamala Ganesh (1993). Boundary Walls. Caste and Women in a Tamil Community. Hindustan Publishing Corporation. p. 27.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Govind Sadashiv Ghurye (1969). Caste and Race in India. Popular Prakashan. p. 209.","urls":[]},{"reference":"A. Aiyappan, K. Mahadevan (1988). Population and Social Change in an Indian Village. Quarter Century of Development in Managadu [i.e. Mangadu] Village, Tamil Nadu. Mittal Publications. p. 42.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Indira Viswanathan Peterson (2014). Poems to Siva The Hymns of the Tamil Saints. Princeton University Press. p. 45,54.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Madras (India : State). Record Office (1957), Tanjore District Handbook (in Slovenian), Superintendent Government Press, p. 128, retrieved 4 January 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wNsBAAAAMAAJ&q=vellala+orthodox","url_text":"Tanjore District Handbook"}]},{"reference":"Rajaraman, P. (1988), The Justice Party: A Historical Perspective, 1916-37, Poompozhil Publishers, p. 17, retrieved 4 January 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GGMmAAAAMAAJ&q=vellalar%20orthodox","url_text":"The Justice Party: A Historical Perspective, 1916-37"}]},{"reference":"Gough, K. (1978), Dravidian Kinship and Modes of Production, Publication (Indian Council of Social Science Research), Indian Council of Social Science Research, p. 10, retrieved 4 January 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qnYsAAAAMAAJ&q=chola+married+vellala+nobility","url_text":"Dravidian Kinship and Modes of Production"}]},{"reference":"University of Travancore; University of Kerala (1948), Journal of Indian History, p. 274, retrieved 4 January 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9xK2AAAAIAAJ&q=vellala","url_text":"Journal of Indian History"}]},{"reference":"Indira Viswanathan Peterson (2014). Poems to Siva The Hymns of the Tamil Saints. Princeton University Press. pp. 54–55.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Moffatt, Michael (2015). An Untouchable Community in South India: Structure and Consensus. Princeton University Press. p. 37. 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ISBN 978-9-00427-136-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-00427-136-4","url_text":"978-9-00427-136-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/vellala","external_links_name":"\"Vellala \| Encyclopedia.com\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F___xKcP8lMC&pg=PA209","external_links_name":"Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God: Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kQwABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA355","external_links_name":"Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aMWGiJLptNoC","external_links_name":"Ritual and Recovery in Post-Conflict Sri Lanka"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA268","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of the Tamils"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SWeBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA64","external_links_name":"Societas to Civitas: evolution of political society in South India: pre-Pallavan Tamil̤akam"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607212814/http://www.harappa.com/arrow/meluhha_and_agastya_2009.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Meluhha and Agastya: Alpha and Omega of the Indus Script\""},{"Link":"http://www.harappa.com/arrow/meluhha_and_agastya_2009.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA321","external_links_name":"Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GZwD7EqLcAUC","external_links_name":"Rural Society in Southeast India"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84","external_links_name":"The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23731055","external_links_name":"23731055"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Kj_aWm4DeFEC","external_links_name":"The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Xj9FAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT73","external_links_name":"The Politics of Reconstruction and Development in Sri Lanka: Transnational Commitments to Social Change"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Aob8AgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Rise of Tamil Separatism in Sri Lanka: From Communalism to Secession"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wNsBAAAAMAAJ&q=vellala+orthodox","external_links_name":"Tanjore District Handbook"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GGMmAAAAMAAJ&q=vellalar%20orthodox","external_links_name":"The Justice Party: A Historical Perspective, 1916-37"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qnYsAAAAMAAJ&q=chola+married+vellala+nobility","external_links_name":"Dravidian Kinship and Modes of Production"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9xK2AAAAIAAJ&q=vellala","external_links_name":"Journal of Indian History"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L4t9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37","external_links_name":"An Untouchable Community in South India: Structure and Consensus"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_Zone	Spiral Zone	["1 Plot","2 Characters","2.1 Black Widows","2.2 Black Widow vehicles","2.3 Zone Riders","2.4 Zone Rider vehicles","3 Episodes","4 Japanese version","5 Releases","5.1 Toys","5.2 Home video","5.3 Comics","6 Production","7 References","8 External links"]	American TV series or program Spiral ZoneSpiral Zone title cardGenreAnimationActionCreated byDiana Dru BotsfordDeveloped byJim CarlsonTerrence McDonnellDirected byPierre DecellesGeorges GrammatStarringMona MarshallFrank WelkerDan GilvezanMichael BellHal RayleDenny DelkNeil RossCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes65ProductionExecutive producersEdd GrilesDonald KushnerPeter LockeMark LudkeRay VolpeProducerDiana Dru BotsfordRunning time20 min.Production companiesAtlantic/Kushner-LockeThe Maltese CompaniesOriginal releaseNetworkfirst-run syndicationReleaseSeptember 21 (1987-09-21) –December 18, 1987 (1987-12-18) Spiral Zone is a 1987 American science-fiction animated series produced by Atlantic/Kushner-Locke. Spiral Zone was animated by Japanese studio Visual 80 as well as South Korean studio AKOM. Based in part from a toy line made by Japanese company Bandai, the series focused on an international group of soldiers fighting to free the world from a scientist who controls much of the Earth's surface. It only ran for one season, with a total count of 65 episodes. Tonka acquired the license from Bandai and created a different treatment to the series, plus a short-lived toy line. Plot In the year 2007, a brilliant but twisted military scientist named Dr. James Bent uses a neon military space shuttle to drop his deadly Zone Generators across half of the Earth, thus creating a region called the Spiral Zone due to its shape. Millions of people are trapped in the dark mists of the Spiral Zone and transformed into "Zoners" with lifeless yellow eyes and strange red patches on their skin. Because they have no will to resist, Dr. James Bent - now known as Overlord - makes them his slave army and controls them from the Chrysler Building in New York City. His followers are known as the Black Widows: Bandit, Duchess Dire, Razorback, Reaper, Crook, and Raw Meat. They are immune to the mind-altering effects of the Zone because of a special device called the Widow Maker. However, due to prolonged exposure to the Zone, they display the same physical effects to their bodies as normal people caught inside the Zone, which has dark skies and Zone spores growing in many places. Overlord seeks to conquer the world by bringing everyone under control with the Zone Generators. The Zones feed off human energy, which is why Overlord does not kill anyone inside. With major cities Zoned, the nations of the world put aside their own differences to fight the Black Widows. However, only five soldiers using special suits to protect themselves from the Zone could do it. While easy to destroy, Zone Generators are impossible to capture because of booby traps. Overlord would also drop more generators on remaining military and civilian centers and force the Zone Riders into a standoff. Characters Black Widows Bent not only invented the Zone Generators but also an antidote process giving him immunity to the bacteria. He uses this process on his small group of soldiers. While immune to the mind-altering effects, each Black Widow still has lesions on their skin and have yellow dilated eyes. Overlord (Dr. James Bent; voiced by Neil Ross) - A commander and rebel scientist. Bandit (information unknown; voiced by Neil Ross) - A master of disguise, a terrorist of Middle Eastern origin. Duchess Dire (Ursula Dire; voiced by Mona Marshall) - A charming woman of British nationality, she is an assignment expert, hardened criminal, and Overlord's mistress. Razorback (Al Krak; voiced by Frank Welker) -An aggressive loudmouth who specializes in bladed weapons. Reaper (Mathew Riles; voiced by Denny Delk) - A manhunter. Crook (Jean Duprey) - A French scientist who tricks Reaper into becoming immune to the spiral zone in the episode " Shall You Reaper." Rawmeat (Richard Welt; voiced by Hal Rayle) - A truck driver who got tricked through Bandit in an episode called " Bandit and the Smokies ". Black Widow vehicles Overlord rides the Bullwhip Cannon, an eight-wheel all-terrain vehicle equipped with a large laser cannon. The other Black Widows ride Sledge Hammers, a one-man minitank that has triangular caterpillar tracks and has whirling mace arms on either side. They also have a special delta-winged aircraft called the Intruder. Zone Riders Overlord's initial strike put all the major capitals of the world in the Zone. The chaos sparks international cooperation even between the United States and the Soviet Union. To counter the effects of the Zone bacteria, British scientists create a rare material called Neutron-90. However, only a limited amount of Neutron-90 is remaining in the world after the British government orders the destruction of the only laboratory where the material is produced. There is only enough material left to build combat suits for five specially-trained soldiers called the Spiral Force, also known as the "Zone Riders." Colonel Dirk Courage (voiced by Dan Gilvezan) - Zone Riders leader, United States MSgt Tank Schmidt (voiced by Neil Ross) - heavy weapons specialist, West Germany Lt Hiro Taka (voiced by Michael Bell) - infiltration specialist, Japan 2nd Lt Max Jones (voiced by Hal Rayle) - special mission expert, United States Cpl Katerina Anastacia (voiced by Mona Marshall) - medical officer, USSR As the series advances, the Zone Riders discover that there is still enough Neutron-90 left over from assembling the five suits, sufficient to build two additional suits. They are issued to Australian demolition specialist Lt Ned Tucker and field scientist Lt Benjamin Davis Franklin. Zone Rider vehicles The Zone Riders are deployed around the world from a mountain base called the Mission Command Central, or MCC. Dirk Courage rides the Rimfire, a monowheel vehicle equipped with a large cannon on top. The other Zone Riders ride armored combat monocycles and wear special backpacks. Episodes Holographic Zone Battle (written by Richard Mueller) King of the Skies (written by Francis Moss) Errand of Mercy (written by Eric Lewald and Andrew Yates) Mission Into Evil (written by Fettes Gray) Back to the Stone Age (written by Michael Reaves and Steve Perry) Small Packages (written by Mark Edens) Zone of Darkness (written by Mark Edens) The Gauntlet (written by Michael Reaves and Steve Perry) Ride the Whirlwind (story by Lydia C. Marano and Arthur Byron Cover, teleplay by Mark Edens) The Unexploded Pod (written by Patrick J. Furlong) Duel in Paradise (written by Mark Edens and Michael Edens) The Impostor (story by Paul Davids, teleplay by Michael Reaves and Steve Perry) The Hacker (written by Patrick J. Furlong) Overlord’s Mystery Woman (written by David Schwartz) The Sands of Amaran (written by Eric Lewald and Andrew Yates) Zone Train (story by David Wise, teleplay by David Wise and Michael Reaves) Breakout (written by Buzz Dixon) When the Cat’s Away (written by Mark Edens) Island in the Zone (written by Michael Edens and Mark Edens) The Shuttle Engine (written by R. Patrick Neary) The Mind of Gideon Rorshak (written by Haskell Barkin) Canal Zone (written by Gerry Conway and Carla Conway) The Lair of the Jade Scorpion (written by Kent Butterworth) The Man Who Wouldn’t Be King (written by Mark Edens) The Way of the Samurai (written by Michael Reaves and Steve Perry) The Best Fighting Men in the World (written by Frank Dandridge) The Ultimate Solution (written by Patrick Barry) Hometown Hero (written by Francis Moss) In the Belly of the Beast (written by Mark Edens) The Last One Picked (written by Mark Edens) So Shall You Reaper (written by Mark Edens) The Secret of Shadow House (written by Michael Reaves and Steve Perry) Zone of Fear (written by Michael Reaves and Steve Perry) Bandit and the Smokies (written by Mark Edens) Heroes in the Dark (written by Kenneth Kahn) Zone with Big Shoulders (written by Mark Edens) Behemoth (written by Patrick Barry) The Power of the Press (written by Gerry Conway and Carla Conway) Starship Doom (written by Ray Parker) The Electric Zone Rider (written by Mark Edens) Australian in Paris (written by Mark Edens) The Enemy Within (written by Mike Kirschenbaum) Anti-Matter (written by Brooks Wachtel) The Siege (written by Mark Edens) A Little Zone Music (written by Mark Edens) Element of Surprise (written by Mark Edens) Seachase (written by Francis Moss) The Right Man for the Job (written by Mark Edens) High and Low (written by Mark Edens and Michael Edens) Profiles in Courage (written by Mark Edens) The Darkness Within (story by Michael Reaves and Steve Perry, teleplay by Carla Conway and Gerry Conway) Power Play (written by Kent Stevenson) Duchess Treat (written by Mark Edens and Michael Edens) Oversight (written by Mark Edens) Assault on the Rock (written by Frank Dandridge) They Zone by Night (written by Mark Edens) Conflict of Duty (written by Cherie Wilkerson) The Final Weapon (written by Ray Parker) The Face of the Enemy (written by Mark Edens) Brother’s Keeper (written by Carla Conway and Gerry Conway) Little Darlings (written by Francis Moss) Nightmare in Ice (story by Steven Zak and Jacqueline Zak, teleplay by Mark Edens) Evil Transmissions (written by James Wager) Zone Trap (written by James Wager and Byrd Ehlmann) Countdown (written by James Wager and Scott Koldo) Japanese version The suits and some of the vehicles in Spiral Zone originated from a line of action figures produced by Bandai that was sold from 1985 to 1988. Conceptualized by Gundam mecha designers Kunio Okawara and Kazuhisa Kondo, the Special Force Group Spiral Zone series depicted a team of special operations soldiers fighting a war in the early 21st century. The line only had 12 items, organized into Acts. They include: three 1:12 scale six-inch figures with full equipment codenamed Bull Solid, Hyper Boxer, and Sentinel Bear, two Bull Solid cloth uniform and armor sets, two Hyper Boxer cloth uniform and armor sets, two equipment backpacks, two bare human figures, and one vehicle called the Monoseed. The figures had 30 points of articulation. Non-toy media included a notebook, a novel, and an LP/story compilation released in 1986 by Warner Bros. Records and Pioneer Corporation called a Hyper Image Album. The LP disc in particular contains songs composed by Toshiyuki Watanabe and performed by Tomoko Aran, with the accompanying stories written by Kazunori Itō. He wrote the novel with HEADGEAR colleague Akemi Takada as illustrator. The series' story and other machines, such as a mobile base and special transport for the Monoseeds, were also detailed in Bandai's Model Making Journal. Bandai had plans to release a fourth action figure (codenamed Fireball) and additional vehicles before the line was cancelled. They include a tank, a small flight pod called the Beaufighter, a radio-controlled assault jeep resembling the Chenowth DPV called the Fat Lynx, a fast-attack vehicle called the Mad Lemming, a bipedal mech, two personal transport backpacks, and the Monoseed Mk II assault cycle, among others. The Monoseed and Monoseed Mk II were the respective basis for the Zone Riders' standard motorcycles and Courage's Rimfire Cannon, while one of the two unreleased backpacks, a monocycle called the Monodrive, was remodeled as Max Jones' Zone Runner backpack. The unreleased vehicles later appeared in the series' gashapon line, which also had a special Spiral Zone super-deformed board game and other products not developed in 1:12 scale, such as new personal mecha units, weapon packs, and three figures (codenamed Zone Bolt, Eagle Eye, and Zone Acorn). Because of their extensive detail and high-quality construction, the Japanese Spiral Zone figures are well regarded among toy collectors and often fetch high prices. The American Spiral Zone animated series was dubbed into Japanese and aired on the satellite network NHK-BS2 in 1990. The episode order for the Japanese broadcast was substantially altered from the order used in the United States. For example, US episode #1 was aired in Japan as episode #3. However, the series' opening theme was left unaltered. The complete Japanese dubbed version of Spiral Zone was released on VHS format in Japan by NHK under their "VOOK" line in 1991 thru 1992. Releases Toys Although best known for producing toys of construction vehicles, Tonka licensed the rights to Spiral Zone from Bandai and created a line of seven-inch figures that were later based on the animated series. The toy line, which hit the market in 1986, comprised four of the five original Zone Riders and all five original Black Widows, plus their vehicles, six cloth uniforms, and six equipment sets. However, the cancellation of the series left the figures of Zone Riders Anastacia, Tucker, and Franklin, Black Widows Crook and Raw Meat, and a Zone Generator playset out of Tonka's 1988 release. The figures were also highly detailed, but were not as articulated as the Japanese figures. Each figure has a special audio cassette tape. Home video Tonka first released Spiral Zone on VHS in 1987 with two episodes per tape. Only three tapes were produced before the series was cancelled. Tonka has not announced plans to release the series on DVD. However, an unofficial DVD set containing all 65 episodes and bonus materials was released in November 2006 by SpiralZone.com, with the cooperation of the show's supervising director, Pierre de Celles. The site's operator said that de Celles volunteered for the project by providing the original master tapes of the series, which were converted to DVD. He added that Tonka and parent firm Hasbro never responded to his offers to acquire the rights. Comics DC Comics released a Spiral Zone four-issue limited series in February 1987. It was written by Michael Fleisher with art by veteran artist Carmine Infantino. Production According to the show's former supervising director Pierre De Celles, he wanted to get Spiral Zone to go for the fantastic science fiction direction, but the producers and sponsors discouraged him for doing anything too unusual. References ^ Erickson, Hal (2005). Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 (2nd ed.). McFarland & Co. pp. 783–784. ISBN 978-1476665993. ^ Perlmutter, David (2018). The Encyclopedia of American Animated Television Shows. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 580–581. ISBN 978-1538103739. ^ a b c "Spiral Zone \| CollectionDX". ^ Spiral Zone S1 E14 ^ Spiral Zone episode 4, Mission Into Evil ^ Bandai Model Making Journal, October 1985 ^ Bandai Model Making Journal, June 1986 ^ a b "SPIRAL ZONE - Earth's Most Powerful Soldiers! / Special Force Group". ^ http://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm16789521 Japanese dub at Nico Nico Douga (account required for viewing) ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oX0l5_GHGmo Japanese dub of "Holographic Battle" on You Tube. ^ "Toon Zone - Your Source for Toon News!". Archived from the original on 2009-10-01. Retrieved 2009-07-26. ^ "GCD :: Series :: Spiral Zone". ^ ""Spiral Zone": Earth's Most Powerful Sci-Fi Returns! - Anime Superhero News". 5 January 2007. External links SpiralZone.com: The #1 resource for both the Tonka and Bandai SPIRAL ZONE series (unofficial) Spiral Zone at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Entertainment_Group"},{"link_name":"Kushner-Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kushner-Locke_Company"},{"link_name":"AKOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKOM"},{"link_name":"Bandai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perlmutter-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDX-3"}],"text":"Spiral Zone is a 1987 American science-fiction animated series produced by Atlantic/Kushner-Locke. Spiral Zone was animated by Japanese studio Visual 80 as well as South Korean studio AKOM. Based in part from a toy line made by Japanese company Bandai, the series focused on an international group of soldiers fighting to free the world from a scientist who controls much of the Earth's surface.[1] It only ran for one season, with a total count of 65 episodes.[2]Tonka acquired the license from Bandai and created a different treatment to the series, plus a short-lived toy line.[3]","title":"Spiral Zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chrysler Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Building"},{"link_name":"spores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spores"},{"link_name":"booby traps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booby_traps"}],"text":"In the year 2007, a brilliant but twisted military scientist named Dr. James Bent uses a neon military space shuttle to drop his deadly Zone Generators across half of the Earth, thus creating a region called the Spiral Zone due to its shape.Millions of people are trapped in the dark mists of the Spiral Zone and transformed into \"Zoners\" with lifeless yellow eyes and strange red patches on their skin. Because they have no will to resist, Dr. James Bent - now known as Overlord - makes them his slave army and controls them from the Chrysler Building in New York City.His followers are known as the Black Widows: Bandit, Duchess Dire, Razorback, Reaper, Crook, and Raw Meat. They are immune to the mind-altering effects of the Zone because of a special device called the Widow Maker. However, due to prolonged exposure to the Zone, they display the same physical effects to their bodies as normal people caught inside the Zone, which has dark skies and Zone spores growing in many places. Overlord seeks to conquer the world by bringing everyone under control with the Zone Generators. The Zones feed off human energy, which is why Overlord does not kill anyone inside.With major cities Zoned, the nations of the world put aside their own differences to fight the Black Widows. However, only five soldiers using special suits to protect themselves from the Zone could do it. While easy to destroy, Zone Generators are impossible to capture because of booby traps. Overlord would also drop more generators on remaining military and civilian centers and force the Zone Riders into a standoff.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neil Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Ross"},{"link_name":"Mona Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Marshall"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Frank Welker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Welker"},{"link_name":"Denny Delk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Delk"},{"link_name":"Hal Rayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Rayle"}],"sub_title":"Black Widows","text":"Bent not only invented the Zone Generators but also an antidote process giving him immunity to the bacteria. He uses this process on his small group of soldiers. While immune to the mind-altering effects, each Black Widow still has lesions on their skin and have yellow dilated eyes.Overlord (Dr. James Bent; voiced by Neil Ross) - A commander and rebel scientist.\nBandit (information unknown; voiced by Neil Ross) - A master of disguise, a terrorist of Middle Eastern origin.\nDuchess Dire (Ursula Dire; voiced by Mona Marshall) - A charming woman of British nationality, she is an assignment expert, hardened criminal, and Overlord's mistress.[4]\nRazorback (Al Krak; voiced by Frank Welker) -An aggressive loudmouth who specializes in bladed weapons.\nReaper (Mathew Riles; voiced by Denny Delk) - A manhunter.\nCrook (Jean Duprey) - A French scientist who tricks Reaper into becoming immune to the spiral zone in the episode \" Shall You Reaper.\"\nRawmeat (Richard Welt; voiced by Hal Rayle) - A truck driver who got tricked through Bandit in an episode called \" Bandit and the Smokies \".","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"all-terrain vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle"},{"link_name":"mace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flail_(weapon)"}],"sub_title":"Black Widow vehicles","text":"Overlord rides the Bullwhip Cannon, an eight-wheel all-terrain vehicle equipped with a large laser cannon. The other Black Widows ride Sledge Hammers, a one-man minitank that has triangular caterpillar tracks and has whirling mace arms on either side. They also have a special delta-winged aircraft called the Intruder.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"British government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_government"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dan Gilvezan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Gilvezan"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Michael Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"}],"sub_title":"Zone Riders","text":"Overlord's initial strike put all the major capitals of the world in the Zone. The chaos sparks international cooperation even between the United States and the Soviet Union. To counter the effects of the Zone bacteria, British scientists create a rare material called Neutron-90. However, only a limited amount of Neutron-90 is remaining in the world after the British government orders the destruction of the only laboratory where the material is produced.[5] There is only enough material left to build combat suits for five specially-trained soldiers called the Spiral Force, also known as the \"Zone Riders.\"Colonel Dirk Courage (voiced by Dan Gilvezan) - Zone Riders leader, United States\nMSgt Tank Schmidt (voiced by Neil Ross) - heavy weapons specialist, West Germany\nLt Hiro Taka (voiced by Michael Bell) - infiltration specialist, Japan\n2nd Lt Max Jones (voiced by Hal Rayle) - special mission expert, United States\nCpl Katerina Anastacia (voiced by Mona Marshall) - medical officer, USSRAs the series advances, the Zone Riders discover that there is still enough Neutron-90 left over from assembling the five suits, sufficient to build two additional suits. They are issued to Australian demolition specialist Lt Ned Tucker and field scientist Lt Benjamin Davis Franklin.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monowheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monowheel"}],"sub_title":"Zone Rider vehicles","text":"The Zone Riders are deployed around the world from a mountain base called the Mission Command Central, or MCC. Dirk Courage rides the Rimfire, a monowheel vehicle equipped with a large cannon on top. The other Zone Riders ride armored combat monocycles and wear special backpacks.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fettes Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Michael_Straczynski"},{"link_name":"Michael Reaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Reaves"},{"link_name":"Steve Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Perry_(author)"},{"link_name":"Arthur Byron Cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Byron_Cover"},{"link_name":"Paul Davids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Davids"},{"link_name":"David Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wise_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Buzz Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Gerry Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Conway"},{"link_name":"Cherie Wilkerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherie_Wilkerson"}],"text":"Holographic Zone Battle (written by Richard Mueller)\nKing of the Skies (written by Francis Moss)\nErrand of Mercy (written by Eric Lewald and Andrew Yates)\nMission Into Evil (written by Fettes Gray)\nBack to the Stone Age (written by Michael Reaves and Steve Perry)\nSmall Packages (written by Mark Edens)\nZone of Darkness (written by Mark Edens)\nThe Gauntlet (written by Michael Reaves and Steve Perry)\nRide the Whirlwind (story by Lydia C. Marano and Arthur Byron Cover, teleplay by Mark Edens)\nThe Unexploded Pod (written by Patrick J. Furlong)\nDuel in Paradise (written by Mark Edens and Michael Edens)\nThe Impostor (story by Paul Davids, teleplay by Michael Reaves and Steve Perry)\nThe Hacker (written by Patrick J. Furlong)\nOverlord’s Mystery Woman (written by David Schwartz)\nThe Sands of Amaran (written by Eric Lewald and Andrew Yates)\nZone Train (story by David Wise, teleplay by David Wise and Michael Reaves)\nBreakout (written by Buzz Dixon)\nWhen the Cat’s Away (written by Mark Edens)\nIsland in the Zone (written by Michael Edens and Mark Edens)\nThe Shuttle Engine (written by R. Patrick Neary)\nThe Mind of Gideon Rorshak (written by Haskell Barkin)\nCanal Zone (written by Gerry Conway and Carla Conway)\nThe Lair of the Jade Scorpion (written by Kent Butterworth)\nThe Man Who Wouldn’t Be King (written by Mark Edens)\nThe Way of the Samurai (written by Michael Reaves and Steve Perry)\nThe Best Fighting Men in the World (written by Frank Dandridge)\nThe Ultimate Solution (written by Patrick Barry)\nHometown Hero (written by Francis Moss)\nIn the Belly of the Beast (written by Mark Edens)\nThe Last One Picked (written by Mark Edens)\nSo Shall You Reaper (written by Mark Edens)\nThe Secret of Shadow House (written by Michael Reaves and Steve Perry)\nZone of Fear (written by Michael Reaves and Steve Perry)\nBandit and the Smokies (written by Mark Edens)\nHeroes in the Dark (written by Kenneth Kahn)\nZone with Big Shoulders (written by Mark Edens)\nBehemoth (written by Patrick Barry)\nThe Power of the Press (written by Gerry Conway and Carla Conway)\nStarship Doom (written by Ray Parker)\nThe Electric Zone Rider (written by Mark Edens)\nAustralian in Paris (written by Mark Edens)\nThe Enemy Within (written by Mike Kirschenbaum)\nAnti-Matter (written by Brooks Wachtel)\nThe Siege (written by Mark Edens)\nA Little Zone Music (written by Mark Edens)\nElement of Surprise (written by Mark Edens)\nSeachase (written by Francis Moss)\nThe Right Man for the Job (written by Mark Edens)\nHigh and Low (written by Mark Edens and Michael Edens)\nProfiles in Courage (written by Mark Edens)\nThe Darkness Within (story by Michael Reaves and Steve Perry, teleplay by Carla Conway and Gerry Conway)\nPower Play (written by Kent Stevenson)\nDuchess Treat (written by Mark Edens and Michael Edens)\nOversight (written by Mark Edens)\nAssault on the Rock (written by Frank Dandridge)\nThey Zone by Night (written by Mark Edens)\nConflict of Duty (written by Cherie Wilkerson)\nThe Final Weapon (written by Ray Parker)\nThe Face of the Enemy (written by Mark Edens)\nBrother’s Keeper (written by Carla Conway and Gerry Conway)\nLittle Darlings (written by Francis Moss)\nNightmare in Ice (story by Steven Zak and Jacqueline Zak, teleplay by Mark Edens)\nEvil Transmissions (written by James Wager)\nZone Trap (written by James Wager and Byrd Ehlmann)\nCountdown (written by James Wager and Scott Koldo)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bandai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandai"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDX-3"},{"link_name":"Gundam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundam"},{"link_name":"Kunio Okawara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunio_Okawara"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDX-3"},{"link_name":"LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_album"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"},{"link_name":"Pioneer Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Toshiyuki Watanabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiyuki_Watanabe"},{"link_name":"Kazunori Itō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazunori_It%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"HEADGEAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headgear_(artist_group)"},{"link_name":"Akemi Takada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akemi_Takada"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank"},{"link_name":"radio-controlled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-controlled"},{"link_name":"Chenowth DPV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Patrol_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"bipedal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SZB-8"},{"link_name":"gashapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashapon"},{"link_name":"super-deformed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-deformed"},{"link_name":"board game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_game"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SZB-8"},{"link_name":"NHK-BS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The suits and some of the vehicles in Spiral Zone originated from a line of action figures produced by Bandai that was sold from 1985 to 1988.[3] Conceptualized by Gundam mecha designers Kunio Okawara and Kazuhisa Kondo,[3] the Special Force Group Spiral Zone series depicted a team of special operations soldiers fighting a war in the early 21st century. The line only had 12 items, organized into Acts. They include: three 1:12 scale six-inch figures with full equipment codenamed Bull Solid, Hyper Boxer, and Sentinel Bear, two Bull Solid cloth uniform and armor sets, two Hyper Boxer cloth uniform and armor sets, two equipment backpacks, two bare human figures, and one vehicle called the Monoseed. The figures had 30 points of articulation.Non-toy media included a notebook, a novel, and an LP/story compilation released in 1986 by Warner Bros. Records and Pioneer Corporation called a Hyper Image Album. The LP disc in particular contains songs composed by Toshiyuki Watanabe and performed by Tomoko Aran, with the accompanying stories written by Kazunori Itō. He wrote the novel with HEADGEAR colleague Akemi Takada as illustrator. The series' story and other machines, such as a mobile base and special transport for the Monoseeds, were also detailed in Bandai's Model Making Journal.[6][7]Bandai had plans to release a fourth action figure (codenamed Fireball) and additional vehicles before the line was cancelled. They include a tank, a small flight pod called the Beaufighter, a radio-controlled assault jeep resembling the Chenowth DPV called the Fat Lynx, a fast-attack vehicle called the Mad Lemming, a bipedal mech, two personal transport backpacks, and the Monoseed Mk II assault cycle, among others. The Monoseed and Monoseed Mk II were the respective basis for the Zone Riders' standard motorcycles and Courage's Rimfire Cannon, while one of the two unreleased backpacks, a monocycle called the Monodrive, was remodeled as Max Jones' Zone Runner backpack.[8]The unreleased vehicles later appeared in the series' gashapon line, which also had a special Spiral Zone super-deformed board game and other products not developed in 1:12 scale, such as new personal mecha units, weapon packs, and three figures (codenamed Zone Bolt, Eagle Eye, and Zone Acorn).[8]Because of their extensive detail and high-quality construction, the Japanese Spiral Zone figures are well regarded among toy collectors and often fetch high prices.The American Spiral Zone animated series was dubbed into Japanese and aired on the satellite network NHK-BS2 in 1990.[9] The episode order for the Japanese broadcast was substantially altered from the order used in the United States. For example, US episode #1 was aired in Japan as episode #3.[10] However, the series' opening theme was left unaltered. The complete Japanese dubbed version of Spiral Zone was released on VHS format in Japan by NHK under their \"VOOK\" line in 1991 thru 1992.","title":"Japanese version"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tonka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonka"},{"link_name":"audio cassette tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_cassette_tape"}],"sub_title":"Toys","text":"Although best known for producing toys of construction vehicles, Tonka licensed the rights to Spiral Zone from Bandai and created a line of seven-inch figures that were later based on the animated series. The toy line, which hit the market in 1986, comprised four of the five original Zone Riders and all five original Black Widows, plus their vehicles, six cloth uniforms, and six equipment sets.However, the cancellation of the series left the figures of Zone Riders Anastacia, Tucker, and Franklin, Black Widows Crook and Raw Meat, and a Zone Generator playset out of Tonka's 1988 release. The figures were also highly detailed, but were not as articulated as the Japanese figures. Each figure has a special audio cassette tape.","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tonka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonka"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"SpiralZone.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//spiralzone.com"},{"link_name":"master tapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_tapes"},{"link_name":"Hasbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbro"},{"link_name":"rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Home video","text":"Tonka first released Spiral Zone on VHS in 1987 with two episodes per tape. Only three tapes were produced before the series was cancelled. Tonka has not announced plans to release the series on DVD. However, an unofficial DVD set containing all 65 episodes and bonus materials was released in November 2006 by SpiralZone.com, with the cooperation of the show's supervising director, Pierre de Celles. The site's operator said that de Celles volunteered for the project by providing the original master tapes of the series, which were converted to DVD. He added that Tonka and parent firm Hasbro never responded to his offers to acquire the rights.[11]","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Michael Fleisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fleisher"},{"link_name":"Carmine Infantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine_Infantino"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Comics","text":"DC Comics released a Spiral Zone four-issue limited series in February 1987. It was written by Michael Fleisher with art by veteran artist Carmine Infantino.[12]","title":"Releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"According to the show's former supervising director Pierre De Celles, he wanted to get Spiral Zone to go for the fantastic science fiction direction, but the producers and sponsors discouraged him for doing anything too unusual.[13]","title":"Production"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Erickson, Hal (2005). Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 (2nd ed.). McFarland & Co. pp. 783–784. ISBN 978-1476665993.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476665993","url_text":"978-1476665993"}]},{"reference":"Perlmutter, David (2018). The Encyclopedia of American Animated Television Shows. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 580–581. ISBN 978-1538103739.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1538103739","url_text":"978-1538103739"}]},{"reference":"\"Spiral Zone \| CollectionDX\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collectiondx.com/toy_line/spiral_zone","url_text":"\"Spiral Zone \| CollectionDX\""}]},{"reference":"\"SPIRAL ZONE - Earth's Most Powerful Soldiers! / Special Force Group\".","urls":[{"url":"http://spiralzone.com/bandai/prototypes.htm","url_text":"\"SPIRAL ZONE - Earth's Most Powerful Soldiers! / Special Force Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"Toon Zone - Your Source for Toon News!\". Archived from the original on 2009-10-01. Retrieved 2009-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091001150938/http://news.toonzone.net/articles/14147/chris-millar-regenerates-the-spiral-zone","url_text":"\"Toon Zone - Your Source for Toon News!\""},{"url":"http://news.toonzone.net/articles/14147/chris-millar-regenerates-the-spiral-zone","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GCD :: Series :: Spiral Zone\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.comics.org/series/3619/","url_text":"\"GCD :: Series :: Spiral Zone\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Spiral Zone\": Earth's Most Powerful Sci-Fi Returns! - Anime Superhero News\". 5 January 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://animesuperhero.com/spiral-zone-earth/","url_text":"\"\"Spiral Zone\": Earth's Most Powerful Sci-Fi Returns! - Anime Superhero News\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://spiralzone.com/","external_links_name":"SpiralZone.com"},{"Link":"https://www.collectiondx.com/toy_line/spiral_zone","external_links_name":"\"Spiral Zone \| CollectionDX\""},{"Link":"http://spiralzone.com/bandai/prototypes.htm","external_links_name":"\"SPIRAL ZONE - Earth's Most Powerful Soldiers! / Special Force Group\""},{"Link":"http://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm16789521","external_links_name":"http://www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm16789521"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oX0l5_GHGmo","external_links_name":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oX0l5_GHGmo"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091001150938/http://news.toonzone.net/articles/14147/chris-millar-regenerates-the-spiral-zone","external_links_name":"\"Toon Zone - Your Source for Toon News!\""},{"Link":"http://news.toonzone.net/articles/14147/chris-millar-regenerates-the-spiral-zone","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.comics.org/series/3619/","external_links_name":"\"GCD :: Series :: Spiral Zone\""},{"Link":"https://animesuperhero.com/spiral-zone-earth/","external_links_name":"\"\"Spiral Zone\": Earth's Most Powerful Sci-Fi Returns! - Anime Superhero News\""},{"Link":"http://www.spiralzone.com/","external_links_name":"SpiralZone.com: The #1 resource for both the Tonka and Bandai SPIRAL ZONE series (unofficial)"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0169492/","external_links_name":"Spiral Zone"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_seepage	Gas venting	["1 Oil field practice relating to unwanted gas","2 Coal mining and coalbed methane activity","3 Gas field and gas pipeline practices","4 Historical context","5 Environmental impact","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Disposal of unwanted methane gas from fossil fuels A diagram showing the geologic sources of alkane hydrocarbon gases which accompany the extraction of coal and crude oil, or which are themselves the target of extraction. Gas venting, more specifically known as natural-gas venting or methane venting, is the intentional and controlled release of gases containing alkane hydrocarbons - predominately methane - into Earth's atmosphere. It is a widely used method for disposal of unwanted gases which are produced during the extraction of coal and crude oil. Such gases may lack value when they are not recyclable into the production process, have no export route to consumer markets, or are surplus to near-term demand. In cases where the gases have value to the producer, substantial amounts may also be vented from the equipment used for gas collection, transport, and distribution. Gas venting contributes strongly to climate change. Nevertheless, many individual cases are sufficiently small and dispersed to be deemed "safe" with regard to immediate health hazards. Large and concentrated releases are usually abated with gas flares to produce relatively less-harmful carbon dioxide gas. Gas venting and flaring that are performed as routine practices are especially wasteful and may be eliminated in many modern industrial operations, where other low-cost options are available to utilize the gas. Gas venting is not to be confused with similar types of gas release, such as those from: emergency pressure relief as a method of last resort to prevent equipment damage and safeguard life, or fugitive gas emissions which are unintentional gas leaks that occur in coal, oil, and gas operations, such as from orphan wells Gas venting should also not be confused with "gas seepage" from the earth or oceans - either natural or due to human activity. Oil field practice relating to unwanted gas Petroleum extraction and storage with flaring of the associated gas at a rural site. Incomplete gas flaring that also creates excessive black carbon. See also: Associated petroleum gas and Routine flaring Petroleum extraction from oil wells, where acquiring crude oil is the primary and sometimes sole financial objective, is generally accompanied by the extraction of substantial amounts of so-called associated petroleum gas (i.e. a form of raw natural gas). Global statistics from year 2012 show that the majority (58%) of this gas was re-injected for storage and to help maintain well pressure, 27% was sent to consumption markets, and the remaining 15% was vented or flared near the well site. 100 million tons of the vented associated gas was combusted in flares worldwide, equal to about 3-4% of all gas produced from oil and gas wells. The flared gas yielded nearly 350 million tons of CO2-equivalent emissions of greenhouse gases, contributing about 1% of the 33 billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) released from the burning of all fossil fuels. Flare Gas Recovery Systems (FGRS) are being increasingly implemented as a more economically productive alternative to flaring.: 50–52 Preferably, all of the unwanted gas would at least be abated in gas flares, but this has not been achieved in practice. For example, the vented volumes from individual wells are sometimes too small and intermittent, and may present other difficulties (e.g. high concentrations of contaminants) that make flaring more technically and economically challenging. Also, gas will continue to effervesce from the crude oil for some time after it is moved into storage tanks at the well site and transported elsewhere. This gas may also be routed to a flare stack, utilized, or designed to escape without mitigation through vents or pressure regulators. Global tracking estimates from the International Energy Agency (IEA) during year 2019 indicate that an additional 32 million tons of methane were vented without abatement from all petroleum extraction; including onshore conventional oil, offshore oil, unconventional oil, and downstream oil activities. When including the amount released from incomplete gas flares and fugitive emissions, the estimated total is about 37 million tons. Matthew Johnson, from the Energy and Emissions Research Lab (EER) at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, said in a December 2023 interview that—contrary to common beliefs—venting, particularly from heavy oil facilities designed for normal operations, is the primary source of methane emissions in the oil and gas industry. Johnson stresses the urgency of swiftly retrofitting oil and gas sites, considering that the associated costs are reasonable, based on various studies. The estimated cost for retrofitting for the total industry in Canada is estimated at $3.3 billion between 2027 and 2040 for implementing both venting and flaring requirements in the . Jonson said that while fossil fuels are not going to be phased out "overnight", "when it comes to methane emissions, we have a solution and we can implement it right now." A 2023 Energy and Emissions Research Lab report discusses challenges in meeting the 2030 methane reduction targets under the Global Methane Pledge, due to uncertainties in emission levels from oil and gas operations. The research, which centers on Alberta, Canada—the Canadian province with the largest oil and gas-industry—presents a methane inventory for 2021 that exceeds the official federal inventory by 1.5 times. The study underscores that nearly two-thirds of emissions—primarily stemming from uncontrolled tanks, pneumatics, and unlit flares, result from gas venting—indicating substantial opportunities for mitigation. Notably, methane intensities in Alberta are four times higher than those in neighboring British Columbia, highlighting the necessity for independent monitoring and reporting ensuring the success of emission reduction initiatives. Gas venting in the oil and gas industry has gained attention in Alberta, Canada, particularly in light of proposed legislative changes aimed at reducing methane emissions. Federal Environment Minister Steven Guilbeault presented a plan during the 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Dubai, outlining a national cap-and-trade system to curb emissions without hindering production. The proposed framework aims to cap 2030 emissions at 35 to 38 percent below 2019 levels, aligning with the federal government's objective of achieving net-zero carbon emissions in the sector by 2050. Given that the oil and gas industry contributes to 28 percent of Canada's emissions, these proposed changes signal a significant effort to address environmental concerns and combat climate change. Coal mining and coalbed methane activity A large fan supplying fresh air to a mine ventilation shaft. Methane and coal dust are removed by exhaust air. A ventilation air methane thermal oxidizer. See also: Coalbed methane Substantial amounts of methane-rich gas are trapped and adsorbed within coal formations, and are unavoidably desorbed in association with coal mining. In some cases of sub-surface mining, a formation is permeated with boreholes prior to and/or during extraction work, and the so-called firedamp gases allowed to vent as a safety measure. Also during work, methane enters the ventilation air system at concentrations as high as 1%, and is usually freely exhausted from the mine opening. Such ventilation air methane (VAM) is the largest source of methane from all operating and decommissioned coal mines worldwide. Substantial methane also continues to desorb from coal placed into storage and from abandoned mines. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency projects that by year 2020, global methane releases from coal mines throughout the world will exceed 35 million tons or 800 million tons of CO2-equivalent emissions, and account for 9% of all global methane emissions. China contributes over 50% of the total, followed by the United States (10%) and Russia (7%), and then by Australia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and India (3-4% each). About 200 mines across a broad scope of countries had implemented technology by the year 2015 to capture about 3 million tons of methane, either for economic use or for abatement in gas flares or thermal oxidizers. Outcroppings, seams, or formations near the surface are also sometimes permeated with wells to extract and capture the methane, in which event it is classified as a form of unconventional gas. Such coalbed methane capture can reduce the volume of gas seepage that would otherwise occur naturally, while in-turn adding emissions of carbon dioxide once the fuel is utilized elsewhere. Global tracking estimates from the IEA during 2019 suggest that about 40 million tons of methane were released from all activities related to coal mining. This total amount includes all vented, fugitive and seepage emissions. Gas field and gas pipeline practices A gas pipeline compressor station. Gas is vented by design from the seals of some gas compressor equipment. In gas fields, acquiring non-associated petroleum gas (i.e. another form of raw natural gas) is the primary financial objective, and very little is unwanted compared to the gas produced in oil fields or coal mines. The majority of venting emissions instead occur during the pipeline transport to trading & distribution hubs, refineries, and consumer markets.: 6–8 The U.S. Department of Energy reports that a majority of the venting within U.S. gas industry operations in year 2017 occurred at compressor stations and from pneumatically operated controllers and regulators.: 7 Improved maintenance strategies and advanced equipment technologies either exist or are being developed to reduce such venting. Global tracking estimates from the IEA during year 2019 further indicate that about 23 million tons of methane were vented from all gas industry segments, including onshore conventional gas, offshore gas, unconventional gas, and downstream gas activities. When including the amount released from fugitive emissions, the estimated total is about 43 million tons. Historical context Associated petroleum and coal mining gases were sometimes considered troublesome, dangerous, low value: a "free" by-product associated with financially more lucrative coal or liquid hydrocarbon recovery that had to be dealt with. The growth of international gas markets, infrastructure and supply chains have done much to change this. It is also becoming more of a standard practice to: capture and use associated gas to provide local power, and to reinject re-compressed gas for oil reservoir pressure maintenance, secondary recovery, and potential later reservoir depressurization once hydrocarbon liquids recovery has been maximized and a gas export infrastructure and market access have been established. Today, it is financially viable to develop even relatively small hydrocarbon reservoirs containing non-associated gas (i.e. with little or no oil) close to a market or export route, as well as large, remote accumulations. Fossil gas was recently promoted by some industry advocates and policy makers as a "bridge fuel" that could yield the least waste, and thus environmental damage and accompanying economic losses, during the transition from finite fossil-fuel reserves to more sustainable sources. However, the actual volumes of methane released cumulatively over the supply chain have a near-term climate warming impact which already rivals, and may grow to exceed, that from using coal and oil. Environmental impact Radiative forcing of different contributors to climate change in 2011, as reported in the fifth IPCC assessment report. Venting and other releases of gaseous hydrocarbons have increased steadily throughout the industrial age alongside the rapid growth in production and consumption of fossil fuels. The International Energy Agency estimates that total annual methane emissions from the oil and gas industry alone rose from about 63 to 82 million tons over years 2000 thru 2019; an average increase of about 1.4% per year. Globally, the IEA estimates that the geologic extraction of coal, crude oil, and natural gas is responsible for 20% of all methane emissions. Other researchers have found evidence that their contribution may be substantially higher; 30% or greater. Methane's atmospheric concentration has nearly doubled over the last century, and is already a factor 2.5 greater than at any point in the last 800,000 years. Methane is a potent warming gas despite its lower abundance compared to atmospheric carbon dioxide. Atmospheric methane is responsible for at least one-quarter and as much as one-third of the changes in radiative forcing that drive near-term climate warming. The ethane, propane, and butane components of natural gas have much shorter atmospheric lifetimes (ranging from about 1 week to 2 months) compared to methane (1-2 decades) and carbon dioxide (1-2 centuries). They consequently do not become well-mixed into the atmosphere and have much lower atmospheric abundances. Nevertheless, their oxidation ultimately leads to the creation of longer-lived carbon compounds that also disturb the atmosphere and the planetary carbon cycle through a variety of complex pathways. See also Routine flaring Methane emissions References ^ Stocker, Thomas (ed.). Climate change 2013 : the physical science basis : Working Group I contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. New York. ISBN 978-1-10741-532-4. OCLC 881236891. ^ a b "Europe Outlines Bold New Climate Vision, While Underscoring Value of Methane Emission Reductions". Environmental Defense Fund. Retrieved 2020-04-13. ^ "Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership". World Bank. Retrieved 2020-04-13. ^ a b "Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 Q&A". World Bank. Retrieved 2020-04-10. ^ "Global Energy & CO2 Status Report 2019: The latest trends in energy and emissions in 2018". International Energy Agency (Paris). 2019-03-01. Retrieved 2020-04-10. ^ a b c "Natural Gas Flaring and Venting: State and Federal Regulatory Overview, Trends, and Impacts" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. 2019-06-01. Retrieved 2020-04-09. ^ a b c "Fuels and Technologies - Methane abatement". International Energy Agency (Paris). 2019-11-01. Retrieved 2020-09-08. ^ a b "Methane Tracker - Country and regional estimates". International Energy Agency (Paris). 2019-11-01. Retrieved 2020-04-10. ^ a b Cram, Stephanie (14 December 2023). "Oil and gas flaring became a political flash point in Alberta last week. We take a look at why". CBC News. Retrieved 14 December 2023. ^ Tremblay, Alyssa. "Methane Census to Help Define a Path to Meet 2030 Reduction Targets". Carleton Newsroom. Retrieved 14 December 2023. ^ Conrad, Bradley M.; Tyner, David R.; Li, Hugh Z.; Xie, Donglai; Johnson, Matthew R. (15 November 2023). A Measurement-Based Upstream Oil and Gas Methane Inventory for Alberta, Canada Reveals Higher Emissions and Different Sources than Official Estimates. Communications Earth & Environment (Report). doi:10.1038/s43247-023-01081-0. Retrieved 14 December 2023. ^ a b "Coalbed Methane Outreach Program - Frequent Questions About Coal Mine Methane". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2020-04-09. ^ "Coalbed Methane Extraction Industry". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2020-04-10. ^ Mullane, Shannon (July 9, 2019). "Outdoors industry taps into Southern Ute methane capture project". Durango Herald. Retrieved 2020-04-10. ^ "Southern Ute Indian Tribe: Natural Methane Capture and Use". Native Energy. 2018. Retrieved 2020-04-10. ^ a b "Methane Tracker - Analysis". International Energy Agency (Paris). 2019-11-01. Retrieved 2020-04-10. ^ "EPA's Voluntary Methane Programs for the Oil and Natural Gas Industry". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2020-04-09. ^ Joel Kirkland (June 25, 2010). "Natural gas could serve as a "bridge" fuel to low carbon future". Scientific American. Retrieved 2020-04-10. ^ Howarth, R.W. (2014). "A bridge to nowhere: methane emissions and the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas" (PDF). Energy Science & Engineering. 2 (2). Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: 47–60. doi:10.1002/ese3.35. ^ Heede, R. (2014). "Tracing anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane emissions to fossil fuel and cement producers, 1854–2010". Climatic Change. 122 (1–2): 229–241. Bibcode:2014ClCh..122..229H. doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0986-y. ^ "Methane Tracker 2020 - Methane from oil and gas". International Energy Agency (Paris). 2019-11-01. Retrieved 2020-04-13. ^ "Fossil fuel industry's methane emissions far higher than thought". The Guardian. 2016-10-05. Retrieved 2020-04-14. ^ "Methane emitted by humans vastly underestimated, researchers find". phys.org. 2020-02-19. Retrieved 2020-04-14. ^ Hannah Ritchie; Max Roser (2020). "CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: CH4 Concentrations". Our World in Data. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved 2020-04-14. ^ "Global Methane Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities" (PDF). Global Methane Initiative. 2020. ^ "IPCC Fifth Assessment Report - Radiative Forcings (AR5 Figure SPM.5)". The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2013. ^ Hodnebrog, ∅.; Dalsøren, S.; Myhre, G. (2018), "Lifetimes, direct and indirect radiative forcing, and global warming potentials of ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), and butane (C4H10)", Atmos. Sci. Lett., 2018, 19:e804 (2): e804, Bibcode:2018AtScL..19E.804H, doi:10.1002/asl.804 ^ Rosado-Reyes, C.; Francisco, J. (2007), "Atmospheric oxidation pathways of propane and its by‐products: Acetone, acetaldehyde, and propionaldehyde", Journal of Geophysical Research, 112 (D14310): 1–46, Bibcode:2007JGRD..11214310R, doi:10.1029/2006JD007566 External links Flare and Vent Disposal Systems on PetroWiki Coalbed Methane on PetroWiki	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(Non)_Conventional_Deposits.svg"},{"link_name":"alkane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkane"},{"link_name":"hydrocarbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbons"},{"link_name":"methane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane"},{"link_name":"coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal"},{"link_name":"crude oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oil"},{"link_name":"transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_transport"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edf-2"},{"link_name":"gas flares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_flare"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GGFRP-3"},{"link_name":"fugitive gas emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_gas_emissions"},{"link_name":"gas leaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_leaks"},{"link_name":"orphan wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_wells"}],"text":"A diagram showing the geologic sources of alkane hydrocarbon gases which accompany the extraction of coal and crude oil, or which are themselves the target of extraction.Gas venting, more specifically known as natural-gas venting or methane venting, is the intentional and controlled release of gases containing alkane hydrocarbons - predominately methane - into Earth's atmosphere. \nIt is a widely used method for disposal of unwanted gases which are produced during the extraction of coal and crude oil. \nSuch gases may lack value when they are not recyclable into the production process, have no export route to consumer markets, or are surplus to near-term demand.\nIn cases where the gases have value to the producer, substantial amounts may also be vented from the equipment used for gas collection, transport, and distribution.Gas venting contributes strongly to climate change.[1][2] Nevertheless, many individual cases are sufficiently small and dispersed to be deemed \"safe\" with regard to immediate health hazards.\nLarge and concentrated releases are usually abated with gas flares to produce relatively less-harmful carbon dioxide gas.\nGas venting and flaring that are performed as routine practices are especially wasteful and may be eliminated in many modern industrial operations, where other low-cost options are available to utilize the gas.[3]Gas venting is not to be confused with similar types of gas release, such as those from:emergency pressure relief as a method of last resort to prevent equipment damage and safeguard life, or\nfugitive gas emissions which are unintentional gas leaks that occur in coal, oil, and gas operations, such as from orphan wellsGas venting should also not be confused with \"gas seepage\" from the earth or oceans - either natural or due to human activity.","title":"Gas venting"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orvis_State_oil_well_and_gas_tanks_and_natural_gas_flare_-_Evanson_Place_-_Arnegard_North_Dakota_-_2013-07-04_(9287569795).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gas_flare,_PetroChina_Jabung_field,_Jambi,_Indonesia.jpg"},{"link_name":"black carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_carbon"},{"link_name":"Associated petroleum gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_petroleum_gas"},{"link_name":"Routine flaring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routine_flaring"},{"link_name":"Petroleum extraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_extraction"},{"link_name":"oil wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_well"},{"link_name":"associated petroleum gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_petroleum_gas"},{"link_name":"natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas"},{"link_name":"re-injected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_reinjection"},{"link_name":"flared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routine_flaring"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zrfqa-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zrfqa-4"},{"link_name":"CO2-equivalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CO2_equivalent"},{"link_name":"emissions of greenhouse gases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"fossil fuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuels"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOE-GFV-2019-6"},{"link_name":"contaminants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminant"},{"link_name":"effervesce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effervescence"},{"link_name":"pressure regulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_regulator"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ieach4-7"},{"link_name":"International Energy Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agency"},{"link_name":"onshore conventional oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_oil"},{"link_name":"offshore oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_oil"},{"link_name":"unconventional oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconventional_oil"},{"link_name":"downstream oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downstream_(petroleum_industry)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ieamtbc-8"},{"link_name":"Carleton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_University"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cram_20231214-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tremblay_2023-10"},{"link_name":"Alberta, Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta,_Canada"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conrad_20231115-11"},{"link_name":"Steven Guilbeault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Guilbeault"},{"link_name":"2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cram_20231214-9"}],"text":"Petroleum extraction and storage with flaring of the associated gas at a rural site.Incomplete gas flaring that also creates excessive black carbon.See also: Associated petroleum gas and Routine flaringPetroleum extraction from oil wells, where acquiring crude oil is the primary and sometimes sole financial objective, is generally accompanied by the extraction of substantial amounts of so-called associated petroleum gas (i.e. a form of raw natural gas). \nGlobal statistics from year 2012 show that the majority (58%) of this gas was re-injected for storage and to help maintain well pressure, 27% was sent to consumption markets, and the remaining 15% was vented or flared near the well site.[4]100 million tons of the vented associated gas was combusted in flares worldwide, equal to about 3-4% of all gas produced from oil and gas wells.[4] The flared gas yielded nearly 350 million tons of CO2-equivalent emissions of greenhouse gases, contributing about 1% of the 33 billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) released from the burning of all fossil fuels.[5] Flare Gas Recovery Systems (FGRS) are being increasingly implemented as a more economically productive alternative to flaring.[6]: 50–52Preferably, all of the unwanted gas would at least be abated in gas flares, but this has not been achieved in practice. For example, the vented volumes from individual wells are sometimes too small and intermittent, and may present other difficulties (e.g. high concentrations of contaminants) that make flaring more technically and economically challenging. \nAlso, gas will continue to effervesce from the crude oil for some time after it is moved into storage tanks at the well site and transported elsewhere. This gas may also be routed to a flare stack, utilized, or designed to escape without mitigation through vents or pressure regulators.[7]Global tracking estimates from the International Energy Agency (IEA) during year 2019 indicate that an additional 32 million tons of methane were vented without abatement from all petroleum extraction; including onshore conventional oil, offshore oil, unconventional oil, and downstream oil activities.\nWhen including the amount released from incomplete gas flares and fugitive emissions, the estimated total is about 37 million tons.[8]Matthew Johnson, from the Energy and Emissions Research Lab (EER) at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, said in a December 2023 interview that—contrary to common beliefs—venting, particularly from heavy oil facilities designed for normal operations, is the primary source of methane emissions in the oil and gas industry. Johnson stresses the urgency of swiftly retrofitting oil and gas sites, considering that the associated costs are reasonable, based on various studies. The estimated cost for retrofitting for the total industry in Canada is estimated at $3.3 billion between 2027 and 2040 for implementing both venting and flaring requirements in the .[9] Jonson said that while fossil fuels are not going to be phased out \"overnight\", \"when it comes to methane emissions, we have a solution and we can implement it right now.\"[10] A 2023 Energy and Emissions Research Lab report discusses challenges in meeting the 2030 methane reduction targets under the Global Methane Pledge, due to uncertainties in emission levels from oil and gas operations. The research, which centers on Alberta, Canada—the Canadian province with the largest oil and gas-industry—presents a methane inventory for 2021 that exceeds the official federal inventory by 1.5 times. The study underscores that nearly two-thirds of emissions—primarily stemming from uncontrolled tanks, pneumatics, and unlit flares, result from gas venting—indicating substantial opportunities for mitigation. Notably, methane intensities in Alberta are four times higher than those in neighboring British Columbia, highlighting the necessity for independent monitoring and reporting ensuring the success of emission reduction initiatives.[11] Gas venting in the oil and gas industry has gained attention in Alberta, Canada, particularly in light of proposed legislative changes aimed at reducing methane emissions. Federal Environment Minister Steven Guilbeault presented a plan during the 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Dubai, outlining a national cap-and-trade system to curb emissions without hindering production. The proposed framework aims to cap 2030 emissions at 35 to 38 percent below 2019 levels, aligning with the federal government's objective of achieving net-zero carbon emissions in the sector by 2050. Given that the oil and gas industry contributes to 28 percent of Canada's emissions, these proposed changes signal a significant effort to address environmental concerns and combat climate change.[9]","title":"Oil field practice relating to unwanted gas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LARGE_FAN_EQUIPMENT_USED_TO_BLOW_FRESH_AIR_INTO_VIRGINIA-POCAHONTAS_COAL_COMPANY_MINE_%5E2_NEAR_RICHLANDS,_VIRGINIA_IT..._-_NARA_-_556402.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VAMTOX.jpg"},{"link_name":"ventilation air methane thermal oxidizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilation_air_methane_thermal_oxidizer"},{"link_name":"Coalbed methane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalbed_methane"},{"link_name":"adsorbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption"},{"link_name":"desorbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desorption"},{"link_name":"coal mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining"},{"link_name":"boreholes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borehole"},{"link_name":"firedamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firedamp"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epacmm-12"},{"link_name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"methane emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_emissions"},{"link_name":"thermal oxidizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_oxidizer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-epacmm-12"},{"link_name":"unconventional gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconventional_gas"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ieach4-7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ieamta-16"}],"text":"A large fan supplying fresh air to a mine ventilation shaft. Methane and coal dust are removed by exhaust air.A ventilation air methane thermal oxidizer.See also: Coalbed methaneSubstantial amounts of methane-rich gas are trapped and adsorbed within coal formations, and are unavoidably desorbed in association with coal mining.\nIn some cases of sub-surface mining, a formation is permeated with boreholes prior to and/or during extraction work, and the so-called firedamp gases allowed to vent as a safety measure.\nAlso during work, methane enters the ventilation air system at concentrations as high as 1%, and is usually freely exhausted from the mine opening.\nSuch ventilation air methane (VAM) is the largest source of methane from all operating and decommissioned coal mines worldwide. \nSubstantial methane also continues to desorb from coal placed into storage and from abandoned mines.[12]The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency projects that by year 2020, global methane releases from coal mines throughout the world will exceed 35 million tons or 800 million tons of CO2-equivalent emissions, and account for 9% of all global methane emissions. China contributes over 50% of the total, followed by the United States (10%) and Russia (7%), and then by Australia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and India (3-4% each). About 200 mines across a broad scope of countries had implemented technology by the year 2015 to capture about 3 million tons of methane, either for economic use or for abatement in gas flares or thermal oxidizers.[12]Outcroppings, seams, or formations near the surface are also sometimes permeated with wells to extract and capture the methane, in which event it is classified as a form of unconventional gas.[13]\nSuch coalbed methane capture can reduce the volume of gas seepage that would otherwise occur naturally, while in-turn adding emissions of carbon dioxide once the fuel is utilized elsewhere.[14][15]Global tracking estimates from the IEA during 2019 suggest that about 40 million tons of methane were released from all activities related to coal mining. This total amount includes all vented, fugitive and seepage emissions.[7][16]","title":"Coal mining and coalbed methane activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winslow_Compressor_Station,_February_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_gas_seal"},{"link_name":"gas compressor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_compressor"},{"link_name":"pipeline transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_transport"},{"link_name":"trading & distribution hubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_hub"},{"link_name":"refineries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_refinery"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOE-GFV-2019-6"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy"},{"link_name":"compressor stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressor_station"},{"link_name":"pneumatically operated controllers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_actuator"},{"link_name":"regulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_regulator"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOE-GFV-2019-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"onshore conventional gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_extraction"},{"link_name":"offshore gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_drilling"},{"link_name":"unconventional gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconventional_gas"},{"link_name":"downstream gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downstream_(petroleum_industry)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ieamtbc-8"}],"text":"A gas pipeline compressor station. Gas is vented by design from the seals of some gas compressor equipment.In gas fields, acquiring non-associated petroleum gas (i.e. another form of raw natural gas) is the primary financial objective, and very little is unwanted compared to the gas produced in oil fields or coal mines.\nThe majority of venting emissions instead occur during the pipeline transport to trading & distribution hubs, refineries, and consumer markets.[6]: 6–8The U.S. Department of Energy reports that a majority of the venting within U.S. gas industry operations in year 2017 occurred at compressor stations and from pneumatically operated controllers and regulators.[6]: 7 \nImproved maintenance strategies and advanced equipment technologies either exist or are being developed to reduce such venting.[17]Global tracking estimates from the IEA during year 2019 further indicate that about 23 million tons of methane were vented from all gas industry segments, including onshore conventional gas, offshore gas, unconventional gas, and downstream gas activities.\nWhen including the amount released from fugitive emissions, the estimated total is about 43 million tons.[8]","title":"Gas field and gas pipeline practices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oil reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reservoir"},{"link_name":"secondary recovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_recovery"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Associated petroleum and coal mining gases were sometimes considered troublesome, dangerous, low value: a \"free\" by-product associated with financially more lucrative coal or liquid hydrocarbon recovery that had to be dealt with. The growth of international gas markets, infrastructure and supply chains have done much to change this. It is also becoming more of a standard practice to:capture and use associated gas to provide local power, and to\nreinject re-compressed gas for oil reservoir pressure maintenance, secondary recovery, and potential later reservoir depressurization once hydrocarbon liquids recovery has been maximized and a gas export infrastructure and market access have been established.Today, it is financially viable to develop even relatively small hydrocarbon reservoirs containing non-associated gas (i.e. with little or no oil) close to a market or export route, as well as large, remote accumulations.Fossil gas was recently promoted by some industry advocates and policy makers as a \"bridge fuel\" that could yield the least waste, and thus environmental damage and accompanying economic losses, during the transition from finite fossil-fuel reserves to more sustainable sources.[18] However, the actual volumes of methane released cumulatively over the supply chain have a near-term climate warming impact which already rivals, and may grow to exceed, that from using coal and oil.[19]","title":"Historical context"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg"},{"link_name":"Radiative forcing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiative_forcing"},{"link_name":"fifth IPCC assessment report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report"},{"link_name":"industrial age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_age"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heede-20"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ieach4-7"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ieamta-16"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Methane's atmospheric concentration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_methane"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"radiative forcing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiative_forcing"},{"link_name":"climate warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_warming"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edf-2"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Initiative-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IPCCforce-26"},{"link_name":"ethane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethane"},{"link_name":"propane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propane"},{"link_name":"butane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butane"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"carbon cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Radiative forcing of different contributors to climate change in 2011, as reported in the fifth IPCC assessment report.Venting and other releases of gaseous hydrocarbons have increased steadily throughout the industrial age alongside the rapid growth in production and consumption of fossil fuels.[20]\nThe International Energy Agency estimates that total annual methane emissions from the oil and gas industry alone rose from about 63 to 82 million tons over years 2000 thru 2019; an average increase of about 1.4% per year.[7][21]\nGlobally, the IEA estimates that the geologic extraction of coal, crude oil, and natural gas is responsible for 20% of all methane emissions.[16] Other researchers have found evidence that their contribution may be substantially higher; 30% or greater.[22][23]Methane's atmospheric concentration has nearly doubled over the last century, and is already a factor 2.5 greater than at any point in the last 800,000 years.[24]\nMethane is a potent warming gas despite its lower abundance compared to atmospheric carbon dioxide. Atmospheric methane is responsible for at least one-quarter and as much as one-third of the changes in radiative forcing that drive near-term climate warming.[2][25][26]The ethane, propane, and butane components of natural gas have much shorter atmospheric lifetimes (ranging from about 1 week to 2 months) compared to methane (1-2 decades) and carbon dioxide (1-2 centuries). They consequently do not become well-mixed into the atmosphere and have much lower atmospheric abundances.[27] Nevertheless, their oxidation ultimately leads to the creation of longer-lived carbon compounds that also disturb the atmosphere and the planetary carbon cycle through a variety of complex pathways.[28]","title":"Environmental impact"}]	[{"image_text":"A diagram showing the geologic sources of alkane hydrocarbon gases which accompany the extraction of coal and crude oil, or which are themselves the target of extraction.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%28Non%29_Conventional_Deposits.svg/330px-%28Non%29_Conventional_Deposits.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Petroleum extraction and storage with flaring of the associated gas at a rural site.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Orvis_State_oil_well_and_gas_tanks_and_natural_gas_flare_-_Evanson_Place_-_Arnegard_North_Dakota_-_2013-07-04_%289287569795%29.jpg/260px-Orvis_State_oil_well_and_gas_tanks_and_natural_gas_flare_-_Evanson_Place_-_Arnegard_North_Dakota_-_2013-07-04_%289287569795%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Incomplete gas flaring that also creates excessive black carbon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Gas_flare%2C_PetroChina_Jabung_field%2C_Jambi%2C_Indonesia.jpg/220px-Gas_flare%2C_PetroChina_Jabung_field%2C_Jambi%2C_Indonesia.jpg"},{"image_text":"A large fan supplying fresh air to a mine ventilation shaft. Methane and coal dust are removed by exhaust air.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/LARGE_FAN_EQUIPMENT_USED_TO_BLOW_FRESH_AIR_INTO_VIRGINIA-POCAHONTAS_COAL_COMPANY_MINE_%5E2_NEAR_RICHLANDS%2C_VIRGINIA_IT..._-_NARA_-_556402.jpg/250px-LARGE_FAN_EQUIPMENT_USED_TO_BLOW_FRESH_AIR_INTO_VIRGINIA-POCAHONTAS_COAL_COMPANY_MINE_%5E2_NEAR_RICHLANDS%2C_VIRGINIA_IT..._-_NARA_-_556402.jpg"},{"image_text":"A ventilation air methane thermal oxidizer.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/VAMTOX.jpg/220px-VAMTOX.jpg"},{"image_text":"A gas pipeline compressor station. Gas is vented by design from the seals of some gas compressor equipment.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Winslow_Compressor_Station%2C_February_2019.jpg/260px-Winslow_Compressor_Station%2C_February_2019.jpg"},{"image_text":"Radiative forcing of different contributors to climate change in 2011, as reported in the fifth IPCC assessment report.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg/300px-Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Routine flaring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routine_flaring"},{"title":"Methane emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_emissions"}]	[{"reference":"Stocker, Thomas (ed.). Climate change 2013 : the physical science basis : Working Group I contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. New York. ISBN 978-1-10741-532-4. OCLC 881236891.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o4gaBQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Climate change 2013 : the physical science basis : Working Group I contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-10741-532-4","url_text":"978-1-10741-532-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881236891","url_text":"881236891"}]},{"reference":"\"Europe Outlines Bold New Climate Vision, While Underscoring Value of Methane Emission Reductions\". Environmental Defense Fund. Retrieved 2020-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edf.org/media/europe-outlines-bold-new-climate-vision-while-underscoring-value-methane-emission-reductions","url_text":"\"Europe Outlines Bold New Climate Vision, While Underscoring Value of Methane Emission Reductions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership\". World Bank. Retrieved 2020-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/gasflaringreduction#1","url_text":"\"Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 Q&A\". World Bank. Retrieved 2020-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/zero-routine-flaring-by-2030#7","url_text":"\"Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 Q&A\""}]},{"reference":"\"Global Energy & CO2 Status Report 2019: The latest trends in energy and emissions in 2018\". International Energy Agency (Paris). 2019-03-01. Retrieved 2020-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-co2-status-report-2019","url_text":"\"Global Energy & CO2 Status Report 2019: The latest trends in energy and emissions in 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Natural Gas Flaring and Venting: State and Federal Regulatory Overview, Trends, and Impacts\" (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. 2019-06-01. Retrieved 2020-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/08/f65/Natural%20Gas%20Flaring%20and%20Venting%20Report.pdf","url_text":"\"Natural Gas Flaring and Venting: State and Federal Regulatory Overview, Trends, and Impacts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fuels and Technologies - Methane abatement\". International Energy Agency (Paris). 2019-11-01. Retrieved 2020-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iea.org/fuels-and-technologies/methane-abatement","url_text":"\"Fuels and Technologies - Methane abatement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Methane Tracker - Country and regional estimates\". International Energy Agency (Paris). 2019-11-01. Retrieved 2020-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iea.org/reports/methane-tracker/country-and-regional-estimates","url_text":"\"Methane Tracker - Country and regional estimates\""}]},{"reference":"Cram, Stephanie (14 December 2023). \"Oil and gas flaring became a political flash point in Alberta last week. We take a look at why\". CBC News. Retrieved 14 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/oil-and-gas-flaring-became-a-political-flashpoint-in-alberta-last-week-we-take-a-look-at-why-1.7051438","url_text":"\"Oil and gas flaring became a political flash point in Alberta last week. We take a look at why\""}]},{"reference":"Tremblay, Alyssa. \"Methane Census to Help Define a Path to Meet 2030 Reduction Targets\". Carleton Newsroom. Retrieved 14 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.carleton.ca/story/methane-census-2030-reduction-targets/","url_text":"\"Methane Census to Help Define a Path to Meet 2030 Reduction Targets\""}]},{"reference":"Conrad, Bradley M.; Tyner, David R.; Li, Hugh Z.; Xie, Donglai; Johnson, Matthew R. (15 November 2023). A Measurement-Based Upstream Oil and Gas Methane Inventory for Alberta, Canada Reveals Higher Emissions and Different Sources than Official Estimates. Communications Earth & Environment (Report). doi:10.1038/s43247-023-01081-0. Retrieved 14 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-01081-0","url_text":"A Measurement-Based Upstream Oil and Gas Methane Inventory for Alberta, Canada Reveals Higher Emissions and Different Sources than Official Estimates"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43247-023-01081-0","url_text":"10.1038/s43247-023-01081-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Coalbed Methane Outreach Program - Frequent Questions About Coal Mine Methane\". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2020-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.epa.gov/cmop/frequent-questions","url_text":"\"Coalbed Methane Outreach Program - Frequent Questions About Coal Mine Methane\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coalbed Methane Extraction Industry\". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2020-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.epa.gov/eg/coalbed-methane-extraction-industry","url_text":"\"Coalbed Methane Extraction Industry\""}]},{"reference":"Mullane, Shannon (July 9, 2019). \"Outdoors industry taps into Southern Ute methane capture project\". Durango Herald. Retrieved 2020-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://durangoherald.com/articles/284941","url_text":"\"Outdoors industry taps into Southern Ute methane capture project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southern Ute Indian Tribe: Natural Methane Capture and Use\". Native Energy. 2018. Retrieved 2020-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://nativeenergy.com/project/southern-ute-indian-tribe-natural-methane-capture-and-use/","url_text":"\"Southern Ute Indian Tribe: Natural Methane Capture and Use\""}]},{"reference":"\"Methane Tracker - Analysis\". International Energy Agency (Paris). 2019-11-01. Retrieved 2020-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iea.org/reports/methane-tracker","url_text":"\"Methane Tracker - Analysis\""}]},{"reference":"\"EPA's Voluntary Methane Programs for the Oil and Natural Gas Industry\". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2020-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.epa.gov/natural-gas-star-program","url_text":"\"EPA's Voluntary Methane Programs for the Oil and Natural Gas Industry\""}]},{"reference":"Joel Kirkland (June 25, 2010). \"Natural gas could serve as a \"bridge\" fuel to low carbon future\". Scientific American. Retrieved 2020-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/natural-gas-could-serve-as-bridge-fuel-to-low-carbon-future/","url_text":"\"Natural gas could serve as a \"bridge\" fuel to low carbon future\""}]},{"reference":"Howarth, R.W. (2014). \"A bridge to nowhere: methane emissions and the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas\" (PDF). Energy Science & Engineering. 2 (2). Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: 47–60. doi:10.1002/ese3.35.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/howarth/publications/Howarth_2014_ESE_methane_emissions.pdf","url_text":"\"A bridge to nowhere: methane emissions and the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fese3.35","url_text":"10.1002/ese3.35"}]},{"reference":"Heede, R. (2014). \"Tracing anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane emissions to fossil fuel and cement producers, 1854–2010\". Climatic Change. 122 (1–2): 229–241. Bibcode:2014ClCh..122..229H. doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0986-y.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10584-013-0986-y","url_text":"\"Tracing anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane emissions to fossil fuel and cement producers, 1854–2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ClCh..122..229H","url_text":"2014ClCh..122..229H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10584-013-0986-y","url_text":"10.1007/s10584-013-0986-y"}]},{"reference":"\"Methane Tracker 2020 - Methane from oil and gas\". International Energy Agency (Paris). 2019-11-01. Retrieved 2020-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iea.org/reports/methane-tracker-2020/methane-from-oil-gas#abstract","url_text":"\"Methane Tracker 2020 - Methane from oil and gas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fossil fuel industry's methane emissions far higher than thought\". The Guardian. 2016-10-05. Retrieved 2020-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/oct/05/fossil-fuel-industrys-methane-emissions-far-higher-than-thought","url_text":"\"Fossil fuel industry's methane emissions far higher than thought\""}]},{"reference":"\"Methane emitted by humans vastly underestimated, researchers find\". phys.org. 2020-02-19. Retrieved 2020-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://phys.org/news/2020-02-methane-emitted-humans-vastly-underestimated.html","url_text":"\"Methane emitted by humans vastly underestimated, researchers find\""}]},{"reference":"Hannah Ritchie; Max Roser (2020). \"CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: CH4 Concentrations\". Our World in Data. Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved 2020-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Ritchie","url_text":"Hannah Ritchie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Roser","url_text":"Max Roser"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions#ch4-concentrations","url_text":"\"CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: CH4 Concentrations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Global Methane Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities\" (PDF). Global Methane Initiative. 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globalmethane.org/documents/gmi-mitigation-factsheet.pdf","url_text":"\"Global Methane Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities\""}]},{"reference":"\"IPCC Fifth Assessment Report - Radiative Forcings (AR5 Figure SPM.5)\". The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/summary-for-policymakers/figspm-05/","url_text":"\"IPCC Fifth Assessment Report - Radiative Forcings (AR5 Figure SPM.5)\""}]},{"reference":"Hodnebrog, ∅.; Dalsøren, S.; Myhre, G. (2018), \"Lifetimes, direct and indirect radiative forcing, and global warming potentials of ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), and butane (C4H10)\", Atmos. Sci. Lett., 2018, 19:e804 (2): e804, Bibcode:2018AtScL..19E.804H, doi:10.1002/asl.804","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AtScL..19E.804H","url_text":"2018AtScL..19E.804H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasl.804","url_text":"10.1002/asl.804"}]},{"reference":"Rosado-Reyes, C.; Francisco, J. (2007), \"Atmospheric oxidation pathways of propane and its by‐products: Acetone, acetaldehyde, and propionaldehyde\", Journal of Geophysical Research, 112 (D14310): 1–46, Bibcode:2007JGRD..11214310R, doi:10.1029/2006JD007566","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..11214310R","url_text":"2007JGRD..11214310R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006JD007566","url_text":"10.1029/2006JD007566"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=o4gaBQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Climate change 2013 : the physical science basis : Working Group I contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881236891","external_links_name":"881236891"},{"Link":"https://www.edf.org/media/europe-outlines-bold-new-climate-vision-while-underscoring-value-methane-emission-reductions","external_links_name":"\"Europe Outlines Bold New Climate Vision, While Underscoring Value of Methane Emission Reductions\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/gasflaringreduction#1","external_links_name":"\"Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/zero-routine-flaring-by-2030#7","external_links_name":"\"Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 Q&A\""},{"Link":"https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-co2-status-report-2019","external_links_name":"\"Global Energy & CO2 Status Report 2019: The latest trends in energy and emissions in 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2019/08/f65/Natural%20Gas%20Flaring%20and%20Venting%20Report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Natural Gas Flaring and Venting: State and Federal Regulatory Overview, Trends, and Impacts\""},{"Link":"https://www.iea.org/fuels-and-technologies/methane-abatement","external_links_name":"\"Fuels and Technologies - Methane abatement\""},{"Link":"https://www.iea.org/reports/methane-tracker/country-and-regional-estimates","external_links_name":"\"Methane Tracker - Country and regional estimates\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/oil-and-gas-flaring-became-a-political-flashpoint-in-alberta-last-week-we-take-a-look-at-why-1.7051438","external_links_name":"\"Oil and gas flaring became a political flash point in Alberta last week. We take a look at why\""},{"Link":"https://newsroom.carleton.ca/story/methane-census-2030-reduction-targets/","external_links_name":"\"Methane Census to Help Define a Path to Meet 2030 Reduction Targets\""},{"Link":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-01081-0","external_links_name":"A Measurement-Based Upstream Oil and Gas Methane Inventory for Alberta, Canada Reveals Higher Emissions and Different Sources than Official Estimates"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43247-023-01081-0","external_links_name":"10.1038/s43247-023-01081-0"},{"Link":"https://www.epa.gov/cmop/frequent-questions","external_links_name":"\"Coalbed Methane Outreach Program - Frequent Questions About Coal Mine Methane\""},{"Link":"https://www.epa.gov/eg/coalbed-methane-extraction-industry","external_links_name":"\"Coalbed Methane Extraction Industry\""},{"Link":"https://durangoherald.com/articles/284941","external_links_name":"\"Outdoors industry taps into Southern Ute methane capture project\""},{"Link":"https://nativeenergy.com/project/southern-ute-indian-tribe-natural-methane-capture-and-use/","external_links_name":"\"Southern Ute Indian Tribe: Natural Methane Capture and Use\""},{"Link":"https://www.iea.org/reports/methane-tracker","external_links_name":"\"Methane Tracker - Analysis\""},{"Link":"https://www.epa.gov/natural-gas-star-program","external_links_name":"\"EPA's Voluntary Methane Programs for the Oil and Natural Gas Industry\""},{"Link":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/natural-gas-could-serve-as-bridge-fuel-to-low-carbon-future/","external_links_name":"\"Natural gas could serve as a \"bridge\" fuel to low carbon future\""},{"Link":"http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/howarth/publications/Howarth_2014_ESE_methane_emissions.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A bridge to nowhere: methane emissions and the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fese3.35","external_links_name":"10.1002/ese3.35"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10584-013-0986-y","external_links_name":"\"Tracing anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane emissions to fossil fuel and cement producers, 1854–2010\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ClCh..122..229H","external_links_name":"2014ClCh..122..229H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10584-013-0986-y","external_links_name":"10.1007/s10584-013-0986-y"},{"Link":"https://www.iea.org/reports/methane-tracker-2020/methane-from-oil-gas#abstract","external_links_name":"\"Methane Tracker 2020 - Methane from oil and gas\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/oct/05/fossil-fuel-industrys-methane-emissions-far-higher-than-thought","external_links_name":"\"Fossil fuel industry's methane emissions far higher than thought\""},{"Link":"https://phys.org/news/2020-02-methane-emitted-humans-vastly-underestimated.html","external_links_name":"\"Methane emitted by humans vastly underestimated, researchers find\""},{"Link":"https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions#ch4-concentrations","external_links_name":"\"CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: CH4 Concentrations\""},{"Link":"https://www.globalmethane.org/documents/gmi-mitigation-factsheet.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Global Methane Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities\""},{"Link":"https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/summary-for-policymakers/figspm-05/","external_links_name":"\"IPCC Fifth Assessment Report - Radiative Forcings (AR5 Figure SPM.5)\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AtScL..19E.804H","external_links_name":"2018AtScL..19E.804H"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasl.804","external_links_name":"10.1002/asl.804"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRD..11214310R","external_links_name":"2007JGRD..11214310R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006JD007566","external_links_name":"10.1029/2006JD007566"},{"Link":"https://petrowiki.org/Flare_and_vent_disposal_systems","external_links_name":"Flare and Vent Disposal Systems on PetroWiki"},{"Link":"https://petrowiki.org/Coalbed_methane","external_links_name":"Coalbed Methane on PetroWiki"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-day_plant	Photoperiodism	["1 Plants","1.1 Long-day plants","1.2 Short-day plants","1.3 Day-neutral plants","2 Animals","3 Mammals","3.1 Humans","4 Other organisms","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading"]	Responses of organisms to the relative lengths of light and dark periods This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (October 2023) Photoperiod is the change of day length around the seasons. The rotation of the earth around its axis produces 24 hour changes in light (day) and dark (night) cycles on earth. The length of the light and dark in each phase varies across the seasons due to the tilt of the earth around its axis. The photoperiod defines the length of the light, for example a summer day the length of light could be 16 hours while the dark is 8 hours, whereas a winter day the length of day could be 8 hours, whereas the dark is 16 hours. Importantly, the seasons are different in the northern hemisphere than the southern hemisphere. Photoperiodism is the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of light or a dark period. It occurs in plants and animals. Plant photoperiodism can also be defined as the developmental responses of plants to the relative lengths of light and dark periods. They are classified under three groups according to the photoperiods: short-day plants, long-day plants, and day-neutral plants. In animals photoperiodism (sometimes called seasonality) is the suite of physiological changes that occur in response to changes in day length. This allows animals to respond to a temporally changing environment associated with changing seasons as the earth orbits the sun. Plants Pr converts to Pfr during the day time and Pfr slowly reverts to Pr during the night time. When nights are short, an excess amount of Pfr remains in the day time and during long nights, most of the Pfr is reverted to Pr. In 1920, W. W. Garner and H. A. Allard published their discoveries on photoperiodism and felt it was the length of daylight that was critical, but it was later discovered that the length of the night was the controlling factor. Photoperiodic flowering plants are classified as long-day plants or short-day plants even though night is the critical factor because of the initial misunderstanding about daylight being the controlling factor. Along with long-day plants and short-day plants, there are plants that fall into a "dual-day length category". These plants are either long-short-day plants (LSDP) or short-long-day plants (SLDP). LSDPs flower after a series of long days followed by short days whereas SLDPs flower after a series of short days followed by long days. Each plant has a different length critical photoperiod, or critical night length. Many flowering plants (angiosperms) use a circadian rhythm together with photoreceptor protein, such as phytochrome or cryptochrome, to sense seasonal changes in night length, or photoperiod, which they take as signals to flower. In a further subdivision, obligate photoperiodic plants absolutely require a long or short enough night before flowering, whereas facultative photoperiodic plants are more likely to flower under one condition. Phytochrome comes in two forms: Pr and Pfr. Red light (which is present during the day) converts phytochrome to its active form (Pfr) which then stimulates various processes such as germination, flowering or branching. In comparison, plants receive more far-red in the shade, and this converts phytochrome from Pfr to its inactive form, Pr, inhibiting germination. This system of Pfr to Pr conversion allows the plant to sense when it is night and when it is day. Pfr can also be converted back to Pr by a process known as dark reversion, where long periods of darkness trigger the conversion of Pfr. This is important in regards to plant flowering. Experiments by Halliday et al. showed that manipulations of the red-to far-red ratio in Arabidopsis can alter flowering. They discovered that plants tend to flower later when exposed to more red light, proving that red light is inhibitory to flowering. Other experiments have proven this by exposing plants to extra red-light in the middle of the night. A short-day plant will not flower if light is turned on for a few minutes in the middle of the night and a long-day plant can flower if exposed to more red-light in the middle of the night. Cryptochromes are another type of photoreceptor that is important in photoperiodism. Cryptochromes absorb blue light and UV-A. Cryptochromes entrain the circadian clock to light. It has been found that both cryptochrome and phytochrome abundance relies on light and the amount of cryptochrome can change depending on day-length. This shows how important both of the photoreceptors are in regards to determining day-length. Modern biologists believe that it is the coincidence of the active forms of phytochrome or cryptochrome, created by light during the daytime, with the rhythms of the circadian clock that allows plants to measure the length of the night. Other than flowering, photoperiodism in plants includes the growth of stems or roots during certain seasons and the loss of leaves. Artificial lighting can be used to induce extra-long days. Long-day plants Long-day plants flower when the night length falls below their critical photoperiod. These plants typically flower during late spring or early summer as days are getting longer. In the northern hemisphere, the longest day of the year (summer solstice) is on or about 21 June. After that date, days grow shorter (i.e. nights grow longer) until 21 December (the winter solstice). This situation is reversed in the southern hemisphere (i.e., longest day is 21 December and shortest day is 21 June). Some long-day obligate plants are: Carnation (Dianthus) Henbane (Hyoscyamus) Oat (Avena) Some long-day facultative plants are: Pea (Pisum sativum) Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Short-day plants Short-day (also called long-night) plants flower when the night lengths exceed their critical photoperiod. They cannot flower under short nights or if a pulse of artificial light is shone on the plant for several minutes during the night; they require a continuous period of darkness before floral development can begin. Natural nighttime light, such as moonlight or lightning, is not of sufficient brightness or duration to interrupt flowering. Short-day plants flower as days grow shorter (and nights grow longer) after 21 June in the northern hemisphere, which is during summer or fall. The length of the dark period required to induce flowering differs among species and varieties of a species. Photoperiodism affects flowering by inducing the shoot to produce floral buds instead of leaves and lateral buds. Some short-day facultative plants are: Kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus) Marijuana (Cannabis) Cotton (Gossypium) Rice (Oryza) Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Green gram (Mung bean, Vigna radiata) Soybeans (Glycine max) Day-neutral plants Day-neutral plants, such as cucumbers, roses, tomatoes, and Ruderalis (autoflowering cannabis) do not initiate flowering based on photoperiodism. Instead, they may initiate flowering after attaining a certain overall developmental stage or age, or in response to alternative environmental stimuli, such as vernalisation (a period of low temperature). Animals Daylength, and thus knowledge of the season of the year, is vital to many animals. A number of biological and behavioural changes are dependent on this knowledge. Together with temperature changes, photoperiod provokes changes in the color of fur and feathers, migration, entry into hibernation, sexual behaviour, and even the resizing of organs. In insects, sensitivity to photoperiod has been proven to be initiated by photoreceptors located in the brain. Photoperiod can affect insects at different life stages, serving as an environmental cue for physiological processes such as diapause induction and termination, and seasonal morphs. In the water strider Aquarius paludum, for instance, photoperiod conditions during nymphal development have been shown to trigger seasonal changes in wing frequency and also induce diapause, although the threshold critical day lengths for the determination of both traits diverged by about an hour. In Gerris buenoi, another water strider species, photoperiod has also been shown to be the cause of wing polyphenism, although the specific daylengths changed between species, suggesting that phenotypic plasticity in response to photoperiod has evolved even between relatively closely related species. The singing frequency of birds such as the canary depends on the photoperiod. In the spring, when the photoperiod increases (more daylight), the male canary's testes grow. As the testes grow, more androgens are secreted and song frequency increases. During autumn, when the photoperiod decreases (less daylight), the male canary's testes regress and androgen levels drop dramatically, resulting in decreased singing frequency. Not only is singing frequency dependent on the photoperiod but the song repertoire is also. The long photoperiod of spring results in a greater song repertoire. Autumn's shorter photoperiod results in a reduction in song repertoire. These behavioral photoperiod changes in male canaries are caused by changes in the song center of the brain. As the photoperiod increases, the high vocal center (HVC) and the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA) increase in size. When the photoperiod decreases, these areas of the brain regress. Mammals In mammals, daylength is registered in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is informed by retinal light-sensitive ganglion cells, which are not involved in vision. The information travels through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). In most species the hormone melatonin is produced by the pineal gland only during the hours of darkness, influenced by the light input through the RHT and by innate circadian rhythms. This hormonal signal, combined with outputs from the SCN inform the rest of the body about the time of day, and the length of time that melatonin is secreted is how the time of year is perceived. Many mammals, particularly those inhabiting temperate and polar regions, exhibit a remarkable degree of seasonality in response to changes in daylight hours(photoperiod). This seasonality manifests in a broad spectrum of behaviors and physiology, including hibernation, seasonal migrations, and coat color changes. A prime example of the adaptation to photoperiods is the seasonal coat color (SCC) species. These animals undergo molting, transforming from dark summer fur to white coat in winter, that provides crucial camouflage in snowy environments. Humans The view has been expressed that humans' seasonality is largely believed to be evolutionary baggage.. Human birth rate varies throughout the year, and the peak month of births appears to vary by latitude. Seasonality in human birth rate appears to have largely decreased since the industrial revolution. Other organisms Photoperiodism has also been demonstrated in other organisms besides plants and animals. The fungus Neurospora crassa as well as the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedra and the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been shown to display photoperiodic responses. See also Chronobiology Circadian clock Circadian rhythm Florigen Photobiology Seasonal Breeder Scotobiology Epigenetics of plant growth and development § Photoperiodism References ^ a b c d e f g Mauseth JD (2003). Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology (3rd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. pp. 422–27. ISBN 978-0-7637-2134-3. ^ a b c d Capon B (2005). 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S2CID 39616943. ^ Gudmunds E, Narayanan S, Lachivier E, Duchemin M, Khila A, Husby A (April 2022). "Photoperiod controls wing polyphenism in a water strider independently of insulin receptor signalling". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 289 (1973): 20212764. doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.2764. PMC 9043737. PMID 35473377. ^ Nelson RJ (2005). An Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. p. 189. ^ Zimova, Marketa; Hackländer, Klaus; Good, Jeffrey M.; Melo‐Ferreira, José; Alves, Paulo Célio; Mills, L. Scott (August 2018). "Function and underlying mechanisms of seasonal colour moulting in mammals and birds: what keeps them changing in a warming world?". Biological Reviews. 93 (3): 1478–1498. doi:10.1111/brv.12405. hdl:10216/118423. ISSN 1464-7931. ^ Foster R, Williams R (5 December 2009). "Extra-retinal photo receptors" (Interview). Science Show. ABC Radio National. 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Naturwissenschaften 89, 214–220 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-002-0302-6 ^ Ivonne Balzer, Rüdiger Hardeland ,Photoperiodism and Effects of Indoleamines in a Unicellular Alga, Gonyaulax polyedra.Science253,795-797(1991).https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1876838 Further reading Fosket DE (1994). Plant Growth & Development, A Molecular Approach. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 495. Thomas B, Vince-Prue D (1997). Photoperiodism in plants (2nd ed.). Academic Press. vteBiological rhythmsInternal rhythms Circadian rhythm Infradian rhythm Ultradian rhythm Lunar rhythm Annual rhythm External cycles Diurnality Diurnal cycle Nocturnality Cathemerality Crepuscular Matutinal Vespertine Seasonality Photoperiodism Vernalization Fields Behavioural ecology Chronobiology Ethology See also Chronotype Diel vertical migration Light pollution Solunar theory Parts of a day Authority control databases: National Germany Israel Japan Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal"}],"text":"Photoperiod is the change of day length around the seasons. The rotation of the earth around its axis produces 24 hour changes in light (day) and dark (night) cycles on earth. The length of the light and dark in each phase varies across the seasons due to the tilt of the earth around its axis. The photoperiod defines the length of the light, for example a summer day the length of light could be 16 hours while the dark is 8 hours, whereas a winter day the length of day could be 8 hours, whereas the dark is 16 hours. Importantly, the seasons are different in the northern hemisphere than the southern hemisphere.Photoperiodism is the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of light or a dark period. It occurs in plants and animals. Plant photoperiodism can also be defined as the developmental responses of plants to the relative lengths of light and dark periods. They are classified under three groups according to the photoperiods: short-day plants, long-day plants, and day-neutral plants.In animals photoperiodism (sometimes called seasonality) is the suite of physiological changes that occur in response to changes in day length. This allows animals to respond to a temporally changing environment associated with changing seasons as the earth orbits the sun.","title":"Photoperiodism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photoperiodism_in_plants.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mauseth-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GA-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taiz-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mauseth-1"},{"link_name":"flowering plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"circadian rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm#In_plants"},{"link_name":"photoreceptor protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreceptor_protein"},{"link_name":"phytochrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochrome"},{"link_name":"cryptochrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptochrome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mauseth-1"},{"link_name":"Phytochrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochrome"},{"link_name":"far-red","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-red"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fankhauser2001-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chamovitz2013-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"circadian clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_clock"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mauseth-1"}],"text":"Pr converts to Pfr during the day time and Pfr slowly reverts to Pr during the night time. When nights are short, an excess amount of Pfr remains in the day time and during long nights, most of the Pfr is reverted to Pr.In 1920, W. W. Garner and H. A. Allard published their discoveries on photoperiodism and felt it was the length of daylight that was critical,[1][2] but it was later discovered that the length of the night was the controlling factor.[3][4] Photoperiodic flowering plants are classified as long-day plants or short-day plants even though night is the critical factor because of the initial misunderstanding about daylight being the controlling factor. Along with long-day plants and short-day plants, there are plants that fall into a \"dual-day length category\". These plants are either long-short-day plants (LSDP) or short-long-day plants (SLDP). LSDPs flower after a series of long days followed by short days whereas SLDPs flower after a series of short days followed by long days.[5] Each plant has a different length critical photoperiod, or critical night length.[1]Many flowering plants (angiosperms) use a circadian rhythm together with photoreceptor protein, such as phytochrome or cryptochrome,[1] to sense seasonal changes in night length, or photoperiod, which they take as signals to flower. In a further subdivision, obligate photoperiodic plants absolutely require a long or short enough night before flowering, whereas facultative photoperiodic plants are more likely to flower under one condition.Phytochrome comes in two forms: Pr and Pfr. Red light (which is present during the day) converts phytochrome to its active form (Pfr) which then stimulates various processes such as germination, flowering or branching. In comparison, plants receive more far-red in the shade, and this converts phytochrome from Pfr to its inactive form, Pr, inhibiting germination. This system of Pfr to Pr conversion allows the plant to sense when it is night and when it is day.[6] Pfr can also be converted back to Pr by a process known as dark reversion, where long periods of darkness trigger the conversion of Pfr.[7] This is important in regards to plant flowering. Experiments by Halliday et al. showed that manipulations of the red-to far-red ratio in Arabidopsis can alter flowering. They discovered that plants tend to flower later when exposed to more red light, proving that red light is inhibitory to flowering.[8] Other experiments have proven this by exposing plants to extra red-light in the middle of the night. A short-day plant will not flower if light is turned on for a few minutes in the middle of the night and a long-day plant can flower if exposed to more red-light in the middle of the night.[9]Cryptochromes are another type of photoreceptor that is important in photoperiodism. Cryptochromes absorb blue light and UV-A. Cryptochromes entrain the circadian clock to light.[10] It has been found that both cryptochrome and phytochrome abundance relies on light and the amount of cryptochrome can change depending on day-length. This shows how important both of the photoreceptors are in regards to determining day-length.[11]Modern biologists believe[12] that it is the coincidence of the active forms of phytochrome or cryptochrome, created by light during the daytime, with the rhythms of the circadian clock that allows plants to measure the length of the night. Other than flowering, photoperiodism in plants includes the growth of stems or roots during certain seasons and the loss of leaves. Artificial lighting can be used to induce extra-long days.[1]","title":"Plants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"winter solstice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mauseth-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GA-2"},{"link_name":"Carnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianthus_caryophyllus"},{"link_name":"Henbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger"},{"link_name":"Oat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oat"},{"link_name":"Pea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pea"},{"link_name":"Barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley"},{"link_name":"Lettuce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettuce"},{"link_name":"Wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat"}],"sub_title":"Long-day plants","text":"Long-day plants flower when the night length falls below their critical photoperiod.[13] These plants typically flower during late spring or early summer as days are getting longer. In the northern hemisphere, the longest day of the year (summer solstice) is on or about 21 June.[14] After that date, days grow shorter (i.e. nights grow longer) until 21 December (the winter solstice). This situation is reversed in the southern hemisphere (i.e., longest day is 21 December and shortest day is 21 June).[1][2]Some long-day obligate plants are:Carnation (Dianthus)\nHenbane (Hyoscyamus)\nOat (Avena)Some long-day facultative plants are:Pea (Pisum sativum)\nBarley (Hordeum vulgare)\nLettuce (Lactuca sativa)\nWheat (Triticum aestivum)","title":"Plants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mauseth-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GA-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Kenaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenaf"},{"link_name":"Marijuana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marijuana"},{"link_name":"Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"Sorghum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum_bicolor"},{"link_name":"Green gram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_gram"},{"link_name":"Soybeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Short-day plants","text":"Short-day (also called long-night) plants flower when the night lengths exceed their critical photoperiod.[15] They cannot flower under short nights or if a pulse of artificial light is shone on the plant for several minutes during the night; they require a continuous period of darkness before floral development can begin. Natural nighttime light, such as moonlight or lightning, is not of sufficient brightness or duration to interrupt flowering.[1][2]Short-day plants flower as days grow shorter (and nights grow longer) after 21 June in the northern hemisphere, which is during summer or fall. The length of the dark period required to induce flowering differs among species and varieties of a species.Photoperiodism affects flowering by inducing the shoot to produce floral buds instead of leaves and lateral buds.Some short-day facultative plants are:[16]Kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus)\nMarijuana (Cannabis)\nCotton (Gossypium)\nRice (Oryza)\nSorghum (Sorghum bicolor)\nGreen gram (Mung bean, Vigna radiata)\nSoybeans[17] (Glycine max)","title":"Plants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cucumbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumber"},{"link_name":"roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose"},{"link_name":"tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato"},{"link_name":"autoflowering cannabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoflowering_cannabis"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"vernalisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernalisation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mauseth-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GA-2"}],"sub_title":"Day-neutral plants","text":"Day-neutral plants, such as cucumbers, roses, tomatoes, and Ruderalis (autoflowering cannabis) do not initiate flowering based on photoperiodism.[18] Instead, they may initiate flowering after attaining a certain overall developmental stage or age, or in response to alternative environmental stimuli, such as vernalisation (a period of low temperature).[1][2]","title":"Plants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_migration"},{"link_name":"hibernation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernation"},{"link_name":"sexual behaviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_sexual_behavior"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid6592591-20"},{"link_name":"diapause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diapause"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Gerris buenoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerris_buenoi"},{"link_name":"polyphenism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenism"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"phenotypic plasticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotypic_plasticity"},{"link_name":"canary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_Canary"},{"link_name":"high vocal center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_vocal_center"},{"link_name":"archistriatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archistriatum"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Daylength, and thus knowledge of the season of the year, is vital to many animals. A number of biological and behavioural changes are dependent on this knowledge. Together with temperature changes, photoperiod provokes changes in the color of fur and feathers, migration, entry into hibernation, sexual behaviour, and even the resizing of organs.In insects, sensitivity to photoperiod has been proven to be initiated by photoreceptors located in the brain.[19][20] Photoperiod can affect insects at different life stages, serving as an environmental cue for physiological processes such as diapause induction and termination, and seasonal morphs.[21] In the water strider Aquarius paludum, for instance, photoperiod conditions during nymphal development have been shown to trigger seasonal changes in wing frequency and also induce diapause, although the threshold critical day lengths for the determination of both traits diverged by about an hour.[22] In Gerris buenoi, another water strider species, photoperiod has also been shown to be the cause of wing polyphenism,[23] although the specific daylengths changed between species, suggesting that phenotypic plasticity in response to photoperiod has evolved even between relatively closely related species.The singing frequency of birds such as the canary depends on the photoperiod. In the spring, when the photoperiod increases (more daylight), the male canary's testes grow. As the testes grow, more androgens are secreted and song frequency increases. During autumn, when the photoperiod decreases (less daylight), the male canary's testes regress and androgen levels drop dramatically, resulting in decreased singing frequency. Not only is singing frequency dependent on the photoperiod but the song repertoire is also. The long photoperiod of spring results in a greater song repertoire. Autumn's shorter photoperiod results in a reduction in song repertoire. These behavioral photoperiod changes in male canaries are caused by changes in the song center of the brain. As the photoperiod increases, the high vocal center (HVC) and the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA) increase in size. When the photoperiod decreases, these areas of the brain regress.[24]","title":"Animals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"suprachiasmatic nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus"},{"link_name":"retinal light-sensitive ganglion cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosensitive_ganglion_cell"},{"link_name":"retinohypothalamic tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinohypothalamic_tract"},{"link_name":"melatonin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin"},{"link_name":"pineal gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineal_gland"},{"link_name":"circadian rhythms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"In mammals, daylength is registered in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is informed by retinal light-sensitive ganglion cells, which are not involved in vision. The information travels through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). In most species the hormone melatonin is produced by the pineal gland only during the hours of darkness, influenced by the light input through the RHT and by innate circadian rhythms. This hormonal signal, combined with outputs from the SCN inform the rest of the body about the time of day, and the length of time that melatonin is secreted is how the time of year is perceived.Many mammals, particularly those inhabiting temperate and polar regions, exhibit a remarkable degree of seasonality in response to changes in daylight hours(photoperiod). This seasonality manifests in a broad spectrum of behaviors and physiology, including hibernation, seasonal migrations, and coat color changes. A prime example of the adaptation to photoperiods is the seasonal coat color (SCC) species.[25] These animals undergo molting, transforming from dark summer fur to white coat in winter, that provides crucial camouflage in snowy environments.","title":"Mammals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"evolutionary baggage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_baggage"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"relevant?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic"},{"link_name":"birth rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_rate"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kevin_M_2013-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kevin_M_2013-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Humans","text":"The view has been expressed that humans' seasonality is largely believed to be evolutionary baggage.[26][relevant?]. Human birth rate varies throughout the year, and the peak month of births appears to vary by latitude.[27] Seasonality in human birth rate appears to have largely decreased since the industrial revolution.[27][28]","title":"Mammals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neurospora crassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurospora_crassa"},{"link_name":"Lingulodinium polyedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingulodinium_polyedra"},{"link_name":"Chlamydomonas reinhardtii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlamydomonas_reinhardtii"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Photoperiodism has also been demonstrated in other organisms besides plants and animals. The fungus Neurospora crassa as well as the dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedra and the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been shown to display photoperiodic responses.[29][30][31]","title":"Other organisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Biological_rhythm"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Biological_rhythm"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biological_rhythm"},{"link_name":"Biological rhythms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_rhythm"},{"link_name":"Circadian rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm"},{"link_name":"Infradian rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infradian_rhythm"},{"link_name":"Ultradian rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultradian_rhythm"},{"link_name":"Lunar rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_effect"},{"link_name":"Annual rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Light_Ethology.svg"},{"link_name":"Diurnality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnality"},{"link_name":"Diurnal cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnal_cycle"},{"link_name":"Nocturnality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnality"},{"link_name":"Cathemerality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathemerality"},{"link_name":"Crepuscular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepuscular_animal"},{"link_name":"Matutinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matutinal"},{"link_name":"Vespertine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespertine_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Seasonality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season"},{"link_name":"Photoperiodism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Vernalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernalization"},{"link_name":"Behavioural ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_ecology"},{"link_name":"Chronobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronobiology"},{"link_name":"Ethology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethology"},{"link_name":"Chronotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronotype"},{"link_name":"Diel vertical migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration"},{"link_name":"Light pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_pollution"},{"link_name":"Solunar theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solunar_theory"},{"link_name":"Parts of a day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Parts_of_a_day"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q259028#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4174538-3"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543629305171"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566773"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph370229&CON_LNG=ENG"}],"text":"Fosket DE (1994). Plant Growth & Development, A Molecular Approach. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 495.\nThomas B, Vince-Prue D (1997). Photoperiodism in plants (2nd ed.). Academic Press.vteBiological rhythmsInternal rhythms\nCircadian rhythm\nInfradian rhythm\nUltradian rhythm\nLunar rhythm\nAnnual rhythm\nExternal cycles\nDiurnality\nDiurnal cycle\nNocturnality\nCathemerality\nCrepuscular\nMatutinal\nVespertine\nSeasonality\nPhotoperiodism\nVernalization\nFields\nBehavioural ecology\nChronobiology\nEthology\nSee also\nChronotype\nDiel vertical migration\nLight pollution\nSolunar theory\nParts of a dayAuthority control databases: National \nGermany\nIsrael\nJapan\nCzech Republic","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Pr converts to Pfr during the day time and Pfr slowly reverts to Pr during the night time. When nights are short, an excess amount of Pfr remains in the day time and during long nights, most of the Pfr is reverted to Pr.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Photoperiodism_in_plants.jpg/220px-Photoperiodism_in_plants.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Long_Day_Plants.jpg/220px-Long_Day_Plants.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Short_Day_Plants.jpg/220px-Short_Day_Plants.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Chronobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronobiology"},{"title":"Circadian clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_clock"},{"title":"Circadian rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm"},{"title":"Florigen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florigen"},{"title":"Photobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photobiology"},{"title":"Seasonal Breeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_breeder"},{"title":"Scotobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotobiology"},{"title":"Epigenetics of plant growth and development § Photoperiodism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics_of_plant_growth_and_development#Photoperiodism"}]	[{"reference":"Mauseth JD (2003). Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology (3rd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. pp. 422–27. ISBN 978-0-7637-2134-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-2134-3","url_text":"978-0-7637-2134-3"}]},{"reference":"Capon B (2005). Botany for Gardeners (2nd ed.). Portland, OR: Timber Publishing. pp. 148–51. ISBN 978-0-88192-655-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-655-2","url_text":"978-0-88192-655-2"}]},{"reference":"Hamner KC, Bonner J (1938). \"Photoperiodism in relation to hormones as factors in floral initiation and development\" (PDF). Botanical Gazette. 100 (2): 388–431. doi:10.1086/334793. JSTOR 2471641. S2CID 84084837.","urls":[{"url":"https://authors.library.caltech.edu/102478/1/2471641.pdf","url_text":"\"Photoperiodism in relation to hormones as factors in floral initiation and development\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F334793","url_text":"10.1086/334793"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2471641","url_text":"2471641"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84084837","url_text":"84084837"}]},{"reference":"Hamner KC (1940). \"Interrelation of light and darkness in photoperiodic induction\". Botanical Gazette. 101 (3): 658–87. doi:10.1086/334903. JSTOR 2472399. S2CID 83682483.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F334903","url_text":"10.1086/334903"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2472399","url_text":"2472399"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83682483","url_text":"83682483"}]},{"reference":"Taiz L, Zeiger E, Møller I, Murphy A (2015). Plant Physiology and Development (Sixth ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. ISBN 978-1-60535-353-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60535-353-1","url_text":"978-1-60535-353-1"}]},{"reference":"Fankhauser C (April 2001). \"The phytochromes, a family of red/far-red absorbing photoreceptors\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (15): 11453–11456. doi:10.1074/jbc.R100006200. PMID 11279228.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.R100006200","url_text":"\"The phytochromes, a family of red/far-red absorbing photoreceptors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.R100006200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.R100006200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11279228","url_text":"11279228"}]},{"reference":"Casal JJ, Candia AN, Sellaro R (June 2014). \"Light perception and signalling by phytochrome A\". Journal of Experimental Botany. 65 (11): 2835–2845. doi:10.1093/jxb/ert379. hdl:11336/4338. 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Plant Growth & Development, A Molecular Approach. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 495.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Thomas B, Vince-Prue D (1997). Photoperiodism in plants (2nd ed.). Academic Press.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://authors.library.caltech.edu/102478/1/2471641.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Photoperiodism in relation to hormones as factors in floral initiation and development\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F334793","external_links_name":"10.1086/334793"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2471641","external_links_name":"2471641"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84084837","external_links_name":"84084837"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F334903","external_links_name":"10.1086/334903"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2472399","external_links_name":"2472399"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83682483","external_links_name":"83682483"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.R100006200","external_links_name":"\"The phytochromes, a family of red/far-red absorbing photoreceptors\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.R100006200","external_links_name":"10.1074/jbc.R100006200"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11279228","external_links_name":"11279228"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Fert379","external_links_name":"\"Light perception and signalling by phytochrome A\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Fert379","external_links_name":"10.1093/jxb/ert379"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F4338","external_links_name":"11336/4338"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24220656","external_links_name":"24220656"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539253","external_links_name":"\"Photoreceptors and regulation of flowering time\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.123.1.39","external_links_name":"10.1104/pp.123.1.39"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1539253","external_links_name":"1539253"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10806223","external_links_name":"10806223"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1175950","external_links_name":"\"The cryptochromes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2005-6-5-220","external_links_name":"10.1186/gb-2005-6-5-220"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1175950","external_links_name":"1175950"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15892880","external_links_name":"15892880"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC149972","external_links_name":"\"Regulation of photoperiodic flowering by Arabidopsis photoreceptors\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PNAS..100.2140M","external_links_name":"2003PNAS..100.2140M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0437826100","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.0437826100"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC149972","external_links_name":"149972"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12578985","external_links_name":"12578985"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754645","external_links_name":"\"Analysis of PHOTOPERIOD SENSITIVITY5 sheds light on the role of phytochromes in photoperiodic flowering in rice\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.109.139097","external_links_name":"10.1104/pp.109.139097"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754645","external_links_name":"2754645"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19675157","external_links_name":"19675157"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/plantsmicroclima0000jone/page/225","external_links_name":"Plants and Microclimate: A Quantitative Approach to Environmental Plant Physiology"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/plantsmicroclima0000jone/page/225","external_links_name":"225"},{"Link":"http://www.uaex.edu/publications/pdf/mp197/chapter2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 2\""},{"Link":"http://www.uaex.edu/publications/mp-197.aspx","external_links_name":"Arkansas Soybean Production Handbook - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Circulation	Curtis Circulation	["1 History","2 See also","3 References"]	American book and magazine distributor Not to be confused with Curtis Publishing Company. Curtis Circulation CompanyCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryMagazinesFounded1946; 78 years ago (1946)HeadquartersNew Milford, New Jersey, U.S.Area servedUnited StatesKey peopleJoseph M. WalshServicesDistributionRetail marketingPublisher support servicesParentCurtis Publishing Company (1946–1969)Perfect Film & Chemical Corporation (1969–1973)Cadence Industries (1973–1986)Hachette Distribution Services (1986–2019)Comag Marketing Group (2019–present)Websitewww.curtiscirc.com Curtis Circulation Company, LLC (abbreviated as CC) is a magazine distribution company. History Curtis Circulation Company began as the circulation department of the Philadelphia-based Curtis Publishing Company, publisher of The Saturday Evening Post, Ladies' Home Journal, and Holiday; Curtis Circulation became a subsidiary in 1946. Besides the publishing company's own magazines, other titles distributed by Curtis Circulation included The Atlantic and Esquire. One of Curtis' most notable clients in the 1950s was Classics Illustrated, which Curtis distributed, starting first in Canada in 1948, and then nationally in the U.S. beginning in 1951. In 1969, Perfect Film & Chemical Corporation, later Cadence Industries, purchased Curtis Circulation from the Curtis Publishing Company. Beginning in 1969 (and lasting until 1995), Curtis became the distributor of Marvel Comics (Perfect Film had bought out publisher Martin Goodman—owner of Magazine Management Company, the parent of Marvel Comics in 1968). Joseph M. Walsh (1944–2016) became president of Curtis Circulation in 1970 (he also held high-ranking titles at its parent company, Cadence Industries). In 1973, Perfect Film renamed itself Cadence Industries. In 1978, CC was the U.S.'s largest magazine distributor. In 1982, Joseph M. Walsh became Chairman and CEO of Curtis, acquiring an ownership stake. Cadence Industries was liquidated in 1986, selling Curtis Circulation to Hachette Distribution Services (a division of the Lagardère Group); Walsh retained his ownership stake. Comag Marketing Group (CMG) acquired Curtis Circulation Company, effective October 1, 2019 See also Curtis Magazines References ^ a b "House of Hammer Volume Two," DezSkinn.com. Retrieved Apr. 19, 2021. ^ "The 1957 Atlas Implosion's effect on Marvel's Silver Age" by Alex Grand ^ a b "Curtis Circulation Company, LLC: Private Company Information". Business Week. August 23, 2011. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2011. ^ a b Jones Jr., William B. Classics Illustrated: A Cultural History, 2d ed. (McFarland & Company, 2017). ^ Welles, Chris (February 10, 1969). "Post-Mortem". New York. pp. 32–36. Retrieved 5 August 2011. ^ Duin, Steve; Richardson, Mike (1998). "Capital City". Comics Between the Panels. Milwaukie, Oregon: Dark Horse Publishing. p. 69. ISBN 1-56971-344-8. ^ a b Nadel, Nick (August 31, 2009). "The Strange Business History of Marvel Comics". Comics Alliance. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2011. ^ Joseph M. Walsh obituary, The Journal News (Jan. 17, 2016). Archived at Lohud (Legacy.com). Archived 2021-04-19 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved Apr. 19, 2021. ^ Wise, Deborah. "INTERNATIONAL REPORT; Hachette: From Zola To a $3 Billion Giant," New York Times (March 21, 1988). ^ "Joseph Walsh: Executive Profile & Biography". Business Week. August 23, 2011. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2011. ^ "CMG Acquires Curtis Circulation Company". 31 August 2019. vteCyrus H. K. CurtisCurtisPublishingCompanyMagazines(years published by Curtis) Tribune and Farmer (1879–84?) Ladies' Home Journal (1883–1968) The Saturday Evening Post (1898–1969, 1971–82) The Country Gentleman (1911–55) Jack & Jill (1938–69) Holiday (1946–77) The American Home (1958–68) Bride to Be Status (?–1969) Comic books (Novelty Press) Blue Bolt Target and the Targeteers Market research National Analysts Key figures George Horace Lorimer Louisa Knapp Curtis Edward William Bok Mary Louise Curtis Bok Zimbalist Ben Hibbs Ada Campbell Rose Curtis–MartinNewspapersNewspapers Public Ledger (1913–1941) The Philadelphia Inquirer (1930–34) New York Evening Post Key figures John Charles Martin Distribution / syndication Curtis Circulation Ledger Syndicate Legacy Curtis Institute of Music Curtis Hall Arboretum Bok Tower Gardens Curtis Organ The Lyndonia Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts Dream Garden Curtis Center Kotzschmar Memorial Organ This article about a comics publishing company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Curtis Publishing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Publishing_Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine"},{"link_name":"distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_(marketing)"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Curtis Publishing Company.Curtis Circulation Company, LLC (abbreviated as CC[2]) is a magazine distribution company.","title":"Curtis Circulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Curtis Publishing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Publishing_Company"},{"link_name":"The Saturday Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post"},{"link_name":"Ladies' Home Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies%27_Home_Journal"},{"link_name":"Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bw-3"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Esquire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones2-4"},{"link_name":"Classics Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classics_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones2-4"},{"link_name":"Perfect Film & Chemical Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadence_Industries"},{"link_name":"Cadence Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadence_Industries"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nym-5"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DuinCC-6"},{"link_name":"Martin Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Goodman_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Magazine Management Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine_Management"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ca-7"},{"link_name":"Joseph M. Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_M._Walsh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cadence Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadence_Industries"},{"link_name":"Cadence Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadence_Industries"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ca-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dez-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hachette Distribution Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachette_Distribution_Services"},{"link_name":"Lagardère Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagard%C3%A8re_Group"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bw-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Curtis Circulation Company began as the circulation department of the Philadelphia-based Curtis Publishing Company, publisher of The Saturday Evening Post, Ladies' Home Journal, and Holiday; Curtis Circulation became a subsidiary in 1946.[3]Besides the publishing company's own magazines, other titles distributed by Curtis Circulation included The Atlantic and Esquire.[4] One of Curtis' most notable clients in the 1950s was Classics Illustrated, which Curtis distributed, starting first in Canada in 1948, and then nationally in the U.S. beginning in 1951.[4]In 1969, Perfect Film & Chemical Corporation, later Cadence Industries, purchased Curtis Circulation from the Curtis Publishing Company.[5] Beginning in 1969 (and lasting until 1995), Curtis became the distributor of Marvel Comics[6] (Perfect Film had bought out publisher Martin Goodman—owner of Magazine Management Company, the parent of Marvel Comics in 1968).[7]Joseph M. Walsh (1944–2016) became president of Curtis Circulation in 1970 (he also held high-ranking titles at its parent company, Cadence Industries).In 1973, Perfect Film renamed itself Cadence Industries.[7] In 1978, CC was the U.S.'s largest magazine distributor.[1]In 1982, Joseph M. Walsh became Chairman and CEO of Curtis, acquiring an ownership stake.[8]Cadence Industries was liquidated in 1986, selling Curtis Circulation to Hachette Distribution Services (a division of the Lagardère Group); Walsh retained his ownership stake.[9][3][10]Comag Marketing Group (CMG) acquired Curtis Circulation Company, effective October 1, 2019 [11]","title":"History"}]	[]	[{"title":"Curtis Magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Magazines"}]	[{"reference":"\"Curtis Circulation Company, LLC: Private Company Information\". Business Week. August 23, 2011. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raelene_Castle	Raelene Castle	["1 Early life and family","2 Career","3 Honours","4 References"]	Australian sports executive Raelene CastleONZMCastle in 2015Born (1970-09-30) 30 September 1970 (age 53)Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, AustraliaNationalityAustralian, British, New ZealandOccupationSports executiveYears active2001−presentParent(s)Bruce Castle (father)Marlene Castle (mother) Raelene Castle ONZM (born 30 September 1970) is a sports executive who has worked in Australia and New Zealand. She was chief executive officer of Rugby Australia from 2017 to 2020, before becoming chief executive officer of Sport New Zealand. Early life and family Castle was born in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia, on 30 September 1970, the daughter of Bruce and Marlene Castle. Both of her parents represented New Zealand internationally in sports: her father as a rugby league footballer and her mother as a lawn bowler. The family returned to New Zealand when Castle was six months old. Career From 2007 to 2013, Castle was the chief executive officer (CEO) of Netball New Zealand. In 2013, she was appointed CEO of Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, becoming the first female CEO of a club in the National Rugby League. At the end of the 2017 season, she was replaced by Rugby League World Cup boss Andrew Hill. In December 2017, Castle was appointed as CEO of Rugby Australia, and served in that role until her resignation in April 2020. In December 2020, Castle took up a role as CEO of Sport New Zealand following contract work on Sport New Zealand's Strengthen and Adapt project. Honours In the 2015 New Year Honours, Castle was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to sport and business. References ^ a b c King, Madonna (7 December 2014). "Raelene Castle: game changer". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2018. ^ "New Zealander Raelene Castle appointed new Bulldogs CEO". sunshine coast daily. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2017. ^ "Bulldogs appoint castle". daily telegraph. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2017. ^ "Bulldogs appoint veteran rugby league administrator to replace Raelene Castle". Stuff.co.nz. 10 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017. ^ O'Halloran, Kate (13 December 2017). "Rugby Australia choose best person for job but Castle's appointment still symbolic". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 April 2020. ^ "Raelene Castle defended by Rugby Australia after stepping down as chief executive". ABC News. 24 April 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020. ^ "Raelene Castle steps down as CEO of Rugby Australia". The Guardian. Australian Associated Press. 23 April 2020. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 27 April 2020. ^ "Raelene Castle, Chief Executive". Sport New Zealand. Retrieved 30 January 2021. ^ McFadden, Suzanne (4 November 2020). "New Sport NZ boss Raelene Castle brings her battle scars". Newsroom. Retrieved 30 January 2021. ^ "Financial support for the sector due to COVID-19 Tautoko ā-pūtea". Sport New Zealand. Retrieved 30 January 2021. ^ "New Year honours list 2015". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2018. Preceded byBill Pulver Australian Rugby Union CEO 2017–2020 Succeeded byRob Clarke (interim)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ONZM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_New_Zealand_Order_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"Rugby Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Australia"},{"link_name":"Sport New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_New_Zealand"}],"text":"Raelene Castle ONZM (born 30 September 1970) is a sports executive who has worked in Australia and New Zealand. She was chief executive officer of Rugby Australia from 2017 to 2020, before becoming chief executive officer of Sport New Zealand.","title":"Raelene Castle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wagga Wagga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagga_Wagga"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Castle_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"Marlene Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlene_Castle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birthdetails-1"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"lawn bowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowls"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birthdetails-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birthdetails-1"}],"text":"Castle was born in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia, on 30 September 1970, the daughter of Bruce and Marlene Castle.[1] Both of her parents represented New Zealand internationally in sports: her father as a rugby league footballer and her mother as a lawn bowler.[1] The family returned to New Zealand when Castle was six months old.[1]","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netball New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netball_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Bulldogs_CEO-2"},{"link_name":"Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury-Bankstown_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"National Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game_changer-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sport New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"From 2007 to 2013, Castle was the chief executive officer (CEO) of Netball New Zealand.[2] In 2013, she was appointed CEO of Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, becoming the first female CEO of a club in the National Rugby League.[3] At the end of the 2017 season, she was replaced by Rugby League World Cup boss Andrew Hill.[4]In December 2017, Castle was appointed as CEO of Rugby Australia,[5] and served in that role until her resignation in April 2020.[6][7] In December 2020, Castle took up a role as CEO of Sport New Zealand[8] following contract work on Sport New Zealand's Strengthen and Adapt project.[9][10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2015 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_New_Year_Honours_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_New_Zealand_Order_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In the 2015 New Year Honours, Castle was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to sport and business.[11]","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"King, Madonna (7 December 2014). \"Raelene Castle: game changer\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211512/https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/raelene-castle-game-changer-20141208-122e2o.html","url_text":"\"Raelene Castle: game changer\""},{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/raelene-castle-game-changer-20141208-122e2o.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealander Raelene Castle appointed new Bulldogs CEO\". sunshine coast daily. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sunshinecoastdaily.com.au/news/new-zealander-raelene-castle-appointed-ne-ceo-bull/1887035/","url_text":"\"New Zealander Raelene Castle appointed new Bulldogs CEO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bulldogs appoint castle\". daily telegraph. 29 May 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/nrl/canterbury-bulldogs-appoint-raelene-castle-as-their-new-ceo-replacing-todd-greenberg/news-story/e2b9f5b382027a3a9b716964c5aec9c9","url_text":"\"Bulldogs appoint castle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bulldogs appoint veteran rugby league administrator to replace Raelene Castle\". Stuff.co.nz. 10 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/league/95647278/bulldogs-appoint-veteran-rugby-league-administrator-to-replace-raelene-castle","url_text":"\"Bulldogs appoint veteran rugby league administrator to replace Raelene Castle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuff.co.nz","url_text":"Stuff.co.nz"}]},{"reference":"O'Halloran, Kate (13 December 2017). \"Rugby Australia choose best person for job but Castle's appointment still symbolic\". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/dec/13/rugby-australia-choose-best-person-for-job-but-castles-appointment-still-symbolic","url_text":"\"Rugby Australia choose best person for job but Castle's appointment still symbolic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raelene Castle defended by Rugby Australia after stepping down as chief executive\". ABC News. 24 April 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-24/raelene-castle-defended-by-rugby-australia-after-quitting-as-ceo/12180290","url_text":"\"Raelene Castle defended by Rugby Australia after stepping down as chief executive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raelene Castle steps down as CEO of Rugby Australia\". The Guardian. Australian Associated Press. 23 April 2020. ISSN 0261-3077. 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Retrieved 30 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsroom.co.nz/lockerroom/new-sport-nz-boss-raelene-castle-brings-her-battle-scars","url_text":"\"New Sport NZ boss Raelene Castle brings her battle scars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsroom_(website)","url_text":"Newsroom"}]},{"reference":"\"Financial support for the sector due to COVID-19 Tautoko ā-pūtea\". Sport New Zealand. Retrieved 30 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportnz.org.nz/covid-19-response/financial-support-for-the-sector-due-to-covid-19/","url_text":"\"Financial support for the sector due to COVID-19 Tautoko ā-pūtea\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Year honours list 2015\". Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. 31 December 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CROUS	Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires	["1 References"]	In higher education in France the Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires (CROUS), founded in 1955, is a regional organisation providing student bursaries, university halls of residence, reception of foreign students, student cultural activities, and student restaurants. Accommodation is offered in all university cities, such as Paris, Nantes, Lyon, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Montpellier, Besançon, etc. For instance, the Grenoble education authority helps students find accommodation in the university cities of Grenoble, Chambéry, Valence and Annecy. vteÉtablissement public à caractère administratifMinistry of Armed Forces Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace ENSTA ParisTech École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne École Polytechnique Naval Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service Établissement de communication et de production audiovisuelle de la Défense Établissement public d'insertion de la défense Musée de l'Armée Musée national de la Marine Musée de l'Air Académie de Marine Etablissement public national des fonds de prévoyance militaire et de l'aéronautique National Office for Veterans and Victims of War Ministry of the Interior Right of Asylum in France Conseil national des activités privées de sécurité Ministry of Labour, Employmentand Economic Inclusion Agence Nationale pour l'Amélioration des Conditions de Travail Ministry of Economy and Finance Mines ParisTech École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne École des Mines de Douai École des mines d'Alès École des mines de Nantes École des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux Ministry of Higher Education,Research and Innovation Groupe Concours Polytechniques 3 of the 4 Groupe des écoles nationales d’ingénieurs École nationale d'ingénieurs de Brest École nationale d'ingénieurs de Metz École nationale d'ingénieurs de Tarbes 7 of the 9 Institut d'études politiques École Nationale Supérieure de l'Électronique et de ses Applications École nationale supérieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'entreprise École nationale supérieure de la nature et du paysage École nationale supérieure des arts et techniques du théâtre École nationale supérieure Louis-Lumière Côte d'Azur Observatory Jean-François Champollion University Center for Teaching and Research Institut national supérieur de formation et de recherche pour l'éducation des jeunes handicapés et les enseignements adaptés Ministry of National Education,Youth and Sports Centre international d'études pédagogiques National Centre for Distance Education Ward of the Nation Ministry of Agriculture and Food Établissement national des produits de l'agriculture et de la mer Agence de services et de paiement Institut français du cheval et de l'équitation Inventaire Forestier National Ministry of Ecological Transition Agence nationale de l'habitat Agence de l'eau École des Ponts ParisTech École nationale de l'aviation civile Institut Géographique National Météo-France French Office for Biodiversity Ministry of Europe andForeign Affairs Agency for French Teaching Abroad Ministry of Culture Bibliothèque nationale de France Bibliothèque publique d'information Centre des monuments nationaux Centre Georges Pompidou Centre national des arts plastiques National Center of Cinematography and the moving image Centre national du livre Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration CNSAD Conservatoire de Paris Conservatoire national supérieur de musique et de danse de Lyon École du Louvre Écoles nationales supérieure d'architecture École nationale supérieure d'arts de Cergy-Pontoise École nationale supérieure de la photographie École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts Établissement public des musées d'Orsay et de l'Orangerie - Valéry Giscard d'Estaing Opérateur du patrimoine et des projets immobiliers de la culture Institut national du patrimoine Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives Palace of Fontainebleau Guimet Museum Musée national Jean-Jacques Henner Sèvres – Cité de la céramique Musée du Louvre Musée national Gustave Moreau Musée Picasso Musée Rodin Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles Ministry of Solidarityand Health École nationale supérieure de sécurité sociale Ministry of Territorial Development Institut national des études territoriales Not classified IAE Paris Institut des hautes études de défense nationale French Academy of Technologies Agence centrale des organismes de sécurité sociale Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail Agence Nationale de la Recherche AD Isère Drac Romanche Centre d'études et de recherches sur les qualifications National Computer Center for Higher Education Institut national supérieur de formation et de recherche pour l'éducation des jeunes handicapés et les enseignements adaptés Centre national des œuvres universitaires et scolaires Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires Caisse nationale de solidarité pour l'autonomie Centre de ressources, d'expertise et de performance sportives Chamber of Commerce and Industry Service départemental d'incendie et de secours Île-de-France Mobilités Association syndicale autorisée Wikimedia Commons has media related to CROUS. References ^ "Nos résidences" (in French). This article relating to education in Europe is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:%C3%89tablissement_public_%C3%A0_caract%C3%A8re_administratif"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:%C3%89tablissement_public_%C3%A0_caract%C3%A8re_administratif"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:%C3%89tablissement_public_%C3%A0_caract%C3%A8re_administratif"},{"link_name":"Établissement public à caractère administratif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tablissement_public_%C3%A0_caract%C3%A8re_administratif"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Armed_Forces_(France)"},{"link_name":"Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Sup%C3%A9rieur_de_l%27A%C3%A9ronautique_et_de_l%27Espace"},{"link_name":"ENSTA 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/730_(transport)	730 (transport)	["1 Overview","2 Changing the direction","3 Bus","4 Aftermath","5 Memorial","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Day in Okinawa when the change from right-hand traffic to left-hand traffic occurred This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "730" transport – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Koza Crossing, Okinawa, circa 1955. Cars drive on the right. Koza Crossing, 2008. Cars drive on the left. Kokusai Dori, Naha in the early 1950s with right hand traffic730 bus of Ryūkyū Bus The 730 Memorial on the 730 Crossing, Ishigaki The 730 (Nana-San-Maru) was the day July 30, 1978, when Okinawa Prefecture of Japan switched back from driving on the right-hand side of the road to the left. Overview Originally, Okinawa drove on the left-hand side of the road, the same as the rest of Japan. However, after the defeat of Japan during World War II, the prefecture went under control of the United States and on June 24, 1945, was made to drive on the right. Even after Okinawa returned to Japanese control in 1972, it still had its traffic driving on the right for six years due to delays in the handover to Japan and delays due to the Expo '75. However, in accordance with the Geneva Convention on Road Traffic that restricts each country to having only one traffic direction, all the traffic in the prefecture was changed back to driving on the left on July 30, 1978. It is one of very few places to have changed from right- to left- traffic in the late twentieth century. The day symbolizes Okinawa's return to Japan. Cars sold until this date were generally left-hand drive, unlike those sold on the Japanese mainland. Such cars are referred to as "729 cars", for the day before the switchover. Changing the direction All traffic, except emergency vehicles, was banned from 22:00 July 29, 1978. Eight hours after, at 06:00 July 30, traffic resumed, changed on the left-hand side. Traffic signs were changed within these eight hours. As there were not enough police officers in Okinawa Prefecture to control all the traffic for the day, reinforcements were assembled from other parts of Japan. Most left-hand side signs and signals were installed and covered before July 30. During the eight-hour transition, the covers were removed and transferred to the old right-hand side signs. The scheme was called the Kudaka Scheme (久高方式, Kudaka Hōshiki), after Hiroshi Kudaka (久高弘, Kudaka Hiroshi), Okinawa Prefectural police officer in charge of 730, who "invented" the scheme. The prefecture publicized the change beforehand through the 730 Campaign (730キャンペーン), including posters and TV advertisements. The TV advertisement featured Yōkō Gushiken, a famous boxer from the prefecture. In the prefecture, from the late 1970s until the early 1980s, right-hand drive vehicles were often called 730 cars (730車両 or 730カー), while LHD vehicles were called 729 cars (729車両 or 729カー). Both expressions are now obsolete. Although rare, there are still a few "729 cars" surviving on the road. The Japanese government spent some $150 million to cover the prefecture's conversion costs, involving 4,200 kilometers (2,610 Miles) of highways. This also included relocating bus stops, moving signs, replacing 1,000 buses and 5,000 taxis, as well as replacing headlights on 300,000 vehicles so that they aimed to the left instead of the right. The United States military spent nearly $500,000 to switch signs on its bases. Bus Local bus companies had to change passenger doors on the right-hand side of the vehicle to the left. The bus operators in the prefecture, namely Ryūkyū Bus (the present Ryūkyū Bus Kōtsū), Okinawa Bus, Naha Kōtsū (the present Naha Kōtsū Bus), and Tōyō Bus introduced more than 1000 buses in total, with subsidies from the prefecture and the national government. These particular buses are sometimes called 730 buses (730車両 or 730バス), Many LHD buses were introduced at the time of Expo '75, held before the 730. As these vehicles were relatively new, some of them were modified to RHD with left-hand side doors. Some others were sold to countries with right hand traffic, such as Mainland China. Many 730 buses survived until the 2000s. However, most of them retired after 2004. As of 2008, both Okinawa Bus and Tōyō Bus each still preserve one, but neither operates them regularly. Aftermath There were many traffic accidents immediately after the 730. When turning right/left on a crossing, drivers often approached to the right-hand side of the road, although they had to approach to the left, resulting in one bus overturning. This led to many collisions on a crossing. Larger accidents included a frontal collision of two buses. Memorial In Ishigaki, there is the 730 Crossing (730交差点) with a 1m tall memorial stone. In Miyakojima, there is the 730 Memorial Tower (730記念塔). See also Right- and left-hand traffic Dagen H Switch to right-hand traffic in Czechoslovakia References ^ White Papers of Japan 1978-79. Japan Institute of International Affairs. 1980. p. 157. ^ a b c d e Malcolm, Andrew H. "U-Turn for Okinawa: From Right-Hand Driving to Left; Extra Policemen Assigned", The New York Times, July 5, 1978. Accessed December 14, 2008. ^ "UNTC". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved May 15, 2024. ^ The Guinness Book of Answers, Norris McWhirter, Guinness Books, 1985, page 118 ^ Frost, Dennis J. (2010). Seeing Stars: Sports Celebrity, Identity, and Body Culture in Modern Japan. Harvard University Press. p. 195. ISBN 9780674056107. ^ Gordon Warner (1995). The Okinawan reversion story: war, peace, occupation, reversion, 1945-1972. Executive Link. p. 201. ^ "New Law Blamed For Accident". The Spokesman-Review. July 31, 1978. ^ Miyara and local children clean and repaint 730 monument, Ryukyu Shimpo, August 4, 2012 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 730 (transport). (in Japanese) やんばる国道物語 (Yanbaru National Highway stories), Northern National Highway Office of Okinawa General Bureau, Cabinet Office. (in Japanese) 手づくり石けんのウェッブショップうみきぃ・うみない (Handmade soap webshop Umikii-Uminai), a personal blog with many 730 pictures. (in Japanese) 「沖縄730　道の記録」シネマ沖縄1978年製作 "Okinawa 730 Road Record" Cinema Okinawa 1978 production	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koza_Crossroads_in_1950s.JPG"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koza_Crossroads.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kokusai_Dori_in_early_1950s.JPG"},{"link_name":"Naha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ryukyu-Bus-3E.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:730_Crossing_Ishigaki_Island_Japan03s3s4500.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ishigaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishigaki,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Okinawa Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"driving on the right-hand side of the road to the left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Koza Crossing, Okinawa, circa 1955. Cars drive on the right.Koza Crossing, 2008. Cars drive on the left.Kokusai Dori, Naha in the early 1950s with right hand traffic730 bus of Ryūkyū BusThe 730 Memorial on the 730 Crossing, IshigakiThe 730 (Nana-San-Maru) was the day July 30, 1978, when Okinawa Prefecture of Japan switched back from driving on the right-hand side of the road to the left.[1]","title":"730 (transport)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"under control of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Civil_Administration_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands"},{"link_name":"Expo '75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_%2775"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT1978-2"},{"link_name":"Geneva Convention on Road Traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Convention_on_Road_Traffic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT1978-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Originally, Okinawa drove on the left-hand side of the road, the same as the rest of Japan. However, after the defeat of Japan during World War II, the prefecture went under control of the United States and on June 24, 1945, was made to drive on the right. Even after Okinawa returned to Japanese control in 1972, it still had its traffic driving on the right for six years due to delays in the handover to Japan and delays due to the Expo '75.[2] However, in accordance with the Geneva Convention on Road Traffic that restricts each country to having only one traffic direction, all the traffic in the prefecture was changed back to driving on the left on July 30, 1978.[2][3] It is one of very few places to have changed from right- to left- traffic in the late twentieth century.[4] The day symbolizes Okinawa's return to Japan.[citation needed] Cars sold until this date were generally left-hand drive, unlike those sold on the Japanese mainland. Such cars are referred to as \"729 cars\", for the day before the switchover.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Traffic signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_sign"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT1978-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT1978-2"},{"link_name":"Yōkō Gushiken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dk%C5%8D_Gushiken"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"right-hand drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT1978-2"}],"text":"All traffic, except emergency vehicles, was banned from 22:00 July 29, 1978. Eight hours after, at 06:00 July 30, traffic resumed, changed on the left-hand side. Traffic signs were changed within these eight hours.[2]As there were not enough police officers in Okinawa Prefecture to control all the traffic for the day, reinforcements were assembled from other parts of Japan.[2]Most left-hand side signs and signals were installed and covered before July 30. During the eight-hour transition, the covers were removed and transferred to the old right-hand side signs. The scheme was called the Kudaka Scheme (久高方式, Kudaka Hōshiki), after Hiroshi Kudaka (久高弘, Kudaka Hiroshi), Okinawa Prefectural police officer in charge of 730, who \"invented\" the scheme.The prefecture publicized the change beforehand through the 730 Campaign (730キャンペーン), including posters and TV advertisements. The TV advertisement featured Yōkō Gushiken, a famous boxer from the prefecture.[5]In the prefecture, from the late 1970s until the early 1980s, right-hand drive vehicles were often called 730 cars (730車両 or 730カー), while LHD vehicles were called 729 cars (729車両 or 729カー). Both expressions are now obsolete. Although rare, there are still a few \"729 cars\" surviving on the road.The Japanese government spent some $150 million to cover the prefecture's conversion costs, involving 4,200 kilometers (2,610 Miles) of highways.[6] This also included relocating bus stops, moving signs, replacing 1,000 buses and 5,000 taxis, as well as replacing headlights on 300,000 vehicles so that they aimed to the left instead of the right. The United States military spent nearly $500,000 to switch signs on its bases.[2]","title":"Changing the direction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus"},{"link_name":"Expo '75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_%2775"}],"text":"Local bus companies had to change passenger doors on the right-hand side of the vehicle to the left. The bus operators in the prefecture, namely Ryūkyū Bus (the present Ryūkyū Bus Kōtsū), Okinawa Bus, Naha Kōtsū (the present Naha Kōtsū Bus), and Tōyō Bus introduced more than 1000 buses in total, with subsidies from the prefecture and the national government. These particular buses are sometimes called 730 buses (730車両 or 730バス),Many LHD buses were introduced at the time of Expo '75, held before the 730. As these vehicles were relatively new, some of them were modified to RHD with left-hand side doors. Some others were sold to countries with right hand traffic, such as Mainland China.Many 730 buses survived until the 2000s. However, most of them retired after 2004. As of 2008, both Okinawa Bus and Tōyō Bus each still preserve one, but neither operates them regularly.","title":"Bus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"traffic accidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_accident"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"There were many traffic accidents immediately after the 730. When turning right/left on a crossing, drivers often approached to the right-hand side of the road, although they had to approach to the left, resulting in one bus overturning.[7] This led to many collisions on a crossing. Larger accidents included a frontal collision of two buses. [citation needed]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ishigaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishigaki,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Miyakojima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyakojima,_Okinawa"}],"text":"In Ishigaki, there is the 730 Crossing (730交差点) with a 1m tall memorial stone.[8] In Miyakojima, there is the 730 Memorial Tower (730記念塔).","title":"Memorial"}]	[{"image_text":"Koza Crossing, Okinawa, circa 1955. Cars drive on the right.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Koza_Crossroads_in_1950s.JPG/220px-Koza_Crossroads_in_1950s.JPG"},{"image_text":"Koza Crossing, 2008. Cars drive on the left.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Koza_Crossroads.jpg/220px-Koza_Crossroads.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kokusai Dori, Naha in the early 1950s with right hand traffic","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kokusai_Dori_in_early_1950s.JPG/300px-Kokusai_Dori_in_early_1950s.JPG"},{"image_text":"730 bus of Ryūkyū Bus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ryukyu-Bus-3E.jpg/220px-Ryukyu-Bus-3E.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 730 Memorial on the 730 Crossing, Ishigaki","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/730_Crossing_Ishigaki_Island_Japan03s3s4500.jpg/220px-730_Crossing_Ishigaki_Island_Japan03s3s4500.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Right- and left-hand traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic"},{"title":"Dagen H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagen_H"},{"title":"Switch to right-hand traffic in Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_to_right-hand_traffic_in_Czechoslovakia"}]	[{"reference":"White Papers of Japan 1978-79. Japan Institute of International Affairs. 1980. p. 157.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8z3tAAAAMAAJ&q=okinawa+++left+","url_text":"White Papers of Japan 1978-79"}]},{"reference":"\"UNTC\". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved May 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetailsV.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XI-B-1&chapter=11&Temp=mtdsg5&clang=_en#21","url_text":"\"UNTC\""}]},{"reference":"Frost, Dennis J. (2010). Seeing Stars: Sports Celebrity, Identity, and Body Culture in Modern Japan. Harvard University Press. p. 195. ISBN 9780674056107.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tWWlxcyzCPYC&pg=PA195","url_text":"Seeing Stars: Sports Celebrity, Identity, and Body Culture in Modern Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674056107","url_text":"9780674056107"}]},{"reference":"Gordon Warner (1995). The Okinawan reversion story: war, peace, occupation, reversion, 1945-1972. Executive Link. p. 201.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Warner","url_text":"Gordon Warner"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lfkDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA201","url_text":"The Okinawan reversion story: war, peace, occupation, reversion, 1945-1972"}]},{"reference":"\"New Law Blamed For Accident\". The Spokesman-Review. July 31, 1978.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FfZLAAAAIBAJ&pg=5732%2C6691683","url_text":"\"New Law Blamed For Accident\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spokesman-Review","url_text":"The Spokesman-Review"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22730%22+transport","external_links_name":"\"730\" transport"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22730%22+transport+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22730%22+transport&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22730%22+transport+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22730%22+transport","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22730%22+transport&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8z3tAAAAMAAJ&q=okinawa+++left+","external_links_name":"White Papers of Japan 1978-79"},{"Link":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0D1FFD355513728DDDAC0894DF405B888BF1D3","external_links_name":"\"U-Turn for Okinawa: From Right-Hand Driving to Left; Extra Policemen Assigned\""},{"Link":"https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetailsV.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XI-B-1&chapter=11&Temp=mtdsg5&clang=_en#21","external_links_name":"\"UNTC\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5uRTloTnHJUC&q=%22right+to+left%22","external_links_name":"The Guinness Book of Answers"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tWWlxcyzCPYC&pg=PA195","external_links_name":"Seeing Stars: Sports Celebrity, Identity, and Body Culture in Modern Japan"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lfkDAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA201","external_links_name":"The Okinawan reversion story: war, peace, occupation, reversion, 1945-1972"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FfZLAAAAIBAJ&pg=5732%2C6691683","external_links_name":"\"New Law Blamed For Accident\""},{"Link":"http://english.ryukyushimpo.jp/2012/08/18/7732/","external_links_name":"Miyara and local children clean and repaint 730 monument"},{"Link":"http://www.dc.ogb.go.jp/hokkoku/yan_koku/05fukki/106.html","external_links_name":"やんばる国道物語"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717153236/http://blog.umikii-uminai.com/?cid=3690","external_links_name":"手づくり石けんのウェッブショップうみきぃ・うみない"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKhoN-PncCA","external_links_name":"「沖縄730　道の記録」シネマ沖縄1978年製作"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pastrana	Francisco Pastrana	["1 References"]	Rugby playerFrancisco PastranaDate of birth (1979-09-13) 13 September 1979 (age 44)Place of birthBuenos Aires, ArgentinaRugby union careerRefereeing careerYears Competition Apps2009–12 IRB Junior World Championship 2009– Test Matches 2013 Super Rugby Francisco Pastrana is a Rugby Union referee who represents the Argentine Rugby Union. Until 2003, he played Fly Half for the famous Hindu Club in Buenos Aires till injuries took their toll and forced him to stop playing in 2003. In 2004, Pastrana started refereeing and now he is a full-time, professional rugby referee, officiating across many test and non-test match globally. His international refereeing started in 2009, when he refereed a match between Kenya under 20s and the United States under 20s in the 2009 IRB Junior World Rugby Trophy. Later in 2009, he refereed a Rugby World Cup qualification mach between Uruguay and the United States. He later touch judged the Rugby World Cup Repechage final between Uruguay and Romania. In 2010, he was one of many referees to referee a match in the 2010 IRB Junior World Championship, where he would referee the 3rd place play-off between England under 20s and South Africa under 20s. He was once again on the IRB panel for the 2011 and 2012 IRB Junior World Championship. In 2011, he refereed a home game between Argentina and the French Barbarians but he is yet to referee a Tier 1 match, although he was a touch judge during the 2013 Six Nations Championship. Francisco Pastrana became the first foreigner to referee a Super Rugby match, being on an 18-man refereeing panel for the 2013 Super Rugby season. His first match was the Australian derby between Melbourne Rebels and Queensland Reds. He was removed from the 2014 Super Rugby refereeing panel after drawing heavy criticism for his performance at the Blues versus Cheetahs match on 22 March. Despite primarily refereeing 15's Rugby Union, he has at time refereed on the Sevens circuit, playing part in the IRB Sevens World Series. References ^ Francisco Pastrana Profile ^ "JWC officials for 2012". Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2013. ^ Referees for Super Rugby 2013 named ^ Referees ditched by SANZAR after poor performances ^ "Walsh to make high-profile return". ESPN.com. ESPN. 30 September 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2024. vte2014 Super Rugby refereesArgentina Francisco Pastrana Australia Angus Gardner Rohan Hoffmann James Leckie Andrew Lees Matt O'Brien Steve Walsh New Zealand Nick Briant Mike Fraser Glen Jackson Chris Pollock Garratt Williamson South Africa Stuart Berry Jason Jaftha Craig Joubert Jaco Peyper Lourens van der Merwe Marius van der Westhuizen vte2013 Super Rugby refereesArgentina Francisco Pastrana Australia Angus Gardner Rohan Hoffmann James Leckie Andrew Lees Steve Walsh New Zealand Nick Briant Mike Fraser Glen Jackson Chris Pollock Jonathon White Garratt Williamson South Africa Stuart Berry Jason Jaftha Craig Joubert Jonathan Kaplan Jaco Peyper Lourens van der Merwe	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rugby Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"Argentine Rugby Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"Fly Half","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_positions#Fly-half"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kenya under 20s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_national_under-20_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"United States under 20s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_national_under-20_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"2009 IRB Junior World Rugby Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_IRB_Junior_World_Rugby_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"2010 IRB Junior World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_IRB_Junior_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"England under 20s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_under-20_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa under 20s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_under-20_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_IRB_Junior_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_IRB_Junior_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"French Barbarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian_Rugby_Club"},{"link_name":"2013 Six Nations Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Six_Nations_Championship"},{"link_name":"Super Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Rugby"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2013 Super Rugby season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Super_Rugby_season"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Rebels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Rebels"},{"link_name":"Queensland Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Reds"},{"link_name":"Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_(Super_Rugby)"},{"link_name":"Cheetahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetahs_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_sevens"},{"link_name":"IRB Sevens World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRB_Sevens_World_Series"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Rugby playerFrancisco Pastrana is a Rugby Union referee who represents the Argentine Rugby Union. Until 2003, he played Fly Half for the famous Hindu Club in Buenos Aires till injuries took their toll and forced him to stop playing in 2003.[1]In 2004, Pastrana started refereeing and now he is a full-time, professional rugby referee, officiating across many test and non-test match globally. His international refereeing started in 2009, when he refereed a match between Kenya under 20s and the United States under 20s in the 2009 IRB Junior World Rugby Trophy. Later in 2009, he refereed a Rugby World Cup qualification mach between Uruguay and the United States. He later touch judged the Rugby World Cup Repechage final between Uruguay and Romania.In 2010, he was one of many referees to referee a match in the 2010 IRB Junior World Championship, where he would referee the 3rd place play-off between England under 20s and South Africa under 20s. He was once again on the IRB panel for the 2011 and 2012 IRB Junior World Championship.[2]In 2011, he refereed a home game between Argentina and the French Barbarians but he is yet to referee a Tier 1 match, although he was a touch judge during the 2013 Six Nations Championship.Francisco Pastrana became the first foreigner to referee a Super Rugby match,[3] being on an 18-man refereeing panel for the 2013 Super Rugby season. His first match was the Australian derby between Melbourne Rebels and Queensland Reds. He was removed from the 2014 Super Rugby refereeing panel after drawing heavy criticism for his performance at the Blues versus Cheetahs match on 22 March.[4]Despite primarily refereeing 15's Rugby Union, he has at time refereed on the Sevens circuit, playing part in the IRB Sevens World Series.[5]","title":"Francisco Pastrana"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"JWC officials for 2012\". Archived from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120331222002/http://www.irb.com/jwc/news/newsid=2061692.html","url_text":"\"JWC officials for 2012\""},{"url":"http://www.irb.com/jwc/news/newsid=2061692.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Walsh to make high-profile return\". ESPN.com. ESPN. 30 September 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/rugby/story/_/id/15298079/steve-walsh-make-high-profile-return","url_text":"\"Walsh to make high-profile return\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.sareferees.com/News/jwrc-referee-francisco-pastrana/2829655/","external_links_name":"Francisco Pastrana Profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120331222002/http://www.irb.com/jwc/news/newsid=2061692.html","external_links_name":"\"JWC officials for 2012\""},{"Link":"http://www.irb.com/jwc/news/newsid=2061692.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.espnscrum.com/super-rugby-2013/rugby/story/174729.html","external_links_name":"Referees for Super Rugby 2013 named"},{"Link":"http://au.sports.yahoo.com/rugby/news/article/-/22143791/referees-ditched-by-sanzar-after-poor-performances/highestRated/1364722431317-81c7bfae-1df8-48a0-8996-d8d61dcd8f84/","external_links_name":"Referees ditched by SANZAR after poor performances"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/rugby/story/_/id/15298079/steve-walsh-make-high-profile-return","external_links_name":"\"Walsh to make high-profile return\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Martin_Brooks	Scott Martin Brooks	["1 Early life","2 Overnight success","3 After \"Whassup!\"","4 References","5 External links"]	American actor This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Scott Martin Brooks" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Scott Martin BrooksScott Martin Brooks in 2017BornScott Martin Brooks (1976-04-06) April 6, 1976 (age 48)Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaOther namesDookieWebsite Scott Martin Brooks (born April 6, 1976) is an American actor, best known as the character "Dookie" in the "Whassup?" series of television commercials for Budweiser brand of beer. Early life Brooks was born on April 6, 1976, he was adopted at birth and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On his old MySpace page, Brooks described himself as "a poor black child from the mean streets of West Philly...the REAL West Philly, not that suburb 'Fresh Prince' was from." Brooks' father passed away when he was 12, he was then raised by his mother and two older sisters. Throughout his childhood and teens, Brooks studied classical piano for 10 years, performing in many recitals, he was heavily involved in his local church, he was a competitive swimmer for 5 years, competed in track & field in 2 different leagues, and played JV baseball his freshman year (earning a letter). From ages 11 to 18 he acted in many plays for a local theater group, and when he was 19 he studied acting at the John Barth Acting Studios in Philadelphia. Brooks was an above average student during high school, but received several awards for Art, and excelled in English and History, and after graduation, he attended college as a business management major. After one year he left school, then he and his best friend borrowed money from their families and opened their own business; a popular neighborhood video rental store. After 4 years and 2 stores, Brooks and his partner sold the business. Soon after, he took his first job in the nightlife industry as a bouncer in a local "gentleman's club", which turned into a ten-year career in the Philadelphia nightclub scene, becoming a well-known and sought-after doorman and head of security. Also during this time, along with several co-workers, Brooks became a partner in an infamous, underground, after-hours nightclub. While Brooks was working in the Philadelphia nightclub scene, his childhood friend Charles Stone was making a name for himself in New York City as a music video director. Starting back when they were teenagers, Stone would often cast Brooks in his school projects, short films and music videos. In 1998, Stone came up with the original "Whassup" concept; a three-minute film entitled True. When he decided to make the film, Stone told Brooks, "It’s based on us, and something we used to do back in the day." "True" was a huge hit on the independent film festival circuit, which led to it becoming a popular "party tape"...it was being dubbed and bootleg copies were being passed around all across the country. One such bootleg made it into the hands of Vinny Warren, an ad exec at the DDB-Needham advertising agency. Budweiser was a client of DDB, so, Vinny approached August Busch IV, CEO of Anheuser-Busch, and sold him on the idea of turning True into a series of TV commercials. When production began on the commercials, Stone called Brooks and urged him to come to New York for an audition. Brooks was not a professional actor at the time, and this was his first audition. After a week of auditions, and 3 call-backs, Brooks beat out 250 other actors, and was given the lead role of "Dookie." The commercials were shot over 3 days in November 1999 in locations around New York City. For a short while, Brooks continued to work as a bouncer even after the commercials debuted, unaware of how his life was about to change. Overnight success Brooks shot to celebrity overnight thanks to the success of the "Whassup" commercials. The campaign ran for over two-years, with 12 commercials. The specific popularity of Brooks' character "Dookie" prompted Anheuser-Busch to create several commercials based around his solo adventures. The New York Times, Washington Post, Newsweek, Vibe, TV Guide, Entertainment Weekly, The New Yorker, People and Forbes, as well as many other magazines and newspapers across the country, all featured articles about the sensation surrounding the commercials. Brooks has also been interviewed or featured on many national & local television & radio shows, including: The Tonight Show, Oprah, Entertainment Tonight, The Today Show, CBS This Morning, Live with Regis and Kathy Lee, The Howard Stern Show, WWF Raw, 48 Hours, Inside Edition, Talk Soup, E! News Daily, VH1's The 25 Greatest, CBS's Super Bowl's Greatest Commercials, TNN's Fame for 15', The 2000 Source Awards, the A&E documentary America's Favorite TV Commercials, and the BBC's television special Best Ads Ever. To this day, the commercials are routinely featured in magazine articles and television specials as one of the top 10 TV commercials and Super Bowl commercials of all time. The commercials were nominated for an Emmy, won the 2000 Grand Clio Award for Best Campaign and Best Commercial, and "Wasabi" (one of Brooks' solo commercials) won the 2000 Cannes Film Festival Golden Lion Award for Best Commercial in the world. Brooks also won a Best Actor Award from the Black Emmy Association. After "Whassup!" After the initial success of the commercials, the "Whassup Guys" signed a development deal with Paramount Television to create and star in a new television series, and became the hosts of ABC's prime time series Best Commercials You’ve Never Seen. Later, Brooks went on to become the solo host of the Best Commercials... series, he also landed a development deal with Banyan Productions, with 2 pilots in consideration by major networks. In January 2002, Scott called into the Howard Stern show to say that although he was making up to $5000 a night doing appearances at bars, he wanted to do something else before he was only ever known as "The Wassup Guy". Howard told him he should keep doing it until there's no more money, but Scott insisted that he was finished with doing "Wassup Guy" appearances. Throughout the 2000s, Brooks continued to pursue his acting career, landing several TV and feature film roles, including; UPN's The Parkers, CBS's Hack, Fox's Jonny Zero, New Line Cinema's Dumb and Dumberer and Disney's Mr. 3000. He also continued his commercial career, doing commercials for major brands such as Mcdonald's, The WE Network, and Dodge Truck. Brooks added another popular catchphrase to his resume when he was featured in one of the Dr. Scholl's "Are You Gellin'?" TV commercials. In 2004, Brooks became the voice of Church's Chicken in their television and radio ads. From 2009 - 2010, he was the host of the Verizon-Fios "Home 2.0 Makover Show", a series of promotional infommercials for the company. References ^ "MarksFriggin.com - Stern Show News - Archive". He said that he was making up to $5000 a night doing appearances ... Howard told him he should have just kept milking it for years until there was no more money coming in. Scott said that he wanted to do something else before he was known only as the 'wassup guy'. External links Biography portal Scott's MySpace Page Scott Martin Brooks at IMDb The Inspiration Room \| Daily Write-up on the Whassup Advertising Campaign BBC News Article "Whassup? boys strike TV deal" The Original Budweiser "Whassup" Commercial featuring Scott as "Dookie" on YouTube Official Budweiser "Whassup" Website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Whassup?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whassup%3F"},{"link_name":"Budweiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_(Anheuser-Busch)"}],"text":"Scott Martin Brooks (born April 6, 1976) is an American actor, best known as the character \"Dookie\" in the \"Whassup?\" series of television commercials for Budweiser brand of beer.","title":"Scott Martin Brooks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"MySpace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySpace"},{"link_name":"Fresh Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel-Air"},{"link_name":"Charles Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stone_III"},{"link_name":"Vinny Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinny_Warren"},{"link_name":"DDB-Needham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDB_Worldwide"},{"link_name":"August Busch IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Busch_IV"},{"link_name":"Anheuser-Busch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anheuser-Busch"}],"text":"Brooks was born on April 6, 1976, he was adopted at birth and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On his old MySpace page, Brooks described himself as \"a poor black child from the mean streets of West Philly...the REAL West Philly, not that suburb 'Fresh Prince' was from.\" Brooks' father passed away when he was 12, he was then raised by his mother and two older sisters. Throughout his childhood and teens, Brooks studied classical piano for 10 years, performing in many recitals, he was heavily involved in his local church, he was a competitive swimmer for 5 years, competed in track & field in 2 different leagues, and played JV baseball his freshman year (earning a letter). From ages 11 to 18 he acted in many plays for a local theater group, and when he was 19 he studied acting at the John Barth Acting Studios in Philadelphia.Brooks was an above average student during high school, but received several awards for Art, and excelled in English and History, and after graduation, he attended college as a business management major. After one year he left school, then he and his best friend borrowed money from their families and opened their own business; a popular neighborhood video rental store. After 4 years and 2 stores, Brooks and his partner sold the business. Soon after, he took his first job in the nightlife industry as a bouncer in a local \"gentleman's club\", which turned into a ten-year career in the Philadelphia nightclub scene, becoming a well-known and sought-after doorman and head of security. Also during this time, along with several co-workers, Brooks became a partner in an infamous, underground, after-hours nightclub.While Brooks was working in the Philadelphia nightclub scene, his childhood friend Charles Stone was making a name for himself in New York City as a music video director. Starting back when they were teenagers, Stone would often cast Brooks in his school projects, short films and music videos. In 1998, Stone came up with the original \"Whassup\" concept; a three-minute film entitled True. When he decided to make the film, Stone told Brooks, \"It’s based on us, and something we used to do back in the day.\"\"True\" was a huge hit on the independent film festival circuit, which led to it becoming a popular \"party tape\"...it was being dubbed and bootleg copies were being passed around all across the country. One such bootleg made it into the hands of Vinny Warren, an ad exec at the DDB-Needham advertising agency. Budweiser was a client of DDB, so, Vinny approached August Busch IV, CEO of Anheuser-Busch, and sold him on the idea of turning True into a series of TV commercials.When production began on the commercials, Stone called Brooks and urged him to come to New York for an audition. Brooks was not a professional actor at the time, and this was his first audition. After a week of auditions, and 3 call-backs, Brooks beat out 250 other actors, and was given the lead role of \"Dookie.\" The commercials were shot over 3 days in November 1999 in locations around New York City. For a short while, Brooks continued to work as a bouncer even after the commercials debuted, unaware of how his life was about to change.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"Vibe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibe_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"The Tonight Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tonight_Show"},{"link_name":"Oprah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oprah_Winfrey_Show"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight"},{"link_name":"Today Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(NBC_program)"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Live with Regis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_with_Regis_and_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Kathy Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Lee_Gifford"},{"link_name":"The Howard Stern Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Howard_Stern_Show"},{"link_name":"WWF Raw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Raw"},{"link_name":"48 Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48_Hours_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Inside Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Edition"},{"link_name":"Talk Soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_Soup"},{"link_name":"E!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E!"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"TNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Source Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_Awards"},{"link_name":"A&E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Network"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy"},{"link_name":"Cannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes"}],"text":"Brooks shot to celebrity overnight thanks to the success of the \"Whassup\" commercials. The campaign ran for over two-years, with 12 commercials. The specific popularity of Brooks' character \"Dookie\" prompted Anheuser-Busch to create several commercials based around his solo adventures.The New York Times, Washington Post, Newsweek, Vibe, TV Guide, Entertainment Weekly, The New Yorker, People and Forbes, as well as many other magazines and newspapers across the country, all featured articles about the sensation surrounding the commercials. Brooks has also been interviewed or featured on many national & local television & radio shows, including: The Tonight Show, Oprah, Entertainment Tonight, The Today Show, CBS This Morning, Live with Regis and Kathy Lee, The Howard Stern Show, WWF Raw, 48 Hours, Inside Edition, Talk Soup, E! News Daily, VH1's The 25 Greatest, CBS's Super Bowl's Greatest Commercials, TNN's Fame for 15', The 2000 Source Awards, the A&E documentary America's Favorite TV Commercials, and the BBC's television special Best Ads Ever.To this day, the commercials are routinely featured in magazine articles and television specials as one of the top 10 TV commercials and Super Bowl commercials of all time. The commercials were nominated for an Emmy, won the 2000 Grand Clio Award for Best Campaign and Best Commercial, and \"Wasabi\" (one of Brooks' solo commercials) won the 2000 Cannes Film Festival Golden Lion Award for Best Commercial in the world. Brooks also won a Best Actor Award from the Black Emmy Association.","title":"Overnight success"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paramount Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Television"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Banyan Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyan_Productions"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"UPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPN"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"New Line Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Line_Cinema"},{"link_name":"Dumb and Dumberer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumb_and_Dumberer"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney"},{"link_name":"Dr. Scholl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Scholl"},{"link_name":"Verizon-Fios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verizon-Fios&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"After the initial success of the commercials, the \"Whassup Guys\" signed a development deal with Paramount Television to create and star in a new television series, and became the hosts of ABC's prime time series Best Commercials You’ve Never Seen. Later, Brooks went on to become the solo host of the Best Commercials... series, he also landed a development deal with Banyan Productions, with 2 pilots in consideration by major networks.In January 2002, Scott called into the Howard Stern show to say that although he was making up to $5000 a night doing appearances at bars, he wanted to do something else before he was only ever known as \"The Wassup Guy\". Howard told him he should keep doing it until there's no more money, but Scott insisted that he was finished with doing \"Wassup Guy\" appearances.[1]Throughout the 2000s, Brooks continued to pursue his acting career, landing several TV and feature film roles, including; UPN's The Parkers, CBS's Hack, Fox's Jonny Zero, New Line Cinema's Dumb and Dumberer and Disney's Mr. 3000. He also continued his commercial career, doing commercials for major brands such as Mcdonald's, The WE Network, and Dodge Truck. Brooks added another popular catchphrase to his resume when he was featured in one of the Dr. Scholl's \"Are You Gellin'?\" TV commercials. In 2004, Brooks became the voice of Church's Chicken in their television and radio ads. From 2009 - 2010, he was the host of the Verizon-Fios \"Home 2.0 Makover Show\", a series of promotional infommercials for the company.","title":"After \"Whassup!\""}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"MarksFriggin.com - Stern Show News - Archive\". He said that he was making up to $5000 a night doing appearances ... Howard told him he should have just kept milking it for years until there was no more money coming in. Scott said that he wanted to do something else before he was known only as the 'wassup guy'.","urls":[{"url":"http://marksfriggin.com/news02/1-28.htm#wed","url_text":"\"MarksFriggin.com - Stern Show News - Archive\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Scott+Martin+Brooks%22","external_links_name":"\"Scott Martin Brooks\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Scott+Martin+Brooks%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Scott+Martin+Brooks%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Scott+Martin+Brooks%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Scott+Martin+Brooks%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Scott+Martin+Brooks%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://smb19143.wixsite.com/scottmartinbrooks","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://marksfriggin.com/news02/1-28.htm#wed","external_links_name":"\"MarksFriggin.com - Stern Show News - Archive\""},{"Link":"http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendid=26644444","external_links_name":"Scott's MySpace Page"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1538432/","external_links_name":"Scott Martin Brooks"},{"Link":"http://theinspirationroom.com/daily/2004/budweiser-true-whassup","external_links_name":"The Inspiration Room \| Daily Write-up on the Whassup Advertising Campaign"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1023235.stm","external_links_name":"BBC News Article \"Whassup? boys strike TV deal\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ikkg4NobV_w","external_links_name":"The Original Budweiser \"Whassup\" Commercial featuring Scott as \"Dookie\""},{"Link":"http://www.bud-true.com/","external_links_name":"Official Budweiser \"Whassup\" Website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur_Column	Jaipur Column	["1 Notes","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 28°36′51″N 77°12′07″E / 28.614262°N 77.201902°E / 28.614262; 77.201902Monument in New Delhi Jaipur Column as seen from the Iron Gate with Rashtrapati Bhavan (Behind). The Jaipur Column is a monumental column in the middle of the courtyard in front of Rashtrapati Bhavan, the presidential residence in New Delhi, Delhi, India. In 1912 Madho Singh II, the Maharaja of Jaipur, offered to sponsor its construction to commemorate the 1911 Delhi Durbar and the transfer of the capital of India from Calcutta to New Delhi. The column was designed by the architect Sir Edwin Lutyens. In 1920, Lutyens submitted his design for the column to the Royal Academy of Arts in London, as his diploma work for his election as a fellow of the academy. The structure was completed in 1930. The column is predominantly made of cream sandstone, with red sandstone used for the base. At the top there is an egg surmounted by a bronze lotus flower and a six-pointed glass star. These are supported by a steel shaft running through the column's entire length. Different sources give the height as 145 feet (44 m) or 148 feet (45 m). There are bas-reliefs around the base, designed by the British sculptor Charles Sargeant Jagger. Jagger also designed the elephants carved into the walls around the courtyard, as well as the statue of George V, Emperor of India which formerly stood under the canopy next to India Gate. Evening view with light display On the base there is an inscription, with wording supplied by Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India: In thought faith In word wisdom In deed courage In life service So may India be great This was a modification of the wording originally proposed by Lutyens: Endow your thought with faith Your deed with courage Your life with sacrifice So all men may know The greatness of India An egg surmounted by a bronze lotus flower and a six-pointed glass Star of India emblem The first stones were led by The king Emperor George The Fifth and his consort Queen Mary on the 15 December 1911 Bas-reliefs around the base showing the coat of arms of the Emperor of India, designed by the British sculptor Charles Sargeant Jagger As per writeup on the column-Madho Singh II, the Maharaja of Jaipur, offered to sponsor its construction to commemorate the 1911 Delhi Durbar and the transfer of the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi Notes ^ a b c d e f Amery, Richardson and Stamp (1981), pp. 179–80. ^ de Bruyn, Bain, Allardice and Joshi (2010), p. 429. ^ Amery, Richardson and Stamp (1981), p. 172. ^ a b Singh and Rai (1983), p. 41. References Amery, Colin; Richardson, Margaret; Stamp, Gavin (1981). Lutyens: The Work of the English Architect Sir Edwin Lutyens (1869–1944). London: Arts Council of Great Britain. ISBN 0-7287-0304-1. de Bruyn, Pippa; Bain, Keith; Allardice, David; Joshi, Shonar (2010). Frommer's India. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-55610-8. Singh, Khushwant; Rai, Raghu (1983). Delhi: a portrait. Delhi: Delhi Tourism Development Corporation. ISBN 0195614372. External links Lutyens Trust images vteCharles Sargeant JaggerSculptures Portsmouth War Memorial (1921) Great Western Railway War Memorial (1922) Hoylake and West Kirby War Memorial (1922) Anglo-Belgian Memorial, Brussels (1923) Royal Artillery Memorial (1925) Port Tewfik Memorial (1926) Cambrai Memorial to the Missing (1930) Jaipur Column (1930) Shrine of Remembrance (1934) Related Édouard Lantéri (master) Edith Jagger (sister) David Jagger (brother) New Sculpture 28°36′51″N 77°12′07″E / 28.614262°N 77.201902°E / 28.614262; 77.201902	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jaipur_Column_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan,_New_Delhi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rashtrapati Bhavan (Behind).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrapati_Bhavan"},{"link_name":"monumental column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumental_column"},{"link_name":"Rashtrapati Bhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrapati_Bhavan"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Madho Singh II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madho_Singh_II"},{"link_name":"Maharaja of Jaipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_of_Jaipur"},{"link_name":"Delhi Durbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Durbar"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amery179-1"},{"link_name":"Sir Edwin Lutyens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edwin_Lutyens"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"diploma work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploma_work"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amery179-1"},{"link_name":"lotus flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_flower"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amery179-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amery179-1"},{"link_name":"bas-reliefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-relief"},{"link_name":"Charles Sargeant Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sargeant_Jagger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amery179-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"George V, Emperor of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V,_Emperor_of_India"},{"link_name":"India Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Gate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amery179-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jaipur_Column_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lord Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Irwin"},{"link_name":"Viceroy of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy_of_India"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singh41-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singh41-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close_up_of_Jaipur_column_at_Rashtrapati_Bhawan_DSCN8125.jpg"},{"link_name":"Star of India emblem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_India_(flag)#Emblem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close_up_of_Jaipur_column_DSCN8092.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close_up_of_Jaipur_column_at_Rashtrapati_Bhawan_DSCN8113.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles Sargeant Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sargeant_Jagger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close_up_of_Jaipur_column_at_Rashtrapati_Bhawan_DSCN8101.jpg"},{"link_name":"Madho Singh II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madho_Singh_II"},{"link_name":"Maharaja of Jaipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja_of_Jaipur"},{"link_name":"Delhi Durbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Durbar"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"}],"text":"Monument in New DelhiJaipur Column as seen from the Iron Gate with Rashtrapati Bhavan (Behind).The Jaipur Column is a monumental column in the middle of the courtyard in front of Rashtrapati Bhavan, the presidential residence in New Delhi, Delhi, India. In 1912 Madho Singh II, the Maharaja of Jaipur, offered to sponsor its construction to commemorate the 1911 Delhi Durbar and the transfer of the capital of India from Calcutta to New Delhi.[1]The column was designed by the architect Sir Edwin Lutyens. In 1920, Lutyens submitted his design for the column to the Royal Academy of Arts in London, as his diploma work for his election as a fellow of the academy. The structure was completed in 1930.[1]The column is predominantly made of cream sandstone, with red sandstone used for the base. At the top there is an egg surmounted by a bronze lotus flower and a six-pointed glass star. These are supported by a steel shaft running through the column's entire length.[1] Different sources give the height as 145 feet (44 m)[2] or 148 feet (45 m).[1]There are bas-reliefs around the base, designed by the British sculptor Charles Sargeant Jagger.[1] Jagger also designed the elephants carved into the walls around the courtyard,[3] as well as the statue of George V, Emperor of India which formerly stood under the canopy next to India Gate.[1]Evening view with light displayOn the base there is an inscription, with wording supplied by Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India:[4]In thought faith\nIn word wisdom\nIn deed courage\nIn life service\nSo may India be greatThis was a modification of the wording originally proposed by Lutyens:[4]Endow your thought with faith\nYour deed with courage\nYour life with sacrifice\nSo all men may know\nThe greatness of IndiaAn egg surmounted by a bronze lotus flower and a six-pointed glass Star of India emblem\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe first stones were led by The king Emperor George The Fifth and his consort Queen Mary on the 15 December 1911\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBas-reliefs around the base showing the coat of arms of the Emperor of India, designed by the British sculptor Charles Sargeant Jagger\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAs per writeup on the column-Madho Singh II, the Maharaja of Jaipur, offered to sponsor its construction to commemorate the 1911 Delhi Durbar and the transfer of the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi","title":"Jaipur Column"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Amery179_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Amery179_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Amery179_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Amery179_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Amery179_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Amery179_1-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Singh41_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Singh41_4-1"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f Amery, Richardson and Stamp (1981), pp. 179–80.\n\n^ de Bruyn, Bain, Allardice and Joshi (2010), p. 429.\n\n^ Amery, Richardson and Stamp (1981), p. 172.\n\n^ a b Singh and Rai (1983), p. 41.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Jaipur Column as seen from the Iron Gate with Rashtrapati Bhavan (Behind).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jaipur_Column_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/250px-Jaipur_Column_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan%2C_New_Delhi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Evening view with light display","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jaipur_Column_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan.jpg/220px-Jaipur_Column_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Amery, Colin; Richardson, Margaret; Stamp, Gavin (1981). Lutyens: The Work of the English Architect Sir Edwin Lutyens (1869–1944). London: Arts Council of Great Britain. ISBN 0-7287-0304-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Stamp","url_text":"Stamp, Gavin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Council_of_Great_Britain","url_text":"Arts Council of Great Britain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7287-0304-1","url_text":"0-7287-0304-1"}]},{"reference":"de Bruyn, Pippa; Bain, Keith; Allardice, David; Joshi, Shonar (2010). Frommer's India. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-55610-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-55610-8","url_text":"978-0-470-55610-8"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Khushwant; Rai, Raghu (1983). Delhi: a portrait. Delhi: Delhi Tourism Development Corporation. ISBN 0195614372.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khushwant_Singh","url_text":"Singh, Khushwant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghu_Rai","url_text":"Rai, Raghu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195614372","url_text":"0195614372"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jaipur_Column&params=28.614262_N_77.201902_E_type:landmark_region:IN","external_links_name":"28°36′51″N 77°12′07″E / 28.614262°N 77.201902°E / 28.614262; 77.201902"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211205122948/http://www.lutyenstrustexhibitions.org.uk/new-delhi-2/4581496461","external_links_name":"Lutyens Trust images"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jaipur_Column&params=28.614262_N_77.201902_E_type:landmark_region:IN","external_links_name":"28°36′51″N 77°12′07″E / 28.614262°N 77.201902°E / 28.614262; 77.201902"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffle_(BBS_software)	Waffle (BBS software)	["1 References","2 External links"]	BBS software Waffle is a bulletin-board system created by Tom Dell for the Dark Side of the Moon BBS which ran under DOS and later UNIX. The software was unique among DOS BBS software in many ways, including the fact that all of the configuration files were in readable text files, and that it fully supported Usenet and UUCP on the DOS platform. A Usenet news group named comp.bbs.waffle was created for discussion of the Waffle BBS System. Waffle was first released in 1989. The last version seems to be v1.65. There was a beta version of 1.66 on the main site, but it was never released. It was possible to link Waffle (under DOS) to Fidonet and WWIV using external gateway utilities. References ^ "The first public release was 1.58, in December 1989." - Waffle Modification Log (in HISTORY.DOC) from version 1.65. ^ "Waffle Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)". www.faqs.org. Retrieved 2020-01-24. External links comp.bbs.waffle FAQ More history Pyffle BBS - a Waffle clone written in Python that runs on modern systems (last update in 2011) This network-related software article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bulletin-board system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_Board_System"},{"link_name":"DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS"},{"link_name":"UNIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX"},{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software"},{"link_name":"Usenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet"},{"link_name":"UUCP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCP"},{"link_name":"Usenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet"},{"link_name":"comp.bbs.waffle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/comp.bbs.waffle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fidonet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidonet"},{"link_name":"WWIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWIV"}],"text":"Waffle is a bulletin-board system created by Tom Dell for the Dark Side of the Moon BBS which ran under DOS and later UNIX. The software was unique among DOS BBS software in many ways, including the fact that all of the configuration files were in readable text files, and that it fully supported Usenet and UUCP on the DOS platform.A Usenet news group named comp.bbs.waffle was created for discussion of the Waffle BBS System.Waffle was first released in 1989.[1] The last version seems to be v1.65.[2] There was a beta version of 1.66 on the main site, but it was never released.It was possible to link Waffle (under DOS) to Fidonet and WWIV using external gateway utilities.","title":"Waffle (BBS software)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Waffle Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)\". www.faqs.org. Retrieved 2020-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.faqs.org/faqs/waffle-faq/","url_text":"\"Waffle Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/comp.bbs.waffle","external_links_name":"comp.bbs.waffle"},{"Link":"http://www.faqs.org/faqs/waffle-faq/","external_links_name":"\"Waffle Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)\""},{"Link":"http://www.faqs.org/faqs/waffle-faq/","external_links_name":"comp.bbs.waffle FAQ"},{"Link":"http://software.bbsdocumentary.com/IBM/DOS/WAFFLE/","external_links_name":"More history"},{"Link":"https://github.com/pyffle/Pyffle-BBS","external_links_name":"Pyffle BBS - a Waffle clone written in Python that runs on modern systems"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waffle_(BBS_software)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rino_Corso_Fougier	Rino Corso Fougier	["1 Military career","2 External links"]	General of the Italian Air ForceRino Corso Fougier in 1939 Rino Corso Fougier (14 November 1894 in Bastia – 24 April 1963 in Rome) was a general of the Italian Royal Air Force. From 1940 to 1941 he served as the commander of the Corpo Aereo Italiano which, in concert with the Luftwaffe, took part in the Battle of Britain. From 1941 to 1943 he commanded the Regia Aeronautica. He was awarded the German Cross in Gold in January 1943. Military career On 31 December 1912 he enlisted in the Royal Army and participated in the course for additional officer student. He was appointed second lieutenant of the Infantry in 1914 and was entrusted with the command of a platoon of cyclist Bersaglieri. He participated in the First World War with the 7th Bersaglieri Regiment. On June 23, 1915, he was wounded by a mine during a reconnaissance mission to the quarries northwest of Seltz, but he continued to serve. For this act of heroism, he was awarded the Silver Medal of Military Valor. On 29 June 1916, he went to the Aviator Schools Battalion as an aspiring pilot student: in Venaria Reale on Blériot and in Cascina Costa on SAML/Aviatik BI and S. 200, obtaining a pilot's license on 26 October and that of military pilot on 4 February 1917. Assigned to the 113th Squadron, he participated in several fights. In April, Lieutenant Fougier commanded the 1st Section of SAML S.1 in Feltre. On May 20, 1917, he engaged in aerial combat with three Austrian fighters, including the Hansa-Brandenburg D.I of the Godwin Brumowski flying ace claiming the eighth victory, in collaboration with the ace Károly Kaszala (8 wins), over the Banjšice Plateau, with the plane out of order he was wounded twice and received another silver medal. From 2 December 1917 he commanded the 70th Fighter Squadron, flying the Hanriot HD.1, until January 1918. On 12 January, he commanded the 5th Defense Section of Padua, flying the Nieuport 27, until March. In March, he flew with the 83rd Marcon Squadron. On 18 March he went with the 1st Section to the San Pietro in Gu airfield and on March 22 he commanded the squadron on Nieuport 27; on 23 August he received promotion to captain of the Bersaglieri. On 14 September Fougier with Sergeant Adamo Bortolini, soldier Romeo Sartori and Lieutenant Enrico Rizzi shot down a hunting Albatros on Arsiè. On 16 September, Fougier claimed a small two-seater in Val di Nos di Gallio and on 4 October the department moved to Poianella di Bressanvido. From April 1919 he was with the 87th Airplane Squadron. He received a third silver medal. On 10 April 1921, he moved to the Air Force, going to the 3rd Air Force Grouping as squadron leader. In 1923, he was in command of the 83rd Serenissima Squadron. On October 16, 1923, he moved to the Corps of Staff of the Regia Aeronautica as a captain of the Air Force, a fighting role as Chief of Staff of the 2nd Territorial Air Zone (ZAT) until 1 June 1928. In 1925 he was promoted to major and in 1927 to lieutenant colonel. From 1 June 1928 to 1 June 1933, he commanded the 1st Stormo Caccia Terrestre, receiving the praise of Italo Balbo. In 1930 in Campoformido, he founded the first aerobatic flight school with the Fiat C.R.20, where the Frecce Tricolori would soon be born. On 9 April 1931, he was promoted to colonel. From June 1933 to March 1934 he commanded the III Air Brigade. From 1 July 1935 to 16 December 1937, he commanded the air force of Libya at the request of the commander of Libya, Balbo. On 17 February 1936, he became an Air Division general. During the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, he was in command of the air force in Italian East Africa. Then he participated in the Spanish Civil War. Between 29 December 1937 and 1 August 1938, he was inspector of schools and then commander of the 3rd Territorial Air Zone (ZAT) until 1 September 1939. On 14 April 1939 he became an air squad general and commanded the 3rd Air Squad from 1 September and from 15 May 1940 the 1st Air Squad until 15 June 1941. Between 10 September 1940 and 28 January 1941 he participated in the Battle of Britain in command of the Italian Air Corps in Belgium. After Benito Mussolini's decision to dismiss General Francesco Pricolo, from 15 November 1941 to 27 July 1943 he held the position of Undersecretary of State for the Air Force and Chief of Staff of the Air Force. He was finally promoted to general in the air force on October 28, 1942. After the fall of fascism, on 27 July 1943, he was removed from office and retired to private life. He died on 24 April 1963. External links Aeronautica Militare - Biografia Generale di Squadra Aerea Rino Corso Fougier (Italian) Military offices Preceded byFrancesco Pricolo Chief of Staff of the Royal Italian Air Force 15 November 1941 – 27 July 1943 Succeeded byRenato Sandalli Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rino_Corso_Fougier.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bastia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastia"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Italian Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica"},{"link_name":"Corpo Aereo Italiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpo_Aereo_Italiano"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Battle of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"German Cross in Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Cross"}],"text":"Rino Corso Fougier in 1939Rino Corso Fougier (14 November 1894 in Bastia – 24 April 1963 in Rome) was a general of the Italian Royal Air Force. From 1940 to 1941 he served as the commander of the Corpo Aereo Italiano which, in concert with the Luftwaffe, took part in the Battle of Britain. From 1941 to 1943 he commanded the Regia Aeronautica. He was awarded the German Cross in Gold in January 1943.","title":"Rino Corso Fougier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"7th Bersaglieri Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Bersaglieri_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Seltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seltz"},{"link_name":"Silver Medal of Military Valor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Medal_of_Military_Valor"},{"link_name":"Venaria Reale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venaria_Reale"},{"link_name":"Cascina Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarate"},{"link_name":"Feltre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feltre"},{"link_name":"Hansa-Brandenburg D.I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansa-Brandenburg_D.I"},{"link_name":"Godwin Brumowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwin_Brumowski"},{"link_name":"flying ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_ace"},{"link_name":"Banjšice Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banj%C5%A1ice_Plateau"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Hanriot HD.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanriot_HD.1"},{"link_name":"Nieuport 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuport_27"},{"link_name":"Gallio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallio,_Veneto"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Bressanvido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bressanvido"},{"link_name":"Italo Balbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo_Balbo"},{"link_name":"Campoformido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campoformido"},{"link_name":"Fiat C.R.20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_C.R.20"},{"link_name":"Frecce Tricolori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frecce_Tricolori"},{"link_name":"Second Italo-Ethiopian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War"},{"link_name":"Italian East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_East_Africa"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Italian Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpo_Aereo_Italiano"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"}],"text":"On 31 December 1912 he enlisted in the Royal Army and participated in the course for additional officer student. He was appointed second lieutenant of the Infantry in 1914 and was entrusted with the command of a platoon of cyclist Bersaglieri.He participated in the First World War with the 7th Bersaglieri Regiment. On June 23, 1915, he was wounded by a mine during a reconnaissance mission to the quarries northwest of Seltz, but he continued to serve. For this act of heroism, he was awarded the Silver Medal of Military Valor.On 29 June 1916, he went to the Aviator Schools Battalion as an aspiring pilot student: in Venaria Reale on Blériot and in Cascina Costa on SAML/Aviatik BI and S. 200, obtaining a pilot's license on 26 October and that of military pilot on 4 February 1917. Assigned to the 113th Squadron, he participated in several fights. In April, Lieutenant Fougier commanded the 1st Section of SAML S.1 in Feltre. On May 20, 1917, he engaged in aerial combat with three Austrian fighters, including the Hansa-Brandenburg D.I of the Godwin Brumowski flying ace claiming the eighth victory, in collaboration with the ace Károly Kaszala (8 wins), over the Banjšice Plateau, with the plane out of order he was wounded twice and received another silver medal.[clarification needed]From 2 December 1917 he commanded the 70th Fighter Squadron, flying the Hanriot HD.1, until January 1918. On 12 January, he commanded the 5th Defense Section of Padua, flying the Nieuport 27, until March. In March, he flew with the 83rd Marcon Squadron. On 18 March he went with the 1st Section to the San Pietro in Gu airfield and on March 22 he commanded the squadron on Nieuport 27; on 23 August he received promotion to captain of the Bersaglieri. On 14 September Fougier with Sergeant Adamo Bortolini, soldier Romeo Sartori and Lieutenant Enrico Rizzi shot down a hunting Albatros on Arsiè. On 16 September, Fougier claimed a small two-seater in Val di Nos di Gallio and on 4 October the department[clarification needed] moved to Poianella di Bressanvido.From April 1919 he was with the 87th Airplane Squadron. He received a third silver medal. On 10 April 1921, he moved to the Air Force, going to the 3rd Air Force Grouping as squadron leader. In 1923, he was in command of the 83rd Serenissima Squadron.On October 16, 1923, he moved to the Corps of Staff of the Regia Aeronautica as a captain of the Air Force, a fighting role as Chief of Staff of the 2nd Territorial Air Zone (ZAT) until 1 June 1928. In 1925 he was promoted to major and in 1927 to lieutenant colonel. From 1 June 1928 to 1 June 1933, he commanded the 1st Stormo Caccia Terrestre, receiving the praise of Italo Balbo. In 1930 in Campoformido, he founded the first aerobatic flight school with the Fiat C.R.20, where the Frecce Tricolori would soon be born.On 9 April 1931, he was promoted to colonel. From June 1933 to March 1934 he commanded the III Air Brigade. From 1 July 1935 to 16 December 1937, he commanded the air force of Libya at the request of the commander of Libya, Balbo. On 17 February 1936, he became an Air Division general. During the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, he was in command of the air force in Italian East Africa. Then he participated in the Spanish Civil War. Between 29 December 1937 and 1 August 1938, he was inspector of schools and then commander of the 3rd Territorial Air Zone (ZAT) until 1 September 1939. On 14 April 1939 he became an air squad[clarification needed] general and commanded the 3rd Air Squad from 1 September and from 15 May 1940 the 1st Air Squad until 15 June 1941.Between 10 September 1940 and 28 January 1941 he participated in the Battle of Britain in command of the Italian Air Corps in Belgium. After Benito Mussolini's decision to dismiss General Francesco Pricolo, from 15 November 1941 to 27 July 1943 he held the position of Undersecretary of State for the Air Force and Chief of Staff of the Air Force. He was finally promoted to general in the air force on October 28, 1942. After the fall of fascism, on 27 July 1943, he was removed from office and retired to private life.He died on 24 April 1963.","title":"Military career"}]	[{"image_text":"Rino Corso Fougier in 1939","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Rino_Corso_Fougier.jpg/220px-Rino_Corso_Fougier.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/organizzazione/csma/passatiCSMA/Pagine/Gen_SA_Fougier.aspx","external_links_name":"Aeronautica Militare - Biografia Generale di Squadra Aerea Rino Corso Fougier"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/316389032","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1071899147","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaine_McGillvary	Jermaine McGillvary	["1 Background","2 Playing career","2.1 Huddersfield Giants","2.2 Wakefield Trinity","3 International career","4 References","5 External links"]	GB & England international rugby league footballer Jermaine McGillvaryPersonal informationFull nameJermaine Darren McGillvaryBorn (1988-05-16) 16 May 1988 (age 36)Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, EnglandHeight5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Weight15 st 13 lb (101 kg)Playing informationPositionWing Club Years Team Pld T G FG P 2008–23 Huddersfield Giants 313 209 0 0 828 2008(loan) → Batley Bulldogs 6 1 0 0 4 2009(loan) → Batley Bulldogs 24 21 1 0 86 2010(loan) → Barrow Raiders 11 8 0 0 32 2024– Wakefield Trinity 3 2 0 0 0 Total 357 241 1 0 950 Representative Years Team Pld T G FG P 2012 England Knights 1 0 0 0 0 2015–18 England 17 12 0 0 48 2019 Great Britain 4 0 0 0 0 2021 Combined Nations All Stars 1 1 0 0 4 Source: As of 28 October 2023 Jermaine McGillvary (born 16 May 1988) is an English professional rugby league footballer who plays on the wing for the Wakefield Trinity in the RFL Championship. He has played for the England Knights, England and Great Britain at international level. He has spent time on loan from Huddersfield at Batley and Barrow in the Championship. Background McGillvary was born in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England, and he is of Grenadian descent. He played junior rugby league for Deighton, but quit the sport after the club folded, and switched to football instead, playing for Dalton Dynamoes, and at semi-professional level for Emley. He was working as an apprentice bricklayer when he was persuaded by his cousin, Leroy Cudjoe, to return to rugby league, and he began training with the Huddersfield Giants reserve team. Playing career Huddersfield Giants After impressing in the reserves and a successful loan spell at Batley Bulldogs, McGillvary signed a full-time contract with the Huddersfield Giants in August 2008. McGillvary was sent back out on loan to Batley for the 2009 Championship season. He scored 21 tries for the club during the season, including five in a single match against Whitehaven on 24 May 2009, equalling the club record. His performances earned him a nomination for the Young Player of the Year award, and he was named in the 2009 Championship team of the season. McGillvary spent the first part of the 2010 season with Barrow Raiders, scoring eight tries in 11 appearances. He made his Super League début for Huddersfield in June 2010, scoring two tries in a 52–6 win against Bradford Bulls. McGillvary's breakthrough came in 2011, starting all but one game for Huddersfield during the season, and scoring 17 tries. He signed a new five-year contract with the club, and was awarded the Albert Goldthorpe Rookie of the Year Medal. In the 2013 Super League season, McGillvary played 27 games and scored 19 tries as Huddersfield claimed the League Leaders Shield for the first time in 81 years. Huddersfield would ultimately fall short of a grand final appearance that year. On 4 May 2014, McGillvary made his 100th appearance for Huddersfield. Fittingly he scored a try in his team's crucial one point win over third placed Super League team, the Castleford Tigers. McGillvary finished as Super League's top try scorer in 2015, with 27, and earned selection in the Super League Dream Team. On 4 October 2020, McGillvary scored two tries in a 32-22 victory over Hull KR. In the process, he moved into the Super League's top ten highest ever try scorers list. In round 15 of the 2021 Super League season, he scored four tries in Huddersfield's 40-26 victory over Hull F.C. In the 2022 Challenge Cup semi-final, McGillvary earned man of the match honours as Huddersfield defeated Hull Kingston Rovers 25-4 at Elland Road. On 28 May 2022, McGillvary played for Huddersfield in their 2022 Challenge Cup Final loss against Wigan. McGillvary scored a second half try during the match. In round 18 of the Super League XXVII season, McGillvary scored two tries for Huddersfield in a 30-18 victory over Salford at Magic Weekend. McGillvary played 13 games in the 2023 Super League season and scored six tries as Huddersfield finished ninth on the table and missed the playoffs. Wakefield Trinity On 28 October 2023 he joined Wakefield Trinity for the 2024 season. International career McGillvary's was selected in Steve McNamara's 24-man England team for their test series against New Zealand in 2015. He made his début for England in the decisive final test-match at the DW Stadium. The following year, McGillvary was selected in the England squad for the 2016 Four Nations. Before the tournament, England played a test match against France in which McGillvary scored a try in England's 40-6 win. Following the 2017 season, McGillvary was named in Wayne Bennett's England squad for the World Cup in Australia. McGillvary played on the wing in England's 6-0 defeat by Australia in the 2017 Rugby League World Cup final. He finished the tournament with seven tries in five games and ran more meters than any other player in the tournament. In 2018 he was selected for England against France at the Leigh Sports Village. He was selected in England 9s squad for the 2019 Rugby League World Cup 9s. He was selected in squad for the 2019 Great Britain Lions tour of the Southern Hemisphere. He made his Great Britain test debut in the defeat by Tonga. On 25 June 2021 he played for the Combined Nations All Stars, and scored a try, in their 26-24 victory over England, staged at the Halliwell Jones Stadium, Warrington, as part of England's 2021 Rugby League World Cup preparation. McGillvary subsequently announced his international retirement in June 2022. References ^ a b "Huddersfield Giants". web page. Huddersfield Giants. Retrieved 11 September 2023. ^ "Player Summary: Jermaine McGillvary". Rugby League Records. Rugby League Record Keepers Club. Retrieved 11 September 2023. ^ "Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. ^ ""I save all my cheers for Jermaine": Meet Jermaine McGillvary's biggest fans". Huddersfield Examiner. 20 November 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016. ^ "Dynamoes joy with late goal". Huddersfield Daily Examiner. 6 April 2004. Retrieved 11 September 2023 – via The Free Library. ^ "Guest Column - Jermaine McGillvary: I wouldn't be ready for the top flight without my spells on loan". Yorkshire Post. 11 June 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2023. ^ "New boy McGillvary amazed at progress". YorkshireLive. 15 August 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2023. ^ "Super Giants deal for winger McGillvary". YorkshireLive. 15 August 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2023. ^ "Jermaine is heading back to Bulldogs". YorkshireLive. 29 September 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2023. ^ "Club Records". Batley Bulldogs. Retrieved 11 September 2023. ^ Butcher, Tim; Spencer, Daniel, eds. (2009). Gillette Rugby League Yearbook 2009-2010. League Publications. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-901347-21-0. ^ "Homegrown Huddersfield Giants winger McGillvary relishing Bradford Bulls test". YorkshireLive. 14 July 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2023. ^ "England Four Nations call for ex-Barrow winger McGillvary". The Mail. 10 October 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2023. ^ "Huddersfield Giants' Jermaine on dream Super League debut v Bradford Bulls". YorkshireLive. 7 June 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2023. ^ "McGillvary proud of his award". Huddersfield Daily Examiner. 14 September 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2023 – via The Free Library. ^ "McGillvary signs new Giants deal". BBC Sport. 16 August 2011. ^ "The Albert Goldthorpe Awards". totalrl.com. League Publications. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014. ^ "Huddersfield Giants 40-0 Wakefield". BBC Sport. ^ "RUGBY-LEAGUE.COM". Rugby-League.com. Retrieved 9 October 2017. ^ "McGillvary joins Super League's top ten". www.totalrl.com. 4 October 2020. ^ "Four tries from Jermaine McGillvary help Huddersfield Giants to 40-26 win over Hull FC". www.skysports.com. ^ "Jermaine McGillvary on why he has always stayed loyal to Huddersfield". www.loverugbyleague.com. 8 May 2022. ^ "Challenge Cup final: Huddersfield Giants 14-16 Wigan Warriors". www.bbc.co.uk. 26 May 2022. ^ "Ian Watson explains why Huddersfield Giants underperformed in Super League 2023". www.totalrl.com. ^ "Wakefield Trinity pull off Jermaine McGillvary coup: 'Hopefully I can help the club reach Super League'". Love Rugby League. 28 October 2023. ^ "MCNAMARA NAMES 24-MAN SQUAD FOR 2015 INTERNATIONAL SERIES". englandrl.co.uk. 11 October 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2015. ^ Barrow, Pete (9 October 2017). "Huddersfield Giants Jermaine McGillvary makes England squad". huddersfieldexaminer. Retrieved 13 October 2017. ^ "England rugby league World Cup squad revealed - and James Roby is back in the fold". Mirror. 9 October 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2019. ^ "Australia, England dominate RLWC Team of the Tournament". News.com.au. 3 December 2017. ^ "World Cup Final: England's Jermaine McGillvary hopes to hit right note in grand finale - Yorkshire Post". Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. ^ "Rugby League World Cup 2017: Australia scrape out 6-0 victory in final against Wayne Bennett-inspired England". 2 December 2017. ^ Jolly, Richard (17 October 2018). "Tom Johnstone marks debut with England hat-trick against France". The Telegraph. Guardian. Retrieved 31 October 2019. ^ "Sam Tomkins eager to lift inaugural World 9s title with England Down Under". Mirror. 16 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019. ^ Heppenstall, Ross (14 October 2019). "Zak Hardaker shock inclusion in 24-man Great Britain squad for tour of New Zealand and Papua New Guinea". Telegraph. Retrieved 29 October 2019. ^ Irvine, Chris (26 October 2019). "Great Britain left bruised at Tonga party". Times. Retrieved 29 October 2019. ^ "Jermaine McGillvary announces international retirement". External links Huddersfield Giants profile SL profile Statistics at rlwc2017.com vteWakefield Trinity – 2024 current squad 1 Jowitt 2 McGillvary 3 Pratt 4 Thornley 5 Walmsley 6 Gale 7 Lino 8 Bowden 9 Hood 10 Atoni 11 Ashurst 12 Griffin 13 Pitts 14 Kay 15 Uele 16 Cozza 17 Bain 18 Rodwell 19 Vagana 20 Boothroyd 21 Doyle 22 Croft 23 Franco 24 Lawford 25 Shaw 26 Smith 27 Law 28 Delaney 29 Wood 30 Booth -- Olpherts Coach: Powell vteEngland squad – 2016 Rugby League Four Nations Bateman Brown G. Burgess S. Burgess T. Burgess Clark Cooper Farrell Ferres Gale Graham Hall Hill Hodgson Lomax McGillvary Percival Ratchford Sarginson Taylor Ward Watkins Whitehead Widdop Williams Coach: Bennett vteEngland squad – 2017 Rugby League World Cup Bateman Brown S. Burgess T. Burgess Currie Gale Graham Hall Heighington Hill Hodgson Lomax McGillvary McMeeken O'Loughlin Percival Ratchford Roby Taylor Walmsley Watkins Whitehead Widdop Williams Coach: Bennett vteEngland squad – 2019 Rugby League World Cup 9s Austin Burgess Clark Connor Graham Hall Handley Lyne McGillvary Sutton Tomkins Trueman Watts Whitehead Widdop Williams Coach: Bennett vteGreat Britain squad – 2019 Great Britain Lions tour Austin Bateman Burgess Clark Connor Coote Gildart Graham (c) Hall Handley Hardaker Hastings Hill Hodgson Hughes Jones Lomax McGillvary Philbin Thompson Trueman Walmsley Whitehead Widdop Williams Coach: Bennett vteSuper League Dream Team – 2015 1 Zak Hardaker 2 Jermaine McGillvary 3 Kallum Watkins 4 Michael Shenton 5 Joe Burgess 6 Danny Brough 7 Luke Gale 8 Alex Walmsley 9 James Roby 10 Jamie Peacock 11 Zeb Taia 12 Liam Farrell 13 Adam Cuthbertson vte2017 World Cup – Team of the Tournament 1 Billy Slater 2 Jermaine McGillvary 3 Kallum Watkins 4 Josh Dugan 5 Valentine Holmes 6 Mitchell Moses 7 Cooper Cronk 8 Sio Siua Taukeiaho 9 Cameron Smith 10 James Graham 11 Viliame Kikau 12 Elliott Whitehead 13 Jason Taumalolo	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Wing"},{"link_name":"Wakefield Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield_Trinity"},{"link_name":"RFL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"England Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_Knights"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Giants"},{"link_name":"Batley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batley_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFL_Championship"}],"text":"Jermaine McGillvary (born 16 May 1988) is an English professional rugby league footballer who plays on the wing for the Wakefield Trinity in the RFL Championship. He has played for the England Knights, England and Great Britain at international level.He has spent time on loan from Huddersfield at Batley and Barrow in the Championship.","title":"Jermaine McGillvary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huddersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Grenadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Emley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emley_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Leroy Cudjoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_Cudjoe"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Giants"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"McGillvary was born in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England, and he is of Grenadian descent.[4] He played junior rugby league for Deighton, but quit the sport after the club folded, and switched to football instead, playing for Dalton Dynamoes,[5] and at semi-professional level for Emley.[6] He was working as an apprentice bricklayer when he was persuaded by his cousin, Leroy Cudjoe, to return to rugby league, and he began training with the Huddersfield Giants reserve team.[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batley Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batley_Bulldogs"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Giants"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2009 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_RFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Whitehaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehaven_R.L.F.C."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Barrow Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_Raiders"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League"},{"link_name":"Bradford Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Bulls"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"2013 Super League season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Super_League_season"},{"link_name":"League Leaders Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_Leaders_Shield"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Giants"},{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League"},{"link_name":"Castleford Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castleford_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Super League Dream Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League_Dream_Team"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hull KR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_KR"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"2021 Super League season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Super_League_season"},{"link_name":"Hull F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_F.C."},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Hull Kingston Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_Kingston_Rovers"},{"link_name":"Elland Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elland_Road"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"2022 Challenge Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Challenge_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Wigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Super League XXVII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League_XXVII"},{"link_name":"Salford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salford_Red_Devils"},{"link_name":"Magic Weekend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Weekend"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Huddersfield Giants","text":"After impressing in the reserves and a successful loan spell at Batley Bulldogs, McGillvary signed a full-time contract with the Huddersfield Giants in August 2008.[8] McGillvary was sent back out on loan to Batley for the 2009 Championship season.[9] He scored 21 tries for the club during the season, including five in a single match against Whitehaven on 24 May 2009, equalling the club record.[10] His performances earned him a nomination for the Young Player of the Year award, and he was named in the 2009 Championship team of the season.[11]McGillvary spent the first part of the 2010 season with Barrow Raiders,[12] scoring eight tries in 11 appearances.[13] He made his Super League début for Huddersfield in June 2010, scoring two tries in a 52–6 win against Bradford Bulls.[14]McGillvary's breakthrough came in 2011, starting all but one game for Huddersfield during the season, and scoring 17 tries.[15] He signed a new five-year contract with the club,[16] and was awarded the Albert Goldthorpe Rookie of the Year Medal.[17]In the 2013 Super League season, McGillvary played 27 games and scored 19 tries as Huddersfield claimed the League Leaders Shield for the first time in 81 years. Huddersfield would ultimately fall short of a grand final appearance that year.[18]\nOn 4 May 2014, McGillvary made his 100th appearance for Huddersfield. Fittingly he scored a try in his team's crucial one point win over third placed Super League team, the Castleford Tigers.[19]McGillvary finished as Super League's top try scorer in 2015, with 27, and earned selection in the Super League Dream Team.[citation needed]\nOn 4 October 2020, McGillvary scored two tries in a 32-22 victory over Hull KR. In the process, he moved into the Super League's top ten highest ever try scorers list.[20]In round 15 of the 2021 Super League season, he scored four tries in Huddersfield's 40-26 victory over Hull F.C.[21]\nIn the 2022 Challenge Cup semi-final, McGillvary earned man of the match honours as Huddersfield defeated Hull Kingston Rovers 25-4 at Elland Road.[22]\nOn 28 May 2022, McGillvary played for Huddersfield in their 2022 Challenge Cup Final loss against Wigan. McGillvary scored a second half try during the match. In round 18 of the Super League XXVII season, McGillvary scored two tries for Huddersfield in a 30-18 victory over Salford at Magic Weekend.[23]\nMcGillvary played 13 games in the 2023 Super League season and scored six tries as Huddersfield finished ninth on the table and missed the playoffs.[24]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wakefield Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield_Trinity"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Wakefield Trinity","text":"On 28 October 2023 he joined Wakefield Trinity for the 2024 season.[25]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"test series against New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_New_Zealand_rugby_league_tour_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"2016 Four Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Rugby_League_Four_Nations"},{"link_name":"test match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Rugby_League_Four_Nations#France_vs_England"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-England_rugby_league_World_Cup_squad_revealed_-_and_James_Roby_is_back_in_the_fold-28"},{"link_name":"2017 Rugby League World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Leigh Sports Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_Sports_Village"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tom_Johnstone_marks_debut_with_England_hat-trick_against_France-32"},{"link_name":"England 9s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_9s"},{"link_name":"2019 Rugby League World Cup 9s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Rugby_League_World_Cup_9s"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sam_Tomkins_eager_to_lift_inaugural_World_9s_title_with_England_Down_Under-33"},{"link_name":"2019 Great Britain Lions tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Great_Britain_Lions_tour"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zak_Hardaker_shock_inclusion_in_24-man_Great_Britain_squad_for_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_Papua_New_Guinea-34"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Great_Britain_left_bruised_at_Tonga_party-35"},{"link_name":"25 June 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_rugby_league_in_2021#June"},{"link_name":"Combined Nations All Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Nationalities_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"Halliwell Jones Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halliwell_Jones_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington"},{"link_name":"2021 Rugby League World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Rugby_League_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"McGillvary's was selected in Steve McNamara's 24-man England team for their test series against New Zealand in 2015.[26] He made his début for England in the decisive final test-match at the DW Stadium.The following year, McGillvary was selected in the England squad for the 2016 Four Nations. Before the tournament, England played a test match against France in which McGillvary scored a try in England's 40-6 win.Following the 2017 season, McGillvary was named in Wayne Bennett's England squad for the World Cup in Australia.[27][28]McGillvary played on the wing in England's 6-0 defeat by Australia in the 2017 Rugby League World Cup final. He finished the tournament with seven tries in five games and ran more meters than any other player in the tournament.[29][30][31]In 2018 he was selected for England against France at the Leigh Sports Village.[32]He was selected in England 9s squad for the 2019 Rugby League World Cup 9s.[33]He was selected in squad for the 2019 Great Britain Lions tour of the Southern Hemisphere.[34] He made his Great Britain test debut in the defeat by Tonga.[35]On 25 June 2021 he played for the Combined Nations All Stars, and scored a try, in their 26-24 victory over England, staged at the Halliwell Jones Stadium, Warrington, as part of England's 2021 Rugby League World Cup preparation. McGillvary subsequently announced his international retirement in June 2022.[36]","title":"International career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Huddersfield Giants\". web page. Huddersfield Giants. Retrieved 11 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.giantsrl.com/locker-room/profile/594/jermaine-mcgillvary","url_text":"\"Huddersfield Giants\""}]},{"reference":"\"Player Summary: Jermaine McGillvary\". Rugby League Records. Rugby League Record Keepers Club. Retrieved 11 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.rugbyleaguerecords.com/playersummary.php?tselect=2403","url_text":"\"Player Summary: Jermaine McGillvary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\". rugbyleagueproject.org. 31 December 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/jermaine-mcgillvary/summary.html","url_text":"\"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"I save all my cheers for Jermaine\": Meet Jermaine McGillvary's biggest fans\". Huddersfield Examiner. 20 November 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/west-yorkshire-news/i-save-cheers-jermaine-meet-12189018","url_text":"\"\"I save all my cheers for Jermaine\": Meet Jermaine McGillvary's biggest fans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dynamoes joy with late goal\". Huddersfield Daily Examiner. 6 April 2004. Retrieved 11 September 2023 – via The Free Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Dynamoes+joy+with+late+goal.-a0116183007","url_text":"\"Dynamoes joy with late goal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Free_Library","url_text":"The Free Library"}]},{"reference":"\"Guest Column - Jermaine McGillvary: I wouldn't be ready for the top flight without my spells on loan\". Yorkshire Post. 11 June 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/guest-column-jermaine-mcgillvary-i-wouldnt-be-ready-for-the-top-flight-without-my-spells-on-loan-1972214","url_text":"\"Guest Column - Jermaine McGillvary: I wouldn't be ready for the top flight without my spells on loan\""}]},{"reference":"\"New boy McGillvary amazed at progress\". YorkshireLive. 15 August 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/news/new-boy-mcgillvary-amazed-progress-5033083","url_text":"\"New boy McGillvary amazed at progress\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super Giants deal for winger McGillvary\". YorkshireLive. 15 August 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/news/super-giants-deal-winger-mcgillvary-5033107","url_text":"\"Super Giants deal for winger McGillvary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jermaine is heading back to Bulldogs\". YorkshireLive. 29 September 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/news/jermaine-heading-back-bulldogs-5032360","url_text":"\"Jermaine is heading back to Bulldogs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Club Records\". Batley Bulldogs. Retrieved 11 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.batleybulldogs.co.uk/club-records/","url_text":"\"Club Records\""}]},{"reference":"Butcher, Tim; Spencer, Daniel, eds. (2009). Gillette Rugby League Yearbook 2009-2010. League Publications. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-901347-21-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/gilletterugbylea0000unse/page/318/mode/2up?view=theater","url_text":"Gillette Rugby League Yearbook 2009-2010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901347-21-0","url_text":"978-1-901347-21-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Homegrown Huddersfield Giants winger McGillvary relishing Bradford Bulls test\". YorkshireLive. 14 July 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/news/homegrown-huddersfield-giants-winger-mcgillvary-4971828","url_text":"\"Homegrown Huddersfield Giants winger McGillvary relishing Bradford Bulls test\""}]},{"reference":"\"England Four Nations call for ex-Barrow winger McGillvary\". The Mail. 10 October 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nwemail.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/16451641.england-four-nations-call-for-ex-barrow-winger-mcgillvary/","url_text":"\"England Four Nations call for ex-Barrow winger McGillvary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huddersfield Giants' Jermaine on dream Super League debut v Bradford Bulls\". YorkshireLive. 7 June 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/news/huddersfield-giants-jermaine-dream-super-4995963","url_text":"\"Huddersfield Giants' Jermaine on dream Super League debut v Bradford Bulls\""}]},{"reference":"\"McGillvary proud of his award\". Huddersfield Daily Examiner. 14 September 2011. Retrieved 11 September 2023 – via The Free Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/McGillvary+proud+of+his+award.-a0266927391","url_text":"\"McGillvary proud of his award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Free_Library","url_text":"The Free Library"}]},{"reference":"\"McGillvary signs new Giants deal\". BBC Sport. 16 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/14543575","url_text":"\"McGillvary signs new Giants deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Albert Goldthorpe Awards\". totalrl.com. League Publications. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140326074057/http://www.totalrl.com/web/the-albert-goldthorpe-awards-roll-of-honour/","url_text":"\"The Albert Goldthorpe Awards\""},{"url":"http://www.totalrl.com/web/the-albert-goldthorpe-awards-roll-of-honour","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Huddersfield Giants 40-0 Wakefield\". BBC Sport.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/23850876/","url_text":"\"Huddersfield Giants 40-0 Wakefield\""}]},{"reference":"\"RUGBY-LEAGUE.COM\". Rugby-League.com. Retrieved 9 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://superleague.co.uk/report/9980","url_text":"\"RUGBY-LEAGUE.COM\""}]},{"reference":"\"McGillvary joins Super League's top ten\". www.totalrl.com. 4 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.totalrl.com/mcgillvary-joins-super-leagues-top-ten/","url_text":"\"McGillvary joins Super League's top ten\""}]},{"reference":"\"Four tries from Jermaine McGillvary help Huddersfield Giants to 40-26 win over Hull FC\". www.skysports.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/rugby-league/huddersfield-vs-hull/55652/","url_text":"\"Four tries from Jermaine McGillvary help Huddersfield Giants to 40-26 win over Hull FC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jermaine McGillvary on why he has always stayed loyal to Huddersfield\". www.loverugbyleague.com. 8 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loverugbyleague.com/post/jermaine-mcgillvary-always-stayed-loyal-huddersfield-giants/","url_text":"\"Jermaine McGillvary on why he has always stayed loyal to Huddersfield\""}]},{"reference":"\"Challenge Cup final: Huddersfield Giants 14-16 Wigan Warriors\". www.bbc.co.uk. 26 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-league/61594770.amp/","url_text":"\"Challenge Cup final: Huddersfield Giants 14-16 Wigan Warriors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ian Watson explains why Huddersfield Giants underperformed in Super League 2023\". www.totalrl.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.totalrl.com/ian-watson-explains-why-huddersfield-giants-underperformed-in-super-league-2023/#:~:text=HUDDERSFIELD%20GIANTS%20have%20been%20one,silverware%20once%20more%20this%20season./","url_text":"\"Ian Watson explains why Huddersfield Giants underperformed in Super League 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wakefield Trinity pull off Jermaine McGillvary coup: 'Hopefully I can help the club reach Super League'\". Love Rugby League. 28 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loverugbyleague.com/post/wakefield-trinity-pull-off-jermaine-mcgillvary-coup-hopefully-i-can-help-the-club-reach-super-league","url_text":"\"Wakefield Trinity pull off Jermaine McGillvary coup: 'Hopefully I can help the club reach Super League'\""}]},{"reference":"\"MCNAMARA NAMES 24-MAN SQUAD FOR 2015 INTERNATIONAL SERIES\". englandrl.co.uk. 11 October 2015. Retrieved 24 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.englandrl.co.uk/article/47305/mcnamara-names-24-man-squad-for","url_text":"\"MCNAMARA NAMES 24-MAN SQUAD FOR 2015 INTERNATIONAL SERIES\""}]},{"reference":"Barrow, Pete (9 October 2017). \"Huddersfield Giants Jermaine McGillvary makes England squad\". huddersfieldexaminer. 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News.com.au. 3 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.com.au/sport/nrl/world-cup/australia-capped-off-a-stunning-rlwc-with-the-team-of-the-tournament/news-story/fc74c6780911754d841373439494ce9c","url_text":"\"Australia, England dominate RLWC Team of the Tournament\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Cup Final: England's Jermaine McGillvary hopes to hit right note in grand finale - Yorkshire Post\". Archived from the original on 4 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171204171203/https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/huddersfield-giants/world-cup-final-england-s-jermaine-mcgillvary-hopes-to-hit-right-note-in-grand-finale-1-8889161","url_text":"\"World Cup Final: England's Jermaine McGillvary hopes to hit right note in grand finale - Yorkshire Post\""},{"url":"https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/huddersfield-giants/world-cup-final-england-s-jermaine-mcgillvary-hopes-to-hit-right-note-in-grand-finale-1-8889161","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rugby League World Cup 2017: Australia scrape out 6-0 victory in final against Wayne Bennett-inspired England\". 2 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/rugby-league/league-news/rugby-league-world-cup-2017-australia-scrape-out-60-victory-in-final-against-wayne-bennettinspired-england-20171202-gzxh7d.html","url_text":"\"Rugby League World Cup 2017: Australia scrape out 6-0 victory in final against Wayne Bennett-inspired England\""}]},{"reference":"Jolly, Richard (17 October 2018). \"Tom Johnstone marks debut with England hat-trick against France\". The Telegraph. Guardian. Retrieved 31 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/rugby-league/2018/10/17/tom-johnstone-marks-debut-england-hat-trick-against-france/","url_text":"\"Tom Johnstone marks debut with England hat-trick against France\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sam Tomkins eager to lift inaugural World 9s title with England Down Under\". Mirror. 16 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/sam-tomkins-eager-lift-inaugural-20595184","url_text":"\"Sam Tomkins eager to lift inaugural World 9s title with England Down Under\""}]},{"reference":"Heppenstall, Ross (14 October 2019). \"Zak Hardaker shock inclusion in 24-man Great Britain squad for tour of New Zealand and Papua New Guinea\". Telegraph. Retrieved 29 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/rugby-league/2019/10/14/zak-hardaker-shock-inclusion-24-man-great-britain-squad-tour/","url_text":"\"Zak Hardaker shock inclusion in 24-man Great Britain squad for tour of New Zealand and Papua New Guinea\""}]},{"reference":"Irvine, Chris (26 October 2019). \"Great Britain left bruised at Tonga party\". Times. Retrieved 29 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/great-britain-tonga-rugby-league-hzmmhr5q5","url_text":"\"Great Britain left bruised at Tonga party\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jermaine McGillvary announces international retirement\".","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.news.yahoo.com/jermaine-mcgillvary-announces-international-retirement-132500680.html","url_text":"\"Jermaine McGillvary announces international retirement\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.giantsrl.com/locker-room/profile/594/jermaine-mcgillvary","external_links_name":"\"Huddersfield Giants\""},{"Link":"https://stats.rugbyleaguerecords.com/playersummary.php?tselect=2403","external_links_name":"\"Player Summary: Jermaine McGillvary\""},{"Link":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/jermaine-mcgillvary/summary.html","external_links_name":"\"Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org\""},{"Link":"http://www.examiner.co.uk/news/west-yorkshire-news/i-save-cheers-jermaine-meet-12189018","external_links_name":"\"\"I save all my cheers for Jermaine\": Meet Jermaine McGillvary's biggest fans\""},{"Link":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Dynamoes+joy+with+late+goal.-a0116183007","external_links_name":"\"Dynamoes joy with late goal\""},{"Link":"https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/sport/rugby-league/guest-column-jermaine-mcgillvary-i-wouldnt-be-ready-for-the-top-flight-without-my-spells-on-loan-1972214","external_links_name":"\"Guest Column - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama_Dilaut	Sama-Bajau	["1 Ethnonym","2 History and origin","2.1 Oral traditions","2.2 Modern research on origins","2.3 Historical records","3 Modern Sama-Bajau","4 Subgroups","5 Languages","6 Culture","6.1 Religion","6.2 Boat dwelling","6.3 Music, dance, and arts","6.4 Horse culture","6.5 Society","7 Biological characteristics","7.1 Free-diving adaptations","8 Depictions in popular culture","9 Notable Sama-Bajau","9.1 Politics","9.2 Arts and entertainment","9.3 Sports","10 See also","11 Notes","12 References","13 Further reading","13.1 Newspapers","13.2 Books"]	Group of Austronesian peoples of Maritime Southeast Asia This article is about the peoples. For the languages, see Sama–Bajaw languages. Not to be confused with Samma (tribe), an unrelated ethnic group in Pakistan and India. Ethnic group Sama-BajauWest Coast Bajau women of Sabah in their traditional dressTotal population1.3 million worldwideRegions with significant populations Philippines~499,620 Malaysia~436,672 Indonesia~345,000 Brunei~12,000LanguagesSama–Bajaw languages, Dusunic, Tausug, Filipino, Malay, Indonesian, Chavacano, EnglishReligionPredominantly:Sunni IslamRelated ethnic groupsYakan, Iranun, LumadOther Greater Barito-speaking peoples, Tausūg, other Moros, FilipinosMalays, Bugis, and other wider Austronesian peoples The Sama-Bajau include several Austronesian ethnic groups of Maritime Southeast Asia. The name collectively refers to related people who usually call themselves the Sama or Samah (formally A'a Sama, "Sama people"); or are known by the exonym Bajau (/ˈbɑːdʒaʊ, ˈbæ-/, also spelled Badjao, Bajaw, Badjau, Badjaw, Bajo or Bayao). They usually live a seaborne lifestyle and use small wooden sailing vessels such as the perahu (layag in Maranao), djenging (balutu), lepa, and vinta (pilang). Some Sama-Bajau groups native to Sabah are also known for their traditional horse culture. The Sama-Bajau are the dominant ethnic group of the islands of Tawi-Tawi. They are also found in other islands of the Sulu Archipelago, coastal areas of Mindanao and other islands in the northern Philippines; as well as northern and eastern Borneo, Sulawesi, and throughout the eastern Indonesian islands. In the Philippines, they are grouped with the religiously similar Moro people. Within the last fifty years, many of the Filipino Sama-Bajau have migrated to neighbouring Sabah and the northern islands of the Philippines, due to the conflict in Mindanao. As of 2010, they were the second-largest ethnic group in Sabah. Sama-Bajau have sometimes been called the "Sea Gypsies" or "Sea Nomads", terms that have also been used for non-related ethnic groups with similar traditional lifestyles, such as the Moken of the Burmese-Thai Mergui Archipelago and the Orang Laut of southeastern Sumatra and the Riau Islands of Indonesia. The modern outward spread of the Sama-Bajau from older inhabited areas seems to have been associated with the development of sea trade in sea cucumber (trepang). Ethnonym A Sama lepa houseboat from the Philippines (c. 1905) Sama-Bajau is a collective term, referring to several closely related indigenous people who consider themselves a single distinct bangsa ("ethnic group" or "nation"). It is generally accepted that these groups of people can be termed Sama or Bajau, though they never call themselves Bajau in the Philippines. Instead, they call themselves with the names of their tribes, usually the place they live or place of origin. For example, the sea-going Sama-Bajau prefer to call themselves the Sama Dilaut or Sama Mandilaut (literally 'sea Sama' or 'ocean Sama') in the Philippines; in Malaysia, they identify as Bajau Laut. Sea-going Bajau are given the pejorative name Pala'au or Palauh by other Bajau groups, which has been adopted by Malaysian mainstream media. A Sama-Bajau flotilla in Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia Historically in the Philippines, the term Sama referred to the more land-oriented and settled Sama–Bajau groups, while Bajau referred only to more sea-oriented, boat-dwelling, nomadic groups. Even these distinctions are fading as the majority of Sama-Bajau have long since abandoned boat living, most for Sama-style piling houses in the coastal shallows. Sama is believed to have originated from the Sanskrit root word sama meaning "together", "same", or "kin". The exact origin of the exonym Bajau is unclear. Some authors have proposed that it is derived from a corruption of the Malay word berjauh ('getting further apart' or 'the state of being away') or in Indonesian word it means boat dwelling. Other possible origins include the Brunei Malay word bajaul, which means "to fish". The term Bajau has pejorative connotations in the Philippines, indicating poverty in comparison to the term Sama, especially since it is used most commonly to refer to poverty-stricken Sama-Bajau who make a living through begging. British administrators in Sabah classified the Sama-Bajau as "Bajau" and labelled them as such in their birth certificates. Thus, the Sama-Bajau in Malaysia may sometimes self-identify as "Bajau". The Malaysian government recognizes the Sama-Bajau as legally Bumiputera under the "Bajau" subgroup which guarantees easy access to the special sociopolitical privileges also granted to Malaysian Malays; to a point of them identifying as "Malay" for political reasons. This is especially true for recent Moro Filipino migrants. The indigenous Sama-Bajau in Malaysia have also started labelling themselves as their ancestors called themselves, such as Simunul. In the 17th-century, the Spanish priest Francisco Combés calls the Sama-Bajau as the Lutao (" float on water") in his Historia de las Islas de Mindanao, Iolo, y sus adyacentes (1667), and describes them as building houses on the sea because they "hate land". They were described as being the subjects of the Sultanates of Sulu and Maguindanao, and they were esteemed for their shipbuilding skills and were commonly hired as crews of warships. History and origin Regions inhabited by peoples usually known as "Sea Nomads" Sama-Bajau Orang Laut Moken For most of their history, the Sama-Bajau have been a nomadic, seafaring people, living off the sea by trading and subsistence fishing. The boat-dwelling Sama-Bajau see themselves as non-aggressive people. They kept close to the shore by erecting houses on stilts and travelled using lepa, handmade boats which many lived in. A 2021 genetic study shows that some Sama-Bajau have Austroasiatic ancestry. Oral traditions Most of the various oral traditions and tarsila (royal genealogies) among the Sama-Bajau have a common theme which claims that they were originally a land-dwelling people who were the subjects of a king who had a daughter. After she is lost by either being swept away to the sea (by a storm or a flood) or being taken captive by a neighbouring kingdom, they were then supposedly ordered to find her. After failing to do so they decided to remain nomadic for fear of facing the wrath of the king. One such version widely told among the Sama-Bajau of Borneo claims that they descended from Johorean royal guards who were escorting a princess named Dayang Ayesha for marriage to a ruler in Sulu. However, the Sultan of Brunei (allegedly Muhammad Shah of Brunei) also fell in love with the princess. On the way to Sulu, they were attacked by Bruneians in the high seas. The princess was taken captive and married to the Sultan of Brunei instead. The escorts, having lost the princess, elected to settle in Borneo and Sulu rather than return to Johor. This legend is popular among Sabah Sama-Bajau as it legitimises their claim to "Malay-ness" and strengthens their ties to Islam, which puts them in a favourable position in the Bumiputera laws of Malaysia (similar to the usage of the name "Bajau" instead of "Sama"). Among the Indonesian Sama-Bajau, on the other hand, their oral histories place more importance on the relationship of the Sama-Bajau with the Sultanate of Gowa rather than Johor. The various versions of their origin myth tell about a royal princess who was washed away by a flood. She was found and eventually married a king or a prince of Gowa. Their offspring then allegedly became the ancestors of the Indonesian Sama-Bajau. However, there are other versions that are more mythological and do not mention a princess. Among the Philippine Sama-Bajau, for example, there is a myth that claims that the Sama-Bajau were accidentally towed into what is now Zamboanga by a giant stingray. Incidentally, the native pre-Hispanic name of Zamboanga City is "Samboangan" (literally "mooring place"), which was derived from the Sinama word for a mooring pole, sambuang or samboang. Modern research on origins Sama-Bajau children in Basilan The origin myths claiming descent from Johor or Gowa have been largely rejected by modern scholars, mostly because these kingdoms were established too recently to explain the ethnic divergence. Whether the Sama-Bajau are indigenous to their current territories or settled from elsewhere is still contentious. Linguistically, they are distinct from neighbouring populations, especially from the Tausūg who are more closely related to the northern Philippine ethnic groups like the Visayans. In 1965, the anthropologist David E. Sopher claimed that the Sama-Bajau, along with the Orang laut, descended from ancient "Veddoid" (Australoid) hunter-gatherers from the Riau Archipelago who intermarried with Austronesians. They retained their hunter-gatherer lifestyle, though they became more maritime-oriented as Southeast Asia became more populated by later Austronesian settlers. A Sama woman making a traditional mat in Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia Sama-Bajau woman anchoring a family boat (banglo) in Malaysia In 1968, the anthropologist Harry Arlo Nimmo, on the other hand, believed that the Sama-Bajau are indigenous to the Sulu Archipelago, Sulawesi, and/or Borneo, and do not share a common origin with the Orang laut. Nimmo proposed that the boat-dwelling lifestyle developed among the ancestors of the Sama-Bajau independently from the Orang laut. A more recent study in 1985 by the anthropologist Alfred Kemp Pallasen compares the oral traditions with historical facts and linguistic evidence. He puts the date of the ethnogenesis of Sama-Bajau as 800 AD and also rejects a historical connection between the Sama-Bajau and the Orang laut. He hypothesises that the Sama-Bajau originated from a proto-Sama-Bajau people inhabiting the Zamboanga Peninsula who practised both fishing and slash-and-burn agriculture. They were the original inhabitants of Zamboanga and the Sulu archipelago, and were well-established in the region long before the first arrival of the Tausūg people at around the 13th century from their homelands along the northern coast of eastern Mindanao. Along with the Tausūg, they were heavily influenced by the Malay kingdoms both culturally and linguistically, becoming Indianised by the 15th century and Islamised by the 16th century. They also engaged in extensive trade with China for "luxury" sea products like trepang, pearls, and shark fin. From Zamboanga, some members of these people adopted an exclusively seaborne culture and spread outwards in the 10th century towards Basilan, Sulu, Borneo, and Sulawesi. They arrived in Borneo in the 11th century. This hypothesis is currently the most widely accepted among specialists studying the Austronesian peoples. This would also explain why even boat-dwelling Sama-Bajau still practice agricultural rituals, despite being exclusively fishermen. Linguistic evidence further points to Borneo as the ultimate origin of the proto-Sama-Bajau people. A genetic study of three groups—the Derawan of Northeast Borneo, the Kotabaru of Southeast Borneo, and the Kendari of Southeast Sulawesi—suggested that their origin was in southern Sulawesi. Their ethnogenesis is estimated to have dated back to around the 4th century AD by an admixture event between the Bugis people and a Papuan group. The authors suggest that the Sama moved to eastern Borneo at around the 11th century AD, and then towards northern Borneo and the southern Philippines at around the 13th to 14th centuries AD. They hypothesize that they were driven to migrate during the increase of influence and trading activities of the Srivijaya Empire. Genetically, the Sama-Bajau are highly diverse, indicating heavy admixture with the locals or even language and cultural adoption by coastal groups in the areas they settled. However, the study is restricted to the Indonesian Bajo subgroup, and the authors recommend additional studies from Sama-Bajau groups in neighbouring regions. A 2021 genetic study discovered a unique genetic signal among the Sama-Bajau of the Philippines and Indonesia. This genetic signal (called the "Sama ancestry" by the authors) identifies them as descendants of an ancient migration of Austroasiatic-affiliated hunter-gatherer groups from mainland Southeast Asia via the now sunken land bridges of Sundaland around 15,000 to 12,000 years ago. These populations admixed with both the preexisting Negrito populations, and later on, the incoming migrations of the Austronesian peoples (also adopting an Austronesian language in the process). They are genetically clustered with the Lua and Mlabri peoples of mainland Southeast Asia, as well as the Manobo people of mainland Mindanao. The study also identifies minimal South Asian gene flow among Sama populations starting at around 1000 years ago. Sama ancestry was highest among the Sama Dilaut, followed by more land-based Sama. But it was also detected among other ethnic groups that do not self-identify as Sama in Palawan, Zamboanga, Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi. Historical records Sama-Bajau houses in Cawa Cawa, Zamboanga City, Philippines, 1923 The epic poem Darangen of the Maranao people record that among the ancestors of the hero Bantugan is a Maranao prince who married a Sama-Bajau princess. Estimated to have happened in 840 AD, it is the oldest account of the Sama-Bajau. It further corroborates the fact that they predate the arrival of the Tausūg settlers and are indigenous to the Sulu archipelago and parts of Mindanao. Residents of a Bajau kampung in Afdeeling Ternate, Groote Oost, Dutch East Indies (present-day North Maluku, Indonesia) c. 1925 Sama-Bajau were first recorded by European explorers in 1521 by Antonio Pigafetta of the Magellan-Elcano expedition in what is now the Zamboanga Peninsula. Pigafetta writes that the "people of that island make their dwellings in boats and do not live otherwise". They have also been present in the written records of other Europeans henceforth; including in Sulawesi by the Dutch colonies in 1675, in Sulawesi and eastern Borneo by Thomas Forrest in the 1770s, and in the west coast of Borneo by Spenser St. John in the 1850s and 1860s. A Bajau chieftain in traditional attire from Kampung Menkabong, Tuaran, British North Borneo, c. 1948 Sama-Bajau were often widely mentioned in connection to sea raids (mangahat), piracy, and the slave trade in Southeast Asia during the European colonial period, indicating that at least some Sama-Bajau groups from northern Sulu (e.g. the Banguingui) were involved, along with non-Sama-Bajau groups like the Iranun. The scope of their pirate activities was extensive, commonly sailing from Sulu to as far as the Moluccas and back again. Aside from early European colonial records, they may have also been the pirates described by Chinese and Arabian sources in the Straits of Singapore in the 12th and 13th centuries. Sama-Bajau usually served as low-ranking crewmembers of war boats, directly under the command of Iranun squadron leaders, who in turn answered to the Tausūg datu of the Sultanate of Sulu. The Bajoe harbour in Sulawesi was the site of a small settlement of Sama-Bajau under the Bugis Sultanate of Bone. They were significantly involved in the First and Second Bone Wars (1824–1825) when the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army sent a punitive expedition in retaliation for Bugis and Makassar attacks on local Dutch garrisons. After the fall of Bone, most Sama-Bajau resettled in other areas of Sulawesi. During the British colonial rule of Sabah, the Sama-Bajau were involved in two uprisings against the North Borneo Chartered Company: the Mat Salleh rebellion from 1894 to 1905, and the Pandasan Affair of 1915. Modern Sama-Bajau Percentage population of Bajau by state constituencies in Sabah, Malaysia, according to 2020 census Modern Sama-Bajau are generally regarded as peaceful, hospitable, and cheerful people, despite their humble circumstances. However, a significant number are also illiterate, uneducated, and impoverished, due to their nomadic lifestyle. The number of modern Sama-Bajau who are born and live primarily at sea is diminishing. Cultural assimilation and modernisation are regarded as the main causes. Particularly blamed is the dissolution of the Sultanate of Sulu, the traditional patron of the Sama-Bajau for bartering fish for farm goods. The money-based fish markets which replaced the seasonal trade around mooring points necessitates a more land-based lifestyle for greater market penetration. In Malaysia, some hotly debated government programs have also resettled Bajau to the mainland. The Sama-Bajau in the Sulu Archipelago were historically discriminated against by the dominant Tausūg people, who viewed boat-dwelling Sama-Bajau as 'inferior' and as outsiders— the traditional Tausūg term for them is the highly offensive Luwaan, meaning "spat out" or "outcast" based on a folk tale justifying their subservience supposedly out of their trickery and ingratefulness towards God. They were also marginalised by other Moro peoples because they still practised animist folk religions either exclusively or alongside Islam, and thus were viewed as "uncivilised pagans". Boat-dwelling and shoreline Sama-Bajau had a very low status in the caste-based Tausūg Sultanate of Sulu. This survived into the modern Philippines where the Sama-Bajau are still subjected to strong cultural prejudice from the Tausūg. The Sama-Bajau have also been frequent victims of theft, extortion, kidnapping, and violence from the predominantly Tausūg Abu Sayyaf insurgents as well as pirates. A typical Sama-Bajau settlement in the Philippines A Sama-Bajau village in Omadal Island, Sabah, Malaysia Bokori, a Sama-Bajau village in southwest Sulawesi, Indonesia This discrimination and the continuing violence in Muslim Mindanao have driven many Sama-Bajau to emigrate. They usually resettle in Malaysia and Indonesia, where they have more employment opportunities. But even in Malaysia, their presence is still controversial as most of them are illegal immigrants. Most illegal Sama-Bajau immigrants enter Malaysia through offshore islands. From there, they enter mainland Sabah to find work as manual labourers. Others migrate to the northern islands of the Philippines, particularly to the Visayas, Palawan, the northern coast of Mindanao, and even as far as southern Luzon. Though these are relatively safer regions, they are also more economically disadvantaged and socially excluded, leading to Filipinos sometimes stereotyping the boat-dwelling Sama-Bajau as beggars and squatters. The ancestral roaming and fishing grounds of the Sama-Bajau straddled the borders of the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. And they have sometimes voyaged as far as the Timor and Arafura Seas. In modern times, they have lost access to most of these sites. There have been efforts to grant Sama-Bajau some measures of rights to fish in traditional areas, but most Sama-Bajau still suffer from legal persecution. For example, under a 1974 Memorandum of Understanding, "Indonesian traditional fishermen" are allowed to fish within the Exclusive Economic Zone of Australia, which includes traditional fishing grounds of Sama-Bajau fishermen. However, illegal fishing encroachment of Corporate Sea Trawlers in these areas has led to concern about overfishing, and the destruction of Sama-Bajau vessels. In 2014, Indonesian authorities destroyed six Filipino Sama-Bajau boats caught fishing in Indonesian waters. This is particularly serious for the Sama-Bajau, whose boats are also oftentimes their homes. Sama-Bajau fishermen are often associated with illegal and destructive practices, like blast fishing, cyanide fishing, coral mining, and cutting down mangrove trees. It is believed that the Sama-Bajau resort to these activities mainly due to sedentarisation brought about by the restrictions imposed on their nomadic culture by modern nation-states. With their now limited territories, they have little alternative means of competing with better-equipped land-based and commercial fishermen and earn enough to feed their families. The Indonesian government and certain non-governmental organisations have launched several programs for providing alternative sustainable livelihood projects for Sama-Bajau to discourage these practices (such as the use of fish aggregating devices instead of explosives). Medical health centres (puskesmas) and schools have also been built even for stilt-house Sama-Bajau communities. Similar programs have also been implemented in the Philippines. With the loss of their traditional fishing grounds, some refugee groups of Sama-Bajau in the Philippines are forced to resort to begging (agpangamu in Sinama), particularly diving for coins thrown by inter-island ferry passengers (angedjo). Other traditional sources of income include selling grated cassava (magliis), mat-weaving (ag-tepoh), and jewellery-making (especially from pearls). Recently, there have been more efforts by local governments in the Philippines to rehabilitate Sama-Bajau refugees and teach them livelihood skills. In 2016, the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources started a project for distributing fishing boats, gear, and other livelihood materials among Sama-Bajau communities in Luzon. This was largely the result of raised awareness and an outpouring of support after a photo of a Sama-Bajau beggar, Rita Gaviola (dubbed the "Badjao Girl"), went viral in the Philippines. One Tausug Muslim who was interviewed insulted the Bajau people, who are also Muslim but he declared the Bajau as non-Muslim and compared killing a Bajau to killing a monkey, saying it was not worth the effort for a juramentado to attack Bajau. There are Tausug in Sulu who takfir the Bajau and declared them as non-Muslims despite them following Islam and discriminate against them due to their lifestyle. In Indonesia many discriminate against them with false stereotypes, accusing them of using love potions on women and were untrustworthy. Subgroups The Sama-Bajau are fragmented into highly diverse subgroups. They have never been politically united and are usually subject to the land-based political groups of the areas they settle, such as the Sultanate of Brunei and the former Sultanate of Sulu. Sama-Bajau woman and children from Omadal Island, Sabah, Malaysia Most subgroups of Sama-Bajau name themselves after the place they originated from (usually an island). Each subgroup speaks a distinct language or dialect that are usually mutually intelligible with their immediate neighbouring subgroup in a continuous linguistic chain. In the Philippines, the Sama-Bajau can be divided into three general groups based on where they settle: Sama Bihing or Sama Lipid – The "shoreline Sama" or "littoral Sama". These are the Sama-Bajau which traditionally lived in stilt houses in shallows and coastal areas. An example is the Sama Simunul. They are originally from the larger islands of Tawi-Tawi. They have a more flexible lifestyle than the Sama-Gimba (Dilaut Origin) and will farm when there is available land. They usually act as middlemen in trade between the Sama Dilaut and other land-based peoples. Sama Dea, Sama Deya, or Sama Darat – The "land Sama". These are the Sama-Bajau which traditionally lived in island interiors. Some examples are the Sama Sibutu and the Sama Sanga-Sanga. They are usually farmers who cultivate rice, sweet potato, cassava, and coconuts for copra through traditional slash-and-burn agriculture (in contrast to the plow agriculture technology brought by the Tausūg). They are originally from the larger islands of Tawi-Tawi and Pangutaran. In the Philippines, the Sama Dea will often completely differentiate themselves from the Sama Dilaut. Sama Dilaut, Sama Mandilaut, Sama Pala'u, or Bajau Laut – The "sea Sama" or "ocean Sama". In the Philippines, the preferred ethnonym is Sama Dilaut; while in Malaysia, they usually identify as Bajau Laut. This subgroup originally lived exclusively on elaborately crafted houseboats called lepa, but almost all have taken to living on land in the Philippines. Their home islands include Sitangkai and Bongao. They are the Sama-Bajau subgroup most commonly called "Bajau", though Filipino Sama Dilaut considers it offensive. They sometimes call themselves the "Sama To'ongan" (literally "true Sama" or "real Sama"), to distinguish themselves from the land-dwelling Sama-Bajau subgroups. A recent study shows that the Sama-Dilaut people of the Philippines have Indian or South Asian ancestry. Other minor Sama-Bajau groups named after islands of origin include the Sama Bannaran, Sama Davao, Sama Zamboanga Sikubung, Sama Tuaran, Sama Semporna, Sama Sulawesi, Sama Simunul, Sama Tabawan, Sama Tandubas (or Sama Tando' Bas), and Sama Ungus Matata. Mixed-heritage Sama-Bajau and Tausūg communities are sometimes known as "Bajau Suluk" in Malaysia. People of multiple ethnic parentage may further identify with a three-part self-description, such as "Bajau Suluk Dusun". The following are the major subgroups usually recognised as distinct: Bajo (Indonesia) – Also known as "Same'" (or simply "Sama") by the Bugis; and "Turijene" or "Taurije'n" (literally "people of the water"), "Bayo", or "Bayao" by the Makassar. They are Sama-Bajau groups who settled in Sulawesi and Kalimantan, Indonesia through the Makassar Strait from as early as the 16th century. They have spread further into nearby islands, including the Lesser Sunda Islands, Maluku Islands, and Raja Ampat Islands. Garay warship of the Banguingui pirates Banguingui (Philippines, Malaysia) – Also known as "Sama Balangingi", "Sama Balanguingui", or "Sama Bangingi". Native to the Philippines. Some have recently migrated to Sabah. They are sometimes considered distinct from other Sama-Bajau. They have a more martial-oriented society and were once part of regular sea raids and piracy against coastal communities and passing ships. Main article: Banguingui people The Regatta Lepa festival in Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia. Lepa refers to the houseboat in the dialect of east coast Bajau. In this festival, Bajau people decorate their boats with colourful flags. East Coast Bajau (Philippines, Malaysia) – are Sama Dilaut who settled in the eastern coast of Sabah, particularly around Semporna. They still identify themselves as Bajau Laut or Sama Laut. Though they are called East Coast Bajau to distinguish them from the Sama Kota Belud of western Sabah. They are also known by the exonym "Pala'u" ("boat-dwelling" in Sinama), but it is sometimes considered derogatory. Some have retained their original boat-dwelling lifestyle, but many others have built homes on land. They are known for the colourful annual Regatta Lepa festival, which occurs from 24 to 26 April. Samal (Philippines, Malaysia) – "Samal" (also spelled "Siamal" or "Siyamal") is a Tausūg and Cebuano term and is sometimes considered offensive. Their preferred endonym is simply "Sama", and they are more accurately a general subgroup of Sama Dea ("land Sama") native to the Philippines. A large number are now residing around the coasts of northern Sabah, though many have also migrated north to the Visayas and southern Luzon. They are predominantly land-dwelling. They are the largest single group of Sama-Bajau. In Davao del Norte, the Island Garden City of Samal was possibly named after them. Ubian (Philippines, Malaysia) – Originated from the island of South Ubian in Tawi-Tawi, Philippines, and make up the largest Sama-Bajau subgroup in Sabah. They reside in sizeable minorities living around the towns of Kudat and Semporna in Sabah, Malaysia. The traditional house of the west coast Bajau in Kota Belud, Sabah, Malaysia West Coast Bajau (Malaysia) – Also known as "Sama Kota Belud". Native to the western coast of Sabah, particularly around Kota Belud. They prefer to call themselves by the general ethnonym "Sama", not "Bajau"; and their neighbours, the Dusuns also call them "Sama". British administrators originally defined them as "Bajau". They are referred to as West Coast Bajau in Malaysia to distinguish them from the Sama Dilaut of eastern Sabah and the Sulu Archipelago. They are known for having a traditional horse culture. The following are subgroups that do not self-identify as Sama, although they are culturally related to the Sama people and speak a Sama-Bajaw language: Abaknon (Philippines) – a subgroup from Capul, Northern Samar in the Visayas Islands that speak the Abaknon language. They were colonised and converted to Christianity early by the Spanish and today are culturally Visayan. Their folk history claims that their ancestors originated from the southern Philippines (identified in some sources as the island of Balabac). In the 1300s, they refused to convert to Islam and submit to the rule of the Moro sultanates. Led by a datu named Abak, their people left the island, eventually reaching and settling the island now known as Capul. Jama Mapun (Philippines) – sometimes known by the exonyms 'Sama Mapun", "Sama Kagayan", or "Bajau Kagayan". They are from the island of Mapun, Tawi-Tawi (formerly known as Cagayan de Sulu). Their culture is heavily influenced by the Sulu Sultanate. They are relatively isolated and do not usually consider themselves as Sama. Yakan (Philippines) – Found in the mountainous interior of the island of Basilan. Though they may have been the ancestors of the Sama-Bajau, they have become linguistically and culturally distinct and are usually regarded as a separate ethnic group. They are exclusively land-based and are usually farmers. Yakan are also a horse-riding culture, similar to the West Coast Bajau. They are renowned for their weaving traditions. They resisted Tausug rule during the early formation of the Sulu Sultanate, eventually gaining recognition as a separate political entity. They are only partially Islamized, with a significant minority retaining indigenous anito beliefs or practising Folk Islam. Main article: Yakan people Languages Derawan Island, one of the major Bajau settlement off the coast of Berau, East Kalimantan, Indonesia Main article: Sama-Bajaw languages The Sama–Bajau peoples speak some ten languages of the Sama–Bajau subgroup of the Western Malayo-Polynesian language family. Sinama is the most common name for these languages, but they are also called Bajau, especially in Malaysia. Most Sama-Bajau can speak multiple languages. The Sama-Bajau languages were once classified under the Central Philippine languages of the Malayo-Polynesian geographic group of the Austronesian language family. But due to marked differences with neighbouring languages, they were moved to a separate branch altogether from all other Philippine languages. For example, Sinama pronunciation is quite distinct from other nearby Central Philippine languages like Tausūg and Tagalog. Instead of the primary stress being usually on the final syllable; the primary stress occurs on the second-to-the-last syllable of the word in Sinama. This placement of the primary stress is similar to Manobo and other languages of the predominantly animistic ethnic groups of Mindanao, the Lumad peoples. In 2006, the linguist Robert Blust proposed that the Sama-Bajaw languages derived from the Barito lexical region, though not from any established group. It is thus a sister group to other Barito languages like Dayak and Malagasy. It is classified under the Bornean geographic group. Sama-Bajau languages are usually written in the Jawi alphabet. Culture Religion See also: Anito and Babaylan Religions of Sama-Bajau (Malaysian population only) Religion Percent Islam 95.26% Christianity 0.52% Folk religion / Other religions 0.08% No religion / Unknown 4.14% Religion can vary among the Sama-Bajau subgroups; from strict adherence to Sunni Islam, forms of folk Islam (itself influenced by Sufi traditions of early Muslim missionaries), to animistic beliefs in spirits and ancestor worship. There is a small minority of Catholics and Protestants, particularly from Davao del Sur in the Philippines. Among the modern coastal Sama-Bajau of Malaysia, claims to religious piety and learning are an important source of individual prestige. Some of the Sama-Bajau lack mosques and must rely on the shore-based communities such as those of the more Islamised or Malay peoples. Some of the more nomadic Sama-Bajau, like the Ubian Bajau, are much less adherent to orthodox Islam. They practice a syncretic form of folk Islam, revering local sea spirits, known in Islamic terminology as Jinn. An-Nur Mosque, the main mosque in the Bajau village of Tuaran, Sabah, Malaysia The ancient Sama-Bajau were animistic, and this is retained wholly or partially in some Sama-Bajau groups. The supreme deities in Sama-Bajau mythology are Umboh Tuhan (also known as Umboh Dilaut, the "Lord of the Sea") and his consort, Dayang Dayang Mangilai ("Lady of the Forest"). Umboh Tuhan is regarded as the creator deity who made humans equal to animals and plants. Like other animistic religions, they fundamentally divide the world into the physical and spiritual realms which coexist. In modern Muslim Sama-Bajau, Umboh Tuhan (or simply Tuhan or Tuan) is usually equated with Allah. Sunduk grave markers showing the Sama okil carving traditions. These originated from the pre-Islamic ancestor worship of the Sama-Bajau and originally included human and animal figures, which are largely missing in modern sunduk, due to Islamic influence. Other objects of reverence are spirits known as umboh ("ancestor", also variously spelled omboh, m'boh, mbo', etc.). Traditionally, the umboh referred more specifically to ancestral spirits, different from the saitan (nature spirits) and the jinn (familiar spirits); some literature refers to all of them as umboh. These include Umboh Baliyu (the spirits of wind and storms), and Umboh Payi or Umboh Gandum (the spirits of the first rice harvest). They include totemic spirits of animals and plants, including Umboh Summut (totem of ants) and Umboh Kamun (totem of mantis shrimp). The construction and launch of sailing vessels are ritualised, and the vessels are believed to have a spirit known as Sumangâ ("guardian", literally "one who deflects attacks"). The umboh are believed to influence fishing activities, rewarding the Sama-Bajau by granting good luck favours known as padalleang and occasionally punishing by causing serious incidents called busong. Traditional Sama-Bajau communities may have shamans (dukun) traditionally known as the kalamat. The kalamat are known in Muslim Sama-Bajau as the wali jinn (literally "custodian of jinn") and may adhere to taboos concerning the treatment of the sea and other cultural aspects. The kalamat presides over Sama-Bajau community events along with mediums known as igal jinn. The kalamat and the igal jinn are said to be "spirit-bearers" and are believed to be hosts of familiar spirits. It is not, however, regarded as a spirit possession, since the igal jinn never lose control of their bodies. Instead, the igal jinn are believed to have acquired their familiar spirit (jinn) after surviving a serious or near-fatal illness. For the rest of their lives, the igal jinn is believed to share their bodies with the particular jinn who saved them. One important religious event among the Sama-Bajau is the annual feast known as pag-umboh or magpaay-bahaw, an offering of thanks to Umboh Tuhan. In this ceremony, newly harvested rice (paay-bahaw) are dehusked (magtaparahu) while Islamic prayers (duaa) are recited. They are dried (magpatanak) and are then laid out in small conical piles symbolic of mountains (bud) on the living room floor (a process known as the "sleeping of rice"). After two or three nights, two-thirds are set aside for making sweet rice meals (panyalam), while one-third is set aside for making sweet rice cakes (durul). Additional prayers (zikir), which includes calling the names of ancestors out loud, are offered to the Umboh after the rice meals have been prepared. Pag-umboh is a solemn and formal affair. Another annual religious ceremony among the boat-dwelling Sama Dilaut is the pagkanduli (literally "festive gathering"). It involves ritual dancing to Umboh Tuhan, Dayang Dayang Mangilai, and ancestral ghosts called bansa. The ritual is first celebrated under a sacred dangkan tree (strangler figs, known elsewhere in the Philippines as balete) symbolising the male spirit Umboh Tuhan and afterwards in the centre of a grove of kama'toolang trees (pandan trees) symbolising the female spirit Dayang Dayang Mangilai. The Jama Mapun people's indigenous cosmology is extremely vast. Examples of figures in their cosmology are Niyu-niyu (coconut palm), Lumba-lumba (dolphin), and Anak Datu (two sons of a datu spearing another figure, Bunta – a blowfish). The trance dancing is called mag-igal and involves female and male and igal jinn, called the jinn denda and jinn lella respectively. The jinn denda perform the first dance known as igal limbayan under the dangkan tree, with the eldest leading. They are performed with intricate movements of the hands, usually with metal fingernail extensions called sulingkengkeng. If the dance and music are pleasing, the bansa are believed to take possession of the dancers, whereupon the wali jinn will assist in releasing them at the end of the dance. The bansa are not feared as they are regarded as spirits of ancestors. Temporarily serving as hosts for the bansa while dancing to music is regarded as a "gift" by the living Sama Dilaut to their ancestors. After the igal limbayan, the wali jinn will invite the audience to participate, to celebrate, and to give their thanks. The last dance is the igal lellang, with four jinn lella performing a warrior dance, whereupon the participants will proceed to the kama'toolang grove. There they will perform rituals and dance (this time with male and female dancers together), symbolically "inviting" Dayang Dayang Mangilai to come with them back to the dangkan tree. Further games and celebrations are held under the original dangkan tree before the celebrants say their farewells to the spirits. Unlike pag-umboh, pagkanduli is a joyous celebration, involving singing, dancing, and joking among all participants. It is the largest festive event among the Sama Dilaut communities. Aside from pagkanduli and magpaay-bahaw, public dances called magigal jinn may occur. During these celebrations, the igal jinn may be consulted for a public séance and nightly trance dancing. In times of epidemics, the igal jinn is called upon to remove illness-causing spirits from the community. They do this by setting a "spirit boat" adrift in the open sea beyond the village or anchorage. Boat dwelling See also: Lepa (ship), Djenging, and Vinta A Sama-Bajau vinta in Zamboanga City, 1923 Sama-Bajau woman from Maiga Island, Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia, with traditional sun protection called burak A few Sama-Bajau still live traditionally. They live in houseboats (lepa, balutu, and vinta being the most common types) which generally accommodate a single nuclear family (usually five people). The houseboats travel together in flotillas with houseboats of immediate relatives (a family alliance) and co-operate during fishing expeditions and in ceremonies. A married couple may choose to sail with the relatives of the husband or the wife. They anchor at common mooring points (called sambuangan) with other flotillas (usually also belonging to extended relatives) at certain times of the year. These mooring points are usually presided over by an elder or headsman. The mooring points are close to sources of water or culturally significant locations like island cemeteries. There are periodic gatherings of Sama-Bajau clans usually for various ceremonies like weddings or festivals. They generally do not sail more than 40 km (24.85 mi) from their "home" moorage. They periodically trade goods with the land-based communities of other Sama-Bajau and other ethnic groups. Sama-Bajau groups may routinely cross the borders of the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia for fishing, trading, or visiting relatives. Sama-Bajau women also use a traditional sun-protecting powder called burak or borak, made from water weeds, rice, and spices. Music, dance, and arts See also: Okir A Bajau girl clad in her traditional dress Detail of the elaborate okil carvings on the stern of a vinta from Tawi-Tawi, c. 1920 Sama-Bajau traditional songs are handed down orally through generations. The songs are usually sung during marriage celebrations (kanduli pagkawin), accompanied by dance (pang-igal) and musical instruments like pulau (flute), gabbang (xylophone), tagunggo' (kulintang gongs), biula (violin), and in modern times, electronic keyboards. There are several types of Sama-Bajau traditional songs, they include: isun-isun, runsai, najat, syair, nasid, bua-bua anak, and tinggayun. Among the more specific examples of Sama-Bajau songs are three love songs collectively referred to as Sangbayan. These are Dalling Dalling, Duldang Duldang, and Pakiring Pakiring. The most well-known of these three is Pakiring Pakiring (literally "moving the hips"), which is more familiar to the Tausūg in its commercialised and modernised form Dayang Dayang. The Tausūg claim that the song is native to their culture, and whether the song is originally Tausūg or Sama-Bajau remain controversial. Most Sama-Bajau folk songs are becoming extinct, largely due to the waning interest of the younger generations. Sama-Bajau people are also well known for weaving, needlework skills, and their association with tagonggo music. In visual arts, Sama-Bajau have an ancient tradition of carving and sculpting known as okil (also okil-okil or ukkil). These were used to decorate houseboats and animistic ritual objects. They were used most prominently for Sama grave markers which are found in the ancient traditional burial grounds of the Sama people in some (usually uninhabited) islands of Sulu and Tawi-Tawi. These include some of the oldest examples of okil, which are usually carved from coral and limestone. Wooden carved grave markers are common later on, usually made from or carved from the boat belonging to the deceased. These are usually carved into human figures that represent the deceased. These graves are often decorated with buntings and food offerings, reflecting the ancient ancestor worship (anito) traditions of the Sama. Okil later inspired the very similar okir traditions of the Maranao people. Horse culture The West Coast Bajau horsemen in their hometown of Kota Belud, with a background of Mount Kinabalu The more settled land-based West Coast Bajau are expert equestrians – which makes them remarkable in Malaysia, where horse riding has never been widespread anywhere else. The traditional costume of Sama-Bajau horsemen consists of a black or white long-sleeved shirt (badu sampit) with gold buttons (betawi) on the front and decorated with silver floral designs (intiras), black or white trousers (seluar sampit) with gold lace trimmings, and a headpiece (podong). They carry a spear (bujak), a riding crop (pasut), and a silver-hilted keris dagger. The horse is also caparisoned with a colourful outfit called kain kuda that also have brass bells (seriau) attached. The saddle (sila sila) is made from water buffalo hide and padded with cloth (lapik) underneath. Society The rehabilitation of a traditional Sama-Bajau house in the Heritage Village of Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia Though some Sama-Bajau headsmen have been given honorific titles like "Datu", "Maharaja" or "Panglima" by governments (like under the Sultanate of Brunei), they usually only had little authority over the Sama-Bajau community. Sama-Bajau society is traditionally highly individualistic, and the largest political unit is the clan cluster around mooring points, rarely more. Sama-Bajau society is also more or less egalitarian, and they did not practice a caste system, unlike most neighbouring ethnic groups. The individualism is probably due to the generally fragile nature of their relationships with land-based peoples for access to essentials like wood or water. When the relationship sours or if there is too much pressure from land-based rulers, the Sama-Bajau prefer to simply move on elsewhere. Greater importance is placed on kinship and reciprocal labour rather than formal authority for maintaining social cohesion. There are a few exceptions, however, like the Jama Mapun and the Sama Pangutaran of the Philippines, who follow the traditional pre-Hispanic Philippine feudal society with a caste system consisting of nobles, notables, and commoners and serfs. Likely introduced by the Sultanate of Sulu. Biological characteristics Free-diving adaptations A Sama-Bajau child in Tagbilaran City, Bohol, Philippines, diving for coins thrown by tourists into the water Sama-Bajau are noted for their exceptional abilities in free-diving. Divers work long days with the "greatest daily apnea diving time reported in humans" of greater than 5 hours per day submerged. Some Bajau intentionally rupture their eardrums at an early age to facilitate diving and hunting at sea. Many older Sama-Bajau are therefore hard of hearing. More than a thousand years of subsistence freediving associated with their life on the sea appear to have endowed the Bajau with several genetic adaptations to facilitate their lifestyle. A 2018 study showed that Bajau spleens are about 50 percent larger than those of a neighbouring land-based group, the Saluan, letting them store more haemoglobin-rich blood, which is expelled into the bloodstream when the spleen contracts at depth, allowing breath-holding dives of longer duration. This difference is apparently related to a variant of the PDE10A gene. Other genes that appear to have been under selection in the Bajau include BDKRB2, which is related to peripheral vasoconstriction, involved in the diving response; FAM178B, a regulator of carbonic anhydrase, which is related to maintaining blood pH when carbon dioxide accumulates; and another one involved in the response to hypoxia. These adaptations were found to likely result from natural selection, leading to a uniquely increased frequency of the relevant alleles within the sampled Bajau population relative to other referenced eastern Asian populations. Members of another group, the Moken, have been found to have better underwater vision than Europeans, although it is not known if this trait has a genetic basis. Depictions in popular culture The 1982 to 1988 Sabah coat of arms depicts a kingfisher, adopted primarily to symbolise the large Sama-Bajau population in Sabah It has been suggested by some researchers that the Sama-Bajau people's visits to Arnhem Land gave rise to the accounts of the mysterious Baijini people in the myths of Australia's Yolngu Aboriginals. In 2010, the newly discovered squidworm, Teuthidodrilus samae, was named after the Sama-Bajau people of Tawi-Tawi. The Sama-Bajau have also been the subject of several films. They include: Badjao (1957) – A Filipino film directed by Lamberto V. Avellana Bajau Laut: Nomads of the Sea (2008) – A Singaporean TV documentary produced by Matthew Malpelli. The Mirror Never Lies (2011) Indonesian film directed by Kamila Andini Thy Womb (2012) – A Filipino drama film directed by Brillante Mendoza Bohe': Sons of the Waves (2013) – A Filipino short film produced by Nadjoua and Linda Bansil Anak ng Badjao (1987) – A Filipino Film directed by Jose Antonio Alonzo and Jerry O. Tironazona Sahaya (2019) – A Filipino TV series directed by Zig Dulay Notable Sama-Bajau Politics Mat Salleh (Datu Muhammad Salleh) – Sabah warrior from Inanam, Kota Kinabalu, during the British administration of North Borneo. Tun Datu Mustapha (Tun Datu Mustapha bin Datu Harun) – The first Yang di-Pertua Negeri (governor) of Sabah and the third Chief Minister of Sabah from Kudat. Tun Said Keruak – The seventh Governor of Sabah and the fourth Chief Minister of Sabah from Kota Belud. Tun Sakaran Dandai – The eighth Governor of Sabah and also the eighth Chief Minister of Sabah from Semporna. Ahmadshah Abdullah – The ninth Governor of Sabah from Inanam, Kota Kinabalu. Salleh Said Keruak (Datuk Seri Panglima Mohd Salleh bin Tun Mohd Said Keruak) – The ninth Chief Minister of Sabah from Kota Belud and a former federal minister with the rank of Senator in the Dewan Negara. Osu Sukam (Tan Sri Datuk Seri Panglima Osu bin Sukam) – The twelfth Chief Minister of Sabah from Papar. Mohd Nasir Tun Sakaran (Dato' Mohd Nasir bin Tun Sakaran Dandai) – Sabah politician from Semporna. Shafie Apdal (Dato' Seri Hj Mohd Shafie Bin Apdal) – The fifteenth Chief Minister of Sabah from Semporna. Pandikar Amin Mulia – Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat, former Member of Parliament of Malaysia from Kota Belud. Askalani Abdul Rahim (Datuk Askalani Bin Abdul Rahim) – Former Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports from Semporna. Abdul Rahman Dahlan – Former Cabinet Minister from Tuaran as well the former Member of Parliament in the Dewan Rakyat for the constituency of Kota Belud from 2008 to 2018. Isnaraissah Munirah Majilis – Member of Parliament of Kota Belud in the Dewan Rakyat (also half Kadazan-Dusun ancestry on paternal side). Manis Muka Mohd Darah – Former Member of Sabah State Legislative Assembly for Bugaya. Sultan Ombra Amilbangsa - From Simunul, in what is now the province of Tawi-Tawi. He was a member of the National Assembly of the Philippines from 1935 to 1938, and from 1943 to 1944, and the Philippines House of Representatives from 1945 to 1949, and from 1951 to 1961. In 1961, he filed House Bill No. 5682, for the granting of independence to the Province of Sulu as a sovereign nation due to what he felt was the negligence of the central government over the concerns of his province. He married Dayang-Dayang Hadji Piandao Kiram, niece and adopted daughter of Sultan Jamalul Kiram II. He succeeded as Sulu Sultan from 1936 to 1964. Arts and entertainment Haja Amina Appi — Filipino master mat weaver and teacher from Ungos Matata, Tandubas, Tawi-Tawi; recipient of the Philippine National Living Treasures Award. Adam AF2 (Aizam Mat Saman) – Malaysian singer and actor, great-nephew of Tun Ahmadshah Abdullah (his grandmother is the elder sister of the latter) from Inanam, Kota Kinabalu. Sitti – Filipino singer. Zizi Kirana – Malaysian rapper from Semporna. Yanie (Mentor) (the late Siti Surianie Julkarim) – Malaysian singer who gained fame through the reality show known as Mentor on TV3 from Likas, Kota Kinabalu. Wawa Zainal – Malaysian actress from Lahad Datu. Azwan Kombos – Malaysian actor from Kota Belud. Rita Gaviola – Filipino actress in the Pinoy Big Brother Season 7. Sports Bana Sailani – A Filipino Olympic swimmer who represented the Philippines in the 1956 Summer Olympics, the 1958 Asian Games (where he won 5 bronze medals, and 1 silver), and the 1960 Summer Olympics. He was more popularly known as Bapa' Banana. Estino Taniyu – A Malaysian swimmer from the Royal Malaysian Navy who swam across the English Channel in 13 hours, 45 minutes, and 45 seconds on 21 September 2012. Matlan Marjan – Former Malaysian football player and the former Sabah FA captain from Kota Belud. Eldio "Imam" Gulisan – A Filipino freediver who set the Philippines national record at the Japanese Cup 2019 on 7 September 2019. Featured in Episode 3 of the Netflix series Home Game. Zainizam Marjan – Former Malaysian football player, younger brother of Matlan from Kota Belud. See also Lumad Gaya Island Orang laut Sama–Bajaw languages Sea Gypsies, a disambiguation page Notes ^ The concept of an Australoid "race" is antiquated. 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"Diving deep on one breath could be in a 'sea nomad's' DNA". CNN. Retrieved 20 April 2018. ^ a b c d e Ilardo, M. A.; Moltke, I.; Korneliussen, T. S.; Cheng, J.; Stern, A. J.; Racimo, F.; de Barros Damgaard, P.; Sikora, M.; Seguin-Orlando, A.; Rasmussen, S.; van den Munckhof, I. C. L.; ter Horst, R.; Joosten, L. A. B.; Netea, M. G.; Salingkat, S.; Nielsen, R.; Willerslev, E. (18 April 2018). "Physiological and Genetic Adaptations to Diving in Sea Nomads". Cell. 173 (3): 569–580.e15. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.054. PMID 29677510. ^ Zimmer, Carl (19 April 2018). "Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 April 2018. ^ Baranova, T. I.; Berlov, D. N.; Glotov, O. S.; Korf, E. A.; Minigalin, A. D.; Mitrofanova, A. V.; Ahmetov, I. I.; Glotov, A. S. (2017). "Genetic determination of the vascular reactions in humans in response to the diving reflex". American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 312 (3): H622–H631. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00080.2016. PMID 27923785. S2CID 19034511. ^ Gislén, A.; Dacke, M.; Kröger, R.H.H; Abrahamsson, M.; Nilsson, D.-E.; Warrant, E.J. (2003). "Superior Underwater Vision in a Human Population of Sea Gypsies". Current Biology. 13 (10): 833–836. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00290-2. PMID 12747831. S2CID 18731746. ^ Ian MacDonald. "Sabah (Malaysia)". CRW Flags. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016. ^ Berndt, Ronald Murray; Berndt, Catherine Helen (1954). "Arnhem Land: its history and its people". Volume 8 of Human relations area files: Murngin. F. W. Cheshire: 34. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ Watson, Traci (26 November 2010). ""Flamboyant" New Squid Worm Surprises, Delights Experts". National Geographic. Retrieved 17 October 2019. ^ Tobias, Maricris Jan. "GAMABA: Haja Amina Appi". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2021. ^ Kemalia Othman (22 March 2010). "Jenazah Yanie (mentor) Selamat Disemadikan" (in Malay). mStar. Retrieved 20 August 2016. ^ Zulqarnain Abu Hassan (16 March 2016). "Azwan Kombos Mahu Kahwin Pakai Baju Bajau" (in Malay). Media Hiburan. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2016. ^ Zaidi Mohamad (15 June 2016). "Ezzaty, Azwan Kombos nikah 16 Julai". Berita Harian (in Malay). Retrieved 20 August 2016. ^ "Viral photo of Badjao girl portrays tribe's displacement – HRW". 28 May 2016. ^ "'Badjao Girl' Rita Gabiola gets a makeover — see her amazing new look!". Zeibiz. 29 May 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2016. ^ Maica Bailon (13 May 2003). "Alligator in the pool". Philstar. Retrieved 22 December 2014. ^ "Semporna welcomes home English Channel swimmer". The Borneo Post. 7 October 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2014. Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bajau people. Newspapers Journey in Borneo with Bajaus by Réhahn More information on the Bajaus at the BBC The last of the sea nomads at The Guardian The sea gypsies of Sulu at the Khaleej Times Books François-Robert Zacot (2009). Peuple nomade de la mer, les Badjos d'Indonésie, éditions Pocket, collection Terre Humaine, Paris vteThe Moro \| Bangsamoro Bajau Banguingui Illanun Kalagan Maguindanao Maranao Samal Sangir Tausug Yakan vte Ethnic groups in the Philippines Filipinos Pinoy Indigenous peoples LowlandLuzon Bicolano Bugkalot (Ilongot) Cuyunon Gaddang Ibanag Ilocano Itawes Ivatan Kapampangan Masbateño Pangasinan Romblomanon Sambal Tagalog Visayas Aklanon Boholano Capiznon Cebuano Eskaya Hiligaynon Karay-a Porohanon Waray Mindanao Butuanon Kalagan Sangirese Surigaonon Zamboangueño Moro Bajau Banguingui Kaagan Iranun Maguindanao Maranao Samal Tausug Yakan HighlandIgorot Balangao Bontoc Ibaloi Ifugao Isneg Kalinga Kankanaey Tinguian Lumad Blaan Bukidnon Higaonon Mamanwa Mandaya Manobo Subanon Tasaday Teduray Tboli Mangyan Ratagnon Negrito Aeta Ati Batak Mamanwa Palaweño Agutaynen Palawano Batak Tagbanua Molbog Suludnon Suludnon/Tumandok Immigrants or expatriatesAmericas American Brazilian Mexican Asia Chinese 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Proto-Malay Jakun Orang Kanaq Orang Laut Orang Kuala Orang Seletar Semelai Temoq Temuan Semang Batek Lanoh Jahai Kensiu Kintaq Mendriq Mintil Mos Senoi Semai Mah Meri Cheq Wong Temiar Jah Hut Semaq Beri Sarawak Dayak Bidayuh Bukitan Iban Selako Orang Ulu Kayan Kelabit Kenyah Lun Bawang Penan Punan Sa'ban Ukit Others Bisaya Melanau Miriek Sabah Kadazan-Dusun Kadazan Dusun Kwijau Lotud Mangka'ak Maragang Minokok Rumanau Bisaya Ida'an Illanun Lun Bawang Murut Orang Sungai Dumpas Tambanuo Rungus Sama-Bajau Suluk Tidong Peranakan Peranakan Arab Peranakan Parsi Peranakan Eropah (including Kristang) Jawi Peranakan Peranakan Siam (Sam-Sam) Peranakan Turki Chinese(list) Hokkien Cantonese Hakka Hainanese Teochew Foochow Henghua Penangite Chinese Peranakan Peranakan Cina (Baba-Nyonya) Sino-Native Indian(list) Gujarati Penangite Indian Punjabi Malayali Indians in Sabah Indians in Sarawak Sri Lankan Tamil Telugu PeranakanPeranakan Chitty Mixed ancestry(non-Peranakan) Chindians Foreign ethnicities/expatriates African Arab (Hadhrami) Bangladeshi Burmese (Rohingya) China/Taiwan Chinese East Timorese Filipino (Zamboangans) Indian Indonesian Iranian Japanese Jewish (former) Korean Nepali Pakistani Singaporeans Thai Vietnamese vte Ethnic groups in Indonesia by regionIndonesiansSumatra Aboriginal Akit Batin Bonai Lubu Mante Orang Kuala Orang Rimba Sakai Petalangan Talang Mamak Acehnese Alas Batak Angkola Karo Mandailing Pakpak Simalungun Toba Batak Enggano Gayo Kluet Lampung Laut Lembak Malay Asahan Deli Lahat Langkat Riau Serdang Mentawai Sakuddei Minangkabau Aneuk Jamee Nias Haloban Palembang Rejang Simeulue Singkil Java Betawi Javanese Cirebonese Banyumasan Osing Tenggerese Kangeanese Madurese Bawean Malay Sundanese Baduy Bantenese Kalimantan Banjar Dayak Apo Duat Kelabit Lun Bawang Sa'ban Apo Kayan Bahau Kayan Kenyah Lebbo' Uma Baka' Bidayuh Kendayan Selako Iban Mualang Murut Tidung Ot Danum Lawangan Ma'anyan Ngaju Bakumpai Meratus Punan Bah Bukitan Krio Malay Berau Pontianak Moro Orang Laut Bajau Suluk Sulawesi Buginese Bungku Butonese Bonerate Gorontaloan Kalumpang Lindu Makassar Malay Mandarese Minahasan Mongondow Muna Pamona Rampi Sangirese Seko Tau Taa Wana Torajan Mamasa Papua Melanesian Papuan Abun Asmat Bauzi Dani Fayu Ketengban Kombai Korowai Koteka Amungme Ekari Lani Moni Yali Marind Marori Mek Sawi Sentani Tehit Tobati Wambon Waropen Wolani Yaur Lesser Sunda Islands Abui Atoni Bali Aga Balinese Bimanese Bunak Helong Kemak Lamaholot Malay Loloan Manggarai Nage Rotenese Sasak Savu Sikka Sumba Sumbawa Tetum Maluku Islands Moluccan Alfur Alune Manusela Nuaulu Ambelau Ambonese Buru Wai Apu Kayeli Lisela Tanimbarese Tobelo Togutil Wemale Non-indigenous African Black Dutchmen Arab Armenian Chindian Chinese Benteng Bangka Belitung Chinese Maluku Chinese Peranakan Filipino Indian Klingalese Tamil Indo Japanese Jewish Korean Mardijker Pakistani Portuguese Totok Portals: Philippines Malaysia Indonesia Society	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sama–Bajaw languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages"},{"link_name":"Samma (tribe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samma_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Austronesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_people"},{"link_name":"ethnic groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group"},{"link_name":"Maritime Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maglana-5"},{"link_name":"exonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym"},{"link_name":"/ˈbɑːdʒaʊ, ˈbæ-/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"perahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perahu"},{"link_name":"Maranao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranao_language"},{"link_name":"djenging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djenging"},{"link_name":"lepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepa_(ship)"},{"link_name":"vinta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinta"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nimmo-6"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"horse culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_culture"},{"link_name":"Tawi-Tawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawi-Tawi"},{"link_name":"Sulu Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orang_bajo-7"},{"link_name":"Moro people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_people"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"conflict in Mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_conflict"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statelessness-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Moken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moken"},{"link_name":"Mergui Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergui_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Orang Laut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Laut"},{"link_name":"Riau Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau_Islands"},{"link_name":"sea cucumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_cucumber_as_food"},{"link_name":"trepang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trepanging"}],"text":"This article is about the peoples. For the languages, see Sama–Bajaw languages.Not to be confused with Samma (tribe), an unrelated ethnic group in Pakistan and India.Ethnic groupThe Sama-Bajau include several Austronesian ethnic groups of Maritime Southeast Asia. The name collectively refers to related people who usually call themselves the Sama or Samah (formally A'a Sama, \"Sama people\");[5] or are known by the exonym Bajau (/ˈbɑːdʒaʊ, ˈbæ-/, also spelled Badjao, Bajaw, Badjau, Badjaw, Bajo or Bayao). They usually live a seaborne lifestyle and use small wooden sailing vessels such as the perahu (layag in Maranao), djenging (balutu), lepa, and vinta (pilang).[6] Some Sama-Bajau groups native to Sabah are also known for their traditional horse culture.The Sama-Bajau are the dominant ethnic group of the islands of Tawi-Tawi. They are also found in other islands of the Sulu Archipelago, coastal areas of Mindanao and other islands in the northern Philippines; as well as northern and eastern Borneo, Sulawesi, and throughout the eastern Indonesian islands.[7] In the Philippines, they are grouped with the religiously similar Moro people. Within the last fifty years, many of the Filipino Sama-Bajau have migrated to neighbouring Sabah and the northern islands of the Philippines, due to the conflict in Mindanao.[8][9] As of 2010, they were the second-largest ethnic group in Sabah.[2][10]Sama-Bajau have sometimes been called the \"Sea Gypsies\" or \"Sea Nomads\", terms that have also been used for non-related ethnic groups with similar traditional lifestyles, such as the Moken of the Burmese-Thai Mergui Archipelago and the Orang Laut of southeastern Sumatra and the Riau Islands of Indonesia. The modern outward spread of the Sama-Bajau from older inhabited areas seems to have been associated with the development of sea trade in sea cucumber (trepang).","title":"Sama-Bajau"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Moro_Sailing_Boat_(A_Bajau_lepa_houseboat).jpg"},{"link_name":"lepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepa_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nimmo-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoogervorst-11"},{"link_name":"call themselves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bracamonte2-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nagatsu-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bajau_Laut_Pictures.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lahad Datu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahad_Datu_District"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-appell-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nagatsu-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahali-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-low-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liebner-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iwonder-19"},{"link_name":"exonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonym"},{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iwonder-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bracamonte-20"},{"link_name":"Brunei Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei_Malay"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bracamonte-20"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nagatsu-13"},{"link_name":"Bumiputera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nagatsu-13"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Malays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Malays"},{"link_name":"Filipino migrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Filipino"},{"link_name":"Francisco Combés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Comb%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Sultanates of Sulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu"},{"link_name":"Maguindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blair-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Comb%C3%A9s-22"}],"text":"A Sama lepa houseboat from the Philippines (c. 1905)Sama-Bajau is a collective term, referring to several closely related indigenous people who consider themselves a single distinct bangsa (\"ethnic group\" or \"nation\").[6][11] It is generally accepted that these groups of people can be termed Sama or Bajau, though they never call themselves Bajau in the Philippines. Instead, they call themselves with the names of their tribes, usually the place they live or place of origin. For example, the sea-going Sama-Bajau prefer to call themselves the Sama Dilaut or Sama Mandilaut (literally 'sea Sama' or 'ocean Sama') in the Philippines; in Malaysia, they identify as Bajau Laut.[12][13] Sea-going Bajau are given the pejorative name Pala'au or Palauh by other Bajau groups, which has been adopted by Malaysian mainstream media.[14]A Sama-Bajau flotilla in Lahad Datu, Sabah, MalaysiaHistorically in the Philippines, the term Sama referred to the more land-oriented and settled Sama–Bajau groups, while Bajau referred only to more sea-oriented, boat-dwelling, nomadic groups.[15] Even these distinctions are fading as the majority of Sama-Bajau have long since abandoned boat living, most for Sama-style piling houses in the coastal shallows.[13]Sama is believed to have originated from the Sanskrit root word sama meaning \"together\", \"same\", or \"kin\".[16][17][18][19] The exact origin of the exonym Bajau is unclear. Some authors have proposed that it is derived from a corruption of the Malay word berjauh ('getting further apart' or 'the state of being away') or in Indonesian word it means boat dwelling.[19][20] Other possible origins include the Brunei Malay word bajaul, which means \"to fish\".[20] The term Bajau has pejorative connotations in the Philippines, indicating poverty in comparison to the term Sama, especially since it is used most commonly to refer to poverty-stricken Sama-Bajau who make a living through begging.[13]British administrators in Sabah classified the Sama-Bajau as \"Bajau\" and labelled them as such in their birth certificates. Thus, the Sama-Bajau in Malaysia may sometimes self-identify as \"Bajau\". The Malaysian government recognizes the Sama-Bajau as legally Bumiputera under the \"Bajau\" subgroup[13] which guarantees easy access to the special sociopolitical privileges also granted to Malaysian Malays; to a point of them identifying as \"Malay\" for political reasons. This is especially true for recent Moro Filipino migrants. The indigenous Sama-Bajau in Malaysia have also started labelling themselves as their ancestors called themselves, such as Simunul.In the 17th-century, the Spanish priest Francisco Combés calls the Sama-Bajau as the Lutao (\"[people who] float on water\") in his Historia de las Islas de Mindanao, Iolo, y sus adyacentes (1667), and describes them as building houses on the sea because they \"hate land\". They were described as being the subjects of the Sultanates of Sulu and Maguindanao, and they were esteemed for their shipbuilding skills and were commonly hired as crews of warships.[21][22]","title":"Ethnonym"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sea_Nomads_distribution_map.jpg"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sopher-23"},{"link_name":"Orang Laut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Laut"},{"link_name":"Moken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moken"},{"link_name":"nomadic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadic"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-24"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"houses on stilts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilt_house"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-24"},{"link_name":"Austroasiatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larena-25"}],"text":"Regions inhabited by peoples usually known as \"Sea Nomads\"[23] Sama-Bajau Orang Laut MokenFor most of their history, the Sama-Bajau have been a nomadic, seafaring people, living off the sea by trading and subsistence fishing.[24] The boat-dwelling Sama-Bajau see themselves as non-aggressive people.[citation needed] They kept close to the shore by erecting houses on stilts and travelled using lepa, handmade boats which many lived in.[24] A 2021 genetic study shows that some Sama-Bajau have Austroasiatic ancestry.[25]","title":"History and origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genealogies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogies"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nimmo-6"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sopher-23"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bajo-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbal-27"},{"link_name":"Johorean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor"},{"link_name":"ruler in Sulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu"},{"link_name":"Sultan of Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Shah of Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Shah_of_Brunei"},{"link_name":"Bruneians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jubilado-29"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"Bumiputera laws of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nagatsu-30"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Gowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Gowa"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bajo-26"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jakarta-31"},{"link_name":"Zamboanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nimmo-6"},{"link_name":"Zamboanga City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_City"},{"link_name":"mooring pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooring_(watercraft)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jubilado-29"}],"sub_title":"Oral traditions","text":"Most of the various oral traditions and tarsila (royal genealogies) among the Sama-Bajau have a common theme which claims that they were originally a land-dwelling people who were the subjects of a king who had a daughter. After she is lost by either being swept away to the sea (by a storm or a flood) or being taken captive by a neighbouring kingdom, they were then supposedly ordered to find her. After failing to do so they decided to remain nomadic for fear of facing the wrath of the king.[6][23][26][27]One such version widely told among the Sama-Bajau of Borneo claims that they descended from Johorean royal guards who were escorting a princess named Dayang Ayesha for marriage to a ruler in Sulu. However, the Sultan of Brunei (allegedly Muhammad Shah of Brunei) also fell in love with the princess. On the way to Sulu, they were attacked by Bruneians in the high seas. The princess was taken captive and married to the Sultan of Brunei instead. The escorts, having lost the princess, elected to settle in Borneo and Sulu rather than return to Johor.[28][29] This legend is popular among Sabah Sama-Bajau as it legitimises their claim to \"Malay-ness\" and strengthens their ties to Islam, which puts them in a favourable position in the Bumiputera laws of Malaysia (similar to the usage of the name \"Bajau\" instead of \"Sama\").[30]Among the Indonesian Sama-Bajau, on the other hand, their oral histories place more importance on the relationship of the Sama-Bajau with the Sultanate of Gowa rather than Johor. The various versions of their origin myth tell about a royal princess who was washed away by a flood. She was found and eventually married a king or a prince of Gowa. Their offspring then allegedly became the ancestors of the Indonesian Sama-Bajau.[26][31]However, there are other versions that are more mythological and do not mention a princess. Among the Philippine Sama-Bajau, for example, there is a myth that claims that the Sama-Bajau were accidentally towed into what is now Zamboanga by a giant stingray.[6] Incidentally, the native pre-Hispanic name of Zamboanga City is \"Samboangan\" (literally \"mooring place\"), which was derived from the Sinama word for a mooring pole, sambuang or samboang.[29]","title":"History and origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philippinen_basilan_seezigeuner_ph04p69.jpg"},{"link_name":"Basilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilan"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbal-27"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jubilado-29"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nagatsu-13"},{"link_name":"Tausūg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people"},{"link_name":"Visayans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visayans"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nimmo-6"},{"link_name":"Orang laut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_laut"},{"link_name":"Veddoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australo-Melanesian"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"hunter-gatherers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer"},{"link_name":"Riau Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riau_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Austronesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_peoples"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nimmo-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sama_woman_making_a_traditional_mat.JPG"},{"link_name":"Semporna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semporna_District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bajau_Laut_Pictures_6.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nimmo-6"},{"link_name":"ethnogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnogenesis"},{"link_name":"Zamboanga Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"slash-and-burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash-and-burn"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kunapipi-33"},{"link_name":"Tausūg people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people"},{"link_name":"Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_Malays"},{"link_name":"Indianised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_India"},{"link_name":"Islamised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamised"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lsp24-34"},{"link_name":"trepang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trepanging"},{"link_name":"pearls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl"},{"link_name":"shark fin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_fin_soup"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoogervorst-11"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lsp24-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bern-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lsp24-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sather-36"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jubilado-29"},{"link_name":"Austronesian peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_peoples"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sather-36"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoogervorst-11"},{"link_name":"Bugis people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugis_people"},{"link_name":"Papuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_people"},{"link_name":"Srivijaya Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya_Empire"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Austroasiatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic"},{"link_name":"hunter-gatherer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer"},{"link_name":"mainland Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"land bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_bridge"},{"link_name":"Sundaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundaland"},{"link_name":"Negrito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negrito"},{"link_name":"Austronesian peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_peoples"},{"link_name":"Lua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_people"},{"link_name":"Mlabri peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlabri_people"},{"link_name":"Manobo people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manobo_people"},{"link_name":"Mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao"},{"link_name":"South Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Palawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawan"},{"link_name":"Zamboanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_peninsula"},{"link_name":"Basilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilan"},{"link_name":"Sulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu"},{"link_name":"Tawi-Tawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawi-Tawi"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larena-25"}],"sub_title":"Modern research on origins","text":"Sama-Bajau children in BasilanThe origin myths claiming descent from Johor or Gowa have been largely rejected by modern scholars, mostly because these kingdoms were established too recently to explain the ethnic divergence.[27][29] Whether the Sama-Bajau are indigenous to their current territories or settled from elsewhere is still contentious.[13] Linguistically, they are distinct from neighbouring populations, especially from the Tausūg who are more closely related to the northern Philippine ethnic groups like the Visayans.[6]In 1965, the anthropologist David E. Sopher claimed that the Sama-Bajau, along with the Orang laut, descended from ancient \"Veddoid\" (Australoid)[note 1] hunter-gatherers from the Riau Archipelago who intermarried with Austronesians. They retained their hunter-gatherer lifestyle, though they became more maritime-oriented as Southeast Asia became more populated by later Austronesian settlers.[6]A Sama woman making a traditional mat in Semporna, Sabah, MalaysiaSama-Bajau woman anchoring a family boat (banglo) in MalaysiaIn 1968, the anthropologist Harry Arlo Nimmo, on the other hand, believed that the Sama-Bajau are indigenous to the Sulu Archipelago, Sulawesi, and/or Borneo, and do not share a common origin with the Orang laut. Nimmo proposed that the boat-dwelling lifestyle developed among the ancestors of the Sama-Bajau independently from the Orang laut.[6]A more recent study in 1985 by the anthropologist Alfred Kemp Pallasen compares the oral traditions with historical facts and linguistic evidence. He puts the date of the ethnogenesis of Sama-Bajau as 800 AD and also rejects a historical connection between the Sama-Bajau and the Orang laut. He hypothesises that the Sama-Bajau originated from a proto-Sama-Bajau people inhabiting the Zamboanga Peninsula who practised both fishing and slash-and-burn agriculture. They were the original inhabitants of Zamboanga and the Sulu archipelago,[32] and were well-established in the region long before the first arrival of the Tausūg people at around the 13th century from their homelands along the northern coast of eastern Mindanao. Along with the Tausūg, they were heavily influenced by the Malay kingdoms both culturally and linguistically, becoming Indianised by the 15th century and Islamised by the 16th century.[33] They also engaged in extensive trade with China for \"luxury\" sea products like trepang, pearls, and shark fin.[11][33][34]From Zamboanga, some members of these people adopted an exclusively seaborne culture and spread outwards in the 10th century towards Basilan, Sulu, Borneo, and Sulawesi.[33][35] They arrived in Borneo in the 11th century.[29] This hypothesis is currently the most widely accepted among specialists studying the Austronesian peoples. This would also explain why even boat-dwelling Sama-Bajau still practice agricultural rituals, despite being exclusively fishermen.[35] Linguistic evidence further points to Borneo as the ultimate origin of the proto-Sama-Bajau people.[11]A genetic study of three groups—the Derawan of Northeast Borneo, the Kotabaru of Southeast Borneo, and the Kendari of Southeast Sulawesi—suggested that their origin was in southern Sulawesi. Their ethnogenesis is estimated to have dated back to around the 4th century AD by an admixture event between the Bugis people and a Papuan group. The authors suggest that the Sama moved to eastern Borneo at around the 11th century AD, and then towards northern Borneo and the southern Philippines at around the 13th to 14th centuries AD. They hypothesize that they were driven to migrate during the increase of influence and trading activities of the Srivijaya Empire. Genetically, the Sama-Bajau are highly diverse, indicating heavy admixture with the locals or even language and cultural adoption by coastal groups in the areas they settled. However, the study is restricted to the Indonesian Bajo subgroup, and the authors recommend additional studies from Sama-Bajau groups in neighbouring regions.[36]A 2021 genetic study discovered a unique genetic signal among the Sama-Bajau of the Philippines and Indonesia. This genetic signal (called the \"Sama ancestry\" by the authors) identifies them as descendants of an ancient migration of Austroasiatic-affiliated hunter-gatherer groups from mainland Southeast Asia via the now sunken land bridges of Sundaland around 15,000 to 12,000 years ago. These populations admixed with both the preexisting Negrito populations, and later on, the incoming migrations of the Austronesian peoples (also adopting an Austronesian language in the process). They are genetically clustered with the Lua and Mlabri peoples of mainland Southeast Asia, as well as the Manobo people of mainland Mindanao. The study also identifies minimal South Asian gene flow among Sama populations starting at around 1000 years ago. Sama ancestry was highest among the Sama Dilaut, followed by more land-based Sama. But it was also detected among other ethnic groups that do not self-identify as Sama in Palawan, Zamboanga, Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi.[25]","title":"History and origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sama-Bajau_houses_in_Cawa_Cawa,_Zamboanga_City_(1923).jpg"},{"link_name":"Zamboanga City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_City"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"epic poem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_epic_poetry"},{"link_name":"Darangen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darangen"},{"link_name":"Maranao people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranao_people"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbal-27"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bewoners_van_Badjo-kampong_Kajoa_op_Ternate_Noord-Molukken_TMnr_10005731.jpg"},{"link_name":"kampung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampung"},{"link_name":"Afdeeling Ternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Maluku"},{"link_name":"Groote Oost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groote_Oost"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Antonio Pigafetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta"},{"link_name":"Magellan-Elcano expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Magellan%27s_circumnavigation"},{"link_name":"Zamboanga Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"Thomas Forrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Forrest_(navigator)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nimmo-6"},{"link_name":"Spenser St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spenser_St._John"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CO_1069-493-27_(7888161554).jpg"},{"link_name":"Tuaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaran_District"},{"link_name":"British North Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo"},{"link_name":"sea raids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangayaw"},{"link_name":"piracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy"},{"link_name":"slave trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery"},{"link_name":"Banguingui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banguingui_people"},{"link_name":"Iranun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranun_people"},{"link_name":"the Moluccas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moluccas"},{"link_name":"Straits of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Strait"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lsp24-34"},{"link_name":"datu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoogervorst-11"},{"link_name":"Bajoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_Regency"},{"link_name":"Bugis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugis"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_state"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bone_War"},{"link_name":"Second Bone Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bone_War"},{"link_name":"Royal Netherlands East Indies Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army"},{"link_name":"Makassar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar_people"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liebner-18"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bajo-26"},{"link_name":"British colonial rule of Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sabah"},{"link_name":"North Borneo Chartered Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Borneo_Chartered_Company"},{"link_name":"Mat Salleh rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat_Salleh_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Pandasan Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandasan_Affair&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-28"}],"sub_title":"Historical records","text":"Sama-Bajau houses in Cawa Cawa, Zamboanga City, Philippines, 1923The epic poem Darangen of the Maranao people record that among the ancestors of the hero Bantugan is a Maranao prince who married a Sama-Bajau princess. Estimated to have happened in 840 AD, it is the oldest account of the Sama-Bajau. It further corroborates the fact that they predate the arrival of the Tausūg settlers and are indigenous to the Sulu archipelago and parts of Mindanao.[27]Residents of a Bajau kampung in Afdeeling Ternate, Groote Oost, Dutch East Indies (present-day North Maluku, Indonesia) c. 1925Sama-Bajau were first recorded by European explorers in 1521 by Antonio Pigafetta of the Magellan-Elcano expedition in what is now the Zamboanga Peninsula. Pigafetta writes that the \"people of that island make their dwellings in boats and do not live otherwise\". They have also been present in the written records of other Europeans henceforth; including in Sulawesi by the Dutch colonies in 1675, in Sulawesi and eastern Borneo by Thomas Forrest in the 1770s,[6] and in the west coast of Borneo by Spenser St. John in the 1850s and 1860s.[28]A Bajau chieftain in traditional attire from Kampung Menkabong, Tuaran, British North Borneo, c. 1948Sama-Bajau were often widely mentioned in connection to sea raids (mangahat), piracy, and the slave trade in Southeast Asia during the European colonial period, indicating that at least some Sama-Bajau groups from northern Sulu (e.g. the Banguingui) were involved, along with non-Sama-Bajau groups like the Iranun. The scope of their pirate activities was extensive, commonly sailing from Sulu to as far as the Moluccas and back again. Aside from early European colonial records, they may have also been the pirates described by Chinese and Arabian sources in the Straits of Singapore in the 12th and 13th centuries.[33] Sama-Bajau usually served as low-ranking crewmembers of war boats, directly under the command of Iranun squadron leaders, who in turn answered to the Tausūg datu of the Sultanate of Sulu.[11]The Bajoe harbour in Sulawesi was the site of a small settlement of Sama-Bajau under the Bugis Sultanate of Bone. They were significantly involved in the First and Second Bone Wars (1824–1825) when the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army sent a punitive expedition in retaliation for Bugis and Makassar attacks on local Dutch garrisons. After the fall of Bone, most Sama-Bajau resettled in other areas of Sulawesi.[18][26]During the British colonial rule of Sabah, the Sama-Bajau were involved in two uprisings against the North Borneo Chartered Company: the Mat Salleh rebellion from 1894 to 1905, and the Pandasan Affair of 1915.[28]","title":"History and origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Percentage_population_of_Bajau_in_Sabah,_2020.svg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bracamonte-20"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nimmo-6"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Sulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sather-36"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-24"},{"link_name":"Tausūg people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Moro peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_peoples"},{"link_name":"animist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animist"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aoyama-39"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jubilado-29"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kunapipi-33"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nimmo2-40"},{"link_name":"Abu Sayyaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoogervorst-11"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amana-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-daug-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bajau-Philippines_4.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bajau_Laut_Pictures_5.jpg"},{"link_name":"Omadal Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omadal_Island"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bokori,_a_Sama-Bajau_village_in_Southwest_Sulawesi,_Indonesia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"Muslim Mindanao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lopez-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twilight-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beja-45"},{"link_name":"illegal immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statelessness-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoogervorst-11"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who-46"},{"link_name":"Visayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visayas"},{"link_name":"Palawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palawan"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-low-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iwonder-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bracamonte-20"},{"link_name":"squatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatter"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoogervorst-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nagatsu-13"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bracamonte-20"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-healthgov-47"},{"link_name":"Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor_Sea"},{"link_name":"Arafura Seas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arafura_Sea"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stacey2007-48"},{"link_name":"Exclusive Economic Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zone"},{"link_name":"illegal fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_fishing"},{"link_name":"Trawlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_trawler"},{"link_name":"overfishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfishing"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Field2009-49"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stacey2007-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mercy-50"},{"link_name":"blast fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_fishing"},{"link_name":"cyanide fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide_fishing"},{"link_name":"coral mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_mining"},{"link_name":"mangrove trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove_tree"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jakarta-31"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccc-51"},{"link_name":"sedentarisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedentism"},{"link_name":"nation-states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoogervorst-11"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccc-51"},{"link_name":"non-governmental organisations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organisation"},{"link_name":"fish aggregating devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_aggregating_device"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jakarta-31"},{"link_name":"puskesmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puskesmas"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoogervorst-11"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zamb-52"},{"link_name":"ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry"},{"link_name":"cassava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava"},{"link_name":"pearls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bracamonte-20"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aoyama-39"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dswd-53"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Fisheries_and_Aquatic_Resources"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bg-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lu-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mc-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"Percentage population of Bajau by state constituencies in Sabah, Malaysia, according to 2020 censusModern Sama-Bajau are generally regarded as peaceful, hospitable, and cheerful people, despite their humble circumstances. However, a significant number are also illiterate, uneducated, and impoverished, due to their nomadic lifestyle.[20]The number of modern Sama-Bajau who are born and live primarily at sea is diminishing. Cultural assimilation and modernisation are regarded as the main causes.[6] Particularly blamed is the dissolution of the Sultanate of Sulu, the traditional patron of the Sama-Bajau for bartering fish for farm goods. The money-based fish markets which replaced the seasonal trade around mooring points necessitates a more land-based lifestyle for greater market penetration.[35] In Malaysia, some hotly debated government programs have also resettled Bajau to the mainland.[24]The Sama-Bajau in the Sulu Archipelago were historically discriminated against by the dominant Tausūg people, who viewed boat-dwelling Sama-Bajau as 'inferior' and as outsiders— the traditional Tausūg term for them is the highly offensive Luwaan, meaning \"spat out\" or \"outcast\" based on a folk tale justifying their subservience supposedly out of their trickery and ingratefulness towards God.[37] They were also marginalised by other Moro peoples because they still practised animist folk religions either exclusively or alongside Islam, and thus were viewed as \"uncivilised pagans\".[38] Boat-dwelling and shoreline Sama-Bajau had a very low status in the caste-based Tausūg Sultanate of Sulu.[29][32][39] This survived into the modern Philippines where the Sama-Bajau are still subjected to strong cultural prejudice from the Tausūg. The Sama-Bajau have also been frequent victims of theft, extortion, kidnapping, and violence from the predominantly Tausūg Abu Sayyaf insurgents as well as pirates.[11][40][41]A typical Sama-Bajau settlement in the PhilippinesA Sama-Bajau village in Omadal Island, Sabah, MalaysiaBokori, a Sama-Bajau village in southwest Sulawesi, IndonesiaThis discrimination and the continuing violence in Muslim Mindanao have driven many Sama-Bajau to emigrate. They usually resettle in Malaysia and Indonesia, where they have more employment opportunities.[42][43][44] But even in Malaysia, their presence is still controversial as most of them are illegal immigrants. Most illegal Sama-Bajau immigrants enter Malaysia through offshore islands. From there, they enter mainland Sabah to find work as manual labourers.[8][11][45] Others migrate to the northern islands of the Philippines, particularly to the Visayas, Palawan, the northern coast of Mindanao, and even as far as southern Luzon.[17][19][20] Though these are relatively safer regions, they are also more economically disadvantaged and socially excluded, leading to Filipinos sometimes stereotyping the boat-dwelling Sama-Bajau as beggars and squatters.[11][13][20][46]\nThe ancestral roaming and fishing grounds of the Sama-Bajau straddled the borders of the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. And they have sometimes voyaged as far as the Timor and Arafura Seas.[47] In modern times, they have lost access to most of these sites. There have been efforts to grant Sama-Bajau some measures of rights to fish in traditional areas, but most Sama-Bajau still suffer from legal persecution. For example, under a 1974 Memorandum of Understanding, \"Indonesian traditional fishermen\" are allowed to fish within the Exclusive Economic Zone of Australia, which includes traditional fishing grounds of Sama-Bajau fishermen. However, illegal fishing encroachment of Corporate Sea Trawlers in these areas has led to concern about overfishing,[48] and the destruction of Sama-Bajau vessels.[47] In 2014, Indonesian authorities destroyed six Filipino Sama-Bajau boats caught fishing in Indonesian waters. This is particularly serious for the Sama-Bajau, whose boats are also oftentimes their homes.[49]Sama-Bajau fishermen are often associated with illegal and destructive practices, like blast fishing, cyanide fishing, coral mining, and cutting down mangrove trees.[31][50] It is believed that the Sama-Bajau resort to these activities mainly due to sedentarisation brought about by the restrictions imposed on their nomadic culture by modern nation-states. With their now limited territories, they have little alternative means of competing with better-equipped land-based and commercial fishermen and earn enough to feed their families.[11][50] The Indonesian government and certain non-governmental organisations have launched several programs for providing alternative sustainable livelihood projects for Sama-Bajau to discourage these practices (such as the use of fish aggregating devices instead of explosives).[31] Medical health centres (puskesmas) and schools have also been built even for stilt-house Sama-Bajau communities.[11] Similar programs have also been implemented in the Philippines.[51]With the loss of their traditional fishing grounds, some refugee groups of Sama-Bajau in the Philippines are forced to resort to begging (agpangamu in Sinama), particularly diving for coins thrown by inter-island ferry passengers (angedjo). Other traditional sources of income include selling grated cassava (magliis), mat-weaving (ag-tepoh), and jewellery-making (especially from pearls). Recently, there have been more efforts by local governments in the Philippines to rehabilitate Sama-Bajau refugees and teach them livelihood skills.[20][38][52] In 2016, the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources started a project for distributing fishing boats, gear, and other livelihood materials among Sama-Bajau communities in Luzon. This was largely the result of raised awareness and an outpouring of support after a photo of a Sama-Bajau beggar, Rita Gaviola (dubbed the \"Badjao Girl\"), went viral in the Philippines.[53][54][55]One Tausug Muslim who was interviewed insulted the Bajau people, who are also Muslim but he declared the Bajau as non-Muslim and compared killing a Bajau to killing a monkey, saying it was not worth the effort for a juramentado to attack Bajau.[56][57] There are Tausug in Sulu who takfir the Bajau and declared them as non-Muslims despite them following Islam and discriminate against them due to their lifestyle.[58] In Indonesia many discriminate against them with false stereotypes, accusing them of using love potions on women and were untrustworthy.[59]","title":"Modern Sama-Bajau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sultanate of Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Brunei"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Sulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sather-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bajau_Laut_Pictures_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jubilado-29"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kunapipi-33"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sather-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sather-36"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iwonder-19"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lsp24-34"},{"link_name":"littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral"},{"link_name":"stilt houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilt_house"},{"link_name":"Tawi-Tawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawi-Tawi"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iwonder-19"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lsp24-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lsp24-34"},{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"sweet potato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato"},{"link_name":"cassava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava"},{"link_name":"coconuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut"},{"link_name":"copra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copra"},{"link_name":"slash-and-burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash-and-burn"},{"link_name":"plow agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plough"},{"link_name":"Pangutaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangutaran"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iwonder-19"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jubilado-29"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lsp24-34"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sinama-61"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bracamonte2-12"},{"link_name":"Sitangkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitangkai,_Tawi-Tawi"},{"link_name":"Bongao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bongao,_Tawi-Tawi"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dilaut-62"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sinama-61"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahali-16"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larena-25"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jubilado-29"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statelessness-8"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bajau_Suluk-63"},{"link_name":"Dusun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusun_people"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bajau_Suluk2-64"},{"link_name":"Bugis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugis_people"},{"link_name":"Makassar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar_people"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahali-16"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Makassar Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar_Strait"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nimmo-6"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cribb-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Lesser Sunda Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands"},{"link_name":"Maluku Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands"},{"link_name":"Raja Ampat Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ampat_Islands"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liebner-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Garay_sketches_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_(1890).png"},{"link_name":"Garay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garay_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Banguingui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banguingui"},{"link_name":"pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_Sea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semporna_Sabah_Regatta-Lepa-2015-02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepa_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Semporna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semporna_District"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bajau_grammar-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regatta-70"},{"link_name":"Cebuano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano_language"},{"link_name":"endonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonym"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahali-16"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sinama-61"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"Visayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visayas"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nimmo-6"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beja-45"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sinama-61"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture-71"},{"link_name":"Island Garden City of Samal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Garden_City_of_Samal"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sinama-61"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-visitsamal-72"},{"link_name":"Kudat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudat"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tambulian_KotaBelud_Sabah_Traditional-houses-02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kota Belud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Belud"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"Kota Belud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Belud"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bajau_grammar-69"},{"link_name":"horse culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_culture"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sinama-61"},{"link_name":"Sama-Bajaw language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama-Bajaw_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maglana-5"}],"text":"The Sama-Bajau are fragmented into highly diverse subgroups. They have never been politically united and are usually subject to the land-based political groups of the areas they settle, such as the Sultanate of Brunei and the former Sultanate of Sulu.[35]Sama-Bajau woman and children from Omadal Island, Sabah, MalaysiaMost subgroups of Sama-Bajau name themselves after the place they originated from (usually an island).[29][32][35] Each subgroup speaks a distinct language or dialect that are usually mutually intelligible with their immediate neighbouring subgroup in a continuous linguistic chain.[35] In the Philippines, the Sama-Bajau can be divided into three general groups based on where they settle:[19][33]Sama Bihing or Sama Lipid – The \"shoreline Sama\" or \"littoral Sama\". These are the Sama-Bajau which traditionally lived in stilt houses in shallows and coastal areas. An example is the Sama Simunul. They are originally from the larger islands of Tawi-Tawi.[19][33] They have a more flexible lifestyle than the Sama-Gimba (Dilaut Origin) and will farm when there is available land. They usually act as middlemen in trade between the Sama Dilaut and other land-based peoples.[33]\nSama Dea, Sama Deya, or Sama Darat – The \"land Sama\". These are the Sama-Bajau which traditionally lived in island interiors. Some examples are the Sama Sibutu and the Sama Sanga-Sanga. They are usually farmers who cultivate rice, sweet potato, cassava, and coconuts for copra through traditional slash-and-burn agriculture (in contrast to the plow agriculture technology brought by the Tausūg). They are originally from the larger islands of Tawi-Tawi and Pangutaran.[19][29][33] In the Philippines, the Sama Dea will often completely differentiate themselves from the Sama Dilaut.[60]\nSama Dilaut, Sama Mandilaut, Sama Pala'u, or Bajau Laut – The \"sea Sama\" or \"ocean Sama\". In the Philippines, the preferred ethnonym is Sama Dilaut;[12] while in Malaysia, they usually identify as Bajau Laut. This subgroup originally lived exclusively on elaborately crafted houseboats called lepa, but almost all have taken to living on land in the Philippines. Their home islands include Sitangkai and Bongao.[61] They are the Sama-Bajau subgroup most commonly called \"Bajau\", though Filipino Sama Dilaut considers it offensive.[60] They sometimes call themselves the \"Sama To'ongan\" (literally \"true Sama\" or \"real Sama\"), to distinguish themselves from the land-dwelling Sama-Bajau subgroups.[16] A recent study shows that the Sama-Dilaut people of the Philippines have Indian or South Asian ancestry.[25]Other minor Sama-Bajau groups named after islands of origin include the Sama Bannaran, Sama Davao, Sama Zamboanga Sikubung, Sama Tuaran, Sama Semporna, Sama Sulawesi, Sama Simunul, Sama Tabawan, Sama Tandubas (or Sama Tando' Bas), and Sama Ungus Matata.[29] Mixed-heritage Sama-Bajau and Tausūg communities are sometimes known as \"Bajau Suluk\" in Malaysia.[8][62] People of multiple ethnic parentage may further identify with a three-part self-description, such as \"Bajau Suluk Dusun\".[63] The following are the major subgroups usually recognised as distinct:Bajo (Indonesia) – Also known as \"Same'\" (or simply \"Sama\") by the Bugis; and \"Turijene\" or \"Taurije'n\" (literally \"people of the water\"), \"Bayo\", or \"Bayao\" by the Makassar.[16][64] They are Sama-Bajau groups who settled in Sulawesi and Kalimantan, Indonesia through the Makassar Strait from as early as the 16th century.[6][65][66] They have spread further into nearby islands, including the Lesser Sunda Islands, Maluku Islands, and Raja Ampat Islands.[18]Garay warship of the Banguingui piratesThe Regatta Lepa festival in Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia. Lepa refers to the houseboat in the dialect of east coast Bajau. In this festival, Bajau people decorate their boats with colourful flags.East Coast Bajau (Philippines, Malaysia) – are Sama Dilaut who settled in the eastern coast of Sabah, particularly around Semporna. They still identify themselves as Bajau Laut or Sama Laut. Though they are called East Coast Bajau to distinguish them from the Sama Kota Belud of western Sabah.[68] They are also known by the exonym \"Pala'u\" (\"boat-dwelling\" in Sinama), but it is sometimes considered derogatory. Some have retained their original boat-dwelling lifestyle, but many others have built homes on land. They are known for the colourful annual Regatta Lepa festival, which occurs from 24 to 26 April.[69]\nSamal (Philippines, Malaysia) – \"Samal\" (also spelled \"Siamal\" or \"Siyamal\") is a Tausūg and Cebuano term and is sometimes considered offensive. Their preferred endonym is simply \"Sama\", and they are more accurately a general subgroup of Sama Dea (\"land Sama\") native to the Philippines.[16][60] A large number are now residing around the coasts of northern Sabah, though many have also migrated north to the Visayas and southern Luzon. They are predominantly land-dwelling.[6][44][60] They are the largest single group of Sama-Bajau.[70] In Davao del Norte, the Island Garden City of Samal was possibly named after them.[60][71]\nUbian (Philippines, Malaysia) – Originated from the island of South Ubian in Tawi-Tawi, Philippines, and make up the largest Sama-Bajau subgroup in Sabah. They reside in sizeable minorities living around the towns of Kudat and Semporna in Sabah, Malaysia.The traditional house of the west coast Bajau in Kota Belud, Sabah, MalaysiaWest Coast Bajau (Malaysia) – Also known as \"Sama Kota Belud\". Native to the western coast of Sabah, particularly around Kota Belud. They prefer to call themselves by the general ethnonym \"Sama\", not \"Bajau\"; and their neighbours, the Dusuns also call them \"Sama\". British administrators originally defined them as \"Bajau\". They are referred to as West Coast Bajau in Malaysia to distinguish them from the Sama Dilaut of eastern Sabah and the Sulu Archipelago.[68] They are known for having a traditional horse culture.[60]The following are subgroups that do not self-identify as Sama, although they are culturally related to the Sama people and speak a Sama-Bajaw language:[5]","title":"Subgroups"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_of_Derawan_2017-09-16.jpg"},{"link_name":"Derawan Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derawan_Islands"},{"link_name":"Berau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berau_Regency"},{"link_name":"Malayo-Polynesian language family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoogervorst-11"},{"link_name":"Central Philippine languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Philippine_languages"},{"link_name":"Malayo-Polynesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages"},{"link_name":"Austronesian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_language"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-everyculture-78"},{"link_name":"Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language"},{"link_name":"primary stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lsp24-34"},{"link_name":"Manobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manobo_languages"},{"link_name":"Lumad peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumad_peoples"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dubois-79"},{"link_name":"Robert Blust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Blust"},{"link_name":"Barito lexical region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barito_languages"},{"link_name":"Dayak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayak_people"},{"link_name":"Malagasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_language"},{"link_name":"Bornean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornean_languages"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blust-80"},{"link_name":"Jawi alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawi_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-low-17"}],"text":"Derawan Island, one of the major Bajau settlement off the coast of Berau, East Kalimantan, IndonesiaThe Sama–Bajau peoples speak some ten languages of the Sama–Bajau subgroup of the Western Malayo-Polynesian language family.[76] Sinama is the most common name for these languages, but they are also called Bajau, especially in Malaysia. Most Sama-Bajau can speak multiple languages.[11]The Sama-Bajau languages were once classified under the Central Philippine languages of the Malayo-Polynesian geographic group of the Austronesian language family. But due to marked differences with neighbouring languages, they were moved to a separate branch altogether from all other Philippine languages.[77] For example, Sinama pronunciation is quite distinct from other nearby Central Philippine languages like Tausūg and Tagalog. Instead of the primary stress being usually on the final syllable; the primary stress occurs on the second-to-the-last syllable of the word in Sinama.[33] This placement of the primary stress is similar to Manobo and other languages of the predominantly animistic ethnic groups of Mindanao, the Lumad peoples.[78]In 2006, the linguist Robert Blust proposed that the Sama-Bajaw languages derived from the Barito lexical region, though not from any established group. It is thus a sister group to other Barito languages like Dayak and Malagasy. It is classified under the Bornean geographic group.[79]Sama-Bajau languages are usually written in the Jawi alphabet.[17]","title":"Languages"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anito"},{"link_name":"Babaylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babaylan"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Folk religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_religion"},{"link_name":"No religion / Unknown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion"},{"link_name":"Sunni Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"folk Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_Islam"},{"link_name":"Sufi traditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"Protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"Davao del Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davao_del_Sur"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbal-27"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aoyama-39"},{"link_name":"Malay peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_peoples"},{"link_name":"syncretic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism"},{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_religion"},{"link_name":"Jinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sather-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tuaran_Sabah_MasjidAnNur-01.jpg"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"animistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animistic"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ghosts-83"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bracamonte2-12"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-limpah-84"},{"link_name":"equated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretism"},{"link_name":"Allah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jubilado-29"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-limpah-84"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philippines,_archipel_des_%C3%A9changes,_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sunduk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunduk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"okil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okil"},{"link_name":"ancestor worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anito"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baradas-86"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peralta-87"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jubilado-29"},{"link_name":"ancestral spirits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead"},{"link_name":"nature spirits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_worship"},{"link_name":"familiar spirits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar_spirit"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oceans-88"},{"link_name":"totemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem"},{"link_name":"ants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant"},{"link_name":"mantis shrimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantis_shrimp"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-limpah-84"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stacey2007-48"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccc-51"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ghosts-83"},{"link_name":"shamans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukun"},{"link_name":"jinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kunapipi-33"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ghosts-83"},{"link_name":"familiar spirits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar_spirit"},{"link_name":"spirit possession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_possession"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ghosts-83"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jubilado-29"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kunapipi-33"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sather-36"},{"link_name":"panyalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panyalam"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kunapipi-33"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sather-36"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kunapipi-33"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oceans-88"},{"link_name":"dangkan tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balete_tree"},{"link_name":"strangler figs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangler_fig"},{"link_name":"balete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balete_tree"},{"link_name":"kama'toolang trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandanus"},{"link_name":"pandan trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandan_tree"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ghosts-83"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BigdipISS.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jama Mapun people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapun"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kunapipi-33"},{"link_name":"séance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9ance"},{"link_name":"trance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oceans-88"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"See also: Anito and BabaylanReligions of Sama-Bajau (Malaysian population only)[80]\n\nReligion\n\nPercent\n\n\nIslam\n \n95.26%\n\n\nChristianity\n \n0.52%\n\n\nFolk religion / Other religions\n \n0.08%\n\n\nNo religion / Unknown\n \n4.14%Religion can vary among the Sama-Bajau subgroups; from strict adherence to Sunni Islam, forms of folk Islam (itself influenced by Sufi traditions of early Muslim missionaries), to animistic beliefs in spirits and ancestor worship. There is a small minority of Catholics and Protestants, particularly from Davao del Sur in the Philippines.[27][38]Among the modern coastal Sama-Bajau of Malaysia, claims to religious piety and learning are an important source of individual prestige. Some of the Sama-Bajau lack mosques and must rely on the shore-based communities such as those of the more Islamised or Malay peoples. Some of the more nomadic Sama-Bajau, like the Ubian Bajau, are much less adherent to orthodox Islam. They practice a syncretic form of folk Islam, revering local sea spirits, known in Islamic terminology as Jinn.[35]An-Nur Mosque, the main mosque in the Bajau village of Tuaran, Sabah, Malaysia[81]The ancient Sama-Bajau were animistic, and this is retained wholly or partially in some Sama-Bajau groups. The supreme deities in Sama-Bajau mythology are Umboh Tuhan (also known as Umboh Dilaut, the \"Lord of the Sea\") and his consort, Dayang Dayang Mangilai (\"Lady of the Forest\").[82] Umboh Tuhan is regarded as the creator deity who made humans equal to animals and plants. Like other animistic religions, they fundamentally divide the world into the physical and spiritual realms which coexist.[12][83] In modern Muslim Sama-Bajau, Umboh Tuhan (or simply Tuhan or Tuan) is usually equated with Allah.[29][83][note 2]Sunduk grave markers showing the Sama okil carving traditions. These originated from the pre-Islamic ancestor worship of the Sama-Bajau and originally included human and animal figures, which are largely missing in modern sunduk, due to Islamic influence.[84][85]Other objects of reverence are spirits known as umboh (\"ancestor\", also variously spelled omboh, m'boh, mbo', etc.).[29] Traditionally, the umboh referred more specifically to ancestral spirits, different from the saitan (nature spirits) and the jinn (familiar spirits); some literature refers to all of them as umboh.[86] These include Umboh Baliyu (the spirits of wind and storms), and Umboh Payi or Umboh Gandum (the spirits of the first rice harvest). They include totemic spirits of animals and plants, including Umboh Summut (totem of ants) and Umboh Kamun (totem of mantis shrimp).[83]The construction and launch of sailing vessels are ritualised, and the vessels are believed to have a spirit known as Sumangâ (\"guardian\", literally \"one who deflects attacks\").[47] The umboh are believed to influence fishing activities, rewarding the Sama-Bajau by granting good luck favours known as padalleang and occasionally punishing by causing serious incidents called busong.[50][82]Traditional Sama-Bajau communities may have shamans (dukun) traditionally known as the kalamat. The kalamat are known in Muslim Sama-Bajau as the wali jinn (literally \"custodian of jinn\") and may adhere to taboos concerning the treatment of the sea and other cultural aspects. The kalamat presides over Sama-Bajau community events along with mediums known as igal jinn.[32][82] The kalamat and the igal jinn are said to be \"spirit-bearers\" and are believed to be hosts of familiar spirits. It is not, however, regarded as a spirit possession, since the igal jinn never lose control of their bodies. Instead, the igal jinn are believed to have acquired their familiar spirit (jinn) after surviving a serious or near-fatal illness. For the rest of their lives, the igal jinn is believed to share their bodies with the particular jinn who saved them.[82]One important religious event among the Sama-Bajau is the annual feast known as pag-umboh or magpaay-bahaw, an offering of thanks to Umboh Tuhan.[29][32][35] In this ceremony, newly harvested rice (paay-bahaw) are dehusked (magtaparahu) while Islamic prayers (duaa) are recited. They are dried (magpatanak) and are then laid out in small conical piles symbolic of mountains (bud) on the living room floor (a process known as the \"sleeping of rice\"). After two or three nights, two-thirds are set aside for making sweet rice meals (panyalam), while one-third is set aside for making sweet rice cakes (durul).[32][35] Additional prayers (zikir), which includes calling the names of ancestors out loud, are offered to the Umboh after the rice meals have been prepared. Pag-umboh is a solemn and formal affair.[32]Another annual religious ceremony among the boat-dwelling Sama Dilaut is the pagkanduli (literally \"festive gathering\").[86] It involves ritual dancing to Umboh Tuhan, Dayang Dayang Mangilai, and ancestral ghosts called bansa. The ritual is first celebrated under a sacred dangkan tree (strangler figs, known elsewhere in the Philippines as balete) symbolising the male spirit Umboh Tuhan and afterwards in the centre of a grove of kama'toolang trees (pandan trees) symbolising the female spirit Dayang Dayang Mangilai.[82]The Jama Mapun people's indigenous cosmology is extremely vast. Examples of figures in their cosmology are Niyu-niyu (coconut palm), Lumba-lumba (dolphin), and Anak Datu (two sons of a datu spearing another figure, Bunta – a blowfish).[87]The trance dancing is called mag-igal and involves female and male and igal jinn, called the jinn denda and jinn lella respectively. The jinn denda perform the first dance known as igal limbayan under the dangkan tree, with the eldest leading. They are performed with intricate movements of the hands, usually with metal fingernail extensions called sulingkengkeng. If the dance and music are pleasing, the bansa are believed to take possession of the dancers, whereupon the wali jinn will assist in releasing them at the end of the dance.The bansa are not feared as they are regarded as spirits of ancestors. Temporarily serving as hosts for the bansa while dancing to music is regarded as a \"gift\" by the living Sama Dilaut to their ancestors. After the igal limbayan, the wali jinn will invite the audience to participate, to celebrate, and to give their thanks. The last dance is the igal lellang, with four jinn lella performing a warrior dance, whereupon the participants will proceed to the kama'toolang grove. There they will perform rituals and dance (this time with male and female dancers together), symbolically \"inviting\" Dayang Dayang Mangilai to come with them back to the dangkan tree. Further games and celebrations are held under the original dangkan tree before the celebrants say their farewells to the spirits. Unlike pag-umboh, pagkanduli is a joyous celebration, involving singing, dancing, and joking among all participants. It is the largest festive event among the Sama Dilaut communities.[32]Aside from pagkanduli and magpaay-bahaw, public dances called magigal jinn may occur. During these celebrations, the igal jinn may be consulted for a public séance and nightly trance dancing.[86] In times of epidemics, the igal jinn is called upon to remove illness-causing spirits from the community. They do this by setting a \"spirit boat\" adrift in the open sea beyond the village or anchorage.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lepa (ship)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepa_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Djenging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djenging"},{"link_name":"Vinta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Sama-Bajau_vinta_with_sails_(1923).jpg"},{"link_name":"vinta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinta"},{"link_name":"Zamboanga City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sama_woman_with_traditional_sun_protection_(%22borak%22).JPG"},{"link_name":"burak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borak_(cosmetic)"},{"link_name":"lepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepa_(ship)"},{"link_name":"balutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balutu"},{"link_name":"vinta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinta"},{"link_name":"nuclear family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_family"},{"link_name":"flotillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flotilla"},{"link_name":"mooring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooring_(watercraft)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jubilado-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-28"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sather-36"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nimmo-90"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nimmo-6"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-28"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nagatsu-13"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bracamonte-20"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jubilado-29"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitlo-91"},{"link_name":"borak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borak_(cosmetic)"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-92"}],"sub_title":"Boat dwelling","text":"See also: Lepa (ship), Djenging, and VintaA Sama-Bajau vinta in Zamboanga City, 1923Sama-Bajau woman from Maiga Island, Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia, with traditional sun protection called burakA few Sama-Bajau still live traditionally. They live in houseboats (lepa, balutu, and vinta being the most common types) which generally accommodate a single nuclear family (usually five people). The houseboats travel together in flotillas with houseboats of immediate relatives (a family alliance) and co-operate during fishing expeditions and in ceremonies. A married couple may choose to sail with the relatives of the husband or the wife. They anchor at common mooring points (called sambuangan) with other flotillas (usually also belonging to extended relatives) at certain times of the year.[29][28][35][88]These mooring points are usually presided over by an elder or headsman. The mooring points are close to sources of water or culturally significant locations like island cemeteries. There are periodic gatherings of Sama-Bajau clans usually for various ceremonies like weddings or festivals. They generally do not sail more than 40 km (24.85 mi) from their \"home\" moorage.[6][28] They periodically trade goods with the land-based communities of other Sama-Bajau and other ethnic groups.[28] Sama-Bajau groups may routinely cross the borders of the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia for fishing, trading, or visiting relatives.[13][20][29][89]Sama-Bajau women also use a traditional sun-protecting powder called burak or borak, made from water weeds, rice, and spices.[90]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Okir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semporna_Sabah_Malay-girl-with-headgear-01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carved_stern_of_a_Moro_vinta_(Hornell,_1920).jpg"},{"link_name":"okil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okil"},{"link_name":"vinta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinta"},{"link_name":"Tawi-Tawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawi-Tawi"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"xylophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophone"},{"link_name":"tagunggo'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulintang"},{"link_name":"violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin"},{"link_name":"electronic keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_keyboard"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kunapipi-33"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahali-16"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rahman-93"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kunapipi-33"},{"link_name":"Dayang Dayang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayang_Dayang"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kunapipi-33"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahali-16"},{"link_name":"tagonggo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagonggo"},{"link_name":"okil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okil"},{"link_name":"ancestor worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor_worship"},{"link_name":"anito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anito"},{"link_name":"okir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okir"},{"link_name":"Maranao people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranao_people"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baradas-86"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peralta-87"}],"sub_title":"Music, dance, and arts","text":"See also: OkirA Bajau girl clad in her traditional dressDetail of the elaborate okil carvings on the stern of a vinta from Tawi-Tawi, c. 1920Sama-Bajau traditional songs are handed down orally through generations. The songs are usually sung during marriage celebrations (kanduli pagkawin), accompanied by dance (pang-igal) and musical instruments like pulau (flute), gabbang (xylophone), tagunggo' (kulintang gongs), biula (violin), and in modern times, electronic keyboards.[32] There are several types of Sama-Bajau traditional songs, they include: isun-isun, runsai, najat, syair, nasid, bua-bua anak, and tinggayun.[16][91]Among the more specific examples of Sama-Bajau songs are three love songs collectively referred to as Sangbayan. These are Dalling Dalling, Duldang Duldang, and Pakiring Pakiring.[32] The most well-known of these three is Pakiring Pakiring (literally \"moving the hips\"), which is more familiar to the Tausūg in its commercialised and modernised form Dayang Dayang. The Tausūg claim that the song is native to their culture, and whether the song is originally Tausūg or Sama-Bajau remain controversial.[32] Most Sama-Bajau folk songs are becoming extinct, largely due to the waning interest of the younger generations.[16] Sama-Bajau people are also well known for weaving, needlework skills, and their association with tagonggo music.In visual arts, Sama-Bajau have an ancient tradition of carving and sculpting known as okil (also okil-okil or ukkil). These were used to decorate houseboats and animistic ritual objects. They were used most prominently for Sama grave markers which are found in the ancient traditional burial grounds of the Sama people in some (usually uninhabited) islands of Sulu and Tawi-Tawi. These include some of the oldest examples of okil, which are usually carved from coral and limestone. Wooden carved grave markers are common later on, usually made from or carved from the boat belonging to the deceased. These are usually carved into human figures that represent the deceased. These graves are often decorated with buntings and food offerings, reflecting the ancient ancestor worship (anito) traditions of the Sama. Okil later inspired the very similar okir traditions of the Maranao people.[84][85]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KotaBelud.jpg"},{"link_name":"horsemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"},{"link_name":"Mount Kinabalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kinabalu"},{"link_name":"equestrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"},{"link_name":"riding crop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_(implement)"},{"link_name":"keris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keris"},{"link_name":"caparisoned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caparison"},{"link_name":"water buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_buffalo"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Horse culture","text":"The West Coast Bajau horsemen in their hometown of Kota Belud, with a background of Mount KinabaluThe more settled land-based West Coast Bajau are expert equestrians – which makes them remarkable in Malaysia, where horse riding has never been widespread anywhere else. The traditional costume of Sama-Bajau horsemen consists of a black or white long-sleeved shirt (badu sampit) with gold buttons (betawi) on the front and decorated with silver floral designs (intiras), black or white trousers (seluar sampit) with gold lace trimmings, and a headpiece (podong). They carry a spear (bujak), a riding crop (pasut), and a silver-hilted keris dagger. The horse is also caparisoned with a colourful outfit called kain kuda that also have brass bells (seriau) attached. The saddle (sila sila) is made from water buffalo hide and padded with cloth (lapik) underneath.[citation needed]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bajau_House.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kota Kinabalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu"},{"link_name":"Datu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datu"},{"link_name":"Maharaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja"},{"link_name":"Panglima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panglima"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-28"},{"link_name":"caste system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste_system"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lsp24-34"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bracamonte-20"},{"link_name":"nobles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumao"},{"link_name":"notables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timawa"},{"link_name":"commoners and serfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alipin"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-28"}],"sub_title":"Society","text":"The rehabilitation of a traditional Sama-Bajau house in the Heritage Village of Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MalaysiaThough some Sama-Bajau headsmen have been given honorific titles like \"Datu\", \"Maharaja\" or \"Panglima\" by governments (like under the Sultanate of Brunei), they usually only had little authority over the Sama-Bajau community. Sama-Bajau society is traditionally highly individualistic,[28] and the largest political unit is the clan cluster around mooring points, rarely more. Sama-Bajau society is also more or less egalitarian, and they did not practice a caste system, unlike most neighbouring ethnic groups. The individualism is probably due to the generally fragile nature of their relationships with land-based peoples for access to essentials like wood or water. When the relationship sours or if there is too much pressure from land-based rulers, the Sama-Bajau prefer to simply move on elsewhere.[33] Greater importance is placed on kinship and reciprocal labour rather than formal authority for maintaining social cohesion.[20] There are a few exceptions, however, like the Jama Mapun and the Sama Pangutaran of the Philippines, who follow the traditional pre-Hispanic Philippine feudal society with a caste system consisting of nobles, notables, and commoners and serfs. Likely introduced by the Sultanate of Sulu.[28]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biological characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Badjao_kid_diving_for_coins.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tagbilaran City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagbilaran"},{"link_name":"free-diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-diving"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lane-94"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21560982-95"},{"link_name":"eardrums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eardrum"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-24"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lane-94"},{"link_name":"freediving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freediving"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nedelman2018-96"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ilardo2018-97"},{"link_name":"spleens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleen"},{"link_name":"Saluan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saluan_language"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zimmer2018-98"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ilardo2018-97"},{"link_name":"PDE10A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDE10A"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ilardo2018-97"},{"link_name":"BDKRB2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDKRB2"},{"link_name":"peripheral vasoconstriction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_vasoconstriction"},{"link_name":"diving response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_response"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baranova2017-99"},{"link_name":"FAM178B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAM178B"},{"link_name":"carbonic anhydrase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase"},{"link_name":"blood pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pH"},{"link_name":"hypoxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_hypoxia"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ilardo2018-97"},{"link_name":"natural selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection"},{"link_name":"alleles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleles"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ilardo2018-97"},{"link_name":"Moken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moken"},{"link_name":"better underwater vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moken#Underwater_sight"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gisl%C3%A9n2003-100"}],"sub_title":"Free-diving adaptations","text":"A Sama-Bajau child in Tagbilaran City, Bohol, Philippines, diving for coins thrown by tourists into the waterSama-Bajau are noted for their exceptional abilities in free-diving.[92] Divers work long days with the \"greatest daily apnea diving time reported in humans\" of greater than 5 hours per day submerged.[93] Some Bajau intentionally rupture their eardrums at an early age to facilitate diving and hunting at sea. Many older Sama-Bajau are therefore hard of hearing.[24][92]More than a thousand years of subsistence freediving associated with their life on the sea appear to have endowed the Bajau with several genetic adaptations to facilitate their lifestyle.[94][95] A 2018 study showed that Bajau spleens are about 50 percent larger than those of a neighbouring land-based group, the Saluan, letting them store more haemoglobin-rich blood, which is expelled into the bloodstream when the spleen contracts at depth, allowing breath-holding dives of longer duration.[96][95] This difference is apparently related to a variant of the PDE10A gene.[95] Other genes that appear to have been under selection in the Bajau include BDKRB2, which is related to peripheral vasoconstriction, involved in the diving response;[97] FAM178B, a regulator of carbonic anhydrase, which is related to maintaining blood pH when carbon dioxide accumulates; and another one involved in the response to hypoxia.[95] These adaptations were found to likely result from natural selection, leading to a uniquely increased frequency of the relevant alleles within the sampled Bajau population relative to other referenced eastern Asian populations.[95] Members of another group, the Moken, have been found to have better underwater vision than Europeans, although it is not known if this trait has a genetic basis.[98]","title":"Biological characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Sabah_(1982%E2%80%931988).svg"},{"link_name":"Sabah coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Sabah"},{"link_name":"kingfisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingfisher"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Arnhem Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem_Land"},{"link_name":"Baijini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baijini"},{"link_name":"Yolngu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolngu"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"squidworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squidworm"},{"link_name":"Teuthidodrilus samae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teuthidodrilus_samae"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson-103"},{"link_name":"Badjao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badjao:_The_Sea_Gypsies"},{"link_name":"Lamberto V. Avellana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamberto_V._Avellana"},{"link_name":"Bajau Laut: Nomads of the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bajau_Laut:_Nomads_of_the_Sea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Singaporean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"The Mirror Never Lies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mirror_Never_Lies"},{"link_name":"Kamila Andini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamila_Andini"},{"link_name":"Thy Womb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thy_Womb"},{"link_name":"Brillante Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brillante_Mendoza"},{"link_name":"Bohe': Sons of the Waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bohe%27:_Sons_of_the_Waves&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anak ng Badjao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anak_ng_Badjao&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sahaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaya"}],"text":"The 1982 to 1988 Sabah coat of arms depicts a kingfisher, adopted primarily to symbolise the large Sama-Bajau population in Sabah[99]It has been suggested by some researchers that the Sama-Bajau people's visits to Arnhem Land gave rise to the accounts of the mysterious Baijini people in the myths of Australia's Yolngu Aboriginals.[100]In 2010, the newly discovered squidworm, Teuthidodrilus samae, was named after the Sama-Bajau people of Tawi-Tawi.[101]The Sama-Bajau have also been the subject of several films. They include:Badjao (1957) – A Filipino film directed by Lamberto V. Avellana\nBajau Laut: Nomads of the Sea (2008) – A Singaporean TV documentary produced by Matthew Malpelli.\nThe Mirror Never Lies (2011) Indonesian film directed by Kamila Andini\nThy Womb (2012) – A Filipino drama film directed by Brillante Mendoza\nBohe': Sons of the Waves (2013) – A Filipino short film produced by Nadjoua and Linda Bansil\nAnak ng Badjao (1987) – A Filipino Film directed by Jose Antonio Alonzo and Jerry O. Tironazona\nSahaya (2019) – A Filipino TV series directed by Zig Dulay","title":"Depictions in popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable Sama-Bajau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mat Salleh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Inanam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanam"},{"link_name":"Kota Kinabalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu"},{"link_name":"North Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Borneo"},{"link_name":"Tun Datu Mustapha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_Datu_Mustapha"},{"link_name":"Yang di-Pertua Negeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri_of_Sabah"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Sabah"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"Kudat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudat"},{"link_name":"Tun Said Keruak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohd_Said_Keruak"},{"link_name":"Kota Belud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Belud"},{"link_name":"Tun Sakaran Dandai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakaran_Dandai"},{"link_name":"Semporna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semporna"},{"link_name":"Ahmadshah Abdullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadshah_Abdullah"},{"link_name":"Salleh Said Keruak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salleh_Said_Keruak"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senator"},{"link_name":"Dewan Negara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Negara"},{"link_name":"Osu Sukam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osu_Sukam"},{"link_name":"Papar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papar,_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Shafie Apdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafie_Apdal"},{"link_name":"Pandikar Amin Mulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandikar_Amin_Mulia"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Dewan_Rakyat"},{"link_name":"Abdul Rahman Dahlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Dahlan"},{"link_name":"Tuaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuaran"},{"link_name":"Dewan Rakyat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat"},{"link_name":"Kota Belud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Belud_(federal_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Isnaraissah Munirah Majilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isnaraissah_Munirah_Majilis"},{"link_name":"Kadazan-Dusun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadazan-Dusun"},{"link_name":"Manis Muka Mohd Darah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manis_Muka_Mohd_Darah"},{"link_name":"Bugaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugaya_(state_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Ombra Amilbangsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombra_Amilbangsa"},{"link_name":"Simunul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simunul"},{"link_name":"Tawi-Tawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawi-Tawi"},{"link_name":"Jamalul Kiram II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamalul_Kiram_II"}],"sub_title":"Politics","text":"Mat Salleh (Datu Muhammad Salleh) – Sabah warrior from Inanam, Kota Kinabalu, during the British administration of North Borneo.\nTun Datu Mustapha (Tun Datu Mustapha bin Datu Harun) – The first Yang di-Pertua Negeri (governor) of Sabah and the third Chief Minister of Sabah from Kudat.\nTun Said Keruak – The seventh Governor of Sabah and the fourth Chief Minister of Sabah from Kota Belud.\nTun Sakaran Dandai – The eighth Governor of Sabah and also the eighth Chief Minister of Sabah from Semporna.\nAhmadshah Abdullah – The ninth Governor of Sabah from Inanam, Kota Kinabalu.\nSalleh Said Keruak (Datuk Seri Panglima Mohd Salleh bin Tun Mohd Said Keruak) – The ninth Chief Minister of Sabah from Kota Belud and a former federal minister with the rank of Senator in the Dewan Negara.\nOsu Sukam (Tan Sri Datuk Seri Panglima Osu bin Sukam) – The twelfth Chief Minister of Sabah from Papar.\nMohd Nasir Tun Sakaran (Dato' Mohd Nasir bin Tun Sakaran Dandai) – Sabah politician from Semporna.\nShafie Apdal (Dato' Seri Hj Mohd Shafie Bin Apdal) – The fifteenth Chief Minister of Sabah from Semporna.\nPandikar Amin Mulia – Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat, former Member of Parliament of Malaysia from Kota Belud.\nAskalani Abdul Rahim (Datuk Askalani Bin Abdul Rahim) – Former Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports from Semporna.\nAbdul Rahman Dahlan – Former Cabinet Minister from Tuaran as well the former Member of Parliament in the Dewan Rakyat for the constituency of Kota Belud from 2008 to 2018.\nIsnaraissah Munirah Majilis – Member of Parliament of Kota Belud in the Dewan Rakyat (also half Kadazan-Dusun ancestry on paternal side).\nManis Muka Mohd Darah – Former Member of Sabah State Legislative Assembly for Bugaya.\nSultan Ombra Amilbangsa - From Simunul, in what is now the province of Tawi-Tawi. He was a member of the National Assembly of the Philippines from 1935 to 1938, and from 1943 to 1944, and the Philippines House of Representatives from 1945 to 1949, and from 1951 to 1961. In 1961, he filed House Bill No. 5682, for the granting of independence to the Province of Sulu as a sovereign nation due to what he felt was the negligence of the central government over the concerns of his province. He married Dayang-Dayang Hadji Piandao Kiram, niece and adopted daughter of Sultan Jamalul Kiram II. He succeeded as Sulu Sultan from 1936 to 1964.","title":"Notable Sama-Bajau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haja Amina Appi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haja_Amina_Appi"},{"link_name":"National Living Treasures Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Living_Treasures_Award_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_(penyanyi)"},{"link_name":"AF2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademi_Fantasia_(season_2)"},{"link_name":"Sitti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitti"},{"link_name":"Zizi Kirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zizi_Kirana"},{"link_name":"Semporna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semporna"},{"link_name":"Yanie (Mentor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siti_Surianie_Julkarim"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Mentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentor_(siri_TV)"},{"link_name":"TV3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV3_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"Wawa Zainal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wawa_Zainal"},{"link_name":"Azwan Kombos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azwan_Kombos"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Pinoy Big Brother Season 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinoy_Big_Brother:_Lucky_7"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"}],"sub_title":"Arts and entertainment","text":"Haja Amina Appi — Filipino master mat weaver and teacher from Ungos Matata, Tandubas, Tawi-Tawi; recipient of the Philippine National Living Treasures Award.[102]\nAdam AF2 (Aizam Mat Saman) – Malaysian singer and actor, great-nephew of Tun Ahmadshah Abdullah (his grandmother is the elder sister of the latter) from Inanam, Kota Kinabalu.\nSitti – Filipino singer.\nZizi Kirana – Malaysian rapper from Semporna.\nYanie (Mentor) (the late Siti Surianie Julkarim)[103] – Malaysian singer who gained fame through the reality show known as Mentor on TV3 from Likas, Kota Kinabalu.\nWawa Zainal – Malaysian actress from Lahad Datu.\nAzwan Kombos – Malaysian actor from Kota Belud.[104][105]\nRita Gaviola[106] – Filipino actress in the Pinoy Big Brother Season 7.[107]","title":"Notable Sama-Bajau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bana Sailani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bana_Sailani"},{"link_name":"Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"swimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"1956 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1958 Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"1960 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bana-110"},{"link_name":"Royal Malaysian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Malaysian_Navy"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taniyu-111"},{"link_name":"Matlan Marjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matlan_Marjan"},{"link_name":"Sabah FA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_F.C._(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"freediver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freediving"},{"link_name":"Home Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Game"},{"link_name":"Zainizam Marjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zainizam_Marjan"}],"sub_title":"Sports","text":"Bana Sailani – A Filipino Olympic swimmer who represented the Philippines in the 1956 Summer Olympics, the 1958 Asian Games (where he won 5 bronze medals, and 1 silver), and the 1960 Summer Olympics. He was more popularly known as Bapa' Banana.[108]\nEstino Taniyu – A Malaysian swimmer from the Royal Malaysian Navy who swam across the English Channel in 13 hours, 45 minutes, and 45 seconds on 21 September 2012.[109]\nMatlan Marjan – Former Malaysian football player and the former Sabah FA captain from Kota Belud.\nEldio \"Imam\" Gulisan – A Filipino freediver who set the Philippines national record at the Japanese Cup 2019 on 7 September 2019. Featured in Episode 3 of the Netflix series Home Game.\nZainizam Marjan – Former Malaysian football player, younger brother of Matlan from Kota Belud.","title":"Notable Sama-Bajau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Australoid \"race\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australoid_race"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-85"},{"link_name":"Tuhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tuhan"},{"link_name":"Austronesian languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages"},{"link_name":"Abrahamic god","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_god"},{"link_name":"Malays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_Malays"},{"link_name":"Bathala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathala"},{"link_name":"Tagalogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_people"},{"link_name":"Kan-Laon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan-Laon"},{"link_name":"Visayans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visayans"}],"text":"^ The concept of an Australoid \"race\" is antiquated. Most modern literature refer to these peoples as the Australo-Melanesians. However, their exact relationship within their member groups and with other ethnic groups in Asia and Oceania is still debated.\n\n^ Tuhan (literally \"god\" or \"master\") is a common word referring to a supreme deity in various Austronesian languages in eastern Malaysia, southwestern Philippines, and eastern Indonesia. It originally referred to a different concept of a deity separate from the Abrahamic god, but Malays and other Muslim Austronesian ethnic groups usually equate Tuhan with Allah. Compare with Bathala of the Tagalogs and Kan-Laon of the Visayans.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bajau people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bajau_people"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bajau people.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Journey in Borneo with Bajaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rehahnphotographer.com/borneo-bajau-gypsies/"},{"link_name":"Réhahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9hahn"},{"link_name":"More information on the Bajaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150108041636/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/humanplanetexplorer/environments/oceans"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"The last of the sea nomads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/sep/18/last-sea-nomads"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"The sea gypsies of Sulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=data/opinion/2014/December/opinion_December21.xml&section=opinion"},{"link_name":"Khaleej Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaleej_Times"}],"sub_title":"Newspapers","text":"Journey in Borneo with Bajaus by Réhahn\nMore information on the Bajaus at the BBC\nThe last of the sea nomads at The Guardian\nThe sea gypsies of Sulu at the Khaleej Times","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:MoroPeoplesmall"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:MoroPeoplesmall"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MoroPeoplesmall"},{"link_name":"The 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Apu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wai_Apu_people"},{"link_name":"Kayeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayeli_people"},{"link_name":"Lisela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisela_people"},{"link_name":"Tanimbarese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanimbarese"},{"link_name":"Tobelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobelo_people"},{"link_name":"Togutil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togutil_people"},{"link_name":"Wemale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wemale_people"},{"link_name":"African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Indonesians"},{"link_name":"Black Dutchmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belanda_Hitam"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Indonesians"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Chindian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindians"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians"},{"link_name":"Benteng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benteng_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Bangka Belitung Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_in_the_Bangka_Belitung_Islands"},{"link_name":"Maluku Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Maluku"},{"link_name":"Peranakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peranakans"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinos_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Indonesians"},{"link_name":"Klingalese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingalese"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Indonesians"},{"link_name":"Indo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo_people"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish-Indonesian"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreans_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Mardijker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardijker_people"},{"link_name":"Pakistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Indonesians"},{"link_name":"Totok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totok"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philippines"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Indonesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg"},{"link_name":"Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Society"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"François-Robert Zacot (2009). Peuple nomade de la mer, les Badjos d'Indonésie, éditions Pocket, collection Terre Humaine, ParisvteThe Moro \| Bangsamoro\nBajau\nBanguingui\nIllanun\nKalagan\nMaguindanao\nMaranao\nSamal\nSangir\nTausug\nYakanvte Ethnic groups in the Philippines\nFilipinos\nPinoy\nIndigenous peoples\nLowlandLuzon\nBicolano\nBugkalot (Ilongot)\nCuyunon\nGaddang\nIbanag\nIlocano\nItawes\nIvatan\nKapampangan\nMasbateño\nPangasinan\nRomblomanon\nSambal\nTagalog\nVisayas\nAklanon\nBoholano\nCapiznon\nCebuano\nEskaya\nHiligaynon\nKaray-a\nPorohanon\nWaray\nMindanao\nButuanon\nKalagan\nSangirese\nSurigaonon\nZamboangueño\nMoro\nBajau\nBanguingui\nKaagan\nIranun\nMaguindanao\nMaranao\nSamal\nTausug\nYakan\n\nHighlandIgorot\nBalangao\nBontoc\nIbaloi\nIfugao\nIsneg\nKalinga\nKankanaey\nTinguian\nLumad\nBlaan\nBukidnon\nHigaonon\nMamanwa\nMandaya\nManobo\nSubanon\nTasaday\nTeduray\nTboli\nMangyan\nRatagnon\nNegrito\nAeta\nAti\nBatak\nMamanwa\nPalaweño\nAgutaynen\nPalawano\nBatak\nTagbanua\nMolbog\nSuludnon\nSuludnon/Tumandok\nImmigrants or expatriatesAmericas\nAmerican\nBrazilian\nMexican\nAsia\nChinese\nIndian\nIndonesian\nJapanese\nKorean\nMalaysian\nNepalese\nArab\nIranian\nJewish\nEurope\nEnglish\nGerman\nGreek\nPolish\nRussian\nSpanishvte Ethnic groups in Sabah MalaysiansEthnolinguistic groups\nBisaya\nMalay\nBruneian Malays\nCocos Malays\nMalaysian Chinese (Sino-Native)\nIda'an\nMalaysian Indians\nIranun\nKadazan-Dusun\nKadazan\nDusun\nKwijau\nLotud\nMangka'ak\nMaragang\nMinokok\nRumanau\nKedayan\nLun Bawang\nMurut\nOrang Sungai\nDumpas\nTambanuo\nRungus\nSama-Bajau\nSuluk\nTidungvteEthnic groups in MalaysiaMalaysiansBumiputeraMalay(list)Anak Jati\nJohorean Malay\nKedahan Malay\nKelantanese Malay\nMalaccan Malay\nNegeri Sembilanese Malay\nPenangite Malay\nPerakian Malay\nPerlisan Malay\nPahang Malay\nSelangorian Malay\nTerengganuan Malay\nBruneian Malay\nKedayan\nSarawakian Malay\nAnak Dagang\nCocos Malays\nChristmas Island Malays\nChams\nAcehnese\nBanjarese\nBatak\nMandailing\nBuginese\nJavanese\nBaweanese\nMakassar\nMinangkabau\nKerinci\nOcu\nRawa\nSundanese\nBurmese Malays\nPatani Malays\nSiamese\nOrang Asal(OtherIndigenous peoples)PeninsularMalaysia\nProto-Malay\nJakun\nOrang Kanaq\nOrang Laut\nOrang Kuala\nOrang Seletar\nSemelai\nTemoq\nTemuan\nSemang\nBatek\nLanoh\nJahai\nKensiu\nKintaq\nMendriq\nMintil\nMos\nSenoi\nSemai\nMah Meri\nCheq Wong\nTemiar\nJah Hut\nSemaq Beri\nSarawak\nDayak\nBidayuh\nBukitan\nIban\nSelako\nOrang Ulu\nKayan\nKelabit\nKenyah\nLun Bawang\nPenan\nPunan\nSa'ban\nUkit\nOthers\nBisaya\nMelanau\nMiriek\nSabah\nKadazan-Dusun\nKadazan\nDusun\nKwijau\nLotud\nMangka'ak\nMaragang\nMinokok\nRumanau\nBisaya\nIda'an\nIllanun\nLun Bawang\nMurut\nOrang Sungai\nDumpas\nTambanuo\nRungus\nSama-Bajau\nSuluk\nTidong\nPeranakan\nPeranakan Arab\nPeranakan Parsi\nPeranakan Eropah (including Kristang)\nJawi Peranakan\nPeranakan Siam (Sam-Sam)\nPeranakan Turki\nChinese(list)\nHokkien\nCantonese\nHakka\nHainanese\nTeochew\nFoochow\nHenghua\nPenangite Chinese\n Peranakan\nPeranakan Cina (Baba-Nyonya)\nSino-Native\n\nIndian(list)\nGujarati\nPenangite Indian\nPunjabi\nMalayali\nIndians in Sabah\nIndians in Sarawak\nSri Lankan\nTamil\nTelugu\n PeranakanPeranakan Chitty\nMixed ancestry(non-Peranakan)\nChindians\nForeign ethnicities/expatriates\nAfrican\nArab (Hadhrami)\nBangladeshi\nBurmese (Rohingya)\nChina/Taiwan Chinese\nEast Timorese\nFilipino (Zamboangans)\nIndian\nIndonesian\nIranian\nJapanese\nJewish (former)\nKorean\nNepali\nPakistani\nSingaporeans\nThai\nVietnamesevte Ethnic groups in Indonesia by regionIndonesiansSumatra\nAboriginal\nAkit\nBatin\nBonai\nLubu\nMante\nOrang Kuala\nOrang Rimba\nSakai\nPetalangan\nTalang Mamak\nAcehnese\nAlas\nBatak\nAngkola\nKaro\nMandailing\nPakpak\nSimalungun\nToba Batak\nEnggano\nGayo\nKluet\nLampung\nLaut\nLembak\nMalay\nAsahan\nDeli\nLahat\nLangkat\nRiau\nSerdang\nMentawai\nSakuddei\nMinangkabau\nAneuk Jamee\nNias\nHaloban\nPalembang\nRejang\nSimeulue\nSingkil\nJava\nBetawi\nJavanese\nCirebonese\nBanyumasan\nOsing\nTenggerese\nKangeanese\nMadurese\nBawean\nMalay\nSundanese\nBaduy\nBantenese\nKalimantan\nBanjar\nDayak\nApo Duat\nKelabit\nLun Bawang\nSa'ban\nApo Kayan\nBahau\nKayan\nKenyah\nLebbo'\nUma Baka'\nBidayuh\nKendayan\nSelako\nIban\nMualang\nMurut\nTidung\nOt Danum\nLawangan\nMa'anyan\nNgaju\nBakumpai\nMeratus\nPunan Bah\nBukitan\nKrio\nMalay\nBerau\nPontianak\nMoro\nOrang Laut\nBajau\nSuluk\nSulawesi\nBuginese\nBungku\nButonese\nBonerate\nGorontaloan\nKalumpang\nLindu\nMakassar\nMalay\nMandarese\nMinahasan\nMongondow\nMuna\nPamona\nRampi\nSangirese\nSeko\nTau Taa Wana\nTorajan\nMamasa\nPapua\nMelanesian\nPapuan\nAbun\nAsmat\nBauzi\nDani\nFayu\nKetengban\nKombai\nKorowai\nKoteka\nAmungme\nEkari\nLani\nMoni\nYali\nMarind\nMarori\nMek\nSawi\nSentani\nTehit\nTobati\nWambon\nWaropen\nWolani\nYaur\nLesser Sunda Islands\nAbui\nAtoni\nBali Aga\nBalinese\nBimanese\nBunak\nHelong\nKemak\nLamaholot\nMalay\nLoloan\nManggarai\nNage\nRotenese\nSasak\nSavu\nSikka\nSumba\nSumbawa\nTetum\nMaluku Islands\nMoluccan\nAlfur\nAlune\nManusela\nNuaulu\nAmbelau\nAmbonese\nBuru\nWai Apu\nKayeli\nLisela\nTanimbarese\nTobelo\nTogutil\nWemale\nNon-indigenous\nAfrican\nBlack Dutchmen\nArab\nArmenian\nChindian\nChinese\nBenteng\nBangka Belitung Chinese\nMaluku Chinese\nPeranakan\nFilipino\nIndian\nKlingalese\nTamil\nIndo\nJapanese\nJewish\nKorean\nMardijker\nPakistani\nPortuguese\nTotokPortals: Philippines Malaysia Indonesia Society","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"A Sama lepa houseboat from the Philippines (c. 1905)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Old_Moro_Sailing_Boat_%28A_Bajau_lepa_houseboat%29.jpg/220px-Old_Moro_Sailing_Boat_%28A_Bajau_lepa_houseboat%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Sama-Bajau flotilla in Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bajau_Laut_Pictures.jpg/220px-Bajau_Laut_Pictures.jpg"},{"image_text":"Regions inhabited by peoples usually known as \"Sea Nomads\"[23] Sama-Bajau Orang Laut Moken","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sea_Nomads_distribution_map.jpg/300px-Sea_Nomads_distribution_map.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sama-Bajau children in Basilan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Philippinen_basilan_seezigeuner_ph04p69.jpg/220px-Philippinen_basilan_seezigeuner_ph04p69.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Sama woman making a traditional mat in Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sama_woman_making_a_traditional_mat.JPG/220px-Sama_woman_making_a_traditional_mat.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sama-Bajau woman anchoring a family boat (banglo) in Malaysia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bajau_Laut_Pictures_6.jpg/220px-Bajau_Laut_Pictures_6.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sama-Bajau houses in Cawa Cawa, Zamboanga City, Philippines, 1923","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Sama-Bajau_houses_in_Cawa_Cawa%2C_Zamboanga_City_%281923%29.jpg/220px-Sama-Bajau_houses_in_Cawa_Cawa%2C_Zamboanga_City_%281923%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Residents of a Bajau kampung in Afdeeling Ternate, Groote Oost, Dutch East Indies (present-day North Maluku, Indonesia) c. 1925","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bewoners_van_Badjo-kampong_Kajoa_op_Ternate_Noord-Molukken_TMnr_10005731.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bewoners_van_Badjo-kampong_Kajoa_op_Ternate_Noord-Molukken_TMnr_10005731.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Bajau chieftain in traditional attire from Kampung Menkabong, Tuaran, British North Borneo, c. 1948","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/CO_1069-493-27_%287888161554%29.jpg/220px-CO_1069-493-27_%287888161554%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Percentage population of Bajau by state constituencies in Sabah, Malaysia, according to 2020 census","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Percentage_population_of_Bajau_in_Sabah%2C_2020.svg/220px-Percentage_population_of_Bajau_in_Sabah%2C_2020.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A typical Sama-Bajau settlement in the Philippines","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bajau-Philippines_4.jpg/220px-Bajau-Philippines_4.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Sama-Bajau village in Omadal Island, Sabah, Malaysia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bajau_Laut_Pictures_5.jpg/220px-Bajau_Laut_Pictures_5.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bokori, a Sama-Bajau village in southwest Sulawesi, Indonesia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bokori%2C_a_Sama-Bajau_village_in_Southwest_Sulawesi%2C_Indonesia.jpg/220px-Bokori%2C_a_Sama-Bajau_village_in_Southwest_Sulawesi%2C_Indonesia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sama-Bajau woman and children from Omadal Island, Sabah, Malaysia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bajau_Laut_Pictures_3.jpg/220px-Bajau_Laut_Pictures_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Garay warship of the Banguingui pirates","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Garay_sketches_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.png/220px-Garay_sketches_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.png"},{"image_text":"The Regatta Lepa festival in Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia. Lepa refers to the houseboat in the dialect of east coast Bajau. In this festival, Bajau people decorate their boats with colourful flags.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Semporna_Sabah_Regatta-Lepa-2015-02.jpg/220px-Semporna_Sabah_Regatta-Lepa-2015-02.jpg"},{"image_text":"The traditional house of the west coast Bajau in Kota Belud, Sabah, Malaysia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tambulian_KotaBelud_Sabah_Traditional-houses-02.jpg/220px-Tambulian_KotaBelud_Sabah_Traditional-houses-02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Derawan Island, one of the major Bajau settlement off the coast of Berau, East Kalimantan, Indonesia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Aerial_of_Derawan_2017-09-16.jpg/220px-Aerial_of_Derawan_2017-09-16.jpg"},{"image_text":"An-Nur Mosque, the main mosque in the Bajau village of Tuaran, Sabah, Malaysia[81]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tuaran_Sabah_MasjidAnNur-01.jpg/220px-Tuaran_Sabah_MasjidAnNur-01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sunduk grave markers showing the Sama okil carving traditions. These originated from the pre-Islamic ancestor worship of the Sama-Bajau and originally included human and animal figures, which are largely missing in modern sunduk, due to Islamic influence.[84][85]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Philippines%2C_archipel_des_%C3%A9changes%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly_02.jpg/220px-Philippines%2C_archipel_des_%C3%A9changes%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Jama Mapun people's indigenous cosmology is extremely vast. Examples of figures in their cosmology are Niyu-niyu (coconut palm), Lumba-lumba (dolphin), and Anak Datu (two sons of a datu spearing another figure, Bunta – a blowfish).[87]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BigdipISS.jpg/220px-BigdipISS.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Sama-Bajau vinta in Zamboanga City, 1923","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/A_Sama-Bajau_vinta_with_sails_%281923%29.jpg/220px-A_Sama-Bajau_vinta_with_sails_%281923%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sama-Bajau woman from Maiga Island, Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia, with traditional sun protection called burak","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sama_woman_with_traditional_sun_protection_%28%22borak%22%29.JPG/220px-Sama_woman_with_traditional_sun_protection_%28%22borak%22%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Bajau girl clad in her traditional dress","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Semporna_Sabah_Malay-girl-with-headgear-01.jpg/220px-Semporna_Sabah_Malay-girl-with-headgear-01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Detail of the elaborate okil carvings on the stern of a vinta from Tawi-Tawi, c. 1920","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Carved_stern_of_a_Moro_vinta_%28Hornell%2C_1920%29.jpg/170px-Carved_stern_of_a_Moro_vinta_%28Hornell%2C_1920%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The West Coast Bajau horsemen in their hometown of Kota Belud, with a background of Mount Kinabalu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/KotaBelud.jpg/220px-KotaBelud.jpg"},{"image_text":"The rehabilitation of a traditional Sama-Bajau house in the Heritage Village of Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bajau_House.JPG/220px-Bajau_House.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Sama-Bajau child in Tagbilaran City, Bohol, Philippines, diving for coins thrown by tourists into the water","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Badjao_kid_diving_for_coins.jpg/220px-Badjao_kid_diving_for_coins.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 1982 to 1988 Sabah coat of arms depicts a kingfisher, adopted primarily to symbolise the large Sama-Bajau population in Sabah[99]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Coat_of_arms_of_Sabah_%281982%E2%80%931988%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sabah_%281982%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Lumad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumad"},{"title":"Gaya Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_Island"},{"title":"Orang laut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_laut"},{"title":"Sama–Bajaw languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages"},{"title":"Sea Gypsies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Gypsies_(disambiguation)"}]	[{"reference":"\"2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A – Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables), Philippines\" (PDF). Government of the Philippines National Statistics Office. April 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2010_PHIILIPPINES_FINAL%20PDF.pdf","url_text":"\"2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A – Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables), Philippines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Total population by ethnic group, administrative district and state, Malaysia\" (PDF). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. 2010. pp. 369/1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 12 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120227090345/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sabah.pdf","url_text":"\"Total population by ethnic group, administrative district and state, Malaysia\""},{"url":"http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Sabah.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"What Language do the Badjao Speak?\". Kauman Sama Online. Sinama.org. 4 January 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sinama.org/2013/01/what-language-do-the-badjao-speak/","url_text":"\"What Language do the Badjao Speak?\""}]},{"reference":"Maglana, Matthew Constancio (12 December 2016). \"Understanding Identity and Diaspora: The Case of the Sama-Bajau of Maritime Southeast Asia\". Jurnal Sejarah Citra Lekha. 1 (2): 71. doi:10.14710/jscl.v1i2.12089.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316626798","url_text":"\"Understanding Identity and Diaspora: The Case of the Sama-Bajau of Maritime Southeast Asia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.14710%2Fjscl.v1i2.12089","url_text":"10.14710/jscl.v1i2.12089"}]},{"reference":"Harry Nimmo (1972). The sea people of Sulu: a study of social change in the Philippines. Chandler Pub. Co. ISBN 0-8102-0453-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/seapeopleofsulus0000nimm","url_text":"The sea people of Sulu: a study of social change in the Philippines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8102-0453-3","url_text":"0-8102-0453-3"}]},{"reference":"Lotte Kemkens. Living on Boundaries: The Orang Bajo of Tinakin Laut, Indonesia (PDF) (Social Anthropology Bachelor's thesis). University of Utrecht. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111117103949/http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/student-theses/2010-0303-200346/Kemkens%20Lotte.pdf","url_text":"Living on Boundaries: The Orang Bajo of Tinakin Laut, Indonesia"},{"url":"http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/student-theses/2010-0303-200346/Kemkens%20Lotte.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Catherine Allerton (5 December 2014). \"Statelessness and child rights in Sabah\". New Mandala. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141227061844/http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/2014/12/05/statelessness-and-child-rights-in-sabah/","url_text":"\"Statelessness and child rights in Sabah\""},{"url":"http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/2014/12/05/statelessness-and-child-rights-in-sabah/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bajau, the Badjao, the Samals, and the Sama People\". 14 May 2009. Retrieved 3 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://sinama.org/about-sama-people/the-bajau-and-sama-people/","url_text":"\"The Bajau, the Badjao, the Samals, and the Sama People\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sabah's People and History\". Sabah State Government. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2015. The Kadazan-Dusun is the largest ethnic group in Sabah that makes up almost 30% of the population. The Bajaus, or also known as \"Cowboys of the East\", and Muruts, the hill people and head hunters in the past, are the second and third largest ethnic group in Sabah respectively. Other indigenous tribes include the Bisaya, Brunei Malay, Bugis, Kedayan, Lotud, Ludayeh, Rungus, Suluk, Minokok, Bonggi, the Ida'an, and many more. In addition to that, the Chinese makes up the main non-indigenous group of the population.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160602065858/http://www.sabah.gov.my/main/en-GB/Home/About","url_text":"\"Sabah's People and History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Sabah","url_text":"Sabah State Government"},{"url":"http://www.sabah.gov.my/main/en-GB/Home/About","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadazan-Dusun","url_text":"Kadazan-Dusun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murut_people","url_text":"Muruts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)","url_text":"Bisaya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneian_Malay_people","url_text":"Brunei Malay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugis","url_text":"Bugis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedayan","url_text":"Kedayan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotud","url_text":"Lotud"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundayeh_people","url_text":"Ludayeh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rungus_people","url_text":"Rungus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people","url_text":"Suluk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minokok","url_text":"Minokok"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonggi_people&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Bonggi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida%27an","url_text":"Ida'an"}]},{"reference":"Tom Gunnar Hoogervorst (2012). \"Ethnicity and aquatic lifestyles: exploring Southeast Asia's past and present seascapes\" (PDF). Water History. 4 (3): 245–265. Bibcode:2012WatHi...4..245H. doi:10.1007/s12685-012-0060-0. S2CID 53668253.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sealinksproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Hoogervorst-2012-Sea-peoples-SEA.pdf","url_text":"\"Ethnicity and aquatic lifestyles: exploring Southeast Asia's past and present seascapes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012WatHi...4..245H","url_text":"2012WatHi...4..245H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12685-012-0060-0","url_text":"10.1007/s12685-012-0060-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53668253","url_text":"53668253"}]},{"reference":"Nimfa L. Bracamonte (2005). \"Evolving a Development Framework for the Sama Dilaut in an Urban Center in the Southern Philippines\". Borneo Research Bulletin. 36: 185. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_films_of_1927	List of French films of 1927	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	French films released in 1927 Cinema ofFrance 1892–1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 19141915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 19241925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 19341935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 19441945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 19541955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 19641965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 19741975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 19841985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 19941995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 20042005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 20142015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 vte This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008) A list of films produced in France in 1927: Title Director Cast Genre Notes André Cornélis Jean Kemm Georges Lannes, Claude France Drama Antoinette Sabrier Germaine Dulac Ève Francis, Gabriel Gabrio Drama Captain Rascasse Henri Desfontaines Gabriel Gabrio, Jeanne Helbling Silent Celle qui domine Léon Mathot and Carmine Gallone Léon Mathot, André Volbert Chantage Henri Debain Huguette Duflos, Jean Angelo The Chocolate Girl René Hervil Dolly Davis, Simone Mareuil Silent Colette the Unwanted René Barberis Daniel Mendaille, Sandra Milovanoff Silent Cousine de France Gaston Roudès France Dhélia Croquette Louis Mercanton Betty Balfour, Walter Byron Silent The Crystal Submarine Marcel Vandal Anna Lefeuvrier, André Dubosc Drama Dans l'ombre du harem Léon Mathot and André Liabel Léon Mathot, Louise Lagrange Destiny Dimitri Kirsanoff Nadia Sibirskaïa, Guy Belmont Silent The Duel Jacques de Baroncelli Mady Christians, Jean Murat Silent The Dying Land Jean Choux Gilbert Dalleu, Madeleine Renaud, Jean Dehelly Drama Education of a Prince Henri Diamant-Berger Edna Purviance, Jean Dax Comedy En Rade Alberto Cavalcanti Nathalie Lissenko, Philippe Hériat The Five Cents of Lavarede Maurice Champreux Georges Biscot, Anna Lefeuvrier Adventure Fleur d'amour Marcel Vandal Comedy The Glass Boat Constantin J. David André Nox, Françoise Rosay Silent Co-production with Germany L’île d'amour Jean Durand, Berthe Dagmar Claude France, Pierre Batcheff L'Invitation au voyage Germaine Dulac Silent L'Occident Henri Fescourt La Cousine Bette Max de Rieux La Glu Henri Fescourt La Grande Envolee René Plaissety Historical La Grande Epreuve Alexandre Ryder and André Dugès Michèle Verly, Jean Murat La maison sans amour Emilien Charpentier La petite marchande d'allumettes Jean Renoir Catherine Hessling Drama La sirène des Tropiques Henri Etiévant, Mario Nalpas Josephine Baker, Pierre Batcheff Romantic comedy La valse de l'adieu Henry Roussell Historical La Vestale du Gange André Hugon Camille Bert, Georges Melchior Le Baiser qui tue Dr. T. Małachowski, Jean Choux André Soral, Thérèse Reignier Le bonheur du jour Gaston Ravel Le chauffeur de mademoiselle Henri Chomette Dolly Davis, Gaston Modot Le Cinéma au service de l'histoire Le manoir de la peur Alfred Machin, Henri Wulschleger Romuald Joubé, Arlette Marchal Le Mariage de mademoiselle Beulemans Julien Duvivier Le mystère de la Tour Eiffel Julien Duvivier Félicien Tramel, Gaston Jacquet Le Passager Jacques de Baroncelli Charles Vanel, Michèle Verly The Porter from Maxim's Nicolas Rimsky, Roger Lion Nicolas Rimsky, Simone Vaudry Comedy The Prey of the Wind (La proie du vent) René Clair Charles Vanel, Sandra Milovanoff Drama Le prince Jean René Hervil Le sous-marin de cristal Marcel Vandal Félicien Tramel, Anna Lefeuvrier Le Train de 8H 47 Georges Pallu Le Vertige Marcel L'Herbier Emmy Lynn, Jaque Catelain Les cœurs héroïques Georges Pallu Les transatlantiques Pierre Colombier Madame Récamier Gaston Ravel Marie Bell, Françoise Rosay Historical The Maid at the Palace Louis Mercanton Betty Balfour, André Roanne Comedy Marquitta Jean Renoir Marie-Louise Iribe, Jean Angelo Drama Martyr Charles Burguet Charles Vanel, Suzy Vernon, Jean Angelo Drama Minuit… Place Pigalle René Hervil Renée Héribel, Nicolas Rimsky Drama Muche Robert Péguy Nicolas Koline, Elmire Vautier, Madeleine Guitty Comedy drama Napoléon Abel Gance Albert Dieudonné Biography / War 3 wins (1981) Palaces Jean Durand Léon Bary, Huguette Duflos Silent Pardonnée Jean Cassagne Comedy drama Poker d'as Henri Desfontaines Princess Masha René Leprince Jean Toulout, Romuald Joubé Drama Sables Dimitri Kirsanoff Colette Darfeuil, Gina Manès Drama Six et demi, onze Jean Epstein Suzy Pierson, Edmond Van Daële Drama Sur un air de Charleston Jean Renoir Catherine Hessling, Johnny Huggins SF The Three-Sided Mirror (La Glace à trois faces) Jean Epstein Jeanne Helbling Drama Une java Jean de Size The Woman from the Folies Bergères Max Obal Claire Rommer, Carl Auen, Josephine Baker Silent Co-production with Germany Yasmina André Hugon Camille Bert, Huguette Duflos Yvette Alberto Cavalcanti Catherine Hessling, Walter Byron Drama See also 1927 in France References ^ "Celle qui domine". Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Chantage" (in Polish). Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Cousine de France" (in Polish). Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Dans l'ombre du harem". UniFrance. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Le Duel". UniFrance. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Éducation de prince". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "En rade". UniFrance. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Fleur d'amour" (in French). Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ BFI Soundtrack Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "L'Invitation au voyage". Light Cone. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "L'Occident" (in French). Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "La Glu". British Film Institute. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "La grande envolée" (in French). Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "La Grande Epreuve" (in French). UniFrance. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "La maison sans amour" (in French). Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "La sirène des Tropiques". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on December 29, 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "La Valse de l'adieu" (in French). Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "La Vestale du Gange" (in French). Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Le Baiser qui tue". UniFrance. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Proposer une bande annonce" (in French). Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Le chauffeur de mademoiselle" (in Polish). Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Le manoir de la peur" (in French). Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Le mariage de Mademoiselle Beulemans" (in German). Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Le mystère de la Tour Eiffel". UniFrance. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Le Passager". UniFrance. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Le Chasseur de chez Maxim's" (in French). Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Le Sous-marin de cristal". UniFrance. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Le Vertige (1926)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Marquitta". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on December 21, 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Minuit… Place Pigalle". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on September 28, 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Pardonnée" (in French). Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Six et demi, onze". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ Sur un air de Charleston Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Yasmina". UniFrance. Retrieved 4 August 2018. ^ "Yvette (1927)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2018. External links French films of 1927 on IMDb French films of 1927 at Cinema-francais.fr vte1927 films American British French German Indian Hindi Marathi Italian Soviet vte Cinema of France Culture of France World cinema Films by year(Films (A–Z)) 1892–1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 Production companies and studios Action Synthese Æternam Films Ariane Films Billancourt Studios Celluloid Dreams Ciby 2000 Def2shoot EuropaCorp Les films du losange Folimage Francoeur Studios Francinex Gaumont Honkytonk Films Les Films du Poisson Joinville Studios Medialab Technology Pan-Européenne Pathé PMMP Réalisation d'art cinématographique Sciapode Sofracima Star Film Company StudioCanal Victorine Studios Wild Bunch Awards César Awards Lumières Award Globe de Cristal Awards French Syndicate of Cinema Critics Awards Louis Delluc Prize Prix Romy Schneider Prix Patrick Dewaere (formerly Prix Jean Gabin) Prix Jacques Prévert du Scénario Prix Jean Vigo Prix Suzanne Bianchetti René Clair Award Personnel Actors Animators Directors Cinematographers Critics Editors Production designers Screenwriters Producers Score composers Movement Cinéma du look Cinéma pur French impressionist cinema French New Wave New French Extremity Poetic realism Surrealist cinema Other Most expensive films Box office Film festivals Cinema chains Unifrance vteLists of films by countryAfricaCentral Angola Central African Republic Chad Congo (Democratic Republic) Zaire Congo (Republic) Gabon Eastern Burundi Cameroon Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Somalia Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara Southern Botswana South Africa Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Côte d'Ivoire Guinea Guinea-Bissau Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Togo AsiaCentral Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Eastern China Hong Kong Macau Japan Korea North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan Southern Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Assamese Bengali Bhojpuri Gujarati Hindi Kannada Malayalam Marathi Odia Punjabi Tamil Telugu Maldives Nepal Pakistan Urdu Punjabi Pashto Sindhi Sri Lanka Sinhala Tamil Southeastern Burma Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen EuropeEastern Belarus Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Moldova Poland Romania Russia Slovakia Soviet Union Ukraine Northern Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland Iceland Latvia Lithuania Norway Sweden Southern Albania Andorra Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Italy Macedonia Malta Montenegro Portugal Serbia Serbia and Montenegro Slovenia Spain Yugoslavia Western Austria Belgium France Germany East Germany Ireland Liechtenstein Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Switzerland United Kingdom AmericasCentral Americaand the Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Cuba Costa Rica Dominican Republic Guatemala Guadeloupe Haiti Honduras Jamaica Martinique Nicaragua Panama Puerto Rico Trinidad and Tobago North Canada Greenland Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea Tonga	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927_in_film"}],"text":"A list of films produced in France in 1927:","title":"List of French films of 1927"}]	[]	[{"title":"1927 in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927_in_France"}]	[{"reference":"\"Celle qui domine\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce-Racine_(automobile)	Pierce-Racine (automobile)	["1 History","2 Advertisements","3 See also","4 References"]	Defunct American motor vehicle manufacturer Pierce Engine CompanyPierce Motor CompanyCompany typeAutomobile ManufacturingIndustryAutomotiveFounded1904; 120 years ago (1904)FounderAndrew J. PierceDefunct1910; 114 years ago (1910)FatePurchased by J. I. Case CompanyHeadquartersRacine, Wisconsin, United StatesArea servedUnited StatesProductsAutomobilesProduction output2,211 (1904-1910) The Pierce Engine Company of Racine, Wisconsin, was the manufacturer of the brass era Pierce-Racine automobile. The company was founded in 1892 and produced automobiles from 1904 to 1910. History Andrew J. Pierce arrived in Racine, Wisconsin in 1887, and by 1892 he had organized the Racine Gas Engine Company, which then became the Pierce Gas Engine Company located at 1952 Clark Street. Stationary and marine engines were the company’s primary products, Pierce also produced to order lake launches to be powered by their marine engines. In 1895 Pierce began experimenting with horseless carriages by motorizing a surrey. He continued experimenting over the next several years, until in 1903 a small two-seat runabout was produced in series for Mitchell Motor Car Company across town. The runabout was equipped with a one-cylinder engine with 8-hp (5.9 kW). The following year, Pierce entered automobile production selling the runabout as a Pierce-Racine. In 1905 Pierce added two-cylinder cars and a four-cylinder car were added in 1906. By March 1906, the company had four models including: Model A-3, a 12-horsepower, 2-cylinder Runabout priced at $750, equivalent to $25,433 in 2023; Model A-4, a 14-horsepower, 2-cylinder Light Touring Car priced at $850; Model B2, a 16-horsepower, 2-cylinder Light Touring Car priced at $1,150; Model C, a 24-horsepower, 4-cylinder Touring Car priced at $1,750, equivalent to $59,344 in 2023. New York agents were Gantert & Paul at 60-62 West 116th Street and New England agents were Butler Motor Car Company of 995 Boylston Street in Boston. Beginning in 1907 Pierce-Racine's were sold as a single Model D 40hp automobile priced at $2,600. Model D would be improved as the Model E, G and H up to 1909, now with a 45-hp engine, priced at $2,000, equivalent to $67,822 in 2023. In 1909 the Pierce Engine Company was reorganized with J. I. Case Company investors as the Pierce Motor Company. On August 4, 1910, Pierce Motor Company was absorbed by the J. I. Case Threshing Machine Company and the Pierce-Racine became the Case automobile. Case automobiles were produced until 1927. 1915 J.I. Case automobile on display at the Pioneer Auto Museum, Murdo, South Dakota. Advertisements 1897 Pierce stationary gas engines advertisement 1906 Pierce-Racine advertisement in Motor magazine 1907 Pierce-Racine Model D advertisement in Cycle and Automobile Trade Journal 1910 Pierce-Racine advertisement in Horseless Age See also Stahl Automobile Museum - 1906 Pierce-Racine Model D 1906 Pierce-Racine Model D at ConceptCarz Racine County Eye article - Pierce Gas Engine Company Detroit Public Library images of Pierce-Racines Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pierce-Racine vehicles. References ^ a b c d Kimes, Beverly Rae; Clark Jr., Henry Austin (1996). Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805-1942 (3rd ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 978-0-87341-428-9. ^ a b c Georgano, Nick (2001). The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile (3 vol. ed.). Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 1-57958-293-1. ^ a b Pierce-Racine. Modern Motor Cars, March 1906, pg.92. 1905. p. 87. Retrieved August 27, 2011. brennan motor.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Racine, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racine,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"brass era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_Era_car"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"The Pierce Engine Company of Racine, Wisconsin, was the manufacturer of the brass era Pierce-Racine automobile. The company was founded in 1892 and produced automobiles from 1904 to 1910.[1][2]","title":"Pierce-Racine (automobile)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stationary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_engine"},{"link_name":"marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inboard_motor"},{"link_name":"launches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_(boat)"},{"link_name":"horseless carriages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseless_carriage"},{"link_name":"surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_(carriage)"},{"link_name":"runabout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runabout_(car)"},{"link_name":"Mitchell Motor Car Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"one-cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-cylinder_engine"},{"link_name":"hp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower"},{"link_name":"two-cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_configuration"},{"link_name":"four-cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-cylinder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pierce-racine-3"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pierce-racine-3"},{"link_name":"J. I. Case Threshing Machine Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._I._Case_Threshing_Machine_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1915JICase.jpg"}],"text":"Andrew J. Pierce arrived in Racine, Wisconsin in 1887, and by 1892 he had organized the Racine Gas Engine Company, which then became the Pierce Gas Engine Company located at 1952 Clark Street. Stationary and marine engines were the company’s primary products, Pierce also produced to order lake launches to be powered by their marine engines. In 1895 Pierce began experimenting with horseless carriages by motorizing a surrey. He continued experimenting over the next several years, until in 1903 a small two-seat runabout was produced in series for Mitchell Motor Car Company across town.[2][1]The runabout was equipped with a one-cylinder engine with 8-hp (5.9 kW). The following year, Pierce entered automobile production selling the runabout as a Pierce-Racine. In 1905 Pierce added two-cylinder cars and a four-cylinder car were added in 1906.[1]By March 1906, the company had four models including:Model A-3, a 12-horsepower, 2-cylinder Runabout priced at $750, equivalent to $25,433 in 2023;\nModel A-4, a 14-horsepower, 2-cylinder Light Touring Car priced at $850;\nModel B2, a 16-horsepower, 2-cylinder Light Touring Car priced at $1,150;\nModel C, a 24-horsepower, 4-cylinder Touring Car priced at $1,750, equivalent to $59,344 in 2023.[3]New York agents were Gantert & Paul at 60-62 West 116th Street and New England agents were Butler Motor Car Company of 995 Boylston Street in Boston.[3]Beginning in 1907 Pierce-Racine's were sold as a single Model D 40hp automobile priced at $2,600. Model D would be improved as the Model E, G and H up to 1909, now with a 45-hp engine, priced at $2,000, equivalent to $67,822 in 2023. In 1909 the Pierce Engine Company was reorganized with J. I. Case Company investors as the Pierce Motor Company. On August 4, 1910, Pierce Motor Company was absorbed by the J. I. Case Threshing Machine Company and the Pierce-Racine became the Case automobile. Case automobiles were produced until 1927.[1][2]1915 J.I. Case automobile on display at the Pioneer Auto Museum, Murdo, South Dakota.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1897_Pierce_Engine_Company_advertisement.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pierce-racine-auto_1906_ad.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1907_Pierce-Racine_-_Cycle_and_Automobile_Trade_Journal.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1910_Pierce-Racine_Horseless_Age_Magazine_Ad.jpg"}],"text":"1897 Pierce stationary gas engines advertisement\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1906 Pierce-Racine advertisement in Motor magazine\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1907 Pierce-Racine Model D advertisement in Cycle and Automobile Trade Journal\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1910 Pierce-Racine advertisement in Horseless Age","title":"Advertisements"}]	[{"image_text":"1915 J.I. Case automobile on display at the Pioneer Auto Museum, Murdo, South Dakota.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/1915JICase.jpg/220px-1915JICase.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Stahl Automobile Museum - 1906 Pierce-Racine Model D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.stahlsauto.com/automobiles/1907-pierce-racine-model-d/"},{"title":"1906 Pierce-Racine Model D at ConceptCarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z15624/pierce-racine-model-d.aspx"},{"title":"Racine County Eye article - Pierce Gas Engine Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//racinecountyeye.com/racine-remembers-pierce-engine-company/"},{"title":"Detroit Public Library images of Pierce-Racines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//digitalcollections.detroitpubliclibrary.org/islandora/search?f%5B0%5D=mods_subject_topic_ms%3A%22Pierce%20Engine%20Company%22"},{"title":"Pierce-Racine vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pierce-Racine_vehicles"}]	[{"reference":"Kimes, Beverly Rae; Clark Jr., Henry Austin (1996). Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805-1942 (3rd ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 978-0-87341-428-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Rae_Kimes","url_text":"Kimes, Beverly Rae"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/standardcatalogo0000kime","url_text":"Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805-1942"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87341-428-9","url_text":"978-0-87341-428-9"}]},{"reference":"Georgano, Nick (2001). The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile (3 vol. ed.). Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 1-57958-293-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._N._Georgano","url_text":"Georgano, Nick"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/the-beaulieu-encyclopedia-of-the-automobile/The%20Beaulieu%20Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20Automobile%2C%20Volume%201%20A-F/mode/2u","url_text":"The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57958-293-1","url_text":"1-57958-293-1"}]},{"reference":"Pierce-Racine. Modern Motor Cars, March 1906, pg.92. 1905. p. 87. Retrieved August 27, 2011. brennan motor.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LDcjAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Pierce-Racine"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LDcjAQAAMAAJ/page/n95","url_text":"87"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.stahlsauto.com/automobiles/1907-pierce-racine-model-d/","external_links_name":"Stahl Automobile Museum - 1906 Pierce-Racine Model D"},{"Link":"https://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z15624/pierce-racine-model-d.aspx","external_links_name":"1906 Pierce-Racine Model D at ConceptCarz"},{"Link":"https://racinecountyeye.com/racine-remembers-pierce-engine-company/","external_links_name":"Racine County Eye article - Pierce Gas Engine Company"},{"Link":"https://digitalcollections.detroitpubliclibrary.org/islandora/search?f%5B0%5D=mods_subject_topic_ms%3A%22Pierce%20Engine%20Company%22","external_links_name":"Detroit Public Library images of Pierce-Racines"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/standardcatalogo0000kime","external_links_name":"Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805-1942"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/the-beaulieu-encyclopedia-of-the-automobile/The%20Beaulieu%20Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20Automobile%2C%20Volume%201%20A-F/mode/2u","external_links_name":"The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LDcjAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Pierce-Racine"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LDcjAQAAMAAJ/page/n95","external_links_name":"87"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illya_Darling	Illya Darling	["1 Production","2 Synopsis","3 Original cast and characters","4 Song list","5 Response","6 Awards and nominations","6.1 Original Broadway production","7 References","8 External links"]	MusicalIllya DarlingOriginal Cast RecordingMusicManos HadjidakisLyricsJoe DarionBookJules DassinBasisJules Dassin's filmNever on SundayProductions1967 Broadway1968 First National Tour Illya Darling is a musical with a book by Jules Dassin, music by Manos Hadjidakis, and lyrics by Joe Darion, based on Dassin's 1960 film Never on Sunday. Production The show previewed in a tour of Philadelphia, Toronto and Detroit for nine weeks. After 22 previews, the Broadway production opened on April 11, 1967 at the Mark Hellinger Theatre and closed on January 13, 1968, after 320 performances and 22 previews. It was directed by Dassin, choreographed by Onna White, with scenic design by Oliver Smith, costume design by Theoni V. Aldredge, and lighting design by Jean Rosenthal. Orchestra was conducted by Karen Gustafson. Attendance was fueled by the star wattage provided by Melina Mercouri, who was nominated for a Tony Award, in the title role. She had starred in the film, which managed to overcome the mostly lukewarm to negative reviews. Critics found the plot too slight. Other cast members included Orson Bean as Homer Thrace, Nikos Kourkoulos (who was also nominated for a Tony) in his Broadway debut as Tonio, and Hal Linden as No Face. After closing on Broadway, the show went on tour with Cyd Charisse as Illya. The production was nominated for six Tony Awards, including Best musical, score, direction and choreography, but it did not win any. The musical was presented by the Greek American Theatre Company of Los Angeles, running March 2003 to May 2003. Synopsis Illya, a carefree prostitute, plies her trade in the port town of Piraeus outside Athens. With no set rates, no pimp, and an inclination to sleep only with men she likes, she differs dramatically from the other local ladies-of-the-evening. Their pimp, Garbage, works for the mysterious No Face, who charges the girls exorbitant rents. Into her life comes Homer Thrace, a priggish American in search of the glories of Ancient Greece. Attracted by Illya's physical charms, he decides to teach her about the classics and to help her become a cultured lady, while she in turn introduces him to sensual pleasures. Homer's lesson plan is to separate her from her friends and the virile Tonio. Neither ends up happier. Original cast and characters Character Broadway (1967) First National Tour (1968) Illya Melina Mercouri Cyd Charisse Homer Thrace Orson Bean Jon Cypher Tonio Nikos Kourkoulos Raul Julia Mr. No Face Hal Linden William Mooney Captain Rudy Bond Despo Despo Lou Rodgers Vassily Joe E. Marks Yorgos Titos Vandis Garbage Man William Duell Joe Alfasa Waiter Harold Gary Jay Kirsch Song list Act I Po, Po, Po – Homer Thrace and Tonio Dance – Ensemble Zebekiko – Yorgo Piraeus, My Love – Illya and Men Golden Land – Homer Thrace and Ensemble Zebekiko (Reprise) – Yorgo Love, Love, Love – Illya I Think She Needs Me – Homer Thrace I'll Never Lay Down Any More – Despo After Love – Tonio Birthday Song – Tonio, Captain and Men Medea Tango – Illya and Men Illya Darling – Illya, Yorgo and Ensemble Act 2 Dear Mr. Schubert – Illya The Lesson – Illya and Homer Thrace Never on Sunday – Illya and Ensemble Piraeus, My Love (Reprise) – Illya Heaven Help A Sailor – Male Ensemble Medea Tango (Reprise) – Tonio Dance – Illya, Homer Thrace, Yorgo, Tonio, Captain, Vassily, Waiter and Ensemble Ya Chara – Company Response Jack Gaver wrote that although there were attractive things about the musical "it is a fact that any commercial success this new musical may have depends largely upon public interest in its Greek star. Tuesday night's arrival at the Mark Hellinger Theatre lacks solid, over-all appeal, so the international reputation of Miss Mercouri as a movie star with a tremendous sex image and a volatile acting style is really on the line ... there is exuberance in the several dance numbers, the score has some rousing numbers and there are excellent portrayals in top roles." According to Steven Suskin, the musical was "the season's biggest star-vehicle with the biggest advance sale: Melina Mercouri in the Never on Sunday musical, Illya Darling. Not so darling, as it turned out; the charm of the 1960 low-budget Greek-language film was overblown into a full-scale Broadway affair with a distinct lack of charm or skill." Awards and nominations Original Broadway production Year Award Category Nominee Result 1968 Tony Award Best Musical Nominated Best Composer and Lyricist Manos Hadjidakis and Joe Darion Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Melina Mercouri Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Nikos Kourkoulos Nominated Best Direction of a Musical Jules Dassin Nominated Best Choreography Onna White Nominated References ^ "Theater: Gloomy Sunday". TIME.com. 21 April 1967. Archived from the original on December 15, 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2015. ^ a b Monji, Jane."Curtain up review, 2003 Los Angeles production" curtainup.com, March 15, 2003 ^ Information about the production and tour zanestein.com ^ Playbill 1967 Bio Cast Listaccessed 07/07/2023 ^ Playbill 1968 Bio Cast Listaccessed 07/07/2023 ^ Gaver, Jack." 'Illya Darling' Depends Largely on Greek Star"St. Petersburg Times', April 13, 1967 ^ Suskin, Steven."Melina Mercouri as Illya Darling and Steven Pasquale's "Somethin' Like Love" ", playbill.com, April 12, 2009 External links Illya Darling at the Internet Broadway Database Time Magazine review	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"},{"link_name":"Jules Dassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dassin"},{"link_name":"Manos Hadjidakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manos_Hadjidakis"},{"link_name":"Joe Darion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Darion"},{"link_name":"Never on Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_on_Sunday"}],"text":"Illya Darling is a musical with a book by Jules Dassin, music by Manos Hadjidakis, and lyrics by Joe Darion, based on Dassin's 1960 film Never on Sunday.","title":"Illya Darling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Mark Hellinger Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hellinger_Theatre"},{"link_name":"choreographed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreographed"},{"link_name":"Onna White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onna_White"},{"link_name":"Oliver Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Smith_(designer)"},{"link_name":"Theoni V. Aldredge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoni_V._Aldredge"},{"link_name":"Jean Rosenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Rosenthal"},{"link_name":"Melina Mercouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melina_Mercouri"},{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-curtain-2"},{"link_name":"Orson Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Bean"},{"link_name":"Nikos Kourkoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikos_Kourkoulos"},{"link_name":"Hal Linden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Linden"},{"link_name":"Cyd Charisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyd_Charisse"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tony Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-curtain-2"}],"text":"The show previewed in a tour of Philadelphia, Toronto and Detroit for nine weeks. After 22 previews, the Broadway production opened on April 11, 1967 at the Mark Hellinger Theatre and closed on January 13, 1968, after 320 performances and 22 previews. It was directed by Dassin, \nchoreographed by Onna White, with scenic design by Oliver Smith, costume design by Theoni V. Aldredge, and lighting design by Jean Rosenthal. Orchestra was conducted by Karen Gustafson.Attendance was fueled by the star wattage provided by Melina Mercouri, who was nominated for a Tony Award, in the title role. She had starred in the film, which managed to overcome the mostly lukewarm to negative reviews.[1] Critics found the plot too slight.[2]Other cast members included Orson Bean as Homer Thrace, Nikos Kourkoulos (who was also nominated for a Tony) in his Broadway debut as Tonio, and Hal Linden as No Face. After closing on Broadway, the show went on tour with Cyd Charisse as Illya.[3]The production was nominated for six Tony Awards, including Best musical, score, direction and choreography, but it did not win any.The musical was presented by the Greek American Theatre Company of Los Angeles, running March 2003 to May 2003.[2]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prostitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitute"},{"link_name":"Piraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraeus"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Greece"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"}],"text":"Illya, a carefree prostitute, plies her trade in the port town of Piraeus outside Athens. With no set rates, no pimp, and an inclination to sleep only with men she likes, she differs dramatically from the other local ladies-of-the-evening. Their pimp, Garbage, works for the mysterious No Face, who charges the girls exorbitant rents. Into her life comes Homer Thrace, a priggish American in search of the glories of Ancient Greece. Attracted by Illya's physical charms, he decides to teach her about the classics and to help her become a cultured lady, while she in turn introduces him to sensual pleasures. Homer's lesson plan is to separate her from her friends and the virile Tonio. Neither ends up happier.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Original cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Act I\nPo, Po, Po – Homer Thrace and Tonio\nDance – Ensemble\nZebekiko – Yorgo\nPiraeus, My Love – Illya and Men\nGolden Land – Homer Thrace and Ensemble\nZebekiko (Reprise) – Yorgo\nLove, Love, Love – Illya\nI Think She Needs Me – Homer Thrace\nI'll Never Lay Down Any More – Despo\nAfter Love – Tonio\nBirthday Song – Tonio, Captain and Men\nMedea Tango – Illya and Men\nIllya Darling – Illya, Yorgo and Ensemble\n\n\nAct 2\nDear Mr. Schubert – Illya [This song is based on the 5th movement of Schubert's Quartet for Flute, Viola, Guitar and Cello in G Major, D. 96 (Anh. II, 2). Source: DGG CD 431 783–2. Schubert based the work on a Notturno for Flute, Viola and Guitar by Wenzel Matiegka. The 5th movement theme was itself after a song by Friedrich Fleischmann.]\nThe Lesson – Illya and Homer Thrace\nNever on Sunday – Illya and Ensemble\nPiraeus, My Love (Reprise) – Illya\nHeaven Help A Sailor – Male Ensemble\nMedea Tango (Reprise) – Tonio\nDance – Illya, Homer Thrace, Yorgo, Tonio, Captain, Vassily, Waiter and Ensemble\nYa Chara – Company","title":"Song list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Jack Gaver wrote that although there were attractive things about the musical \"it is a fact that any commercial success this new musical may have depends largely upon public interest in its Greek star. Tuesday night's arrival at the Mark Hellinger Theatre lacks solid, over-all appeal, so the international reputation of Miss Mercouri as a movie star with a tremendous sex image and a volatile acting style is really on the line ... there is exuberance in the several dance numbers, the score has some rousing numbers and there are excellent portrayals in top roles.\"[6]According to Steven Suskin, the musical was \"the season's biggest star-vehicle with the biggest advance sale: Melina Mercouri in the Never on Sunday musical, Illya Darling. Not so darling, as it turned out; the charm of the 1960 low-budget Greek-language film was overblown into a full-scale Broadway affair with a distinct lack of charm or skill.\"[7]","title":"Response"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Original Broadway production","title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Theater: Gloomy Sunday\". TIME.com. 21 April 1967. Archived from the original on December 15, 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081215145458/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,843615,00.html","url_text":"\"Theater: Gloomy Sunday\""},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,843615,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081215145458/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,843615,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Theater: Gloomy Sunday\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,843615,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.curtainup.com/illyadarling.html","external_links_name":"\"Curtain up review, 2003 Los Angeles production\""},{"Link":"http://www.zanestein.com/melina.htm","external_links_name":"Information about the production and tour"},{"Link":"https://www.playbill.com/productions/illya-darling-mark-hellinger-theatre-vault-0000005803#carousel-cell194233","external_links_name":"Playbill 1967 Bio Cast List"},{"Link":"https://ovrtur.com/production/2902151/credits","external_links_name":"Playbill 1968 Bio Cast List"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19670413&id=M-QLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lFoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7218,1483186","external_links_name":"\" 'Illya Darling' Depends Largely on Greek Star\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/features/article/128189-ON-THE-RECORD-Melina-Mercouri-as-Illya-Darling-and-Steven-Pasquales-Somethin-Like-Love","external_links_name":"\"Melina Mercouri as Illya Darling and Steven Pasquale's \"Somethin' Like Love\" \""},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-show/4651","external_links_name":"Illya Darling"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081215145458/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,843615,00.html","external_links_name":"Time Magazine review"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Mary_Leslie	Cecil Mary Leslie	["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]	British painter Cecil Mary LeslieBorn1900 (1900)London, EnglandDied1980 (aged 79–80)NationalityBritishKnown forPainting, Engraving, Illustration Cecil Mary Leslie (1900–1980) was an engraver, portrait painter, sculptor and illustrator. Biography Leslie was born in London and studied at the Heatherley School of Fine Art in 1919 and then at the London School of Photolithography and Engraving and the Central School of Arts and Crafts. She taught at the Grosvenor School of Modern Art. From 1923 until 1939 Leslie exhibited works at the Royal Academy in London, with the Society of Women Artists, the Royal Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts, the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool, the New English Art Club, the Royal Society of British Artists, the Royal Cambrian Academy of Art and at the Royal Scottish Academy. Leslie also exhibited in the United States, France, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, Australia and New Zealand. Her home was in Blakeney, Norfolk. Cecil Leslie illustrated the Puffin editions of the classic Heidi (1956) and E. Nesbit's The Story of the Treasure Seekers (1958), The Wouldbegoods (1958) and The Enchanted Castle (1964). She also illustrated many of Pauline Clarke's books, including the Carnegie Medal winner, The Twelve and the Genii, and several other children's books by Rose Fyleman and Alison Uttley, among others. References ^ a b c d David Buckman (2006). Artists in Britain Since 1945 Vol 1, A to L. Art Dictionaries Ltd. ISBN 0 953260 95 X. ^ The Dictionary of 20th Century British Book Illustrators (1994) edited by Alan Horne, Antique Collectors' Club, pp 292-293 External links Children's literature portalVisual arts portal 2 artworks by or after Cecil Mary Leslie at the Art UK site Victoria & Albert Museum examples of Leslie's engraving, from Pauline Clarke's Crowds of Creatures Portrait by Cecil Mary Leslie Cecil Leslie, Devout Matrons Cecil Leslie at Library of Congress, with 3 library catalogue records 26 prints and drawings by Cecil Leslie held at the British Museum, including 19 donated by Pauline Clarke. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States Czech Republic Netherlands Artists RKD Artists ULAN Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"engraver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraver"}],"text":"Cecil Mary Leslie (1900–1980) was an engraver, portrait painter, sculptor and illustrator.","title":"Cecil Mary Leslie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heatherley School of Fine Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heatherley_School_of_Fine_Art"},{"link_name":"Central School of Arts and Crafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_School_of_Arts_and_Crafts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BuckmanVol1-1"},{"link_name":"Grosvenor School of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BuckmanVol1-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy"},{"link_name":"Royal Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Glasgow_Institute_of_the_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Walker Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"New English Art Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_English_Art_Club"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of British Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_British_Artists"},{"link_name":"Royal Cambrian Academy of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Cambrian_Academy_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Royal Scottish Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Academy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BuckmanVol1-1"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Blakeney, Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blakeney,_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BuckmanVol1-1"},{"link_name":"Heidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidi"},{"link_name":"The Story of the Treasure Seekers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Treasure_Seekers"},{"link_name":"The Wouldbegoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wouldbegoods&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Enchanted Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enchanted_Castle"},{"link_name":"Pauline Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Medal_(literary_award)"},{"link_name":"The Twelve and the Genii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelve_and_the_Genii"},{"link_name":"Rose Fyleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Fyleman"},{"link_name":"Alison Uttley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Uttley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Leslie was born in London and studied at the Heatherley School of Fine Art in 1919 and then at the London School of Photolithography and Engraving and the Central School of Arts and Crafts.[1] She taught at the Grosvenor School of Modern Art.[1]From 1923 until 1939 Leslie exhibited works at the Royal Academy in London, with the Society of Women Artists, the Royal Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts, the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool, the New English Art Club, the Royal Society of British Artists, the Royal Cambrian Academy of Art and at the Royal Scottish Academy.[1] Leslie also exhibited in the United States, France, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, Australia and New Zealand. Her home was in Blakeney, Norfolk.[1]Cecil Leslie illustrated the Puffin editions of the classic Heidi (1956) and E. Nesbit's The Story of the Treasure Seekers (1958), The Wouldbegoods (1958) and The Enchanted Castle (1964). She also illustrated many of Pauline Clarke's books, including the Carnegie Medal winner, The Twelve and the Genii, and several other children's books by Rose Fyleman and Alison Uttley, among others.[2]","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"David Buckman (2006). Artists in Britain Since 1945 Vol 1, A to L. Art Dictionaries Ltd. ISBN 0 953260 95 X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_953260_95_X","url_text":"0 953260 95 X"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://artuk.org/discover/artworks/search/actor:leslie-cecil-mary-19001980","external_links_name":"2 artworks by or after Cecil Mary Leslie"},{"Link":"http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/s/study-room-resource-book-illustration/","external_links_name":"Victoria & Albert Museum examples of Leslie's engraving, from Pauline Clarke's Crowds of Creatures"},{"Link":"http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/portrait.asp?LinkID=mp07811&rNo=0&role=art","external_links_name":"Portrait by Cecil Mary Leslie"},{"Link":"http://www.artoftheprint.com/artistpages/leslie_cecil_mary_devoutmatrons.htm","external_links_name":"Cecil Leslie, Devout Matrons"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/n84017310","external_links_name":"Cecil Leslie"},{"Link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG35613","external_links_name":"26 prints and drawings by Cecil Leslie"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000006306693X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/73965042","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJg8JyfRyrrGTVdpR9YkjC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12541654z","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12541654z","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84017310","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=pna2006352659&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p10030639X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/49580","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500005867","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/086697552","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_High_School_(Minneapolis)	South High School (Minnesota)	["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 The \"Golden Age\"","1.3 The New South","1.4 Current architecture","2 Master Plan 1996","3 South High Programs/Small Learning Communities","4 Student body and academics","4.1 Events and organizations","5 Athletics","6 Notable alumni","7 References"]	Coordinates: 44°56′44″N 93°14′37″W / 44.9456°N 93.2435°W / 44.9456; -93.2435High school in Minneapolis, Minnesota This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Minneapolis South High SchoolAddress3131 19th Avenue SouthMinneapolis, Minnesota 55407United StatesCoordinates44°56′44″N 93°14′37″W / 44.9456°N 93.2435°W / 44.9456; -93.2435InformationTypePublicEstablished1885School districtMinneapolis Public SchoolsPrincipalAfolabi RunseweStaff104.28 (FTE)Faculty107Grades9–12Number of students1,739 (2018-19)Student to teacher ratio16.68CampusUrbanColor(s)Orange and Black AthleticsMinneapolis City ConferenceMascotGallant TigerNewspaperThe SouthernerWebsitesouth.mpls.k12.mn.us South High School, or simply South, is a four-year comprehensive public high school in the Corcoran neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota. A member of the Minneapolis Public Schools district, it is Minneapolis' oldest and largest public high school. History This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "South High School" Minnesota – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Origins Minneapolis South High School was founded in 1885 inside of four rooms in the attic of the old Adams School at Franklin Avenue and 16th Avenue. The student body began publishing the South High Observer, the direct predecessor of the current school paper, The Southerner. South High Theater presented its first play, Cox, and Box, in 1892. The school's first graduation included 27 students. Within several years, South had outgrown the Adams School and the Minneapolis School Board began a search for a larger location for the school. Postcard featuring South High School in 1900 The building was completed on or around January 1, 1892, and in 1893, South High School's 250 students and the adjoining middle school's 208 students moved to their new building at 2445 18th (or Cedar) Avenue South. The new building was built out of red brick and sandstone in a castle-like structure. It had several turrets, 12-foot ceilings, stained-glass bay windows, and a six-story bell tower. After the final part of the building, the bell tower, was erected, the School Board decided not to purchase a bell for it. The reasons for this are unclear, but it is thought that the large bell used to mark the beginning and end of classes was abandoned in favor of an electric bell system run by a motor. The bell tower remained until the building around it was destroyed. The student body had grown to between 750 and 800 students by 1909. The building had become too small, and the auditorium was sacrificed for more classrooms by dividing it into quarters using green curtains. The Minneapolis School Board decided changes needed to be made. South High School in 1911. That first significant change came in September 1910 when the new manual and training wings were opened. This new part of the school allowed students to be trained in business and other commercial professions. The highest reported number of students taking classes in this part of the school at any time was 800 students, using 149 typewriters along with other equipment. In January 1911, a new auditorium was opened up to the graduating class, with an initial seating capacity of 1,913. In contrast, South High's current auditorium has a listed seating capacity of 715. The new auditorium space, along with the manual and training wings, had a new style of architecture. No clear pictures of these additions are available, and the only description offered for the style was "medieval". 1916 addition shown in 1923. The school's final extension came in 1916. Most of the original structure was demolished to make room for a new large building. The new structure, still connected to the old one and the manual and training wings, followed the architectural style of its time, with a square look and evenly cut windows, at least one to a room. The "Golden Age" With this last part of the central school building added, South High School became one of Minneapolis's architectural wonders, featuring three different sections with different architectural styles linked together. This paragraph from the January 1927 Parent-Teacher Broadcaster summarizes the appearance: he building itself...is so constructed that its architecture may be easily spoken of as ancient, medieval, and modern; or, in other words, there is the old main building with its fantastic design, than the manual training wing, medieval in structure, and lastly, the new building of modern architecture. The whole, colossal in size and modern to the nth degree, is set in extensive grounds, which may later be used for additional building sites. We discover a large manual training department where every line of work properly falling under that head is adequately housed and furnished with wonderfully complete equipment. We are pleased that all classrooms are wonderfully large, light, and airy. After World War I, work began on an athletic field across Cedar Avenue from the building. Augsburg College's football team used the South football field as its home field from 1926 to 1945. South High parents and teachers requested a number of changes to the school in 1924. These included a new chorus room, or band room, to seat 400 students, fireproofing and alteration of the auditorium, a new gymnasium, and improvement of the athletic field. In 1926, the auditorium was remodeled and fireproofed, a process that cut the seating capacity from 1,913 to 1,655. At the same time, sets of stairs were added leading out to Cedar Avenue to relieve ever-growing congestion at entryways. The band room was expanded, facilitating its rampant growth and eventually spurring other schools to develop programs of their own. The athletic field was finished, complete with a concrete fence, comfortable seating, and a large gateway dedicated to South alumni who died in World War I. The old gymnasium was replaced by two new ones, separated by a partition—one side for boys, the other for girls. The height of what is known as South's Golden Age, from 1916 to about 1940, came, ironically, during the height of the Great Depression. In 1933, South High School had 2,820 enrolled students, and, despite the misery in the outside world, the school continued to grow and prosper and show students the possibility of a better life. The end of the old South High building came in the 1940s, as its oldest part started to show its age. The stonework had begun to crumble. The wooden floors that comprised all of the sections of the school were warped and wavy. The furnishings and old art that lined the walls were still present. Few classes were held in the old section of the school, and when it rained, the roof leaked, sending water streaming down into the hallways. In 1950, demolition began on the front of the old school, which was met with vigorous protest, a large part of it from alumni. It took until 1953 to destroy the oldest third of the building, leaving the other two parts untouched. They did not remain untouched long. In 1961, South High principal Carl Lundin petitioned the Minneapolis School Board for a new building. The Citizens Group, a group of people interested in saving historic buildings, protested. Their protest was met with counterprotest, setting off a seven-year period of division. Several different sites were considered for a new South High, one of which was selected four and a half years after the original proposal. The plans met further trouble when a building plan could not be agreed on. The proposal that brought the most anguish after it was rejected was the City Council's refusal to close 31st street to accommodate an athletic field. Contracts for the New South were finally awarded in early October 1968 and a groundbreaking ceremony was held on October 11, 1968, using five shovels engraved with the letters "SOUTH". The class of 1970 was the last class to graduate in the old building. The New South The open house for the new South High School was held on October 11, 1970, two years after the groundbreaking ceremony. At the time, the nation was experiencing great turmoil due to the prolonged Vietnam War and the government's coverup of vital information about it. Construction of the New South began in 1968, the year when public opinion of the war took a big turn for the worse. Just a few months before the gala open house for the new building, the Kent State shootings occurred: National Guardsmen killed four students during a protest against the war and government policy, sparking a new nationwide round of student protest. "Front" (west) doors of South High School. The true entrance is adjacent to the parking lot on the south side of the building. From the outside, South looks like a brick fortress. The building might have been designed to thwart student unrest. The original building has no windows. Structures from this period tend to lack windows, which could be quickly destroyed during violent protest, a common occurrence, making them at best expensive to replace and at worst a public safety hazard. The original floor plans also changed with more additions, such as the third floor, added in the late 1990s with the seeming innovation of windows. But students at South High were given a plausible explanation for the somewhat prisonlike design. The building's architect was from Texas, and his concern for energy efficiency over the long winters caused him to eschew extensive use of windows. Also, when the building first opened, it was an "Open School", with no individual classrooms on the second floor. The small windows in the design provided light across the open area. Only when the school was converted to typical classroom divisions did the lack of natural light become an issue. The original floor plan was open, in keeping with the educational philosophies of the time. Ideally, such a configuration would allow for shared learning among students in different classes. But the floor plan produced distractions, and additional interior walls were later added to separate the classrooms. The construction of classrooms after the fact created a "rabbit maze" of identical hallways and in some instances classrooms only accessible via other classrooms. Current architecture South High School is a three-story building, centered around the auditorium, commons area, and balcony. When school starts in the morning two sets of doors are open, both leading into the commons area. Each student is issued an identification card, which is checked upon entry through all entrances, to ensure the safety of students and staff. Students are given off-campus privileges for lunch. This privilege begins after the first semester of freshman year. It can be revoked for failing classes, returning late from off campus three times in a semester, or disciplinary problems. First Floor The first floor contains the main office, auditorium, lunchroom, gymnasium, technology/shop classrooms, and various other classrooms. The band and orchestra classes are also on the first floor. In 2001, the auto shop was turned into a band room to meet that department's ever-growing needs, and the ventilation system was remade to allow for more efficient air conditioning. In 2007, a project to renovate all of Minneapolis's public high school auditoriums moved on to South's auditorium. The renovations, which had finished by the beginning of the 2007–08 school year, include new lighting and sound equipment, an extensive box for lighting and sound control, two sets of double doors at the main auditorium entrance, and a wheelchair-accessible balcony. Theatrical performances on the stage began in spring 2007. Due to space restrictions, there is no fly system. Second Floor The second floor contains mathematics, social studies and English classrooms. The Media Center and counseling offices are also on the second floor. The "Skybox", a small studio theater, was mostly paid for by alumnus Josh Hartnett. Friends of South High Theater raised the remaining money needed. Third Floor The third floor was constructed during the 1996–97 school year. It is the only floor with full windows. It houses science classrooms, world language classrooms, and many freshman classrooms. Master Plan 1996 In February 1996, as third-floor construction was underway, RSP Architects and Minneapolis Public Schools outlined the South High Master Plan, a vision for further improvements to the campus in ensuing years. The plan includes upgrades to the building structure, athletic fields, and acquisition of 31st Street between 19th and 20th Avenues. South High Programs/Small Learning Communities The school has three different Small Learning Communities (SLCs): Liberal Arts, Open (citywide), and All Nations American Indian. In 2006, the Triple E (Environment, Empowerment, Essentials) program was eliminated, and students belonging to those SLCs were placed into the Open and Liberal Arts communities. There are also several programs for special education students and teenage parents. All South High School programs are designed to prepare students for post-secondary education options. Open (citywide) The open program centers on students' exploration of their learning and their world. Students are given the freedom to discover how they learn best. For example, many open program classes allow students to complete projects as best suits their individual interests, whether that be a poster, paper, skit, or diorama. Liberal Arts This program offers students a broad array of subject areas. Each student is immersed in rigorous liberal arts courses. All Nations American Indian (citywide) The All Nations Program is designed to involve the American Indian community in student learning. The program incorporates courses with an emphasis on the Native perspective. Student body and academics South has offerings in general education, special education, athletics, and world languages (French, Spanish, Arabic, Latin, Chinese, Ojibwe, and for many years Russian). In 2012, Somali was added as a language class. The school is known for cultural diversity, with students from White, African-American, Asian (particularly Hmong), Horn African (particularly Somali and Oromo), American Indian, and Hispanic communities. There is an increasing number of Eastern European students. While many academic programs at South are widely respected, the South student body also experiences a significant achievement gap. Students from wealthier and more educated families tend to be enrolled in Advanced Placement and College in the Schools classes and attend college after high school much more than other students. A similar discrepancy is discernible by ethnic background. In fact, a significant number of South students drop out of school before graduation. The state of Minnesota, to comply with the federal No Child Left Behind legislation, has given SHS two stars out of five in both reading and mathematics. This means that South failed to meet federal accountability standards in both categories in the preceding academic year. The school received nationwide press in 2005 after it introduced online physical education classes. The program allows students to select a physical activity of their preference and engage in it three times a week to meet the school's P.E. requirements. Events and organizations Poster for South's student-directed 2011 Mainstage production of Ken Ludwig's Lend Me a Tenor Annual events include the open house, parent-teacher conference days, homecoming, athletic events, dances, and other social events. Many students arrive early or leave late to participate in extracurricular activities, including ethnic student associations, language clubs, competitive academic groups, mock trial, Academic Decathlon, Quiz Bowl, debate, and political groups. SHS has an active theater company. Some of its plays are student-directed, and many parts of the production encourage student involvement (for instance, students design and build the sets). South High School also competes in national academic competitions. In 1998, its Mock Trial team was second in State, and in 1999 it was State Champion and nationally ranked. In 2005, students took fourth place in the nation in the Mock Trial competition, and in the 2006 national competition, South took 12th place. The South Mock Trial team stopped competing before the 2007 season. In 2005, South was ranked first in National History Day. In the spring and fall of 2021, South finished first in the MNVL State Minecraft Bedwars Championship. Athletics South's girls basketball team rose to prominence in the last several years when Ahmil Jihad assumed the head coach position. The same year, Tayler Hill joined the team as an 8th grader. Hill won the state scoring title her sophomore and senior years and led South to a 139–14 record in her five-year career. After two consecutive Minnesota State High School League Class AAAA state championship losses to St. Paul Central, Minneapolis South got what they longed for by beating Centennial High School 68–61 in the 2009 class AAAA state final. Tayler Hill led all scorers, tying the all-time tournament record for most points in a single game with 47. Hill broke several Minnesota high school records in her senior season, including most career points with 3,894, most points in a single season with 1,053, and most free throw makes and attempts in a single season (270/350). Notable alumni Main category: South High School (Minnesota) alumni Jacob "Prof" Anderson, rapper, formerly signed to Rhymesayers Entertainment Karl Anderson, Olympic track and field athlete Kelly Barnhill, Newbery Medal-winning author Michael Bland, drummer with Prince and Soul Asylum Gene Campbell, Olympic ice hockey player Alexei "Crescent Moon" Casselle, rapper and folk/blues musician with Oddjobs, Kill the Vultures, Roma di Luna, and other groups Ainer Cleve, back and end for the Minneapolis Marines Rachael Leigh Cook, actor, known for She's All That and This Is Your Brain on Drugs Richard Cyert, president of Carnegie Mellon University Cully Dahlstrom, center for the Chicago Blackhawks Jason Daisy, retired professional basketball point guard Warren Douglas, actor and writer Robert Fitzgerald, Olympic speed skater Aisha Gomez, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives Genevieve Gorder, TV host of Dear Genevieve Abe Gray, cannabis activist and founder of Whakamana Cannabis Museum Emma Greenman, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives Lawrence R. Hafstad, physicist, cocreator of the first nuclear fission in the United States Carl G. Hagland, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives Josh Hartnett, actor, known for Pearl Harbor and 30 Days of Night Tayler Hill, guard for the Washington Mystics Isra Hirsi, activist Ike Holter, playwright José James, vocalist, known for blending jazz and hip hop styles Dewey Johnson, U.S. representative from Minnesota's 5th congressional district Randy Johnson, member of the Hennepin County Board of Commissioners Joseph M. Juran, quality management pioneer Jeremy Kalin, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives Malichansouk Kouanchao, visual artist, web and interactive designer Channy Leaneagh, vocalist with Poliça, Gayngs, and Roma di Luna Henning Linden, WWII brigadier general Carl Lumbly, actor known for Alias and Cagney and Lacey Lesley J. McNair, WWII general and namesake for Fort McNair, Washington, D.C. Hassan Mead, Olympic cross country runner Erin Meyer, author and business professor Tamara Munzner, data visualization expert, professor at the University of British Columbia Mally Nydahl, quarterback and halfback with the Minneapolis Red Jackets and Frankford Yellow Jackets Alex Pareene, editor-in-chief of Gawker Edith Marion Patch, entomologist and writer Bao Phi, spoken word artist John Pritchard, center for the Washington Generals Carl C. Rasmussen, member of the Los Angeles City Council Samantha Sencer-Mura, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives Hilda Simms, stage actor known for Anna Lucasta Elerson Smith, defensive end with the New York Giants Ossie Solem, football and basketball coach Max Specktor, activist Neva Walker, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives Winston Wallin, businessperson, CEO of Medtronic Don Wheeler, catcher for the Chicago White Sox Cathy Wurzer, journalist Luther Youngdahl, 27th governor of Minnesota and U.S. District Court judge References ^ a b c "SOUTH SENIOR HIGH". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved March 10, 2021. ^ "South Senior High". Minnesota Department of Education. ^ "History of South High School". south.mpls.k12.mn.us. Retrieved 2016-12-11. ^ Condon, Patrick (October 20, 2005). "Online phys ed takes hold in Minneapolis". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved May 16, 2012. ^ "South High School Produces 'Tenor'". Longfellow/Nokomis Messenger. 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Retrieved 2021-05-12. ^ "Nydahl One Of Minnesota's Greatest Athletes". The Brainerd Daily Dispatch. June 19, 1928. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Gihring, Tim (February 7, 2017). "Sex, lies, and Hulk Hogan: How a South High grad is riding the storm of Trump-era journalism". MinnPost. Retrieved February 7, 2017. ^ Cutter, William Richard (1914). New England Families, Genealogical and Memorial: A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of Commonwealths and the Founding of a Nation. Vol. 2. New York City: Lewis Historical Publishing Company. p. 716. Retrieved February 26, 2015. ^ Regan, Sheila (May 9, 2012). "Birchbark Books hosts poets Bao Phi and Ed Bok Lee tonight". City Pages. Archived from the original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved August 6, 2014. ^ Walsh, Paul (August 16, 2012). "Obituary: 'Big John' Pritchard squared off against Globetrotters". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2014. ^ Wallace, Clare (June 8, 1939). "Carl Christian Rasmussen" (PDF). The Los Angeles Public Library Local History Collection. Los Angeles Public Library. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2013. ^ Dernbach, Becky Z. (November 3, 2022). "Reading, writing, and legislating: Educators of color seek to shape Minnesota schools from the state Capitol". Sahan Journal. Archived from the original on December 6, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2024. ^ Caouette, Mark. "Hilda Simms, Actress and Black Talent Supporter". African American Registry. Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved August 5, 2014. ^ Ragatz, Will (April 9, 2021). "How Minneapolis's Elerson Smith Went From Two-Star Recruit to 2021 NFL Draft Prospect". FanNation. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved April 18, 2021. ^ "Plans Completed For Barnard Fete". Minneapolis Tribune. December 5, 1937. p. 5. Retrieved August 7, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Collins, Jon; Robinson, Alex (October 13, 2008). "U student to plead not guilty to terrorism charges". Minnesota Daily. Archived from the original on March 25, 2009. Retrieved August 8, 2014. ^ Collins, Terry; Walsh, Paul (January 2, 2008). "Pioneering legislator won't seek 5th term". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020. ^ Smetanka, Mary Jane (February 29, 1992). "South High grad puts money where his heart is". Star Tribune. p. 1A. Retrieved August 7, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Hamann, Rex (2015). The Minneapolis Millers of the American Association. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-4671-1347-2. ^ Carlson, Joel E (March 21, 2012). "Twitterview with Cathy Wurzer, @CathyWurzer". Minnesota Monthly. Archived from the original on June 6, 2012. Retrieved May 16, 2012. ^ "Biographies of the Justices of the Minnesota Supreme Court". Biographies of the Judges and Justices of the Minnesota Appellate Courts. Minnesota State Law Library. June 4, 2013. Archived from the original on January 5, 2014. Retrieved March 23, 2014. vteMinneapolis City Conference teams Edison High School North Community High School Patrick Henry High School Roosevelt High School South High School Southwest High School Washburn High School Authority control databases: Geographic NCES	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comprehensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_high_school"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Corcoran neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corcoran,_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_Public_Schools"}],"text":"High school in Minneapolis, MinnesotaSouth High School, or simply South, is a four-year comprehensive public high school in the Corcoran neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota. A member of the Minneapolis Public Schools district, it is Minneapolis' oldest and largest public high school.","title":"South High School (Minnesota)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cox, and Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox_and_Box"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis School Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_Public_Schools"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_High_School_and_Holy_Rosary_Church,_Minneapolis.jpg"},{"link_name":"School Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_Public_Schools"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_High_School_addition_1911.jpg"},{"link_name":"seating capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seating_capacity"},{"link_name":"seating capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seating_capacity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1923_South_High_School_3.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"Minneapolis South High School was founded in 1885 inside of four rooms in the attic of the old Adams School at Franklin Avenue and 16th Avenue. The student body began publishing the South High Observer, the direct predecessor of the current school paper, The Southerner. South High Theater presented its first play, Cox, and Box, in 1892. The school's first graduation included 27 students. Within several years, South had outgrown the Adams School and the Minneapolis School Board began a search for a larger location for the school.Postcard featuring South High School in 1900The building was completed on or around January 1, 1892, and in 1893, South High School's 250 students and the adjoining middle school's 208 students moved to their new building at 2445 18th (or Cedar) Avenue South.The new building was built out of red brick and sandstone in a castle-like structure. It had several turrets, 12-foot ceilings, stained-glass bay windows, and a six-story bell tower. After the final part of the building, the bell tower, was erected, the School Board decided not to purchase a bell for it. The reasons for this are unclear, but it is thought that the large bell used to mark the beginning and end of classes was abandoned in favor of an electric bell system run by a motor. The bell tower remained until the building around it was destroyed.The student body had grown to between 750 and 800 students by 1909. The building had become too small, and the auditorium was sacrificed for more classrooms by dividing it into quarters using green curtains. The Minneapolis School Board decided changes needed to be made.South High School in 1911.That first significant change came in September 1910 when the new manual and training wings were opened. This new part of the school allowed students to be trained in business and other commercial professions. The highest reported number of students taking classes in this part of the school at any time was 800 students, using 149 typewriters along with other equipment. In January 1911, a new auditorium was opened up to the graduating class, with an initial seating capacity of 1,913. In contrast, South High's current auditorium has a listed seating capacity of 715. The new auditorium space, along with the manual and training wings, had a new style of architecture. No clear pictures of these additions are available, and the only description offered for the style was \"medieval\".1916 addition shown in 1923.The school's final extension came in 1916. Most of the original structure was demolished to make room for a new large building. The new structure, still connected to the old one and the manual and training wings, followed the architectural style of its time, with a square look and evenly cut windows, at least one to a room.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Augsburg College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg_College"},{"link_name":"seating capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seating_capacity"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis School Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"City Council's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_City_Council"}],"sub_title":"The \"Golden Age\"","text":"With this last part of the central school building added, South High School became one of Minneapolis's architectural wonders, featuring three different sections with different architectural styles linked together.This paragraph from the January 1927 Parent-Teacher Broadcaster summarizes the appearance:[T]he building itself...is so constructed that its architecture may be easily spoken of as ancient, medieval, and modern; or, in other words, there is the old main building with its fantastic design, than the manual training wing, medieval in structure, and lastly, the new building of modern architecture. The whole, colossal in size and modern to the nth degree, is set in extensive grounds, which may later be used for additional building sites. We discover a large manual training department where every line of work properly falling under that head is adequately housed and furnished with wonderfully complete equipment. We are pleased that all classrooms are wonderfully large, light, and airy.[citation needed]After World War I, work began on an athletic field across Cedar Avenue from the building. Augsburg College's football team used the South football field as its home field from 1926 to 1945.South High parents and teachers requested a number of changes to the school in 1924. These included a new chorus room, or band room, to seat 400 students, fireproofing and alteration of the auditorium, a new gymnasium, and improvement of the athletic field. In 1926, the auditorium was remodeled and fireproofed, a process that cut the seating capacity from 1,913 to 1,655. At the same time, sets of stairs were added leading out to Cedar Avenue to relieve ever-growing congestion at entryways. The band room was expanded, facilitating its rampant growth and eventually spurring other schools to develop programs of their own. The athletic field was finished, complete with a concrete fence, comfortable seating, and a large gateway dedicated to South alumni who died in World War I. The old gymnasium was replaced by two new ones, separated by a partition—one side for boys, the other for girls.The height of what is known as South's Golden Age,[citation needed] from 1916 to about 1940, came, ironically, during the height of the Great Depression. In 1933, South High School had 2,820 enrolled students, and, despite the misery in the outside world, the school continued to grow and prosper and show students the possibility of a better life.The end of the old South High building came in the 1940s, as its oldest part started to show its age. The stonework had begun to crumble. The wooden floors that comprised all of the sections of the school were warped and wavy. The furnishings and old art that lined the walls were still present. Few classes were held in the old section of the school, and when it rained, the roof leaked, sending water streaming down into the hallways.In 1950, demolition began on the front of the old school, which was met with vigorous protest, a large part of it from alumni. It took until 1953 to destroy the oldest third of the building, leaving the other two parts untouched.They did not remain untouched long. In 1961, South High principal Carl Lundin petitioned the Minneapolis School Board for a new building. The Citizens Group, a group of people interested in saving historic buildings, protested. Their protest was met with counterprotest, setting off a seven-year period of division. Several different sites were considered for a new South High, one of which was selected four and a half years after the original proposal. The plans met further trouble when a building plan could not be agreed on. The proposal that brought the most anguish after it was rejected was the City Council's refusal to close 31st street to accommodate an athletic field. Contracts for the New South were finally awarded in early October 1968 and a groundbreaking ceremony was held on October 11, 1968, using five shovels engraved with the letters \"SOUTH\". The class of 1970 was the last class to graduate in the old building.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Kent State shootings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_shootings"},{"link_name":"National Guardsmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Guard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SouthHSfront.jpg"}],"sub_title":"The New South","text":"The open house for the new South High School was held on October 11, 1970, two years after the groundbreaking ceremony.At the time, the nation was experiencing great turmoil due to the prolonged Vietnam War and the government's coverup of vital information about it. Construction of the New South began in 1968, the year when public opinion of the war took a big turn for the worse. Just a few months before the gala open house for the new building, the Kent State shootings occurred: National Guardsmen killed four students during a protest against the war and government policy, sparking a new nationwide round of student protest.\"Front\" (west) doors of South High School. The true entrance is adjacent to the parking lot on the south side of the building.From the outside, South looks like a brick fortress. The building might have been designed to thwart student unrest. The original building has no windows. Structures from this period tend to lack windows, which could be quickly destroyed during violent protest, a common occurrence, making them at best expensive to replace and at worst a public safety hazard. The original floor plans also changed with more additions, such as the third floor, added in the late 1990s with the seeming innovation of windows. [NOTE: this is not confirmed by any architectural or other proposals or plans. In fact, the architectural design reflects the designwork done on countless office buildings at the time.]But students at South High were given a plausible explanation for the somewhat prisonlike design. The building's architect was from Texas, and his concern for energy efficiency over the long winters caused him to eschew extensive use of windows. Also, when the building first opened, it was an \"Open School\", with no individual classrooms on the second floor. The small windows in the design provided light across the open area. Only when the school was converted to typical classroom divisions did the lack of natural light become an issue. [NOTE: according to the architectural plans, the building was designed to meet the needs of modular programming. This required an open resource area, lined with resource rooms. When the district decided modular programming was not working, the walls were constructed to return the school to a more traditional setting. It was at this point that the lack of windows became a problem and the \"maze\" was necessary in order to meet classroom size and number requirements. The original plans accommodated 1,500 students, but South's enrollment has held steady at 2,000. The building is still short at least seven classrooms, despite the internal remodel to meet growing needs.]The original floor plan was open, in keeping with the educational philosophies of the time. Ideally, such a configuration would allow for shared learning among students in different classes. But the floor plan produced distractions, and additional interior walls were later added to separate the classrooms. The construction of classrooms after the fact created a \"rabbit maze\" of identical hallways and in some instances classrooms only accessible via other classrooms.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditorium"},{"link_name":"balcony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcony"},{"link_name":"identification card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_card"},{"link_name":"office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office"},{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_arts"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"social studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_studies"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Josh Hartnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Hartnett"},{"link_name":"science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science"},{"link_name":"world language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_language"}],"sub_title":"Current architecture","text":"South High School is a three-story building, centered around the auditorium, commons area, and balcony. When school starts in the morning two sets of doors are open, both leading into the commons area. Each student is issued an identification card, which is checked upon entry through all entrances, to ensure the safety of students and staff. Students are given off-campus privileges for lunch. This privilege begins after the first semester of freshman year. It can be revoked for failing classes, returning late from off campus three times in a semester, or disciplinary problems.First FloorThe first floor contains the main office, auditorium, lunchroom, gymnasium, technology/shop classrooms, and various other classrooms. The band and orchestra classes are also on the first floor. In 2001, the auto shop was turned into a band room to meet that department's ever-growing needs, and the ventilation system was remade to allow for more efficient air conditioning. In 2007, a project to renovate all of Minneapolis's public high school auditoriums moved on to South's auditorium. The renovations, which had finished by the beginning of the 2007–08 school year, include new lighting and sound equipment, an extensive box for lighting and sound control, two sets of double doors at the main auditorium entrance, and a wheelchair-accessible balcony. Theatrical performances on the stage began in spring 2007. Due to space restrictions, there is no fly system.Second FloorThe second floor contains mathematics, social studies and English classrooms. The Media Center and counseling offices are also on the second floor. The \"Skybox\", a small studio theater, was mostly paid for by alumnus Josh Hartnett. Friends of South High Theater raised the remaining money needed.Third FloorThe third floor was constructed during the 1996–97 school year. It is the only floor with full windows. It houses science classrooms, world language classrooms, and many freshman classrooms.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South High Master Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//south.mpls.k12.mn.us/uploads/south_master_plan_1996.pdf"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In February 1996, as third-floor construction was underway, RSP Architects and Minneapolis Public Schools outlined the South High Master Plan, a vision for further improvements to the campus in ensuing years. The plan includes upgrades to the building structure, athletic fields, and acquisition of 31st Street between 19th and 20th Avenues.[3]","title":"Master Plan 1996"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The school has three different Small Learning Communities (SLCs): Liberal Arts, Open (citywide), and All Nations American Indian. In 2006, the Triple E (Environment, Empowerment, Essentials) program was eliminated, and students belonging to those SLCs were placed into the Open and Liberal Arts communities. There are also several programs for special education students and teenage parents. All South High School programs are designed to prepare students for post-secondary education options.Open (citywide)The open program centers on students' exploration of their learning and their world. Students are given the freedom to discover how they learn best. For example, many open program classes allow students to complete projects as best suits their individual interests, whether that be a poster, paper, skit, or diorama.Liberal ArtsThis program offers students a broad array of subject areas. Each student is immersed in rigorous liberal arts courses.All Nations American Indian (citywide)The All Nations Program is designed to involve the American Indian community in student learning. The program incorporates courses with an emphasis on the Native perspective.","title":"South High Programs/Small Learning Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Ojibwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiculturalism"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people"},{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_people"},{"link_name":"Hmong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong_people"},{"link_name":"Horn African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"Somali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_people"},{"link_name":"Oromo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_people"},{"link_name":"American Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Eastern European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_European"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"No Child Left Behind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-onlinegym-4"}],"text":"South has offerings in general education, special education, athletics, and world languages (French, Spanish, Arabic, Latin, Chinese, Ojibwe, and for many years Russian). In 2012, Somali was added as a language class. The school is known for cultural diversity, with students from White, African-American, Asian (particularly Hmong), Horn African (particularly Somali and Oromo), American Indian, and Hispanic communities. There is an increasing number of Eastern European students.While many academic programs at South are widely respected, the South student body also experiences a significant achievement gap. Students from wealthier and more educated families tend to be enrolled in Advanced Placement and College in the Schools classes and attend college after high school much more than other students. A similar discrepancy is discernible by ethnic background. In fact, a significant number of South students drop out of school before graduation. The state of Minnesota, to comply with the federal No Child Left Behind legislation, has given SHS two stars out of five in both reading and mathematics. This means that South failed to meet federal accountability standards in both categories in the preceding academic year.[citation needed]The school received nationwide press in 2005 after it introduced online physical education classes. The program allows students to select a physical activity of their preference and engage in it three times a week to meet the school's P.E. requirements.[4]","title":"Student body and academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lend_Me_a_Tenor_poster_South_High_School.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ken Ludwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Ludwig"},{"link_name":"Lend Me a Tenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend_Me_a_Tenor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stribtenor-6"},{"link_name":"homecoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homecoming_(tradition)"},{"link_name":"dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance"},{"link_name":"mock trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_trial"},{"link_name":"debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate"},{"link_name":"political","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political"},{"link_name":"Mock Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_Trial"},{"link_name":"National History Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_History_Day"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Events and organizations","text":"Poster for South's student-directed[5] 2011 Mainstage production of Ken Ludwig's Lend Me a Tenor[6]Annual events include the open house, parent-teacher conference days, homecoming, athletic events, dances, and other social events. Many students arrive early or leave late to participate in extracurricular activities, including ethnic student associations, language clubs, competitive academic groups, mock trial, Academic Decathlon, Quiz Bowl, debate, and political groups. SHS has an active theater company. Some of its plays are student-directed, and many parts of the production encourage student involvement (for instance, students design and build the sets).South High School also competes in national academic competitions. In 1998, its Mock Trial team was second in State, and in 1999 it was State Champion and nationally ranked. In 2005, students took fourth place in the nation in the Mock Trial competition, and in the 2006 national competition, South took 12th place. The South Mock Trial team stopped competing before the 2007 season. In 2005, South was ranked first in National History Day. In the spring and fall of 2021, South finished first in the MNVL State Minecraft Bedwars Championship.[citation needed]","title":"Student body and academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Minnesota State High School League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_State_High_School_League"},{"link_name":"Centennial High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial_High_School_(Blaine,_Minnesota)"}],"text":"South's girls basketball team rose to prominence in the last several years when Ahmil Jihad assumed the head coach position. The same year[when?], Tayler Hill joined the team as an 8th grader. Hill won the state scoring title her sophomore and senior years and led South to a 139–14 record in her five-year career. After two consecutive Minnesota State High School League Class AAAA state championship losses to St. Paul Central, Minneapolis South got what they longed for by beating Centennial High School 68–61 in the 2009 class AAAA state final. Tayler Hill led all scorers, tying the all-time tournament record for most points in a single game with 47. Hill broke several Minnesota high school records in her senior season, including most career points with 3,894, most points in a single season with 1,053, and most free throw makes and attempts in a single season (270/350).","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South High School (Minnesota) alumni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:South_High_School_(Minnesota)_alumni"},{"link_name":"Jacob \"Prof\" Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prof_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Rhymesayers Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhymesayers_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drop-8"},{"link_name":"Karl Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Anderson_(hurdler)"},{"link_name":"track and field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Kelly Barnhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Barnhill_(author)"},{"link_name":"Newbery Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbery_Medal"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Michael Bland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bland"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Soul Asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Asylum"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Gene Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Alexei \"Crescent Moon\" Casselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Casselle"},{"link_name":"Oddjobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oddjobs"},{"link_name":"Kill the Vultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kill_the_Vultures"},{"link_name":"Roma di Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_di_Luna"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ainer Cleve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainer_Cleve"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis Marines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_Marines"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PFR-14"},{"link_name":"Rachael Leigh Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachael_Leigh_Cook"},{"link_name":"She's All That","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27s_All_That"},{"link_name":"This Is Your Brain on Drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Your_Brain_on_Drugs"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frieda-15"},{"link_name":"Richard Cyert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cyert"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Cully Dahlstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cully_Dahlstrom"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Chicago Blackhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Jason Daisy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Daisy"},{"link_name":"point guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_guard"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Warren Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Douglas"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-st-19"},{"link_name":"Robert Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fitzgerald_(speed_skater)"},{"link_name":"speed skater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skater"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Aisha Gomez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisha_Gomez"},{"link_name":"Minnesota House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Genevieve Gorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevieve_Gorder"},{"link_name":"Dear Genevieve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_Genevieve"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Abe Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Gray"},{"link_name":"Whakamana Cannabis Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whakamana_Cannabis_Museum"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Emma Greenman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Greenman"},{"link_name":"Minnesota House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Lawrence R. Hafstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_R._Hafstad"},{"link_name":"nuclear fission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Carl G. Hagland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_G._Hagland"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Josh Hartnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Hartnett"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_(film)"},{"link_name":"30 Days of Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_Days_of_Night_(film)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frieda-15"},{"link_name":"Tayler Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayler_Hill"},{"link_name":"guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Washington Mystics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Mystics"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tayler_hill_strib-28"},{"link_name":"Isra Hirsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra_Hirsi"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Ike Holter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ike_Holter"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"José James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_James"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Dewey Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewey_Johnson_(Minnesota_politician)"},{"link_name":"U.S. representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Minnesota's 5th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Randy Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Johnson_(Minnesota_elected_official)"},{"link_name":"Hennepin County Board of Commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennepin_County_Board_of_Commissioners"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Joseph M. Juran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_M._Juran"},{"link_name":"quality management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_management"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Kalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Kalin"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Malichansouk Kouanchao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malichansouk_Kouanchao"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Channy Leaneagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channy_Leaneagh"},{"link_name":"Poliça","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poli%C3%A7a"},{"link_name":"Gayngs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayngs"},{"link_name":"Roma di Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_di_Luna"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcdp-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Henning Linden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henning_Linden"},{"link_name":"brigadier general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Carl Lumbly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Lumbly"},{"link_name":"Alias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alias_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Cagney and Lacey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagney_and_Lacey"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carl-40"},{"link_name":"Lesley J. McNair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_J._McNair"},{"link_name":"WWII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Fort McNair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lesley_J._McNair"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Hassan Mead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Mead"},{"link_name":"cross country runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_running"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Erin Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Meyer"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Tamara Munzner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_Munzner"},{"link_name":"University of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-munzner-44"},{"link_name":"Mally Nydahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mally_Nydahl"},{"link_name":"quarterback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback"},{"link_name":"halfback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfback_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis Red Jackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_Red_Jackets"},{"link_name":"Frankford Yellow Jackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankford_Yellow_Jackets"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Alex Pareene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Pareene"},{"link_name":"Gawker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawker"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Edith Marion Patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Marion_Patch"},{"link_name":"entomologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomologist"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Bao Phi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bao_Phi"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"John Pritchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pritchard_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Washington Generals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Generals"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Carl C. Rasmussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_C._Rasmussen"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Samantha Sencer-Mura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Sencer-Mura"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Hilda Simms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilda_Simms"},{"link_name":"Anna Lucasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Lucasta_(play)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Elerson Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elerson_Smith"},{"link_name":"defensive end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_end"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Ossie Solem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossie_Solem"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barnard-54"},{"link_name":"Max Specktor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNC_8"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Neva Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neva_Walker"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Winston Wallin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Wallin"},{"link_name":"Medtronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medtronic"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Don Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Wheeler"},{"link_name":"catcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catcher"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Cathy Wurzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Wurzer"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twitterview-59"},{"link_name":"Luther Youngdahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Youngdahl"},{"link_name":"27th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"governor of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"U.S. District Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"Main category: South High School (Minnesota) alumniJacob \"Prof\" Anderson, rapper, formerly signed to Rhymesayers Entertainment[7][8]\nKarl Anderson, Olympic track and field athlete[9]\nKelly Barnhill, Newbery Medal-winning author[10]\nMichael Bland, drummer with Prince and Soul Asylum[11]\nGene Campbell, Olympic ice hockey player[12]\nAlexei \"Crescent Moon\" Casselle, rapper and folk/blues musician with Oddjobs, Kill the Vultures, Roma di Luna, and other groups[13]\nAiner Cleve, back and end for the Minneapolis Marines[14]\nRachael Leigh Cook, actor, known for She's All That and This Is Your Brain on Drugs[15]\nRichard Cyert, president of Carnegie Mellon University[16]\nCully Dahlstrom, center for the Chicago Blackhawks[17]\nJason Daisy, retired professional basketball point guard[18]\nWarren Douglas, actor and writer[19]\nRobert Fitzgerald, Olympic speed skater[20]\nAisha Gomez, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives[21]\nGenevieve Gorder, TV host of Dear Genevieve[22]\nAbe Gray, cannabis activist and founder of Whakamana Cannabis Museum[23][24]\nEmma Greenman, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives[25]\nLawrence R. Hafstad, physicist, cocreator of the first nuclear fission in the United States[26]\nCarl G. Hagland, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives[27]\nJosh Hartnett, actor, known for Pearl Harbor and 30 Days of Night[15]\nTayler Hill, guard for the Washington Mystics[28]\nIsra Hirsi, activist[29]\nIke Holter, playwright[30]\nJosé James, vocalist, known for blending jazz and hip hop styles[31]\nDewey Johnson, U.S. representative from Minnesota's 5th congressional district[32]\nRandy Johnson, member of the Hennepin County Board of Commissioners[33]\nJoseph M. Juran, quality management pioneer[34]\nJeremy Kalin, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives[35]\nMalichansouk Kouanchao, visual artist, web and interactive designer[36]\nChanny Leaneagh, vocalist with Poliça, Gayngs, and Roma di Luna[37][38]\nHenning Linden, WWII brigadier general[39]\nCarl Lumbly, actor known for Alias and Cagney and Lacey[40]\nLesley J. McNair, WWII general and namesake for Fort McNair, Washington, D.C.[41]\nHassan Mead, Olympic cross country runner[42]\nErin Meyer, author and business professor[43]\nTamara Munzner, data visualization expert, professor at the University of British Columbia[44]\nMally Nydahl, quarterback and halfback with the Minneapolis Red Jackets and Frankford Yellow Jackets[45]\nAlex Pareene, editor-in-chief of Gawker[46]\nEdith Marion Patch, entomologist and writer[47]\nBao Phi, spoken word artist[48]\nJohn Pritchard, center for the Washington Generals[49]\nCarl C. Rasmussen, member of the Los Angeles City Council[50]\nSamantha Sencer-Mura, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives[51]\nHilda Simms, stage actor known for Anna Lucasta[52]\nElerson Smith, defensive end with the New York Giants[53]\nOssie Solem, football and basketball coach[54]\nMax Specktor, activist[55]\nNeva Walker, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives[56]\nWinston Wallin, businessperson, CEO of Medtronic[57]\nDon Wheeler, catcher for the Chicago White Sox[58]\nCathy Wurzer, journalist[59]\nLuther Youngdahl, 27th governor of Minnesota and U.S. District Court judge[60]","title":"Notable alumni"}]	[{"image_text":"Postcard featuring South High School in 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/South_High_School_and_Holy_Rosary_Church%2C_Minneapolis.jpg/220px-South_High_School_and_Holy_Rosary_Church%2C_Minneapolis.jpg"},{"image_text":"South High School in 1911.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/South_High_School_addition_1911.jpg/220px-South_High_School_addition_1911.jpg"},{"image_text":"1916 addition shown in 1923.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/1923_South_High_School_3.jpg/220px-1923_South_High_School_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Front\" (west) doors of South High School. The true entrance is adjacent to the parking lot on the south side of the building.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/SouthHSfront.jpg/220px-SouthHSfront.jpg"},{"image_text":"Poster for South's student-directed[5] 2011 Mainstage production of Ken Ludwig's Lend Me a Tenor[6]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lend_Me_a_Tenor_poster_South_High_School.jpg/220px-Lend_Me_a_Tenor_poster_South_High_School.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"SOUTH SENIOR HIGH\". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved March 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=2721240&SchoolPageNum=6&ID=272124001035","url_text":"\"SOUTH SENIOR HIGH\""}]},{"reference":"\"South Senior High\". Minnesota Department of Education.","urls":[{"url":"http://rc.education.state.mn.us/#mySchool/orgId--30001362000__p--1","url_text":"\"South Senior High\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of South High School\". south.mpls.k12.mn.us. Retrieved 2016-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://south.mpls.k12.mn.us/history_of_south","url_text":"\"History of South High School\""}]},{"reference":"Condon, Patrick (October 20, 2005). \"Online phys ed takes hold in Minneapolis\". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved May 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/techinnovations/2005-10-20-online-phys-ed_x.htm","url_text":"\"Online phys ed takes hold in Minneapolis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"South High School Produces 'Tenor'\". Longfellow/Nokomis Messenger. November 2011. p. 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Smith, Kelly (November 1, 2011). \"West metro school briefs: Quest Academy director resigns\". Star Tribune. Retrieved May 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.startribune.com/printarticle/?id=132864923","url_text":"\"West metro school briefs: Quest Academy director resigns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Tribune","url_text":"Star Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Fischer, Reed (April 9, 2013). \"Off the deep end with Prof\". City Pages. Archived from the original on July 29, 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rummu	Rummu	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 59°13′51″N 24°12′35″E / 59.23083°N 24.20972°E / 59.23083; 24.20972Borough in Estonia For other places with the same name, see Rummu (disambiguation). Small borough in Harju County, EstoniaRummuSmall boroughRummu quarryRummuLocation in EstoniaCoordinates: 59°13′51″N 24°12′35″E / 59.23083°N 24.20972°E / 59.23083; 24.20972Country EstoniaCounty Harju CountyMunicipalityLääne-Harju ParishPopulation (2011 Census) • Total1,088 Rummu is a small borough (Estonian: alevik) in Lääne-Harju Parish, Harju County, northern Estonia. As of the 2011 census, the settlement's population was 1,088, of which the Estonians were 288 (26.5%). Rummu from spoil tip. See also Rummu quarry Murru Prison Rummu Prison References ^ a b "Number and share of Estonians by place of residence (settlement)". Statistics Estonia. 31 December 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2013. ^ "NGA GeoName Database". National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on January 30, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-24. External links Vasalemma Parish (in Estonian) vteSettlements in Lääne-Harju ParishTown Paldiski Small boroughs Karjaküla Keila-Joa Klooga Rummu Vasalemma Ämari Villages Alliklepa Altküla Audevälja Harju-Risti Hatu Illurma Karilepa Kasepere Keelva Keibu Kersalu Kloogaranna Kobru Kulna Kurkse Kõmmaste Käesalu Laane Langa Laoküla Laulasmaa Lehola Lemmaru Lohusalu Madise Maeru Meremõisa Merenuka Metslõugu Määra Nahkjala Niitvälja Ohtu Padise Pae Pedase Põllküla Suurküla Tuulna Tõmmiku Valkse Veskiküla Vihterpalu Vilivalla Vintse Änglema vteBoroughs (alevid ja alevikud) of EstoniaBoroughs(Alevid) Aegviidu Järva-Jaani Järvakandi Kiili Kohila Kohtla-Nõmme Lavassaare Märjamaa Paikuse Pärnu-Jaagupi Raadi Tootsi Vändra Small boroughs(Alevikud) Adavere Ahja Äksi Alatskivi Alu Ämari Ambla Aravete Are Aruküla Aseri Assaku Aste Audru Avinurme Eidapere Erra Haabneeme Häädemeeste Hageri Hagudi Haljala Halliste Harku Helme Hulja Hummuli Iisaku Ilmatsalu Jõgeva Jüri Juuru Käärdi Kadrina Kaerepere Käina Kaiu Kamari Kambja Kanepi Kangru Käravete Karjaküla Kärla Käru Kasepää Keava Kehtna Keila-Joa Kihelkonna Kiisa Kiiu Kiltsi Klooga Kobela Koeru Kolga Kolga-Jaani Kolkja Kõpu Kõrgessaare Kõrveküla Kose (Harju) Kose (Võru) Kose-Uuemõisa Kostivere Kudjape Külitse Kureküla Kuremaa Kuusalu Kuusiku Laagri Laatre Laekvere Lagedi Lähte Laiuse Lehtse Leisi Lelle Lepna Lohusuu Loo Lüganuse Luige Luunja Mäetaguse Märja Mehikoorma Misso Mooste Mustla Näpi Nasva Nõo Oisu Õisu Olgina Olustvere Orissaare Õru Pajusti Palamuse Palivere Paralepa Parksepa Peetri (Harju) Peetri (Järva) Prillimäe Puhja Puka Puurmani Raasiku Rakke Ramsi Räni Rannu Ravila Riisipere Risti Roela Roiu Rõngu Roosna-Alliku Rõuge Rummu Sadala Saku Salme Sangaste Särevere Sauga Siimusti Simuna Sinimäe Sõmerpalu Sõmeru Sonda Tabasalu Tabivere Taebla Tammiku Tihemetsa Toila Tõravere Tori Torma Tõrvandi Tõstamaa Tsirguliina Tudu Turba Uhtna Ülenurme Ulila Uuemõisa Väätsa Vahi Vaida Väike-Maarja Väimela Valjala Vana-Antsla Varnja Värska Varstu Vasalemma Vastse-Kuuste Vastseliina Vasula Veriora Viimsi Viiratsi Vinni Virtsu Viru-Jaagupi Viru-Nigula Võiste Voka Võnnu Võõpsu Võsu This Harju County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rummu (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rummu_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"small borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populated_places_in_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"Lääne-Harju Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Harju_Parish"},{"link_name":"Harju County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harju_County"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2011 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Estonian_census"},{"link_name":"Estonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011census2-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rummu_alevik.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rummu_alevik.jpg"},{"link_name":"spoil tip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoil_tip"}],"text":"Borough in EstoniaFor other places with the same name, see Rummu (disambiguation).Small borough in Harju County, EstoniaRummu is a small borough (Estonian: alevik) in Lääne-Harju Parish, Harju County, northern Estonia.[2] As of the 2011 census, the settlement's population was 1,088, of which the Estonians were 288 (26.5%).[1]Rummu from spoil tip.","title":"Rummu"}]	[]	[{"title":"Rummu quarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rummu_quarry"},{"title":"Murru Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murru_Prison"},{"title":"Rummu Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rummu_Prison"}]	[{"reference":"\"Number and share of Estonians by place of residence (settlement)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Khanty-Mansi_Autonomous_Okrug	Administrative divisions of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug	["1 Administrative and municipal divisions","2 References"]	Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia Administrative center: Khanty-Mansiysk As of 2013: # of districts(районы) 9 # of cities/towns(города) 16 # of urban-type settlements(посёлки городского типа) 24 As of 2002: # of rural localities(сельские населённые пункты) 173 # of uninhabited rural localities(сельские населённые пункты без населения) 4 Map of Khanty-Manson Autonomous Okrug (with numbered) Administrative and municipal divisions Map Division Structure OKATO OKTMO Urban-type settlement/district-level town* Administrative Municipal Khanty-Mansiysk (Ханты-Мансийск) city urban okrug 71 131 71 871 Langepas (Лангепас) city urban okrug 71 132 71 872 Megion (Мегион) city urban okrug 71 133 71 873 Vysoky (Высокий) Nefteyugansk (Нефтеюганск) city urban okrug 71 134 71 874 Nizhnevartovsk (Нижневартовск) city urban okrug 71 135 71 877 Surgut (Сургут) city urban okrug 71 136 71 876 Raduzhny (Радужный) city urban okrug 71 137 71 877 Uray (Урай) city urban okrug 71 138 71 878 Nyagan (Нягань) city urban okrug 71 139 71 879 Beloyarsky (Белоярский) city (under Beloyarsky 71 181 71 811 Kogalym (Когалым) city urban okrug 71 183 71 883 Pokachi (Покачи) city urban okrug 71 184 71 884 Pyt-Yakh (Пыть-Ях) city urban okrug 71 185 71 885 Yugorsk (Югорск) city urban okrug 71 187 71 887 Beloyarsky (Белоярский) district 71 111 71 811 Beryozovsky (Берёзовский) district 71 112 71 812 Beryozovo (Берёзово) Igrim (Игрим) Kondinsky (Кондинский) district 71 116 71 816 Kondinskoye (Кондинское) Kuminsky (Куминский) Lugovoy (Луговой) Mezhdurechensky (Междуреченский) Mortka (Мортка) Nefteyugansky (Нефтеюганский) district 71 118 71 818 Poykovsky (Пойковский) Nizhnevartovsky (Нижневартовский) district 71 119 71 819 Izluchinsk (Излучинск) Novoagansk (Новоаганск) Oktyabrsky (Октябрьский) district 71 121 71 821 Andra (Андра) Oktyabrskoye (Октябрьское) Priobye (Приобье) Talinka (Талинка) Sovetsky (Советский) district 71 124 71 824 Sovetsky (Советский) town* Agirish (Агириш) Kommunistichesky (Коммунистический) Malinovsky (Малиновский) Pionersky (Пионерский) Tayozhny (Таёжный) Zelenoborsk (Зеленоборск) Surgutsky (Сургутский) district 71 126 71 826 Lyantor (Лянтор) town* Barsovo (Барсово) Bely Yar (Белый Яр) Fyodorovsky (Фёдоровский) Khanty-Mansiysky (Ханты-Мансийский) district 71 129 71 829 References ^ Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 71 100», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 71 100, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ). ^ Results of the 2002 Russian Population Census—Territory, number of districts, inhabited localities, and rural administrations of the Russian Federation by federal subject Archived September 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine vteAdministrative divisions of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous OkrugAdministrative center: Khanty-Mansiysk • Rural localitiesDistricts Beloyarsky Beryozovsky Khanty-Mansiysky Kondinsky Nefteyugansky Nizhnevartovsky Oktyabrsky Sovetsky Surgutsky Cities and towns Beloyarsky Khanty-Mansiysk Kogalym Langepas Lyantor Megion Nefteyugansk Nizhnevartovsk Nyagan Pokachi Pyt-Yakh Raduzhny Sovetsky Surgut Uray Yugorsk Urban-type settlements Agirish Andra Barsovo Bely Yar Beryozovo Fyodorovsky Igrim Izluchinsk Kondinskoye Kommunistichesky Kuminsky Lugovoy Malinovsky Mezhdurechensky Mortka Novoagansk Oktyabrskoye Pionersky Poykovsky Priobye Talinka Tayozhny Vysoky Zelenoborsk vteAdministrative divisions of the federal subjects of RussiaRepublics Adygea Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Chechnya Chuvashia Crimea1 Dagestan Donetsk1 Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay-Cherkessia Karelia Khakassia Komi Luhansk1 Mari El Mordovia North Ossetia–Alania Sakha Tatarstan Tuva Udmurtia Krais Altai Kamchatka Khabarovsk Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Zabaykalsky Oblasts Amur Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Chelyabinsk Irkutsk Ivanovo Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sakhalin Samara Saratov Smolensk Sverdlovsk Tambov Tomsk Tula Tver Tyumen Ulyanovsk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Yaroslavl Federal cities Moscow Saint Petersburg Sevastopol1 Autonomous oblast Jewish Autonomous okrugs Chukotka Khanty-Mansi Nenets Yamalo-Nenets 1Recognized as territory of Ukraine by most of the international community	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yugra_Subdivisions.svg"}],"text":"Map of Khanty-Manson Autonomous Okrug (with numbered)","title":"Administrative divisions of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/3/62.01/71.72/en"}],"text":"Map","title":"Administrative and municipal divisions"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of Khanty-Manson Autonomous Okrug (with numbered)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Yugra_Subdivisions.svg/220px-Yugra_Subdivisions.svg.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=107426","external_links_name":"Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilionanthe_biswasiana	Papilionanthe biswasiana	["1 Description","2 Conservation","3 References"]	Species of epiphytic orchid Papilionanthe biswasiana Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Order: Asparagales Family: Orchidaceae Subfamily: Epidendroideae Genus: Papilionanthe Species: P. biswasiana Binomial name Papilionanthe biswasiana(Ghose & Mukerjee) Garay Synonyms Aerides biswasiana Ghose & Mukerjee Papilionanthe biswasiana is a species of epiphytic orchid native to Laos, China, Myanmar, and Thailand. It is closely related to Papilionanthe vandarum. Description It is erect or pendulous, slender, 50 cm (20 in) long, 13 to 16 mm (0.51 to 0.63 in) wide, usually unbranched stems with internodes of 3 to 4 cm (1.2 to 1.6 in) in length. It bears distichously arranged, terete leaves. They are 13 to 16 cm (5.1 to 6.3 in) long and 3 to 4 mm wide and fleshy. Stomata are presented on the entire leaf surface. Most stoma were brachyparacytic and laterocytic, but some were stephanocytic. The inflorescences, which usually do not exceed the length of the leaves, produce 1 to 3 widely opening, creamy white or slightly pink, large and thinly textured flowers in spring. Conservation This species is included in the CITES appendix II. References ^ Bot. Mus. Leafl. 23: 371 (1974) ^ Orchid Rev. 53: 124 (1945) ^ LIMESTONE, R. PAPHIOPEDILUM CANHII IN LAOS PHOU PHACHAO MOUNTAIN–MOUNTAIN OF PAPHIOPEDILUM CANHII. ^ "Papilionanthe biswasiana (Ghose & Mukerjee) Garay \| Plants of the World Online \| Kew Science". ^ Fan, J., He, R., Zhang, Y., & Jin, X. (2014). Systematic significance of leaf epidermal features in Holcoglossum (Orchidaceae). PLoS One, 9(7), e101557. ^ Hong, D. (2010). FLORA OF CHINA V25. MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN PR. ^ "Papilionanthe biswasiana \| CITES". Taxon identifiersPapilionanthe biswasiana Wikidata: Q15249266 Wikispecies: Papilionanthe biswasiana BOLD: 433131 CoL: 4CKSS EoL: 1135929 FNA: 250092904 FoC: 250092904 GBIF: 2833884 iNaturalist: 868152 IPNI: 649866-1 NCBI: 536164 Open Tree of Life: 251051 Plant List: kew-147339 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:649866-1 Species+: 19177 Tropicos: 50034474 WFO: wfo-0000264268 Aerides biswasiana Wikidata: Q39364996 CoL: 7QMNM GBIF: 2833885 IPNI: 615204-1 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:615204-1 Tropicos: 100142003 WFO: wfo-0000858580 This Vandeae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Papilionanthe vandarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilionanthe_vandarum"}],"text":"Papilionanthe biswasiana is a species of epiphytic orchid native to Laos,[3] China, Myanmar, and Thailand.[4] It is closely related to Papilionanthe vandarum.","title":"Papilionanthe biswasiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stomata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomata"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"It is erect or pendulous, slender, 50 cm (20 in) long, 13 to 16 mm (0.51 to 0.63 in) wide, usually unbranched stems with internodes of 3 to 4 cm (1.2 to 1.6 in) in length. It bears distichously arranged, terete leaves. They are 13 to 16 cm (5.1 to 6.3 in) long and 3 to 4 mm wide and fleshy. Stomata are presented on the entire leaf surface. Most stoma were brachyparacytic and laterocytic, but some were stephanocytic.[5] The inflorescences, which usually do not exceed the length of the leaves, produce 1 to 3 widely opening, creamy white or slightly pink, large and thinly textured flowers in spring.[6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CITES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"This species is included in the CITES appendix II.[7]","title":"Conservation"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Papilionanthe biswasiana (Ghose & Mukerjee) Garay \| Plants of the World Online \| Kew Science\".","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:649866-1","url_text":"\"Papilionanthe biswasiana (Ghose & Mukerjee) Garay \| Plants of the World Online \| Kew Science\""}]},{"reference":"\"Papilionanthe biswasiana \| CITES\".","urls":[{"url":"https://cites.org/eng/taxonomy/term/33201","url_text":"\"Papilionanthe biswasiana \| CITES\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:649866-1","external_links_name":"\"Papilionanthe biswasiana (Ghose & Mukerjee) Garay \| Plants of the World Online \| Kew Science\""},{"Link":"https://cites.org/eng/taxonomy/term/33201","external_links_name":"\"Papilionanthe biswasiana \| CITES\""},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=433131","external_links_name":"433131"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4CKSS","external_links_name":"4CKSS"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1135929","external_links_name":"1135929"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250092904","external_links_name":"250092904"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=250092904","external_links_name":"250092904"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2833884","external_links_name":"2833884"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/868152","external_links_name":"868152"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/649866-1","external_links_name":"649866-1"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=536164","external_links_name":"536164"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=251051","external_links_name":"251051"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-147339","external_links_name":"kew-147339"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A649866-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:649866-1"},{"Link":"https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/19177","external_links_name":"19177"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50034474","external_links_name":"50034474"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000264268","external_links_name":"wfo-0000264268"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7QMNM","external_links_name":"7QMNM"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2833885","external_links_name":"2833885"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/615204-1","external_links_name":"615204-1"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A615204-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:615204-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/100142003","external_links_name":"100142003"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000858580","external_links_name":"wfo-0000858580"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papilionanthe_biswasiana&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_von_Steven	Christian von Steven	["1 Life","2 Career","2.1 Expeditions","2.2 New taxa from the Lower Volga","2.3 Collaborations","3 Awards","4 Works","5 Legacy","6 References","7 External links"]	Finnish-born Russian botanist and entomologist Not to be confused with Steven Christian. "Stev." redirects here. For the form of Norwegian folk song, see Stev. Christian von StevenХристиан СтевенNikitsky Botanical Garden Monument to Christian von StevenBorn(1781-01-19)19 January 1781Fredrikshamn, Vyborg Governorate, Russian EmpireDied30 April 1863(1863-04-30) (aged 82)Simferopol, CrimeaNationalityRussianAlma materSt Petersburg Medical and Surgical AcademySpouseMarie Karlovna Gartzewitsch (née Hagendorff)AwardsOrder of Saint Anna, Second ClassOrder of St. Vladimir, Third Class (Russia)Scientific careerFields Botany Entomology Thesis Spicilegium cryptogamicum florae Petropolitanae (1800)Author abbrev. (botany)Steven Christian von Steven (Russian: Христиан Христианович Стевен, romanized: Khristian Khristianovich Steven; 19 January 1781 – 30 April 1863) was a Finnish-born Russian botanist and entomologist. Life Steven was of Swiss descent. At the age of 57 he married a young widow, Marie Karlovna Gartzewitsch (née Hagendorff), with whom he had five children: Anton (b. 12 December 1835) - a Lieutenant in the Russian Navy, present at the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855) Julia (24 August 1837 – 1855) Natalia (27 August 1839 – 1862) - married Lieutenant Colonel Hippenreiter Alexander (1844–1910) Katharina (b. 16 August 1841) Career He studied at the Royal Academy of Turku, Sweden and at Jena, Saxe-Weimar, before studying medicine at Saint Petersburg University. The senior Russian sericulture (silk farming) inspector Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein employed Steven as his assistant in 1800. He inspected sericulture in the Caucasus, progressing to deputy senior inspector of sericulture in 1806. In 1812, he participated in the creation of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden at Nikita in Crimea, which he directed until 1827. After von Bieberstein's death in 1826 Steven was appointed senior inspector of sericulture in southern Russia, and Nicolai Anders von Hartwiss became director of the Botanical Garden, with Steven remaining as supervisor. He retired in 1850. In 1815, he was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In his later life Steven studied the flora of Crimea, where he settled, but he had also collected numerous specimens from the Lower Volga area at the start of his career. Expeditions In the spring 1800 von Bieberstein and Steven departed from Saint Petersburg to Moscow, where they stayed for several weeks with Christian Friedrich Stephan the director of the Moscow Apothecary garden and professor of chemistry and botany at the Medical-Surgical Academy. They made their way to Kizlyar, collecting in Astrakhan, Sarepta, and between the Volga and the Don Rivers. In 1806 Steven visited the Lower Volga again, including Sarepta, Saratov, Norka and the area between the Volga and Medveditsa Rivers. In 1807 Steven moved to Simferopol, Crimea, but returned to Sarepta and Kamyshin in 1811, and Astrakhan in 1816. New taxa from the Lower Volga On these excursions he collected material which was described by other botanists. Allium sabulosum was described by Alexander von Bunge, whereas Adonis volgensis and Delphinium cuneatum were described by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1818. Collaborations He was an active member of the Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow. The botanist Robert Lyall said "one of the first naturalists of the age Mr Christian Steven who after having travelled in the Caucasus Georgia and the Crimea has been appointed director of the botanic garden at Nikita on the southern coast where he spends several months in the year". He met Carl Reinhold Sahlberg when Sahlberg travelled to St. Petersburg in 1813 to collect specimens for Åbo Akademi's Botanical Museum and Gardens. Steven's letters written in 1828–1863 to professor Alexander von Nordmann are maintained in the archives of Finnish national library. Some letters are also at the central archive of Simferopol and at Geneva library in Switzerland. Awards In 1849, to celebrate 50 years of service, he was elected Honourable Member of all Russian Universities and Academies of Sciences Order of Saint Anna, Second Class Order of St. Vladimir, Third Class (Russia) Works Monographia Pedicularis, 1822. Verzeichnis der auf der taurischen Halbinsel wildwachsenden Pflanzen, 1856–1857. A review of the success of sericulture, horticulture and wine-making in the midday provinces of Russia (1834-1835). Magazine of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. 1835. T. XV. N 2. P. 301. A review of the success of sericulture, horticulture and wine-making in the midday provinces of Russia (1835-1836). Magazine of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. 1836. T. XX. N 4. P. 46. A review of the success of sericulture, horticulture and wine-making in the midday provinces of Russia (1836-1837), Magazine of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. 1837. T. XXIII. Part 3. P. 469-471 Legacy He collected an important herbarium of more than 23,000 species which he donated in 1860 to the Botanical Museum of the University of Helsinki. Other specimens are kept at herbaria LE, MW, and KW. Steven named the genus Callipeltis and some 30 species, including: Allium guttatum Colchicum laetum Corispermum pallasii Crambe cordifolia Orchis punctulata Quercus hartwissiana Tilia dasystyla The standard author abbreviation Steven is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. IPNI. List of plant names with authority Steven. References Translation of the article in French Wikipedia ^ Vuokko, Seppo (22 April 2013). "unohdettu suurmies" (PDF). Maaseudun Tulevaisuus (in Finnish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2020. ^ Nordmann, Alexander von (1865). Christian Steven, der Nestor der Botaniker. Moscow: Buchdruckerei der Kaiserlichen Universität. p. 59. ^ Fischer von Waldheim, Gotthelf (1832). "Séance du 25 Septembre". Bulletin de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou. 4 (1–3). ^ Conder, Josiah (1831). Russia. Philadelphia: Lilly and Wait. p. 249. ^ Väre, Henry (2016). "Carl Reinhold Sahlberg - Demonstrator in Botany at old Åbo Akademi, later Professor in Botany and Zoology at Imperial Alexander University of Finland". Memoranda Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. 92: 99–119. ISSN 1796-9816. ^ Steven, Christian von. 1829. Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 1: 275. ^ International Plant Names Index. Steven. External links Alexander von Nordmann (1865) Christian Steven, der Nestor der Botaniker, in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc, B. XXXVIII, 1–2, p. 100 sq. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Czech Republic Netherlands Academics International Plant Names Index People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steven Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Christian_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Stev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stev"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"botanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanist"},{"link_name":"entomologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomologist"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Steven Christian.\"Stev.\" redirects here. For the form of Norwegian folk song, see Stev.Christian von Steven (Russian: Христиан Христианович Стевен, romanized: Khristian Khristianovich Steven; 19 January 1781 – 30 April 1863) was a Finnish-born Russian botanist and entomologist.","title":"Christian von Steven"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nestor-2"},{"link_name":"Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%931855)"}],"text":"Steven was of Swiss descent.[1]At the age of 57 he married a young widow, Marie Karlovna Gartzewitsch (née Hagendorff), with whom he had five children:[2]Anton (b. 12 December 1835) - a Lieutenant in the Russian Navy, present at the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)\nJulia (24 August 1837 – 1855)\nNatalia (27 August 1839 – 1862) - married Lieutenant Colonel Hippenreiter\nAlexander (1844–1910)\nKatharina (b. 16 August 1841)","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Turku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Turku"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavian_era"},{"link_name":"Jena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Weimar"},{"link_name":"medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_University"},{"link_name":"sericulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sericulture"},{"link_name":"Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_August_Marschall_von_Bieberstein"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Nikitsky Botanical Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikitsky_Botanical_Garden"},{"link_name":"Nikita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita,_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Nicolai Anders von Hartwiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolai_Anders_von_Hartwiss"},{"link_name":"Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Lower Volga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_region"}],"text":"He studied at the Royal Academy of Turku, Sweden and at Jena, Saxe-Weimar, before studying medicine at Saint Petersburg University.The senior Russian sericulture (silk farming) inspector Friedrich August Marschall von Bieberstein employed Steven as his assistant in 1800. He inspected sericulture in the Caucasus, progressing to deputy senior inspector of sericulture in 1806.In 1812, he participated in the creation of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden at Nikita in Crimea, which he directed until 1827. After von Bieberstein's death in 1826 Steven was appointed senior inspector of sericulture in southern Russia, and Nicolai Anders von Hartwiss became director of the Botanical Garden, with Steven remaining as supervisor. He retired in 1850.In 1815, he was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.In his later life Steven studied the flora of Crimea, where he settled, but he had also collected numerous specimens from the Lower Volga area at the start of his career.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Christian Friedrich Stephan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Friedrich_Stephan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kizlyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizlyar"},{"link_name":"Astrakhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan"},{"link_name":"Sarepta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Sarepta"},{"link_name":"Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_(river)"},{"link_name":"Saratov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratov"},{"link_name":"Medveditsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medveditsa_(Don)"},{"link_name":"Kamyshin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamyshin"}],"sub_title":"Expeditions","text":"In the spring 1800 von Bieberstein and Steven departed from Saint Petersburg to Moscow, where they stayed for several weeks with Christian Friedrich Stephan the director of the Moscow Apothecary garden and professor of chemistry and botany at the Medical-Surgical Academy.They made their way to Kizlyar, collecting in Astrakhan, Sarepta, and between the Volga and the Don Rivers.In 1806 Steven visited the Lower Volga again, including Sarepta, Saratov, Norka and the area between the Volga and Medveditsa Rivers.In 1807 Steven moved to Simferopol, Crimea, but returned to Sarepta and Kamyshin in 1811, and Astrakhan in 1816.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander von Bunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Bunge"},{"link_name":"Adonis volgensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonis_volgensis"},{"link_name":"Augustin Pyramus de Candolle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Pyramus_de_Candolle"}],"sub_title":"New taxa from the Lower Volga","text":"On these excursions he collected material which was described by other botanists. Allium sabulosum was described by Alexander von Bunge, whereas Adonis volgensis and Delphinium cuneatum were described by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1818.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Society_of_Naturalists"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Carl Reinhold Sahlberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Reinhold_Sahlberg"},{"link_name":"Åbo Akademi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Turku"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Alexander von Nordmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Nordmann"}],"sub_title":"Collaborations","text":"He was an active member of the Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow.[3]The botanist Robert Lyall said \"one of the first naturalists of the age [is] Mr Christian Steven who after having travelled in the Caucasus Georgia and the Crimea has been appointed director of the botanic garden at Nikita on the southern coast where he spends several months in the year\".[4]He met Carl Reinhold Sahlberg when Sahlberg travelled to St. Petersburg in 1813 to collect specimens for Åbo Akademi's Botanical Museum and Gardens.[5]Steven's letters written in 1828–1863 to professor Alexander von Nordmann are maintained in the archives of Finnish national library. Some letters are also at the central archive of Simferopol and at Geneva library in Switzerland.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 1849, to celebrate 50 years of service, he was elected Honourable Member of all Russian Universities and Academies of SciencesOrder of Saint Anna, Second Class\nOrder of St. Vladimir, Third Class (Russia)","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pedicularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedicularis"}],"text":"Monographia Pedicularis, 1822.\nVerzeichnis der auf der taurischen Halbinsel wildwachsenden Pflanzen, 1856–1857.\nA review of the success of sericulture, horticulture and wine-making in the midday provinces of Russia (1834-1835). Magazine of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. 1835. T. XV. N 2. P. 301.\nA review of the success of sericulture, horticulture and wine-making in the midday provinces of Russia (1835-1836). Magazine of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. 1836. T. XX. N 4. P. 46.\nA review of the success of sericulture, horticulture and wine-making in the midday provinces of Russia (1836-1837), Magazine of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. 1837. T. XXIII. Part 3. P. 469-471","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"herbarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbarium"},{"link_name":"Botanical Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Museum_of_Natural_History"},{"link_name":"University of Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Callipeltis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callipeltis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Allium guttatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allium_guttatum"},{"link_name":"Colchicum laetum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchicum_laetum"},{"link_name":"Corispermum pallasii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corispermum_pallasii"},{"link_name":"Crambe cordifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crambe_cordifolia"},{"link_name":"Orchis punctulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchis_punctulata"},{"link_name":"Quercus hartwissiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_hartwissiana"},{"link_name":"Tilia dasystyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilia_dasystyla"},{"link_name":"author abbreviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)"},{"link_name":"citing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)"},{"link_name":"botanical name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"IPNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index"},{"link_name":"List of plant names with authority Steven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_authorAbbrev=Steven"}],"text":"He collected an important herbarium of more than 23,000 species which he donated in 1860 to the Botanical Museum of the University of Helsinki. Other specimens are kept at herbaria LE, MW, and KW.Steven named the genus Callipeltis[6] and some 30 species, including:Allium guttatum\nColchicum laetum\nCorispermum pallasii\nCrambe cordifolia\nOrchis punctulata\nQuercus hartwissiana\nTilia dasystylaThe standard author abbreviation Steven is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[7]IPNI. List of plant names with authority Steven.","title":"Legacy"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Vuokko, Seppo [in Finnish] (22 April 2013). \"unohdettu suurmies\" (PDF). Maaseudun Tulevaisuus (in Finnish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppo_Vuokko","url_text":"Vuokko, Seppo"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211127002358/https://www.maaseuduntulevaisuus.fi/pdf-archive/mt/MT_20130422_004.pdf","url_text":"\"unohdettu suurmies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maaseudun_Tulevaisuus","url_text":"Maaseudun Tulevaisuus"},{"url":"https://www.maaseuduntulevaisuus.fi/pdf-archive/mt/MT_20130422_004.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nordmann, Alexander von (1865). Christian Steven, der Nestor der Botaniker. Moscow: Buchdruckerei der Kaiserlichen Universität. p. 59.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fischer von Waldheim, Gotthelf (1832). \"Séance du 25 Septembre\". Bulletin de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou. 4 (1–3).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Conder, Josiah (1831). Russia. Philadelphia: Lilly and Wait. p. 249.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JpvVAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Russia"}]},{"reference":"Väre, Henry (2016). \"Carl Reinhold Sahlberg - Demonstrator in Botany at old Åbo Akademi, later Professor in Botany and Zoology at Imperial Alexander University of Finland\". Memoranda Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. 92: 99–119. ISSN 1796-9816.","urls":[{"url":"https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/en/publications/carl-reinhold-sahlberg-demonstrator-in-botany-at-old-%C3%A5bo-akademi-","url_text":"\"Carl Reinhold Sahlberg - Demonstrator in Botany at old Åbo Akademi, later Professor in Botany and Zoology at Imperial Alexander University of Finland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1796-9816","url_text":"1796-9816"}]},{"reference":"International Plant Names Index. Steven.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index","url_text":"International Plant Names Index"},{"url":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Steven","url_text":"Steven"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do?find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_authorAbbrev=Steven","external_links_name":"List of plant names with authority Steven"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211127002358/https://www.maaseuduntulevaisuus.fi/pdf-archive/mt/MT_20130422_004.pdf","external_links_name":"\"unohdettu suurmies\""},{"Link":"https://www.maaseuduntulevaisuus.fi/pdf-archive/mt/MT_20130422_004.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JpvVAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Russia"},{"Link":"https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/en/publications/carl-reinhold-sahlberg-demonstrator-in-botany-at-old-%C3%A5bo-akademi-","external_links_name":"\"Carl Reinhold Sahlberg - Demonstrator in Botany at old Åbo Akademi, later Professor in Botany and Zoology at Imperial Alexander University of Finland\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1796-9816","external_links_name":"1796-9816"},{"Link":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Steven","external_links_name":"Steven"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124479#page/109/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Christian Steven, der Nestor der Botaniker"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000010221326","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/52462070","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqVTDgXkjfJxvKHR6cMfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/117241660","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub20201087041&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p240694406","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Steven","external_links_name":"International Plant Names Index"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117241660.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65c3tsj","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/240803159","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_Rock	Suicide Rock	["1 References","2 External links"]	Coordinates: 33°46′15″N 116°41′50″W / 33.77083°N 116.69722°W / 33.77083; -116.69722Rock formation in Riverside County, California, United States Suicide Rock from the Devil's Slide Trail Suicide Rock (once Suicide Peak) is a granite outcrop (7,510 feet (2,290 m)) near Idyllwild, California, which is popular with rock climbers. Over three hundred climbing routes have been described. It is located near Tahquitz Peak. According to legend, the name of Suicide Rock comes from a story of a Native American princess and her lover who, after being ordered to separate, instead committed suicide by jumping off the rock. It is speculated that this story originated as a derivative of Helen Hunt Jackson's Ramona story, in an attempt to boost tourism to this area in the late 19th century. References ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Suicide Rock ^ "Suicide Rock: Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering". SummitPost. Retrieved March 11, 2012. ^ "Summit Signature: 27J Suicide Rock". Hundred Peaks Section, Angeles Chapter of the Sierra Club. Retrieved March 7, 2014. External links Idyllwild.com Rockclimbing.com 33°46′15″N 116°41′50″W / 33.77083°N 116.69722°W / 33.77083; -116.69722 This Riverside County, California-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suicide-rock.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suicide_Rock_Arlyn_Asch.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Idyllwild, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idyllwild-Pine_Cove,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tahquitz Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahquitz_Peak"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Helen Hunt Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Hunt_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Ramona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramona"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Rock formation in Riverside County, California, United StatesSuicide Rock from the Devil's Slide TrailSuicide Rock[1] (once Suicide Peak) is a granite outcrop (7,510 feet (2,290 m)) near Idyllwild, California, which is popular with rock climbers. Over three hundred climbing routes have been described.[2] It is located near Tahquitz Peak.According to legend, the name of Suicide Rock comes from a story of a Native American princess and her lover who, after being ordered to separate, instead committed suicide by jumping off the rock. It is speculated that this story originated as a derivative of Helen Hunt Jackson's Ramona story, in an attempt to boost tourism to this area in the late 19th century.[3]","title":"Suicide Rock"}]	[{"image_text":"Suicide Rock from the Devil's Slide Trail","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Suicide-rock.jpg/220px-Suicide-rock.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Suicide_Rock_Arlyn_Asch.jpg/220px-Suicide_Rock_Arlyn_Asch.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Suicide Rock: Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering\". SummitPost. Retrieved March 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.summitpost.org/suicide-rock/152269","url_text":"\"Suicide Rock: Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering\""}]},{"reference":"\"Summit Signature: 27J Suicide Rock\". Hundred Peaks Section, Angeles Chapter of the Sierra Club. Retrieved March 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://angeles.sierraclub.org/hps/signatures/27j.htm","url_text":"\"Summit Signature: 27J Suicide Rock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Peaks_Section","url_text":"Hundred Peaks Section"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Club","url_text":"Sierra Club"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Suicide_Rock&params=33_46_15_N_116_41_50_W_","external_links_name":"33°46′15″N 116°41′50″W / 33.77083°N 116.69722°W / 33.77083; -116.69722"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/250027","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Suicide Rock"},{"Link":"http://www.summitpost.org/suicide-rock/152269","external_links_name":"\"Suicide Rock: Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering\""},{"Link":"http://angeles.sierraclub.org/hps/signatures/27j.htm","external_links_name":"\"Summit Signature: 27J Suicide Rock\""},{"Link":"http://www.idyllwild.com/suicide.html","external_links_name":"Idyllwild.com"},{"Link":"http://www.rockclimbing.com/routes/North_America/United_States/California/Riverside_County/Suicide_Rock/","external_links_name":"Rockclimbing.com"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Suicide_Rock&params=33_46_15_N_116_41_50_W_","external_links_name":"33°46′15″N 116°41′50″W / 33.77083°N 116.69722°W / 33.77083; -116.69722"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suicide_Rock&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_Products_Directive	Tobacco Products Directive	["1 New requirements","2 Enforcement and cooperation","3 Industry response","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tobacco Products Directive" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Tobacco Products Directive (TPD) or European Tobacco Products Directive (EUTPD) (2014/40/EU) is a directive of the European Union which places limits on the sale and merchandising of tobacco and tobacco related products in the EU. The TPD aims to improve the functioning of the internal market for tobacco and related products, while ensuring a high level of health protection for European citizens. Based on the proposal of the European Commission the Directive entered into force on 19 May 2014 and became applicable in the EU Member States on 20 May 2016. This Directive applies to the manufacture, presentation, and sale of tobacco related products including cigarettes, roll your own tobacco, pipe tobacco, cigars, cigarillos, smokeless tobacco, electronic cigarettes, and herbal products for smoking. To address this situation, the European Union and its Member States have taken various tobacco control measures in the form of legislation, recommendations and information campaigns. Targeting the improvement for function of the internal market for tobacco and related products. The following rules govern the aspects of tobacco sales and requires the tobacco industry to submit detailed reports to the Member States with the ingredients used in tobacco products (includes the health warnings appear on packages of tobacco and related products). The health warnings have to be accurately stated on 65% of the product packaging. This involves the front and back of cigarette and roll-your-own tobacco packages and small containers for certain tobacco products. This directive bans all promotional or misleading sectors on tobacco products, while introducing EU-wide tracking and tracing to prevent illegal trade of tobacco products; allowing Member States to prohibit internet sales of tobacco related products. Setting out the safety and quality requirements for a consumer of electronic cigarettes and compels manufacturers to request literal tobacco products before placing them on the EU market. As an overview, the policies for the Tobacco Products Directive are; the regulation of tobacco products on the EU market (e.g. packaging, labelling, and ingredients), advertising restrictions for tobacco products, the creation of smoke-free environments, tax measures and activities against illegal trade, and acquiring anti-smoking campaigns. New requirements The enactment and implementation of the new directive will work to restrict the capacity of e-cigarette refill tanks to no more than 2ml and a maximum volume of e-liquids containing nicotine for sale for one refill container to 10ml. The nicotine strength of e-liquids to no more than 20 mg/ml and require products containing nicotine and their packaging to be tamper proof and resistant to child tampering. The new regulation prohibited the use of certain ingredients that included taurine, colourings, and caffeine, the mandatory use of new labelling and health warning signs on the packaging. The new regulations require that the sale of all e-liquids and e-cigarettes should be done after notifying the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) for the case of the United Kingdom (UK). The TPD was implemented in the UK through the Tobacco and Related Products Regulations 2016 act that also defined producers of e-cigarettes. The definition described e-cigarette producers as any entity that manufactures, imports, or re-brands any tobacco related products for resale. In accordance with the new regulations, producers are required to provide the relevant authorities with all pertinent information regarding their products to the MHRA. Enforcement and cooperation The new directive was cognizant of the fact that its success was pegged on the co-operation of all member states that were party to its implementation in their various jurisdictions and pertinent to their internal provisions and laws. All member states were required to ensure that all producers and importers of tobacco and their related products to provide correct information to the pertinent authorities within the provided timelines. The obligation to provide such information was placed primarily on manufacturers and importers of all tobacco and their related products to the relevant authorities. Member states were required to ensure that tobacco and their related products complied with the new directives, failure to which the relevant authorities are empowered to take the appropriate course of action to prevent their entry into the market. The new directive made it the responsibility of member states to formulate and enforce appropriate penalties for the infringement of national and EU provisions and their enforcement. The administration of financial penalties was to be imposed for intentional infringement aimed at accruing financial advantage to the involved entity. The directive required that all member states co-operate with each other to promote the correct application and enforcement of all provisions of the directive in a manner characterised by the sharing of information necessary for its uniform implementation. Industry response The initial response to the directive by e-liquid manufacturers was to invest heavily in the testing of their range of products in order to achieve directive compliance. This proved costly due to: The demand for testing increased significantly in the lead up to the implementation date, leading to cost inflation for basic e-liquid compliance testing as the supply of laboratories was limited and was not pre-emptive to the electronic cigarette market. The directive required each variation of the relevant nicotine containing e-liquid to also undergo compliance testing. For example, where the relevant e-liquid was to be available in 20 mg and 10 mg, two compliance tests would need to be conducted for each particular nicotine strength. If there were also non-nicotine variations, such as in the vegetable glycerol and propylene glycol ratio, further tests would have to be conducted for each additional ratio at each corresponding nicotine strength. Alongside the already inflated price of testing due to the sudden increased demand, batch compliance testing proved costly and the industry sought to attain compliance by another less expensive route. In 2014 Ernst & Young reported that over 73% of the consumer market used e-liquid at 1–11 mg nicotine strength. With this vast consumer trend towards lower strength nicotine e-liquids, and as the directive only concerns itself with nicotine containing e-liquids as opposed to flavourings and other ingredients, it became clear that dilution of a small quantity of highly concentrated nicotine that would only have to be tested once at the maximum nicotine strength was a viable and more cost-effective route to directive compliance. In essence, dilution involved the creation of a flavourless nicotine-containing e-liquid at a maximum or close to maximum nicotine strength, such as 20 mg, in the maximum capacity bottle size of 10ml to be mixed with a larger bottle of flavoured 0 mg e-liquid in order to create an overall e-liquid concentration that was aligned with the most used nicotine strength. For example, upon mixing 10ml of 18 mg nicotine with a 50ml bottle containing the relevant flavourings, a user can achieve 60ml of e-liquid with an overall nicotine strength of 3 mg. These small 10ml nicotine bottles containing highly concentrated nicotine have become known as ‘nicotine shots’, and the market has adapted to now recognise this method as the norm. See also Plain tobacco packaging Cigarette filter ban E-cigarette deposit-system References ^ "E-cigarettes: An emerging category" (PDF). Ernst & Young. p. 10. Retrieved 1 May 2016. ^ "Nicotine Shot Calculator". IndeJuice Limited. Retrieved 12 February 2016. ^ Novotny, T. E.; Lum, K.; Smith, E.; Wang, V.; Barnes, R. (2009). "Cigarettes Butts and the Case for an Environmental Policy on Hazardous Cigarette Waste". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 6 (5): 1691–1705. doi:10.3390/ijerph6051691. PMC 2697937. PMID 19543415. ^ Cigarette butts are toxic plastic pollution. Should they be banned? http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/products/revision_en http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/products_en https://eliquidsnow.co.uk/pages/what-is-tpd-e-liquids External links http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/products/revision_en OJEC http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/products_en https://eliquidsnow.co.uk/pages/what-is-tpd-e-liquids This article relating to European Union law is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"pipe tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_tobacco"},{"link_name":"cigarillos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarillos"},{"link_name":"smokeless tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokeless_tobacco"},{"link_name":"electronic cigarettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_cigarette"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"}],"text":"The Tobacco Products Directive (TPD) or European Tobacco Products Directive (EUTPD) (2014/40/EU) is a directive of the European Union which places limits on the sale and merchandising of tobacco and tobacco related products in the EU. The TPD aims to improve the functioning of the internal market for tobacco and related products, while ensuring a high level of health protection for European citizens. Based on the proposal of the European Commission the Directive entered into force on 19 May 2014 and became applicable in the EU Member States on 20 May 2016.This Directive applies to the manufacture, presentation, and sale of tobacco related products including cigarettes, roll your own tobacco, pipe tobacco, cigars, cigarillos, smokeless tobacco, electronic cigarettes, and herbal products for smoking. To address this situation, the European Union and its Member States have taken various tobacco control measures in the form of legislation, recommendations and information campaigns. Targeting the improvement for function of the internal market for tobacco and related products. The following rules govern the aspects of tobacco sales and requires the tobacco industry to submit detailed reports to the Member States with the ingredients used in tobacco products (includes the health warnings appear on packages of tobacco and related products). The health warnings have to be accurately stated on 65% of the product packaging. This involves the front and back of cigarette and roll-your-own tobacco packages and small containers for certain tobacco products. This directive bans all promotional or misleading sectors on tobacco products, while introducing EU-wide tracking and tracing to prevent illegal trade of tobacco products; allowing Member States to prohibit internet sales of tobacco related products. Setting out the safety and quality requirements for a consumer of electronic cigarettes and compels manufacturers to request literal tobacco products before placing them on the EU market. As an overview, the policies for the Tobacco Products Directive are; the regulation of tobacco products on the EU market (e.g. packaging, labelling, and ingredients), advertising restrictions for tobacco products, the creation of smoke-free environments, tax measures and activities against illegal trade, and acquiring anti-smoking campaigns.","title":"Tobacco Products Directive"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The enactment and implementation of the new directive will work to restrict the capacity of e-cigarette refill tanks to no more than 2ml and a maximum volume of e-liquids containing nicotine for sale for one refill container to 10ml. The nicotine strength of e-liquids to no more than 20 mg/ml and require products containing nicotine and their packaging to be tamper proof and resistant to child tampering. The new regulation prohibited the use of certain ingredients that included taurine, colourings, and caffeine, the mandatory use of new labelling and health warning signs on the packaging. The new regulations require that the sale of all e-liquids and e-cigarettes should be done after notifying the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) for the case of the United Kingdom (UK). The TPD was implemented in the UK through the Tobacco and Related Products Regulations 2016 act that also defined producers of e-cigarettes. The definition described e-cigarette producers as any entity that manufactures, imports, or re-brands any tobacco related products for resale. In accordance with the new regulations, producers are required to provide the relevant authorities with all pertinent information regarding their products to the MHRA.","title":"New requirements"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The new directive was cognizant of the fact that its success was pegged on the co-operation of all member states that were party to its implementation in their various jurisdictions and pertinent to their internal provisions and laws. All member states were required to ensure that all producers and importers of tobacco and their related products to provide correct information to the pertinent authorities within the provided timelines. The obligation to provide such information was placed primarily on manufacturers and importers of all tobacco and their related products to the relevant authorities. Member states were required to ensure that tobacco and their related products complied with the new directives, failure to which the relevant authorities are empowered to take the appropriate course of action to prevent their entry into the market. The new directive made it the responsibility of member states to formulate and enforce appropriate penalties for the infringement of national and EU provisions and their enforcement. The administration of financial penalties was to be imposed for intentional infringement aimed at accruing financial advantage to the involved entity. The directive required that all member states co-operate with each other to promote the correct application and enforcement of all provisions of the directive in a manner characterised by the sharing of information necessary for its uniform implementation.","title":"Enforcement and cooperation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The initial response to the directive by e-liquid manufacturers was to invest heavily in the testing of their range of products in order to achieve directive compliance. This proved costly due to:The demand for testing increased significantly in the lead up to the implementation date, leading to cost inflation for basic e-liquid compliance testing as the supply of laboratories was limited and was not pre-emptive to the electronic cigarette market.\nThe directive required each variation of the relevant nicotine containing e-liquid to also undergo compliance testing. For example, where the relevant e-liquid was to be available in 20 mg and 10 mg, two compliance tests would need to be conducted for each particular nicotine strength. If there were also non-nicotine variations, such as in the vegetable glycerol and propylene glycol ratio, further tests would have to be conducted for each additional ratio at each corresponding nicotine strength.Alongside the already inflated price of testing due to the sudden increased demand, batch compliance testing proved costly and the industry sought to attain compliance by another less expensive route.In 2014 Ernst & Young reported that over 73% of the consumer market used e-liquid at 1–11 mg nicotine strength.[1] With this vast consumer trend towards lower strength nicotine e-liquids, and as the directive only concerns itself with nicotine containing e-liquids as opposed to flavourings and other ingredients, it became clear that dilution of a small quantity of highly concentrated nicotine that would only have to be tested once at the maximum nicotine strength was a viable and more cost-effective route to directive compliance.In essence, dilution involved the creation of a flavourless nicotine-containing e-liquid at a maximum or close to maximum nicotine strength, such as 20 mg, in the maximum capacity bottle size of 10ml to be mixed with a larger bottle of flavoured 0 mg e-liquid in order to create an overall e-liquid concentration that was aligned with the most used nicotine strength. For example, upon mixing 10ml of 18 mg nicotine with a 50ml bottle containing the relevant flavourings, a user can achieve 60ml of e-liquid with an overall nicotine strength of 3 mg.[2]These small 10ml nicotine bottles containing highly concentrated nicotine have become known as ‘nicotine shots’, and the market has adapted to now recognise this method as the norm.","title":"Industry response"}]	[]	[{"title":"Plain tobacco packaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_tobacco_packaging"},{"title":"Cigarette filter ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_filter"},{"title":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"title":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"title":"E-cigarette deposit-system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container-deposit_legislation"}]	[{"reference":"\"E-cigarettes: An emerging category\" (PDF). Ernst & Young. p. 10. Retrieved 1 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/E-cigarettes-an-emerging-category/%24FILE/EY-E-Cigarette-report.pdf","url_text":"\"E-cigarettes: An emerging category\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nicotine Shot Calculator\". IndeJuice Limited. Retrieved 12 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://indejuice.com/nicotine","url_text":"\"Nicotine Shot Calculator\""}]},{"reference":"Novotny, T. E.; Lum, K.; Smith, E.; Wang, V.; Barnes, R. (2009). \"Cigarettes Butts and the Case for an Environmental Policy on Hazardous Cigarette Waste\". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 6 (5): 1691–1705. doi:10.3390/ijerph6051691. PMC 2697937. PMID 19543415.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2697937","url_text":"\"Cigarettes Butts and the Case for an Environmental Policy on Hazardous Cigarette Waste\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph6051691","url_text":"10.3390/ijerph6051691"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2697937","url_text":"2697937"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19543415","url_text":"19543415"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tobacco+Products+Directive%22","external_links_name":"\"Tobacco Products Directive\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tobacco+Products+Directive%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tobacco+Products+Directive%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tobacco+Products+Directive%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tobacco+Products+Directive%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tobacco+Products+Directive%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/E-cigarettes-an-emerging-category/%24FILE/EY-E-Cigarette-report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"E-cigarettes: An emerging category\""},{"Link":"https://indejuice.com/nicotine","external_links_name":"\"Nicotine Shot Calculator\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2697937","external_links_name":"\"Cigarettes Butts and the Case for an Environmental Policy on Hazardous Cigarette Waste\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph6051691","external_links_name":"10.3390/ijerph6051691"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2697937","external_links_name":"2697937"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19543415","external_links_name":"19543415"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190810125852/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/08/cigarettes-story-of-plastic/","external_links_name":"Cigarette butts are toxic plastic pollution. Should they be banned?"},{"Link":"http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/products/revision_en","external_links_name":"http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/products/revision_en"},{"Link":"http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/products_en","external_links_name":"http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/products_en"},{"Link":"https://eliquidsnow.co.uk/pages/what-is-tpd-e-liquids","external_links_name":"https://eliquidsnow.co.uk/pages/what-is-tpd-e-liquids"},{"Link":"http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/products/revision_en","external_links_name":"http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/products/revision_en"},{"Link":"http://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/tobacco/docs/dir_201440_en.pdf","external_links_name":"OJEC"},{"Link":"http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/products_en","external_links_name":"http://ec.europa.eu/health/tobacco/products_en"},{"Link":"https://eliquidsnow.co.uk/pages/what-is-tpd-e-liquids","external_links_name":"https://eliquidsnow.co.uk/pages/what-is-tpd-e-liquids"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobacco_Products_Directive&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yorkshireman	South Yorkshireman	["1 1940s, 1950s","2 Present day","3 Stations served","4 Other named trains","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	The South Yorkshireman is a British named passenger train. In its modern version it is one of four named expresses operated by East Midlands Railway, and runs between Sheffield and London St Pancras. The original South Yorkshireman was a train in the post-WW2 era from Bradford via Sheffield Victoria to London Marylebone over the Great Central Main Line. 1940s, 1950s The South Yorkshireman was started by British Railways in May 1948. It left Bradford Exchange daily at 10:00, returning from London at 16:50, and calling at Huddersfield, Sheffield, and Leicester; in some years at least, also at Halifax, Brighouse, Penistone, Nottingham, Rugby and Aylesbury. It was not a particularly fast service even by the standards of that era, the down train taking 5 hours 30 minutes to get from London to Bradford. It usually had nine coaches including a restaurant car, and was often hauled by a Gresley A3 Pacific. The train continued running until 1960, when all long-distance expresses on the former Great Central route were withdrawn. Present day The South Yorkshireman in its current form started on 15 December 2008. The service was named as part of an East Midlands Trains competition to name two new crack express trains. The southbound South Yorkshireman is the 07:46 departure from Sheffield to London St Pancras. The northbound service leaves St Pancras at 17:55 for Sheffield. The service is provided by an 7-car Class 222 Meridian The up (southbound) train in 2010 has an end-to-end journey time of 2 hours 24 minutes. The down (northbound) train takes 2 hours 9 minutes. Stations served The South Yorkshireman currently calls at (southbound): Sheffield Chesterfield Derby Long Eaton East Midlands Parkway Loughborough Leicester London St Pancras The South Yorkshireman currently calls at (northbound): London St Pancras Leicester Derby Chesterfield Sheffield Other named trains East Midlands Railway operates three other named trains called: Master Cutler Robin Hood Sheffield Continental See also East Midlands Trains British Rail Class 222 List of named passenger trains of the United Kingdom References ^ Hawkins, Mac (1991). The Great Central then and now. Newton Abbott: David & Charles. pp. 10, 132. ISBN 0-7153-9326-X. ^ British Railway Journal, vol. 5, issue 45. ^ Leicester Central train departures June to September 1957, British Railways. ^ Named Trains, Britishrailways.info. ^ "Passengers and staff name two new business trains for Sheffield". East Midlands Trains. 9 October 2008. External links East Midlands Trains website National Rail Enquires website - main web portal for UK train fares, times and other travel information	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"named passenger train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_named_passenger_trains"},{"link_name":"expresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-city_rail"},{"link_name":"East Midlands Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands_Railway"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_railway_station"},{"link_name":"London St Pancras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_St_Pancras_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Victoria_railway_station"},{"link_name":"London Marylebone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Marylebone_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Great Central Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Central_Main_Line"}],"text":"The South Yorkshireman is a British named passenger train. In its modern version it is one of four named expresses operated by East Midlands Railway, and runs between Sheffield and London St Pancras.The original South Yorkshireman was a train in the post-WW2 era from Bradford via Sheffield Victoria to London Marylebone over the Great Central Main Line.","title":"South Yorkshireman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bradford Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Exchange_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Gresley A3 Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Gresley_Classes_A1_and_A3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The South Yorkshireman was started by British Railways in May 1948. It left Bradford Exchange daily at 10:00, returning from London at 16:50, and calling at Huddersfield, Sheffield, and Leicester; in some years at least, also at Halifax, Brighouse, Penistone, Nottingham, Rugby and Aylesbury. It was not a particularly fast service even by the standards of that era, the down train taking 5 hours 30 minutes to get from London to Bradford. It usually had nine coaches including a restaurant car, and was often hauled by a Gresley A3 Pacific. The train continued running until 1960, when all long-distance expresses on the former Great Central route were withdrawn.[1][2][3][4]","title":"1940s, 1950s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_railway_station"},{"link_name":"London St Pancras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_St_Pancras_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Class 222 Meridian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_222"}],"text":"The South Yorkshireman in its current form started on 15 December 2008. The service was named as part of an East Midlands Trains competition to name two new crack express trains.[5]The southbound South Yorkshireman is the 07:46 departure from Sheffield to London St Pancras. The northbound service leaves St Pancras at 17:55 for Sheffield.The service is provided by an 7-car Class 222 MeridianThe up (southbound) train in 2010 has an end-to-end journey time of 2 hours 24 minutes. The down (northbound) train takes 2 hours 9 minutes.","title":"Present day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Midland_station"},{"link_name":"Chesterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Long Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Eaton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"East Midlands Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands_Parkway_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Loughborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughborough_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_railway_station"},{"link_name":"London St Pancras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Pancras_station"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"London St Pancras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Pancras_station"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Chesterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Midland_station"}],"text":"The South Yorkshireman currently[when?] calls at (southbound):Sheffield\nChesterfield\nDerby\nLong Eaton\nEast Midlands Parkway\nLoughborough\nLeicester\nLondon St PancrasThe South Yorkshireman currently[when?] calls at (northbound):London St Pancras\nLeicester\nDerby\nChesterfield\nSheffield","title":"Stations served"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Master Cutler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Cutler_(train)"},{"link_name":"Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood_(passenger_train)"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Continental"}],"text":"East Midlands Railway operates three other named trains called:Master Cutler\nRobin Hood\nSheffield Continental","title":"Other named trains"}]	[]	[{"title":"East Midlands Trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands_Trains"},{"title":"British Rail Class 222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_222"},{"title":"List of named passenger trains of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_named_passenger_trains_of_the_United_Kingdom"}]	[{"reference":"Hawkins, Mac (1991). The Great Central then and now. Newton Abbott: David & Charles. pp. 10, 132. ISBN 0-7153-9326-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-9326-X","url_text":"0-7153-9326-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Passengers and staff name two new business trains for Sheffield\". East Midlands Trains. 9 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eastmidlandstrains.co.uk/emtrains/aboutus/news/#{1AEC1CF8-0B48-4F31-8EDF-DEB4B09B97EE}","url_text":"\"Passengers and staff name two new business trains for Sheffield\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.steamindex.com/brj/brj5.htm","external_links_name":"British Railway Journal"},{"Link":"http://homepage.ntlworld.com/nick.willis/history/time/1957_leic.jpg","external_links_name":"Leicester Central train departures June to September 1957"},{"Link":"http://www.britishrailways.info/NAMED%20TRAINS.htm","external_links_name":"Named Trains"},{"Link":"http://www.eastmidlandstrains.co.uk/emtrains/aboutus/news/#{1AEC1CF8-0B48-4F31-8EDF-DEB4B09B97EE}","external_links_name":"\"Passengers and staff name two new business trains for Sheffield\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080828035434/http://www.eastmidlandstrains.co.uk/EMTrains","external_links_name":"East Midlands Trains website"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/","external_links_name":"National Rail Enquires website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAC_Learning	Probably approximately correct learning	["1 Definitions and terminology","2 Equivalence","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	Framework for mathematical analysis of machine learning Part of a series onMachine learningand data mining Paradigms Supervised learning Unsupervised learning Online learning Batch learning Meta-learning Semi-supervised learning Self-supervised learning Reinforcement learning Curriculum learning Rule-based learning Quantum machine learning Problems Classification Generative modeling Regression Clustering Dimensionality reduction Density estimation Anomaly detection Data cleaning AutoML Association rules Semantic analysis Structured prediction Feature engineering Feature learning Learning to rank Grammar induction Ontology learning Multimodal learning Supervised learning(classification • regression) Apprenticeship learning Decision trees Ensembles Bagging Boosting Random forest k-NN Linear regression Naive Bayes Artificial neural networks Logistic regression Perceptron Relevance vector machine (RVM) Support vector machine (SVM) Clustering BIRCH CURE Hierarchical k-means Fuzzy Expectation–maximization (EM) DBSCAN OPTICS Mean shift Dimensionality reduction Factor analysis CCA ICA LDA NMF PCA PGD t-SNE SDL Structured prediction Graphical models Bayes net Conditional random field Hidden Markov Anomaly detection RANSAC k-NN Local outlier factor Isolation forest Artificial neural network Autoencoder Cognitive computing Deep learning DeepDream Feedforward neural network Recurrent neural network LSTM GRU ESN reservoir computing Restricted Boltzmann machine GAN Diffusion model SOM Convolutional neural network U-Net Transformer Vision Mamba Spiking neural network Memtransistor Electrochemical RAM (ECRAM) Reinforcement learning Q-learning SARSA Temporal difference (TD) Multi-agent Self-play Learning with humans Active learning Crowdsourcing Human-in-the-loop RLHF Model diagnostics Coefficient of determination Confusion matrix Learning curve ROC curve Mathematical foundations Kernel machines Bias–variance tradeoff Computational learning theory Empirical risk minimization Occam learning PAC learning Statistical learning VC theory Machine-learning venues ECML PKDD NeurIPS ICML ICLR IJCAI ML JMLR Related articles Glossary of artificial intelligence List of datasets for machine-learning research List of datasets in computer vision and image processing Outline of machine learning vte In computational learning theory, probably approximately correct (PAC) learning is a framework for mathematical analysis of machine learning. It was proposed in 1984 by Leslie Valiant. In this framework, the learner receives samples and must select a generalization function (called the hypothesis) from a certain class of possible functions. The goal is that, with high probability (the "probably" part), the selected function will have low generalization error (the "approximately correct" part). The learner must be able to learn the concept given any arbitrary approximation ratio, probability of success, or distribution of the samples. The model was later extended to treat noise (misclassified samples). An important innovation of the PAC framework is the introduction of computational complexity theory concepts to machine learning. In particular, the learner is expected to find efficient functions (time and space requirements bounded to a polynomial of the example size), and the learner itself must implement an efficient procedure (requiring an example count bounded to a polynomial of the concept size, modified by the approximation and likelihood bounds). Definitions and terminology In order to give the definition for something that is PAC-learnable, we first have to introduce some terminology. For the following definitions, two examples will be used. The first is the problem of character recognition given an array of n {\displaystyle n} bits encoding a binary-valued image. The other example is the problem of finding an interval that will correctly classify points within the interval as positive and the points outside of the range as negative. Let X {\displaystyle X} be a set called the instance space or the encoding of all the samples. In the character recognition problem, the instance space is X = { 0 , 1 } n {\displaystyle X=\{0,1\}^{n}} . In the interval problem the instance space, X {\displaystyle X} , is the set of all bounded intervals in R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } , where R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } denotes the set of all real numbers. A concept is a subset c ⊂ X {\displaystyle c\subset X} . One concept is the set of all patterns of bits in X = { 0 , 1 } n {\displaystyle X=\{0,1\}^{n}} that encode a picture of the letter "P". An example concept from the second example is the set of open intervals, { ( a , b ) ∣ 0 ≤ a ≤ π / 2 , π ≤ b ≤ 13 } {\displaystyle \{(a,b)\mid 0\leq a\leq \pi /2,\pi \leq b\leq {\sqrt {13}}\}} , each of which contains only the positive points. A concept class C {\displaystyle C} is a collection of concepts over X {\displaystyle X} . This could be the set of all subsets of the array of bits that are skeletonized 4-connected (width of the font is 1). Let E X ( c , D ) {\displaystyle EX(c,D)} be a procedure that draws an example, x {\displaystyle x} , using a probability distribution D {\displaystyle D} and gives the correct label c ( x ) {\displaystyle c(x)} , that is 1 if x ∈ c {\displaystyle x\in c} and 0 otherwise. Now, given 0 < ϵ , δ < 1 {\displaystyle 0<\epsilon ,\delta <1} , assume there is an algorithm A {\displaystyle A} and a polynomial p {\displaystyle p} in 1 / ϵ , 1 / δ {\displaystyle 1/\epsilon ,1/\delta } (and other relevant parameters of the class C {\displaystyle C} ) such that, given a sample of size p {\displaystyle p} drawn according to E X ( c , D ) {\displaystyle EX(c,D)} , then, with probability of at least 1 − δ {\displaystyle 1-\delta } , A {\displaystyle A} outputs a hypothesis h ∈ C {\displaystyle h\in C} that has an average error less than or equal to ϵ {\displaystyle \epsilon } on X {\displaystyle X} with the same distribution D {\displaystyle D} . Further if the above statement for algorithm A {\displaystyle A} is true for every concept c ∈ C {\displaystyle c\in C} and for every distribution D {\displaystyle D} over X {\displaystyle X} , and for all 0 < ϵ , δ < 1 {\displaystyle 0<\epsilon ,\delta <1} then C {\displaystyle C} is (efficiently) PAC learnable (or distribution-free PAC learnable). We can also say that A {\displaystyle A} is a PAC learning algorithm for C {\displaystyle C} . Equivalence Under some regularity conditions these conditions are equivalent: The concept class C is PAC learnable. The VC dimension of C is finite. C is a uniformly Glivenko-Cantelli class. C is compressible in the sense of Littlestone and Warmuth See also Occam learning Data mining Error tolerance (PAC learning) Sample complexity References ^ L. Valiant. A theory of the learnable. Communications of the ACM, 27, 1984. ^ Kearns and Vazirani, pg. 1-12, ^ Blumer, Anselm; Ehrenfeucht, Andrzej; David, Haussler; Manfred, Warmuth (October 1989). "Learnability and the Vapnik-Chervonenkis Dimension". Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery. 36 (4): 929–965. doi:10.1145/76359.76371. S2CID 1138467. Further reading M. Kearns, U. Vazirani. An Introduction to Computational Learning Theory. MIT Press, 1994. A textbook. M. Mohri, A. Rostamizadeh, and A. Talwalkar. Foundations of Machine Learning. MIT Press, 2018. Chapter 2 contains a detailed treatment of PAC-learnability. Readable through open access from the publisher. D. Haussler. Overview of the Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) Learning Framework. An introduction to the topic. L. Valiant. Probably Approximately Correct. Basic Books, 2013. In which Valiant argues that PAC learning describes how organisms evolve and learn. Littlestone, N.; Warmuth, M. K. (June 10, 1986). "Relating Data Compression and Learnability" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-09. Moran, Shay; Yehudayoff, Amir (2015). "Sample compression schemes for VC classes". arXiv:1503.06960 . External links Interactive explanation of PAC learning	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computational learning theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_learning_theory"},{"link_name":"machine learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning"},{"link_name":"Leslie Valiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Valiant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-valiant-1"},{"link_name":"generalization error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalization_error"},{"link_name":"distribution of the samples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_distribution_function"},{"link_name":"computational complexity theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory"},{"link_name":"polynomial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial"},{"link_name":"likelihood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelihood"}],"text":"In computational learning theory, probably approximately correct (PAC) learning is a framework for mathematical analysis of machine learning. It was proposed in 1984 by Leslie Valiant.[1]In this framework, the learner receives samples and must select a generalization function (called the hypothesis) from a certain class of possible functions. The goal is that, with high probability (the \"probably\" part), the selected function will have low generalization error (the \"approximately correct\" part). The learner must be able to learn the concept given any arbitrary approximation ratio, probability of success, or distribution of the samples.The model was later extended to treat noise (misclassified samples).An important innovation of the PAC framework is the introduction of computational complexity theory concepts to machine learning. In particular, the learner is expected to find efficient functions (time and space requirements bounded to a polynomial of the example size), and the learner itself must implement an efficient procedure (requiring an example count bounded to a polynomial of the concept size, modified by the approximation and likelihood bounds).","title":"Probably approximately correct learning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"character recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_recognition"},{"link_name":"real numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_numbers"},{"link_name":"concept class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_class"},{"link_name":"skeletonized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphological_skeleton"},{"link_name":"4-connected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel_connectivity#4-connected"}],"text":"In order to give the definition for something that is PAC-learnable, we first have to introduce some terminology.[2]For the following definitions, two examples will be used. The first is the problem of character recognition given an array of \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n bits encoding a binary-valued image. The other example is the problem of finding an interval that will correctly classify points within the interval as positive and the points outside of the range as negative.Let \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n be a set called the instance space or the encoding of all the samples. In the character recognition problem, the instance space is \n \n \n \n X\n =\n {\n 0\n ,\n 1\n \n }\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X=\\{0,1\\}^{n}}\n \n. In the interval problem the instance space, \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n, is the set of all bounded intervals in \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} }\n \n, where \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} }\n \n denotes the set of all real numbers.A concept is a subset \n \n \n \n c\n ⊂\n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c\\subset X}\n \n. One concept is the set of all patterns of bits in \n \n \n \n X\n =\n {\n 0\n ,\n 1\n \n }\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X=\\{0,1\\}^{n}}\n \n that encode a picture of the letter \"P\". An example concept from the second example is the set of open intervals, \n \n \n \n {\n (\n a\n ,\n b\n )\n ∣\n 0\n ≤\n a\n ≤\n π\n \n /\n \n 2\n ,\n π\n ≤\n b\n ≤\n \n \n 13\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{(a,b)\\mid 0\\leq a\\leq \\pi /2,\\pi \\leq b\\leq {\\sqrt {13}}\\}}\n \n, each of which contains only the positive points. A concept class \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n is a collection of concepts over \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n. This could be the set of all subsets of the array of bits that are skeletonized 4-connected (width of the font is 1).Let \n \n \n \n E\n X\n (\n c\n ,\n D\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle EX(c,D)}\n \n be a procedure that draws an example, \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n, using a probability distribution \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n {\\displaystyle D}\n \n and gives the correct label \n \n \n \n c\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c(x)}\n \n, that is 1 if \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in c}\n \n and 0 otherwise.Now, given \n \n \n \n 0\n <\n ϵ\n ,\n δ\n <\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0<\\epsilon ,\\delta <1}\n \n, assume there is an algorithm \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n and a polynomial \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n in \n \n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n ϵ\n ,\n 1\n \n /\n \n δ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1/\\epsilon ,1/\\delta }\n \n (and other relevant parameters of the class \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n) such that, given a sample of size \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n drawn according to \n \n \n \n E\n X\n (\n c\n ,\n D\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle EX(c,D)}\n \n, then, with probability of at least \n \n \n \n 1\n −\n δ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1-\\delta }\n \n, \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n outputs a hypothesis \n \n \n \n h\n ∈\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h\\in C}\n \n that has an average error less than or equal to \n \n \n \n ϵ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\epsilon }\n \n on \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n with the same distribution \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n {\\displaystyle D}\n \n. Further if the above statement for algorithm \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n is true for every concept \n \n \n \n c\n ∈\n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c\\in C}\n \n and for every distribution \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n {\\displaystyle D}\n \n over \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n, and for all \n \n \n \n 0\n <\n ϵ\n ,\n δ\n <\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0<\\epsilon ,\\delta <1}\n \n then \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n is (efficiently) PAC learnable (or distribution-free PAC learnable). We can also say that \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n is a PAC learning algorithm for \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n.","title":"Definitions and terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"VC dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VC_dimension"},{"link_name":"Glivenko-Cantelli class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glivenko%E2%80%93Cantelli_theorem#Glivenko%E2%80%93Cantelli_class"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"compressible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compressible_(Littlestone_and_Warmuth)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Under some regularity conditions these conditions are equivalent: [3]The concept class C is PAC learnable.\nThe VC dimension of C is finite.\nC is a uniformly Glivenko-Cantelli class.[clarification needed]\nC is compressible in the sense of Littlestone and Warmuth","title":"Equivalence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"An Introduction to Computational Learning Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=vCA01wY6iywC"},{"link_name":"Readable through open access from the publisher.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mitpress.ublish.com/ebook/foundations-of-machine-learning--2-preview/7093/9"},{"link_name":"Overview of the Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) Learning Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cs.iastate.edu/~honavar/pac.pdf"},{"link_name":"Probably Approximately Correct.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170228150047/http://www.probablyapproximatelycorrect.com/"},{"link_name":"\"Relating Data Compression and Learnability\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170809095748/https://users.soe.ucsc.edu/~manfred/pubs/lrnk-olivier.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cse.ucsc.edu/~manfred/pubs/T1.pdf"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1503.06960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/1503.06960"},{"link_name":"cs.LG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/archive/cs.LG"}],"text":"M. Kearns, U. Vazirani. An Introduction to Computational Learning Theory. MIT Press, 1994. A textbook.\nM. Mohri, A. Rostamizadeh, and A. Talwalkar. Foundations of Machine Learning. MIT Press, 2018. Chapter 2 contains a detailed treatment of PAC-learnability. Readable through open access from the publisher.\nD. Haussler. Overview of the Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) Learning Framework. An introduction to the topic.\nL. Valiant. Probably Approximately Correct. Basic Books, 2013. In which Valiant argues that PAC learning describes how organisms evolve and learn.\nLittlestone, N.; Warmuth, M. K. (June 10, 1986). \"Relating Data Compression and Learnability\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-09.\nMoran, Shay; Yehudayoff, Amir (2015). \"Sample compression schemes for VC classes\". arXiv:1503.06960 [cs.LG].","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Occam learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam_learning"},{"title":"Data mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining"},{"title":"Error tolerance (PAC learning)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_tolerance_(PAC_learning)"},{"title":"Sample complexity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_complexity"}]	[{"reference":"Blumer, Anselm; Ehrenfeucht, Andrzej; David, Haussler; Manfred, Warmuth (October 1989). \"Learnability and the Vapnik-Chervonenkis Dimension\". Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery. 36 (4): 929–965. doi:10.1145/76359.76371. S2CID 1138467.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F76359.76371","url_text":"\"Learnability and the Vapnik-Chervonenkis Dimension\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F76359.76371","url_text":"10.1145/76359.76371"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1138467","url_text":"1138467"}]},{"reference":"Littlestone, N.; Warmuth, M. K. (June 10, 1986). \"Relating Data Compression and Learnability\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170809095748/https://users.soe.ucsc.edu/~manfred/pubs/lrnk-olivier.pdf","url_text":"\"Relating Data Compression and Learnability\""},{"url":"http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/~manfred/pubs/T1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Moran, Shay; Yehudayoff, Amir (2015). \"Sample compression schemes for VC classes\". arXiv:1503.06960 [cs.LG].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.06960","url_text":"1503.06960"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.LG","url_text":"cs.LG"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://web.mit.edu/6.435/www/Valiant84.pdf","external_links_name":"A theory of the learnable."},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F76359.76371","external_links_name":"\"Learnability and the Vapnik-Chervonenkis Dimension\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F76359.76371","external_links_name":"10.1145/76359.76371"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1138467","external_links_name":"1138467"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vCA01wY6iywC","external_links_name":"An Introduction to Computational Learning Theory"},{"Link":"https://mitpress.ublish.com/ebook/foundations-of-machine-learning--2-preview/7093/9","external_links_name":"Readable through open access from the publisher."},{"Link":"http://www.cs.iastate.edu/~honavar/pac.pdf","external_links_name":"Overview of the Probably Approximately Correct (PAC) Learning Framework"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170228150047/http://www.probablyapproximatelycorrect.com/","external_links_name":"Probably Approximately Correct."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170809095748/https://users.soe.ucsc.edu/~manfred/pubs/lrnk-olivier.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Relating Data Compression and Learnability\""},{"Link":"http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/~manfred/pubs/T1.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.06960","external_links_name":"1503.06960"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.LG","external_links_name":"cs.LG"},{"Link":"https://www.cs.brandeis.edu/~dylan/pac_learning/","external_links_name":"Interactive explanation of PAC learning"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_McNally	Sandra McNally	["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 LSE","2.2 University of Surrey","3 Research","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Irish economist (born 1972) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Sandra McNally" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sandra McNallyBornJuly 1972 (age 51–52)NationalityIrishAcademic careerInstitutionLondon School of EconomicsUniversity of SurreyAlma materTrinity College DublinUniversity College London Sandra McNally (born July 1972) is an Irish economist, who is Professor of Economics at the University of Surrey and works at the Centre for Economic Performance (CEP), at the London School of Economics (LSE). Her research interests include economic evaluation of government policies in schools and further education and labor market returns to education and training. Early life Sandra McNally was born in Dublin. She has two half-brothers, and a sister and brother. She has a BA in Economics from Trinity College, Dublin, studying from 1990 to 1994. She has an MSc in Environmental Economics, studying from 1994 to 1995, and a Ph.D. from University College London (UCL) in January 2003. Career From 1995 to 2001 Sandra McNally worked as an economist at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology at Abbots Ripton in Cambridgeshire. LSE In September 2001, Sandra McNally joined the Centre for Economic Performance at the LSE. From October 2002 she also carried out work for the Centre for the Economics of Education think tank, being the Deputy Director from January 2005 to December 2009. In October 2007 she became Director of the Education and Skills Programme at the CEP. She is the Director of the Education and Skills Programme at the CEP at the LSE, working in education economics. She carries out research into education performance. She has produced reports in conjunction with Prof Stephen Machin, the Director of the CEP. In March 2015 she became Director of the Centre for Vocational Education Research at the LSE. The centre had been launched in March 2015; there is comparatively much less research on the FE sector in the UK than on other sectors; this sector is also described as tertiary education. There is also the Further Education Trust for Leadership, launched in 2014. University of Surrey In April 2012 she became Professor of Economics at the University of Surrey, in their School of Economics. Research McNally's area of research is economics of education; evaluation of school-level policies and post-16 education. In May 2007, she wrote a 'fact checking' report for i on education spending in the UK. More specifically, McNally co-wrote a journal article about "The cost of just failing high stakes exams". A subtopic of her main research focus, this article focused on the long term consequences of failing a national examination in England. McNally also wrote an article in April 2020 about how effective apprenticeships are in England. This article attempted to quantify whether undertaking and apprenticeship yielded a positive return for young people entering the labor market, and how this stacks up against other paths one could take. See also Category:Education finance in the United Kingdom Economy of the Republic of Ireland References ^ Companies House ^ CV ^ Research at the LSE ^ FE Week 2015 ^ "These parents have to crowdfund for whiteboards because of Tory education cuts". The Independent. 4 June 2017. ^ "Fact Check: Is education spending at the highest level on record?". inews.co.uk. 7 May 2017. ^ Machin, Stephen; McNally, Sandra; Ruiz-Valenzuela, Jenifer (1 October 2020). "Entry through the narrow door: The costs of just failing high stakes exams". Journal of Public Economics. 190: 104224. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104224. hdl:10419/180270. S2CID 169223170. ^ Cavaglia, Chiara; McNally, Sandra; Ventura, Guglielmo (October 2020). "Do Apprenticeships Pay? Evidence for England". Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. 82 (5): 1094–1134. doi:10.1111/obes.12363. S2CID 52573781. External links Biography at the CEP University of Surrey Centre for Vocational Education Research Economics of Education in Europe vteLondon School of EconomicsCampus, buildings and collections British Library of Political and Economic Science Women's Library Clare Market Hall–Carpenter Archives Lincoln's Inn Fields Sir Arthur Lewis Building Peacock Theatre Research centres Centre for the Analysis of Social Exclusion Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy Centre for Economic Performance Centre for the Economics of Education Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science Crisis States Research Centre Grantham Research Institute Greater London Group International Bibliography of the Social Sciences International Growth Centre LSE Cities LSE IDEAS Polis Department of Social Policy STICERD TRIUM EMBA Student life Athletics Union The Beaver Clare Market Review LSE Students' Union Pulse! 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Wells List of London School of Economics people Montague Burton Professor of International Relations Affiliates Association of Commonwealth Universities CEMS European University Association G5 The General Course Golden triangle Russell Group Universities UK University of London vteUniversity of SurreyPeople The Duke of Kent (Chancellor) Max Lu (Vice Chancellor) List of notable academics List of notable alumni History Federal University of Surrey University of Surrey Roehampton Stag Hill Associated institutions Dongbei University of Finance and Economics DUFE—Surrey International Institute Guildford School of Acting Lewis Elton Gallery St Mary's University College, Twickenham Commercial links Surrey Research Park Surrey Satellite Technology Student life Stag Radio The Stag Category Commons vteEducation in the United KingdomModern systems England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales History England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic Higher education England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales UK International students Topics Academies Comprehensives Free school (England) Grade inflation Grammar schools Languages of instruction English Gaelic Irish Welsh Mathematics education Maths schools Specialist schools Studio schools UTCs Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands Academics CiNii Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"University of Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Centre for Economic Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Economic_Performance"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"}],"text":"Sandra McNally (born July 1972)[1] is an Irish economist, who is Professor of Economics at the University of Surrey and works at the Centre for Economic Performance (CEP), at the London School of Economics (LSE). Her research interests include economic evaluation of government policies in schools and further education and labor market returns to education and training.","title":"Sandra McNally"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"}],"text":"Sandra McNally was born in Dublin. She has two half-brothers, and a sister and brother.She has a BA in Economics from Trinity College, Dublin, studying from 1990 to 1994. She has an MSc in Environmental Economics, studying from 1994 to 1995, and a Ph.D. from University College London (UCL) in January 2003.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Centre for Ecology and Hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_Ecology_and_Hydrology"},{"link_name":"Abbots Ripton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbots_Ripton"},{"link_name":"Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshire"}],"text":"From 1995 to 2001 Sandra McNally worked as an economist at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology at Abbots Ripton in Cambridgeshire.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Centre for the Economics of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_the_Economics_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"education economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_economics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Stephen Machin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Machin"},{"link_name":"Centre for Vocational Education Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Vocational_Education_Research&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FE sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_education"},{"link_name":"tertiary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_education"},{"link_name":"Further Education Trust for Leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Further_Education_Trust_for_Leadership&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"LSE","text":"In September 2001, Sandra McNally joined the Centre for Economic Performance at the LSE. From October 2002 she also carried out work for the Centre for the Economics of Education think tank, being the Deputy Director from January 2005 to December 2009. In October 2007 she became Director of the Education and Skills Programme at the CEP.[2]She is the Director of the Education and Skills Programme at the CEP at the LSE, working in education economics. She carries out research into education performance.[3] She has produced reports in conjunction with Prof Stephen Machin, the Director of the CEP.In March 2015 she became Director of the Centre for Vocational Education Research at the LSE. The centre had been launched in March 2015; there is comparatively much less research on the FE sector in the UK than on other sectors; this sector is also described as tertiary education. There is also the Further Education Trust for Leadership, launched in 2014.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"University of Surrey","text":"In April 2012 she became Professor of Economics at the University of Surrey, in their School of Economics.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"economics of education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_education"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"McNally's area of research is economics of education; evaluation of school-level policies and post-16 education. In May 2007, she wrote a 'fact checking' report for i on education spending in the UK.[5][6]More specifically, McNally co-wrote a journal article about \"The cost of just failing high stakes exams\". A subtopic of her main research focus, this article focused on the long term consequences of failing a national examination in England.[7] McNally also wrote an article in April 2020 about how effective apprenticeships are in England. This article attempted to quantify whether undertaking and apprenticeship yielded a positive return for young people entering the labor market, and how this stacks up against other paths one could take.[8]","title":"Research"}]	[]	[{"title":"Category:Education finance in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Education_finance_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Economy of the Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland"}]	[{"reference":"\"These parents have to crowdfund for whiteboards because of Tory education cuts\". The Independent. 4 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/conservative-tory-education-school-cuts-theresa-may-crowdfunding-national-union-of-teachers-a7771226.html","url_text":"\"These parents have to crowdfund for whiteboards because of Tory education cuts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fact Check: Is education spending at the highest level on record?\". inews.co.uk. 7 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://inews.co.uk/news/fact-check-education-spending-highest-level-record-63618","url_text":"\"Fact Check: Is education spending at the highest level on record?\""}]},{"reference":"Machin, Stephen; McNally, Sandra; Ruiz-Valenzuela, Jenifer (1 October 2020). \"Entry through the narrow door: The costs of just failing high stakes exams\". Journal of Public Economics. 190: 104224. doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104224. hdl:10419/180270. S2CID 169223170.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2020.104224","url_text":"\"Entry through the narrow door: The costs of just failing high stakes exams\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpubeco.2020.104224","url_text":"10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104224"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F180270","url_text":"10419/180270"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169223170","url_text":"169223170"}]},{"reference":"Cavaglia, Chiara; McNally, Sandra; Ventura, Guglielmo (October 2020). \"Do Apprenticeships Pay? Evidence for England\". Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. 82 (5): 1094–1134. doi:10.1111/obes.12363. S2CID 52573781.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fobes.12363","url_text":"\"Do Apprenticeships Pay? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROKS_Pyeongtaek_(ATS-27)	USS Beaufort (ATS-2)	["1 Construction","2 Naval service","3 First Western Pacific Ocean deployment","4 Losing her tows in a storm","5 North Pacific operations","6 Return to the Far East","7 Re-deployment to the Western Pacific","8 Salvaging a downed F-14","9 Return to the Western Pacific","10 Decommissioning","11 Honors and awards","12 References"]	Edenton-class salvage and rescue ship For other ships with the same name, see USS Beaufort. USS Beaufort under construction at Brooke Marine in May, 1970 History United States NameUSS Beaufort NamesakeCity of Beaufort, South Carolina BuilderBrooke Marine, Oulton Broad, Lowestoft, United Kingdom Laid down19 February 1968 Launched1 December 1968 Sponsored byMrs. Waldemar F. A. Wendt Commissioned22 January 1972 as USS Beaufort (ATS-2) Decommissioned8 March 1996 Stricken12 December 1996 HomeportPearl Harbor, Hawaii Honors andawardsNavy Unit Commendation FateSold and transferred under the Security Assistance Program to South Korea, 29 August 1996 General characteristics Class and typeEdenton-class salvage and rescue ship Tonnage3,484 tons Displacement2,592 tons Length283 feet (86 m) Beam59 feet (18 m) Draft17 ft (5.2 m), 18 ft (5.5 m)max PropulsionDiesel, twin screws Complement9 Officers, 108 Enlisted Armament 6 × 0.5 in (12.7 mm) mounts 2 × 20 mm mounts 2 × Phalanx CIWS turrets USS Beaufort (ATS-2) was an Edenton-class salvage and rescue ship acquired by the U.S. Navy in 1972 and maintained in service until struck in 1996. Beaufort spent her entire career in the Pacific Ocean, based out of Pearl Harbor and then Sasebo, Japan, and provided salvage and rescue services where needed from the Western Pacific to the North Pacific. Construction The fifth ship to be so named by the Navy, Beaufort (ATS-2) was laid down on 19 February 1968 at Lowestoft, England, by Brooke Marine Ltd.; launched on 20 December 1968; sponsored by Mrs. Waldemar F. A. Wendt; delivered to the Navy at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard on 5 January 1972; and commissioned there on 22 January 1972. Naval service Beaufort completed outfitting at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard on 5 April 1972 and moved first to the Naval Operating Base, Norfolk, Virginia, for deperming and thence to Little Creek, Virginia, to load in preparation for the voyage to Pearl Harbor. She made an overnight stop at one of her namesake cities, Beaufort, South Carolina, on 14 and 15 April and a two-day visit to Port Royal, South Carolina, from 15 to 17 April before resuming her voyage to Hawaii. The salvage tug transited the Panama Canal on 24 April and headed up the U.S. West Coast of North America to San Diego, arriving there on 3 May. Five days later, Beaufort put to sea on the last leg of her voyage. She arrived in Pearl Harbor on 15 May and became a unit of Service Squadron (ServRon) 5. The ship remained in port until 5 June at which time she began shakedown training in the Hawaiian Islands operating area. The salvage tug completed shakedown training on 23 June and soon began diver and salvage training. August brought final contract trials; and, in September, she resumed salvage training and capability evaluation. Between 13 October and 15 November, she towed the former Observation Island (AG-154) to San Francisco, and returned to Pearl Harbor. She arrived back in Pearl Harbor on 15 November and began post-shakedown availability. First Western Pacific Ocean deployment That repair period occupied her for the rest of 1972 and ended on 15 March 1973. At that time, she resumed normal operations out of Pearl Harbor. Salvage training kept her busy until 16 May when she got underway for her first deployment to the western Pacific. Beaufort stopped at Midway Island and Guam before arriving in the Philippine Islands at Subic Bay on 8 June. She conducted operations in the vicinity of Subic Bay until the beginning of July. At that time, the salvage tug got underway for Vietnam. Between 8 and 22 July, she served as a support ship for the minesweepers engaged in Operation End Sweep, the removal of mines from Haiphong harbor in North Vietnam. Losing her tows in a storm She returned to Subic Bay late in July for a short period of upkeep. From there, the salvage tug went to Naha, Okinawa, to pick up three pontoon barges for towing to Ream, Cambodia. Beaufort departed Naha on August first and shaped a course for Ream, however Beaufort encountered a storm and all three barges broke their tow lines so Beaufort Gunnersmates sank all three barges so they were not floating around the open ocean. While in Ream Beaufort came under attack from the jungle and she returned fire with her 50 caliber machine guns. At the time there was a disabled Cambodian ship so the Captain of the Beaufort directed the Captain of the Cambodian ship, and a minor argument ensued the Captain of the Cambodian ship relented resulting in Beaufort towing the disabled Cambodian ship out of harms way. While in Ream she picked up another tow, a Cambodian Landing Craft, Infantry (LCI), for the voyage back to Subic Bay. The salvage tug reached her destination on 19 August. On the 27th, she got underway for Hong Kong where she made a storm-induced, extended port visit. Beaufort departed Hong Kong on 8 September and headed back toward the Philippines. On the approach to Subic Bay, she took USS Tripoli (LPH-10) in tow and brought her into port on the 10th. After the 'Beaufort' reached port, the United States Marines bought the crew of the 'Beaufort' all of the beer they could drink anywhere on the main street of Magsaysay Street in Olongapo, Subic Bay. She put to sea again on 25 September to help to refloat the grounded US Army Sgt. Jack J. Pendleton (T-AKV-5) and returned to Subic Bay from that mission on 9 October. The crew of the Pendelton ran aground on the coral shoal off of North Vietnam. The Pendelton was 10 degrees off course during a storm. It was hauling ammunition to South Vietnam. The seas were heavy, with high waves being pushed by high winds. As the storm subsided, the Beaufort hooked its steel cables to the aft section of the Pendleton and attempted to tow her off of the snow white coral reef; there was no moving the ship. A barge was called from South Vietnam to unload the ammunition, and get it to U.S. Forces in South Vietnam, the unloading was completed by the sailors of the Pendleton. While the unloading was being completed, the crew of the 'Beaufort' put its Navy Divers both Scuba and hardhat into the water to recon the bottom hull of the Pendleton. The Beaufort Hull Technician divers, noticed a crack in the hull; it was a gap between four inches to twelve inches, and compartments were flooded, which added additional weight. The bow of the Pendelton was protruding approximately twenty feet up toward the sky. Additional ships were dispatched to the scene to assist in pulling the ship off the reef. During the same time, China sent a message stating it owned the island and to stop all procedures and depart the island; North Vietnam also stated it owned the coral reef and to make haste out of the area or it would send a warship to engage the Navy ships, both dispatches were taken seriously, however, no county was taking another operational naval vessel. All towing attempts failed, and a typhoon was closing in on the area. The 'Beaufort' made on final attempt. Another ship rammed the starboard side of the Beaufort, nearly crushing a sailor, as the I-beam of the other ship crushed-in the side of the Beaufort. The ship was hit so hard, the mast began to shake violently, and the men on the bridge were on the deck waiting for it to crash. The 'Beaufort' removed all men from the Pendelton, and loaded divers into a "Mike Boat" (LCM), landing craft. The divers took dive equipment, and demolitions to the 'Pendleton', and set charges to the hull. After retreating approximately 1,000 yards, the charges exploded, and the ship was there "for the duration". It was used as a Radar Beacon for aircraft. The 'Beaufort' Hull Technicians shored its bulkhead with wood and steel, until it could get back to port for major repairs. During repairs, a U.S. Navy destroyer was docked starboard side to 'Beaufort'. The 'Beaufort' was under shipyard repairs. There was a 'wood camel', a floating dock between the ships, for which shipyard workers were painting the hull of the starboard side. The 'Beaufort' was taking on fuel, which had an 'over flow', and dumped into the area between the ships, and surrounded the 'camel' with two men on it; the Destroyer was flying a red Bravo Flag, taking on ammunition. The 'Beaufort' crew were securing from normal operation for the day, and as sailors were taking showers in the head (bathroom), the ship yard welders arc and metal slag fell into the fuel laden water. The fuel caught fire. The fire alarm sounded, and the 'In Port Scene Leader' Hull Technician who had the duty day, responded to the fire on the Main Deck Starboard Side, he was dressed in his boxer shorts and Boots. He dragged out a fire hose, and began to fight the fire, he called for additional fire teams to direct water toward the men on the 'Camel' and for others to rescue the men. Then he directed his fire team to put water onto the destroyer three port side torpedo tubes, which had three live torpedoes; the type one would view on a World War II PT Boat, the Fire Scene Leader of the 'Beaufort' was giving orders to a lieutenant, who refused to listen, so the Fire Scene Leader of Repair Party #3, hosed him to get the Officer away from the torpedoes, as flames were reaching the weapons. The Scene Leader received flash burns on his face, arms, and chest. The men on the camel were later rescued. Three Fire Teams were on scene that day, and not one man ran from the danger of possible explosions, they stood their post and put the fire out. The Captain was at the fire scene to assist his men. Some of the men of the Fire Teams were Alegra, Allen, Master Chief Belk, Beltzek, Butler, Duke was burned, Kopitar led Team #2, Mecca, Miller, Rogers, Weirsma, Yost, and several others. On the 24th, the salvage tug shaped a course for Sasebo, Japan. She arrived in Sasebo on 29 October and remained there until 4 November. On the latter day, Beaufort took two tank landing ships in tow and began the voyage back to Pearl Harbor. She reentered her home port on 28 November and spent the rest of the year in post-deployment leave and upkeep. North Pacific operations From 1 January to 20 May 1974, Beaufort underwent a restricted availability in the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard. Following that repair period, she resumed normal operations in the Hawaiian Islands. That employment lasted until 16 August when she stood out of Pearl Harbor in company with USNS Silas Bent (T-AGS-26) bound for Alaskan waters. She operated with Silas Bent until mid-September. On the 18th, the salvage tug parted company with Silas Bent and laid in a course for Bremerton, Washington. She visited Bremerton from 25 September to 10 October and Vancouver, British Columbia, between 10 and 17 October. During the remainder of October, she made calls at Seattle, Washington; Astoria, Oregon; Longview, Washington; Portland, Oregon; and San Francisco, California. On 4 November, Beaufort departed San Francisco to return to Pearl Harbor. She reentered her home port on 10 November and remained there through the end of 1974. Return to the Far East A restricted availability occupied her during most of January 1975. She resumed operations out of Pearl Harbor on the 27th. Type training, diving drills, and local tows kept her busy until 30 June when she entered the Dillingham Shipyard for a pre-deployment restricted availability. Beaufort resumed local operations on 23 August, and they lasted until 8 September when she got underway for the Far East. The salvage tug stopped at Guam from 15 to 19 September and then continued on to the Philippines. She arrived in Subic Bay on the 24th and operated out of that port until 18 November when she set a course for Japan. Between 24 November and 4 December, Beaufort salvaged some amphibious equipment that had been blown to sea by a storm near Numazu, Japan. On 5 December, she put into Sasebo, Japan, for two days of upkeep. She returned to sea on the 7th, bound for Chinhae, Korea, where she spent the period between 9 and 19 December supporting Republic of Korea Navy salvage training operations. On 20 December, she returned to Sasebo and remained there through the end of the year. Beaufort departed Sasebo on 3 January 1976 and shaped a course for Taiwan. After visits to Keelung and Tsoying, Taiwan, she conducted five days of salvage training with the Taiwanese Navy before heading back to Subic Bay on the 17th. She operated out of Subic Bay until 14 February when she departed the Philippines for Guam towing Kittaton. The salvage tug brought her charge into Apra Harbor on 22 February and, two days later, got underway with USS Tuscumbia in tow and headed for Midway Island. Beaufort dropped her tow off at Midway on 6 March and continued her voyage back to Pearl Harbor. The ship arrived at Oahu on 9 March and began a month of post-deployment leave and upkeep. She underwent a restricted availability for the installation of firefighting equipment and new navigational lights during the latter part of April and most of May. She resumed operations out of Pearl Harbor on 27 May. Concluding those operations on 16 August, she reentered the Dillingham Shipyard for a regular overhaul. The yard work took about a year, occupying the remainder of 1976 and the first eight months of 1977. During the final three months of the overhaul, however, Beaufort put to sea occasionally for tests and evaluations. After 24 May, additional repairs were made at the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard. She resumed normal operations in September, conducting refresher training in the local operating area between the 6th and the 25th. Normal operations—salvage training and diving drills—occupied her time until the end of the first week in November. Re-deployment to the Western Pacific On the 7th, Beaufort stood out of Pearl Harbor on her way to the western Pacific. She arrived at Apra Harbor, Guam, on 18 November. For the next two weeks, she conducted special operations in the Mariana Islands operating area. On 2 December, she broke off the special operations to evade a typhoon at Buckner Bay, Okinawa. On 7 December, she resumed the special operations which lasted until the 14th. The following day, the salvage tug reentered Apra Harbor. She departed Guam on the 22d bound for Korea. She reached Pusan on the 26th but departed again the next day for Chinhae. Beaufort provided support services for Swordfish from 28 to 31 December and then headed back to Pusan. Following a visit to that port on 1 and 2 January 1978, the salvage tug weighed anchor for Japan. She arrived at Sasebo on 4 January once again and began a 15-day upkeep period. On 20 January, Beaufort put to sea for Korea once again. She stopped at Chinhae from the 21st to the 23d, then headed for Numazu, Japan, where she conducted salvage operations between 26 January and 9 February. After a stop at Yokosuka on 10 and 11 February, she towed the former Tensaw to sea for a sinking exercise. She completed that mission on the 17th and laid in a course for Hong Kong. At the end of a four-day call at the British colony, the salvage tug headed for Taiwan where she took part in salvage exercises with elements of the Taiwanese Navy early in March. Salvaging a downed F-14 She returned to Hong Kong on 9 March for an 11-day visit before getting underway for Subic Bay. On her way there, however, she received orders diverting her to the Gulf of Thailand to salvage a downed F-14. From 25 to 31 March, conducted recovery operations on the fighter. On 1 April, Beaufort put into Singapore for a week of liberty and upkeep. She returned to sea on the 9th, bound for surveillance duties in the Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands. That mission continued until 23 April when the ship entered Apra Harbor, Guam, for a two-day port call. On 26 April, she began her voyage home to Oahu. She reached Pearl Harbor on 5 May and began a month of post-deployment leave and upkeep. On 5 June, Beaufort resumed normal operations with a visit to Lahaina Roads near the island of Maui. There, she conducted a bow-lift exercise on the former Bluegill. Similar duty elsewhere in the Hawaiian Islands and the mid-Pacific operating area occupied her for the rest of the year and into 1979. Return to the Western Pacific At the end of January 1979, she entered the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard for a restricted availability. Beaufort completed repairs on 11 March and resumed local operations. On 1 April, the salvage tug began preparations for overseas movement and, on the 24th, departed Pearl Harbor for the western Pacific. The ship arrived in Apra Harbor, Guam, on 5 May and operated from that port until the 27th when she got underway for the Philippine Islands. Beaufort stopped at Legaspi between 1 and 4 June before arriving in Subic Bay on the 6th. For the next four months, she performed the usual U.S. 7th Fleet duty visiting a number of ports, towing ships, and conducting salvage training. On 29 September, she departed Yokosuka, Japan, to return to Hawaii. Beaufort arrived in Pearl Harbor on 10 October and, after post-deployment standdown, resumed local operations on 13 November. Duty out of Pearl Harbor occupied her time through the next nine months. On 25 August 1980, she got underway for the west coast of the United States. The ship reached Oakland, California, on 1 September and remained there until the 7th. Beaufort headed back to Hawaii on 8 September and arrived there on 15 September. Five days later, she got underway for the western Pacific. The salvage tug arrived in Apra Harbor, Guam, on 6 November. Following a nine-day stopover at Guam, Beaufort weighed anchor for the Philippines. En route, she conducted a surveillance mission in the Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands. On 26 November, the salvage tug arrived in Subic Bay but remained only until the 30th when she embarked upon a voyage which took her to Thailand and Singapore. Beaufort returned to Subic Bay on 2 January 1981. She operated out of that port until 6 April when she got underway for home. The ship stopped at Guam on 12 April but continued her voyage east on the 13th. Beaufort reentered Pearl Harbor on 28 April and remained there until 8 June when she resumed operations in the Hawaiian Islands. Decommissioning Beaufort was decommissioned on 8 March 1996 and was struck from the Navy List on 12 December 1996. She was disposed of through the Security Assistance Program, transfer and cash sale of the hull and transferred to the Republic of Korea Navy on 29 August 1996. Honors and awards Qualified Beaufort personnel were authorized the following: Combat Action Ribbon Joint Meritorious Unit Award Navy Unit Commendation Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation (3) Battle "E" Ribbon (5) National Defense Service Medal (2) Vietnam Service Medal Southwest Asia Service Medal Humanitarian Service Medal (Boat People) Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait) References This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here. NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive - ATS-2 Beaufort vteEdenton-class salvage and rescue ships United States Navy Edenton Beaufort Brunswick United States Coast Guard Alex Haley (ex-Edenton) Republic of Korea Navy Pyeongtaek (ex-Beaufort) Gwangyang (ex-Brunswick) List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Beaufort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Beaufort"},{"link_name":"Edenton-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edenton-class_salvage_and_rescue_ship"},{"link_name":"salvage and rescue ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvage_and_rescue_ship"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Sasebo, Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasebo,_Japan"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see USS Beaufort.USS Beaufort (ATS-2) was an Edenton-class salvage and rescue ship acquired by the U.S. Navy in 1972 and maintained in service until struck in 1996. Beaufort spent her entire career in the Pacific Ocean, based out of Pearl Harbor and then Sasebo, Japan, and provided salvage and rescue services where needed from the Western Pacific to the North Pacific.","title":"USS Beaufort (ATS-2)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lowestoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowestoft"},{"link_name":"Brooke Marine Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Marine"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Naval_Shipyard"}],"text":"The fifth ship to be so named by the Navy, Beaufort (ATS-2) was laid down on 19 February 1968 at Lowestoft, England, by Brooke Marine Ltd.; launched on 20 December 1968; sponsored by Mrs. Waldemar F. A. Wendt; delivered to the Navy at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard on 5 January 1972; and commissioned there on 22 January 1972.","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norfolk Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Little Creek, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Amphibious_Base_Little_Creek"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Beaufort, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Port Royal, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Royal,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"salvage tug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvage_tug"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Service Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Squadron"},{"link_name":"shakedown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_trial"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Observation Island (AG-154)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Observation_Island_(T-AGM-23)"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"}],"text":"Beaufort completed outfitting at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard on 5 April 1972 and moved first to the Naval Operating Base, Norfolk, Virginia, for deperming and thence to Little Creek, Virginia, to load in preparation for the voyage to Pearl Harbor.She made an overnight stop at one of her namesake cities, Beaufort, South Carolina, on 14 and 15 April and a two-day visit to Port Royal, South Carolina, from 15 to 17 April before resuming her voyage to Hawaii. The salvage tug transited the Panama Canal on 24 April and headed up the U.S. West Coast of North America to San Diego, arriving there on 3 May. Five days later, Beaufort put to sea on the last leg of her voyage.She arrived in Pearl Harbor on 15 May and became a unit of Service Squadron (ServRon) 5. The ship remained in port until 5 June at which time she began shakedown training in the Hawaiian Islands operating area.The salvage tug completed shakedown training on 23 June and soon began diver and salvage training. August brought final contract trials; and, in September, she resumed salvage training and capability evaluation. Between 13 October and 15 November, she towed the former Observation Island (AG-154) to San Francisco, and returned to Pearl Harbor. She arrived back in Pearl Harbor on 15 November and began post-shakedown availability.","title":"Naval service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Midway Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Island"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Philippine Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Islands"},{"link_name":"Subic Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subic_Bay"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"minesweepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Operation End Sweep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_End_Sweep"},{"link_name":"Haiphong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiphong"},{"link_name":"North Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnam"}],"text":"That repair period occupied her for the rest of 1972 and ended on 15 March 1973. At that time, she resumed normal operations out of Pearl Harbor. Salvage training kept her busy until 16 May when she got underway for her first deployment to the western Pacific. Beaufort stopped at Midway Island and Guam before arriving in the Philippine Islands at Subic Bay on 8 June. She conducted operations in the vicinity of Subic Bay until the beginning of July. At that time, the salvage tug got underway for Vietnam. Between 8 and 22 July, she served as a support ship for the minesweepers engaged in Operation End Sweep, the removal of mines from Haiphong harbor in North Vietnam.","title":"First Western Pacific Ocean deployment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Tripoli (LPH-10)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tripoli_(LPH-10)"},{"link_name":"Sasebo, Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasebo,_Japan"}],"text":"She returned to Subic Bay late in July for a short period of upkeep. From there, the salvage tug went to Naha, Okinawa, to pick up three pontoon barges for towing to Ream, Cambodia. Beaufort departed Naha on August first and shaped a course for Ream, however Beaufort encountered a storm and all three barges broke their tow lines so Beaufort Gunnersmates sank all three barges so they were not floating around the open ocean. While in Ream Beaufort came under attack from the jungle and she returned fire with her 50 caliber machine guns. At the time there was a disabled Cambodian ship so the Captain of the Beaufort directed the Captain of the Cambodian ship, and a minor argument ensued the Captain of the Cambodian ship relented resulting in Beaufort towing the disabled Cambodian ship out of harms way.While in Ream she picked up another tow, a Cambodian Landing Craft, Infantry (LCI), for the voyage back to Subic Bay. The salvage tug reached her destination on 19 August. On the 27th, she got underway for Hong Kong where she made a storm-induced, extended port visit. Beaufort departed Hong Kong on 8 September and headed back toward the Philippines. On the approach to Subic Bay, she took USS Tripoli (LPH-10) in tow and brought her into port on the 10th. After the 'Beaufort' reached port, the United States Marines bought the crew of the 'Beaufort' all of the beer they could drink anywhere on the main street of Magsaysay Street in Olongapo, Subic Bay.She put to sea again on 25 September to help to refloat the grounded US Army Sgt. Jack J. Pendleton (T-AKV-5) and returned to Subic Bay from that mission on 9 October. The crew of the Pendelton ran aground on the coral shoal off of North Vietnam. The Pendelton was 10 degrees off course during a storm. It was hauling ammunition to South Vietnam. The seas were heavy, with high waves being pushed by high winds. As the storm subsided, the Beaufort hooked its steel cables to the aft section of the Pendleton and attempted to tow her off of the snow white coral reef; there was no moving the ship. A barge was called from South Vietnam to unload the ammunition, and get it to U.S. Forces in South Vietnam, the unloading was completed by the sailors of the Pendleton. While the unloading was being completed, the crew of the 'Beaufort' put its Navy Divers both Scuba and hardhat into the water to recon the bottom hull of the Pendleton.The Beaufort Hull Technician divers, noticed a crack in the hull; it was a gap between four inches to twelve inches, and compartments were flooded, which added additional weight. The bow of the Pendelton was protruding approximately twenty feet up toward the sky. Additional ships were dispatched to the scene to assist in pulling the ship off the reef. During the same time, China sent a message stating it owned the island and to stop all procedures and depart the island; North Vietnam also stated it owned the coral reef and to make haste out of the area or it would send a warship to engage the Navy ships, both dispatches were taken seriously, however, no county was taking another operational naval vessel. All towing attempts failed, and a typhoon was closing in on the area. The 'Beaufort' made on final attempt. Another ship rammed the starboard side of the Beaufort, nearly crushing a sailor, as the I-beam of the other ship crushed-in the side of the Beaufort. The ship was hit so hard, the mast began to shake violently, and the men on the bridge were on the deck waiting for it to crash. The 'Beaufort' removed all men from the Pendelton, and loaded divers into a \"Mike Boat\" (LCM), landing craft. The divers took dive equipment, and demolitions to the 'Pendleton', and set charges to the hull. After retreating approximately 1,000 yards, the charges exploded, and the ship was there \"for the duration\". It was used as a Radar Beacon for aircraft. The 'Beaufort' Hull Technicians shored its bulkhead with wood and steel, until it could get back to port for major repairs.During repairs, a U.S. Navy destroyer was docked starboard side to 'Beaufort'. The 'Beaufort' was under shipyard repairs. There was a 'wood camel', a floating dock between the ships, for which shipyard workers were painting the hull of the starboard side. The 'Beaufort' was taking on fuel, which had an 'over flow', and dumped into the area between the ships, and surrounded the 'camel' with two men on it; the Destroyer was flying a red Bravo Flag, taking on ammunition. The 'Beaufort' crew were securing from normal operation for the day, and as sailors were taking showers in the head (bathroom), the ship yard welders arc and metal slag fell into the fuel laden water. The fuel caught fire. The fire alarm sounded, and the 'In Port Scene Leader' Hull Technician who had the duty day, responded to the fire on the Main Deck Starboard Side, he was dressed in his boxer shorts and Boots. He dragged out a fire hose, and began to fight the fire, he called for additional fire teams to direct water toward the men on the 'Camel' and for others to rescue the men. Then he directed his fire team to put water onto the destroyer three port side torpedo tubes, which had three live torpedoes; the type one would view on a World War II PT Boat, the Fire Scene Leader of the 'Beaufort' was giving orders to a lieutenant, who refused to listen, so the Fire Scene Leader of Repair Party #3, hosed him to get the Officer away from the torpedoes, as flames were reaching the weapons. The Scene Leader received flash burns on his face, arms, and chest. The men on the camel were later rescued.Three Fire Teams were on scene that day, and not one man ran from the danger of possible explosions, they stood their post and put the fire out. The Captain was at the fire scene to assist his men. Some of the men of the Fire Teams were Alegra, Allen, Master Chief Belk, Beltzek, Butler, Duke was burned, Kopitar led Team #2, Mecca, Miller, Rogers, Weirsma, Yost, and several others. On the 24th, the salvage tug shaped a course for Sasebo, Japan. She arrived in Sasebo on 29 October and remained there until 4 November. On the latter day, Beaufort took two tank landing ships in tow and began the voyage back to Pearl Harbor. She reentered her home port on 28 November and spent the rest of the year in post-deployment leave and upkeep.","title":"Losing her tows in a storm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"USNS Silas Bent (T-AGS-26)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Silas_Bent_(T-AGS-26)"},{"link_name":"Alaskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Bremerton, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremerton,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Astoria, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoria,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Longview, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longview,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"San Francisco, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"}],"text":"From 1 January to 20 May 1974, Beaufort underwent a restricted availability in the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard. Following that repair period, she resumed normal operations in the Hawaiian Islands. That employment lasted until 16 August when she stood out of Pearl Harbor in company with USNS Silas Bent (T-AGS-26) bound for Alaskan waters. She operated with Silas Bent until mid-September.On the 18th, the salvage tug parted company with Silas Bent and laid in a course for Bremerton, Washington. She visited Bremerton from 25 September to 10 October and Vancouver, British Columbia, between 10 and 17 October. During the remainder of October, she made calls at Seattle, Washington; Astoria, Oregon; Longview, Washington; Portland, Oregon; and San Francisco, California. On 4 November, Beaufort departed San Francisco to return to Pearl Harbor. She reentered her home port on 10 November and remained there through the end of 1974.","title":"North Pacific operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Numazu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numazu"},{"link_name":"Sasebo, Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasebo,_Japan"},{"link_name":"Chinhae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinhae"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Republic of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Keelung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelung"},{"link_name":"Tsoying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsoying"},{"link_name":"Kittaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Kittaton"},{"link_name":"Apra Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apra_Harbor"},{"link_name":"USS Tuscumbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscumbia_(YTB-762)"},{"link_name":"Oahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu"}],"text":"A restricted availability occupied her during most of January 1975. She resumed operations out of Pearl Harbor on the 27th. Type training, diving drills, and local tows kept her busy until 30 June when she entered the Dillingham Shipyard for a pre-deployment restricted availability. Beaufort resumed local operations on 23 August, and they lasted until 8 September when she got underway for the Far East.The salvage tug stopped at Guam from 15 to 19 September and then continued on to the Philippines. She arrived in Subic Bay on the 24th and operated out of that port until 18 November when she set a course for Japan. Between 24 November and 4 December, Beaufort salvaged some amphibious equipment that had been blown to sea by a storm near Numazu, Japan. On 5 December, she put into Sasebo, Japan, for two days of upkeep. She returned to sea on the 7th, bound for Chinhae, Korea, where she spent the period between 9 and 19 December supporting Republic of Korea Navy salvage training operations. On 20 December, she returned to Sasebo and remained there through the end of the year.Beaufort departed Sasebo on 3 January 1976 and shaped a course for Taiwan. After visits to Keelung and Tsoying, Taiwan, she conducted five days of salvage training with the Taiwanese Navy before heading back to Subic Bay on the 17th. She operated out of Subic Bay until 14 February when she departed the Philippines for Guam towing Kittaton. The salvage tug brought her charge into Apra Harbor on 22 February and, two days later, got underway with USS Tuscumbia in tow and headed for Midway Island. Beaufort dropped her tow off at Midway on 6 March and continued her voyage back to Pearl Harbor.The ship arrived at Oahu on 9 March and began a month of post-deployment leave and upkeep. She underwent a restricted availability for the installation of firefighting equipment and new navigational lights during the latter part of April and most of May. She resumed operations out of Pearl Harbor on 27 May. Concluding those operations on 16 August, she reentered the Dillingham Shipyard for a regular overhaul.The yard work took about a year, occupying the remainder of 1976 and the first eight months of 1977. During the final three months of the overhaul, however, Beaufort put to sea occasionally for tests and evaluations. After 24 May, additional repairs were made at the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard. She resumed normal operations in September, conducting refresher training in the local operating area between the 6th and the 25th. Normal operations—salvage training and diving drills—occupied her time until the end of the first week in November.","title":"Return to the Far East"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"Buckner Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckner_Bay"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Pusan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusan"},{"link_name":"Chinhae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinhae"},{"link_name":"Swordfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Swordfish_(SSN-579)"},{"link_name":"Pusan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusan"},{"link_name":"Numazu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numazu"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fleet_Activities_Yokosuka"},{"link_name":"Tensaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tensaw"}],"text":"On the 7th, Beaufort stood out of Pearl Harbor on her way to the western Pacific. She arrived at Apra Harbor, Guam, on 18 November. For the next two weeks, she conducted special operations in the Mariana Islands operating area. On 2 December, she broke off the special operations to evade a typhoon at Buckner Bay, Okinawa. On 7 December, she resumed the special operations which lasted until the 14th.The following day, the salvage tug reentered Apra Harbor. She departed Guam on the 22d bound for Korea. She reached Pusan on the 26th but departed again the next day for Chinhae. Beaufort provided support services for Swordfish from 28 to 31 December and then headed back to Pusan.Following a visit to that port on 1 and 2 January 1978, the salvage tug weighed anchor for Japan. She arrived at Sasebo on 4 January once again and began a 15-day upkeep period. On 20 January, Beaufort put to sea for Korea once again. She stopped at Chinhae from the 21st to the 23d, then headed for Numazu, Japan, where she conducted salvage operations between 26 January and 9 February. After a stop at Yokosuka on 10 and 11 February, she towed the former Tensaw to sea for a sinking exercise. She completed that mission on the 17th and laid in a course for Hong Kong. At the end of a four-day call at the British colony, the salvage tug headed for Taiwan where she took part in salvage exercises with elements of the Taiwanese Navy early in March.","title":"Re-deployment to the Western Pacific"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand"},{"link_name":"F-14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-14_Tomcat"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands"},{"link_name":"Oahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Lahaina Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahaina_Roads"},{"link_name":"Maui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maui"},{"link_name":"Bluegill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_%27%27Bluegill%27%27_(SS-242)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands"}],"text":"She returned to Hong Kong on 9 March for an 11-day visit before getting underway for Subic Bay. On her way there, however, she received orders diverting her to the Gulf of Thailand to salvage a downed F-14. From 25 to 31 March, conducted recovery operations on the fighter.On 1 April, Beaufort put into Singapore for a week of liberty and upkeep. She returned to sea on the 9th, bound for surveillance duties in the Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands. That mission continued until 23 April when the ship entered Apra Harbor, Guam, for a two-day port call. On 26 April, she began her voyage home to Oahu. She reached Pearl Harbor on 5 May and began a month of post-deployment leave and upkeep.On 5 June, Beaufort resumed normal operations with a visit to Lahaina Roads near the island of Maui. There, she conducted a bow-lift exercise on the former Bluegill. Similar duty elsewhere in the Hawaiian Islands and the mid-Pacific operating area occupied her for the rest of the year and into 1979.","title":"Salvaging a downed F-14"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Legaspi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legazpi,_Albay"},{"link_name":"U.S. 7th Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._7th_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fleet_Activities_Yokosuka"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Oakland, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands"}],"text":"At the end of January 1979, she entered the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard for a restricted availability. Beaufort completed repairs on 11 March and resumed local operations. On 1 April, the salvage tug began preparations for overseas movement and, on the 24th, departed Pearl Harbor for the western Pacific. The ship arrived in Apra Harbor, Guam, on 5 May and operated from that port until the 27th when she got underway for the Philippine Islands.Beaufort stopped at Legaspi between 1 and 4 June before arriving in Subic Bay on the 6th. For the next four months, she performed the usual U.S. 7th Fleet duty visiting a number of ports, towing ships, and conducting salvage training. On 29 September, she departed Yokosuka, Japan, to return to Hawaii. Beaufort arrived in Pearl Harbor on 10 October and, after post-deployment standdown, resumed local operations on 13 November.Duty out of Pearl Harbor occupied her time through the next nine months. On 25 August 1980, she got underway for the west coast of the United States. The ship reached Oakland, California, on 1 September and remained there until the 7th. Beaufort headed back to Hawaii on 8 September and arrived there on 15 September. Five days later, she got underway for the western Pacific. The salvage tug arrived in Apra Harbor, Guam, on 6 November. Following a nine-day stopover at Guam, Beaufort weighed anchor for the Philippines. En route, she conducted a surveillance mission in the Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands.On 26 November, the salvage tug arrived in Subic Bay but remained only until the 30th when she embarked upon a voyage which took her to Thailand and Singapore. Beaufort returned to Subic Bay on 2 January 1981. She operated out of that port until 6 April when she got underway for home. The ship stopped at Guam on 12 April but continued her voyage east on the 13th. Beaufort reentered Pearl Harbor on 28 April and remained there until 8 June when she resumed operations in the Hawaiian Islands.","title":"Return to the Western Pacific"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Navy List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"},{"link_name":"Republic of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea"}],"text":"Beaufort was decommissioned on 8 March 1996 and was struck from the Navy List on 12 December 1996. She was disposed of through the Security Assistance Program, transfer and cash sale of the hull and transferred to the Republic of Korea Navy on 29 August 1996.","title":"Decommissioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Combat Action Ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Action_Ribbon"},{"link_name":"Joint Meritorious Unit Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Meritorious_Unit_Award"},{"link_name":"Navy Unit Commendation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Unit_Commendation"},{"link_name":"Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Meritorious_Unit_Commendation"},{"link_name":"Battle \"E\" Ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_E_Ribbon"},{"link_name":"National Defense Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Vietnam Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Southwest Asia Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Asia_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Humanitarian Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Kuwait Liberation Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_Liberation_Medal_(Kuwait)"}],"text":"Qualified Beaufort personnel were authorized the following:Combat Action Ribbon\nJoint Meritorious Unit Award\nNavy Unit Commendation\nNavy Meritorious Unit Commendation (3)\nBattle \"E\" Ribbon (5)\nNational Defense Service Medal (2)\nVietnam Service Medal\nSouthwest Asia Service Medal\nHumanitarian Service Medal (Boat People)\nKuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait)","title":"Honors and awards"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/b4/beaufort-v.htm","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/31/3102.htm","external_links_name":"NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive - ATS-2 Beaufort"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavochkin_La-156	Lavochkin La-152	["1 Design and development","1.1 Izdeliye 152","1.2 Izdeliye 154","1.3 Izdeliye 156","1.4 Izdeliye 174TK","2 Variants","3 Specifications (Izdeliye 156)","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Notes","5.2 Citations","5.3 Bibliography"]	Soviet jet fighter prototype Izdeliye 152 Izdeliye 152 Role Jet fighter prototypeType of aircraft National origin Soviet Union Manufacturer Lavochkin Designer Semyon Alekseyevich Lavochkin First flight 5 December 1946 Number built 4 Developed from Lavochkin La-150 Developed into Lavochkin La-160 The Lavochkin La-152, (USAF reporting name - Type 4), and its variants, was a jet fighter prototype designed and manufactured by the Lavochkin Design Bureau (OKB) shortly after the end of World War II. Derived from the Lavochkin La-150, the 152 used several different engines, but the program was canceled as other fighters with more powerful engines and swept wings showed more promise. Design and development Izdeliye 152 Following the limited success of the 150, drastic changes were introduced to improve performance and ease of maintenance. The RD-10 engine, rated at 8.8 kN (2,000 lbf) of thrust, was moved to the front of the nose and its cowling formed the bottom of the forward fuselage. This position minimized thrust losses due to the length of the intake duct and allowed the engine to be changed much more easily than its predecessor. The cockpit was widened and moved to a position over the mid-set wings, even with the engine's exhaust nozzle. The pilot's seat back was armored and he was protected by an armor plate to his front and a bulletproof windscreen. Three fuel tanks were positioned ahead of the cockpit and one behind it with a total capacity of 620 kilograms (1,370 lb) of fuel. The removable, mid-mounted wings used several different laminar flow airfoils over their span. Each wing had a single spar, slotted flaps and ailerons. The tricycle undercarriage retracted into the fuselage, which meant that the aircraft had a very narrow ground track. The aircraft was armed with three 23-millimeter (0.91 in) Nudelman-Suranov NS-23 autocannon, two on the starboard side of the aircraft's nose and the other on the port side. Each gun had 50 rounds of ammunition. The 152 made its first flight on 5 December 1946 and the manufacturer's trials completed on 23 June 1947. State acceptance trials commenced on 12 July, but the prototype crashed on the eighth flight when the engine failed on approach. The maximum speed attained by the 152 before its crash was only 840 kilometers per hour (520 mph). Izdeliye 154 The Lavochkin OKB decided to improve the performance of the 152 in late 1946 by replacing the RD-10 engine with a more powerful Lyulka TR-1 turbojet of 12.3 kN (2,800 lbf) thrust. The design work was completed in September 1947, and construction began of a prototype shortly afterward, but the engine was not yet ready for testing and the project was canceled. The only other significant difference from the 152 was that each cannon was furnished with 75 rounds of ammunition. Izdeliye 156 Meanwhile, the OKB had been developing two afterburning versions of the RD-10 to increase the engine's power. The more successful model was only 100 millimeters (3.9 in) longer and weighed an additional 31 kilograms (68 lb) more than the original engine. Its power, however, was increased by an additional 3.3 kN (740 lbf), over 30% more thrust. This engine was designated the izdeliye YuF by the bureau and was fitted into an aircraft 152 prototype in November 1946, initially designated as the 150D (Dooblyor - Second). This was changed to Aircraft 156 the following month. In addition to the more powerful engine, the aircraft now had an ejection seat, additional cockpit armor, and a revised canopy. More importantly, it was fitted with new wings with a greater span and more surface area; they also had a new airfoil designed to delay Mach tuck. The area of the tailplane and the vertical stabilizer was also increased. Two prototypes were built and the first one was completed in February 1947 and made its first flight on 1 March. The second prototype joined the manufacturer's trials later that month. One of these aircraft participated in the Tushino flypast on 3 August 1947, where it was given the USAF reporting name of Type 5. The additional power increased the aircraft's top speed by 40–70 km/h (25–43 mph) over the 152. The second prototype began state acceptance trials on 9 September and demonstrated a maximum speed of 905 km/h (562 mph) at an altitude of 2,000 meters (6,560 ft). It could reach 5,000 meters (16,400 ft) in four minutes using afterburner. The aircraft was rejected by the Soviet Air Forces when the trials were concluded on 28 January 1948. The report said that the YuF engine was required more work before it was ready for production, the aircraft had problems with longitudinal stability, excessive stick forces from the ailerons and elevators, and the undercarriage was troublesome. Lavochkin consequently canceled the program. Izdeliye 174TK An experimental version of Izdeliye 156 was built in 1947 under the name of Izdeliye 174TK (Tonkoye Krylo - thin wing). It had a very thin, straight wing of 6% thickness, believed to be the thinnest yet flown in the world, and an imported Rolls-Royce Derwent V engine, rated at 15.6 kN (3,500 lbf), mounted in the nose. The three NS-23 cannon had to be repositioned on the bottom of the nose to accommodate the engine. It was first flown in January 1948 and had a top speed of 970 km/h (600 mph) at sea level. It reached an altitude of 5,000 meters in only 2.5 minutes, but even these impressive gains over the 156 were inferior to the swept-wing Lavochkin La-160 that had flown nine months earlier and the program was canceled. Variants Izdeliye 154 - A second 152 airframe with a Lyulka TR-1 turbojet. Canceled due to delays with the engine. Izdeliye 156 - Originally known as Aircraft 152D. A modified 152 with a YuF engine, an afterburning version of the RD-10. Izdeliye 174TK - A thin-wing version of the 156 with a Rolls-Royce Derwent engine, but performance was already overshadowed by the lower-powered Aircraft 160 so further development abandoned. Specifications (Izdeliye 156) Data from Early Soviet Jet FightersGeneral characteristics Crew: 1 Length: 9.12 m (29 ft 11 in) Wingspan: 8.52 m (27 ft 11 in) Wing area: 13.24 m2 (142.5 sq ft) Empty weight: 2,398 kg (5,287 lb) Gross weight: 3,521 kg (7,762 lb) Fuel capacity: 756 kg Powerplant: 1 × YuF after-burning version of RD-10 turbojet, 8.5 kN (1,900 lbf) thrust dry, 10.3 kN (2,300 lbf) with afterburner Performance Maximum speed: 905 km/h (562 mph, 489 kn) Range: 680 km (420 mi, 370 nmi) Service ceiling: 10,700 m (35,100 ft) Rate of climb: 23.6 m/s (4,650 ft/min) Wing loading: 264 kg/m2 (54 lb/sq ft) Armament Guns: 3 × 23 mm Nudelman-Suranov NS-23 autocannon with 190 rounds total See also Related development Lavochkin Aircraft 160 Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Yakovlev Yak-15 Yakovlev Yak-17-RD10 Related lists List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS References Notes ^ All Lavochkin's jet aircraft were referred to in-house, and at government level, as "Izdeliye (Item or Product) 152", etc. ^ Confusingly, some sources refer to both this engine and Yakovlev's afterburning version of the RD-10 as RD-10Fs, although they had two different afterburner designs. Citations ^ a b Parsch, Andreas and Aleksey V. Martynov. "Designations of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles." designation-systems.net, 2008. Retrieved: 19 August 2011. ^ a b Gordon 2002, pp. 109, 112. ^ a b Gordon 2002, pp. 109–110, 112. ^ Gordon 2002, pp. 106–107, 109–110. ^ Gordon 2002, pp. 110, 113. ^ Gordon 2002, pp. 113–114. ^ a b Gunston 1995, p. 168. ^ Gordon 2002, pp. 106–107, 109–110, 113–114 ^ Gordon 2002, p. 114. Bibliography Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lavochkin La-152. Gordon, Yefim. Early Soviet Jet Fighters. Hinckley, Leicestershire, UK: Midland, 2002. ISBN 1-85780-139-3. Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. The Complete Book of Fighters. London: Salamander Books, 1994. ISBN 1-85833-777-1. Gunston, Bill. The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995. London: Osprey, 1995. ISBN 1-85532-405-9. vteLavochkin aircraftFighters LaGG-1 LaGG-3 La-5 La-7 La-9 La-11 La-15 Experimental aircraft La-120 La-126 La-130 La-132 La-134 La-138 La-140 La-150 La-152 La-160 La-168 La-190 La-200 La-250 Other La-17 (drone) V-300 (missile) Lunokhod (lunar probes) vteSoviet straight-winged jet fightersAlekseyev I-21 I-212 Lavochkin La-150 La-152 La-154 La-156 Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9 Sukhoi Su-9 (1946) Su-11 (1947) Su-13 Yakovlev Yak-15 Yak-17 Yak-19 Yak-23 Yak-25 (1947) vteUSAF/DoD reporting names for Soviet and Chinese aircraft and missilesType numbers(1947–1955) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 132 14 15 16 171 172 181 182 191 192 201,4 202 21 221 222 23 241 242 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 381 382 39 40 Research/prototypeaircraftCaspian Sea CASP-A CASP-B Kazan KAZ-A Novosibirsk NOVO-A3 NOVO-B3 NOVO-C GFRI RAM-A3 RAM-B3 RAM-C3 RAM-D3 RAM-E3 RAM-F3 RAM-G RAM-H RAM-J RAM-K RAM-L RAM-M RAM-N RAM-P RAM-Q3 RAM-R R2 RAM-S3 RAM-T SibNIA SIB-A Taganrog TAG-A TAG-B3 TAG-C3 TAG-D Harbin HARB-A Nanchang NAN-A3 NAN-B3 Xi'an XIAN-A Research/prototypemissilesBarnaul BL-013 BL-023 BL-033 BL-043 BL-053 BL-063 BL-073 BL-083 BL-093 BL-10 Embi-5 EM-013 Kapustin Yar KY-015 KY-02 I5 II5 III5 KY-03 KY-045 KY-055 KY-065 KY-075 KY-083 KY-093 KY-103 KY-115 KY-12 Nyonoksa NE-013 NE-023 NE-033 NE-04 Plesetsk PL-01 PL-023 PL-033 PL-04 PL-05 Sary Shagan SH-01 SH-023 SH-033 SH-044 SH-053 SH-063 SH-073 SH-08 SH-093 SH-103 SH-11 Töretam TT-013 TT-023 TT-033 TT-043 TT-05 TT-063 TT-073 TT-083 TT-09 Vladimirovska VA-013 VA-023 VA-033 VA-043 VA-053 VA-063 VA-075 VA-083 1 Listed in contemporary sources • 2 Bergander list (details) • 3 Unknown/no details • 4 Possible error • 5 Unconfirmed	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"USAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAF"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pa-2"},{"link_name":"Lavochkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavochkin"},{"link_name":"Design Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OKB"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Lavochkin La-150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavochkin_La-150"},{"link_name":"swept wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swept_wing"}],"text":"Soviet jet fighter prototypeThe Lavochkin La-152,[Note 1] (USAF reporting name - Type 4),[1] and its variants, was a jet fighter prototype designed and manufactured by the Lavochkin Design Bureau (OKB) shortly after the end of World War II. Derived from the Lavochkin La-150, the 152 used several different engines, but the program was canceled as other fighters with more powerful engines and swept wings showed more promise.","title":"Lavochkin La-152"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RD-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumo_004"},{"link_name":"cockpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockpit_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"nozzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozzle"},{"link_name":"windscreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windscreen"},{"link_name":"laminar flow airfoils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar_flow_airfoil"},{"link_name":"spar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spar_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"slotted flaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"ailerons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileron"},{"link_name":"tricycle undercarriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricycle_undercarriage"},{"link_name":"Nudelman-Suranov NS-23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudelman-Suranov_NS-23"},{"link_name":"autocannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocannon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g0-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g0-3"}],"sub_title":"Izdeliye 152","text":"Following the limited success of the 150, drastic changes were introduced to improve performance and ease of maintenance. The RD-10 engine, rated at 8.8 kN (2,000 lbf) of thrust, was moved to the front of the nose and its cowling formed the bottom of the forward fuselage. This position minimized thrust losses due to the length of the intake duct and allowed the engine to be changed much more easily than its predecessor. The cockpit was widened and moved to a position over the mid-set wings, even with the engine's exhaust nozzle. The pilot's seat back was armored and he was protected by an armor plate to his front and a bulletproof windscreen. Three fuel tanks were positioned ahead of the cockpit and one behind it with a total capacity of 620 kilograms (1,370 lb) of fuel. The removable, mid-mounted wings used several different laminar flow airfoils over their span. Each wing had a single spar, slotted flaps and ailerons. The tricycle undercarriage retracted into the fuselage, which meant that the aircraft had a very narrow ground track. The aircraft was armed with three 23-millimeter (0.91 in) Nudelman-Suranov NS-23 autocannon, two on the starboard side of the aircraft's nose and the other on the port side. Each gun had 50 rounds of ammunition.[2]The 152 made its first flight on 5 December 1946 and the manufacturer's trials completed on 23 June 1947. State acceptance trials commenced on 12 July, but the prototype crashed on the eighth flight when the engine failed on approach. The maximum speed attained by the 152 before its crash was only 840 kilometers per hour (520 mph).[2]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyulka TR-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyulka_TR-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g2-4"}],"sub_title":"Izdeliye 154","text":"The Lavochkin OKB decided to improve the performance of the 152 in late 1946 by replacing the RD-10 engine with a more powerful Lyulka TR-1 turbojet of 12.3 kN (2,800 lbf) thrust. The design work was completed in September 1947, and construction began of a prototype shortly afterward, but the engine was not yet ready for testing and the project was canceled. The only other significant difference from the 152 was that each cannon was furnished with 75 rounds of ammunition.[3]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"afterburning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterburning"},{"link_name":"[Note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"ejection seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejection_seat"},{"link_name":"canopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"Mach tuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_tuck"},{"link_name":"tailplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailplane"},{"link_name":"vertical stabilizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer"},{"link_name":"Tushino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tushino"},{"link_name":"flypast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flypast"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pa-2"},{"link_name":"Soviet Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"ailerons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileron"},{"link_name":"elevators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator_(aircraft)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Izdeliye 156","text":"Meanwhile, the OKB had been developing two afterburning versions of the RD-10 to increase the engine's power. The more successful model was only 100 millimeters (3.9 in) longer and weighed an additional 31 kilograms (68 lb) more than the original engine. Its power, however, was increased by an additional 3.3 kN (740 lbf), over 30% more thrust. This engine was designated the izdeliye YuF by the bureau[Note 2] and was fitted into an aircraft 152 prototype in November 1946, initially designated as the 150D (Dooblyor - Second). This was changed to Aircraft 156 the following month.[4]In addition to the more powerful engine, the aircraft now had an ejection seat, additional cockpit armor, and a revised canopy. More importantly, it was fitted with new wings with a greater span and more surface area; they also had a new airfoil designed to delay Mach tuck. The area of the tailplane and the vertical stabilizer was also increased. Two prototypes were built and the first one was completed in February 1947 and made its first flight on 1 March. The second prototype joined the manufacturer's trials later that month. One of these aircraft participated in the Tushino flypast on 3 August 1947,[5] where it was given the USAF reporting name of Type 5.[1] The additional power increased the aircraft's top speed by 40–70 km/h (25–43 mph) over the 152. The second prototype began state acceptance trials on 9 September and demonstrated a maximum speed of 905 km/h (562 mph) at an altitude of 2,000 meters (6,560 ft). It could reach 5,000 meters (16,400 ft) in four minutes using afterburner. The aircraft was rejected by the Soviet Air Forces when the trials were concluded on 28 January 1948. The report said that the YuF engine was required more work before it was ready for production, the aircraft had problems with longitudinal stability, excessive stick forces from the ailerons and elevators, and the undercarriage was troublesome. Lavochkin consequently canceled the program.[6]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce Derwent V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Derwent"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"link_name":"Lavochkin La-160","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavochkin_La-160"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunston-9"}],"sub_title":"Izdeliye 174TK","text":"An experimental version of Izdeliye 156 was built in 1947 under the name of Izdeliye 174TK (Tonkoye Krylo - thin wing). It had a very thin, straight wing of 6% thickness, believed to be the thinnest yet flown in the world, and an imported Rolls-Royce Derwent V engine, rated at 15.6 kN (3,500 lbf), mounted in the nose. The three NS-23 cannon had to be repositioned on the bottom of the nose to accommodate the engine. It was first flown in January 1948 and had a top speed of 970 km/h (600 mph) at sea level. It reached an altitude of 5,000 meters in only 2.5 minutes, but even these impressive gains over the 156 were inferior to the swept-wing Lavochkin La-160 that had flown nine months earlier and the program was canceled.[7]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g2-4"},{"link_name":"afterburning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterburning"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gunston-9"}],"text":"Izdeliye 154 - A second 152 airframe with a Lyulka TR-1 turbojet. Canceled due to delays with the engine.[3]\nIzdeliye 156 - Originally known as Aircraft 152D. A modified 152 with a YuF engine, an afterburning version of the RD-10.[8]\nIzdeliye 174TK - A thin-wing version of the 156 with a Rolls-Royce Derwent engine, but performance was already overshadowed by the lower-powered Aircraft 160 so further development abandoned.[7]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lavochkin_La-152_3-view_line_drawing.svg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"RD-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RD-10"},{"link_name":"Nudelman-Suranov NS-23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudelman-Suranov_NS-23"},{"link_name":"autocannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocannon"}],"text":"Data from Early Soviet Jet Fighters[9]General characteristicsCrew: 1\nLength: 9.12 m (29 ft 11 in)\nWingspan: 8.52 m (27 ft 11 in)\nWing area: 13.24 m2 (142.5 sq ft)\nEmpty weight: 2,398 kg (5,287 lb)\nGross weight: 3,521 kg (7,762 lb)\nFuel capacity: 756 kg\nPowerplant: 1 × YuF after-burning version of RD-10 turbojet, 8.5 kN (1,900 lbf) thrust dry, 10.3 kN (2,300 lbf) with afterburnerPerformanceMaximum speed: 905 km/h (562 mph, 489 kn)\nRange: 680 km (420 mi, 370 nmi)\nService ceiling: 10,700 m (35,100 ft)\nRate of climb: 23.6 m/s (4,650 ft/min)\nWing loading: 264 kg/m2 (54 lb/sq ft)ArmamentGuns: 3 × 23 mm Nudelman-Suranov NS-23 autocannon with 190 rounds total","title":"Specifications (Izdeliye 156)"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Lavochkin_La-152_3-view_line_drawing.svg/400px-Lavochkin_La-152_3-view_line_drawing.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Lavochkin Aircraft 160","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavochkin_Aircraft_160"},{"title":"Yakovlev Yak-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-15"},{"title":"Yakovlev Yak-17-RD10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-17-RD10"},{"title":"List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_Soviet_Union_and_the_CIS"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html#_DOD_Type","external_links_name":"\"Designations of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles.\""},{"Link":"https://designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html#_Type_Note3","external_links_name":"details"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caparo_River	Caparo River	["1 See also","2 References"]	For other uses, see Caparo (disambiguation). River in VenezuelaCaparo RiverReservoir la Vueltosa and Rio CaparoLocationCountryVenezuelaPhysical characteristicsMouth • location7°46′55″N 71°27′07″W / 7.782°N 71.452°W / 7.782; -71.452 Caparo River (Spanish: Río Caparo) is a river of Venezuela. It is part of the Orinoco River basin and a tributary of the Sioca River, itself a tributary of the Apure River. See also List of rivers of Venezuela References Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993. This article related to a river in Venezuela is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caparo (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caparo_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Orinoco River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco_River"},{"link_name":"Sioca River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sioca_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Apure River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apure_River"}],"text":"For other uses, see Caparo (disambiguation).River in VenezuelaCaparo River (Spanish: Río Caparo) is a river of Venezuela. It is part of the Orinoco River basin and a tributary of the Sioca River, itself a tributary of the Apure River.","title":"Caparo River"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of rivers of Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Venezuela"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caparo_River&params=7.782_N_71.452_W_","external_links_name":"7°46′55″N 71°27′07″W / 7.782°N 71.452°W / 7.782; -71.452"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caparo_River&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_non-destructive_testing_of_materials	Infrared non-destructive testing of materials	["1 Introduction to infrared thermography","1.1 Properties","1.2 Classification","2 Infrared non-destructive testing (IRNDT)","2.1 Active thermography","2.2 IRNDT methods","3 Application examples","3.1 Pulse IRNDT analysis of a demonstration sample","3.2 Inspection of laser welded plastic parts","3.3 Inspection of laser welded joints","4 References","5 External links"]	Active thermography is an advanced nondestructive testing procedure, which uses a thermography measurement of a tested material thermal response after its external excitation. This principle can be used also for non-contact infrared non-destructive testing (IRNDT) of materials. The IRNDT method is based on an excitation of a tested material by an external source, which brings some energy to the material. Halogen lamps, flash-lamps, ultrasonic horn or other sources can be used as the excitation source for the IRNDT. The excitation causes a tested material thermal response, which is measured by an infrared camera. It is possible to obtain information about the tested material surface and sub-surface defects or material inhomogeneities by using a suitable combination of excitation source, excitation procedure, infrared camera and evaluation method. Modern thermographic systems with high-speed and high-sensitivity IR cameras extend the possibilities of the inspection method. Modularity of the systems allows their usage for research and development applications as well as in modern industrial production lines. Thermovision nondestructive testing of components can be carried out on a wide range of various materials. Thermographic inspection of material can be regarded as a method of infrared defectoscopy, that is capable of revealing material imperfections such as cracks, defects, voids, cavities and other inhomogeneities. The thermographic testing can be provided on individual components in a laboratory or directly on technology facilities that are in duty. Introduction to infrared thermography Infrared (IR) thermography is an analysis technique based on the detection of radiation in the IR part of the electromagnetic spectrum. According to the black body radiation law, all objects with temperature greater than absolute zero emit IR radiation. The device detecting and composing a 2D image of the IR radiation is generally called an IR camera or a thermographic camera, also referred to as an infrared camera. The result of the thermographic recording is an image or a sequence, which corresponds to the intensity of the thermal radiation of the recorded object. The recording is called a thermogram. The intensity of the thermal radiation of the object is directly connected with the object temperature. The thermogram is therefore an image of the object surface temperature distribution. IR thermography is in the most cases used for non-contact measurement of spatial and time distribution of temperature fields. Scheme of the principles and factors influencing a thermographic measurement. Properties IR thermography has a number of advantages – it is non-contact measurement, it captures an area (similarly to the classical video camera in visible spectrum) or it can measure moving or rotating objects, even if the objects have a very high temperature. However, the IR radiation intensity detected by the infrared camera does not depend solely on the measured object temperature. The main drawback of IR thermography is the fact that the result is influenced by a number of factors such as the thermo-optical properties of the object (emissivity, transmissivity, reflectivity), ambient temperature, environment properties, etc. Especially the knowledge of the measured object optical properties are fundamental for an accurate temperature measurement. Determination of these properties is often a complicated task and it requires both experience and the appropriate equipment. Classification Thermography can be classified as qualitative or quantitative, and passive or active. Qualitative thermography usually does not require an accurate temperature measurement. It only evaluates temperature differences between particular components, between different spots on the same object or between the measured object and the background. Qualitative thermography has many important applications, for example a thermal leaks diagnostics, thermal components diagnostics, searching for persons or in medicine. In contrast, the goal of quantitative thermography is an accurate temperature measurement of inspected objects. Knowledge of thermo-optical properties of the measured objects is essential in this case. Moreover, the thermo-optical properties often depend on temperature and it is also necessary to take into account an influence of environment. Important applications of quantitative thermography include temperature monitoring during thermal processing or determination of thermal boundary conditions for numerical simulations of thermal processes. Both the qualitative and quantitative approaches can be applied in terms of passive or active thermography. If the object temperature is not artificially affected during its measuring, it is called the passive thermography. If an artificial excitation using an external source is applied on the measured object, it is called active thermography. The external excitation causes temperature contrasts associated with material inhomogeneities or defects occurrence or it can be used for material properties identification. The active thermography is the important technique used for finding defects in materials, so called infrared non-destructive testing (IRNDT). Active thermography can be also applied for material thermal properties determination. Infrared non-destructive testing (IRNDT) Active thermography Scheme of the active thermography principle. Active thermography uses an external source for measured object excitation, that means introducing an energy into the object. The excitation sources can be classified by the principles: optical radiation or microwaves absorption, electromagnetic induction, elastic waves transformation (e.g. ultrasound), convection (e.g. hot air), plastic deformation transformation (thermoplastic effect during mechanical loading). Various excitation sources can be used for the active thermography and nondestructive testing, for example laser heating, flash lamps, halogen lamps, electrical heating, ultrasonic horn, eddy currents, microwaves, and others. The measured object can be heated by an external source directly, e.g. by halogen lamps or hot air. The material inhomogeneities or defects cause then a distortion of temperature field. This distortion is detected as temperature differences on the material surface. Another possibility is to use thermophysical processes in the material, when mechanical or electrical energy is transformed into thermal energy due to defects and inhomogeneities. It creates local temperature sources, which cause temperature differences detected on the object surface by infrared techniques. It is the case of ultrasound excitation for example. IRNDT methods A lot of methods were developed for active thermography for the nondestructive testing measurement evaluation. The evaluation methods selection depends on application, used excitation source and excitation type (pulse, periodic, continuous). In the simplest case, the response is evident from a thermogram directly. However, it is necessary to use advanced analysis techniques in most cases. The most common methods include Lock-In, Pulse or Transient (Step thermography) evaluation techniques. Continuous excitation can also be used in some cases. Lock-In thermography (periodic excitation method). A modulated periodic source is used for the excitation. The phase and amplitude shift of the measured signal are evaluated and the analysis can be done by various techniques. Halogen lamps, LED lamps, ultrasound excitation or an electric current are suitable excitation sources. It has the advantage that it can be used on large surfaces and it puts a low thermal energy on the part being inspected. The disadvantage is a longer measurement time and dependence of detection capabilities on a geometrical orientation of defects (except of an indirect excitation such as ultrasound). The Lock-In method is suitable for testing components with a low thermal diffusivity and it has many modifications for various specific applications (such as Lock-In Ref, Lock-In Online, etc.). Pulse thermography (pulse method). A very short pulse – usually in the units of milliseconds – is used to excite the object. The cooling process is then analyzed. A flash lamp is typically used as an excitation source. The advantage of this method is the speed of the analysis and a possibility to estimate the defects depth. The disadvantage is a limited depth of the analysis, a limited area that can be inspected (with regard to a usable power of excitation sources) and a dependence of detection capabilities on geometrical orientation of defects. Transient thermography (step thermography, thermal wave method). In principle, the excitation and evaluation are similar to the pulse thermography, however, the pulse length is much bigger. Less powerful excitation sources are required compared to the pulse thermography. It is therefore possible to analyze larger areas and the measurement time is shorter than in the case of Lock-In thermography. As in the pulse thermography, the sensitivity of the method is limited by the geometrical orientation of defects. Halogen lamps are the suitable excitation source for this type of evaluation. Continual excitation. The simplest method usable only in special applications. A high-speed cooled infrared camera with a high sensitivity is commonly used for IRNDT applications. However, an uncooled bolometric infrared camera can be used for specific applications. It can significantly reduce acquisition costs of the measurement system. The IR nondestructive testing system are usually modular. It means that various excitation sources can be combined with various infrared cameras and various evaluation methods depending on application, tested material, measuring time demands, size of a tested area, etc. The modularity allows universal usage of the system for various industrial, scientific and research applications. Application examples IRNDT (infra-red nondestructive testing) method is suitable for detection and inspection of cracks, defects, cavities, voids and inhomogeneities in material, it is also possible to use the method for inspection of welded joints of metal and plastic parts, inspection of solar cells and solar panels, determination of internal structure of material etc. The main advantage of IRNDT method is availability for inspection of various materials in wide range of industrial and research applications. IRNDT measurement is fast, nondestructive and noncontact. Restrictive condition for IRNDT method is inspection depth combined with dimension and orientation of defect/crack/inhomogeneity in material. Pulse IRNDT analysis of a demonstration sample Demonstration of tested specimen and IRNDT analysis results. The demonstration and calibration sample is made of carbon fiber-epoxy composite. There are six holes of different depths on one side to simulate defects at different depths in range from 1 to 4 mm under the surface. The IRNDT analysis is performed from the flat side. The results from the flash-pulse analysis show that the holes appear in different time frames of the evaluation – according to their depth. So the flash-pulse analysis does not only detect the presence of defects but also determine their depth under the surface if a thermal diffusivity of the sample is known. Inspection of laser welded plastic parts IRNDT analysis of laser welded plastic part with a defective weld and with a correct weld. Laser welding of plastics is a progressive technology of connecting materials with different optical properties. Classical methods for testing of welding performance and weld joints quality – such as the metallographic cut microscopic analysis or X-ray tomography – are not suitable for routine measurements. Pulse IRNDT analysis can be successfully used for weld inspection in many cases. The images show an example of plastic parts inspection with a defective weld and with a correct weld. The gaps in the defective weld and the correct uninterrupted weld line are both well visible in the results of the IRNDT flash-pulse analysis. Inspection of laser welded joints IRNDT evaluation with an indication of weld imperfections and a correct weld of lap joint. Laser beam welding is a modern technology of fusion welding. Currently finds its wide usage not only in the field of scientific research but also establishes itself in a variety of industries. Among the most frequent users belong the automotive industry, which due to its stable continuous innovation enables fast implementation of advanced technologies in their production. It is clear that laser welding significantly enhances engineering designs and thus brings a number of new products which previously could not be made by conventional methods. The laser welding can produce quality welds of different types, both extremely thin and thick blanks. Weldable are common carbon steels, stainless steels, aluminum and its alloys, copper, titanium and last but not least, special materials and its combinations. An integral part of the weldments production is a quality control. Unlike conventional non-destructive test methods, IRNDT is used not only after the laser welding process, but also during it. This makes possible to decide whether or not to the weldment comply with established quality criteria during manufacture process. References ^ Active thermography laboratory, University of West Bohemia, New Technologies - Research Centre, department Thermomechanics of Technological Processes ^ Laboratory of thermal fields measurement, University of West Bohemia, New Technologies - Research Centre, department Thermomechanics of Technological Processes ^ Laboratory of optical properties measurement, University of West Bohemia, New Technologies - Research Centre, department Thermomechanics of Technological Processes External links Active thermography and IR non-destructive testing, University of West Bohemia, New Technologies - Research Centre, department Thermomechanics of Technological Processes	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irndt-1"},{"link_name":"Halogen lamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen_lamp"},{"link_name":"flash-lamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash-lamp"},{"link_name":"ultrasonic horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_horn"},{"link_name":"infrared camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermographic_camera"},{"link_name":"Modularity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modularity"},{"link_name":"production lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_line"}],"text":"The IRNDT[1] method is based on an excitation of a tested material by an external source, which brings some energy to the material. Halogen lamps, flash-lamps, ultrasonic horn or other sources can be used as the excitation source for the IRNDT. The excitation causes a tested material thermal response, which is measured by an infrared camera. It is possible to obtain information about the tested material surface and sub-surface defects or material inhomogeneities by using a suitable combination of excitation source, excitation procedure, infrared camera and evaluation method.Modern thermographic systems with high-speed and high-sensitivity IR cameras extend the possibilities of the inspection method. Modularity of the systems allows their usage for research and development applications as well as in modern industrial production lines.Thermovision nondestructive testing of components can be carried out on a wide range of various materials. Thermographic inspection of material can be regarded as a method of infrared defectoscopy, that is capable of revealing material imperfections such as cracks, defects, voids, cavities and other inhomogeneities. The thermographic testing can be provided on individual components in a laboratory or directly on technology facilities that are in duty.","title":"Infrared non-destructive testing of materials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thermography-2"},{"link_name":"radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum"},{"link_name":"black body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_body"},{"link_name":"absolute zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_zero"},{"link_name":"thermogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermography"},{"link_name":"spatial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IRNDT_fig_01_en.png"}],"text":"Infrared (IR) thermography[2] is an analysis technique based on the detection of radiation in the IR part of the electromagnetic spectrum. According to the black body radiation law, all objects with temperature greater than absolute zero emit IR radiation. The device detecting and composing a 2D image of the IR radiation is generally called an IR camera or a thermographic camera, also referred to as an infrared camera. The result of the thermographic recording is an image or a sequence, which corresponds to the intensity of the thermal radiation of the recorded object. The recording is called a thermogram. The intensity of the thermal radiation of the object is directly connected with the object temperature. The thermogram is therefore an image of the object surface temperature distribution. IR thermography is in the most cases used for non-contact measurement of spatial and time distribution of temperature fields.Scheme of the principles and factors influencing a thermographic measurement.","title":"Introduction to infrared thermography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"visible spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrum"},{"link_name":"emissivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissivity"},{"link_name":"transmissivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmissivity_(earth_sciences)"},{"link_name":"reflectivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflectivity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-optical_properties-3"}],"sub_title":"Properties","text":"IR thermography has a number of advantages – it is non-contact measurement, it captures an area (similarly to the classical video camera in visible spectrum) or it can measure moving or rotating objects, even if the objects have a very high temperature. However, the IR radiation intensity detected by the infrared camera does not depend solely on the measured object temperature.The main drawback of IR thermography is the fact that the result is influenced by a number of factors such as the thermo-optical properties of the object (emissivity, transmissivity, reflectivity),[3] ambient temperature, environment properties, etc. Especially the knowledge of the measured object optical properties are fundamental for an accurate temperature measurement. Determination of these properties is often a complicated task and it requires both experience and the appropriate equipment.","title":"Introduction to infrared thermography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diagnostics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis"},{"link_name":"qualitative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_research"}],"sub_title":"Classification","text":"Thermography can be classified as qualitative or quantitative, and passive or active. Qualitative thermography usually does not require an accurate temperature measurement. It only evaluates temperature differences between particular components, between different spots on the same object or between the measured object and the background. Qualitative thermography has many important applications, for example a thermal leaks diagnostics, thermal components diagnostics, searching for persons or in medicine. In contrast, the goal of quantitative thermography is an accurate temperature measurement of inspected objects. Knowledge of thermo-optical properties of the measured objects is essential in this case. Moreover, the thermo-optical properties often depend on temperature and it is also necessary to take into account an influence of environment.Important applications of quantitative thermography include temperature monitoring during thermal processing or determination of thermal boundary conditions for numerical simulations of thermal processes.Both the qualitative and quantitative approaches can be applied in terms of passive or active thermography. If the object temperature is not artificially affected during its measuring, it is called the passive thermography. If an artificial excitation using an external source is applied on the measured object, it is called active thermography. The external excitation causes temperature contrasts associated with material inhomogeneities or defects occurrence or it can be used for material properties identification. The active thermography is the important technique used for finding defects in materials, so called infrared non-destructive testing (IRNDT). Active thermography can be also applied for material thermal properties determination.","title":"Introduction to infrared thermography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Infrared non-destructive testing (IRNDT)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IRNDT_fig_02_en.png"},{"link_name":"optical radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_radiation"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic induction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction"},{"link_name":"convection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection"},{"link_name":"plastic deformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_deformation"},{"link_name":"electrical heating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_heating"},{"link_name":"ultrasonic horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonic_horn"},{"link_name":"eddy currents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_current"},{"link_name":"microwaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave"},{"link_name":"thermal energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy"},{"link_name":"ultrasound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound"}],"sub_title":"Active thermography","text":"Scheme of the active thermography principle.Active thermography uses an external source for measured object excitation, that means introducing an energy into the object. The excitation sources can be classified by the principles:optical radiation or microwaves absorption,\nelectromagnetic induction,\nelastic waves transformation (e.g. ultrasound),\nconvection (e.g. hot air),\nplastic deformation transformation (thermoplastic effect during mechanical loading).Various excitation sources can be used for the active thermography and nondestructive testing, for example laser heating, flash lamps, halogen lamps, electrical heating, ultrasonic horn, eddy currents, microwaves, and others. The measured object can be heated by an external source directly, e.g. by halogen lamps or hot air. The material inhomogeneities or defects cause then a distortion of temperature field. This distortion is detected as temperature differences on the material surface. Another possibility is to use thermophysical processes in the material, when mechanical or electrical energy is transformed into thermal energy due to defects and inhomogeneities. It creates local temperature sources, which cause temperature differences detected on the object surface by infrared techniques. It is the case of ultrasound excitation for example.","title":"Infrared non-destructive testing (IRNDT)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"modulated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation"},{"link_name":"LED lamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED_lamp"},{"link_name":"geometrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"diffusivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusivity"},{"link_name":"milliseconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millisecond"},{"link_name":"bolometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolometer"}],"sub_title":"IRNDT methods","text":"A lot of methods were developed for active thermography for the nondestructive testing measurement evaluation. The evaluation methods selection depends on application, used excitation source and excitation type (pulse, periodic, continuous). In the simplest case, the response is evident from a thermogram directly. However, it is necessary to use advanced analysis techniques in most cases. The most common methods include Lock-In, Pulse or Transient (Step thermography) evaluation techniques. Continuous excitation can also be used in some cases.Lock-In thermography (periodic excitation method). A modulated periodic source is used for the excitation. The phase and amplitude shift of the measured signal are evaluated and the analysis can be done by various techniques. Halogen lamps, LED lamps, ultrasound excitation or an electric current are suitable excitation sources. It has the advantage that it can be used on large surfaces and it puts a low thermal energy on the part being inspected. The disadvantage is a longer measurement time and dependence of detection capabilities on a geometrical orientation of defects (except of an indirect excitation such as ultrasound). The Lock-In method is suitable for testing components with a low thermal diffusivity and it has many modifications for various specific applications (such as Lock-In Ref, Lock-In Online, etc.).\nPulse thermography (pulse method). A very short pulse – usually in the units of milliseconds – is used to excite the object. The cooling process is then analyzed. A flash lamp is typically used as an excitation source. The advantage of this method is the speed of the analysis and a possibility to estimate the defects depth. The disadvantage is a limited depth of the analysis, a limited area that can be inspected (with regard to a usable power of excitation sources) and a dependence of detection capabilities on geometrical orientation of defects.\nTransient thermography (step thermography, thermal wave method). In principle, the excitation and evaluation are similar to the pulse thermography, however, the pulse length is much bigger. Less powerful excitation sources are required compared to the pulse thermography. It is therefore possible to analyze larger areas and the measurement time is shorter than in the case of Lock-In thermography. As in the pulse thermography, the sensitivity of the method is limited by the geometrical orientation of defects. Halogen lamps are the suitable excitation source for this type of evaluation.\nContinual excitation. The simplest method usable only in special applications.A high-speed cooled infrared camera with a high sensitivity is commonly used for IRNDT applications. However, an uncooled bolometric infrared camera can be used for specific applications. It can significantly reduce acquisition costs of the measurement system.The IR nondestructive testing system are usually modular. It means that various excitation sources can be combined with various infrared cameras and various evaluation methods depending on application, tested material, measuring time demands, size of a tested area, etc. The modularity allows universal usage of the system for various industrial, scientific and research applications.","title":"Infrared non-destructive testing (IRNDT)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solar cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell"},{"link_name":"solar panels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel"}],"text":"IRNDT (infra-red nondestructive testing) method is suitable for detection and inspection of cracks, defects, cavities, voids and inhomogeneities in material, it is also possible to use the method for inspection of welded joints of metal and plastic parts, inspection of solar cells and solar panels, determination of internal structure of material etc.The main advantage of IRNDT method is availability for inspection of various materials in wide range of industrial and research applications. IRNDT measurement is fast, nondestructive and noncontact. Restrictive condition for IRNDT method is inspection depth combined with dimension and orientation of defect/crack/inhomogeneity in material.","title":"Application examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IRNDT_fig_03_en.jpg"},{"link_name":"calibration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibration"},{"link_name":"carbon fiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fibers"}],"sub_title":"Pulse IRNDT analysis of a demonstration sample","text":"Demonstration of tested specimen and IRNDT analysis results.The demonstration and calibration sample is made of carbon fiber-epoxy composite. There are six holes of different depths on one side to simulate defects at different depths in range from 1 to 4 mm under the surface. The IRNDT analysis is performed from the flat side.The results from the flash-pulse analysis show that the holes appear in different time frames of the evaluation – according to their depth. So the flash-pulse analysis does not only detect the presence of defects but also determine their depth under the surface if a thermal diffusivity of the sample is known.","title":"Application examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IRNDT_fig_04_en.jpg"},{"link_name":"Laser welding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_beam_welding"},{"link_name":"metallographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallography"},{"link_name":"X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray"},{"link_name":"tomography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomography"}],"sub_title":"Inspection of laser welded plastic parts","text":"IRNDT analysis of laser welded plastic part with a defective weld and with a correct weld.Laser welding of plastics is a progressive technology of connecting materials with different optical properties. Classical methods for testing of welding performance and weld joints quality – such as the metallographic cut microscopic analysis or X-ray tomography – are not suitable for routine measurements. Pulse IRNDT analysis can be successfully used for weld inspection in many cases.The images show an example of plastic parts inspection with a defective weld and with a correct weld. The gaps in the defective weld and the correct uninterrupted weld line are both well visible in the results of the IRNDT flash-pulse analysis.","title":"Application examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IRNDT_fig_05_en.jpg"},{"link_name":"Laser beam welding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_beam_welding"},{"link_name":"fusion welding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_welding"},{"link_name":"automotive industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry"},{"link_name":"laser welding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_beam_welding"},{"link_name":"carbon steels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_steel"},{"link_name":"stainless steels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel"},{"link_name":"aluminum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"titanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium"},{"link_name":"quality control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_control"}],"sub_title":"Inspection of laser welded joints","text":"IRNDT evaluation with an indication of weld imperfections and a correct weld of lap joint.Laser beam welding is a modern technology of fusion welding. Currently finds its wide usage not only in the field of scientific research but also establishes itself in a variety of industries. Among the most frequent users belong the automotive industry, which due to its stable continuous innovation enables fast implementation of advanced technologies in their production. It is clear that laser welding significantly enhances engineering designs and thus brings a number of new products which previously could not be made by conventional methods.The laser welding can produce quality welds of different types, both extremely thin and thick blanks. Weldable are common carbon steels, stainless steels, aluminum and its alloys, copper, titanium and last but not least, special materials and its combinations.An integral part of the weldments production is a quality control. Unlike conventional non-destructive test methods, IRNDT is used not only after the laser welding process, but also during it. This makes possible to decide whether or not to the weldment comply with established quality criteria during manufacture process.","title":"Application examples"}]	[{"image_text":"Scheme of the principles and factors influencing a thermographic measurement.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/IRNDT_fig_01_en.png/220px-IRNDT_fig_01_en.png"},{"image_text":"Scheme of the active thermography principle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/IRNDT_fig_02_en.png/220px-IRNDT_fig_02_en.png"},{"image_text":"Demonstration of tested specimen and IRNDT analysis results.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/IRNDT_fig_03_en.jpg/220px-IRNDT_fig_03_en.jpg"},{"image_text":"IRNDT analysis of laser welded plastic part with a defective weld and with a correct weld.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/IRNDT_fig_04_en.jpg/220px-IRNDT_fig_04_en.jpg"},{"image_text":"IRNDT evaluation with an indication of weld imperfections and a correct weld of lap joint.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/IRNDT_fig_05_en.jpg/220px-IRNDT_fig_05_en.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://ttp.zcu.cz/en/laboratories/irndt/active-thermography","external_links_name":"Active thermography laboratory, University of West Bohemia, New Technologies - Research Centre, department Thermomechanics of Technological Processes"},{"Link":"http://ttp.zcu.cz/en/laboratories/thermal-fields","external_links_name":"Laboratory of thermal fields measurement, University of West Bohemia, New Technologies - Research Centre, department Thermomechanics of Technological Processes"},{"Link":"http://ttp.zcu.cz/en/laboratories/optical-properties/optical-properties","external_links_name":"Laboratory of optical properties measurement, University of West Bohemia, New Technologies - Research Centre, department Thermomechanics of Technological Processes"},{"Link":"https://industry-tool.com/products/automotive-borescope-pipe-endoscope-android-iphone","external_links_name":"Active thermography and IR non-destructive testing"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_of_the_cards	Cut (cards)	["1 Purpose","2 History","3 Procedure","4 Etiquette","5 Drawing lots","6 Types of cut","6.1 Scarne's cut","6.2 Multiple cuts","6.3 False cut","7 Other uses","7.1 Game","7.2 Joke","8 References"]	A procedure to split a deck of cards by someone other than the dealer For the "cut card" in poker, see Poker equipment. A Canasta tray used in cutting and dealing In card games, to cut the cards (also "cut the deck" or "cut the pack") is to split the deck into two packets by lifting one packet from the top and placing it face down beside the remainder; before placing the lower packet on top of it. This is typically done after the cards have already been shuffled, and the procedure is used just prior to the cards being dealt to the players. The aim of this is to reduce the possibility of cheating, for example, by knowing the top or bottom card. Cutting the cards is also a common way of determining the seating order at a card table, the partnerships or the first dealer. Purpose The practice of cutting is primarily a method of reducing the likelihood of someone cheating by manipulating the order of cards to gain advantage. Even if the dealer (or the shuffler, if they are not the dealer) does not plan on cheating, cutting will prevent suspicions, thus many rules require it. Some players also consider the cut to be lucky. Parlett says the purpose of cutting is to prevent the bottom card from being known. A secondary purpose is simply as a form of drawing lots whereby all the players cut the pack before the game starts to determine such things as seating, partnerships and first dealer. History According to David Parlett, until the 20th century it was usual for the player cutting the lowest card to deal first. Moreover, for the purpose of cutting only and thus regardless of their ranking in the game, cards ranked in what was then their natural order i.e., with Aces low, as follows: Joker–A–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9–10–J–Q–K. Procedure A common procedure is that after the cards have been shuffled, the dealer sets the cards face-down on the table near the player designated to make the cut. This is usually the player to the dealer's right in clockwise games and the player to his left in anticlockwise games. The cutter initiates a cut of the deck by taking a contiguous range of cards off the top of the deck and placing it face-down on the table farther from the dealer; the dealer completes the cut by taking the original bottom portion of the deck and placing it on top of the just-moved cards. Another common procedure is that the person making the cut, places the top part of the cut closer to the dealer, as the deck originally was placed nearer to the cutter. Once the cut is complete, the dealer picks up the deck, straightens or "squares" it, and deals the cards. Rules of procedure or etiquette may vary concerning who makes the cut, the minimum or maximum number of cards which may be cut off the top, whether the dealer or the cutter restacks the cards, whether a cut card is employed, and whether a cut is mandatory. In some games the cutter may choose not to cut; typically by knocking, i.e. tapping the top of the pack or the table with the fist. In some games, the dealer may then deal the entire hand to each player, rather than individually or in packets. In other games, the cutter may then specify how the dealer is to distribute the cards. Etiquette During informal card games, the dealer is typically not required to offer the cut, and even if offered, the designated player can decline the request. On the other hand, any player may specifically request to cut the cards before they are dealt. If a cut is requested by a player, it must be granted by the dealer. In formal player dealt settings, such as in a casino or during a tournament, an offer to cut the deck is mandatory and the designated player must perform the cut, generally by inserting a cut card (a plastic card about the size of a playing card, usually solid-colored) into the deck; the dealer then makes the actual cut at that point in the deck. When the dealer is not a player (i.e. a casino employee), the cut is mandatory and is usually performed by the dealer. In this instance, the deck is cut onto the aforementioned cut card, and the cut completed; this prevents players from seeing the bottom card of the deck. The contiguous section may also be taken from the middle of the deck. This is called "Scarne's cut", though in some settings this is considered poor etiquette or against the rules. A cut involving a very small number of cards, such as taking only the top card, taking some cards from the bottom or taking every card bar the bottom one as a cut, is often acceptable according to rules. Other rules may specify that at least three cards must be taken or left in making a cut. Sometimes up to three cuts are allowed. A sensible minimum is about one-fifth of the deck. A cut should always be completed with one hand to limit possibility of a false cut. Drawing lots Cards may be cut as a form of drawing lots whereby all the players cut the pack before the game starts to determine such things as the seating order around the card table, the partnerships within the game and who deals first. Once again the cards are shuffled first, before each player cuts. Procedures vary and should be agreed beforehand. For example, to determine partnerships, players may agree in advance that those cutting the two highest cards play together, those cutting the two lowest cards forming the second team. The first dealer is usually the person drawing the highest or lowest-ranking card. An alternative to cutting is for the shuffled pack to be fanned, face down, on the table. Players then draw a card at random. Types of cut Scarne's cut Scarne's cut was developed by John Scarne during World War II to help protect servicemen against cheating by unscrupulous dealers. First one pulls out a portion of the middle of the stack and places it back on top of the deck; one then performs a regular cut described earlier. Multiple cuts It can be demonstrated that multiple top-to-bottom (non-Scarne's) cuts are equivalent to some single cut. In fact, knowing the size of the deck and the size of the cuts, the formula for the composite single cut is given as the sum of the sizes of the cuts modulo the size of the deck. For example, in a 10 card deck, if a 7 card cut and a 4 card cut are made, that is, 7 cards are moved from the top of the deck to the bottom and then the resulting top 4 cards are also moved to the bottom, then those two consecutive cuts are equivalent to a cut the size of (7 + 4 = 11 (mod 10)) = 1. The deck will be in the order (2,3,...,10,1). False cut A false cut is a move used either in magic, or for cheating when playing card games. It appears to be a real cut, but leaves the deck in the same order as when it began. More sophisticated versions may make specific desired changes to the deck's order, while still appearing to be an innocuous normal cut. There are many ways to accomplish a false cut, involving misdirection or using complex moves to conceal the real result. Other uses Game Cutting cards is usually a prelude to a game, but it can be a game unto itself. Each player, in turn, removes a selection of cards from the top and reveals the bottom card to all the players, and then replaces the cards in the original position. Whoever has revealed the highest (or sometimes lowest) card is the winner. This is often used in an informal setting, much like flipping coins; it is also sometimes used to determine who will play first in a card game. Joke The command to "cut the cards", followed by someone literally chopping the deck in half with an axe, is a none-too-subtle gag that has been used many times in popular media, going back to at least the vaudeville days. Examples include Harpo Marx in Horse Feathers, Curly Howard in Ants in the Pantry, and Bugs Bunny in Bugs Bunny Rides Again. References ^ Parlett, David. The Penguin Book of Card Games. London: Penguin (2008). p. 642. ISBN 978-0-141-03787-5. ^ Penneech, footnote 2, at parlettgames.uk. Retrieved 31 August 2020. ^ Hoyle, Edmond; Dawson, Lawrence H. (January 20, 1994). The Complete Hoyle's Games. Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 9781853263163 – via Google Books. ^ "Collier's Cyclopedia of Commercial and Social Information and Treasury of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge on Art, Science, Pastimes, Belles-lettres, and Many Other Subjects of Interest in the American Home Circle". P. F. Collier. January 20, 1882 – via Google Books. ^ Philp, Robert Kemp (January 20, 1872). "Take my advice: giving information on everything pertaining to daily life. By the late editor of 'The Family friend'" – via Google Books. ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (5th ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 585. ISBN 0-19-860457-2. ^ Parlett (2008), p. xxiii. ^ "The Court Room (The Marx Brothers Marxology)". marxology.marx-brothers.org. vtePlaying cardsStandard 52-card deckPlaying card suits (French) Spades Hearts Diamonds Clubs Ranks Ace Ace of spades Ace of hearts King Queen Queen of spades Jack Curse of Scotland Beer card Specific decks Ambraser Hofjagdspiel Archaeology awareness Charruan Flemish Hunting Deck Hamas most wanted Hofämterspiel Jerry's Nugget Most-wanted Iraqi Politicards Stuttgart pack Transformation Other packsand decks As-Nas Chinese Four-colour pack Ganjifa ganjapa Karuta hanafuda Hyakunin Isshu kabufuda uta-garuta Kvitlech Polish Portuguese-suited Russian Tarot pack Tujeon Zi pai Cards Banner Blank Court card knight Ober Unter Pip card deuce Weli Joker Nicknames Stripped deck Talon Unicode Other suitsGerman Leaves Hearts Swiss Shields Roses German and Swiss Acorns Bells Latin (Italian/Spanish) Cups Coins Batons Swords Manufacturersand brandsManufacturers ASS Altenburger Cartamundi Copag Dal Negro Fournier France Cartes F.X. Schmid Gemaco J.O. Öberg & Son Modiano Nintendo Nürnberger-Spielkarten-Verlag Oishi Tengudo Piatnik Ravensburger Trefl U.S. Games Systems United States Playing Card Company Brands Bicycle Grimaud Defunct Aspioti-ELKA Bielefelder Spielkarten C.L. Wüst Charles Goodall Dondorf Lewis Cohen Waddingtons Notable people Lee Asher Hubert Auer Bryan Berg David Blaine Derren Brown Lewis Cohen Dan and Dave Thierry Depaulis S. W. Erdnase Lennart Green Richard Harding Johann Kaspar Hechtel Ricky Jay Sekiryo Kaneda René Lavand Ed Marlo Master of the Playing Cards John McLeod Anton Moser Samuel J. Murray David Parlett Ferdinand Piatnik Richard Valentine Pitchford Franco Pratesi Johann Georg Rauch Juan Tamariz Howard Thurston Charles Troedel Dai Vernon Fusajiro Yamauchi Groups andorganisationsSkat British Skat Association German Skat Association International Skat Court International Skat Players Association 52 Plus Joker Cary Collection of Playing Cards Fournier Museum of Playing Cards German Doppelkopf Association German Playing Card Museum International Playing-Card Society The Playing-Card Musée Français de la Carte à Jouer Saga Arashiyama Museum of Arts and Culture Worshipful Company of Makers of Playing CardsCard manipulationand cardistryTricks The Acme of Control Ambitious Card Blackstone's Card Trick Without Cards The Circus Card Trick The Four Burglars Out of This World Rising Card Spelling Bee Twenty-One Card Trick Bottom dealing Card marking Card sharp Card throwing Cards in the hat Cardistry-Con Cutting Double lift The Expert at the Card Table Herrmann pass History of cardistry House of cards One-way deck Palms and grips gambler's magician's mechanic's Tenkai The Phantom of the Card Table Second dealing Shuffling faro Gilbreath Zarrow Si Stebbins stack Spoke card Three-card monte Trick decksArt and mediaPaintings The Acrobats The Bezique Game The Card Players The Card Players II Card Players in a Rich Interior The Card Sharp with the Ace of Diamonds Cardplayers in a Sunlit Room The Cardsharps Dogs Playing Poker Still Life with a Poem Violin and Playing Cards on a Table Film and television Card Sharks Playing Cards (1896) Play Your Cards Right {{Historical card games}} {{Non trick-taking card games}} {{Trick-taking card games}} {{Patience and solitaire games}} {{Poker}} {{Tarot and Tarock card games}} {{Occult tarot}} vteTrick-taking card games (list)French packs52 cards(except where stated) 3-2-5 (30) 3-5-8 400 500 (43) 1000 (24) 1001 (24) All fours Auction bridge Barbu Baśka (16) Bid whist Bisca (40) Black lady Black Maria Bluke Bonken Boston Bourré Bridge Call-ace whist Cinch Clabber (24) Clag Chlust (20) Court piece Cucumber Femkort Forty-fives French whist German whist Gong Zhu Hearts Hucklebuck Kachufool King Knock-out whist Konter a Matt (24) Kop (16) Köpknack Knüffeln (48) Lanterloo Mizerka Napoleon Ninety-nine Norseman's knock Oh hell Pedro Pinochle (2x24) Pitch Phat Polskpas (24) Priffe Put Ristikontra Rödskägg Shelem Sheng ji Sixty-three Sjavs (Danish) (20) Skærvindsel (28) Smear Spades Spoil Five Stýrivolt (48) Sueca (40) Tarneeb Thunee (24) Turkish King Twenty-five (Spoil Five) Two-ten-jack Vira Whist Zwikken (20) French packs36 cards Agram Bête Bräus Brus Brús Bruus Bura Catch the ten Dapp Frog Hindersche Knack Marjapussi Rutersju Scharwenzel Six-bid solo Svängknack Tapp Tarabish Trekort Viersche Voormsi French packs32 cards 304 Baloot Bassadewitz Bauerchen Bauernheinrich Belote Bezique Bierlachs Brandeln Bruus Chouine Coinche Écarté Enflé Euchre Fipsen Fünf dazu Herzblatt Kaiser Klaberjass/Bela Klammern Klaverjas Letzter Letzter Stich Manille Marjolet Mistigri Officers' Skat Oma Skat Pilotta Piquet Polignac Preferans Préférence Rams Schwimmen Sheepshead Siebenschräm Sjavs Skat Slobberhannes Solo 66 Tausendundeins Tippen Toepen Tuppen Twenty-eight Zwanzig ab Zwicken German packs 36 cards Bauerntarock Bavarian Tarock Bieten (33) Brusbart Dobbm Haferltarock Jaggln (33) Kratzen (33) Mulatschak Perlaggen (33) Schnalzen (33) Württemberg Tarock German packs32 cards(except where stated) Bauernfangen (20) Bauernschnapsen (20) Bierkopf (20) Binokel (2x24) Blattla Bohemian Schneider Bohemian Watten Bolachen Doppelkopf (2x24) Dreeg (24) Dreierschnapsen (20) Elfern Gaigel (2x24) German Schafkopf German Solo Gilten Grasobern Herzeln Herzla Kein Stich Lampeln Lorum Lupfen (20) Lusti-Kartl'n Mariáš Matzlfangen Mauscheln Mucken Officers' Schafkopf Quodlibet Ramsch Ramscheln Ramsen Rosbiratschka Rumpel Russian Schnapsen (24) Schafkopf Schnapsen (20) Sedma Sedmice Sixty-six (24) Sticheln Trischettn Wallachen Watten Wendish Schafkopf Ulti Unteransetzen Zehnerlegen Italian or Spanish packs Aluette Bestia Botifarra Brisca Briscola Calabresella Gilé Julepe Tressette Truc Truc y Flou Truco Tute Swiss German packs Jass (Chratze, Schieberjass, Hindersi-Jass) Kaiserspiel Category {{Historical card games}} {{Non trick-taking card games}} {{Tarot and Tarock card games}} vteNon trick-taking card games Shuffling Cutting Glossary of card game terms Adding Cribbage Costly colours Ninety-nine Noddy Collecting Beggar-my-neighbour Egyptian Ratscrew My ship sails Ninety-nine Pig Quartets Schlafmütze War Commerce Brag Commerce James Bond Kemps Mus Schwimmen Stop the Bus Comparing Chase the Ace Coucou Cuccù Gnav Höllfahren Hypp Hexenspiel Kille Ranter-Go-Round Vogelspiel Compendium Barbu Bauernfangen Bonken Davoserjazz Dreeg Herzeln Kein Stich King Lorum Poch Quodlibet Rosbiratschka Trex Draw anddiscard Bing rummy Buraco Canasta Carioca Chinchón Colonel Conquian Continental Rummy Contract rummy Dummy rummy German Rummy Golf Indian rummy Kalooki Liverpool rummy Militaire Penang rummy Robbers' rummy Rummy Gin rummy Rumino Thirty-one Three thirteen Tonk Treppenrommé Viennese Rummy Yaniv 500 rum Fishing Bastra Byggkasino Cassino Cicera Cuarenta Escoba Escopa Pasur Go-Stop Mulle Scopa Skwitz Tablanette Zwicker Matching Go Fish Lusti-Kartl'n Nain Jaune Newmarket Poch Sedma Sedmice Slapjack Snip-Snap-Snorum Shedding Bartok Big two Black Peter Brede Mette Burro Comet Craits Crazy Eights Cheat Daifugō Dou dizhu Dupa biskupa Durak Hahndreier Hund Jack Change It Kings in the Corner Last Card Mao Mau-Mau Old maid One-card Paskahousu President Pusoy dos Quatorze Rabouge Red nines Ristiseiska Shithead Speed Spit Switch Tiến lên Vändtia {{Historical card games}} {{Patience}} {{Trick-taking card games}} {{Tarot and Tarock card games}}	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poker equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_equipment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canasta.jpg"},{"link_name":"Canasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canasta"},{"link_name":"cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_card"},{"link_name":"shuffled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuffle"}],"text":"For the \"cut card\" in poker, see Poker equipment.A Canasta tray used in cutting and dealingIn card games, to cut the cards (also \"cut the deck\" or \"cut the pack\") is to split the deck into two packets by lifting one packet from the top and placing it face down beside the remainder; before placing the lower packet on top of it. This is typically done after the cards have already been shuffled, and the procedure is used just prior to the cards being dealt to the players. The aim of this is to reduce the possibility of cheating, for example, by knowing the top or bottom card. Cutting the cards is also a common way of determining the seating order at a card table, the partnerships or the first dealer.","title":"Cut (cards)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luck"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"drawing lots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drawing_lots_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The practice of cutting is primarily a method of reducing the likelihood of someone cheating by manipulating the order of cards to gain advantage. Even if the dealer (or the shuffler, if they are not the dealer) does not plan on cheating, cutting will prevent suspicions, thus many rules require it. Some players also consider the cut to be lucky. Parlett says the purpose of cutting is to prevent the bottom card from being known.[1]A secondary purpose is simply as a form of drawing lots whereby all the players cut the pack before the game starts to determine such things as seating, partnerships and first dealer.","title":"Purpose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Parlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Parlett"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"According to David Parlett, until the 20th century it was usual for the player cutting the lowest card to deal first. Moreover, for the purpose of cutting only and thus regardless of their ranking in the game, cards ranked in what was then their natural order i.e., with Aces low, as follows: Joker–A–2–3–4–5–6–7–8–9–10–J–Q–K.[2][3][4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"cut card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_equipment"}],"text":"A common procedure is that after the cards have been shuffled, the dealer sets the cards face-down on the table near the player designated to make the cut. This is usually the player to the dealer's right in clockwise games and the player to his left in anticlockwise games. The cutter initiates a cut of the deck by taking a contiguous range of cards off the top of the deck and placing it face-down on the table farther from the dealer; the dealer completes the cut by taking the original bottom portion of the deck and placing it on top of the just-moved cards. Another common procedure is that the person making the cut, places the top part of the cut closer to the dealer, as the deck originally was placed nearer to the cutter.[6] Once the cut is complete, the dealer picks up the deck, straightens or \"squares\" it, and deals the cards.Rules of procedure or etiquette may vary concerning who makes the cut, the minimum or maximum number of cards which may be cut off the top, whether the dealer or the cutter restacks the cards, whether a cut card is employed, and whether a cut is mandatory.In some games the cutter may choose not to cut; typically by knocking, i.e. tapping the top of the pack or the table with the fist. In some games, the dealer may then deal the entire hand to each player, rather than individually or in packets. In other games, the cutter may then specify how the dealer is to distribute the cards.","title":"Procedure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"card games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_game"},{"link_name":"Scarne's cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Scarne's_cut"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"false cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#False_cut"}],"text":"During informal card games, the dealer is typically not required to offer the cut, and even if offered, the designated player can decline the request. On the other hand, any player may specifically request to cut the cards before they are dealt. If a cut is requested by a player, it must be granted by the dealer.In formal player dealt settings, such as in a casino or during a tournament, an offer to cut the deck is mandatory and the designated player must perform the cut, generally by inserting a cut card (a plastic card about the size of a playing card, usually solid-colored) into the deck; the dealer then makes the actual cut at that point in the deck. When the dealer is not a player (i.e. a casino employee), the cut is mandatory and is usually performed by the dealer. In this instance, the deck is cut onto the aforementioned cut card, and the cut completed; this prevents players from seeing the bottom card of the deck.The contiguous section may also be taken from the middle of the deck. This is called \"Scarne's cut\", though in some settings this is considered poor etiquette or against the rules. A cut involving a very small number of cards, such as taking only the top card, taking some cards from the bottom or taking every card bar the bottom one as a cut, is often acceptable according to rules.[citation needed] Other rules may specify that at least three cards must be taken or left in making a cut. Sometimes up to three cuts are allowed. A sensible minimum is about one-fifth of the deck.[7]A cut should always be completed with one hand to limit possibility of a false cut.","title":"Etiquette"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drawing lots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/draw_lots"},{"link_name":"card table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_table"}],"text":"Cards may be cut as a form of drawing lots whereby all the players cut the pack before the game starts to determine such things as the seating order around the card table, the partnerships within the game and who deals first. Once again the cards are shuffled first, before each player cuts. Procedures vary and should be agreed beforehand. For example, to determine partnerships, players may agree in advance that those cutting the two highest cards play together, those cutting the two lowest cards forming the second team. The first dealer is usually the person drawing the highest or lowest-ranking card. An alternative to cutting is for the shuffled pack to be fanned, face down, on the table. Players then draw a card at random.","title":"Drawing lots"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types of cut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Scarne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scarne"}],"sub_title":"Scarne's cut","text":"Scarne's cut was developed by John Scarne during World War II to help protect servicemen against cheating by unscrupulous dealers. First one pulls out a portion of the middle of the stack and places it back on top of the deck; one then performs a regular cut described earlier.","title":"Types of cut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"sub_title":"Multiple cuts","text":"It can be demonstrated that multiple top-to-bottom (non-Scarne's) cuts are equivalent to some single cut. In fact, knowing the size of the deck and the size of the cuts, the formula for the composite single cut is given as the sum of the sizes of the cuts modulo the size of the deck. For example, in a 10 card deck, if a 7 card cut and a 4 card cut are made, that is, 7 cards are moved from the top of the deck to the bottom and then the resulting top 4 cards are also moved to the bottom, then those two consecutive cuts are equivalent to a cut the size of (7 + 4 = 11 (mod 10)) = 1. The deck will be in the order (2,3,...,10,1).[clarification needed]","title":"Types of cut"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(illusion)"},{"link_name":"card games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_games"},{"link_name":"deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_(cards)"},{"link_name":"misdirection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misdirection_(magic)"}],"sub_title":"False cut","text":"A false cut is a move used either in magic, or for cheating when playing card games. It appears to be a real cut, but leaves the deck in the same order as when it began. More sophisticated versions may make specific desired changes to the deck's order, while still appearing to be an innocuous normal cut.There are many ways to accomplish a false cut, involving misdirection or using complex moves to conceal the real result.","title":"Types of cut"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other uses"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Game","text":"Cutting cards is usually a prelude to a game, but it can be a game unto itself. Each player, in turn, removes a selection of cards from the top and reveals the bottom card to all the players, and then replaces the cards in the original position. Whoever has revealed the highest (or sometimes lowest) card is the winner. This is often used in an informal setting, much like flipping coins; it is also sometimes used to determine who will play first in a card game.","title":"Other uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Harpo Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpo_Marx"},{"link_name":"Horse Feathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Feathers"},{"link_name":"Curly Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curly_Howard"},{"link_name":"Ants in the Pantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ants_in_the_Pantry"},{"link_name":"Bugs Bunny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugs_Bunny"},{"link_name":"Bugs Bunny Rides Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugs_Bunny_Rides_Again"}],"sub_title":"Joke","text":"The command to \"cut the cards\", followed by someone literally chopping the deck in half with an axe, is a none-too-subtle gag that has been used many times in popular media, going back to at least the vaudeville days.[8] Examples include Harpo Marx in Horse Feathers, Curly Howard in Ants in the Pantry, and Bugs Bunny in Bugs Bunny Rides Again.","title":"Other uses"}]	[{"image_text":"A Canasta tray used in cutting and dealing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Canasta.jpg/220px-Canasta.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Hoyle, Edmond; Dawson, Lawrence H. (January 20, 1994). The Complete Hoyle's Games. Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 9781853263163 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N_ZH0bB0-YIC&q=+cutting++&pg=PA9","url_text":"The Complete Hoyle's Games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853263163","url_text":"9781853263163"}]},{"reference":"\"Collier's Cyclopedia of Commercial and Social Information and Treasury of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge on Art, Science, Pastimes, Belles-lettres, and Many Other Subjects of Interest in the American Home Circle\". P. F. Collier. January 20, 1882 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lVQ0AQAAMAAJ&q=cutting+&pg=PA399","url_text":"\"Collier's Cyclopedia of Commercial and Social Information and Treasury of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge on Art, Science, Pastimes, Belles-lettres, and Many Other Subjects of Interest in the American Home Circle\""}]},{"reference":"Philp, Robert Kemp (January 20, 1872). \"Take my advice: giving information on everything pertaining to daily life. By the late editor of 'The Family friend'\" – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=izcCAAAAQAAJ&dq=In+cutting+the+ace+is+low%3B+in+play%2C+high&pg=PA271","url_text":"\"Take my advice: giving information on everything pertaining to daily life. By the late editor of 'The Family friend'\""}]},{"reference":"Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (5th ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 585. ISBN 0-19-860457-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shorteroxfordeng00will_0","url_text":"Shorter Oxford English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shorteroxfordeng00will_0/page/585","url_text":"585"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860457-2","url_text":"0-19-860457-2"}]},{"reference":"\"The Court Room (The Marx Brothers Marxology)\". marxology.marx-brothers.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://marxology.marx-brothers.org/court.htm","url_text":"\"The Court Room (The Marx Brothers Marxology)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.parlettgames.uk/histocs/penneech.html","external_links_name":"Penneech"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N_ZH0bB0-YIC&q=+cutting++&pg=PA9","external_links_name":"The Complete Hoyle's Games"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lVQ0AQAAMAAJ&q=cutting+&pg=PA399","external_links_name":"\"Collier's Cyclopedia of Commercial and Social Information and Treasury of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge on Art, Science, Pastimes, Belles-lettres, and Many Other Subjects of Interest in the American Home Circle\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=izcCAAAAQAAJ&dq=In+cutting+the+ace+is+low%3B+in+play%2C+high&pg=PA271","external_links_name":"\"Take my advice: giving information on everything pertaining to daily life. By the late editor of 'The Family friend'\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/shorteroxfordeng00will_0","external_links_name":"Shorter Oxford English Dictionary"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/shorteroxfordeng00will_0/page/585","external_links_name":"585"},{"Link":"https://marxology.marx-brothers.org/court.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Court Room (The Marx Brothers Marxology)\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moistboyz	Moistboyz	["1 History","2 Members","2.1 Current touring members","2.2 Previous touring members","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"]	American hard rock band MoistboyzOriginNew Hope, PAGenresrock, hard rock, punk rock, heavy metal, lo-fiYears active1991–presentLabelsGrand Royal, Sanctuary, Chocodog, Schnitzel Records, Neverman RecordsMembersGuy Heller (Dickie Moist), Mickey Melchiondo (Mickey Moist)Websitemoistboyz.com Moistboyz is an American hard rock band formed in New Hope, Pennsylvania in 1991 by Guy Heller and Mickey Melchiondo. Moistboyz music is typically fast-paced punk/metal, combining stream-of-consciousness lyrics with aggressive rock guitar riffs. As in Melchiondo's band Ween, both he and Heller assume aliases: Mickey Moist and Dickie Moist. History Moistboyz have released five studio records starting with the 1994 EP Moistboyz. A full-length album, Moistboyz II, followed in 1996. Recorded by Heller (vocals/lyrics) and Melchiondo (guitar/music) using drum machine and a lo-fi sensibility, both records were originally released on the Beastie Boys label, Grand Royal. In 2005, these first two records were combined and released as one album, Moistboyz I+II on Sanctuary Records, now on Chocodog Records. In 2002, Moistboyz III was released on Mike Patton's label, Ipecac Records. This is the first Moistboyz record to feature songs with real drums, performed by Lou Croschetti. Moistboyz IV was released in 2005 on Sanctuary Records. The album was mixed by Chris Shaw, features Claude Coleman, Jr. on drums, and bass by producer Andrew Weiss on Fuck You. In 2013, Moistboyz V was released on Heller and Melchiondo's label, Neverman Records, distributed by MVD Audio. Recording started in late 2012 in New Hope, PA and finished in Lago Vista, TX in early 2013. It was produced and engineered by Melchiondo, and mixed by Stephen Haas. Moistboyz V covers multiple musical styles, such as the southern rock-influenced Down on the Farm and the alt ballad "My Time to Die". Guest musicians include Chuck Treece (drums) on "Protect and Serve", "Medusa", "Garbageman" and Joe Kramer (guitar) on "Protect and Serve", "Chickendick", "Down on the Farm" and "My Time to Die". Members Guy Heller (aka Dickie Moist) Michael Melchiondo, Jr. (aka Mickey Moist) Current touring members Stephen Haas Nick Oliveri (Mondo Generator) (Queens of the Stone Age) Hoss Wright (Mondo Generator) Previous touring members Claude Coleman Jr. (Ween, Amandla, Eagles of Death Metal) Dave Dreiwitz (Ween, Marco Benevento, Instant Death) Bill Fowler (Sound of Urchin) Chris Harfenist (Sound of Urchin) Jeff Pinkus (Butthole Surfers) Discography Moistboyz (1994) Moistboyz II (1996)No.TitleLength1."It Ain't Rude"4:212."Second Hand Smoker"3:063."Lazy and Cool"2:524."Rock, Stock, Barrel"3:065."Man of the Year"2:166."American Made and Duty-Free"3:067."Crank"2:468."Powervice"1:139."Keep the Fire Alive"4:2510."Good Morning America"3:43 Moistboyz III (2002) No.TitleLength1."Shitheel"2:132."I Am the Reaper"2:153."In the Valley of the Sun"3:154."The Tweaker"3:155."The Spike"3:096."Five Time Loser"3:217."Great American Zero"2:218."I'm Gonna Kick Your Ass"1:549."Black Train"3:3210."The Walker"3:41 Moistboyz IV (2005) No.TitleLength1."I Don't Give a Fuck Where the Eagle Flies"2:422."Uncle Sam and Me"2:373."Captain America"4:134."White Trash"2:155."Fuck You"4:516."Officer Please"2:217."The Year of the Maggot"2:168."Roy"2:149."That's What Rock and Roll Can Do"3:4110."The Stalker"4:4111."Everybody's Fucked Her"3:0412."I'll Die Tomorrow"4:27 Moistboyz V (2013)No.TitleLength1."Protect and Serve" 2."Hanging By a Thread" 3."Down on the Farm" 4."Paperboy" 5."Garbageman" 6."The Fury" 7."Chickendick" 8."My Time to Die" 9."High and Mighty" 10."One Cut at a Time" 11."Medusa" 12."Crisis and Vices" References ^ D'Angelo, Peter J. "Moistboyz II (review)". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 December 2013. ^ Stokes, Lowe (1997). Moistboyz II (review). CMJ New Music Monthly Feb 1997. p. 38. ^ Kutner, Rick. "Moistboyz III (review)". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 December 2013. ^ Boffa, David (September 2005). "Moistboyz IV (review)". External links Official website Authority control databases International ISNI Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock"},{"link_name":"New Hope, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hope,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Mickey Melchiondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Ween"},{"link_name":"Ween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ween"}],"text":"Moistboyz is an American hard rock band formed in New Hope, Pennsylvania in 1991 by Guy Heller and Mickey Melchiondo. Moistboyz music is typically fast-paced punk/metal, combining stream-of-consciousness lyrics with aggressive rock guitar riffs.As in Melchiondo's band Ween, both he and Heller assume aliases: Mickey Moist and Dickie Moist.","title":"Moistboyz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beastie Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beastie_Boys"},{"link_name":"Moistboyz I+II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moistboyz_I%2BII&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chocodog Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chocodog_Records&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moistboyz III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_(Moistboyz_album)"},{"link_name":"Mike Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Patton"},{"link_name":"Ipecac Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipecac_Records"},{"link_name":"Sanctuary Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary_Records"},{"link_name":"Claude Coleman, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Coleman,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Andrew Weiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Weiss_(musician)"}],"text":"Moistboyz have released five studio records starting with the 1994 EP Moistboyz. A full-length album, Moistboyz II, followed in 1996. Recorded by Heller (vocals/lyrics) and Melchiondo (guitar/music) using drum machine and a lo-fi sensibility, both records were originally released on the Beastie Boys label, Grand Royal. In 2005, these first two records were combined and released as one album, Moistboyz I+II on Sanctuary Records, now on Chocodog Records.In 2002, Moistboyz III was released on Mike Patton's label, Ipecac Records. This is the first Moistboyz record to feature songs with real drums, performed by Lou Croschetti.Moistboyz IV was released in 2005 on Sanctuary Records. The album was mixed by Chris Shaw, features Claude Coleman, Jr. on drums, and bass by producer Andrew Weiss on Fuck You.In 2013, Moistboyz V was released on Heller and Melchiondo's label, Neverman Records, distributed by MVD Audio. Recording started in late 2012 in New Hope, PA and finished in Lago Vista, TX in early 2013. It was produced and engineered by Melchiondo, and mixed by Stephen Haas. Moistboyz V covers multiple musical styles, such as the southern rock-influenced Down on the Farm and the alt ballad \"My Time to Die\". Guest musicians include Chuck Treece (drums) on \"Protect and Serve\", \"Medusa\", \"Garbageman\" and Joe Kramer (guitar) on \"Protect and Serve\", \"Chickendick\", \"Down on the Farm\" and \"My Time to Die\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Melchiondo, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Ween"}],"text":"Guy Heller (aka Dickie Moist)\nMichael Melchiondo, Jr. (aka Mickey Moist)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nick Oliveri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Oliveri"},{"link_name":"Mondo Generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Generator"},{"link_name":"Queens of the Stone Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_of_the_Stone_Age"},{"link_name":"Mondo Generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Generator"}],"sub_title":"Current touring members","text":"Stephen Haas\nNick Oliveri (Mondo Generator) (Queens of the Stone Age)\nHoss Wright (Mondo Generator)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Claude Coleman Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Coleman_Jr."},{"link_name":"Ween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ween"},{"link_name":"Eagles of Death Metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_of_Death_Metal"},{"link_name":"Dave Dreiwitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Dreiwitz"},{"link_name":"Ween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ween"},{"link_name":"Marco Benevento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Benevento"},{"link_name":"Instant Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_Death_(band)"},{"link_name":"Sound of Urchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_of_Urchin"},{"link_name":"Chris Harfenist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Sound of Urchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_of_Urchin"},{"link_name":"Jeff Pinkus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Pinkus"},{"link_name":"Butthole Surfers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butthole_Surfers"}],"sub_title":"Previous touring members","text":"Claude Coleman Jr. (Ween, Amandla, Eagles of Death Metal)\nDave Dreiwitz (Ween, Marco Benevento, Instant Death)\nBill Fowler (Sound of Urchin)\nChris Harfenist (Sound of Urchin)\nJeff Pinkus (Butthole Surfers)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Moistboyz (1994)Moistboyz II (1996)[1][2]No.TitleLength1.\"It Ain't Rude\"4:212.\"Second Hand Smoker\"3:063.\"Lazy and Cool\"2:524.\"Rock, Stock, Barrel\"3:065.\"Man of the Year\"2:166.\"American Made and Duty-Free\"3:067.\"Crank\"2:468.\"Powervice\"1:139.\"Keep the Fire Alive\"4:2510.\"Good Morning America\"3:43Moistboyz III (2002) [3]No.TitleLength1.\"Shitheel\"2:132.\"I Am the Reaper\"2:153.\"In the Valley of the Sun\"3:154.\"The Tweaker\"3:155.\"The Spike\"3:096.\"Five Time Loser\"3:217.\"Great American Zero\"2:218.\"I'm Gonna Kick Your Ass\"1:549.\"Black Train\"3:3210.\"The Walker\"3:41Moistboyz IV (2005) [4]No.TitleLength1.\"I Don't Give a Fuck Where the Eagle Flies\"2:422.\"Uncle Sam and Me\"2:373.\"Captain America\"4:134.\"White Trash\"2:155.\"Fuck You\"4:516.\"Officer Please\"2:217.\"The Year of the Maggot\"2:168.\"Roy\"2:149.\"That's What Rock and Roll Can Do\"3:4110.\"The Stalker\"4:4111.\"Everybody's Fucked Her\"3:0412.\"I'll Die Tomorrow\"4:27Moistboyz V (2013)No.TitleLength1.\"Protect and Serve\" 2.\"Hanging By a Thread\" 3.\"Down on the Farm\" 4.\"Paperboy\" 5.\"Garbageman\" 6.\"The Fury\" 7.\"Chickendick\" 8.\"My Time to Die\" 9.\"High and Mighty\" 10.\"One Cut at a Time\" 11.\"Medusa\" 12.\"Crisis and Vices\"","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"D'Angelo, Peter J. \"Moistboyz II (review)\". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/moistboyz-ii-mw0000089732","url_text":"\"Moistboyz II (review)\""}]},{"reference":"Stokes, Lowe (1997). Moistboyz II (review). CMJ New Music Monthly Feb 1997. p. 38.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DS0EAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Moistboyz%22&pg=PA38","url_text":"Moistboyz II (review)"}]},{"reference":"Kutner, Rick. \"Moistboyz III (review)\". AllMusic. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rennie_Macintosh	Charles Rennie Mackintosh	["1 Early life and education","2 Name","3 Career and family","4 Design influences","4.1 Unbuilt designs","5 Design work and paintings","6 Later life","7 Retrospect","8 See also","9 References","10 Notes","11 Further reading","12 External links"]	Scottish architect and artist (1868–1928) For the chemist and inventor, see Charles Macintosh. Charles Rennie MackintoshBornCharles Rennie McIntosh(1868-06-07)7 June 1868Townhead, Glasgow, ScotlandDied10 December 1928(1928-12-10) (aged 60)NationalityScottishEducationGlasgow School of ArtKnown forArchitecture, Art, Design, Decorative ArtsNotable workGlasgow School of Art, The Willow Tearooms, Hill House, Queen's Cross Church, Scotland Street SchoolStyleSymbolism, Arts and Crafts, Art Nouveau, Glasgow StyleMovementGlasgow Style, Art Nouveau, SymbolismSpouseMargaret Macdonald Mackintosh Charles Rennie Mackintosh (7 June 1868 – 10 December 1928) was a Scottish architect, designer, water colourist and artist. His artistic approach had much in common with European Symbolism. His work, alongside that of his wife Margaret Macdonald, was influential on European design movements such as Art Nouveau and Secessionism and praised by great modernists such as Josef Hoffmann. Mackintosh was born in Glasgow, Scotland and died in London, England. He is among the most important figures of Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style). Early life and education The Willow Tearooms in Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow Charles Rennie Mackintosh was born at 70 Parson Street, Townhead, Glasgow, on 7 June 1868, the fourth of eleven children and second son of William McIntosh, a superintendent and chief clerk of the City of Glasgow Police. He attended Reid's Public School and the Allan Glen's Institution from 1880 to 1883. William's wife Margaret Mackintosh née 'Rennie' grew up in the Townhead and Dennistoun (Firpark Terrace) areas of Glasgow. Name He changed the spelling of his name from 'McIntosh' to 'Mackintosh' for unknown reasons, as his father did before him, around 1893. Confusion continues to surround the use of his name with 'Rennie' sometimes incorrectly substituted for his first name of 'Charles'. The modern use of 'Rennie Mackintosh' as a surname is also incorrect and he was never known as such in his lifetime; 'Rennie' being a middle name (his mother's maiden name) which he used often in writing his name. Signatures took various forms including 'C.R. Mackintosh' and 'Chas. R. Mackintosh.' The usage of "Rennie Mackintosh" to refer to him is therefore incorrect and he should instead be referred to as "Charles Rennie Mackintosh" or "Mackintosh". Mackintosh is also sometimes referred to affectionately as 'Toshie', a nickname seen in correspondence and other contemporary literature written by friends and family members. Career and family Mackintosh entered the architectural profession in 1884 as an apprentice to John Hutchinson in Glasgow and in the evenings studied at Glasgow School of Art (situated then in Sauchiehall Street) where he became a prize-winning student. In 1889 he joined Honeyman and Keppie (John Honeyman and John Keppie), a major architectural practice as a draughtsman and designer, where in 1901 he became a partner. His early design work as a draughtsman and lead designer can be seen from 1893 in the interior of Craigie Hall, Dumbreck, and in the new saloon and gallery of Glasgow Art Club, 185 Bath Street for which he signed the drawings. Around 1892, Mackintosh met fellow artist Margaret Macdonald at the Glasgow School of Art. He and fellow student Herbert MacNair, also an apprentice at Honeyman and Keppie, were introduced to Margaret and her sister Frances MacDonald by the head of the Glasgow School of Art, Francis Henry Newbery, who saw similarities in their work. Margaret and Charles married on 22 August 1900. The couple had no children. MacNair and Frances also married the previous year. The group worked collaboratively and came to be known as "The Four ", and were prominent figures in Glasgow Style art and design. Mackintosh and Margaret married, setting up their first home in Mains Street on Blythswood Hill, the street later being renamed as Blythswood Street, Glasgow. Subsequently, they moved to Southpark Avenue, close to Glasgow University. In the early 1910s the partnership known from 1901 as Honeyman, Keppie & Mackintosh declined in profitability, and in 1913 Mackintosh resigned from the partnership and attempted to open his own practice. Design influences The Room de Luxe at The Willow Tearooms features furniture and interior design by Mackintosh and Margaret Macdonald. Mackintosh lived most of his life in the city of Glasgow, located on the banks of the River Clyde. During the Industrial Revolution the city had one of the greatest production centres of heavy engineering and shipbuilding in the world. As the city grew and prospered, a faster response to the high demand for consumer goods and arts was necessary. Industrialized, mass-produced items started to gain popularity. Along with the Industrial Revolution, Asian style and emerging modernist ideas also influenced Mackintosh's designs. When the Japanese isolationist regime softened, they opened themselves to globalisation resulting in notable Japanese influence around the world. Glasgow's link with the eastern country became particularly close with shipyards at the River Clyde being exposed to Japanese navy and training engineers. Japanese design became more accessible and gained great popularity. In fact, it became so popular and so incessantly appropriated and reproduced by Western artists, that the Western world's fascination and preoccupation with Japanese art gave rise to the new term Japonisme or Japonism. This style was admired by Mackintosh because of its restraint and economy of means rather than ostentatious accumulation; its simple forms and natural materials rather than elaboration and artifice; and its use of texture and light and shadow rather than pattern and ornament. In the old western style, furniture was seen as ornament that displayed the wealth of its owner; the value of the piece was established according to the length of time spent creating it. In the Japanese arts, furniture and design focused on the quality of the space, which was meant to evoke a calming and organic feeling to the interior. Scotland Street school in Glasgow. At the same time a new philosophy concerned with creating functional and practical design was emerging throughout Europe: modernism. The central aim in modernism was to develop a purity of expression with designs explicitly responsive to intended building use. Ornament and traditional styles were demoted. Although Mackintosh has been counted as a pioneer of modernism, his work always retained a decorative sensibility and features ornament. Mackintosh took his inspiration from his Scottish upbringing and blended them with the flourish of Art Nouveau and the simplicity of Japanese forms. While working in architecture, Charles Rennie Mackintosh developed his own style: a contrast between strong right angles and floral-inspired decorative motifs with subtle curves (for example, the Mackintosh Rose motif), along with some references to traditional Scottish architecture. The project that helped make his international reputation was the Glasgow School of Art (1897–1909). During the early stages of the Glasgow School of Art Mackintosh also completed the Queen's Cross Church project in Maryhill, Glasgow. It is the only built Mackintosh church design and is now the Charles Rennie Mackintosh Society headquarters. As with his contemporary Frank Lloyd Wright, Mackintosh's architectural designs often included extensive specifications for the detailing, decoration, and furnishing of his buildings. The majority, if not all, of this detailing and significant contributions to his architectural drawings were designed and detailed by his wife Margaret Macdonald whom Charles had met when they both attended the Glasgow School of Art. Their work was shown at the eighth Vienna Secession Exhibition in 1900. Mackintosh's architectural career was a relatively short one, but of significant quality and impact. All his major commissions were between 1895 and 1906, including designs for private homes, commercial buildings, interior renovations and churches. "The Lighthouse", Charles Mackintosh's Glasgow Herald building. Hill House, Helensburgh, near Glasgow. Mackintosh's drawing for Windy Hill, at Kilmacolm. Interior designs for his brother-in-law, Charles Macdonald at Dunglass Hill House, Helensburgh This dwelling is one of the last complete sites, that is filled with furnishing and fittings, designed by Mackintosh in Scotland. Mackintosh paid attention to detail with every aspect of this property. The Willow Tearooms, Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow for Catherine Cranston Former Daily Record offices, Glasgow Former Glasgow Herald offices in Mitchell Street, now The Lighthouse – Scotland's Centre for Design and Architecture 78 Derngate, Northampton (interior design and architectural remodelling for Wenman Joseph Bassett-Lowke, founder of Bassett-Lowke) 5 The Drive, Northampton (for Bassett-Lowke's brother-in-law) Unbuilt designs Although moderately popular (for a period) in his native Scotland, most of Mackintosh's more ambitious designs were not built. Designs for various buildings for the 1901 Glasgow International Exhibition were not constructed, neither was his "Haus eines Kunstfreundes" (Art Lover's House) of the same year. He competed in the 1903 design competition for Liverpool Cathedral, but failed to gain a place on the shortlist (the winner was Giles Gilbert Scott). Other unbuilt Mackintosh designs include: Railway Terminus Concert Hall Alternative Concert Hall Bar and Dining Room Exhibition Hall Science and Art Museum Chapter House The House for An Art Lover (1901) was built in Bellahouston Park, Glasgow after his death (1989–1996). An Artist's Cottage and Studio (1901), known as The Artist's Cottage, was completed at Farr by Inverness in 1992. The architect was Robert Hamilton Macintyre acting for Dr and Mrs Peter Tovell. Illustrations can be found on the RCAHMS Canmore site. The first of the unexecuted Gate Lodge, Auchinbothie (1901) sketches was realised as a mirrored pair of gatehouses to either side of the Achnabechan and The Artist's Cottage drives, also at Farr by Inverness. Known as North House and South House, these were completed 1995–1997. Mackintosh's architectural output was small, but he did influence European design. Popular in Austria and Germany, his work received acclaim when it was shown at the Vienna Secession Exhibition in 1900. It was also exhibited in Budapest, Hungary, Munich, Germany, Dresden, Venice, Italy and Moscow, Russia. Design work and paintings Charles Rennie Mackintosh Cabinet, Royal Ontario Museum. Mackintosh, his future wife Margaret MacDonald, her sister Frances MacDonald, and Herbert MacNair met at evening classes at the Glasgow School of Art (see above). They became known as a collaborative group, "The Four", or "The Glasgow Four", and were prominent members of the "Glasgow School" movement. The group exhibited in Glasgow, London, England and Vienna, Austria. These exhibitions helped establish Mackintosh's reputation. The so-called "Glasgow" style was exhibited in Europe and influenced the Viennese Art Nouveau movement known as Sezessionstil (in English, the Vienna Secession) around 1900. Mackintosh also worked in interior design, furniture, textiles and metalwork. Much of this work combines Mackintosh's own designs with those of his wife, whose flowing, floral style complemented his more formal, rectilinear work. The publishing house Blackie and Son commissioned him in the 1920s to work on bindings for their publications. One of these works was an abstract design that was intended for a new uniform of G. A. Henty's novels. It was instead used for Yarns on the Beach by Henty, and for a series entitled The Boys and Girls Bookshelf, c. 1926. Both Newbolt and Floyer speculate that Mackintosh may have designed the cover for another series by Blackie. Later life Later in life, disillusioned with architecture, Mackintosh worked largely as a watercolourist, painting numerous landscapes and flower studies (often in collaboration with Margaret, with whose style Mackintosh's own gradually converged). They moved to the Suffolk village of Walberswick in 1914. There Mackintosh was suspected of being a German spy and briefly arrested in 1915 during World War I. By 1923, the Mackintoshes had moved to Port Vendres, a Mediterranean coastal town in southern France with a warm climate that was a comparably cheaper location in which to live. Mackintosh had entirely abandoned architecture and design and concentrated on watercolour painting. He was interested in the relationships between man-made and naturally occurring landscapes and created a large portfolio of architecture and landscape watercolour paintings. Many of his paintings depict Port Vendres, a small port near the Spanish border, and the landscapes of Roussillon. The local Charles Rennie Mackintosh Trail details his time in Port Vendres and shows the paintings and their locations. The couple remained in France for two years, before being forced to return to London in 1927 due to illness. 12 Porchester Square in the foreground on the left, and number 26 in the far distance on the right. That year, Mackintosh had developed a lump in his tongue and a doctor friend in Port Vendres recommended that he return to London for treatment. In London, after a diagnosis of tongue cancer, a friend Jessie Newbery arranged for treatment at Westminster Hospital where the lump was surgically removed. Their friends Randolph & Birdie Schwabe found a home for Mackintosh to convalesce on Willow Road in Hampstead, where he could sit under a willow tree that reminded him of Sauchiehall Street. Another friend Margaret Morris visited him there, and firstly tried to help him with voice exercises to strengthen his voice which had been weakened by the surgery, but when that failed she tried to teach him sign language. A dispute with the upstairs neighbours in Hampstead forced Mackintosh and his wife to quickly seek other lodgings, and another friend Desmond Chapman-Huston offered his home at 12 Porchester Square, Bayswater, returning the hospitality that they had shown him whenever he had visited them in Glasgow. After a relapse Mackintosh was admitted to a nursing home just along the road at 26 Porchester Square where he died on 10 December 1928 at the age of 60. He was cremated the next day at Golders Green Crematorium in London. His ashes were scattered, in accordance with his wishes, over the Mediterranean at Port Vendres from one of the rocks he had painted. Retrospect The front (north) CM Mackintosh's Glasgow School of Art on Renfrew Street, Garnethill in Glasgow, Scotland Glasgow. Statue of Mackintosh, unveiled on the 90th anniversary of his death. Sculptor: Andy Scott Mackintosh's work grew in popularity in the decades following his death. A number of posthumous presentations of his designs have been implemented. The Mackintosh House (1981) is a dedicated structure by William Whitfield to house the reconstructed interiors of the Mackintoshes former Glasgow home (sited nearby and demolished in 1963). The house forms an integral part of The University of Glasgow's Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery home to the world's largest collection of Mackintosh's work. The Artist's Cottage project, three unrealised designs from 1901, were constructed as interpretations near Inverness in 1992 and 1995. The House for an Art Lover was built in Glasgow's Bellahouston Park in 1996 as an interpretation of a design competition portfolio by Mackintosh and Macdonald from 1901. The Glasgow School of Art building (now "The Mackintosh Building") is cited by architectural critics as among the finest buildings in the UK. On 23 May 2014 the building was ravaged by fire. The library was destroyed, but firefighters managed to save the rest of the building. On 15 June 2018, about a year before completion of the restoration of the building the School was again struck by fire. This second fire caused catastrophic damage, effectively destroying all the interiors and leaving the outer walls so structurally unstable that large sections of them had to be taken down to prevent uncontrolled collapse. Such was the global concern that a public commitment to faithfully rebuild The Mackintosh Building was made post-fire by then Director of The Glasgow School of Art, Tom Inns. The Charles Rennie Mackintosh Society encourages greater awareness of the work of Mackintosh as an architect, artist and designer. The rediscovery of Mackintosh as a significant figure in design has been attributed to the designation of Glasgow as European City of Culture in 1990, and exhibition of his work which accompanied the year-long festival. His enduring popularity since has been fuelled by further exhibitions and books and memorabilia which have illustrated aspects of his life and work. The growth in public interest has led to refurbishment of long-neglected buildings and increased public access: Scotland Street School Museum housed in Mackintosh's 1906 school building opened in 1990. 78 Derngate Northampton opened as a visitor attraction in 2003. The Willow Tea Rooms re-opened following an extensive restoration in 2018. The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City held a major retrospective exhibition of Charles Rennie Mackintosh's works from 21 November 1996 to 16 February 1997. In conjunction with the exhibit were lectures and a symposium by scholars, including Pamela Robertson of the Hunterian Art Gallery, Glasgow art gallery owner Roger Billcliffe, and architect J. Stewart Johnson, and screening of documentary films about Mackintosh. Charles Rennie Mackintosh was commemorated on a series of banknotes issued by the Clydesdale Bank in 2009; his image appeared on an issue of £100 notes. In 2012, one of the largest collections of art by Charles Rennie Mackintosh and the Glasgow Four Glasgow School was sold at auction in Edinburgh for £1.3m. The sale included work by Mackintosh's sister-in-law Frances Macdonald and her husband Herbert MacNair. In July 2015 it was announced that Mackintosh's designs for a tearoom would be reconstructed to form a display in Dundee's new V&A museum. Although the original building which housed the tearoom on Glasgow's Ingram Street was demolished in 1971 the interiors had all been dismantled and put into storage. The restored "Oak Room" was revealed when V&A Dundee opened to the public on 15 September 2018. In June 2018, a mural depicting Mackintosh and using elements of his distinctive style was created in Glasgow to honour the 150th anniversary of the artist's birth. It is made by Glasgow street artist, Rogue One and commissioned by the Radisson Red. From 1986 until 1992, InterCity locomotive 86226 was named Charles Rennie Mackintosh. In March 2018, Virgin Trains West Coast named 390008 Charles Rennie Mackintosh. See also The English House People on Scottish banknotes References ^ Edwards, Gareth (8 July 2005). "The many colours of Mackintosh – Scotsman.com News". The Scotsman. Edinburgh, Scotland. Retrieved 14 September 2009. ^ "Dictionary of Scottish Architects – DSA Architect Biography Report (September 69, 2009, 10:20 pm)". Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2009. ^ James Steele; Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1994). Charles Rennie Mackintosh: synthesis in form. Academy Editions. ISBN 9781854903839. Charles Rennie Mackintosh was born on 7 June 1868 at 70 Parson Street, next to the Martyrs' School in the Townhead district of Glasgow. His father, Wiliam McIntosh, married to Margaret Rennie, was a police superintendent, and there were 11 children in the family, living in a flat on the top floor of a three-storey tenement. 1n 1878, a promotion made it possible for the family to move to No 2 Firpark Terrace, Dennistown, further out from the city. ^ Ellis Woodman, 1 March 2015, Charles Rennie Mackintosh: 'Glasgow's very own architectural genius', The Daily Telegraph. ^ Kaplan, Wendy (ed.). Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Abbeville Press, 1996. ISBN 0-7892-0080-5. p. 19. ^ a b Stamp, Gavin. Toshie Trashed, The London Review of Books, 19 June 2014. pp. 37–38. ^ "Dictionary of Scottish Architects – DSA Architect Biography Report (July 15, 2022, 2:19 am)". Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2009. ^ "Dictionary of Scottish Architects – DSA Architect Biography Report (July 15, 2022, 2:19 am)". Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2009. ^ Panther, Patricia (10 January 2011). "Margaret MacDonald: the talented other half of Charles Rennie Mackintosh". BBC Scotland. Retrieved 4 December 2014. ^ "MX.04 Interiors for 120 Mains Street" (PDF). Mackintosh Architecture: Context, Making and Meaning. University of Glasgow. Retrieved 4 December 2014. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Charles Rennie Mackintosh Society. Retrieved 21 November 2020. ^ Graeme Smith (2021), Glasgow's Blythswood. ^ "Dictionary of Scottish Architects – DSA Architect Biography Report (July 15, 2022, 2:19 am)". Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2009. ^ "Margaret macdonald \| Features \| The Official Gateway to Scotland". Scotland.org. Archived from the original on 16 February 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2011. ^ Wilson, Darrell. "The Lighthouse". www.thelighthouse.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018. ^ "Charles Rennie Mackintosh". Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2015. ^ Wainwright, Oliver (11 February 2015). "Mackmania! Charles Rennie Mackintosh's genius shines in his first architecture retrospective". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 March 2018. ^ "Liverpool Cathedral", The Times, 25 September 1902, p. 8. ^ House for an Art Lover, Bellahouston Park, Glasgow 1996. ^ The Hunterian, The University of Glasgow. Mackintosh Collection, cat no: GLAHA 41142-45 Archived 1 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Macintyre, Robert Hamilton (Spring 1992). "An Artist's Cottage and Studio". CRM Society Newsletter (Glasgow), No 58, pp. 5–8. ^ Hall, Michael (26 November 1992). "The Artist's Cottage, Inverness". Country Life (London, England), pp. 34–37. ^ Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS), The Artist's Cottage, Canmore ID 82860. ^ The Hunterian, The University of Glasgow. Mackintosh Collection, cat no: GLAHA 41860. Archived 1 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS), Achnabechan, Canmore ID 114263. ^ Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical fascinating Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS), North House, Canmore ID 280055. ^ Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS), South House, Canmore ID 280056. ^ "Margaret Macdonald". Undiscovered Scotland: The Ultimate Online Guide. ^ a b Newbolt, Peter (1996). "Appendix IV: Illustration and Design: Notes on Artists and Designers: Mackingosh, Charles Rennie, FRIBA, 1868–1928". G.A. Henty, 1832–1902 : a bibliographical study of his British editions, with short accounts of his publishers, illustrators and designers, and notes on production methods used for his books. Brookfield, Vermont: Scholar Press. pp. 630. ISBN 9781859282083. Retrieved 2 May 2020. ^ a b Floyer, Barbara (2006). "Charles Rennie Mackintosh Book Covers". 78 Derngate archive. Retrieved 2 May 2020. ^ Tait, Gordan (29 June 2004). "Rennie Mackintosh locked up as 'German spy'". The Scotsman. Retrieved 22 August 2011. ^ "Port-Vendres, official site of the city and the tourist office – Official website". Port-vendres.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011. ^ The Mackintosh Trail, L'association Charles Rennie Mackintosh en Roussillon. ^ a b c d e f Cairney, John (2004). The Quest for Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Luath Press. ^ "Video 3/3 :Charles Rennie Mackintosh – A Modern Man" (1996) . ^ BBC Scotland Documentary, 2018 Mackintosh: Glasgow's Neglected Genius. ^ "Library destroyed at Glasgow School of Art". Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 25 May 2014. ^ "The Glasgow Story: Modern Times". City of Glasgow Culture and Leisure Services. Retrieved 22 June 2009. ^ Charles Rennie Mackintosh: Gallery Plan and Program Guide (1996). See also Filler, Martin (17 November 1996). "A Show on the Road May Take Many Forms". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 June 2008. ^ "Banknote designs mark Homecoming". BBC News. 14 January 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2009. ^ "Art collection, including Mackintosh, sells for £1.3m". BBC News. 7 September 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2009. ^ "V&A to recreate lost Charles Rennie Mackintosh work". 30 August 2022. ^ "Charles Rennie Mackintosh – Glasgow History Through Street Art". Glasgow Discovered \| Showcasing Independent Music and Arts. 20 October 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019. ^ Virgin names Pendolino Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Rail issue 849, 28 March 2018, p. 24. Notes Davidson, Fiona (1998). The Pitkin Guide: Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Great Britain: Pitkin Unichrome. ISBN 0-85372-874-7. Fiell, Charlotte and Peter (1995). Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Taschen. ISBN 3-8228-3204-9. Further reading David Stark, Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Co. 1854 to 2004 (2004) ISBN 1-84033-323-5 Tamsin Pickeral, Mackintosh Flame Tree Publishing London (2005) ISBN 1-84451-258-4 Alan Crawford, Charles Rennie Mackintosh (Thames & Hudson, 1995) John McKean, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Architect, artist, Icon (Lomond, 2000 second edition 2001) ISBN 0-947782-08-7 David Brett, Charles Rennie Mackintosh: The Poetics of Workmanship (1992) Timothy Neat, Part Seen Part Imagined (1994) John McKean, Charles Rennie Mackintosh Pocket Guide (Colin Baxter, 1998 and updated editions to 2010) Wendy Kaplan (ed.), Charles Rennie Mackintosh (Abbeville Press 1996) John McKean, "Glasgow: from 'Universal' to 'Regionalist' City and beyond – from Thomson to Mackintosh", in Sources of Regionalism in 19th Century Architecture, Art and Literature, ed. van Santvoort, Verschaffel and De Meyer (Leuven, 2008) Fanny Blake, Essential Charles Rennie Macintosh (2001) External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Mackintosh, Charles Rennie (1868–1928), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press Charles Rennie Mackintosh Society, Glasgow Unbuilt Mackintosh Models and Designs Gallery of Botanical Paintings Charles Rennie Mackintosh – Glasgow Buildings The Hunterian Museum & Art Gallery: The Mackintosh House The Hunterian Museum & Art Gallery: The Mackintosh Collection paintings by Charles Rennie Mackintosh at the WikiGallery.org The Northern Italian Sketchbook National Library of Scotland: Scottish Screen Archive (Archive film "Charles Rennie Mackintosh", 1965, by the Scottish Educational Film Association) 7 artworks by or after Charles Rennie Mackintosh at the Art UK site vteCharles Rennie MackintoshBuildings 78 Derngate Artist's Cottage Glasgow Herald Building Glasgow School of Art Hill House House for an Art Lover Martyrs' Public School Queen's Cross Church Ruchill Church Hall Scotland Street School Museum Willow Tearooms Windy Hill Related Margaret Macdonald (wife) Glasgow School Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style) Images on Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Croatia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists South Australia KulturNav MusicBrainz Museum of Modern Art Musée d'Orsay National Gallery of Canada Victoria RKD Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie EUTA Structurae Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Macintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Macintosh"},{"link_name":"Symbolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"Margaret Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Macdonald_Mackintosh"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"Secessionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession_(art)"},{"link_name":"Josef Hoffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Hoffmann"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Style_(British_Art_Nouveau_style)"}],"text":"For the chemist and inventor, see Charles Macintosh.Charles Rennie Mackintosh (7 June 1868 – 10 December 1928) was a Scottish architect, designer, water colourist and artist. His artistic approach had much in common with European Symbolism. His work, alongside that of his wife Margaret Macdonald, was influential on European design movements such as Art Nouveau and Secessionism and praised by great modernists such as Josef Hoffmann. Mackintosh was born in Glasgow, Scotland and died in London, England. He is among the most important figures of Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style).","title":"Charles Rennie Mackintosh"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Willow_Tearooms.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Willow Tearooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Willow_Tearooms"},{"link_name":"Sauchiehall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauchiehall_Street"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Townhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townhead"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"City of Glasgow Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Glasgow_Police"},{"link_name":"Reid's Public School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reid%27s_Public_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Allan Glen's Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Glen%27s_Institution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scotsman2-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-disa2-2"},{"link_name":"Dennistoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennistoun"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SteeleMackintosh1994-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Willow Tearooms in Sauchiehall Street, GlasgowCharles Rennie Mackintosh was born at 70 Parson Street, Townhead, Glasgow, on 7 June 1868, the fourth of eleven children and second son of William McIntosh, a superintendent and chief clerk of the City of Glasgow Police. He attended Reid's Public School and the Allan Glen's Institution from 1880 to 1883.[1][2] William's wife Margaret Mackintosh née 'Rennie' grew up in the Townhead and Dennistoun (Firpark Terrace) areas of Glasgow.[3][4]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stamp,_Gavin_2014._Pages_37-38-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stamp,_Gavin_2014._Pages_37-38-6"}],"text":"He changed the spelling of his name from 'McIntosh' to 'Mackintosh' for unknown reasons, as his father did before him, around 1893.[5] Confusion continues to surround the use of his name with 'Rennie' sometimes incorrectly substituted for his first name of 'Charles'. The modern use of 'Rennie Mackintosh' as a surname is also incorrect and he was never known as such in his lifetime;[6] 'Rennie' being a middle name (his mother's maiden name) which he used often in writing his name. Signatures took various forms including 'C.R. Mackintosh' and 'Chas. R. Mackintosh.' The usage of \"Rennie Mackintosh\" to refer to him is therefore incorrect and he should instead be referred to as \"Charles Rennie Mackintosh\" or \"Mackintosh\". Mackintosh is also sometimes referred to affectionately as 'Toshie', a nickname seen in correspondence and other contemporary literature written by friends and family members.[6]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Hutchinson_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Honeyman and Keppie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeyman_and_Keppie"},{"link_name":"John Honeyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Honeyman_(architect)"},{"link_name":"John Keppie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keppie"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Craigie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Craigie_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Art Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Art_Club"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Margaret Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Macdonald_Mackintosh"},{"link_name":"Glasgow School of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_School_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Herbert MacNair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_MacNair"},{"link_name":"Frances MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Francis Henry Newbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Henry_Newbery"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBCScotland-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MainsStreet-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-society-11"},{"link_name":"The Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Four_(artists)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Style"},{"link_name":"Blythswood Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blythswood_Hill"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Mackintosh entered the architectural profession in 1884 as an apprentice to John Hutchinson in Glasgow and in the evenings studied at Glasgow School of Art (situated then in Sauchiehall Street) where he became a prize-winning student. In 1889 he joined Honeyman and Keppie (John Honeyman and John Keppie), a major architectural practice as a draughtsman and designer, where in 1901 he became a partner.[7]His early design work as a draughtsman and lead designer can be seen from 1893 in the interior of Craigie Hall, Dumbreck, and in the new saloon and gallery of Glasgow Art Club, 185 Bath Street for which he signed the drawings.[8]Around 1892, Mackintosh met fellow artist Margaret Macdonald at the Glasgow School of Art. He and fellow student Herbert MacNair, also an apprentice at Honeyman and Keppie, were introduced to Margaret and her sister Frances MacDonald by the head of the Glasgow School of Art, Francis Henry Newbery, who saw similarities in their work.[9] Margaret and Charles married on 22 August 1900.[10] The couple had no children.[11] MacNair and Frances also married the previous year. The group worked collaboratively and came to be known as \"The Four [Fr]\", and were prominent figures in Glasgow Style art and design. Mackintosh and Margaret married, setting up their first home in Mains Street on Blythswood Hill, the street later being renamed as Blythswood Street, Glasgow.[12] Subsequently, they moved to Southpark Avenue, close to Glasgow University.In the early 1910s the partnership known from 1901 as Honeyman, Keppie & Mackintosh declined in profitability, and in 1913 Mackintosh resigned from the partnership and attempted to open his own practice.[13]","title":"Career and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Room_de_Luxe.jpg"},{"link_name":"River Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Clyde"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"modernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist"},{"link_name":"designs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designs"},{"link_name":"Japonisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonisme"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wfm_scotland_street.jpg"},{"link_name":"Glasgow School of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_School_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Queen's Cross Church project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Cross_Church,_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Frank Lloyd Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Vienna Secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Secession"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wfm_mackintosh_lighthouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lighthouse,_Glasgow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HillHouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hill House, Helensburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_House,_Helensburgh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drawing_for_%27Windy_Hill%27.jpg"},{"link_name":"Windy Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windy_Hill,_Kilmacolm"},{"link_name":"Kilmacolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmacolm"},{"link_name":"Dunglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunglass_Castle"},{"link_name":"Hill House, Helensburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_House,_Helensburgh"},{"link_name":"The Willow Tearooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Willow_Tearooms"},{"link_name":"Catherine Cranston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Cranston"},{"link_name":"Daily Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Record_(Scotland)"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)"},{"link_name":"The Lighthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lighthouse_(Glasgow)"},{"link_name":"78 Derngate, Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/78_Derngate"},{"link_name":"Bassett-Lowke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassett-Lowke"}],"text":"The Room de Luxe at The Willow Tearooms features furniture and interior design by Mackintosh and Margaret Macdonald.Mackintosh lived most of his life in the city of Glasgow, located on the banks of the River Clyde. During the Industrial Revolution the city had one of the greatest production centres of heavy engineering and shipbuilding in the world. As the city grew and prospered, a faster response to the high demand for consumer goods and arts was necessary. Industrialized, mass-produced items started to gain popularity. Along with the Industrial Revolution, Asian style and emerging modernist ideas also influenced Mackintosh's designs. When the Japanese isolationist regime softened, they opened themselves to globalisation resulting in notable Japanese influence around the world. Glasgow's link with the eastern country became particularly close with shipyards at the River Clyde being exposed to Japanese navy and training engineers. Japanese design became more accessible and gained great popularity. In fact, it became so popular and so incessantly appropriated and reproduced by Western artists, that the Western world's fascination and preoccupation with Japanese art gave rise to the new term Japonisme or Japonism.This style was admired by Mackintosh because of its restraint and economy of means rather than ostentatious accumulation; its simple forms and natural materials rather than elaboration and artifice; and its use of texture and light and shadow rather than pattern and ornament. In the old western style, furniture was seen as ornament that displayed the wealth of its owner; the value of the piece was established according to the length of time spent creating it. In the Japanese arts, furniture and design focused on the quality of the space, which was meant to evoke a calming and organic feeling to the interior.Scotland Street school in Glasgow.At the same time a new philosophy concerned with creating functional and practical design was emerging throughout Europe: modernism. The central aim in modernism was to develop a purity of expression with designs explicitly responsive to intended building use. Ornament and traditional styles were demoted. Although Mackintosh has been counted as a pioneer of modernism, his work always retained a decorative sensibility and features ornament. Mackintosh took his inspiration from his Scottish upbringing and blended them with the flourish of Art Nouveau and the simplicity of Japanese forms.While working in architecture, Charles Rennie Mackintosh developed his own style: a contrast between strong right angles and floral-inspired decorative motifs with subtle curves (for example, the Mackintosh Rose motif), along with some references to traditional Scottish architecture. The project that helped make his international reputation was the Glasgow School of Art (1897–1909). During the early stages of the Glasgow School of Art Mackintosh also completed the Queen's Cross Church project in Maryhill, Glasgow. It is the only built Mackintosh church design and is now the Charles Rennie Mackintosh Society headquarters. As with his contemporary Frank Lloyd Wright, Mackintosh's architectural designs often included extensive specifications for the detailing, decoration, and furnishing of his buildings.The majority, if not all, of this detailing and significant contributions to his architectural drawings were designed and detailed by his wife Margaret Macdonald[14] whom Charles had met when they both attended the Glasgow School of Art. Their work was shown at the eighth Vienna Secession Exhibition in 1900. Mackintosh's architectural career was a relatively short one, but of significant quality and impact. All his major commissions were between 1895[15] and 1906,[16] including designs for private homes, commercial buildings, interior renovations and churches.\"The Lighthouse\", Charles Mackintosh's Glasgow Herald building.Hill House, Helensburgh, near Glasgow.Mackintosh's drawing for Windy Hill, at Kilmacolm.Interior designs for his brother-in-law, Charles Macdonald at Dunglass\nHill House, Helensburgh This dwelling is one of the last complete sites, that is filled with furnishing and fittings, designed by Mackintosh in Scotland. Mackintosh paid attention to detail with every aspect of this property.\nThe Willow Tearooms, Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow for Catherine Cranston\nFormer Daily Record offices, Glasgow\nFormer Glasgow Herald offices in Mitchell Street, now The Lighthouse – Scotland's Centre for Design and Architecture\n78 Derngate, Northampton (interior design and architectural remodelling for Wenman Joseph Bassett-Lowke, founder of Bassett-Lowke)\n5 The Drive, Northampton (for Bassett-Lowke's brother-in-law)","title":"Design influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glasgow International Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_International_Exhibition_(1901)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Art Lover's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_for_an_Art_Lover"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Giles Gilbert Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_Gilbert_Scott"},{"link_name":"Bellahouston Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellahouston_Park"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"The Artist's Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Artist%27s_Cottage_project"},{"link_name":"Farr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farr,_Strathnairn"},{"link_name":"Inverness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness"},{"link_name":"Robert Hamilton Macintyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Macintyre_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tac-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-three-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"North House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Artist%27s_Cottage_project"},{"link_name":"South House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Artist%27s_Cottage_project"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Vienna Secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Secession"}],"sub_title":"Unbuilt designs","text":"Although moderately popular (for a period) in his native Scotland, most of Mackintosh's more ambitious designs were not built. Designs for various buildings for the 1901 Glasgow International Exhibition were not constructed,[17] neither was his \"Haus eines Kunstfreundes\" (Art Lover's House) of the same year. He competed in the 1903 design competition for Liverpool Cathedral, but failed to gain a place on the shortlist[18] (the winner was Giles Gilbert Scott).Other unbuilt Mackintosh designs include:Railway Terminus\nConcert Hall\nAlternative Concert Hall\nBar and Dining Room\nExhibition Hall\nScience and Art Museum\nChapter HouseThe House for An Art Lover (1901) was built in Bellahouston Park, Glasgow after his death (1989–1996).[19]An Artist's Cottage and Studio (1901),[20] known as The Artist's Cottage, was completed at Farr by Inverness in 1992. The architect was Robert Hamilton Macintyre acting for Dr and Mrs Peter Tovell.[21][22] Illustrations can be found on the RCAHMS Canmore site.[23]The first of the unexecuted Gate Lodge, Auchinbothie (1901) sketches[24] was realised as a mirrored pair of gatehouses to either side of the Achnabechan[25] and The Artist's Cottage drives, also at Farr by Inverness. Known as North House and South House, these were completed 1995–1997.[26][27]Mackintosh's architectural output was small, but he did influence European design. Popular in Austria and Germany, his work received acclaim when it was shown at the Vienna Secession Exhibition in 1900. It was also exhibited in Budapest, Hungary, Munich, Germany, Dresden, Venice, Italy and Moscow, Russia.","title":"Design influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh_Cabinet_(8030216621).jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Ontario Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum"},{"link_name":"Margaret MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Macdonald_Mackintosh"},{"link_name":"Frances MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Herbert MacNair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_MacNair"},{"link_name":"Glasgow School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_School"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UndiscoveredScotland-28"},{"link_name":"Vienna Secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Secession"},{"link_name":"Blackie and Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackie_and_Son"},{"link_name":"G. A. Henty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._A._Henty"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newbolt-630-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Covers-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newbolt-630-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Covers-30"}],"text":"Charles Rennie Mackintosh Cabinet, Royal Ontario Museum.Mackintosh, his future wife Margaret MacDonald, her sister Frances MacDonald, and Herbert MacNair met at evening classes at the Glasgow School of Art (see above). They became known as a collaborative group, \"The Four\", or \"The Glasgow Four\", and were prominent members of the \"Glasgow School\" movement.[28] The group exhibited in Glasgow, London, England and Vienna, Austria. These exhibitions helped establish Mackintosh's reputation. The so-called \"Glasgow\" style was exhibited in Europe and influenced the Viennese Art Nouveau movement known as Sezessionstil (in English, the Vienna Secession) around 1900.Mackintosh also worked in interior design, furniture, textiles and metalwork. Much of this work combines Mackintosh's own designs with those of his wife, whose flowing, floral style complemented his more formal, rectilinear work. The publishing house Blackie and Son commissioned him in the 1920s to work on bindings for their publications. One of these works was an abstract design that was intended for a new uniform of G. A. Henty's novels. It was instead used for Yarns on the Beach by Henty,[29] and for a series entitled The Boys and Girls Bookshelf, c. 1926.[30] Both Newbolt and Floyer speculate that Mackintosh may have designed the cover for another series by Blackie.[29][30]","title":"Design work and paintings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Walberswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walberswick"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Port Vendres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vendres"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Roussillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roussillon"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Porchester_Square,_City_of_Westminster,_London.jpg"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuestForCRM-34"},{"link_name":"tongue cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_cancer"},{"link_name":"Jessie Newbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_Newbery"},{"link_name":"Westminster Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuestForCRM-34"},{"link_name":"Randolph & Birdie Schwabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_Schwabe"},{"link_name":"Sauchiehall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauchiehall_Street"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuestForCRM-34"},{"link_name":"Margaret Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Morris_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuestForCRM-34"},{"link_name":"Desmond Chapman-Huston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Chapman-Huston"},{"link_name":"12 Porchester Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porchester_Square"},{"link_name":"Bayswater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayswater"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuestForCRM-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QuestForCRM-34"},{"link_name":"Golders Green Crematorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golders_Green_Crematorium"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Later in life, disillusioned with architecture, Mackintosh worked largely as a watercolourist, painting numerous landscapes and flower studies (often in collaboration with Margaret, with whose style Mackintosh's own gradually converged). They moved to the Suffolk village of Walberswick in 1914. There Mackintosh was suspected of being a German spy and briefly arrested in 1915 during World War I.[31]By 1923, the Mackintoshes had moved to Port Vendres,[32] a Mediterranean coastal town in southern France with a warm climate that was a comparably cheaper location in which to live. Mackintosh had entirely abandoned architecture and design and concentrated on watercolour painting. He was interested in the relationships between man-made and naturally occurring landscapes and created a large portfolio of architecture and landscape watercolour paintings. Many of his paintings depict Port Vendres, a small port near the Spanish border, and the landscapes of Roussillon. The local Charles Rennie Mackintosh Trail details his time in Port Vendres and shows the paintings and their locations.[33] The couple remained in France for two years, before being forced to return to London in 1927 due to illness.12 Porchester Square in the foreground on the left, and number 26 in the far distance on the right.That year, Mackintosh had developed a lump in his tongue and a doctor friend in Port Vendres recommended that he return to London for treatment.[34] In London, after a diagnosis of tongue cancer, a friend Jessie Newbery arranged for treatment at Westminster Hospital where the lump was surgically removed.[34] Their friends Randolph & Birdie Schwabe found a home for Mackintosh to convalesce on Willow Road in Hampstead, where he could sit under a willow tree that reminded him of Sauchiehall Street.[34] Another friend Margaret Morris visited him there, and firstly tried to help him with voice exercises to strengthen his voice which had been weakened by the surgery, but when that failed she tried to teach him sign language.[34] A dispute with the upstairs neighbours in Hampstead forced Mackintosh and his wife to quickly seek other lodgings, and another friend Desmond Chapman-Huston offered his home at 12 Porchester Square, Bayswater, returning the hospitality that they had shown him whenever he had visited them in Glasgow.[34] After a relapse Mackintosh was admitted to a nursing home just along the road at 26 Porchester Square where he died on 10 December 1928 at the age of 60.[34] He was cremated the next day at Golders Green Crematorium in London. His ashes were scattered, in accordance with his wishes, over the Mediterranean at Port Vendres from one of the rocks he had painted.[35][36]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wfm_glasgow_school_of_art.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glasgow._Statue_of_Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andy Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Scott_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"The Mackintosh House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mackintosh_House"},{"link_name":"William Whitfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whitfield_(architect)"},{"link_name":"University of Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunterian_Museum_and_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"The Artist's Cottage project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Artist%27s_Cottage_project"},{"link_name":"House for an Art Lover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_for_an_Art_Lover"},{"link_name":"Glasgow School of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_School_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"European City of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_City_of_Culture"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Scotland Street School Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_Street_School_Museum"},{"link_name":"78 Derngate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/78_Derngate"},{"link_name":"Willow Tea Rooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Tea_Rooms"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"banknotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"Clydesdale Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clydesdale_Bank"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-banknotes-40"},{"link_name":"Glasgow School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_School"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee"},{"link_name":"V&A museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%26A_Dundee"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"InterCity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterCity_(British_Rail)"},{"link_name":"86226","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_86"},{"link_name":"Virgin Trains West Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Trains_West_Coast"},{"link_name":"390008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail_Class_390"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"The front (north) CM Mackintosh's Glasgow School of Art on Renfrew Street, Garnethill in Glasgow, ScotlandGlasgow. Statue of Mackintosh, unveiled on the 90th anniversary of his death. Sculptor: Andy ScottMackintosh's work grew in popularity in the decades following his death. A number of posthumous presentations of his designs have been implemented. The Mackintosh House (1981) is a dedicated structure by William Whitfield to house the reconstructed interiors of the Mackintoshes former Glasgow home (sited nearby and demolished in 1963). The house forms an integral part of The University of Glasgow's Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery home to the world's largest collection of Mackintosh's work. The Artist's Cottage project, three unrealised designs from 1901, were constructed as interpretations near Inverness in 1992 and 1995. The House for an Art Lover was built in Glasgow's Bellahouston Park in 1996 as an interpretation of a design competition portfolio by Mackintosh and Macdonald from 1901.The Glasgow School of Art building (now \"The Mackintosh Building\") is cited by architectural critics as among the finest buildings in the UK. On 23 May 2014 the building was ravaged by fire. The library was destroyed, but firefighters managed to save the rest of the building.[37] On 15 June 2018, about a year before completion of the restoration of the building the School was again struck by fire. This second fire caused catastrophic damage, effectively destroying all the interiors and leaving the outer walls so structurally unstable that large sections of them had to be taken down to prevent uncontrolled collapse. Such was the global concern that a public commitment to faithfully rebuild The Mackintosh Building was made post-fire by then Director of The Glasgow School of Art, Tom Inns.The Charles Rennie Mackintosh Society encourages greater awareness of the work of Mackintosh as an architect, artist and designer. The rediscovery of Mackintosh as a significant figure in design has been attributed to the designation of Glasgow as European City of Culture in 1990,[38] and exhibition of his work which accompanied the year-long festival. His enduring popularity since has been fuelled by further exhibitions and books and memorabilia which have illustrated aspects of his life and work. The growth in public interest has led to refurbishment of long-neglected buildings and increased public access: Scotland Street School Museum housed in Mackintosh's 1906 school building opened in 1990. 78 Derngate Northampton opened as a visitor attraction in 2003. The Willow Tea Rooms re-opened following an extensive restoration in 2018.The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City held a major retrospective exhibition of Charles Rennie Mackintosh's works from 21 November 1996 to 16 February 1997. In conjunction with the exhibit were lectures and a symposium by scholars, including Pamela Robertson of the Hunterian Art Gallery, Glasgow art gallery owner Roger Billcliffe, and architect J. Stewart Johnson, and screening of documentary films about Mackintosh.[39]Charles Rennie Mackintosh was commemorated on a series of banknotes issued by the Clydesdale Bank in 2009; his image appeared on an issue of £100 notes.[40]In 2012, one of the largest collections of art by Charles Rennie Mackintosh and the Glasgow Four Glasgow School was sold at auction in Edinburgh for £1.3m. The sale included work by Mackintosh's sister-in-law Frances Macdonald and her husband Herbert MacNair.[41]In July 2015 it was announced that Mackintosh's designs for a tearoom would be reconstructed to form a display in Dundee's new V&A museum. Although the original building which housed the tearoom on Glasgow's Ingram Street was demolished in 1971 the interiors had all been dismantled and put into storage.[42] The restored \"Oak Room\" was revealed when V&A Dundee opened to the public on 15 September 2018.In June 2018, a mural depicting Mackintosh and using elements of his distinctive style was created in Glasgow to honour the 150th anniversary of the artist's birth.[43] It is made by Glasgow street artist, Rogue One and commissioned by the Radisson Red.From 1986 until 1992, InterCity locomotive 86226 was named Charles Rennie Mackintosh. In March 2018, Virgin Trains West Coast named 390008 Charles Rennie Mackintosh.[44]","title":"Retrospect"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Pitkin Guide: Charles Rennie Mackintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/charlesrenniemac0000davi"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85372-874-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85372-874-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-8228-3204-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8228-3204-9"}],"text":"Davidson, Fiona (1998). The Pitkin Guide: Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Great Britain: Pitkin Unichrome. ISBN 0-85372-874-7.\nFiell, Charlotte and Peter (1995). Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Taschen. ISBN 3-8228-3204-9.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84033-323-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84033-323-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84451-258-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84451-258-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-947782-08-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-947782-08-7"}],"text":"David Stark, Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Co. 1854 to 2004 (2004) ISBN 1-84033-323-5\nTamsin Pickeral, Mackintosh Flame Tree Publishing London (2005) ISBN 1-84451-258-4\nAlan Crawford, Charles Rennie Mackintosh (Thames & Hudson, 1995)\nJohn McKean, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Architect, artist, Icon (Lomond, 2000 second edition 2001) ISBN 0-947782-08-7\nDavid Brett, Charles Rennie Mackintosh: The Poetics of Workmanship (1992)\nTimothy Neat, Part Seen Part Imagined (1994)\nJohn McKean, Charles Rennie Mackintosh Pocket Guide (Colin Baxter, 1998 and updated editions to 2010)\nWendy Kaplan (ed.), Charles Rennie Mackintosh (Abbeville Press 1996)\nJohn McKean, \"Glasgow: from 'Universal' to 'Regionalist' City and beyond – from Thomson to Mackintosh\", in Sources of Regionalism in 19th Century Architecture, Art and Literature, ed. van Santvoort, Verschaffel and De Meyer (Leuven, 2008)\nFanny Blake, Essential Charles Rennie Macintosh (2001)","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The Willow Tearooms in Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Willow_Tearooms.jpg/260px-The_Willow_Tearooms.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Room de Luxe at The Willow Tearooms features furniture and interior design by Mackintosh and Margaret Macdonald.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Room_de_Luxe.jpg/260px-Room_de_Luxe.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scotland Street school in Glasgow.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Wfm_scotland_street.jpg/260px-Wfm_scotland_street.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"The Lighthouse\", Charles Mackintosh's Glasgow Herald building.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Wfm_mackintosh_lighthouse.jpg/170px-Wfm_mackintosh_lighthouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hill House, Helensburgh, near Glasgow.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/HillHouse.jpg/220px-HillHouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mackintosh's drawing for Windy Hill, at Kilmacolm.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Drawing_for_%27Windy_Hill%27.jpg/220px-Drawing_for_%27Windy_Hill%27.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charles Rennie Mackintosh Cabinet, Royal Ontario Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh_Cabinet_%288030216621%29.jpg/260px-Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh_Cabinet_%288030216621%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"12 Porchester Square in the foreground on the left, and number 26 in the far distance on the right.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Porchester_Square%2C_City_of_Westminster%2C_London.jpg/220px-Porchester_Square%2C_City_of_Westminster%2C_London.jpg"},{"image_text":"The front (north) CM Mackintosh's Glasgow School of Art on Renfrew Street, Garnethill in Glasgow, Scotland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wfm_glasgow_school_of_art.jpg/260px-Wfm_glasgow_school_of_art.jpg"},{"image_text":"Glasgow. Statue of Mackintosh, unveiled on the 90th anniversary of his death. Sculptor: Andy Scott","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Glasgow._Statue_of_Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh.jpg/260px-Glasgow._Statue_of_Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh.jpg"}]	[{"title":"The English House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_English_House"},{"title":"People on Scottish banknotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_on_banknotes#Scotland"}]	[{"reference":"Edwards, Gareth (8 July 2005). \"The many colours of Mackintosh – Scotsman.com News\". The Scotsman. Edinburgh, Scotland. Retrieved 14 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.scotsman.com/charlesrenniemackintosh/The-many-colours-of-Mackintosh.2641453.jp","url_text":"\"The many colours of Mackintosh – Scotsman.com News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects – DSA Architect Biography Report (September 69, 2009, 10:20 pm)\". Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225023213/http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200362","url_text":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects – DSA Architect Biography Report (September 69, 2009, 10:20 pm)\""},{"url":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200362","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"James Steele; Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1994). Charles Rennie Mackintosh: synthesis in form. Academy Editions. ISBN 9781854903839. Charles Rennie Mackintosh was born on 7 June 1868 at 70 Parson Street, next to the Martyrs' School in the Townhead district of Glasgow. His father, Wiliam McIntosh, married to Margaret Rennie, was a police superintendent, and there were 11 children in the family, living in a flat on the top floor of a three-storey tenement. 1n 1878, a promotion made it possible for the family to move to No 2 Firpark Terrace, Dennistown, further out from the city.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rg1QAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Charles Rennie Mackintosh: synthesis in form"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781854903839","url_text":"9781854903839"}]},{"reference":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects – DSA Architect Biography Report (July 15, 2022, 2:19 am)\". Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225023213/http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200362","url_text":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects – DSA Architect Biography Report (July 15, 2022, 2:19 am)\""},{"url":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200362","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects – DSA Architect Biography Report (July 15, 2022, 2:19 am)\". Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225023213/http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200362","url_text":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects – DSA Architect Biography Report (July 15, 2022, 2:19 am)\""},{"url":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200362","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Panther, Patricia (10 January 2011). \"Margaret MacDonald: the talented other half of Charles Rennie Mackintosh\". BBC Scotland. Retrieved 4 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/arts/margaret_macdonald_the_talented_other_half_of_charles_rennie_mackintosh.shtml","url_text":"\"Margaret MacDonald: the talented other half of Charles Rennie Mackintosh\""}]},{"reference":"\"MX.04 Interiors for 120 Mains Street\" (PDF). Mackintosh Architecture: Context, Making and Meaning. University of Glasgow. Retrieved 4 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mackintosh-architecture.gla.ac.uk/catalogue/pdf/MX.04.pdf","url_text":"\"MX.04 Interiors for 120 Mains Street\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\". Charles Rennie Mackintosh Society. Retrieved 21 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crmsociety.com/about-mackintosh/faqs/","url_text":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects – DSA Architect Biography Report (July 15, 2022, 2:19 am)\". Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225023213/http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200362","url_text":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects – DSA Architect Biography Report (July 15, 2022, 2:19 am)\""},{"url":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200362","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Margaret macdonald \| Features \| The Official Gateway to Scotland\". Scotland.org. Archived from the original on 16 February 2010. Retrieved 27 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100216181326/http://www.scotland.org/about/innovation-and-creativity/features/culture/margaret-macdonald.html","url_text":"\"Margaret macdonald \| Features \| The Official Gateway to Scotland\""},{"url":"http://www.scotland.org/about/innovation-and-creativity/features/culture/margaret-macdonald.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Darrell. \"The Lighthouse\". www.thelighthouse.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170403051154/http://www.thelighthouse.co.uk/about/history","url_text":"\"The Lighthouse\""},{"url":"http://www.thelighthouse.co.uk/about/history","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Rennie Mackintosh\". Archived from the original on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150205094559/http://www.crmsociety.com/crmackintosh.aspx","url_text":"\"Charles Rennie Mackintosh\""},{"url":"http://www.crmsociety.com/crmackintosh.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wainwright, Oliver (11 February 2015). \"Mackmania! Charles Rennie Mackintosh's genius shines in his first architecture retrospective\". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/feb/11/charles-rennie-mackintoshs-genius-shines-in-his-first-ever-retrospective","url_text":"\"Mackmania! Charles Rennie Mackintosh's genius shines in his first architecture retrospective\""}]},{"reference":"\"Margaret Macdonald\". Undiscovered Scotland: The Ultimate Online Guide.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/mac/margaretmacdonald.html","url_text":"\"Margaret Macdonald\""}]},{"reference":"Newbolt, Peter (1996). \"Appendix IV: Illustration and Design: Notes on Artists and Designers: Mackingosh, Charles Rennie, FRIBA, 1868–1928\". G.A. Henty, 1832–1902 : a bibliographical study of his British editions, with short accounts of his publishers, illustrators and designers, and notes on production methods used for his books. Brookfield, Vermont: Scholar Press. pp. 630. ISBN 9781859282083. Retrieved 2 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/trent_0116404196192","url_text":"G.A. Henty, 1832–1902 : a bibliographical study of his British editions, with short accounts of his publishers, illustrators and designers, and notes on production methods used for his books"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/trent_0116404196192/page/630","url_text":"630"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859282083","url_text":"9781859282083"}]},{"reference":"Floyer, Barbara (2006). \"Charles Rennie Mackintosh Book Covers\". 78 Derngate archive. Retrieved 2 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.78derngate.org.uk/index.php/2018/12/31/charles-rennie-mackintosh-book-covers/?doing_wp_cron=1588427876.5420610904693603515625","url_text":"\"Charles Rennie Mackintosh Book Covers\""}]},{"reference":"Tait, Gordan (29 June 2004). \"Rennie Mackintosh locked up as 'German spy'\". The Scotsman. Retrieved 22 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/news-2-15012/rennie-mackintosh-locked-up-as-german-spy-1-537041","url_text":"\"Rennie Mackintosh locked up as 'German spy'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Port-Vendres, official site of the city and the tourist office – Official website\". Port-vendres.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715104834/http://www.port-vendres.com/uk/page_ic.php?CatID=126&ArtID=160&them=3000","url_text":"\"Port-Vendres, official site of the city and the tourist office – Official website\""},{"url":"http://www.port-vendres.com/uk/page_ic.php?CatID=126&ArtID=160&them=3000","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cairney, John (2004). The Quest for Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Luath Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Library destroyed at Glasgow School of Art\". Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 25 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/may/24/glasgow-school-of-art-fire-uk-government-help-pay-repairs","url_text":"\"Library destroyed at Glasgow School of Art\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Glasgow Story: Modern Times\". City of Glasgow Culture and Leisure Services. Retrieved 22 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theglasgowstory.com/story.php?id=TGSFB","url_text":"\"The Glasgow Story: Modern Times\""}]},{"reference":"Filler, Martin (17 November 1996). \"A Show on the Road May Take Many Forms\". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04EFDE133BF934A25752C1A960958260","url_text":"\"A Show on the Road May Take Many Forms\""}]},{"reference":"\"Banknote designs mark Homecoming\". BBC News. 14 January 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/7828554.stm","url_text":"\"Banknote designs mark Homecoming\""}]},{"reference":"\"Art collection, including Mackintosh, sells for £1.3m\". BBC News. 7 September 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-19523701","url_text":"\"Art collection, including Mackintosh, sells for £1.3m\""}]},{"reference":"\"V&A to recreate lost Charles Rennie Mackintosh work\". 30 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/arts/visual-arts/v-a-to-recreate-lost-charles-rennie-mackintosh-work-1-3824707","url_text":"\"V&A to recreate lost Charles Rennie Mackintosh work\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Rennie Mackintosh – Glasgow History Through Street Art\". Glasgow Discovered \| Showcasing Independent Music and Arts. 20 October 2019. Retrieved 9 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://glasgowdiscovered.co.uk/art/charles-rennie-mackintosh-glasgow-history-through-street-art/","url_text":"\"Charles Rennie Mackintosh – Glasgow History Through Street Art\""}]},{"reference":"Davidson, Fiona (1998). The Pitkin Guide: Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Great Britain: Pitkin Unichrome. ISBN 0-85372-874-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/charlesrenniemac0000davi","url_text":"The Pitkin Guide: Charles Rennie Mackintosh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85372-874-7","url_text":"0-85372-874-7"}]},{"reference":"Fiell, Charlotte and Peter (1995). Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Taschen. ISBN 3-8228-3204-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8228-3204-9","url_text":"3-8228-3204-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://news.scotsman.com/charlesrenniemackintosh/The-many-colours-of-Mackintosh.2641453.jp","external_links_name":"\"The many colours of Mackintosh – Scotsman.com News\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225023213/http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200362","external_links_name":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects – DSA Architect Biography Report (September 69, 2009, 10:20 pm)\""},{"Link":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200362","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rg1QAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Charles Rennie Mackintosh: synthesis in form"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/architecture/11440936/Glasgow-School-of-Art-Charles-Rennie-Mackintosh-in-Exile.html","external_links_name":"Charles Rennie Mackintosh: 'Glasgow's very own architectural genius'"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225023213/http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200362","external_links_name":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects – DSA Architect Biography Report (July 15, 2022, 2:19 am)\""},{"Link":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200362","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225023213/http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200362","external_links_name":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects – DSA Architect Biography Report (July 15, 2022, 2:19 am)\""},{"Link":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200362","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/arts/margaret_macdonald_the_talented_other_half_of_charles_rennie_mackintosh.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Margaret MacDonald: the talented other half of Charles Rennie Mackintosh\""},{"Link":"http://www.mackintosh-architecture.gla.ac.uk/catalogue/pdf/MX.04.pdf","external_links_name":"\"MX.04 Interiors for 120 Mains Street\""},{"Link":"https://www.crmsociety.com/about-mackintosh/faqs/","external_links_name":"\"Frequently Asked Questions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225023213/http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200362","external_links_name":"\"Dictionary of Scottish Architects – DSA Architect Biography Report (July 15, 2022, 2:19 am)\""},{"Link":"http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=200362","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100216181326/http://www.scotland.org/about/innovation-and-creativity/features/culture/margaret-macdonald.html","external_links_name":"\"Margaret macdonald \| Features \| The Official Gateway to Scotland\""},{"Link":"http://www.scotland.org/about/innovation-and-creativity/features/culture/margaret-macdonald.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170403051154/http://www.thelighthouse.co.uk/about/history","external_links_name":"\"The Lighthouse\""},{"Link":"http://www.thelighthouse.co.uk/about/history","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150205094559/http://www.crmsociety.com/crmackintosh.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Charles Rennie Mackintosh\""},{"Link":"http://www.crmsociety.com/crmackintosh.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/feb/11/charles-rennie-mackintoshs-genius-shines-in-his-first-ever-retrospective","external_links_name":"\"Mackmania! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Highway_156	Puerto Rico Highway 156	["1 Route description","2 Major intersections","3 Related routes","3.1 Puerto Rico Highway 5156","3.2 Puerto Rico Highway 7156","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Highway in Puerto Rico Highway 156Ruta 156Route informationMaintained by Puerto Rico DTPWLength58.7 km (36.5 mi)Existed1953–presentMajor junctionsWest end PR-597 / PR-5155 in Orocovis barrio-pueblo–OrocovisMajor intersections PR-162 in Barranquitas barrio-pueblo PR-152 in Barranquitas barrio-pueblo–Quebradillas PR-167 / PR-7167 in Doña Elena PR-172 in Naranjo PR-173 in Mula–Sumidero PR-174 in Aguas Buenas barrio-pueblo PR-196 in Cañabón PR-34 in Cañabón PR-52 in Caguas barrio-pueblo PR-33 in Caguas barrio-pueblo East end PR-1P in Caguas barrio-pueblo LocationCountryUnited StatesTerritoryPuerto RicoMunicipalitiesOrocovis, Barranquitas, Comerío, Aguas Buenas, Caguas Highway system Roads in Puerto Rico List ← PR-155→ PR-157← PR-5155PR-5156→ PR-5506 ← PR-6693PR-7156→ PR-7173 Puerto Rico Highway 156 (PR-156) is a long east–west highway which connects Caguas to Orocovis, passing through Aguas Buenas, Comerío and Barranquitas. This route extends from its junction with PR-1 in downtown Caguas to PR-5155 in downtown Orocovis. Comerío to Barranquitas Road (currently PR-156) Calle Betances (PR-156) in Caguas barrio-pueblo Route description It is the main artery to Aguas Buenas from Caguas since the highway from Puerto Rico Highway 52 to the main downtown has at least two lanes and a shoulder per direction. From Aguas Buenas to Orocovis it is a rural, yet safe road which enters all the business districts and plazas of Aguas Buenas, Comerío, Barranquitas and Orocovis. It is one of two long east–west highways through the center of the island (the other being Puerto Rico Highway 111) but it never approaches a coast. Puerto Rico Highway 111 approaches Aguadilla's shore near PR-2 but PR-156, ending in Caguas, is nearly 35 kilometers away from the east coast. PR-156 west in Barranquitas barrio-pueblo Río Hondo Bridge in Comerío Major intersections PR-719 north approaching PR-156 junction in downtown Barranquitas Signs for PR-156 at the southern terminus of PR-152 in Barranquitas PR-156 east at PR-167 and PR-7167 intersection in Doña Elena, Comerío MunicipalityLocationkmmiDestinationsNotes OrocovisOrocovis barrio-pueblo–Orocovis line0.00.0 PR-597 (Calle Ernesto Ramos Antonini) / PR-5155 (Calle 4 de Julio) – Morovis, CoamoWestern terminus of PR-156 0.40.25 PR-5156 (Avenida Jesús M. "Tito" Colón Collazo) – Morovis, Coamo Botijas3.11.9 PR-569 – Sabana 6.4–6.54.0–4.0 PR-7772 – Botijas BarranquitasPalo Hincado10.56.5 PR-720 – Palo Hincado 11.67.2 PR-770 – Cañabón Barranquitas barrio-pueblo14.2–14.38.8–8.9 PR-152R (Avenida Ingeniero José Zayas Green) – Naranjito, Coamo 15.4–15.59.6–9.6 PR-162 (Calle Manuel Torres) – AibonitoOne-way street; southbound access via Calle Susano Maldonado 15.99.9 PR-719 south (Vía Los Torcheros) – Aibonito Barranquitas barrio-pueblo–Quebradillas line16.410.2 PR-152 north – Naranjito Quebrada Grande–Honduras line20.412.7 PR-7174 – Honduras 22.413.9 PR-749 – Quebrada Grande ComeríoRío Hondo26.416.4 PR-774 – Honduras, Río Hondo 2 28.6–28.717.8–17.8 PR-776 – Río Hondo 28.717.8Puente del Río Hondo over the Río Hondo Comerío barrio-pueblo31.7–31.819.7–19.8 PR-740 south – Cidra 32.220.0 PR-7778 east – Piñas Palomas–Comerío barrio-pueblo line32.520.2 PR-779 west – Palomas Quebrada Higüero34.521.4Puente del Higüero Doña Elena35.121.8 PR-167 north / PR-7167 – Naranjito, Bayamón Naranjo35.2–35.321.9–21.9 PR-778 south (Desvío Ángel Luis Morales Báez, "Wiso") – Comerío 35.5–35.622.1–22.1 PR-781 – Cedrito 36.522.7 PR-172 – Cidra Comerío–Aguas Buenasmunicipal lineNaranjo–Bayamoncito line39.924.8 PR-782 / PR-7090 – Cejas, Juan Asencio Aguas BuenasBayamoncito41.325.7 PR-790 – Juan Asencio Mula–Sumidero line47.629.6 PR-173 south – CidraWestern terminus of PR-173 concurrency Aguas Buenas barrio-pueblo50.031.1 PR-174 – Bayamón 50.331.3 PR-173 north (Calle Padre Sercus) – GuaynaboEastern terminus of PR-173 concurrency; one-way street Bairoa–Sumidero–Cagüitas tripoint50.6–50.731.4–31.5 PR-794 (Avenida Doctor Gilberto Concepción de Gracia) – CagüitasSeagull intersection Bairoa52.332.5 PR-7156 – Cagüitas CaguasCañabón53.633.3 PR-7156 to PR-777 – Pozo Dulce 55.4–55.534.4–34.5 PR-196 east (Avenida José Garrido) – San Juan 57.135.5 PR-34 (Avenida Turabo) – Caguas Caguas barrio-pueblo57.8–57.935.9–36.0 PR-52 (Autopista Luis A. Ferré) – San Juan, PoncePR-52 exit 19; partial cloverleaf interchange 58.436.3 PR-33 (Avenida José Mercado) – San Juan, Cayey 58.636.4 PR-1 south (Calle Luis Muñoz Rivera) – CayeyOne-way street 58.736.5 PR-1P north (Calle Manuel Corchado y Juarbe) – San JuanEastern terminus of PR-156; one-way street 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus Incomplete access Related routes Currently, Puerto Rico Highway 156 has two branches along its route. One of them is located in Orocovis and the other is between Aguas Buenas and Caguas. Puerto Rico Highway 5156 Highway 5156LocationOrocovisLength0.25 km (0.16 mi; 820 ft) Puerto Rico Highway 5156 (PR-5156) is an east–west avenue located in downtown Orocovis. This highways extends from PR-156 to PR-155, crossing the Orocovis River. The entire route is located in Orocovis. LocationkmmiDestinationsNotes Orocovis barrio-pueblo0.250.16 PR-155 – Morovis, CoamoWestern terminus of PR-5156 0.150.093 PR-599 (Calle Juan Rivera de Santiago) – Orocovis Orocovis barrio-pueblo–Orocovis line0.000.00 PR-156 – Orocovis, BarranquitasEastern terminus of PR-5156 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Puerto Rico Highway 7156 Highway 7156LocationAguas Buenas – CaguasLength2.7 km (1.7 mi) Puerto Rico Highway 7156 (PR-7156) is a rural, east–west road between the municipalities of Aguas Buenas and Caguas. This route is an old portion of PR-156 that connects the new alignment with PR-777 between Bairoa and Cagüitas barrios of Aguas Buenas. It extends from PR-156 west in Bairoa, Aguas Buenas, to PR-156 east in Cañabón, Caguas. MunicipalityLocationkmmiDestinationsNotes Aguas BuenasBairoa0.00.0 PR-156 – Aguas Buenas, CaguasWestern terminus of PR-7156 Bairoa–Cagüitas line1.60.99 PR-777 – Cagüitas CaguasCañabón2.71.7 PR-156 (Avenida Joviniano Ríos Mercado) – Caguas, Aguas BuenasEastern terminus of PR-7156 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi See also Puerto Rico portalU.S. Roads portal 1953 Puerto Rico highway renumbering References ^ a b Google (24 March 2020). "PR-156" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 24 March 2020. ^ "Comerío, Memoria Núm. 41" (PDF). Puerto Rico Planning Board (in Spanish). 1955. Retrieved 4 August 2020. ^ a b National Geographic Maps (2011). Puerto Rico (Map). 1:125,000. Adventure Map (Book 3107). Evergreen, Colorado: National Geographic Maps. ISBN 978-1566955188. OCLC 756511572. ^ a b "Tránsito Promedio Diario (AADT)". Transit Data (Datos de Transito) (in Spanish). DTOP PR. pp. 84–85. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. ^ a b Luis F. Pumarada O’Neill (1991). "Los Puentes Históricos de Puerto Rico" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 March 2020. ^ a b Google (16 August 2020). "PR-5156" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 16 August 2020. ^ "Plan de ordenación territorial Municipio de Orocovis" (PDF). Junta de Planificación (in Spanish). p. 83. Retrieved 7 April 2023. ^ a b Google (16 August 2020). "PR-7156" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 16 August 2020. ^ "Mapa de Calificación de Aguas Buenas" (PDF). Junta de Planificación (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 April 2023. ^ "Aguas Buenas, Memoria Núm. 34" (PDF). Puerto Rico Planning Board (in Spanish). 1955. Retrieved 7 April 2023. External links Media related to Puerto Rico Highway 156, Puerto Rico Highway 5156 and Puerto Rico Highway 7156 at Wikimedia Commons PR-156, Orocovis, Puerto Rico	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caguas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caguas,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Orocovis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orocovis,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Aguas Buenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguas_Buenas,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Comerío","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comer%C3%ADo,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Barranquitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barranquitas,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"PR-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Highway_1"},{"link_name":"downtown Caguas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caguas_barrio-pueblo"},{"link_name":"PR-5155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Highway_5155"},{"link_name":"downtown Orocovis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orocovis_barrio-pueblo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGAdvMap-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DTOP_Transit_Data-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comerio_to_Barranquitas_Road,_Puerto_Rico.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2021museodeartespopularesdecaguas1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Caguas barrio-pueblo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caguas_barrio-pueblo"}],"text":"Puerto Rico Highway 156 (PR-156) is a long east–west highway which connects Caguas to Orocovis, passing through Aguas Buenas, Comerío and Barranquitas. This route extends from its junction with PR-1 in downtown Caguas to PR-5155 in downtown Orocovis.[3][4]Comerío to Barranquitas Road (currently PR-156)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCalle Betances (PR-156) in Caguas barrio-pueblo","title":"Puerto Rico Highway 156"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puerto Rico Highway 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Highway_52"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico Highway 111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Highway_111"},{"link_name":"Aguadilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguadilla,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"PR-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Highway_2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGAdvMap-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DTOP_Transit_Data-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carretera_PR-156,_Barranquitas,_Puerto_Rico.jpg"},{"link_name":"Barranquitas barrio-pueblo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barranquitas_barrio-pueblo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puente_Rio_Hondo,_Spanning_Hondo_River_on_PR_Road_156,_Barrio_Rio_Ho,_Comerio_(Comerio_County,_Puerto_Rico).jpg"},{"link_name":"Río Hondo Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Hondo_Bridge"}],"text":"It is the main artery to Aguas Buenas from Caguas since the highway from Puerto Rico Highway 52 to the main downtown has at least two lanes and a shoulder per direction. From Aguas Buenas to Orocovis it is a rural, yet safe road which enters all the business districts and plazas of Aguas Buenas, Comerío, Barranquitas and Orocovis. It is one of two long east–west highways through the center of the island (the other being Puerto Rico Highway 111) but it never approaches a coast. Puerto Rico Highway 111 approaches Aguadilla's shore near PR-2 but PR-156, ending in Caguas, is nearly 35 kilometers away from the east coast.[3][4]PR-156 west in Barranquitas barrio-pueblo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRío Hondo Bridge in Comerío","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carretera_PR-719,_intersecci%C3%B3n_con_la_carretera_PR-156,_Barranquitas,_Puerto_Rico.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carretera_PR-152,_intersecci%C3%B3n_con_la_carretera_PR-156,_Barranquitas,_Puerto_Rico.jpg"},{"link_name":"PR-152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Highway_152"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carretera_PR-156,_intersecci%C3%B3n_con_las_carreteras_PR-167_y_PR-7167,_Comer%C3%ADo,_Puerto_Rico_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"PR-167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Highway_167"},{"link_name":"Doña Elena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1a_Elena,_Comer%C3%ADo,_Puerto_Rico"}],"text":"PR-719 north approaching PR-156 junction in downtown Barranquitas\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSigns for PR-156 at the southern terminus of PR-152 in Barranquitas\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPR-156 east at PR-167 and PR-7167 intersection in Doña Elena, Comerío","title":"Major intersections"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Currently, Puerto Rico Highway 156 has two branches along its route. One of them is located in Orocovis and the other is between Aguas Buenas and Caguas.","title":"Related routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"downtown Orocovis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orocovis_barrio-pueblo"},{"link_name":"Orocovis River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orocovis_River"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5156_Orocovis-7"},{"link_name":"Orocovis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orocovis,_Puerto_Rico"}],"sub_title":"Puerto Rico Highway 5156","text":"Puerto Rico Highway 5156 (PR-5156) is an east–west avenue located in downtown Orocovis. This highways extends from PR-156 to PR-155, crossing the Orocovis River.[7]\nThe entire route is located in Orocovis.","title":"Related routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aguas Buenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguas_Buenas,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Caguas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caguas,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Bairoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bairoa,_Aguas_Buenas,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Cagüitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cag%C3%BCitas,_Aguas_Buenas,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Cañabón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ab%C3%B3n,_Caguas,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7156_Aguas_Buenas-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Memoria_Aguas_Buenas-10"}],"sub_title":"Puerto Rico Highway 7156","text":"Puerto Rico Highway 7156 (PR-7156) is a rural, east–west road between the municipalities of Aguas Buenas and Caguas. This route is an old portion of PR-156 that connects the new alignment with PR-777 between Bairoa and Cagüitas barrios of Aguas Buenas. It extends from PR-156 west in Bairoa, Aguas Buenas, to PR-156 east in Cañabón, Caguas.[9][10]","title":"Related routes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Puerto Rico portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico"},{"title":"U.S. Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads"},{"title":"1953 Puerto Rico highway renumbering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Puerto_Rico_highway_renumbering"}]	[{"reference":"Google (24 March 2020). \"PR-156\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 24 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/18.2275802,-66.3911133/18.2340265,-66.0347034/@18.2202807,-66.2830599,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m29!4m28!1m25!3m4!1m2!1d-66.3632191!2d18.2130741!3s0x8c03309da130bbcb:0xcb6cb6424b66fdbe!3m4!1m2!1d-66.3059503!2d18.185407!3s0x8c0337152df638cb:0x5e8d5729304fea34!3m4!1m2!1d-66.2685007!2d18.1914146!3s0x8c033791cdb95f8f:0x5162435f6a23c971!3m4!1m2!1d-66.1026679!2d18.2565321!3s0x8c03446501bff0f9:0x4880efa331c89777!3m4!1m2!1d-66.1042974!2d18.2566705!3s0x8c0344650ca6e715:0xc465b5ec22bd52d3!1m0!3e2","url_text":"\"PR-156\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"Comerío, Memoria Núm. 41\" (PDF). Puerto Rico Planning Board (in Spanish). 1955. 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Archived from the original on 1 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190401220153/act.dtop.pr.gov/index.php/download/traffic-data-report-2000-2009/?wpdmdl=528","url_text":"\"Tránsito Promedio Diario (AADT)\""},{"url":"http://act.dtop.pr.gov/index.php/download/traffic-data-report-2000-2009/?wpdmdl=528","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Luis F. Pumarada O’Neill (1991). \"Los Puentes Históricos de Puerto Rico\" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://app.box.com/s/rm8asi7uz7k179at3vs3","url_text":"\"Los Puentes Históricos de Puerto Rico\""}]},{"reference":"Google (16 August 2020). \"PR-5156\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 16 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/18.2239088,-66.390771/18.2234698,-66.3930463/@18.2237098,-66.3930793,18z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-66.3921239!2d18.223434!3s0x8c033a9cb334e32d:0x15c433031c86de99!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"PR-5156\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"Plan de ordenación territorial Municipio de Orocovis\" (PDF). Junta de Planificación (in Spanish). p. 83. Retrieved 7 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://jp.pr.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Plan-de-Ordenacion-Territorial-Orocovis.pdf","url_text":"\"Plan de ordenación territorial Municipio de Orocovis\""}]},{"reference":"Google (16 August 2020). \"PR-7156\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 16 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/dir/18.2547764,-66.0872236/18.2477433,-66.0779563/@18.2510968,-66.0864361,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m9!4m8!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d-66.0868559!2d18.2481291!3s0x8c03448b820754ab:0xebeae99ae63382f7!1m0!3e0","url_text":"\"PR-7156\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"Mapa de Calificación de Aguas Buenas\" (PDF). Junta de Planificación (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://portals.jp.pr.gov/SiteDirectory/Calificacion/Calificacion%20Vigente/AguasBuenas/Aguas%20Buenas%20Calificacion%20Bo.Pueblo.pdf","url_text":"\"Mapa de Calificación de Aguas Buenas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aguas Buenas, Memoria Núm. 34\" (PDF). Puerto Rico Planning Board (in Spanish). 1955. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Inferno	Our Lady of the Inferno	["1 Plot","2 Development","3 Release","4 Reception","5 Accolades","6 References"]	Horror novel by Preston Fassel Our Lady of the Inferno Fangoria Presents cover art by Ashley DetmeringAuthorPreston FasselCover artistJerry Winnett (Fear Front) Ashley Detmering (Fangoria)LanguageEnglishGenreNovel Horror Psychological Horror GrotesquePublisherFear Front FangoriaPublication dateDecember 28, 2016 (Fear Front) September 11, 2018 (Fangoria)Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (Paperback)Pages298 (Fear Front) 376 (Fangoria)ISBN978-1946487087Followed byBeasts of 42nd Street Our Lady of the Inferno is a novel by horror journalist and author Preston Fassel and the first officially licensed novel published by Fangoria magazine under their Fangoria Presents imprint. It was originally published by Fear Front, an independent press, in 2016, and was only briefly in print before the company closed in early 2017. In May 2018, Fangoria magazine announced that it had acquired the book and would be printing it as "Fangoria Presents #1," the inaugural entry in an imprint of branded horror novels. Set in 1983 Manhattan, the book tells the intersecting stories of Ginny Kurva, a twenty-one-year-old polymath working as a prostitute in Times Square; and Nicolette Aster, a safety inspector at Fresh Kills Landfill who moonlights as a serial killer. It received a generally positive reception, winning the 2018 Independent Publishing Award for Horror and the FANGORIA reissue being named by Bloody Disgusting as one of the 10 best horror books of 2018. Reviews tended to praise its complex treatment of female characters within the horror genre, particularly Nicolette, who received favorable comparisons to Patrick Bateman. Reviews also tended to focus positively on the book's attention to period detail, especially in evoking the 42nd Street vice district of the early 1980s. A film adaptation is in development as of February 2018. In 2019, it was announced that Barbara Crampton would voice Nicolette in an audio drama adaptation being produced by Mark Alan Miller. Plot Ginny Kurva is a twenty-one-year-old, alcoholic polymath living in a welfare hotel 1983 Times Square, where she cares for her paraplegic younger sister, Trisha, by working as a prostitute. Ostensibly subservient to her pimp, an elderly Polish gangster known as "The Colonel," Ginny has manipulated him into making her the de facto head of his criminal operations. In this capacity, she both protects the other girls in her care and instructs them in science, mathematics, and literature, in the hopes that they one day be able to obtain legitimate employment. Ginny's only respite comes in the form of riffing on low-budget horror films with her best friend, Roger, in the Colossus, a grindhouse they both frequent. One evening, Roger informs Ginny that he witnessed one of her girls, Tina, assumed to have run away, being lured into the back of a distinct green van. Ginny dismisses the claim as paranoia. It is revealed that the van belongs to Nicolette Aster, the safety inspector at Fresh Kills Landfill. Plagued by frequent hallucinations involving murder and violence, Nicolette hides behind a mask of sanity, which allows her to move about the landfill unmolested; after hours, she travels into the city to abduct sex workers, bringing them back to hunt and kill. Ginny learns that one of her charges—a sixteen-year-old named Mary whom she regards as a daughter—has become pregnant. Ginny pays for The Colonel to perform an abortion on her, but he attempts the procedure drunk and leaves the girl with severe genital mutilation. The incident takes an intense psychological toll on Ginny, who has long repressed the moral implications of her work, and she begins drinking more heavily. Nicolette's memories reveal that she was severely disturbed as a child but doted upon by her overprotective father, who guarded her from the wrath of her abusive, superficial mother, who herself regarded the average-looking girl as monstrous compared to her own physical beauty. Following her mother's death, Nicolette's father had her committed to an insane asylum where she spent the remainder of her youth, where she learned to mimic "normal" behavior. Due to the phonetic similarity between "Aster" and the Greek Asterion, Nicolette has come to believe that she is a reincarnation of the Minotaur, and that the city of New York offers her prostitutes as "tributes" to hunt, kill, and eat in accordance with the myth. To enhance her fantasy, Nicolette has constructed a suit of armor, including a horned helmet with incorporated prescription lenses to correct her severe hyperopia. Having witnessed Ginny's academic and physical prowess, Nicolette has come to regard her as an "alpha bitch" to be taken as a special trophy. Roger conducts his own investigation into Tina's disappearance and learns from other pimps and prostitutes on 42nd street of multiple disappearances stretching back three years. The consistency of the stories disturbs Ginny, though she finds herself unsure of how to respond. After being made to spend a promised day off recruiting another girl to replace Mary, Ginny suffers a nervous breakdown, insults her girls, assaults Roger, and goes on a drinking binge that ends with her attacking a group of police officers after they raid the Colossus. Roger intervenes, posing as Ginny's brother and convincing them she's mentally ill; the police release her into his custody. Later, Ginny and Roger reconcile. Going to apologize to her girls, Ginny realizes that one has been taken by Nicolette and begins making plans to flee 42nd street. The next day, Ginny instructs her girls to meet in Mary's room at the end of the day. There, she explains the situation and tells them all to flee New York, taking their day's earnings with them rather than pay their usual share to the Colonel and providing them with extra money out of her own savings. Going to say goodbye to Roger, the pair are cornered by an intoxicated Colonel, who believes that Ginny is attempting to undermine his power. He attempts to shoot Roger to death, but only succeeds in grazing him. In turn, Roger blows his head off with a shotgun. Ginny, Roger, and Trish flee to a motel in Hell's Kitchen, where Ginny confesses to Roger that she and Trish came to New York after she murdered their sexually abusive mother, an incident which put an end to her hoped-for teaching career. The pair confess their love for one another and Ginny agrees to take Roger with her when she leaves the city, telling him to wait with Trish while she goes to dispose of the shotgun he used to kill The Colonel. While depositing the shotgun in a garbage can, Ginny is cornered and abducted by Nicolette, who takes her to the dump. The pair fight, but Ginny discovers that her martial arts skills are useless against Nicolette's armor. Preparing to admit defeat, Ginny realizes the unusual appearance of Nicolette's eyes is due to corrective lenses. Ginny allows Nicolette to close in on her and then uses her high heels to shatter Nicolette's lenses, forcing her to remove the helmet. Equally matched, the women engage in hand-to-hand combat. Ginny emerges victorious after she gains control over the axe and bisects Nicolette's face. Before leaving, she steals Nicolette's watch to pawn for bus fare. Ginny makes her way out of the dump and takes a cab back to Hell's Kitchen. The next day, she, Roger, and Trish board a bus out of New York. Ginny realizes she feels optimistic about the future for the first time in years. Development Our Lady of the Inferno is Fassel's first novel. It began life in 2007 as a book about the employees of a Times Square grindhouse in the 1970s that he stopped working on after six years because "it was really terrible" and, despite being 250,000 words, "nothing had happened in it yet." He then began developing the Nicolette character, but couldn't come up with an idea for a final girl to serve as her foil; he credits the invention of Ginny to a meeting with the Soska Sisters during his time writing for Rue Morgue magazine, during which Jen Soska told him that her favorite swear word is "kurva," meaning "whore." The idea of a woman whose last name was "Kurva" served as the impetus for creating the Ginny character. Fassel wrote the book over the course of six months in 2014 while working full-time as an optician in Houston, Texas, writing for two hours every night after coming home from work. Although he used certain ideas, settings, and research he'd conducted for "the theater story," he wrote Our Lady in homage to 1980s horror movies as opposed to grindhouse films, drawing particular influence from Night of the Comet, and said he wanted the book to evoke the feeling of renting a movie on Friday night as a teenager. He compared the clash between Ginny and Nicolette to the dichotomy between the optimism of 1980s cinema and the nihilism of grindhouse movies, and also said that it was his intent to create iconic female characters for female horror fans to embrace. Release The book was originally published by Fear Front, an independent press, in December 2016. It was only in print for a period of months and, per Fassel, sold "like twenty copies" before the company went out of business; in the interim, the book came to the attention of Cinestate, the new parent company of Fangoria, who acquired the publishing and film rights. In May 2018, it was announced that Fangoria would be reissuing the book in September 2018, and that a film adaptation is in development. Reception The book has received overwhelmingly positive reviews, particularly for its treatment of female characters, its attention to historical detail as regards 1980s era 42nd street, and its portrayal of a female villain. Bloody Disgusting named the novel one of the ten best horror books of 2018, praising it for "great character work and gritty horror" and for not "being afraid to get brutal". Izzy Lee, writing for Diabolique, favorably compared Fassel to Joe Lansdale, writing "Fassel's observations on humanity go way further than his years on this planet...well-paced, full of intimate detail, and so unlike anything I've ever read that I can’t help but give it my highest recommendation to fans of genre and those interested in the plight of the downtrodden. The story is full of strong women and never panders or feels exploitative, regardless of its subject matter… That in itself is extraordinary". Lee also named it #2 on a list of "Top 10 Must-Read Recent Horror Novels." Former Fangoria writer Amy Seidman, writing for the website Fear Forever, similarly praised the book and its approach to its female characters, saying "Fassel has created some really well-developed and interesting female characters who aren’t following in the usual steps of women in horror films―especially when compared to the 1980’s, when misogyny was at its peak. He’s a master at crafting and painting a scene so thoroughly that it leapt off the pages." Seidman further favorably compared Nicolette to a "female Patrick Bateman" and praised the book's vivid descriptions of settings around 42nd Street. Jennifer Bonges, writing for PopHorror, similarly praised the book's setting and Nicolette's characterization, calling her "one of the most disturbing villains ever". Rue Morgue's Monica S. Kuebler also gave the book a positive review, saying "...the final showdown is a fitting knockdown, drag-out battle between two of the toughest broads in the Big Apple. If you've ever felt the '80s needed more chicks that kicked ass, Inferno has them in spades." Cemetery Dance praised the book's period detail while also expressing surprise that, in contrast to simply being a standard slasher, it was instead "a delicious piece of grindhouse literature stocked with strong characters, a vivid sense of place, and real, raw emotion." The podcast Nightmare on Film Street called the book "brilliant" and praised the characterization of both Nicolette and Ginny. Jack Ketchum called the book "quirky" and said that "Fassel is definitely a writer to watch". Australian novelist Isobel Blackthorn likewise praised the book, saying "Written with grace, restraint and poise, the prose is evocative, at times almost poetic; edgy when it needs to be, sometimes suggestive...And when the horror does take place, its detail is measured and carefully crafted." Other reviews were more mixed. The Daily Grindhouse called it a "very good first novel" and praised the characterization of Ginny and Tricia's relationship, but called the book "fifty pages too long" and Ginny's dialogue "overwhelming," and questioned whether the story could have been more effective if Nicolette were a more sympathetic character. Katie Rife, writing for The A.V. Club, similarly praised the book's characterization and slow burn approach while also criticizing the novel's stylized dialogue. Leigh Monson, writing for birth.movies.death, called the book "an enjoyable read, dripping in 1980s nostalgia" and "a great character study," with particular praise for the book's treatment of Ginny, but questioned whether she and Nicolette's stories should have been the focus of their own separate novels. Accolades Bloody Disgusting named the book one of the ten best horror novels of 2018. The book won the 2018 Independent Publishing Award for Horror. References ^ a b Monson, Leigh (May 19, 2018). "Fangoria Presents a New Line of Novels for your Horrific Pleasure". Birth.Movies.Death. ^ a b c Navarro, Meagan (December 17, 2018). "10 Best Books of 2018 for the Horror Fan". Bloody Disgusting. ^ Millican, Josh (April 16, 2019). "OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO Audiobook in the Works with Barbara Crampton as the Lead". Dread Central. ^ a b c d Frightmakers 101: Horror Writing with CineDump's Preston Fassel at Texas Frightmare 2017. YouTube. May 9, 2017. ^ a b c d Barkan, Jonathan (May 19, 2018). "Fangoria Releasing OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO Under Fangoria Presents Label". Dread Central. ^ Lee, Izzy (May 19, 2018). "Fangoria Presents to Reissue Our Lady of the Inferno". Diabolique Magazine. Archived from the original on July 6, 2018. ^ Galgana, Michele “Izzy” (April 21, 2017). "Book Review: Our Lady of the Inferno". Diabolique Magazine. Archived from the original on May 8, 2017. ^ Lee, Izzy (October 11, 2018). "Top 10 Must-Read Recent Horror Books". Heard Tell. Heard Tell and Odyssey. ^ Seidman, Amy (June 8, 2017). ""Our Lady of the Inferno – Book Review". Fear Forever. ^ Bonges, Jennifer (n.d.). "Fangoria Presents: 'Our Lady of The Inferno' by Preston Fassel – Book Review". PopHorror. Present and PopHorror.com, a Jamil Ventures partnership. ^ Kuebler, Monica S. (January–February 2018). Rue Morgue Magazine. {{cite magazine}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) ^ Gilliand, Blu (September 20, 2018). "Review: Our Lady of the Inferno by Preston Fassel". Cemetery Dance Online. Cemetery Dance Publications. ^ Rose, Jessica (December 5, 2018). "Fangoria Empowers OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO With The Big Screen Treatment". Nighmare on Film Street. ^ Ketchum, Jack (September 22, 2017). "#FridayReads: Preston Fassel's OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO, anti-heroine vs. female nutcase, quirky suspense indeed" (Tweet). Retrieved April 17, 2020 – via Twitter. ^ Fassel, Preston (June 2018). Our Lady of the Inferno – Editorial Reviews. ISBN 978-1946487087. ^ Blackthorn, Isobel (April 7, 2017). "Book review: Our Lady of the Inferno by Preston Fassel". ^ Wedge, Matt (June 21, 2017). " OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO". Daily Grindhouse. ^ Rife, Katie (September 10, 2018). "What Are you Reading in September?". The A.V. Club. ^ Monson, Leigh (September 11, 2018). "OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO Book Review: Add a Serial Killer for Good Measure". birth.movies.death. ^ Millican, Josh (April 18, 2019). "FANGORIA and Cinestate Win Big at Independent Publisher Book Awards". Dread Central. Retrieved April 25, 2019.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Preston Fassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Fassel"},{"link_name":"Fangoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangoria"},{"link_name":"independent press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_press"},{"link_name":"imprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monson-Fangoria-1"},{"link_name":"polymath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath"},{"link_name":"Fresh Kills Landfill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Kills_Landfill"},{"link_name":"Bloody Disgusting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Disgusting"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Navarro-10Best-2"},{"link_name":"Patrick Bateman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Bateman"},{"link_name":"42nd Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Barbara Crampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Crampton"},{"link_name":"audio drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_drama"},{"link_name":"Mark Alan Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Alan_Miller"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Our Lady of the Inferno is a novel by horror journalist and author Preston Fassel and the first officially licensed novel published by Fangoria magazine under their Fangoria Presents imprint. It was originally published by Fear Front, an independent press, in 2016, and was only briefly in print before the company closed in early 2017. In May 2018, Fangoria magazine announced that it had acquired the book and would be printing it as \"Fangoria Presents #1,\" the inaugural entry in an imprint of branded horror novels.[1]Set in 1983 Manhattan, the book tells the intersecting stories of Ginny Kurva, a twenty-one-year-old polymath working as a prostitute in Times Square; and Nicolette Aster, a safety inspector at Fresh Kills Landfill who moonlights as a serial killer. It received a generally positive reception, winning the 2018 Independent Publishing Award for Horror and the FANGORIA reissue being named by Bloody Disgusting as one of the 10 best horror books of 2018.[2] Reviews tended to praise its complex treatment of female characters within the horror genre, particularly Nicolette, who received favorable comparisons to Patrick Bateman. Reviews also tended to focus positively on the book's attention to period detail, especially in evoking the 42nd Street vice district of the early 1980s.A film adaptation is in development as of February 2018. In 2019, it was announced that Barbara Crampton would voice Nicolette in an audio drama adaptation being produced by Mark Alan Miller.[3]","title":"Our Lady of the Inferno"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alcoholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic"},{"link_name":"polymath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath"},{"link_name":"welfare hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_hotel"},{"link_name":"Times Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square"},{"link_name":"paraplegic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraplegia"},{"link_name":"prostitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitute"},{"link_name":"pimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimp"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people"},{"link_name":"gangster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangster"},{"link_name":"riffing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSTing"},{"link_name":"grindhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindhouse"},{"link_name":"Fresh Kills Landfill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Kills_Landfill"},{"link_name":"mask of sanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mask_of_sanity&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"genital mutilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital_mutilation"},{"link_name":"insane asylum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insane_asylum"},{"link_name":"Asterion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterion"},{"link_name":"Minotaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaur"},{"link_name":"hyperopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperopia"},{"link_name":"alpha bitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_(ethology)"},{"link_name":"nervous breakdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_breakdown"},{"link_name":"Hell's Kitchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen"},{"link_name":"high heels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_heel"}],"text":"Ginny Kurva is a twenty-one-year-old, alcoholic polymath living in a welfare hotel 1983 Times Square, where she cares for her paraplegic younger sister, Trisha, by working as a prostitute. Ostensibly subservient to her pimp, an elderly Polish gangster known as \"The Colonel,\" Ginny has manipulated him into making her the de facto head of his criminal operations. In this capacity, she both protects the other girls in her care and instructs them in science, mathematics, and literature, in the hopes that they one day be able to obtain legitimate employment. Ginny's only respite comes in the form of riffing on low-budget horror films with her best friend, Roger, in the Colossus, a grindhouse they both frequent. One evening, Roger informs Ginny that he witnessed one of her girls, Tina, assumed to have run away, being lured into the back of a distinct green van. Ginny dismisses the claim as paranoia.It is revealed that the van belongs to Nicolette Aster, the safety inspector at Fresh Kills Landfill. Plagued by frequent hallucinations involving murder and violence, Nicolette hides behind a mask of sanity, which allows her to move about the landfill unmolested; after hours, she travels into the city to abduct sex workers, bringing them back to hunt and kill.Ginny learns that one of her charges—a sixteen-year-old named Mary whom she regards as a daughter—has become pregnant. Ginny pays for The Colonel to perform an abortion on her, but he attempts the procedure drunk and leaves the girl with severe genital mutilation. The incident takes an intense psychological toll on Ginny, who has long repressed the moral implications of her work, and she begins drinking more heavily.Nicolette's memories reveal that she was severely disturbed as a child but doted upon by her overprotective father, who guarded her from the wrath of her abusive, superficial mother, who herself regarded the average-looking girl as monstrous compared to her own physical beauty. Following her mother's death, Nicolette's father had her committed to an insane asylum where she spent the remainder of her youth, where she learned to mimic \"normal\" behavior. Due to the phonetic similarity between \"Aster\" and the Greek Asterion, Nicolette has come to believe that she is a reincarnation of the Minotaur, and that the city of New York offers her prostitutes as \"tributes\" to hunt, kill, and eat in accordance with the myth. To enhance her fantasy, Nicolette has constructed a suit of armor, including a horned helmet with incorporated prescription lenses to correct her severe hyperopia. Having witnessed Ginny's academic and physical prowess, Nicolette has come to regard her as an \"alpha bitch\" to be taken as a special trophy.Roger conducts his own investigation into Tina's disappearance and learns from other pimps and prostitutes on 42nd street of multiple disappearances stretching back three years. The consistency of the stories disturbs Ginny, though she finds herself unsure of how to respond. After being made to spend a promised day off recruiting another girl to replace Mary, Ginny suffers a nervous breakdown, insults her girls, assaults Roger, and goes on a drinking binge that ends with her attacking a group of police officers after they raid the Colossus. Roger intervenes, posing as Ginny's brother and convincing them she's mentally ill; the police release her into his custody. Later, Ginny and Roger reconcile. Going to apologize to her girls, Ginny realizes that one has been taken by Nicolette and begins making plans to flee 42nd street.The next day, Ginny instructs her girls to meet in Mary's room at the end of the day. There, she explains the situation and tells them all to flee New York, taking their day's earnings with them rather than pay their usual share to the Colonel and providing them with extra money out of her own savings. Going to say goodbye to Roger, the pair are cornered by an intoxicated Colonel, who believes that Ginny is attempting to undermine his power. He attempts to shoot Roger to death, but only succeeds in grazing him. In turn, Roger blows his head off with a shotgun.Ginny, Roger, and Trish flee to a motel in Hell's Kitchen, where Ginny confesses to Roger that she and Trish came to New York after she murdered their sexually abusive mother, an incident which put an end to her hoped-for teaching career. The pair confess their love for one another and Ginny agrees to take Roger with her when she leaves the city, telling him to wait with Trish while she goes to dispose of the shotgun he used to kill The Colonel.While depositing the shotgun in a garbage can, Ginny is cornered and abducted by Nicolette, who takes her to the dump. The pair fight, but Ginny discovers that her martial arts skills are useless against Nicolette's armor. Preparing to admit defeat, Ginny realizes the unusual appearance of Nicolette's eyes is due to corrective lenses. Ginny allows Nicolette to close in on her and then uses her high heels to shatter Nicolette's lenses, forcing her to remove the helmet. Equally matched, the women engage in hand-to-hand combat. Ginny emerges victorious after she gains control over the axe and bisects Nicolette's face. Before leaving, she steals Nicolette's watch to pawn for bus fare.Ginny makes her way out of the dump and takes a cab back to Hell's Kitchen. The next day, she, Roger, and Trish board a bus out of New York. Ginny realizes she feels optimistic about the future for the first time in years.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Times Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square"},{"link_name":"grindhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindhouse"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frighmakers101-4"},{"link_name":"final girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_girl"},{"link_name":"Soska Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soska_Sisters"},{"link_name":"Rue Morgue magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_Morgue_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frighmakers101-4"},{"link_name":"optician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optician"},{"link_name":"Houston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frighmakers101-4"},{"link_name":"Night of the Comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_the_Comet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frighmakers101-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barkan-5"},{"link_name":"grindhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindhouse"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barkan-5"}],"text":"Our Lady of the Inferno is Fassel's first novel. It began life in 2007 as a book about the employees of a Times Square grindhouse in the 1970s that he stopped working on after six years because \"it was really terrible\" and, despite being 250,000 words, \"nothing had happened in it yet.\"[4] He then began developing the Nicolette character, but couldn't come up with an idea for a final girl to serve as her foil; he credits the invention of Ginny to a meeting with the Soska Sisters during his time writing for Rue Morgue magazine, during which Jen Soska told him that her favorite swear word is \"kurva,\" meaning \"whore.\" The idea of a woman whose last name was \"Kurva\" served as the impetus for creating the Ginny character.[4]Fassel wrote the book over the course of six months in 2014 while working full-time as an optician in Houston, Texas, writing for two hours every night after coming home from work.[4] Although he used certain ideas, settings, and research he'd conducted for \"the theater story,\" he wrote Our Lady in homage to 1980s horror movies as opposed to grindhouse films, drawing particular influence from Night of the Comet,[4] and said he wanted the book to evoke the feeling of renting a movie on Friday night as a teenager.[5] He compared the clash between Ginny and Nicolette to the dichotomy between the optimism of 1980s cinema and the nihilism of grindhouse movies,[6] and also said that it was his intent to create iconic female characters for female horror fans to embrace.[5]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barkan-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monson-Fangoria-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barkan-5"}],"text":"The book was originally published by Fear Front, an independent press, in December 2016. It was only in print for a period of months and, per Fassel, sold \"like twenty copies\" before the company went out of business;[5] in the interim, the book came to the attention of Cinestate, the new parent company of Fangoria, who acquired the publishing and film rights. In May 2018, it was announced that Fangoria would be reissuing the book in September 2018, and that a film adaptation is in development.[1][5]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bloody Disgusting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Disgusting"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Navarro-10Best-2"},{"link_name":"Izzy Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izzy_Lee"},{"link_name":"Joe Lansdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_R._Lansdale"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Rue Morgue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_Morgue_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Cemetery Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemetery_Dance_Publications"},{"link_name":"slasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slasher_film"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Jack Ketchum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ketchum"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"slow burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slow_burn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monson-Add-19"}],"text":"The book has received overwhelmingly positive reviews, particularly for its treatment of female characters, its attention to historical detail as regards 1980s era 42nd street, and its portrayal of a female villain.Bloody Disgusting named the novel one of the ten best horror books of 2018, praising it for \"great character work and gritty horror\" and for not \"being afraid to get brutal\".[2] Izzy Lee, writing for Diabolique, favorably compared Fassel to Joe Lansdale, writing \"Fassel's observations on humanity go way further than his years on this planet...well-paced, full of intimate detail, and so unlike anything I've ever read that I can’t help but give it my highest recommendation to fans of genre and those interested in the plight of the downtrodden. The story is full of strong women and never panders or feels exploitative, regardless of its subject matter… That in itself is extraordinary\".[7] Lee also named it #2 on a list of \"Top 10 Must-Read Recent Horror Novels.\"[8]Former Fangoria writer Amy Seidman, writing for the website Fear Forever, similarly praised the book and its approach to its female characters, saying \"Fassel has created some really well-developed and interesting female characters who aren’t following in the usual steps of women in horror films―especially when compared to the 1980’s, when misogyny was at its peak. He’s a master at crafting and painting a scene so thoroughly that it leapt off the pages.\" Seidman further favorably compared Nicolette to a \"female Patrick Bateman\" and praised the book's vivid descriptions of settings around 42nd Street.[9] Jennifer Bonges, writing for PopHorror, similarly praised the book's setting and Nicolette's characterization, calling her \"one of the most disturbing villains ever\".[10] Rue Morgue's Monica S. Kuebler also gave the book a positive review, saying \"...the final showdown is a fitting knockdown, drag-out battle between two of the toughest broads in the Big Apple. If you've ever felt the '80s needed more chicks that kicked ass, Inferno has them in spades.\"[11] Cemetery Dance praised the book's period detail while also expressing surprise that, in contrast to simply being a standard slasher, it was instead \"a delicious piece of grindhouse literature stocked with strong characters, a vivid sense of place, and real, raw emotion.\"[12] The podcast Nightmare on Film Street called the book \"brilliant\" and praised the characterization of both Nicolette and Ginny.[13]Jack Ketchum called the book \"quirky\"[14] and said that \"Fassel is definitely a writer to watch\".[15] Australian novelist Isobel Blackthorn likewise praised the book, saying \"Written with grace, restraint and poise, the prose is evocative, at times almost poetic; edgy when it needs to be, sometimes suggestive...And when the horror does take place, its detail is measured and carefully crafted.\"[16]Other reviews were more mixed. The Daily Grindhouse called it a \"very good first novel\" and praised the characterization of Ginny and Tricia's relationship, but called the book \"fifty pages too long\" and Ginny's dialogue \"overwhelming,\" and questioned whether the story could have been more effective if Nicolette were a more sympathetic character.[17] Katie Rife, writing for The A.V. Club, similarly praised the book's characterization and slow burn approach while also criticizing the novel's stylized dialogue.[18] Leigh Monson, writing for birth.movies.death, called the book \"an enjoyable read, dripping in 1980s nostalgia\" and \"a great character study,\" with particular praise for the book's treatment of Ginny, but questioned whether she and Nicolette's stories should have been the focus of their own separate novels.[19]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bloody Disgusting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Disgusting"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Navarro-10Best-2"},{"link_name":"Independent Publishing Award for Horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Publisher_Book_Awards"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Bloody Disgusting named the book one of the ten best horror novels of 2018.[2]The book won the 2018 Independent Publishing Award for Horror.[20]","title":"Accolades"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Monson, Leigh (May 19, 2018). \"Fangoria Presents a New Line of Novels for your Horrific Pleasure\". Birth.Movies.Death.","urls":[{"url":"http://birthmoviesdeath.com/2018/05/19/fangoria-presents-a-new-line-of-novels-for-your-horrific-pleasure","url_text":"\"Fangoria Presents a New Line of Novels for your Horrific Pleasure\""}]},{"reference":"Navarro, Meagan (December 17, 2018). \"10 Best Books of 2018 for the Horror Fan\". Bloody Disgusting.","urls":[{"url":"https://bloody-disgusting.com/books/3536591/gift-guide-10-best-books-2018-horror-fan/","url_text":"\"10 Best Books of 2018 for the Horror Fan\""}]},{"reference":"Millican, Josh (April 16, 2019). \"OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO Audiobook in the Works with Barbara Crampton as the Lead\". Dread Central.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/292672/our-lady-of-the-inferno-audiobook-in-the-works-with-barbara-crampton-as-the-lead/","url_text":"\"OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO Audiobook in the Works with Barbara Crampton as the Lead\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dread_Central","url_text":"Dread Central"}]},{"reference":"Frightmakers 101: Horror Writing with CineDump's Preston Fassel at Texas Frightmare 2017. YouTube. May 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pf6Wo7-rC30","url_text":"Frightmakers 101: Horror Writing with CineDump's Preston Fassel at Texas Frightmare 2017"}]},{"reference":"Barkan, Jonathan (May 19, 2018). \"Fangoria Releasing OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO Under Fangoria Presents Label\". Dread Central.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/273915/fangoria-releasing-our-lady-of-the-inferno-under-fangoria-presents-label/","url_text":"\"Fangoria Releasing OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO Under Fangoria Presents Label\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Izzy (May 19, 2018). \"Fangoria Presents to Reissue Our Lady of the Inferno\". Diabolique Magazine. Archived from the original on July 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180706192032/https://diaboliquemagazine.com/fangoria-presents-to-reissue-our-lady-of-the-inferno/","url_text":"\"Fangoria Presents to Reissue Our Lady of the Inferno\""},{"url":"https://diaboliquemagazine.com/fangoria-presents-to-reissue-our-lady-of-the-inferno/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Galgana, Michele “Izzy” (April 21, 2017). \"Book Review: Our Lady of the Inferno\". Diabolique Magazine. Archived from the original on May 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170508021023/https://diaboliquemagazine.com/book-review-lady-inferno-2017/","url_text":"\"Book Review: Our Lady of the Inferno\""},{"url":"https://diaboliquemagazine.com/book-review-lady-inferno-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Izzy (October 11, 2018). \"Top 10 Must-Read Recent Horror Books\". Heard Tell. Heard Tell and Odyssey.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heardtell.com/books/must-read-recent-horror-books","url_text":"\"Top 10 Must-Read Recent Horror Books\""}]},{"reference":"Seidman, Amy (June 8, 2017). \"\"Our Lady of the Inferno – Book Review\". Fear Forever.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fearforever.com/book/our-lady-of-the-inferno-book-review/","url_text":"\"\"Our Lady of the Inferno – Book Review\""}]},{"reference":"Bonges, Jennifer (n.d.). \"Fangoria Presents: 'Our Lady of The Inferno' by Preston Fassel – Book Review\". PopHorror. Present and PopHorror.com, a Jamil Ventures partnership.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pophorror.com/fangoria-presents-our-lady-of-the-inferno-by-preston-fassel-book-review/","url_text":"\"Fangoria Presents: 'Our Lady of The Inferno' by Preston Fassel – Book Review\""}]},{"reference":"Kuebler, Monica S. (January–February 2018). Rue Morgue Magazine.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gilliand, Blu (September 20, 2018). \"Review: Our Lady of the Inferno by Preston Fassel\". Cemetery Dance Online. Cemetery Dance Publications.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cemeterydance.com/extras/review-our-lady-of-the-inferno-by-preston-fassel/","url_text":"\"Review: Our Lady of the Inferno by Preston Fassel\""}]},{"reference":"Rose, Jessica (December 5, 2018). \"Fangoria Empowers OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO With The Big Screen Treatment\". Nighmare on Film Street.","urls":[{"url":"https://nofspodcast.com/fangoria-empowers-our-lady-of-the-inferno-with-the-big-screen-treatment/","url_text":"\"Fangoria Empowers OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO With The Big Screen Treatment\""}]},{"reference":"Ketchum, Jack [@JackKetchum] (September 22, 2017). \"#FridayReads: Preston Fassel's OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO, anti-heroine vs. female nutcase, quirky suspense indeed\" (Tweet). Retrieved April 17, 2020 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ketchum","url_text":"Ketchum, Jack [@JackKetchum]"},{"url":"https://x.com/JackKetchum/status/911238458177228800","url_text":"\"#FridayReads: Preston Fassel's OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO, anti-heroine vs. female nutcase, quirky suspense indeed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Fassel, Preston (June 2018). Our Lady of the Inferno – Editorial Reviews. ISBN 978-1946487087.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1946487087","url_text":"978-1946487087"}]},{"reference":"Blackthorn, Isobel (April 7, 2017). \"Book review: Our Lady of the Inferno by Preston Fassel\".","urls":[{"url":"https://isobelblackthorn.com/2017/04/07/our-lady-of-the-inferno-by-preston-fassell-review/","url_text":"\"Book review: Our Lady of the Inferno by Preston Fassel\""}]},{"reference":"Wedge, Matt (June 21, 2017). \"[BOOK REVIEW] OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO\". Daily Grindhouse.","urls":[{"url":"http://dailygrindhouse.com/thewire/book-review-lady-inferno/","url_text":"\"[BOOK REVIEW] OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO\""}]},{"reference":"Rife, Katie (September 10, 2018). \"What Are you Reading in September?\". The A.V. Club.","urls":[{"url":"https://aux.avclub.com/what-are-you-reading-in-september-1828842852","url_text":"\"What Are you Reading in September?\""}]},{"reference":"Monson, Leigh (September 11, 2018). \"OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO Book Review: Add a Serial Killer for Good Measure\". birth.movies.death.","urls":[{"url":"https://birthmoviesdeath.com/2018/09/11/our-lady-of-the-inferno-book-review-add-a-slasher-for-good-measure","url_text":"\"OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO Book Review: Add a Serial Killer for Good Measure\""}]},{"reference":"Millican, Josh (April 18, 2019). \"FANGORIA and Cinestate Win Big at Independent Publisher Book Awards\". Dread Central. Retrieved April 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/292742/fangoria-and-cinestate-win-big-at-independent-publisher-book-awards/","url_text":"\"FANGORIA and Cinestate Win Big at Independent Publisher Book Awards\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://birthmoviesdeath.com/2018/05/19/fangoria-presents-a-new-line-of-novels-for-your-horrific-pleasure","external_links_name":"\"Fangoria Presents a New Line of Novels for your Horrific Pleasure\""},{"Link":"https://bloody-disgusting.com/books/3536591/gift-guide-10-best-books-2018-horror-fan/","external_links_name":"\"10 Best Books of 2018 for the Horror Fan\""},{"Link":"https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/292672/our-lady-of-the-inferno-audiobook-in-the-works-with-barbara-crampton-as-the-lead/","external_links_name":"\"OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO Audiobook in the Works with Barbara Crampton as the Lead\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pf6Wo7-rC30","external_links_name":"Frightmakers 101: Horror Writing with CineDump's Preston Fassel at Texas Frightmare 2017"},{"Link":"https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/273915/fangoria-releasing-our-lady-of-the-inferno-under-fangoria-presents-label/","external_links_name":"\"Fangoria Releasing OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO Under Fangoria Presents Label\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180706192032/https://diaboliquemagazine.com/fangoria-presents-to-reissue-our-lady-of-the-inferno/","external_links_name":"\"Fangoria Presents to Reissue Our Lady of the Inferno\""},{"Link":"https://diaboliquemagazine.com/fangoria-presents-to-reissue-our-lady-of-the-inferno/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170508021023/https://diaboliquemagazine.com/book-review-lady-inferno-2017/","external_links_name":"\"Book Review: Our Lady of the Inferno\""},{"Link":"https://diaboliquemagazine.com/book-review-lady-inferno-2017/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.heardtell.com/books/must-read-recent-horror-books","external_links_name":"\"Top 10 Must-Read Recent Horror Books\""},{"Link":"http://www.fearforever.com/book/our-lady-of-the-inferno-book-review/","external_links_name":"\"\"Our Lady of the Inferno – Book Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.pophorror.com/fangoria-presents-our-lady-of-the-inferno-by-preston-fassel-book-review/","external_links_name":"\"Fangoria Presents: 'Our Lady of The Inferno' by Preston Fassel – Book Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.cemeterydance.com/extras/review-our-lady-of-the-inferno-by-preston-fassel/","external_links_name":"\"Review: Our Lady of the Inferno by Preston Fassel\""},{"Link":"https://nofspodcast.com/fangoria-empowers-our-lady-of-the-inferno-with-the-big-screen-treatment/","external_links_name":"\"Fangoria Empowers OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO With The Big Screen Treatment\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/JackKetchum/status/911238458177228800","external_links_name":"\"#FridayReads: Preston Fassel's OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO, anti-heroine vs. female nutcase, quirky suspense indeed\""},{"Link":"https://isobelblackthorn.com/2017/04/07/our-lady-of-the-inferno-by-preston-fassell-review/","external_links_name":"\"Book review: Our Lady of the Inferno by Preston Fassel\""},{"Link":"http://dailygrindhouse.com/thewire/book-review-lady-inferno/","external_links_name":"\"[BOOK REVIEW] OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO\""},{"Link":"https://aux.avclub.com/what-are-you-reading-in-september-1828842852","external_links_name":"\"What Are you Reading in September?\""},{"Link":"https://birthmoviesdeath.com/2018/09/11/our-lady-of-the-inferno-book-review-add-a-slasher-for-good-measure","external_links_name":"\"OUR LADY OF THE INFERNO Book Review: Add a Serial Killer for Good Measure\""},{"Link":"https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/292742/fangoria-and-cinestate-win-big-at-independent-publisher-book-awards/","external_links_name":"\"FANGORIA and Cinestate Win Big at Independent Publisher Book Awards\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Kruize	Gerrit Kruize	["1 References","2 External links"]	American field hockey player André BolhuisPersonal informationBornMay 2, 1923Apeldoorn, the NetherlandsDiedMay 11, 2009 (aged 86)Cary, North Carolina, United StatesHeight1.97 m (6 ft 6 in)Weight93 kg (205 lb)SportSportField hockeyClubWestchester Field Hockey Club Gerrit Kruize (May 2, 1923 – May 11, 2009) was an American field hockey player who competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics. He was born in the Netherlands but immigrated to the United States and became a US citizen on June 23, 1955, in White Plains, NY. His brother Roepie and nephews Hans, Hidde and Ties were Dutch Olympic field hockey players. References ^ Gerrit Kruize Archived October 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. sports-reference.com External links Gerrit Kruize at Olympedia This biographical article relating to an American field hockey figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"field hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"1956 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Roepie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roepie_Kruize"},{"link_name":"Hans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kruize"},{"link_name":"Hidde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidde_Kruize"},{"link_name":"Ties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ties_Kruize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r1-1"}],"text":"Gerrit Kruize (May 2, 1923 – May 11, 2009) was an American field hockey player who competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics. He was born in the Netherlands but immigrated to the United States and became a US citizen on June 23, 1955, in White Plains, NY. His brother Roepie and nephews Hans, Hidde and Ties were Dutch Olympic field hockey players.[1]","title":"Gerrit Kruize"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/kr/gerrit-kruize-1.html","external_links_name":"Gerrit Kruize"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131013073656/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/kr/gerrit-kruize-1.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/20409","external_links_name":"Gerrit Kruize"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981265#P8286"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerrit_Kruize&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_Bronson	Devin Bronson	["1 Touring","2 Production and Recordings","3 Performances","4 Business endeavors","5 References","6 External links"]	Devin BronsonBackground informationBirth nameDevin Joseph BronsonAlso known asEvil D, D-rOckBorn (1983-05-15) May 15, 1983 (age 41)OriginSeattle, Washington, United StatesGenresAlternative rock, indie rock, pop punk, pop rock, power pop, acousticOccupation(s)Musician, songwriter, guitaristInstrument(s)Vocals, guitarYears active2003–presentLabelsNettwerk, ViK, RCAWebsitedevinbronson.comMusical artist Devin Bronson (born Seattle, Washington, May 15, 1983) is a guitarist, songwriter and producer based in Los Angeles, having worked with artists such as Avril Lavigne, David Cook and Sebastian Bach. Bronson's versatility on stage and in the studio has carried him to success in a variety of musical platforms, including musical director, spokesperson and business entrepreneur. Touring Devin Bronson's path to success began at age 11 when he first began playing guitar. Soon after, Bronson was on stage with bandmates years older than him. His natural talent eventually landed him a touring role at age 18 when he was asked to join Kelly Osbourne's touring band in 2002. With international touring experience under his belt, Bronson joined Treble Charger for their Detox tour from 2003 to 2004, after the departure of lead guitarist Bill Priddle. Bronson was set to join the band in the studio for their 6th album when he accepted the invitation to take over as lead guitarist and musical director for Avril Lavigne's, which was previously held by Evan Taubenfeld. Bronson's first performance with Avril Lavigne's band was at the 2004 Fashion Rocks! concert in New York where Avril performed 'Iris' by The Goo Goo Dolls with Johnny Rzeznik. Bronson has since joined Lavigne on multiple world tours. Bronson took time in 2006 to tour with Ashley Parker Angel promoting his single during acoustic shows and TV appearances. In 2007, Bronson and Taubelfeld began working on an album with producer John Fields for the band The Blacklist Club. The album was ultimate released as a solo album for Taubenfled entitled, "Welcome to the Blacklist Club". Bronson joined Taubenfeld for a full band show at the Roxy in LA and an acoustic set during Avril Lavigne's Fairfax, VA show in 2008. In the summer of 2008, Bronson joined Butch Walker on stage for a host of shows including Lollapalooza. This led Bronson to working with P!nk whom he joined on stage to promote her single So What during TV appearances including the MTV Music Video Awards. In 2011, Bronson was asked to join American Idol Season 7 winner David Cook's band. As the band's lead guitarist, Bronson took part in the This Loud Morning Tour as well as multiple TV appearances and international shows. In 2014, Bronson joined Sebastian Bach on tour. Playing Sum 41 songs, Bronson joined Deryck Whibley and The Happiness Machines in 2015 for a short California tour. In 2016, Bronson played guitar alongside Krewella on their 16-stop Sweatbox Tour, in addition to performing at the Ultra Brasil music festival and Jingle Ball presented by Midnite Events. Production and Recordings When not on tour, Bronson writes music for a wide array of TV including Californication on Showtime and Hellcats as well as movies including Friends with Benefits, 22 Jump Street and Home Sweet Hell starring Katherine Heigl. Bronson puts in studio time collaborating with multiple artists, including work on Mike Posner's 2nd studio album and co-writing 12 Stones "Blind" with Christine Connolly and Tyler Connolly of Theory of a Deadman. Bronson also played all the guitar solos on Demi Lovato's La La Land single. Co-writer and co-producer Nick Jonas originally wanted Steve Vai, but due to a schedule conflict, Bronson was asked to stepped in. Bronson is the musical director for 78 Violet duo, Aly & AJ Michalka, co-writing two songs on their upcoming studio album produced by David Kahne. He was also the musical director for "Redd" by U.G.L.Y, the newest addition to Chris Brown's label. Bronson played guitar and wrote music for Sebastian Bach's Give 'Em Hell 2014 album that also features Duff McKagan from Guns N' Roses. Performances Bronson joined Avril Lavigne for TV appearances, music videos and the 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony. On April 14, 2007, Bronson performed with Avril Lavigne as the musical guest on the 32nd season of Saturday Night Live, with Shia LaBeouf booked as the host. Bronson appeared in Lavigne's videos for "What the Hell", "Girlfriend," and "Here's to Never Growing Up". In July 2013, Bronson joined Aly & AJ of 78violet for a live performance at Billboard, New York City, as part of the Tastemakers Sessions series. Business endeavors Bronson is co-owner of BN Audio, a San Diego-based audio company that produces high quality audio products. The flagship product of the company is the BlackBox, a high performance speaker system with a built in digital amplifier. Bronson is in charge of brand development and message communication to customers and dealers. Bronson and Creative Director Adam Parker founded music production/licensing company Noise Candy Music, in 2017. Noise Candy Music has made a name for itself, landing placements in major studio films including Dune, Joker, Ghostbusters: Afterlife, and Five Feet Apart. Since its inception, Noise Candy Music has licensed music for an array of horror films, including It Chapter Two, Pet Sematary, Halloween (2018), and The Curse of La Llorona. In addition to their catalogue of film placements, Bronson and Parker have licensed music for commercials and television series, working with Jeep and on Netflix's The Umbrella Academy. References ^ Avril Lavigne (April 8, 2013). "Just rocked the prom and now the FUN starts!" (Tweet) – via Twitter./photo/1 ^ "78Violet Live Tastemakers Session: Q&A and 'Hothouse' Performance". billboard.com. Retrieved May 10, 2022. ^ BN AUDIO-BLACKBOX (January 19, 2013). "Devin Bronson.(formerly of Avril Lavigne) rocks out to "BlackBox"-Audio and says.."this thing kicks major ass"!" (Tweet) – via Twitter./photo/1/large External links Official Devin Bronson site Archived August 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Official BN Audio site Official Avril Lavigne site Official David Cook site vteAvril Lavigne Awards and nominations Discography Promotional tours Songs Studio albums Let Go Under My Skin The Best Damn Thing Goodbye Lullaby Avril Lavigne Head Above Water Love Sux Live albums My World Compilations B-Sides Greatest Hits Video albums Avril Lavigne: My World Bonez Tour 2005: Live at Budokan The Best Damn Tour: Live in Toronto Singles "Complicated" "Sk8er Boi" "I'm with You" "Losing Grip" "Mobile" "Don't Tell Me" "My Happy Ending" "Nobody's Home" "He Wasn't" "Fall to Pieces" "Keep Holding On" "Girlfriend" "When You're Gone" "Hot" "The Best Damn Thing" "Alice" "What the Hell" "Smile" "Wish You Were Here" "Here's to Never Growing Up" "Rock n Roll" "Let Me Go" "Hello Kitty" "Give You What You Like" "Fly" "Head Above Water" "Tell Me It's Over" "Dumb Blonde" "I Fell in Love with the Devil" "We Are Warriors" "Bite Me" "Love It When You Hate Me" "I'm a Mess" "Fake as Hell" Featured singles "Wavin' Flag" "Lean on Me" "Flames" Promotional singles "Basket Case" "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" "I Always Get What I Want" "Take Me Away" "O Holy Night" "I Will Be" "Push" "Bad Reputation" "How You Remind Me" "Baby, It's Cold Outside" "Bois Lie" Other songs "Bad Girl" "Get Over Me" "Breakaway" Concert tours Try to Shut Me Up Tour The Best Damn Tour The Avril Lavigne Tour Head Above Water Tour Love Sux Tour Greatest Hits Tour Related articles Replacement conspiracy theory Steve Ferlazzo Matt Brann Jesse Colburn Mark Spicoluk Evan Taubenfeld Charles Moniz Devin Bronson Jim McGorman Category vteTreble Charger Greig Nori Bill Priddle Morris Palter Rosie Martin Trevor MacGregor Studio albums NC17 Self Title Maybe It's Me Wide Awake Bored Detox Singles "Friend of Mine"" "Red" "American Psycho" "Brand New Low" "Hundred Million" Related articles Sum 41 Broken Social Scene Matt Hyde Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Avril Lavigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avril_Lavigne"},{"link_name":"David Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cook_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Bach"}],"text":"Musical artistDevin Bronson (born Seattle, Washington, May 15, 1983) is a guitarist, songwriter and producer based in Los Angeles, having worked with artists such as Avril Lavigne, David Cook and Sebastian Bach. Bronson's versatility on stage and in the studio has carried him to success in a variety of musical platforms, including musical director, spokesperson and business entrepreneur.","title":"Devin Bronson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kelly Osbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Osbourne"},{"link_name":"Treble Charger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treble_Charger"},{"link_name":"Detox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detox_(Treble_Charger_album)"},{"link_name":"Bill Priddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Priddle"},{"link_name":"Avril Lavigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avril_Lavigne"},{"link_name":"Evan Taubenfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Taubenfeld"},{"link_name":"The Goo Goo Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Goo_Goo_Dolls"},{"link_name":"Johnny Rzeznik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Rzeznik"},{"link_name":"Ashley Parker Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Parker_Angel"},{"link_name":"John Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fields_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Welcome to the Blacklist Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_the_Blacklist_Club"},{"link_name":"Butch Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Walker"},{"link_name":"Lollapalooza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollapalooza"},{"link_name":"P!nk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P!nk"},{"link_name":"So What","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_What_(Pink_song)"},{"link_name":"American Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol"},{"link_name":"Season 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol_(Season_7)"},{"link_name":"David Cook's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cook_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Sum 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum_41"},{"link_name":"Deryck Whibley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deryck_Whibley"},{"link_name":"Krewella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krewella"},{"link_name":"Ultra Brasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Brasil"}],"text":"Devin Bronson's path to success began at age 11 when he first began playing guitar. Soon after, Bronson was on stage with bandmates years older than him. His natural talent eventually landed him a touring role at age 18 when he was asked to join Kelly Osbourne's touring band in 2002.With international touring experience under his belt, Bronson joined Treble Charger for their Detox tour from 2003 to 2004, after the departure of lead guitarist Bill Priddle. Bronson was set to join the band in the studio for their 6th album when he accepted the invitation to take over as lead guitarist and musical director for Avril Lavigne's, which was previously held by Evan Taubenfeld.Bronson's first performance with Avril Lavigne's band was at the 2004 Fashion Rocks! concert in New York where Avril performed 'Iris' by The Goo Goo Dolls with Johnny Rzeznik. Bronson has since joined Lavigne on multiple world tours.Bronson took time in 2006 to tour with Ashley Parker Angel promoting his single during acoustic shows and TV appearances.In 2007, Bronson and Taubelfeld began working on an album with producer John Fields for the band The Blacklist Club. The album was ultimate released as a solo album for Taubenfled entitled, \"Welcome to the Blacklist Club\". Bronson joined Taubenfeld for a full band show at the Roxy in LA and an acoustic set during Avril Lavigne's Fairfax, VA show in 2008.In the summer of 2008, Bronson joined Butch Walker on stage for a host of shows including Lollapalooza. This led Bronson to working with P!nk whom he joined on stage to promote her single So What during TV appearances including the MTV Music Video Awards.In 2011, Bronson was asked to join American Idol Season 7 winner David Cook's band. As the band's lead guitarist, Bronson took part in the This Loud Morning Tour as well as multiple TV appearances and international shows.In 2014, Bronson joined Sebastian Bach on tour. Playing Sum 41 songs, Bronson joined Deryck Whibley and The Happiness Machines in 2015 for a short California tour. In 2016, Bronson played guitar alongside Krewella on their 16-stop Sweatbox Tour, in addition to performing at the Ultra Brasil music festival and Jingle Ball presented by Midnite Events.","title":"Touring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Californication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californication_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hellcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellcats"},{"link_name":"Friends with Benefits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_with_Benefits_(film)"},{"link_name":"22 Jump Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_Jump_Street"},{"link_name":"Mike Posner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Posner"},{"link_name":"12 Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_Stones"},{"link_name":"Theory of a Deadman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_a_Deadman"},{"link_name":"Demi Lovato's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demi_Lovato"},{"link_name":"La La Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_La_Land_(Demi_Lovato_song)"},{"link_name":"Steve Vai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Vai"},{"link_name":"78 Violet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/78_Violet"},{"link_name":"David Kahne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kahne"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Give 'Em Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_%27Em_Hell_(Sebastian_Bach_album)"},{"link_name":"Duff McKagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duff_McKagan"},{"link_name":"Guns N' Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses"}],"text":"When not on tour, Bronson writes music for a wide array of TV including Californication on Showtime and Hellcats as well as movies including Friends with Benefits, 22 Jump Street and Home Sweet Hell starring Katherine Heigl.Bronson puts in studio time collaborating with multiple artists, including work on Mike Posner's 2nd studio album and co-writing 12 Stones \"Blind\" with Christine Connolly and Tyler Connolly of Theory of a Deadman.Bronson also played all the guitar solos on Demi Lovato's La La Land single. Co-writer and co-producer Nick Jonas originally wanted Steve Vai, but due to a schedule conflict, Bronson was asked to stepped in.Bronson is the musical director for 78 Violet duo, Aly & AJ Michalka, co-writing two songs on their upcoming studio album produced by David Kahne. He was also the musical director for \"Redd\" by U.G.L.Y, the newest addition to Chris Brown's label.Bronson played guitar and wrote music for Sebastian Bach's Give 'Em Hell 2014 album that also features Duff McKagan from Guns N' Roses.","title":"Production and Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics_closing_ceremony"},{"link_name":"32nd season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_(season_32)"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"Shia LaBeouf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_LaBeouf"},{"link_name":"Here's to Never Growing Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here%27s_to_Never_Growing_Up"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Aly & AJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aly_%26_AJ"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Bronson joined Avril Lavigne for TV appearances, music videos and the 2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony. On April 14, 2007, Bronson performed with Avril Lavigne as the musical guest on the 32nd season of Saturday Night Live, with Shia LaBeouf booked as the host. Bronson appeared in Lavigne's videos for \"What the Hell\", \"Girlfriend,\" and \"Here's to Never Growing Up\".[1]In July 2013, Bronson joined Aly & AJ of 78violet for a live performance at Billboard, New York City, as part of the Tastemakers Sessions series.[2]","title":"Performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Noise Candy Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.noisecandymusic.com/"},{"link_name":"Dune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"Joker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joker_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Ghostbusters: Afterlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostbusters:_Afterlife"},{"link_name":"Five Feet Apart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Feet_Apart"},{"link_name":"It Chapter Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Chapter_Two"},{"link_name":"Pet Sematary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_Sematary_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"Halloween (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"The Curse of La Llorona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Curse_of_La_Llorona"},{"link_name":"Jeep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep"},{"link_name":"The Umbrella Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Umbrella_Academy_(TV_series)"}],"text":"Bronson is co-owner of BN Audio, a San Diego-based audio company that produces high quality audio products. The flagship product of the company is the BlackBox, a high performance speaker system with a built in digital amplifier. Bronson is in charge of brand development and message communication to customers and dealers.[3]Bronson and Creative Director Adam Parker founded music production/licensing company Noise Candy Music, in 2017. Noise Candy Music has made a name for itself, landing placements in major studio films including Dune, Joker, Ghostbusters: Afterlife, and Five Feet Apart. Since its inception, Noise Candy Music has licensed music for an array of horror films, including It Chapter Two, Pet Sematary, Halloween (2018), and The Curse of La Llorona. In addition to their catalogue of film placements, Bronson and Parker have licensed music for commercials and television series, working with Jeep and on Netflix's The Umbrella Academy.","title":"Business endeavors"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Avril Lavigne [@AvrilLavigne] (April 8, 2013). \"Just rocked the prom and now the FUN starts!\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/AvrilLavigne/status/321151976966586368","url_text":"\"Just rocked the prom and now the FUN starts!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"78Violet Live Tastemakers Session: Q&A and 'Hothouse' Performance\". billboard.com. Retrieved May 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/video/78violet-live-tastemakers-session-qa-and-hothouse-performance-4441637/","url_text":"\"78Violet Live Tastemakers Session: Q&A and 'Hothouse' Performance\""}]},{"reference":"BN AUDIO-BLACKBOX [@BNAudio] (January 19, 2013). \"Devin Bronson.(formerly of Avril Lavigne) rocks out to \"BlackBox\"-Audio and says..\"this thing kicks major ass\"!\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/BNAudio/status/292682894630064128","url_text":"\"Devin Bronson.(formerly of Avril Lavigne) rocks out to \"BlackBox\"-Audio and says..\"this thing kicks major ass\"!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://devinbronson.com/","external_links_name":"devinbronson.com"},{"Link":"https://www.noisecandymusic.com/","external_links_name":"Noise Candy Music"},{"Link":"https://x.com/AvrilLavigne/status/321151976966586368","external_links_name":"\"Just rocked the prom and now the FUN starts!\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/video/78violet-live-tastemakers-session-qa-and-hothouse-performance-4441637/","external_links_name":"\"78Violet Live Tastemakers Session: Q&A and 'Hothouse' Performance\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/BNAudio/status/292682894630064128","external_links_name":"\"Devin Bronson.(formerly of Avril Lavigne) rocks out to \"BlackBox\"-Audio and says..\"this thing kicks major ass\"!\""},{"Link":"http://www.devinbronson.com/","external_links_name":"Official Devin Bronson site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080822072416/http://www.devinbronson.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bnaudio.com/","external_links_name":"Official BN Audio site"},{"Link":"http://www.avrillavigne.com/","external_links_name":"Official Avril Lavigne site"},{"Link":"http://www.davidcookofficial.com/","external_links_name":"Official David Cook site"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/b5296152-f996-4ae2-a13d-5906a1e0043a","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Acindynus	Septimius Acindynus	["1 References"]	Roman consul For the Byzantine theologian, see Gregory Acindynus. Septimius Acindynus (Greek: Σεπτίμιος ό Άκίνδυνος) was a Roman consul with Valerius Proculus in 340 AD. He was governor of Antioch when he imprisoned a man who had been unable to pay a pound of gold into the public treasury. He released him after his wife, with his own sanction, "listened to the persuasions" of a rich man; but the rich man had filled her purse with earth instead of gold. He revealed his fraud to Acindynus. Condemning himself for the rigor which had led to the crime, Acindynus paid the gold himself, and gave the woman the field from which the earth had been brought. References ^ Rose, Hugh James (1857). "Acindynus, Septimius". A New General Biographical Dictionary. Vol. 1 AA–ANS. London: B. Fellowes et al. p. 77. Political offices Preceded byImp. Caesar Fl. Iulius Constantius Augustus II and Imp. Caesar Fl. Iulius Constans Augustus Consul of the Roman Empire consul with Lucius Aradius Valerius Proculus 340 Succeeded byAntonius Marcellinus and Petronius Probinus	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gregory Acindynus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Acindynus"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Roman consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_consul"},{"link_name":"Valerius Proculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Aradius_Valerius_Proculus"},{"link_name":"Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rose-1"}],"text":"For the Byzantine theologian, see Gregory Acindynus.Septimius Acindynus (Greek: Σεπτίμιος ό Άκίνδυνος) was a Roman consul with Valerius Proculus in 340 AD. He was governor of Antioch when he imprisoned a man who had been unable to pay a pound of gold into the public treasury. He released him after his wife, with his own sanction, \"listened to the persuasions\" of a rich man; but the rich man had filled her purse with earth instead of gold. He revealed his fraud to Acindynus. Condemning himself for the rigor which had led to the crime, Acindynus paid the gold himself, and gave the woman the field from which the earth had been brought.[1]","title":"Septimius Acindynus"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Rose, Hugh James (1857). \"Acindynus, Septimius\". A New General Biographical Dictionary. Vol. 1 AA–ANS. London: B. Fellowes et al. p. 77.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_James_Rose","url_text":"Rose, Hugh James"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_UDd_ArBPBp0C#page/n85/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Acindynus, Septimius\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_UDd_ArBPBp0C#page/n85/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Acindynus, Septimius\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FV_Nordland	HMS Nordland	["1 Description","2 History","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links"]	History Name Nordland (1922–48) Tulipfield (1948–65) Owner Deutsche Seefischerei (1922–27) Cuxhavener Hochseefischerei (1927–29) Nordsee Deutsche Hochseefischerei Bremen-Cuxhaven AG (1929–39) Kriegsmarine (1939–40) Royal Navy (1940–48) British Wheeler Process Ltd (1948–65) Port of registry Cuxhaven Germany (1922–33) Cuxhaven, Germany (1933–39) Imperial German Navy (1939) Cuxhaven (1939–40) Royal Navy (1940–48) Liverpool, United Kingdom (1948–65) BuilderReiherstieg Schiffswerfte & Maschinenfabrik Way number543 Launched3 October 1922 Completed5 December 1922 Commissioned 4 September 1939 (Kriegsmarine) April 1940 (Royal Navy) Decommissioned 4 September 1939 (Kriegsmarine) 1948 (Royal Navy) Identification Fishing boat registration HC 105 (1922–39) Code Letters RDCG (1930–34) Code Letters DHRW (1934–40) Pennant Number V 401 (1939) Pennant Number V 411 (1939) Fishing boat registration PG 105 (1939–40) United Kingdom Official Number 167703 (1948–65) Code Letters MLZR (1948–65) FateScrapped General characteristics Class and type Fishing boat (1922–39) Vorpostenboot (1939) Fishing boat (1939–40) Salvage vessel (1940–48) Sludge vessel (1948–65) Tonnage393 GRT, 152 NRT Length44.52 m (146 ft 1 in) Beam8.70 m (28 ft 7 in) Draught3.75 m (12 ft 4 in) Depth4.55 m (14 ft 11 in) Installed powerTriple expansion steam engine, 53nhp PropulsionSingle screw propeller Speed10 knots (19 km/h) HMS Nordland was a salvage vessel that was built in 1922 as the German fishing trawler Nordland. She was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine in 1939 but was returned to merchant service. She was captured by the Royal Navy in 1940 and taken in to service. Sold in 1948, she was used as a sludge carrier under the name Tulipfield. She was scrapped in 1965. Description The ship was 44.52 metres (146 ft 1 in) long, with a beam of 8.70 metres (28 ft 7 in). She had a depth of 4.55 metres (14 ft 11 in) and a draught of 3.75 metres (12 ft 4 in). She was assessed at 393 GRT, 152 NRT. She was powered by a triple expansion steam engine, which had cylinders of 33 centimetres (13 in), 52 centimetres (20+1⁄2 in) and 81.8 centimetres (32+3⁄16 in) diameter by 64 centimetres (25+3⁄8 in) stroke. The engine was built by Reiherstieg Schiffswerfte & Maschinenfabrik, Hamburg, Germany. It was rated at 53nhp, and could propel the ship at 10 knots (19 km/h). History Nordland was built in 1922 as yard number 543 by Reiherstieg Schiffswerfte & Maschinenfabrik for the Deutsche Seefischerei. She was launched on 3 October and completed on 5 December. The fishing boat registration HC 105 was allocated. In 1934, her Code Letters were changed to DHRW. On 21 March 1937, she was sold to the Nordsee Deutsche Hochseefischerei Bremen-Cuxhaven AG, Cuxhaven. By 1930, the Code Letters RDCG were allocated. On 21 February 1932, Nordland was driven ashore at "Leiknes Gisund", Norway. She was refloated the next day with assistance from the German trawlers Hans Wriedt and Lappland. On 4 September 1939, Nordland was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine for use as a vorpostenboot. She was allocated to 4 Vorpostenflotille as V 401 Nordland, but was redesignated V 411 Nordland three days later, but was released from service. She returned to use as a fishing trawler, with the registration PG 105. On 7 April 1940, she was captured by HMS Hostile off the Lofoten Islands, Norway (69°05′N 14°30′E / 69.083°N 14.500°E / 69.083; 14.500). Nordland was one of three German trawlers captured about this time, the others being Blankenberg and Friesland. She was commissioned as HMS Nordland, and was used as a salvage vessel. In 1948, HMS Nordland was sold to the British Wheeler Process Ltd, Liverpool, Lancashire, United Kingdom. She was renamed Tulipfield, and was used as a sludge vessel for oils with a flash point in excess of 150 °F (66 °C). Her port of registry was Liverpool. The United Kingdom Official Number 167703 and Code Letters MLZR were allocated. British Wheeler Process Ltd. was a company specialising in the cleaning of ships' tanks. Tulipfield was fitted with three tanks for the carrying of petroleum sludge. She was permitted to sail between British ports only. She was scrapped in October 1965 by de Smedt, Antwerp, Belgium. References ^ a b Gröner 1993, p. 197. ^ a b "Nordland (58927)" (PDF). Lloyd's Register: Trawlers &c. NIV-NOR (in English and French). London: Lloyd's Register. 1930–1931. Retrieved 16 November 2022 – via Southampton City Council. ^ Gröner 1993, pp. 197, 199. ^ a b c d e f g Gröner 1993, p. 199. ^ "Nordland (63797)" (PDF). Lloyd's Register: Trawlers &c. NOR (in English and French). London: Lloyd's Register. 1934–1935. Retrieved 16 November 2022 – via Southampton City Council. ^ "Casualty Reports". The Times. No. 46064. London. 23 February 1932. col C, p. 23. ^ "Vorpostenflottillen 1939 – 1945" (in German). Württembergische Landesbibliothek. Retrieved 16 November 2022. ^ "HMS Hostile (H 55)". Uboat. Retrieved 16 November 2022. ^ "Brilliant Work By The Royal Navy". The Times. No. 48590. London. 15 April 1940. col A-B, p. 6. ^ "TUD-TUL LLOYD'S REGISTER 1948–49". Lloyd's Register of Shipping. London: Lloyd's Register. 1949. Retrieved 16 November 2022. ^ "96374– 388 LLOYD'S REGISTER". Lloyd's Register of Shipping. London: Lloyd's Register. 1949. Retrieved 16 November 2022. ^ a b "TULIPAN LLOYD'S REGISTER 1958–59". Lloyd's Register of Shipping. London: Lloyd's Register. 1949. Retrieved 16 November 2022. ^ "(photograph)" (PDF). Black Jack (127). Southampton Branch, World Ship Society: 1. Winter 2003. Sources Gröner, Erich (1993). Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815-1945 (in German). Vol. 8/I: Flußfahrzeuge, Ujäger, Vorpostenboote, Hilfsminensucher, Küstenschutzverbände (Teil 1). Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe. ISBN 3-7637-4807-5. External links Photograph of Tulipfield vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1932Shipwrecks 26 Jan: HMS M2 12 Mar: Reindeer I 19 May: Georges Philippar 7 Jul: Prométhée 22 Jul: Johanna Smith 26 Jul: Niobe 4 Aug: Hai Kan No. 4 14 Sep: HMAS Encounter 27 Sep: Nevada 14 Oct: Monte Nevoso 14 Nov: Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft December (unknown date): Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft Unknown date: HMAS Yarra Other incidents 22 Jan: HMS Rainbow 30 Jan: President Roosevelt, Roma 8 Feb: USS Whipple 10 Feb: I-54, I-55 21 Feb: Nordland 28 Feb: USCGC Acushnet 13 Mar: Prince David 20 Apr: Hougomont 11 May: Berengaria 14 May: Lochearn 15 May: Georges Philippar 8 Jun: Mulbera 14 Jun: Hyūga, I-4 4 Aug: Otranto 8 Aug: Western World August (unknown date): Duke of Lancaster 3 Sep: Quersee 23 Sep: Challenger 1 Oct: Lawhill 6 Oct: Cap Arcona 11 Oct: Mulbera 17 Oct: Brulin 22 Dec: Navemar, ARP Tacuary 24 Dec: ARP Tacuary 1931 1933 vteVorpostenboote of the KriegsmarineList of Vorpostenboote in World War II1 Vorpostenflotille V 101 Schwan V 102 Cressida V 103 Sylvia V 104 Falke V 105 Cremon V 106 Phönix V 107 Botilla Russ V 108 Friedrich Karl V 108 Porjus V 109 Flamingo 2 Vorpostenflotille V 201 Seydlitz V 202 Franz Westermann V 203 Heinrich Buermann V 204 Dorum V 205 Hermann Bösch V 206 Gauleiter Telschow V 207 Otto Bröhan V 208 Gebrüder Kähler V 209 Carl Röver V 209 Dr. Rudolf Wahrendorff V 210 R. Walther Darré V 211 Friedrich Busse V 212 Hinrich Hey V 213 Claus Bolten V 213 Zieten V 214 Spica V 214 Teutonia V 215 Baden V 215 Hela V 215 Oliva V 216 Goëland V 222 V 223 V 224 V 225 V 226 V 227 3 Vorpostenflotille V 301 Weser V 302 Bremen V 303 Tannenberg V 304 Breslau V 305 Ostpreussen V 306 Fritz Hincke V 307 Württemberg V 308 Oscar Neynaber V 309 Martin Donandt V 310 Rosemarie V 311 Osdorf V 312 Hanseat V 313 Eifel V 314 Heinrich Lehnert V 315 Bris V 316 V 317 Wega 4 Vorpostenflotille V 401 Nordland V 401 Dr. Adolf Spilker V 402 Hans Loh V 403 Germania V 404 Deutschland V 404 Baden V 405 J. Hinrich Wilhelms V 406 Jan Mayen V 407 Saarland V 407 Dorum V 408 Haltenbank V 409 August Bösch V 412 Bremerhaven V 413 Ferdinand Niedermeyer V 414 Sachsenwald V 415 Gotland V 420 Alcyon V 421 Rauzan V 422 Kergroise V 423 Keryado II V 424 Carl J. Busch V 427 Victoire V 430 V 431 V 432 V 433 V 434 V 435 5 Vorpostengruppe Wandrahm Birka Neuss Nerissa 6 Vorpostengruppe Dr. Heinrich Wiegand Jupiter Möwe Oldenburg Schürbek 6 Vorpostenflotille V 601 Dr. Heinrich Wiegand V 602 Richard C. Krogmann V 603 Carsten V 604 Fritz Reiser V 605 Arthur Duncker V 606 Fladengrund V 607 Düsseldorf V 620 Derfflinger V 621 Mars V 622 Almuth V 623 Jupiter V 624 Köln V 625 Johann Schulte V 626 Le Tésterin V 627 Elise V 628 De Ruyter 7 Vorpostenflotille V 701 Este V 702 Memel V 703 Henry Fricke V 704 Claus Wisch V 704 Richard C. Krogmann V 705 Carsten V 706 Fritz Reiser V 707 Arthur Duncker V 708 Fladengrund V 709 Guido Möhring V 710 Düsseldorf V 711 Senator Predöhl V 712 V 712 Chemnitz V 713 Leipzig V 714 V 715 Alfred I V 716 Alfred II V 717 Alfred III V 718 V 719 V 720 V 721 V 722 Pilote XIII V 723 Jeanne Marie V 724 St. Dominique V 725 Petit Poilu V 726 Antifer V 727 Goëland V 728 Vierge de Nassabielle V 729 Marie Simone V 730 Michel François 8 Vorpostenflotille V 801 Bayern V 801 Max Gundelach V 801 Stoomloodsvartuig 17 V 802 Sagitta V 803 Stuttgart V 803 Wiesbaden V 804 Skolpenbank V 804 Spica V 805 Island V 805 MFL 8 V 806 Stuttgart V 807 Auguste Kämpf V 807 MFL 1 V 808 Reichspräsident von Hindenburg V 808 Ehrensburger V 809 Konsul Dubbers V 810 Falkland V 811 Hugo Homann V 811 Claus Ebeling V 812 Amtsgerichsrat Pitschke V 813 Otto Krogmann V 814 Gotland Schiff 7 Wega 9 Vorpostenflotille V 901 Senator Sprecher V 902 Senator Sachse V 903 Mainz V 904 Else Wilhelms V 905 Karl Bergh V 906 Schwalbe V 907 Spessart V 907 N. Elbing V 908 Claus Ebeling V 909 Flensburg V 910 V 911 V 912 V 913 V 914 V 915 V 916 V 917 10 Vorpostenflotille V 1001 Thüringen V 1001 Stettin V 1002 Tilly V 1002 A. Kappelhof V 1003 Welle V 1003 Hanna V 1004 Johanna V 1004 Anna V 1005 Cremona V 1005 Amalie V 1006 Hayo V 1006 Elfriede V 1007 Käthe V 1007 Gesine V 1008 Walküre V 1008 Marie V 1009 Gertrud V 1009 Cornelia V 1010 Allegro V 1010 Martha V 1011 Altair V 1011 Adeline V 1012 Anna Marie V 1012 Erika V 1013 Herinrich Brons V 1014 Richard Ohlrogge V 1014 Kiel 11 Vorpostenflotille V 1101 Preußen V 1102 Gleiwitz V 1102 Lützow V 1102 Nordkap V 1103 Reemt V 1102 Ernst von Briesen V 1102 Weißenfels V 1102 Ernst Gröschel V 1105 Jochen Homann V 1106 Heinrich Bueren V 1106 Neufundland V 1107 Portland V 1108 Arctur V 1109 Antares V 1109 Mahren V 1110 Hermann Hinrichs V 1111 Christian Wendig V 1112 V 1113 V 1114 V 1115 12 Vorpostenflotille V 1201 Düneck V 1201 Juno V 1201 De Mok I V 1202 Angelina V 1202 Friedrich Suthmeier V 1203 Annemarie V 1203 G. F. Zimmermenn V 1204 Armin V 1204 C. H. Metger V 1204 Christiane Cécile V 1205 Germania V 1205 Ravensburg V 1206 Maria Lina V 1206 Ministerialdirektor Streil V 1207 Emil V 1207 P. von Rensen V 1208 Elternsegen V 1208 Heinrich Kappelhoff V 1209 Jacobus V 1209 H. Bramfeldt V 1210 Anita III V 1210 D. Dreesmann Penning V 1211 Meta Osterwisch V 1211 Leo Fürbinger V 1212 Anna V 1212 L. Ruyl V 1213 Fro V 1214 Joannes Georgius V 1214 St. Joachim V 1215 Hennie V 1216 Marie V 1217 Frida V 1218 V 1219 V 1220 V 1221 V 1222 V 1223 V 1224 V 1225 V 1226 V 1227 V 1228 V 1229 V 1230 V 1231 Toni V 1232 Elise V 1233 Vooruit V 1234 Koningin Emma V 1235 Columbus V 1236 'Flevo III V 1236 Augusta V 1237 Notre Dame de Dunes V 1238 Voorloper V 1239 Vooran V 1240 Therese V 1241 Stangenwalde V 1242 Marie Henriette V 1243 Hohenstein V 1244 V 1245 V 1246 V 1247 V 1248 V 1249 Mewa VIII V 1250 V 1251 V 1252 V 1253 Essen V 1254 Hermann Garrels V 1255 Ernst Hecht V 1256 Heinrich Onnen V 1256 V 1257 V 1258 V 1259 V 1260 Gebroeders V 1261 Vooruit V 1262 Verwachting V 1263 V 1264 V 1265 Dr. Eichelbaum V 1265 V 1266 V 1267 V 1268 V 1269 V 1270 V 1271 V 1272 V 1273 V 1274 13 Vorpostenflotille V 1300 Stoomloodsvartuig 17 V 1301 Uranus V 1302 John Mahn V 1303 Freiburg V 1304 Eisenach V 1305 Wuppertal V 1306 Otto Krogmann V 1307 Stettin V 1308 Bredebeck V 1309 Kapitän Stemmer V 1310 Deister V 1310 Gotland V 1311 Döse V 1312 Hermann Siebert V 1313 Uran V 1314 Gustav Hugo Deiters V 1315 Karlsburg V 1316 Emil Colsmann V 1317 Wilhelm Michaelsen V 1318 Hans Pickenpack V 1330 Cyclop V 1331 Limburgia V 1332 Norma Maria V 1333 Zeemeeuw V 1334 Witte Zee V 1335 Adelante V 1336 J. S. Groen V 1337 Irene V 1337 Victoire V 1338 Azimuth V 1339 Stoomloodsvartuig 12 V 1340 Delft 14 Vorpostenflotille V 1401 Deister V 1402 Hermann Siebert V 1403 B 1687 V 1403 Simone Marie V 1404 B 1557 V 1404 Christiane Cécile V 1405 Ritzebüttel V 1406 Frankfurt V 1407 Kurland V 1408 Aue ZRD 16 V 1408 Cyclop V 1409 IJM 54 V 1409 Limburgia V 1410 IJM 6 V 1410 Norma Maria V 1411 ZRD 19 V 1411 Zeemeeuw V 1412 Witte Zee V 1413 IJM 19 V 1413 Adelante V 1414 IJM 130 V 1414 J. S. Groen V 1415 IJM 195 V 1415 Azimuth V 1416 IJM 89 V 1416 Irene V 1417 Stoomloodsvartuig 11 V 1418 Frans Naerebout V 1419 Victoire V 1420 B 339 V 1420 Saint Joachim V 1421 Deltra II V 1422 B 1402 V 1422 Michel François V 1423 B 3059 V 1423 Emmanuella V 1424 Le Cid V 1425 LR 3306 V 1425 Banderole V 1426 Antoinette 15 Vorpostenflotille PA 1 PA 2 PA 3 PA 4 V 1507 Wiking 7 V 1506 Wiking 6 V 1503 Wiking 10 V 1504 Wiking 8 V 1505 Wal 8 V 1506 Wal 9 V 1507 Rau VI V 1507 Rau I V 1508 Rau III V 1509 Rau II V 1510 Unitas 6 V 1511 Rau IV V 1511 Unitas 7 V 1512 Unitas 8 V 1513 Linz V 1514 Beuthen V 1514 Rothienbaum V 1516 Rouen V 1517 Kerdonis II V 1520 Loodsboot 6 V 1521 Vimy V 1522 Dauphin V 1523 Deltra I V 1524 Patrice V 1525 Eglantine V 1530 V 1531 V 1532 V 1533 V 1534 V 1535 V 1536 V 1537 V 1538 V 1539 V 1540 V 1541 V 1548 Gebrüder Kähler V 1549 Berlebeck V 1549 Hoheweg 16 Vorpostengruppe Altenland Koblenz Schleswig 16 Vorpostenflotille V 1601 Skorpion V 1601 Lindormen V 1602 La Provence V 1603 Termidor V 1604 Natter V 1605 Alma V 1605 Mosel V 1605 Girolou V 1606 Julius Fock V 1607 Nord Caper V 1608 Sülldorf V 1609 Othmarschen V 1610 Innsbruck V 1611 Forst V 1612 Gotha V 1613 Jane V 1614 Tormilind V 1614 Neerlandia V 1615 Tietie V 1616 Pirola V 1617 Jaweg V 1620 KOL 15 V 1621 SAG 29 V 162 PIL 29 V 162 PIL 76 17 Vorpostenflotille V 1701 Unitas 2 V 1701 Bahrenfeld V 1702 Unitas 3 V 1703 Unitas 4 V 1704 Unitas 5 V 1705 Rau XI V 1706 Rau XII V 1707 Wiking 4 V 1708 Süd III V 1709 Wal 1 V 1710 Natter V 1715 KOL 15 V 1716 SAG 29 V 1717 PIL 29 V 1718 PIL 76 18 Vorpostengruppe Julius Pickenpack Schiff 7 Wega Wilhelm Huth 18 Vorpostenflotille V 1801 Lutteur V 1801 Wandrahm V 1802 Orient V 1803 Le Havre de Grace V 1804 Excellent V 1805 Senateur Louis Brindeau V 1806 Surmulet V 1807 Wagram V 1808 Dortmund V 1809 Henry P. Newman V 1810 Condor V 1811 Sylt V 1812 Halle V 1813 Thothn V 1814 Linz V 1815 Loodsboot 6 V 1816 Dauphine V 1817 Eglantine 19 Vorpostenflotille V 1901 Präsident Mutzenbecher V 1901 Richard Ohlrogge V 1902 Amsel V 1903 Fink V 1904 Stieglitz V 1905 Iltis V 1906 Gunther V 1907 Emden V 1908 Kranich V 1909 Brunhild V 1910 Wellgunde V 1911 Johann Georg V 1912 Fortuna V 1913 Leer V 1914 Alma II V 1915 Girolou V 1916 Weser I V 1921 Habicht V 1922 Nürnberg V 1923 Ostpreußen V 1925 Unitas 9 V 1926 Ernst Schweckendieck V 1927 Johann Wessels 20 Vorpostenflotille V 2001 Pastor Pype V 2001 Uranus V 2002 Madeleine Louise V 2002 Uran V 2003 Loodsboot 7 V 2004 Loodsboot 12 V 2005 Simone Marie V 2006 Christine Cécile V 2007 Hannover V 2008 Ritzebüttel V 2009 Niedersachsen V 2010 Frankfurt V 2011 Borkum V 2012 Kurland V 2013 Ekwator V 2014 Karel V 2015 V 2016 V 2017 V 2018 Vogtland V 2019 Seefahrt V 2020 Alexander Becker V 2021 Nürnberg V 2022 Emil Colsmann V 2023 Karlsburg 51 Vorpostenflotille V 5101 Donner V 5101 Tornado V 5101 Blitz V 5102 Orkan V 5103 Taifun V 5103 Riese V 5104 Wirbel V 5106 Sturm V 5106 Sindbad V 5107 Sturm V 5107 Kormoran V 5107 Karmöy V 5108 Föhn V 5108 Kiebitz V 5109 Kranich V 5109 Eber V 5110 Marabu V 5110 Elch V 5111 Odin V 5112 Tiu V 5113 Donar V 5114 Baldur V 5115 Frija V 5116 Unitas 1 53 Vorpostenflotille V 5301 Flamingo V 5301 Reiher V 5301 Seeteufel V 5302 Kranich V 5302 Seelöwe V 5303 Marabu V 5303 Sturmvogel V 5303 Seebär V 5304 Kormoran V 5304 Kiebetz V 5304 Seehund V 5305 Schnepfe V 5305 Jäger V 5306 Brachvogel V 5306 Schütze V 5307 Felix Scheder V 5308 O. B. Rogge V 5309 Seerobbe V 5310 Seewolf V 5311 Seeotter V 5312 Brachvogel V 5313 Star XXIII 55 Vorpostenflotille V 5501 Bussard V 5501 Zick V 5501 Ratte V 5501 Seeteufel V 5502 Sperber V 5502 M253 V 5502 Zack V 5502 Biber V 5502 KFK1 V 5502 Snøgg V 5503 Habicht V 5503 Otter V 5504 Sperber V 5504 S12 V 5504 Marder V 5505 Adler V 5505 Wiesel V 5506 Rabe V 5506 Felix Scheder V 5506 KFK332 V 5507 Krähe V 5507 O. B. Rogge V 5507 S10 V 5507 Bisam V 5508 Elster V 5508 Seelöwe V 5508 Frettchen V 5509 S14 V 5509 Murmel V 5510 S15 V 5510 S13 V 5510 Marabu V 5511 S16 V 5511 Moskito V 5512 Grenadier V 5513 Libelle V 5514 Hornisse V 5515 Ulan V 5516 Flamingo V 5517 Natter V 5518 Reiher V 5519 Tarantel V 5520 Adler V 5525 V 5531 57 Vorpostenflotille V 5701 Thüringen V 5702 Eupen V 5702 Grane V 5703 Elsass V 5703 Lothringen V 5704 Warthegau V 5705 Elsaß V 5706 Ostmark V 5707 Südwind V 5711 Steiermark V 5712 Kärnten V 5713 Sudetenland V 5714 Tirol V 5715 Skaggerak V 5716 Flandern V 5717 Fritz Homann V 5718 Coburg V 5719 Markomanne V 5720 Normanne V 5721 Turinge V 5722 Hornack V 5723 Möwe 59 Vorpostenflotille V 5901 Bussard V 5901 Falkland V 5902 Rabe V 5902 Polarsonne V 5903 Elster V 5903 Polarfront V 5904 Sperber V 5904 Polarnacht V 5905 Habicht V 5905 Nordriff V 5905 Varanger V 5906 Krähe V 5906 Nordpol V 5907 Geier V 5907 Südwind V 5908 Penang V 5908 Togo V 5909 Coronel V 5909 Jan Mayen V 5910 Westwind V 5911 Gauleiter Bohle V 5911 Nordkap V 5912 Köln V 5912 Polarstern V 5913 Wilhelm Söhle V 5913 Polarkreis V 5914 Vardö V 5914 Polarmeer V 5915 Heinrich Baumgarten V 5916 Yock V 5917 Othmarschen V 5918 Jane 61 Vorpostenflotille V 6101 Polarfuchs V 6101 Nordkap V 6101 Gauleiter Bohle V 6101 Wal 10 V 6102 Köln V 6102 Polarstern V 6102 Wal 11 V 6103 Nordlicht V 6104 Windhuk V 6104 Wien V 6105 Samoa V 6105 Holstein V 6106 Kiautschou V 6106 Tirol V 6107 Polarkreis V 6107 Wilhelm Söhle V 6107 Franke V 6108 Polarmeer V 6108 Vardö V 6109 Nordwind V 6110 Nordkyn V 6112 Friese V 6111 Masuren V 6112 Gote V 6113 Alane V 6114 Duiveland V 6114 Eismeer V 6115 Salier V 6115 Ostwind V 6115 Helgoland V 6116 Ubier V 6116 Doggerbank V 6117 Cherusker V 6118 Gallipoli V 6119 Auk 63 Vorpostenflotille V 6301 Krebs V 6302 Widder V 6303 Stier V 6304 Waage V 6305 Frauke V 6306 Orion V 6307 Mob-FD 2 Jupiter V 6308 Mob-FD 1 Saturn V 6309 Mob-FD 3 Mars V 6310 Nordkap V 6311 Polarstern V 6312 Polarmeer V 6313 Westwind V 6314 Löwe V 6315 Wal 10 V 6316 Wal 11 V 6321 V 6322 V 6323 V 6324 V 6325 V 6326 V 6327 V 6328 Kormoran V 6329 Kranich V 6330 V 6331 V 6332 64 Vorpostenflotille V 6401 Hagen V 6402 Hersing V 6403 Hildebrand V 6404 Midlum V 6405 Hermann V 6406 Hundius V 6407 Falke V 6408 Skagerak V 6409 Cimber V 6411 Thor V 6412 Frigga V 6413 Fro V 6414 Seeschwalbe V 6415 Kondor V 6416 Albatros V 6417 Loki V 6421 V 6422 V 6423 V 6424 V 6425 V 6426 V 6427 V 6428 V 6429 V 6430 V 6431 V 6432 V 6433 V 6434 V 6435 V 6436 V 6437 V 6438 V 6439 V 6440 V 6441 V 6442 V 6443 V 6444 V 6445 V 6446 V 6447 V 6448 V 6449 V 6450 65 Vorpostenflotille V 6501 Samoa V 6502 Kiautschou V 6503 Star 14 V 6504 Claus Ebeling V 6505 Rau IX V 6506 Torlyn V 6507 Othmarschen V 6508 Jane V 6509 Habicht V 6510 Celle V 6511 Salier V 6512 Togo V 6513 Elster V 6514 Krähe V 6515 Hast I V 6516 KFK123 V 6517 V 6521 V 6522 V 6523 V 6524 V 6525 V 6526 V 6527 V 6528 V 6529 V 6530 V 6531 V 6532 V 6533 V 6534 V 6535 V 6541 Drott 66 Vorpostenflotille V 6601 Friedrich Wilhelm zu Pferde V 6602 Rother Adler V 6603 Güldener Löwe V 6604 Churprinz V 6605 Markgraf von Hindenburg V 6606 Wappen von Hamburg V 6607 Charlotte Sophie V 6608 Steiermark V 6609 Kärnten V 6610 Sudetenland V 6611 V 6612 V 6613 V 6614 V 6615 V 6616 V 6617 V 6621 Dorothea V 6622 Rummelpott 67 Vorpostenflotille V 6701 Rotges V 6702 Windhuk V 6703 V 6704 V 6705 V 6706 V 6707 V 6708 V 6709 V 6710 V 6711 V 6712 V 6713 V 6714 V 6715 V 6716 V 6717 V 6718 V 6719 V 6720 V 6721 V 6722 V 6723 V 6724 V 6725 V 6726 V 6728 Kormoran V 6729 Kranich V 6730 Polarfuchs V 6731 V 6732 V 6733 Widder V 6734 Stier V 6735 Löwe 68 Vorpostenflotille V 6801 Viking V 6802 Flame V 6803 Burgunder V 6804 Sachse V 6805 Geuse V 6806 Alemanne V 6807 Teutone V 6808 Rugier V 6811 V 6812 V 6813 V 6814 V 6815 V 6816 7 & 13 Sicherungsflotille V 7001 Francis Simone V 7002 Ste Jeanne d'Arc V 7003 Petit Jesus V 7004 St Joseph V 7005 St Casimir V 7006 St Louis V 7007 A la Volonté de Dieux V 7008 St Raphael V 7009 St Antonie V 7010 Volonté de la Vierge Marie V 7011 Phoque V 7012 Jeanne et Marie V 7013 Louise Elise V 7014 Jesus Nazareth V 7015 Ste Madeleine V 7016 Joseph François V 7017 St Come et Damien V 7018 St Christophe V 7019 SG 2 V 7020 V 7021 V 7022 Vessels are listed under their first designation within each Vorpostenflotille. Subsequent changes in pennant numbers not shown.	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"HMS Nordland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner1993197-1"},{"link_name":"GRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage"},{"link_name":"NRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_register_tonnage"},{"link_name":"triple expansion steam engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_expansion_steam_engine"},{"link_name":"Reiherstieg Schiffswerfte & Maschinenfabrik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiherstieg_Schiffswerfte_%26_Maschinenfabrik"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"nhp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_horsepower"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nordland30-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner1993197-1"}],"text":"The ship was 44.52 metres (146 ft 1 in) long, with a beam of 8.70 metres (28 ft 7 in). She had a depth of 4.55 metres (14 ft 11 in) and a draught of 3.75 metres (12 ft 4 in).[1] She was assessed at 393 GRT, 152 NRT. She was powered by a triple expansion steam engine, which had cylinders of 33 centimetres (13 in), 52 centimetres (20+1⁄2 in) and 81.8 centimetres (32+3⁄16 in) diameter by 64 centimetres (25+3⁄8 in) stroke. The engine was built by Reiherstieg Schiffswerfte & Maschinenfabrik, Hamburg, Germany. It was rated at 53nhp,[2] and could propel the ship at 10 knots (19 km/h).[1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"yard number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yard_number"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner1993197,_199-3"},{"link_name":"fishing boat registration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_boat_registration"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner1993199-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nordland34-5"},{"link_name":"Cuxhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuxhaven"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner1993199-4"},{"link_name":"Code Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Letters"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nordland30-2"},{"link_name":"Hans Wriedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_trawler_V_307_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times230232-6"},{"link_name":"Kriegsmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsmarine"},{"link_name":"vorpostenboot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorpostenboot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner1993199-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VF1-20-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner1993199-4"},{"link_name":"HMS Hostile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hostile_(H55)"},{"link_name":"Lofoten Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofoten_Islands"},{"link_name":"69°05′N 14°30′E / 69.083°N 14.500°E / 69.083; 14.500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=HMS_Nordland&params=69_05_N_14_30_E_"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hostile-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times150440-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner1993199-4"},{"link_name":"salvage vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvage_vessel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tulipfield49a-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner1993199-4"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"flash point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_point"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tulipfield49b-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tulipfield59-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blackjack127-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tulipfield59-12"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGr%C3%B6ner1993199-4"}],"text":"Nordland was built in 1922 as yard number 543 by Reiherstieg Schiffswerfte & Maschinenfabrik for the Deutsche Seefischerei.[3] She was launched on 3 October and completed on 5 December. The fishing boat registration HC 105 was allocated.[4] In 1934, her Code Letters were changed to DHRW.[5] On 21 March 1937, she was sold to the Nordsee Deutsche Hochseefischerei Bremen-Cuxhaven AG, Cuxhaven.[4] By 1930, the Code Letters RDCG were allocated.[2] On 21 February 1932, Nordland was driven ashore at \"Leiknes Gisund\", Norway. She was refloated the next day with assistance from the German trawlers Hans Wriedt and Lappland.[6]On 4 September 1939, Nordland was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine for use as a vorpostenboot.[4] She was allocated to 4 Vorpostenflotille as V 401 Nordland, but was redesignated V 411 Nordland three days later,[7] but was released from service.[4] She returned to use as a fishing trawler, with the registration PG 105. On 7 April 1940, she was captured by HMS Hostile off the Lofoten Islands, Norway (69°05′N 14°30′E / 69.083°N 14.500°E / 69.083; 14.500).[8] Nordland was one of three German trawlers captured about this time, the others being Blankenberg and Friesland.[9] She was commissioned as HMS Nordland,[4] and was used as a salvage vessel.[10]In 1948,[4] HMS Nordland was sold to the British Wheeler Process Ltd, Liverpool, Lancashire, United Kingdom. She was renamed Tulipfield, and was used as a sludge vessel for oils with a flash point in excess of 150 °F (66 °C).[11] Her port of registry was Liverpool. The United Kingdom Official Number 167703 and Code Letters MLZR were allocated.[12] British Wheeler Process Ltd. was a company specialising in the cleaning of ships' tanks.[13] Tulipfield was fitted with three tanks for the carrying of petroleum sludge. She was permitted to sail between British ports only.[12] She was scrapped in October 1965 by de Smedt, Antwerp, Belgium.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7637-4807-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7637-4807-5"}],"text":"Gröner, Erich (1993). Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815-1945 (in German). Vol. 8/I: Flußfahrzeuge, Ujäger, Vorpostenboote, Hilfsminensucher, Küstenschutzverbände (Teil 1). Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe. ISBN 3-7637-4807-5.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Nordland (58927)\" (PDF). Lloyd's Register: Trawlers &c. NIV-NOR (in English and French). London: Lloyd's Register. 1930–1931. Retrieved 16 November 2022 – via Southampton City Council.","urls":[{"url":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30a0355.pdf","url_text":"\"Nordland (58927)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register","url_text":"Lloyd's Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Nordland (63797)\" (PDF). Lloyd's Register: Trawlers &c. NOR (in English and French). London: Lloyd's Register. 1934–1935. Retrieved 16 November 2022 – via Southampton City Council.","urls":[{"url":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/34/34a0400.pdf","url_text":"\"Nordland (63797)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register","url_text":"Lloyd's Register"}]},{"reference":"\"Casualty Reports\". The Times. No. 46064. London. 23 February 1932. col C, p. 23.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Vorpostenflottillen 1939 – 1945\" (in German). Württembergische Landesbibliothek. Retrieved 16 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/seekrieg/km/vboote/vfl1-20.htm","url_text":"\"Vorpostenflottillen 1939 – 1945\""}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Hostile (H 55)\". Uboat. Retrieved 16 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4403.html","url_text":"\"HMS Hostile (H 55)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brilliant Work By The Royal Navy\". The Times. No. 48590. London. 15 April 1940. col A-B, p. 6.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"TUD-TUL LLOYD'S REGISTER 1948–49\". Lloyd's Register of Shipping. London: Lloyd's Register. 1949. Retrieved 16 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/HECROS1949MZ/page/n720/mode/1up","url_text":"\"TUD-TUL LLOYD'S REGISTER 1948–49\""}]},{"reference":"\"96374– 388 LLOYD'S REGISTER\". Lloyd's Register of Shipping. London: Lloyd's Register. 1949. Retrieved 16 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/HECROS1949MZ/page/n942/mode/1up","url_text":"\"96374– 388 LLOYD'S REGISTER\""}]},{"reference":"\"TULIPAN LLOYD'S REGISTER 1958–59\". Lloyd's Register of Shipping. London: Lloyd's Register. 1949. Retrieved 16 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/HECROS1959/page/n2453/mode/1up?","url_text":"\"TULIPAN LLOYD'S REGISTER 1958–59\""}]},{"reference":"\"(photograph)\" (PDF). Black Jack (127). Southampton Branch, World Ship Society: 1. Winter 2003.","urls":[{"url":"http://sotonwss.org.uk/blackjack/Sep03BJ.pdf","url_text":"\"(photograph)\""}]},{"reference":"Gröner, Erich (1993). Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815-1945 (in German). Vol. 8/I: Flußfahrzeuge, Ujäger, Vorpostenboote, Hilfsminensucher, Küstenschutzverbände (Teil 1). Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe. ISBN 3-7637-4807-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7637-4807-5","url_text":"3-7637-4807-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=HMS_Nordland&params=69_05_N_14_30_E_","external_links_name":"69°05′N 14°30′E / 69.083°N 14.500°E / 69.083; 14.500"},{"Link":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30a0355.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Nordland (58927)\""},{"Link":"https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/34/34a0400.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Nordland (63797)\""},{"Link":"http://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/seekrieg/km/vboote/vfl1-20.htm","external_links_name":"\"Vorpostenflottillen 1939 – 1945\""},{"Link":"https://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4403.html","external_links_name":"\"HMS Hostile (H 55)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/HECROS1949MZ/page/n720/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"TUD-TUL LLOYD'S REGISTER 1948–49\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/HECROS1949MZ/page/n942/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"96374– 388 LLOYD'S REGISTER\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/HECROS1959/page/n2453/mode/1up?","external_links_name":"\"TULIPAN LLOYD'S REGISTER 1958–59\""},{"Link":"http://sotonwss.org.uk/blackjack/Sep03BJ.pdf","external_links_name":"\"(photograph)\""},{"Link":"https://transportsofdelight.smugmug.com/SHIPS/British-Coastal-and-Short-Sea/DREDGERS/i-P95CcKt","external_links_name":"Photograph of Tulipfield"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirko_Pigliacelli	Mirko Pigliacelli	["1 Club career","1.1 CS U Craiova","1.2 Return to Italy","2 Career statistics","2.1 Club","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"]	Italian footballer Mirko PigliacelliPersonal informationDate of birth (1993-06-30) 30 June 1993 (age 30)Place of birth Rome, ItalyHeight 1.84 m (6 ft 0 in)Position(s) GoalkeeperTeam informationCurrent team PalermoNumber 22Youth career0000–2010 Lazio2010–2012 RomaSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2012–2015 Parma 0 (0)2012–2013 → Sassuolo (loan) 1 (0)2013 → Pescara (loan) 3 (0)2014 → Reggina (loan) 21 (0)2014–2015 → Frosinone (loan) 10 (0)2015 Frosinone 7 (0)2015–2018 Pescara 8 (0)2015–2016 → Pro Vercelli (loan) 39 (0)2017 → Trapani (loan) 21 (0)2018 → Pro Vercelli (loan) 21 (0)2018 Pro Vercelli 0 (0)2018 → Universitatea Craiova (loan) 21 (0)2019–2022 Universitatea Craiova 120 (1)2022– Palermo 74 (0)International career‡2011 Italy U18 3 (0)2011–2012 Italy U19 5 (0)2012–2014 Italy U20 7 (0)2013 Italy U21 1 (0) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 9 June 2024‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 9 September 2013 Mirko Pigliacelli (born 30 June 1993) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Serie B club Palermo. Club career Pigliacelli is a graduate of the Roma youth academy. In 2012, he moved to fellow Serie A club Parma. For the 2012–13 season, he was loaned to Serie B team Sassuolo, but played only once for I Neroverdi as they were promoted to Serie A. During the 2013–14 season, he had further Serie B loan spells, this time for Pescara and Reggina, playing a combined 24 league games. In 2014, he joined Serie B newcomers, Frosinone on a season long loan. on 26 January 2015 the deal became definitive. Pigliacelli then joined Pescara in the summer of 2015 as a free agent, and was immediately loaned to Pro Vercelli for the remainder of the season. On 3 January 2018, he was again loaned to Pro Vercelli. CS U Craiova On 30 June 2018, he joined CS U Craiova on a season long loan. After becoming one of the most appreciated goalkeepers of the Romanian Liga I, on 18 December 2018, "the white and blues" announced they had extended their contract with Pigliacelli. The goalkeeper signed a new deal until 2022, plus an extension for another year while CS U paid Pro Vercelli €300,000 to make the move permanent. In 2019, according to Tuttomercato he attracted transfer interest from Serie A clubs Torino, Cagliari and Parma. Return to Italy On 22 July 2022, Pigliacelli signed a three-year contract with Palermo in Serie B. Career statistics Club As of match played 12 December 2023 Club Season League Cup Europe Other Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Sassuolo (loan) 2012–13 1 0 0 0 – – 1 0 Pescara 2013–14 (loan) 3 0 2 0 – – 5 0 2017–18 8 0 1 0 – – 9 0 Total 11 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 Reggina (loan) 2013–14 21 0 0 0 – – 21 0 Frosinone 2014–15 17 0 0 0 – – 17 0 Pro Vercelli (loan) 2015–16 39 0 0 0 – – 39 0 2017–18 21 0 0 0 – – 21 0 Total 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 Trapani (loan) 2016–17 21 0 0 0 – – 21 0 CS U Craiova 2018–19 36 1 3 0 2 0 1 0 42 1 2019–20 29 0 1 0 6 0 – 36 0 2020–21 40 0 6 0 1 0 – 47 0 2021–22 35 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 40 0 2022–23 1 0 – – – 1 0 Total 141 1 12 0 10 0 3 0 166 1 Palermo 2022–23 38 0 2 0 – – 40 0 2023–24 16 0 1 0 – – 17 0 Total 54 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 57 0 Career total 326 1 18 0 10 0 3 0 357 1 ^ Appearances in Supercupa României ^ appearance in Supercupa României, appearance in Liga I play-offs for UEFA Europa Conference League Honours Sassuolo Serie B: 2012–13 CS U Craiova Cupa României: 2020–21 Supercupa României: 2021 Individual Liga I Team of the Regular Season: 2018–19, Liga I Team of the Season: 2018–19, 2020–21 Liga I Best Goalkeeper: 2020–21, References ^ La Gazzetta dello Sport profile (in Italian) ^ "MIRKO PIGLIACELLI AL FROSINONE" (in Italian). Frosinone Calcio. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2015. ^ "MIRKO PIGLIACELLI DEFINITIVO AL FROSINONE" (in Italian). Frosinone Calcio. 26 January 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015. ^ "Calcio Mercato Serie B" (in Italian). Milan: Lega Serie B. Archived from the original on 4 November 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2018. ^ "UFFICIALE: IL PORTIERE MIRKO PIGLIACELLI A TITOLO TEMPORANEO DAL PESCARA" (in Italian). F.C. Pro Vercelli 1892. 3 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2018. ^ "UFFICIALE: IL PORTIERE MIRKO PIGLIACELLI IN PRESTITO AL CRAIOVA" (in Italian). F.C. Pro Vercelli 1892. 30 June 2018. Archived from the original on 30 June 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2018. ^ "TRANSFER Pigliacelli – Cati bani a dat Universitatea Craiova pe portar: 'Nu ma asteptam sa semnez pentru ca…' \| FanClub Universitatea Craiova". Archived from the original on 2018-12-20. ^ "Vești bune pentru olteni". 28 November 2018. ^ "Mirko Pigliacelli, dorit în Serie A » Cagliari și Parma îl vor pe portarul lui CSU Craiova". GSP. ^ "EXCLUSIV Mirko Pigliacelli în Serie A! Anunţ OFICIAL despre viitorul goalkeeper-ului din Bănie. Cine îl poate înlocui la Craiova". Telekomsport. ^ "MIRKO PIGLIACELLI È ROSANERO" (in Italian). Palermo. 22 July 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022. ^ Mirko Pigliacelli at Soccerway. Retrieved 02 May 2021. ^ "Liga 1 Betano: Echipa sezonului regulat" (in Romanian). LPF.ro. 6 March 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2019. ^ "Echipa sezonului 2018/2019" (in Romanian). LPF.ro. 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019. ^ "LPF a ales "echipa ideală" a sezonului din Liga 1! Care echipă a oferit cei mai mulți jucători" (in Romanian). Digi Sport. 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021. External links Mirko Pigliacelli at Soccerway AIC profile (data by football.it) (in Italian) vtePalermo FC – current squad 1 Desplanches 2 Graves 3 Lund 4 Gomes 5 Lucioni 6 Štulac 7 Mancuso 8 Segre 9 Brunori (c) 10 Di Mariano 11 Insigne 12 Nespola 13 Kanurić 14 Ranocchia 15 Marconi 17 Di Francesco 18 Nedelcearu 20 Vasic 22 Pigliacelli 23 Diakité 25 Buttaro 27 Soleri 31 Aurelio 32 Ceccaroni 53 Henderson 70 Traorè 80 Coulibaly Head coach: Dionisi This biographical article related to association football in Italy, about a goalkeeper, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo_F.C."}],"text":"Mirko Pigliacelli (born 30 June 1993) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Serie B club Palermo.","title":"Mirko Pigliacelli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Roma"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_F.C."},{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Sassuolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Sassuolo_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Pescara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delfino_Pescara_1936"},{"link_name":"Reggina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggina_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Frosinone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frosinone_Calcio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pro Vercelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Pro_Vercelli_1892"},{"link_name":"Pro Vercelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Pro_Vercelli_1892"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Pigliacelli is a graduate of the Roma youth academy. In 2012, he moved to fellow Serie A club Parma. For the 2012–13 season, he was loaned to Serie B team Sassuolo, but played only once for I Neroverdi as they were promoted to Serie A. During the 2013–14 season, he had further Serie B loan spells, this time for Pescara and Reggina, playing a combined 24 league games.In 2014, he joined Serie B newcomers, Frosinone on a season long loan.[2] on 26 January 2015 the deal became definitive.[3]Pigliacelli then joined Pescara in the summer of 2015 as a free agent,[4] and was immediately loaned to Pro Vercelli for the remainder of the season. On 3 January 2018, he was again loaned to Pro Vercelli.[5]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CS U Craiova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Universitatea_Craiova"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Liga I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_I"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Torino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torino_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cagliari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliari_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_Calcio_1913"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"CS U Craiova","text":"On 30 June 2018, he joined CS U Craiova on a season long loan.[6]\nAfter becoming one of the most appreciated goalkeepers of the Romanian Liga I, on 18 December 2018, \"the white and blues\" announced they had extended their contract with Pigliacelli. The goalkeeper signed a new deal until 2022, plus an extension for another year while CS U paid Pro Vercelli €300,000 to make the move permanent.[7][8]In 2019, according to Tuttomercato he attracted transfer interest from Serie A clubs Torino, Cagliari and Parma.[9][10]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo_F.C."},{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Return to Italy","text":"On 22 July 2022, Pigliacelli signed a three-year contract with Palermo in Serie B.[11]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SCR_13-0"},{"link_name":"Supercupa României","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercupa_Rom%C3%A2niei"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Supercupa României","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Supercupa_Rom%C3%A2niei"},{"link_name":"Liga I play-offs for UEFA Europa Conference League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Liga_I#European_play-offs"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"As of match played 12 December 2023[12]^ Appearances in Supercupa României\n\n^ appearance in Supercupa României, appearance in Liga I play-offs for UEFA Europa Conference League","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Cupa României","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupa_Rom%C3%A2niei"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Cupa_Rom%C3%A2niei"},{"link_name":"Supercupa României","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercupa_Rom%C3%A2niei"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Supercupa_Rom%C3%A2niei"},{"link_name":"Liga I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_I"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Liga_I"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Liga I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_I"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Liga_I"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Liga_I"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Liga I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_I"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Liga_I"}],"text":"SassuoloSerie B: 2012–13CS U CraiovaCupa României: 2020–21\nSupercupa României: 2021IndividualLiga I Team of the Regular Season: 2018–19,[13]Liga I Team of the Season: 2018–19,[14] 2020–21[15]Liga I Best Goalkeeper: 2020–21,","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"MIRKO PIGLIACELLI AL FROSINONE\" (in Italian). Frosinone Calcio. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.frosinonecalcio.com/mirko-pigliacelli-al-frosinone/","url_text":"\"MIRKO PIGLIACELLI AL FROSINONE\""}]},{"reference":"\"MIRKO PIGLIACELLI DEFINITIVO AL FROSINONE\" (in Italian). Frosinone Calcio. 26 January 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.frosinonecalcio.com/mirko-pigliacelli-definitivo-al-frosinone/","url_text":"\"MIRKO PIGLIACELLI DEFINITIVO AL FROSINONE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Calcio Mercato Serie B\" (in Italian). Milan: Lega Serie B. Archived from the original on 4 November 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151104032012/http://www.legab.it/campionato-serie-b/calcio-mercato","url_text":"\"Calcio Mercato Serie B\""},{"url":"http://www.legab.it/campionato-serie-b/calcio-mercato","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UFFICIALE: IL PORTIERE MIRKO PIGLIACELLI A TITOLO TEMPORANEO DAL PESCARA\" (in Italian). F.C. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics	Luxembourg at the 1984 Summer Olympics	["1 Results by event","1.1 Archery","1.2 Athletics","2 References"]	Sporting event delegationLuxembourg at the1984 Summer OlympicsIOC codeLUXNOCLuxembourg Olympic and Sporting CommitteeWebsitewww.teamletzebuerg.lu (in French)in Los AngelesFlag bearer Jeannette Goergen-PhilipMedals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer Olympics appearances (overview)19001904–190819121920192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024 Luxembourg competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States. Results by event Archery In its third appearance in Olympic archer, Luxembourg was represented by two men and one woman. Veteran Andre Braun improved his score from four years earlier by over 70 points, but dropped eight places in the rankings due to a more competitive field. Jeannette Goergen tied Braun's 1980 performance for best ranking, at 16th place. Women's Individual Competition Athlete Event Ranking round Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Score Seed Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Jeannette Goergen Women's Individual 2452 16 Did not advance Men's Individual Competition Athlete Event Ranking round Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Score Seed Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Andre Braun Men's Individual 2459 24 Did not advance Jean Claude Rohla Men's Individual 2421 32 Did not advance Athletics Men's Marathon Athlete Event Final Result Rank Marc Agosta Marathon 2:27.41 54 References ^ "Jeannette Goergen-Philip". olympedia.org. Retrieved 2 January 2024. ^ "Jeannette Goergen-Philip Bio, Stats, and Results". Sports-Reference. 2016-03-06. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2017-03-20. ^ a b "Archery at the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Games: Men's Individual". Sports-Reference. 2016-03-04. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-03-20. ^ "Athletics at the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Games: Men's Marathon". Sports-Reference. 2016-03-04. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2017-03-20. vteNations at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United StatesAfrica Algeria Benin Botswana Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zaire Zambia Zimbabwe America Antigua-Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Suriname Trinidad-Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands Asia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Burma China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iraq Japan Jordan South Korea Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Chinese Taipei Thailand United Arab Emirates North Yemen Europe Andorra Austria Belgium Cyprus Denmark Finland France West Germany Great Britain Greece Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Monaco Netherlands Norway Portugal Romania San Marino Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Yugoslavia Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Tonga Western Samoa vteLuxembourg at the OlympicsSummer Olympic Games19001904–190819121920192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Winter Olympic Games1928193219361948–19841988199219941998200220062010201420182022 This article about Luxembourgish sport is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This 1984 Olympics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"1984 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"Luxembourg competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States.","title":"Luxembourg at the 1984 Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results by event"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andre Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Braun"},{"link_name":"Jeannette Goergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeannette_Goergen"}],"sub_title":"Archery","text":"In its third appearance in Olympic archer, Luxembourg was represented by two men and one woman. Veteran Andre Braun improved his score from four years earlier by over 70 points, but dropped eight places in the rankings due to a more competitive field. Jeannette Goergen tied Braun's 1980 performance for best ranking, at 16th place.Women's Individual CompetitionMen's Individual Competition","title":"Results by event"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Men's Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_Marathon"}],"sub_title":"Athletics","text":"Men's Marathon","title":"Results by event"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Jeannette Goergen-Philip\". olympedia.org. Retrieved 2 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/1985","url_text":"\"Jeannette Goergen-Philip\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeannette Goergen-Philip Bio, Stats, and Results\". Sports-Reference. 2016-03-06. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Carvalho	Felipe Carvalho	["1 Career statistics","2 Honours","3 References","4 External links"]	Uruguayan football defender (born 1993) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Carvalho and the second or maternal family name is da Silva. Felipe Carvalho Personal informationFull name Luis Felipe Carvalho da SilvaDate of birth (1993-09-18) 18 September 1993 (age 30)Place of birth Rivera, UruguayHeight 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)Position(s) Centre-backTeam informationCurrent team TacuarembóYouth career 14 de Julho Bagé Ponte Preta0000–2013 InternacionalSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2014 Peñarol de Rivera 2015 Tacuarembó 15 (0)2015–2017 Malmö FF 17 (4)2016 → Falkenbergs FF (loan) 14 (0)2018–2021 Vålerenga 22 (1)2019 → Nacional (loan) 28 (0)2021 Bolívar 3 (0)2021 River Plate 5 (0)2022 Boston River 13 (0)2023 Juventude 9 (0)2023– Tacuarembó 0 (0) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 28 February 2023 Luis Felipe Carvalho Da Silva (born 18 September 1993) is a Uruguayan football player, who plays as a centre-back for Juventude. He played in several Brazilian youth teams, including Internacional. After a stint with the amateur team of Peñarol de Rivera and another one with the Tacuarembó in the Uruguayan Primera División, he was discovered by the Norwegian scout Terje Liverød who is based in Uruguay and brought Carvalho to the Swedish champions Malmö FF for whom he signed on 11 July 2015. Career statistics As of 30 September 2018 Club Season League Cup Continental Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Tacuarembó 2014–15 Uruguayan Primera División 15 0 0 0 – 15 0 Malmö FF 2015 Allsvenskan 11 2 0 0 7 0 18 2 2016 Allsvenskan 2 1 0 0 – 2 1 2017 Allsvenskan 4 1 0 0 0 0 4 1 Total 17 4 0 0 7 0 24 4 Falkenbergs FF (loan) 2016 Allsvenskan 14 0 1 0 – 15 0 Vålerenga 2018 Eliteserien 22 1 5 2 – 27 3 Nacional 2019 Uruguayan Primera División 28 0 0 0 – 28 0 Career total 96 5 6 2 7 0 109 7 ^ Includes the Svenska Cupen and Norwegian Football Cup ^ All appearances in the UEFA Champions League Honours Malmö FF Allsvenskan: 2016, 2017 Nacional Uruguayan Primera División: 2019 References ^ "Felipe Carvalho". svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). Swedish Football Association. Retrieved 26 May 2016. ^ "Felipe Carvalho se transfere para clube Malmo, da Suécia". aplateia.com.br (in Portuguese). 13 July 2015. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015. ^ "Välkommen till MFF, Felipe Carvalho". mff.se (in Swedish). Malmö FF. 11 July 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015. ^ Felipe Carvalho at Soccerway. Retrieved 5 November 2017. External links Felipe Carvalho at Soccerway Malmö FF profile (in Swedish) Felipe Carvalho at the Swedish Football Association (in Swedish) (archived) vteJuventude – current squad 1 Gabriel 2 João Lucas 3 Zé Marcos 4 D. Boza 5 Oyama 7 Erick 8 Thiaguinho 9 Gilberto 10 Nenê 11 Marcelinho 12 G. Inocêncio 14 Ewerthon 16 Jadson 17 E. Carioca 19 Taliari 20 Jean Carlos 21 L. Barbosa 22 João Vitor 23 Abner 28 Alan Ruschel 29 Ruan 33 Renan 34 R. Sam 35 Pinna 37 Rildo 43 L. Freitas 44 Mandaca 45 Werik Popó 53 Romércio 72 Peixoto 75 Kleiton 77 M. Claus 92 Mário 95 Caíque 99 Wingert P. Bez Head coach: Roger Machado	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"centre-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-back"},{"link_name":"Juventude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esporte_Clube_Juventude"},{"link_name":"Internacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Club_Internacional"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tacuarembó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacuaremb%C3%B3_F.C."},{"link_name":"Uruguayan Primera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Terje Liverød","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terje_Liver%C3%B8d"},{"link_name":"Malmö FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_FF"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Carvalho and the second or maternal family name is da Silva.Luis Felipe Carvalho Da Silva (born 18 September 1993) is a Uruguayan football player, who plays as a centre-back for Juventude.He played in several Brazilian youth teams, including Internacional.[2] After a stint with the amateur team of Peñarol de Rivera and another one with the Tacuarembó in the Uruguayan Primera División, he was discovered by the Norwegian scout Terje Liverød who is based in Uruguay and brought Carvalho to the Swedish champions Malmö FF for whom he signed on 11 July 2015.[3]","title":"Felipe Carvalho"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Svenska Cupen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Cupen"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Football Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"}],"text":"As of 30 September 2018[4]^ Includes the Svenska Cupen and Norwegian Football Cup\n\n^ All appearances in the UEFA Champions League","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allsvenskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Allsvenskan"},{"link_name":"Uruguayan Primera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"}],"text":"Malmö FFAllsvenskan: 2016, 2017NacionalUruguayan Primera División: 2019","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Felipe Carvalho\". svenskfotboll.se (in Swedish). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Express_USA	Super Express USA	["1 See also","2 External links"]	Super Express USAPolish American DailyTypeDaily newspaperFormatCompact/BroadsheetOwner(s)Media Express USAStaff writers2FoundedApril 15, 1996 (1996-04-15)LanguagePolishHeadquarters111 John Street, Floor 28 PenthouseNew York, NY 10038 United StatesCirculation25,000ISSN0867-8723Websitewww.se.pl Super Express USA is the largest Polish-American newspaper in the United States. The newspaper has been published daily except Sundays and Holidays since April 15, 1996 and is distributed in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Chicago. The New York headquarter office is located in Manhattan on John Street, near the World Trade Center. The publishers are Super Express USA and Media Express USA. Its president is Beata Pierzchała and executive editor is Adam Michejda. Among many others famous writers for Super Express USA include: former prime minister - Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz former prime minister - Leszek Miller former president of the Polish Football Association - Michal Listkiewicz broadcast journalist, U.S correspondent, American producer & writer - Max Kolonko politician, author of the most popular blog in Poland - Janusz Korwin-Mikke the most famous Polish detective - Krzysztof Rutkowski See also List of newspapers in New York List of New York City newspapers and magazines Media in Chicago External links www.se.pl Super Express USA website This article about a New York newspaper is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Polish newspaper is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Marcinkiewicz"},{"link_name":"Leszek Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leszek_Miller"},{"link_name":"Michal Listkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michal_Listkiewicz"},{"link_name":"Max Kolonko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Kolonko"},{"link_name":"Janusz Korwin-Mikke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikke"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Rutkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Rutkowski"}],"text":"Super Express USA is the largest Polish-American newspaper in the United States.The newspaper has been published daily except Sundays and Holidays since April 15, 1996 and is distributed in New York, New Jersey,\nConnecticut, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Chicago.The New York headquarter office is located in Manhattan on John Street, near the World Trade Center. The publishers are Super Express USA and Media Express USA. Its president is Beata Pierzchała and executive editor is Adam Michejda.Among many others famous writers for Super Express USA include:former prime minister - Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz\nformer prime minister - Leszek Miller\nformer president of the Polish Football Association - Michal Listkiewicz\nbroadcast journalist, U.S correspondent, American producer & writer - Max Kolonko\npolitician, author of the most popular blog in Poland - Janusz Korwin-Mikke\nthe most famous Polish detective - Krzysztof Rutkowski","title":"Super Express USA"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of newspapers in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_New_York_(state)"},{"title":"List of New York City newspapers and magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_newspapers_and_magazines"},{"title":"Media in Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Chicago"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0867-8723","external_links_name":"0867-8723"},{"Link":"http://www.se.pl/","external_links_name":"www.se.pl"},{"Link":"http://www.se.pl/","external_links_name":"www.se.pl"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Express_USA&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Express_USA&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larenz_Tate	Larenz Tate	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","3.3 Video games","4 References","5 External links"]	American actor (born 1975) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Larenz Tate" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Larenz TateBorn (1975-09-08) September 8, 1975 (age 48)Chicago, Illinois, U.S.OccupationActorYears active1985–presentSpouse Tomasina Parrott (m. 2006)Children3 Larenz Tate (born September 8, 1975) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his roles as O-Dog in Menace II Society, Anthony Curtis in Dead Presidents, and as Councilman Rashad Tate in Power. Tate's other films and television series include the films Love Jones, A Man Apart, Crash, Waist Deep, Ray and the television series Rush and Game of Silence. Early life Tate was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Peggy and Larry Tate. He is the youngest of three siblings; his two brothers, Larron and Lahmard, are also actors. The family moved to California during the early 1980s. Convinced by their parents to enter a drama program at the Inner City Cultural Center, the trio did not take the lessons seriously until classmate Malcolm-Jamal Warner's ascent to fame after being cast on the sitcom The Cosby Show. Subsequently, realizing that they could parlay their efforts into a tangible form of success, the siblings began to receive small roles and in 1985, Tate made his small-screen debut in an episode of The New Twilight Zone. Tate attended Palmdale High School, graduating in 1993. Career Following appearances in such television series as 21 Jump Street and The Wonder Years, Tate was cast in the television movie The Women of Brewster Place before receiving the recurring role of Steve Urkel's nemesis, Willie Fuffner, in the sitcom Family Matters. He also appeared as Curtis, a grandson of Redd Foxx's character on the CBS series The Royal Family. Foxx died of a heart attack a month after The Royal Family debuted, and a reworking with Jackée Harry as part of the cast failed to save the series. After numerous acting roles on television, collaborative filmmaking siblings Albert and Allen Hughes approached him to star in their debut feature Menace II Society in 1993. In the film, Tate portrayed "O-Dog", a trigger-happy teenager. Frederick I. Douglass of the Baltimore Black-American opined Tate's performance in the film made it an instant classic. Tate had a regular role on the short-lived television series South Central (1994) as Andre. Tate acted in The Inkwell (1994) as Drew. One reviewer praised his performance and called Tate a "promising" actor. However, in negative reviews Tate was seen as "overacting" and compared unfavorably to Jim Carrey. In 1995, Tate portrayed Vietnam veteran Anthony Curtis in the Hughes brothers' Dead Presidents. A film reviewer stated Tate proved he could play sympathetic characters with his performance in the film. He took on the role of love-stricken young poet Darius in Love Jones (1997). Critic Jay Carr found Tate "engaging" in the role. Tate also played Kenny in The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air in the episode "That's No Lady, That's My Cousin", which was produced by Quincy Jones who Tate would later portray in the 2004 film Ray. In 1997, Tate appeared as Ford Lincoln Mercury in The Postman. He played Frankie Lymon in the biopic Why Do Fools Fall in Love (1998). One critic praised Tate's dancing prowess in the film. He was the lead character, Neville, in 2000's Love Come Down. Throughout the 2000s, Tate continued his film career. Tate portrayed Vin Diesel's drug officer partner in A Man Apart (2003), with his other film work including Biker Boyz (2003), Crash (2004), and Waist Deep (2006). Tate was featured in R&B singer Ashanti's 2003 released music video Rain on Me, where he played the jealous, abusive spouse of Ashanti. The video touched on the subject of domestic abuse. In the video game 187 Ride or Die, Tate voices the main character, Buck. Tate portrayed Shooter Cooper in Love Monkey, which was cancelled after three episodes. He starred in seasons 4-7 of FX's Rescue Me as Bart "Black Shawn" Johnston. Tate appeared as Malcolm, the brother of Don Cheadle's character, in House of Lies and guest starred on an episode of The Mindy Project. Tate starred as beta tester Max in Beta Test (2016) and appeared in the 2017 film Girls Trip. Starting in 2017, Tate played Councilman Rashad Tate on Power, and continued portraying the character in sequel series Power Book II: Ghost. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1991 Clippers TJ TV movie Seeds of Tragedy Cornelius TV movie 1993 Menace II Society Kevin "O-Dog" Anderson 1994 The Inkwell Drew Tate 1995 Dead Presidents Anthony Curtis 1997 Love Jones Darius Lovehall The Postman Ford Lincoln Mercury 1998 Why Do Fools Fall in Love Frankie Lymon 2000 Love Come Down Neville Carter 2003 Biker Boyz Wood A Man Apart Demetrius Hicks 2004 Crash Peter Waters Ray Quincy Jones 2006 Waist Deep Lucky 2008 Blue Blood Tre TV movie 2011 Sacks West Larenz Short Gun Hill Bird Stevens/Train Stevens TV movie 2015 White Water Terrance TV movie 2016 Beta Test Max 2017 Girls Trip Julian Deuces Deuces Salamander Ethan TV movie 2019 Business Ethics Zachery Cranston 2025 Michael Berry Gordy Post-production Television Year Title Role Notes 1985 The Twilight Zone Older Brother Episode: "Night of the Meek" 1987 Hunter Sporty's Nephew Episode: "Crossfire" Frank's Place Other Boy Episode: "Cool and the Gang: Part 1 & 2" 1988 Sonny Spoon Tim Episode: "Cheap & Chili" Amen LeShawn Episode: "Get Em Up, Scout" 1989 21 Jump Street Young Adam Fuller Episode: "Wolly Bullies" The Wonder Years Basketball Team Captain Episode: "Loosiers" The Women of Brewster Place Sammy TV mini series Matlock Street Kid #3 Episode: "The Scrooge" 1990 New Attitude Chilly D Main cast You Take the Kids Tyrone Episode: "The Eggs & I" 1990–91 Family Matters Willie Fuffner Recurring cast: season 2 1991 The Royal Family Curtis Royal Main cast 1992 The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air Kenny Episode: "That's No Lady, That's My Cousin" 1993 Harts of the West Marcus Episode: "Cowboyz in the Hood" 1994 South Central Andre Mosely Main cast 2006 Waterfront Marcus Main cast Love Monkey Derrick "Shooter" Cooper Main cast 2007-11 Rescue Me Bart "Black Sean" Johnston Recurring cast: seasons 4-5, main cast: seasons 6-7 2011 Justified Clinton Moss Episode: "For Blood or Money" 2013 The Mindy Project Tracy Episode: "Mindy Lahiri Is a Racist" 2013–15 House of Lies Malcolm Kaan Recurring cast: seasons 2-4 2014 Rush Alex Burke Main cast 2016 Game of Silence Shawn Cook Main cast 2017–20 Power Councilman Rashad Tate Recurring cast: season 4, main cast: seasons 5-6 2020-23 Power Book II: Ghost Recurring cast: season 1, main cast: seasons 2-3 Video games Year Title Role Notes 2005 187 Ride or Die Buck Voice role References ^ Willis, John; Monush, Barry (April 1, 2006). Screen World: 2005 Film Annual. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 978-1-55783-668-7. Retrieved October 4, 2018 – via Google Books. ^ Berry, S. Torriano; Berry, Venise T. (September 2, 2009). The A to Z of African American Cinema. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7034-5. Retrieved October 4, 2018 – via Google Books. ^ "Larenz Tate profile". Filmreference.com. September 8, 1975. Retrieved October 6, 2010. ^ a b Thompson, Malissa (March 25, 1997). "the single guy". The Spokesman-Review. p. 69. ^ Peters, Jenny (September 27, 1995). "Larenz Tate is dead on target in 'Presidents'". The Boca Raton News. p. 3. ^ Thompson, Phillip (January 16, 2006). "Chicago's Larenz Tate enjoys life as a ladies' man on CBS dramedy". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 13, 2022. ^ Williams, Kam (April 25, 2003). "Larenz Tate says he's 'just a normal guy, aside from being an actor'". Indianapolis Recorder. p. C3. ^ "Hall of Fame – Alumni – Palmdale High School". Phsfalcons.org. Archived from the original on October 9, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2021. ^ Mendoza, N.F. (July 9, 1995). "Harrison happy as Waldo on hit 'Family Matters'". The Daily Gazette. p. 3. ^ Pierce, Scott D. (September 18, 1991). "Redd Foxx, Della Reese ignite sparks on new sitcom 'The Royal Family'". The Deseret News. p. 6C. ^ O'Connor, John J. (April 8, 1992). "Reviews/Television; Mom Adds a Daughter, and a Show Goes On". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2022. ^ Pallot, James (June 27, 1993). "'Menace' Is Grim Portrayal of Street Life". The Durant Daily Democrat. p. 12. ^ Douglass, Frederick I. (May 29, 1993). "Menace II Society". Baltimore Afro-American. p. B5. ^ Elber, Lynn (April 5, 1994). "'Central' avoids stereotypes". Lawrence Journal-World. p. 2D. ^ Wilson, Calvin (May 24, 1994). "'Inkwell' dips into a warm tale". The Vindicator. p. B9. ^ Caltagirone, Stephanie (April 28, 1994). "Coming-of-age 'The Inkwell' suffers from lots of sugar, little substance". Reading Eagle. p. A14. ^ Wuntich, Philip (April 29, 1994). "Comedy is pleasant, forgettable". The Boca Raton News. p. 9E. ^ Hicks, Chris (October 6, 1995). "'Dead Presidents' tries to do too much". The Deseret News. p. 24. ^ Boyar, Jay (October 7, 1995). "Adept directing duo make film worth watching". The Free-Lance Star. p. B5. ^ Carr, Jay (March 15, 1997). "'Love Jones' is fluent in the language of love". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. p. E8. ^ "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (TV series): That's No Lady, That's My Cousin". IMDb.com. Retrieved April 16, 2018. ^ Scott, A. O. (October 29, 2004). "Portrait of Genius, Painted in Music". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2022. ^ Turan, Kenneth (December 30, 1997). "Costner's silly movie 'Postman' fails to deliver the goods". The Daily Gazette. p. A4. ^ Fine, Marshall (August 30, 1998). "'Fools' entertaining if not all-telling". Sunday-Times Sentinel. p. C8. ^ Thomas McClauskey, Audrey (2007). Frame by Frame III: A Filmography of the African Diasporan Image, 1994-2004. Indiana University Press. p. 449. ISBN 9780253348296. ^ Longino, Bob (April 4, 2003). "Vin Diesel energizes old-school hero in 'A Man Apart'". The Victoria Advocate. p. 3E. ^ "Biker Boyz". Rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved October 6, 2010. ^ Ebert, Roger (November 2005). Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2006. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 144. ISBN 9780740755385. ^ Moore, Roger (June 22, 2006). "'Waist Deep' Often In Over Its Head". Lakeland Ledger. p. 5. ^ Bark, Ed (January 16, 2006). "CBS goes apes for love". Allegheny Times. p. B4. ^ Wilson, Kimberly N. (February 28, 2013). "Larenz Tate Spreads Truth on 'House of Lies'". Ebony. Retrieved November 12, 2022. ^ Highfill, Samantha (October 4, 2013). "Larenz Tate to guest star on 'The Mindy Project'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 12, 2022. ^ Leydon, Joe (July 22, 2016). "Film Review: 'Beta Test'". Variety. Retrieved November 12, 2022. ^ McNary, Dave (June 24, 2016). "Mike Colter, Larenz Tate Join Queen Latifah, Jada Pinkett Smith's 'Girl Trip' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved November 12, 2022. ^ Evans, Greg (August 16, 2019). "'Power': Donna Murphy To Recur On Sixth & Final Season Of Starz Series". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 12, 2022. ^ Porter, Rick (October 6, 2021). "Starz's 'Power Book II' Ups Larenz Tate to Series Regular (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 12, 2022. External links Larenz Tate on Menace II Society and House of Lies, fastlifeshow.com, December 2012; accessed September 18, 2015. Larenz Tate at IMDb vteBlack Reel Award for Outstanding Actor, TV Movie or Limited Series Don Cheadle (2000) T. K. Carter (2001) Roger Guenveur Smith (2002) Harry Lennix (2003) Forest Whitaker (2004) Jamie Foxx (2005) Michael Ealy (2006) Andre Braugher (2007) Idris Elba (2012) Sean Patrick Thomas (2013) Chiwetel Ejiofor (2014) Larenz Tate (2015) David Oyelowo (2016) Courtney B. Vance (2017) Woody McClain (2017) Michael B. Jordan (2018) Jharrel Jerome (2019) Blair Underwood (2020) Leslie Odom Jr. (2021) Samuel L. Jackson (2022) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Menace II Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menace_II_Society"},{"link_name":"Dead Presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Presidents"},{"link_name":"Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Love Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Jones_(film)"},{"link_name":"A Man Apart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_Apart"},{"link_name":"Crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Waist Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waist_Deep"},{"link_name":"Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_(film)"},{"link_name":"Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Game of Silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Silence_(American_TV_series)"}],"text":"American actor (born 1975)Larenz Tate (born September 8, 1975[1][2]) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his roles as O-Dog in Menace II Society, Anthony Curtis in Dead Presidents, and as Councilman Rashad Tate in Power. Tate's other films and television series include the films Love Jones, A Man Apart, Crash, Waist Deep, Ray and the television series Rush and Game of Silence.","title":"Larenz Tate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thompson-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peters-5"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Malcolm-Jamal Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm-Jamal_Warner"},{"link_name":"The Cosby Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cosby_Show"},{"link_name":"The New Twilight Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(1985_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Palmdale High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmdale_High_School"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Tate was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Peggy and Larry Tate.[3] He is the youngest of three siblings; his two brothers, Larron and Lahmard, are also actors.[4][5] The family moved to California during the early 1980s.[6] Convinced by their parents to enter a drama program at the Inner City Cultural Center, the trio did not take the lessons seriously until classmate Malcolm-Jamal Warner's ascent to fame after being cast on the sitcom The Cosby Show. Subsequently, realizing that they could parlay their efforts into a tangible form of success, the siblings began to receive small roles and in 1985, Tate made his small-screen debut in an episode of The New Twilight Zone.[7] Tate attended Palmdale High School, graduating in 1993.[8]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"21 Jump Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Jump_Street"},{"link_name":"The Wonder Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonder_Years"},{"link_name":"The Women of Brewster Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Women_of_Brewster_Place_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Steve Urkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Urkel"},{"link_name":"Family Matters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Matters"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Redd Foxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redd_Foxx"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"The Royal Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Family_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jackée Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%C3%A9e_Harry"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Albert and Allen Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_brothers"},{"link_name":"Menace II Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menace_II_Society"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Black-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baltimore_Black-American&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"South Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Central_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Inkwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inkwell"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Jim Carrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Carrey"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Dead Presidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Presidents"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Love Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Jones_(film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thompson-4"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel-Air"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Quincy Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Jones"},{"link_name":"Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_(film)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"The Postman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Postman_(film)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Frankie Lymon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Lymon"},{"link_name":"Why Do Fools Fall in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Do_Fools_Fall_in_Love_(film)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Love Come Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Come_Down_(film)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Vin Diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_Diesel"},{"link_name":"A Man Apart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_Apart"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Biker Boyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biker_Boyz"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Waist Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waist_Deep"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues"},{"link_name":"Ashanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Rain on Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_on_Me_(Ashanti_song)"},{"link_name":"187 Ride or Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/187_Ride_or_Die"},{"link_name":"Love Monkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Monkey"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"FX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FX_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Rescue Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_Me_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Don Cheadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Cheadle"},{"link_name":"House of Lies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lies"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"The Mindy Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mindy_Project"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Beta Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Test_(film)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Girls Trip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_Trip"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Power Book II: Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Book_II:_Ghost"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Following appearances in such television series as 21 Jump Street and The Wonder Years, Tate was cast in the television movie The Women of Brewster Place before receiving the recurring role of Steve Urkel's nemesis, Willie Fuffner, in the sitcom Family Matters.[9] He also appeared as Curtis, a grandson of Redd Foxx's character on the CBS series The Royal Family.[10] Foxx died of a heart attack a month after The Royal Family debuted, and a reworking with Jackée Harry as part of the cast failed to save the series.[11]After numerous acting roles on television, collaborative filmmaking siblings Albert and Allen Hughes approached him to star in their debut feature Menace II Society in 1993. In the film, Tate portrayed \"O-Dog\", a trigger-happy teenager.[12] Frederick I. Douglass of the Baltimore Black-American opined Tate's performance in the film made it an instant classic.[13] Tate had a regular role on the short-lived television series South Central (1994) as Andre.[14]Tate acted in The Inkwell (1994) as Drew. One reviewer praised his performance and called Tate a \"promising\" actor.[15] However, in negative reviews Tate was seen as \"overacting\"[16] and compared unfavorably to Jim Carrey.[17] In 1995, Tate portrayed Vietnam veteran Anthony Curtis in the Hughes brothers' Dead Presidents.[18] A film reviewer stated Tate proved he could play sympathetic characters with his performance in the film.[19]He took on the role of love-stricken young poet Darius in Love Jones (1997).[4] Critic Jay Carr found Tate \"engaging\" in the role.[20] Tate also played Kenny in The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air in the episode \"That's No Lady, That's My Cousin\",[21] which was produced by Quincy Jones who Tate would later portray in the 2004 film Ray.[22]In 1997, Tate appeared as Ford Lincoln Mercury in The Postman.[23] He played Frankie Lymon in the biopic Why Do Fools Fall in Love (1998). One critic praised Tate's dancing prowess in the film.[24] He was the lead character, Neville, in 2000's Love Come Down.[25]Throughout the 2000s, Tate continued his film career. Tate portrayed Vin Diesel's drug officer partner in A Man Apart (2003),[26] with his other film work including Biker Boyz (2003),[27] Crash (2004),[28] and Waist Deep (2006).[29] Tate was featured in R&B singer Ashanti's 2003 released music video Rain on Me, where he played the jealous, abusive spouse of Ashanti. The video touched on the subject of domestic abuse. In the video game 187 Ride or Die, Tate voices the main character, Buck.Tate portrayed Shooter Cooper in Love Monkey,[30] which was cancelled after three episodes. He starred in seasons 4-7 of FX's Rescue Me as Bart \"Black Shawn\" Johnston.[citation needed] Tate appeared as Malcolm, the brother of Don Cheadle's character, in House of Lies[31] and guest starred on an episode of The Mindy Project.[32] Tate starred as beta tester Max in Beta Test (2016)[33] and appeared in the 2017 film Girls Trip.[34] Starting in 2017, Tate played Councilman Rashad Tate on Power,[35] and continued portraying the character in sequel series Power Book II: Ghost.[36]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Video games","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Willis, John; Monush, Barry (April 1, 2006). Screen World: 2005 Film Annual. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 978-1-55783-668-7. Retrieved October 4, 2018 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Willis","url_text":"Willis, John"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UCCkhsztnYgC&q=larenz+tate+1975&pg=PA375","url_text":"Screen World: 2005 Film Annual"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55783-668-7","url_text":"978-1-55783-668-7"}]},{"reference":"Berry, S. Torriano; Berry, Venise T. (September 2, 2009). The A to Z of African American Cinema. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7034-5. Retrieved October 4, 2018 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Torriano_Berry","url_text":"Berry, S. Torriano"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venise_T._Berry","url_text":"Berry, Venise T."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W28vCHtlJyUC&q=larenz+tate+1975&pg=PA321","url_text":"The A to Z of African American Cinema"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7034-5","url_text":"978-0-8108-7034-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Larenz Tate profile\". Filmreference.com. September 8, 1975. Retrieved October 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmreference.com/film/36/Larenz-Tate.html","url_text":"\"Larenz Tate profile\""}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Malissa (March 25, 1997). \"the single guy\". The Spokesman-Review. p. 69.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spokesman-Review","url_text":"The Spokesman-Review"}]},{"reference":"Peters, Jenny (September 27, 1995). \"Larenz Tate is dead on target in 'Presidents'\". The Boca Raton News. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boca_Raton_News","url_text":"The Boca Raton News"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Phillip (January 16, 2006). \"Chicago's Larenz Tate enjoys life as a ladies' man on CBS dramedy\". The Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2006-01-16-0601170002-story.html","url_text":"\"Chicago's Larenz Tate enjoys life as a ladies' man on CBS dramedy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"The Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Kam (April 25, 2003). \"Larenz Tate says he's 'just a normal guy, aside from being an actor'\". Indianapolis Recorder. p. C3.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspapers.library.in.gov/cgi-bin/indiana?a=d&d=INR20030425-01.1.19&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-%22larenz+tate%22------","url_text":"\"Larenz Tate says he's 'just a normal guy, aside from being an actor'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Recorder","url_text":"Indianapolis Recorder"}]},{"reference":"\"Hall of Fame – Alumni – Palmdale High School\". Phsfalcons.org. Archived from the original on October 9, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171009041816/http://www.phsfalcons.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=289292&type=d&pREC_ID=698628","url_text":"\"Hall of Fame – Alumni – Palmdale High School\""},{"url":"http://www.phsfalcons.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=289292&type=d&pREC_ID=698628","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mendoza, N.F. (July 9, 1995). \"Harrison happy as Waldo on hit 'Family Matters'\". The Daily Gazette. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Gazette","url_text":"The Daily Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Pierce, Scott D. (September 18, 1991). \"Redd Foxx, Della Reese ignite sparks on new sitcom 'The Royal Family'\". The Deseret News. p. 6C.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deseret_News","url_text":"The Deseret News"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, John J. (April 8, 1992). \"Reviews/Television; Mom Adds a Daughter, and a Show Goes On\". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._O%27Connor_(journalist)","url_text":"O'Connor, John J."},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/08/news/reviews-television-mom-adds-a-daughter-and-a-show-goes-on.html","url_text":"\"Reviews/Television; Mom Adds a Daughter, and a Show Goes On\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Pallot, James (June 27, 1993). \"'Menace' Is Grim Portrayal of Street Life\". The Durant Daily Democrat. p. 12.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Durant_Daily_Democrat","url_text":"The Durant Daily Democrat"}]},{"reference":"Douglass, Frederick I. (May 29, 1993). \"Menace II Society\". Baltimore Afro-American. p. B5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Afro-American","url_text":"Baltimore Afro-American"}]},{"reference":"Elber, Lynn (April 5, 1994). \"'Central' avoids stereotypes\". Lawrence Journal-World. p. 2D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Journal-World","url_text":"Lawrence Journal-World"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Calvin (May 24, 1994). \"'Inkwell' dips into a warm tale\". The Vindicator. p. B9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vindicator","url_text":"The Vindicator"}]},{"reference":"Caltagirone, Stephanie (April 28, 1994). \"Coming-of-age 'The Inkwell' suffers from lots of sugar, little substance\". Reading Eagle. p. A14.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Eagle","url_text":"Reading Eagle"}]},{"reference":"Wuntich, Philip (April 29, 1994). \"Comedy is pleasant, forgettable\". The Boca Raton News. p. 9E.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boca_Raton_News","url_text":"The Boca Raton News"}]},{"reference":"Hicks, Chris (October 6, 1995). \"'Dead Presidents' tries to do too much\". The Deseret News. p. 24.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deseret_News","url_text":"The Deseret News"}]},{"reference":"Boyar, Jay (October 7, 1995). \"Adept directing duo make film worth watching\". The Free-Lance Star. p. B5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Free-Lance_Star","url_text":"The Free-Lance Star"}]},{"reference":"Carr, Jay (March 15, 1997). \"'Love Jones' is fluent in the language of love\". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. p. E8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartanburg_Herald-Journal","url_text":"Spartanburg Herald-Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (TV series): That's No Lady, That's My Cousin\". IMDb.com. Retrieved April 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0583036/reference","url_text":"\"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (TV series): That's No Lady, That's My Cousin\""}]},{"reference":"Scott, A. O. (October 29, 2004). \"Portrait of Genius, Painted in Music\". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._O._Scott","url_text":"Scott, A. O."},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/29/movies/portrait-of-genius-painted-in-music.html","url_text":"\"Portrait of Genius, Painted in Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Turan, Kenneth (December 30, 1997). \"Costner's silly movie 'Postman' fails to deliver the goods\". The Daily Gazette. p. A4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Turan","url_text":"Turan, Kenneth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Gazette","url_text":"The Daily Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Fine, Marshall (August 30, 1998). \"'Fools' entertaining if not all-telling\". Sunday-Times Sentinel. p. C8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Fine","url_text":"Fine, Marshall"}]},{"reference":"Thomas McClauskey, Audrey (2007). Frame by Frame III: A Filmography of the African Diasporan Image, 1994-2004. Indiana University Press. p. 449. ISBN 9780253348296.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=z5qmplifVDIC&dq=%22Larenz+Tate%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA450","url_text":"Frame by Frame III: A Filmography of the African Diasporan Image, 1994-2004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Press","url_text":"Indiana University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253348296","url_text":"9780253348296"}]},{"reference":"Longino, Bob (April 4, 2003). \"Vin Diesel energizes old-school hero in 'A Man Apart'\". The Victoria Advocate. p. 3E.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Victoria_Advocate","url_text":"The Victoria Advocate"}]},{"reference":"\"Biker Boyz\". Rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved October 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/biker_boyz/","url_text":"\"Biker Boyz\""}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger (November 2005). Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2006. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 144. ISBN 9780740755385.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert","url_text":"Ebert, Roger"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w25yDt1v9XkC&dq=%22Larenz+Tate%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA144","url_text":"Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrews_McMeel_Publishing","url_text":"Andrews McMeel Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780740755385","url_text":"9780740755385"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Roger (June 22, 2006). \"'Waist Deep' Often In Over Its Head\". Lakeland Ledger. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeland_Ledger","url_text":"Lakeland Ledger"}]},{"reference":"Bark, Ed (January 16, 2006). \"CBS goes apes for love\". Allegheny Times. p. B4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wilson, Kimberly N. (February 28, 2013). \"Larenz Tate Spreads Truth on 'House of Lies'\". Ebony. Retrieved November 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ebony.com/larenz-tate-spreads-truth-on-house-of-lies-984/","url_text":"\"Larenz Tate Spreads Truth on 'House of Lies'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)","url_text":"Ebony"}]},{"reference":"Highfill, Samantha (October 4, 2013). \"Larenz Tate to guest star on 'The Mindy Project'\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2013/10/04/larenz-tate-the-mindy-project/","url_text":"\"Larenz Tate to guest star on 'The Mindy Project'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Leydon, Joe (July 22, 2016). \"Film Review: 'Beta Test'\". Variety. Retrieved November 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Leydon","url_text":"Leydon, Joe"},{"url":"https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/beta-test-film-review-1201820010/","url_text":"\"Film Review: 'Beta Test'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"McNary, Dave (June 24, 2016). \"Mike Colter, Larenz Tate Join Queen Latifah, Jada Pinkett Smith's 'Girl Trip' (EXCLUSIVE)\". Variety. Retrieved November 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_McNary","url_text":"McNary, Dave"},{"url":"https://variety.com/2016/film/news/queen-latifah-jada-pinkett-smith-girl-trip-mike-colter-larenz-tate-1201802930/","url_text":"\"Mike Colter, Larenz Tate Join Queen Latifah, Jada Pinkett Smith's 'Girl Trip' (EXCLUSIVE)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Greg (August 16, 2019). \"'Power': Donna Murphy To Recur On Sixth & Final Season Of Starz Series\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved November 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2019/08/power-donna-murphy-recur-sixth-final-season-starz-series-1202669803/","url_text":"\"'Power': Donna Murphy To Recur On Sixth & Final Season Of Starz Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (October 6, 2021). \"Starz's 'Power Book II' Ups Larenz Tate to Series Regular (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/starz-power-book-ii-larenz-tate-series-regular-1235025861/","url_text":"\"Starz's 'Power Book II' Ups Larenz Tate to Series Regular (Exclusive)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Larenz+Tate%22","external_links_name":"\"Larenz Tate\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Larenz+Tate%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Larenz+Tate%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Larenz+Tate%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Larenz+Tate%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Larenz+Tate%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UCCkhsztnYgC&q=larenz+tate+1975&pg=PA375","external_links_name":"Screen World: 2005 Film Annual"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W28vCHtlJyUC&q=larenz+tate+1975&pg=PA321","external_links_name":"The A to Z of African American Cinema"},{"Link":"http://www.filmreference.com/film/36/Larenz-Tate.html","external_links_name":"\"Larenz Tate profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2006-01-16-0601170002-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Chicago's Larenz Tate enjoys life as a ladies' man on CBS dramedy\""},{"Link":"https://newspapers.library.in.gov/cgi-bin/indiana?a=d&d=INR20030425-01.1.19&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-%22larenz+tate%22------","external_links_name":"\"Larenz Tate says he's 'just a normal guy, aside from being an actor'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171009041816/http://www.phsfalcons.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=289292&type=d&pREC_ID=698628","external_links_name":"\"Hall of Fame – Alumni – Palmdale High School\""},{"Link":"http://www.phsfalcons.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=289292&type=d&pREC_ID=698628","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/08/news/reviews-television-mom-adds-a-daughter-and-a-show-goes-on.html","external_links_name":"\"Reviews/Television; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawton-Fort_Sill_Cavalry	Lawton-Fort Sill Cavalry	["1 Head coach","2 2007–2008 season","3 2008–2009 season","4 2009–2010 season","5 2010–2011 season","6 Notable former players","7 References","8 External links"]	Lawton-Fort Sill CavalryFounded1990LeagueCBA 1990–1997 CBA 2007–2009 PBL 2009–2011Team historyLawton-Fort Sill Cavalry (2008–2011) Oklahoma Cavalry (2007–2008) Oklahoma City Cavalry (1990–1997)Based inLawton, OklahomaArenaGreat Plains ColiseumColorsblue, whiteHead coachMicheal Ray RichardsonChampionships4 (CBA: 1997, 2008, 2009; PBL: 2010)DancersCavalry Dance TeamMascotCrashUniforms Home Away The Lawton-Fort Sill Cavalry was a professional basketball team based in Lawton, Oklahoma. They played in the Premier Basketball League (PBL) after having been in the Continental Basketball Association (CBA). They have one PBL championship and also were the two-time champions of the CBA. The original team was known as the Oklahoma City Cavalry, which competed in the CBA in Oklahoma City from 1990 to 1997 – when they were league champions. The new Oklahoma Cavalry, which was originally supposed to be a reincarnation of the original team and called the Oklahoma City Cavalry, began play in 2007. The team was originally scheduled to play in the American Basketball Association. The team wanted to play at Abe Lemons Arena on the campus of Oklahoma City University; however, the university backed out. Due to the lack of support from Oklahoma City and city officials' desire for a permanent NBA franchise, the owners decided to look elsewhere to place the new Cavalry franchise. The team then decided to move operations to Lawton, Oklahoma, and to play at the Great Plains Coliseum. Less than one year later, Oklahoma City got their NBA team, the Oklahoma City Thunder. Head coach The team was coached by Micheal Ray Richardson. Richardson was a former Albany Patroons coach and was fired for his offensive comments using Jewish stereotypes in the first year. Cliff Levingston was hired as the new coach. After an ownership change during the season, Richardson was rehired. 2007–2008 season In their inaugural season, the Cavs compiled a 30–18 record and made the playoffs as the No. 2 seed in the Western Conference. Following an upset win in the Western Conference championship game over the two-time defending CBA champion Yakima Sun Kings, the Cavalry earned a bid in the CBA Finals against the Eastern Conference champion Minot SkyRockets, where they won the series three games to two. Starting with the CBA Finals, the team changed its name to the Lawton-Fort Sill Cavalry to better associate the team with the city they play in. 2008–2009 season Due to economic hardships, the 2008–2009 CBA season was shortened to February 3. The best of 3 CBA Finals pitted the No. 2 seeded Albany Patroons against the No. 1 seeded Lawton-Fort Sill Cavalry. However, due to the economy, all the games would be played in Albany. The Lawton-Fort Sill Cavalry won their 2nd straight CBA championship 2 games to 1. This CBA championship was won in overtime to the score of 109–107. This was the first time in 16 years that a CBA championship was decided in overtime. 2009–2010 season In August 2009, the Cavalry announced they would join the Premier Basketball League for the 2010 season. They would compile a record of 19–2, and enter the playoffs the No. 1 seed. First, they dispatched the Halifax Rainmen in 2 games. Then, they would advance to play the Rochester Razorsharks, who had just eliminated the No. 2 seed Puerto Rico Capitanes, for the PBL Finals. They lost Game 1 in Rochester 110–106, and would also have C Oliver Miller ejected and suspended for the remainder of the series for entering the stands to confront fans that were throwing items at Micheal Ray Richardson, who was moments earlier ejected from the game. However, the Cavalry would recover, easily taking the final 2 games of the series. With this Championship, the Cavalry have now won 3 Championships in their 3 years of existence in Lawton, having won 2 previous titles in the CBA. 2010–2011 season The Lawton-Ft. Sill Cavalry finished the 2010–2011 regular season with a 17–2 record. The team advanced to the first round of the PBL playoffs vs. the Halifax Rainmen. A loss to the Halifax Rainmen in the PBL first round of playoffs on April 7, 2011, ended the Cavalry home win streak at 33 games dating back to when they played in the CBA. The Cavalry won the next two games advancing to the PBL finals which set up a rematch of the 2010 PBL finals vs. Rochester Razorsharks. The Rochester Razorsharks won the first game of the best of 3 championship series 105–101 in Rochester on April 15, 2011. Suspect officiating had marred the Razorsharks's ascent to the championship, which continued in the series. Rochester eventually won the PBL Championship two games to one, prompting the Lawton Constitution to report that the Cavalry had dropped out of the PBL. On April 19, 2011, the Cavalry announced that the team would not be returning to the PBL for a third season. The next day the Cavalry owners announced that they were suspending operations, with not being able to find a suitable league to continue as one of the factors. Notable former players Isaac Austin Lance Blanks Richard Dumas Ryan Minor Elmer Bennett Gabe Freeman Kermit Holmes Ozell Jones Jerome Lane Voshon Lenard Sam Mack Oliver Miller Elvin Mims Jimmy Oliver Keith Owens Doug Smith John Starks Erick Strickland Bernard Thompson Kelsey Weems Corey Williams Dennis Williams References ^ Krieger, Dan (August 24, 2009), Weekly Sports League and Franchise Report, Our Sports Central, retrieved October 18, 2009 ^ Ducharme, Jeff (April 13, 2011), Mill Rats to return next season – but in what league?, Saint John Telegraph Journal, archived from the original on March 27, 2012, retrieved April 19, 2011 ^ Cavs fall to RazorSharks in PBL Finals, Lawton Constitution, April 19, 2011, archived from the original on April 19, 2011, retrieved April 19, 2011 ^ Lawton Fort Sill Cavs suspend operations, KSWO TV, April 20, 2011, archived from the original on September 5, 2012, retrieved April 20, 2011 External links PBL Official Website vteSports teams based in OklahomaBaseball PCL Oklahoma City Baseball Club TL Tulsa Drillers PL Blackwell FlyCatchers Basketball NBA Oklahoma City Thunder NBAGL Oklahoma City Blue TBL Enid Outlaws Potawatomi Fire Football IFL Tulsa Oilers WFA Oklahoma City Lady Force Oklahoma Rage Hockey ECHL Tulsa Oilers NAHL Oklahoma Warriors Roller derby WFTDA Twister City Roller Derby Soccer USLC OKC Energy FC FC Tulsa NPSL Oklahoma City 1889 FC Tulsa Athletic WPSL Oklahoma City FC Side FC 92 Softball AFP Oklahoma City Spark	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lawton, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawton,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Premier Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Continental Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Cavalry"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City"},{"link_name":"American Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Basketball_Association_(2000%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Abe Lemons Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Lemons_Arena"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_University"},{"link_name":"Lawton, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawton,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Great Plains Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Thunder"}],"text":"The Lawton-Fort Sill Cavalry was a professional basketball team based in Lawton, Oklahoma. They played in the Premier Basketball League (PBL) after having been in the Continental Basketball Association (CBA). They have one PBL championship and also were the two-time champions of the CBA. The original team was known as the Oklahoma City Cavalry, which competed in the CBA in Oklahoma City from 1990 to 1997 – when they were league champions.The new Oklahoma Cavalry, which was originally supposed to be a reincarnation of the original team and called the Oklahoma City Cavalry, began play in 2007. The team was originally scheduled to play in the American Basketball Association. The team wanted to play at Abe Lemons Arena on the campus of Oklahoma City University; however, the university backed out. Due to the lack of support from Oklahoma City and city officials' desire for a permanent NBA franchise, the owners decided to look elsewhere to place the new Cavalry franchise. The team then decided to move operations to Lawton, Oklahoma, and to play at the Great Plains Coliseum.Less than one year later, Oklahoma City got their NBA team, the Oklahoma City Thunder.","title":"Lawton-Fort Sill Cavalry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Micheal Ray Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micheal_Ray_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Albany Patroons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Patroons"},{"link_name":"Cliff Levingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Levingston"}],"text":"The team was coached by Micheal Ray Richardson. Richardson was a former Albany Patroons coach and was fired for his offensive comments using Jewish stereotypes in the first year. Cliff Levingston was hired as the new coach. After an ownership change during the season, Richardson was rehired.","title":"Head coach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yakima Sun Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakima_Sun_Kings"},{"link_name":"Minot SkyRockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minot_SkyRockets"}],"text":"In their inaugural season, the Cavs compiled a 30–18 record and made the playoffs as the No. 2 seed in the Western Conference. Following an upset win in the Western Conference championship game over the two-time defending CBA champion Yakima Sun Kings, the Cavalry earned a bid in the CBA Finals against the Eastern Conference champion Minot SkyRockets, where they won the series three games to two.Starting with the CBA Finals, the team changed its name to the Lawton-Fort Sill Cavalry to better associate the team with the city they play in.","title":"2007–2008 season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.okcavs.com/schedule/game032208.html"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.okcavs.com/schedule/game032608.html"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"}],"text":"Due to economic hardships, the 2008–2009 CBA season was shortened to February 3. The best of 3 CBA Finals pitted the No. 2 seeded Albany Patroons against the No. 1 seeded Lawton-Fort Sill Cavalry. However, due to the economy, all the games would be played in Albany. The Lawton-Fort Sill Cavalry won their 2nd straight CBA championship 2 games to 1. This CBA championship was won in overtime to the score of 109–107. This was the first time in 16 years that a CBA championship was decided in overtime.\n[1][permanent dead link] [2][permanent dead link]","title":"2008–2009 season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Premier Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Halifax Rainmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_Rainmen"},{"link_name":"Rochester Razorsharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Razorsharks"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico Capitanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Capitanes"},{"link_name":"Oliver Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Miller"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In August 2009, the Cavalry announced they would join the Premier Basketball League for the 2010 season. They would compile a record of 19–2, and enter the playoffs the No. 1 seed. First, they dispatched the Halifax Rainmen in 2 games. Then, they would advance to play the Rochester Razorsharks, who had just eliminated the No. 2 seed Puerto Rico Capitanes, for the PBL Finals. They lost Game 1 in Rochester 110–106, and would also have C Oliver Miller ejected and suspended for the remainder of the series for entering the stands to confront fans that were throwing items at Micheal Ray Richardson, who was moments earlier ejected from the game. However, the Cavalry would recover, easily taking the final 2 games of the series. With this Championship, the Cavalry have now won 3 Championships in their 3 years of existence in Lawton, having won 2 previous titles in the CBA.[1]","title":"2009–2010 season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-badref-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfsBye-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lfssus-4"}],"text":"The Lawton-Ft. Sill Cavalry finished the 2010–2011 regular season with a 17–2 record. The team advanced to the first round of the PBL playoffs vs. the Halifax Rainmen. A loss to the Halifax Rainmen in the PBL first round of playoffs on April 7, 2011, ended the Cavalry home win streak at 33 games dating back to when they played in the CBA. The Cavalry won the next two games advancing to the PBL finals which set up a rematch of the 2010 PBL finals vs. Rochester Razorsharks.The Rochester Razorsharks won the first game of the best of 3 championship series 105–101 in Rochester on April 15, 2011. Suspect officiating had marred the Razorsharks's ascent to the championship,[2] which continued in the series. Rochester eventually won the PBL Championship two games to one, prompting the Lawton Constitution to report that the Cavalry had dropped out of the PBL.[3]On April 19, 2011, the Cavalry announced that the team would not be returning to the PBL for a third season. The next day the Cavalry owners announced that they were suspending operations, with not being able to find a suitable league to continue as one of the factors.[4]","title":"2010–2011 season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isaac Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Austin"},{"link_name":"Lance Blanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Blanks"},{"link_name":"Richard Dumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dumas"},{"link_name":"Ryan Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Minor"},{"link_name":"Elmer Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Gabe Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabe_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Kermit Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Ozell Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozell_Jones"},{"link_name":"Jerome Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Lane"},{"link_name":"Voshon Lenard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voshon_Lenard"},{"link_name":"Sam Mack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Mack"},{"link_name":"Oliver Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Miller"},{"link_name":"Elvin Mims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvin_Mims"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Oliver_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Keith Owens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Owens"},{"link_name":"Doug Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Smith_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"John Starks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Starks_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Erick Strickland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erick_Strickland"},{"link_name":"Bernard Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Kelsey Weems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelsey_Weems"},{"link_name":"Corey Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Williams_(basketball,_born_1970)"},{"link_name":"Dennis Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Williams_(basketball)"}],"text":"Isaac Austin\nLance Blanks\nRichard Dumas\nRyan Minor\nElmer Bennett\nGabe Freeman\nKermit Holmes\nOzell Jones\nJerome Lane\nVoshon Lenard\nSam Mack\nOliver Miller\nElvin Mims\nJimmy Oliver\nKeith Owens\nDoug Smith\nJohn Starks\nErick Strickland\nBernard Thompson\nKelsey Weems\nCorey Williams\nDennis Williams","title":"Notable former players"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Krieger, Dan (August 24, 2009), Weekly Sports League and Franchise Report, Our Sports Central, retrieved October 18, 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=3892323","url_text":"Weekly Sports League and Franchise Report"}]},{"reference":"Ducharme, Jeff (April 13, 2011), Mill Rats to return next season – but in what league?, Saint John Telegraph Journal, archived from the original on March 27, 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood...Basie%27s_Way	Hollywood...Basie's Way	["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]	1967 studio album by Count Basie and His OrchestraHollywood...Basie's WayStudio album by Count Basie and His OrchestraReleased1967RecordedDecember 14 & 21, 1966 and January 16, 1967Fine Sound Studio, NYCGenreJazzLabelCommandRS 912 SDProducerLoren Becker, Robert Byrne and Teddy ReigCount Basie chronology Broadway Basie's...Way(1966) Hollywood...Basie's Way(1967) Basie's Beat(1967) Hollywood...Basie's Way is an album by pianist and bandleader Count Basie and His Orchestra featuring performances of motion picture theme recorded in late 1966 and early 1967 and released on the Command label. Track listing "Secret Love" (Sammy Fain, Paul Francis Webster) - 2:56 "Laura" (David Raksin, Johnny Mercer) - 2:23 "In the Still of the Night" (Cole Porter) - 1:56 "A Foggy Day" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) - 2:14 "The Shadow of Your Smile" (Johnny Mandel, Webster) - 3:21 "The Trolley Song" (Hugh Martin, Ralph Blane) - 2:16 "Strangers in the Night" (Bert Kaempfert, Charles Singleton, Eddie Snyder) - 2:55 "A Fine Romance" (Jerome Kern, Dorothy Fields) - 2:44 "Carioca" (Vincent Youmans, Edward Eliscu, Gus Kahn) - 2:21 "Hurry Sundown Blues" (Hugo Montenegro, Buddy Kaye) - 2:40 "It Might as Well Be Spring" (Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II) - 2:28 "Days of Wine and Roses" (Henry Mancini, Mercer) - 2:38 Recorded on December 14, 1966 (tracks 1-3 & 12), December 21, 1966 (tracks 4, 6, 8 & 11) and January 16, 1967 (tracks 5, 7, 9 & 10) Personnel Count Basie - piano Al Aarons, Sonny Cohn, Gene Goe, Harry Edison - trumpet Richard Boone, Harlan Floyd, Grover Mitchell - trombone Bill Hughes - bass trombone Bobby Plater - alto saxophone, flute (tracks 5, 7, 9 & 10) Jerry Dodgion (tracks 1-4, 6, 8, 11 & 12), Marshal Royal - alto saxophone Eric Dixon - tenor saxophone, flute Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis - tenor saxophone Charlie Fowlkes - baritone saxophone Freddie Green - guitar Norman Keenan - bass Ed Shaughnessy - drums Chico O'Farrill - arranger References ^ Kitora, R., Count Basie Discography, accessed November 17, 2015 ^ Big Band Paradise Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine, accessed November 17, 2015 ^ Edwards, D., Callahan, M. & Eyrie. P., Command Album Discography, accessed November 17, 2015 vteCount Basie OrchestraCount BasieMembers John Duke (Bass) Sal Nistico (Tenor Sax) Frank Wess (Alto Sax/Flute) Joe Williams (Vocals) Earle Warren (Alto Sax/Occasional Singer) Preston Love (Alto Sax) Danny House (Alto Sax) Sonny Cohn (trumpet) Reunald Jones (Trumpet) Neal Hefti (Trumpet) Harry Edison (Trumpet) Joe Newman (Trumpet) Lester Young (Tenor Sax) Herschel Evans (Tenor Sax) Jo Jones (Drums) Walter Page (Bass) Bill Hughes (trombone) Dennis Wilson (lead trombone) Grover Mitchell (trombone) Freddie Green (Guitar) Billie Holiday (Vocals) Buck Clayton (Trumpet) Jimmy Rushing (Vocals) Marshal Royal (Alto Sax) Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis (Tenor Sax) Thad Jones (Trumpet) Al Grey (Trombone) John Clayton (Bass) Cleveland Eaton (Bass) Gregg Field (drums) Dennis Rowland (Vocals) Chris Murrell (vocals) Dave Gibson (Drums) Jack Washington (Baritone Sax) Johnny Williams (Baritone Sax) Butch Miles (Drums) Sonny Payne (Drums) Frank Foster (Tenor Sax) George Caldwell (Piano) Charlton Johnson (Guitar) Tony Suggs (Piano) Scotty Barnhart (Trumpet) James Leary (Bass) Brian Gryce (Drums) Will Matthews (guitar) Mel Wanzo (trombone) Kris Johnson (trumpet) Ed Shaughnessy (drums) Bobby Floyd (piano/organ) 1951–1960 Dance Session (1952–54, Clef) Count Basie Swings, Joe Williams Sings (with Joe Williams) (1955, Clef) April in Paris (1955–56, Verve) The Greatest!! Count Basie Plays, Joe Williams Sings Standards (with Joe Williams) (1956, Verve) Basie in London (live) (1956, Verve) One O'Clock Jump (with Joe Williams and Ella Fitzgerald) (1957, Verve) Count Basie at Newport (live) (1957, Verve) E = MC² (1958, Roulette) Basie Plays Hefti (1958, Roulette) No Count Sarah (with Sarah Vaughan) (1958, EmArcy) Breakfast Dance and Barbecue (1959, Roulette) Welcome to the Club (Uncredited) (Nat King Cole) (1959, Capitol) In Person! (with Tony Bennett) (1959, Columbia) Chairman of the Board (1959, Roulette) Strike Up the Band (with Tony Bennett) (1959, Roulette) Basie/Eckstine Incorporated (with Billy Eckstine) (1959, Roulette) Everyday I Have the Blues (with Joe Williams) (1959, Roulette) The Count Basie Story (1960, Roulette) I Gotta Right to Swing (Uncredited) (Sammy Davis Jr.) (1960, Decca) 1961–1970 First Time! The Count Meets the Duke (with Duke Ellington) (1961, Columbia) The Legend (1961, Roulette) Count Basie/Sarah Vaughan (with Sarah Vaughan) (1961, Roulette) Basie at Birdland (live) (1961, Roulette) Easin' It (1962, Roulette) Sinatra–Basie: An Historic Musical First (with Frank Sinatra) (1962, Reprise) On My Way & Shoutin' Again! (1963, Verve) Li'l Ol' Groovemaker...Basie! (1963, Verve) This Time by Basie! (1963, Verve) Ella and Basie! (with Ella Fitzgerald) (1963, Verve) Basie Land (1964, Verve) It Might as Well Be Swing (with Frank Sinatra) (1964, Reprise) Basie Picks the Winners (1965, Verve) Our Shining Hour (with Sammy Davis Jr.) (1965, Verve) Arthur Prysock and Count Basie (with Arthur Prysock) (1965, Verve) Basie's Beatle Bag (1965, Verve) Broadway Basie's...Way (1966, Command) Basie Meets Bond (1966, United Artists) Hollywood...Basie's Way (1966, Command) Sinatra at the Sands (live, with Frank Sinatra) (1966, Reprise) Basie's Beat (1967, Verve) Half a Sixpence (1967, Dot) The Board of Directors (with The Mills Brothers) (1968, Dot) The Board of Directors Annual Report (with The Mills Brothers) (1968, Dot) Basie Straight Ahead (1969, Dot) Standing Ovation (1969, Dot) Afrique (1970, RCA Victor) Basie on the Beatles (1970, Happy Tiger) 1971–1980 Have A Nice Day (1971, Daybreak) Bing 'n' Basie (with Bing Crosby) (1972, Daybreak) Jazz at Santa Monica Civic '72 (live) (1972, Pablo) The Bosses (with Big Joe Turner) (1973, Pablo) Basie Big Band (1975, Pablo) Fun Time (1975, Pablo) I Told You So (1976, Pablo) Prime Time (1977, Pablo) Montreux '77 (live) (1977, Pablo) Live in Japan '78 (live) (1978, Pablo) On the Road (1979, Pablo) Digital III at Montreux (live) (1979, Pablo) A Classy Pair (with Ella Fitzgerald) (1979, Pablo) A Perfect Match (live, with Ella Fitzgerald) (1979, Pablo) Kansas City Shout (1980, Pablo) 1981–1990 Warm Breeze (1981, Pablo) Send in the Clowns (Sarah Vaughan) (1981, Pablo) Farmer's Market Barbecue (1982, Pablo) 88 Basie Street (1983, Pablo) Me and You (1983, Pablo) Fancy Pants (final album with Count Basie) (1983, Pablo) Long Live the Chief (1987, Denon) Diane Schuur & the Count Basie Orchestra (live, with Diane Schuur) (1987, GRP) The Legend, the Legacy (1990, Denon) 1991–2000 The George Benson Big Boss Band featuring The Count Basie Orchestra (1991, Warner Bros.) The Count Basie Orchestra Live at El Morocco (1992, Telarc) Joe Williams and the Count Basie Orchestra (1993, Telarc) Live at Manchester Craftsmen's Guild: The Count Basie Orchestra (1997, Blue Jackel) At Long Last (with Rosemary Clooney) (1998, Concord) Count Plays Duke (1998, MAMA) Swing Shift (1999, MAMA) 2001–present Ray Sings, Basie Swings (2006, Concord) Basie is Back (2007, MAMA) Midnight in Manhattan (2007, Aspirion) A Swingin' Christmas (Featuring The Count Basie Big Band) (with Tony Bennett) (2008, Columbia) A Very Swingin' Basie Christmas! (2015) Small-groupsessions Basie Jam (1973, Pablo) For the First Time (1974, Pablo) Basie & Zoot (with Zoot Sims) (1975, Pablo) For the Second Time (1975, Pablo) Basie Jam 2 (1976, Pablo) Basie Jam 3 (1976, Pablo) Kansas City 5 (1977, Pablo) The Gifted Ones (with Dizzy Gillespie) (1977, Pablo) Basie Jam: Montreux '77 (live) (1977, Pablo) Satch and Josh...Again (with Oscar Peterson) (1977, Pablo) Night Rider (with Oscar Peterson) (1978, Pablo) Count Basie Meets Oscar Peterson – The Timekeepers (with Oscar Peterson) (1978, Pablo) Yessir, That's My Baby (with Oscar Peterson) (1978, Pablo) Kansas City 7 (1980, Pablo) Kansas City 6 (1981, Pablo) Mostly Blues...and Some Others (1983, Pablo)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pianist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianist"},{"link_name":"Count Basie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Basie"},{"link_name":"His Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Basie_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"motion picture theme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_picture_theme"},{"link_name":"Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Hollywood...Basie's Way is an album by pianist and bandleader Count Basie and His Orchestra featuring performances of motion picture theme recorded in late 1966 and early 1967 and released on the Command label.[1][2][3]","title":"Hollywood...Basie's Way"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Secret Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Love_(Doris_Day_song)"},{"link_name":"Sammy Fain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Fain"},{"link_name":"Paul Francis Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Francis_Webster"},{"link_name":"Laura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_(1945_song)"},{"link_name":"David Raksin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Raksin"},{"link_name":"Johnny Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Mercer"},{"link_name":"In the Still of the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Still_of_the_Night_(Cole_Porter_song)"},{"link_name":"Cole Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Porter"},{"link_name":"A Foggy Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Foggy_Day"},{"link_name":"George Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"Ira Gershwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Gershwin"},{"link_name":"The Shadow of Your Smile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow_of_Your_Smile"},{"link_name":"Johnny Mandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Mandel"},{"link_name":"The Trolley Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trolley_Song"},{"link_name":"Hugh Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Martin"},{"link_name":"Ralph Blane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Blane"},{"link_name":"Strangers in the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangers_in_the_Night"},{"link_name":"Bert Kaempfert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Kaempfert"},{"link_name":"Charles Singleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Singleton_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Eddie Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Snyder"},{"link_name":"A Fine Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Fine_Romance_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jerome Kern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Kern"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Fields"},{"link_name":"Carioca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carioca_(1933_song)"},{"link_name":"Vincent Youmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Youmans"},{"link_name":"Edward Eliscu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Eliscu"},{"link_name":"Gus Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Kahn"},{"link_name":"Hugo Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Buddy Kaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Kaye"},{"link_name":"It Might as Well Be Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Might_as_Well_Be_Spring"},{"link_name":"Richard Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Oscar Hammerstein II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II"},{"link_name":"Days of Wine and Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Wine_and_Roses_(song)"},{"link_name":"Henry Mancini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Mancini"}],"text":"\"Secret Love\" (Sammy Fain, Paul Francis Webster) - 2:56\n\"Laura\" (David Raksin, Johnny Mercer) - 2:23\n\"In the Still of the Night\" (Cole Porter) - 1:56\n\"A Foggy Day\" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) - 2:14\n\"The Shadow of Your Smile\" (Johnny Mandel, Webster) - 3:21\n\"The Trolley Song\" (Hugh Martin, Ralph Blane) - 2:16\n\"Strangers in the Night\" (Bert Kaempfert, Charles Singleton, Eddie Snyder) - 2:55\n\"A Fine Romance\" (Jerome Kern, Dorothy Fields) - 2:44\n\"Carioca\" (Vincent Youmans, Edward Eliscu, Gus Kahn) - 2:21\n\"Hurry Sundown Blues\" (Hugo Montenegro, Buddy Kaye) - 2:40\n\"It Might as Well Be Spring\" (Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II) - 2:28\n\"Days of Wine and Roses\" (Henry Mancini, Mercer) - 2:38Recorded on December 14, 1966 (tracks 1-3 & 12), December 21, 1966 (tracks 4, 6, 8 & 11) and January 16, 1967 (tracks 5, 7, 9 & 10)","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Count Basie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Basie"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"Al Aarons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Aarons"},{"link_name":"Sonny Cohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Cohn"},{"link_name":"Harry Edison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Edison"},{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"Richard Boone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_B._Boone"},{"link_name":"Grover Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"trombone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone"},{"link_name":"Bill Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Hughes_(musician)"},{"link_name":"bass trombone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_trombone"},{"link_name":"Bobby Plater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Plater"},{"link_name":"alto saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_saxophone"},{"link_name":"flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"Jerry Dodgion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Dodgion"},{"link_name":"Marshal Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_Royal"},{"link_name":"Eric Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Dixon"},{"link_name":"tenor saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophone"},{"link_name":"Eddie \"Lockjaw\" Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_%22Lockjaw%22_Davis"},{"link_name":"Charlie Fowlkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Fowlkes"},{"link_name":"baritone saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone_saxophone"},{"link_name":"Freddie Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Green"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Norman Keenan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Keenan"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"},{"link_name":"Ed Shaughnessy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Shaughnessy"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"Chico O'Farrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_O%27Farrill"},{"link_name":"arranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement"}],"text":"Count Basie - piano\nAl Aarons, Sonny Cohn, Gene Goe, Harry Edison - trumpet\nRichard Boone, Harlan Floyd, Grover Mitchell - trombone\nBill Hughes - bass trombone\nBobby Plater - alto saxophone, flute (tracks 5, 7, 9 & 10)\nJerry Dodgion (tracks 1-4, 6, 8, 11 & 12), Marshal Royal - alto saxophone\nEric Dixon - tenor saxophone, flute\nEddie \"Lockjaw\" Davis - tenor saxophone\nCharlie Fowlkes - baritone saxophone\nFreddie Green - guitar\nNorman Keenan - bass\nEd Shaughnessy - drums\nChico O'Farrill - arranger","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.geocities.jp/count_basie_fan_site/discography/hollywood_basies_way.html","external_links_name":"Count Basie Discography"},{"Link":"http://www.ne.jp/asahi/bigband/paradise/favorite/basie16.htm","external_links_name":"Big Band Paradise"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033109/http://www.ne.jp/asahi/bigband/paradise/favorite/basie16.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bsnpubs.com/abc/command.html","external_links_name":"Command Album Discography"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisa_Paisa_(2013_film)	Paisa Paisa (2013 film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Soundtrack","5 Critical reception","6 References","7 External links"]	2013 Indian filmPaisa PaisaFilm posterDirected byPrasanth MuraliWritten byRajesh VarmaPrashanth MuraliProduced byRaj ZachariasStarringIndrajithAju VargheseMamta MohandasSandhyaDaniel BalajiCinematographyKishore ManiEdited byNikhil VenuMusic bySongs:Aby Salvin ThomasBackground Score:Rahul RajProductioncompaniesCelebs and Red CarpetDistributed byCelebs and Red Carpet ReleaseRelease date 28 June 2013 (2013-06-28) Running time110 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageMalayalam Paisa Paisa is a 2013 Indian Malayalam thriller film written and directed by debutante director Prasanth Murali. The film was produced by Raj Zacharias under the banner Celebs and Red Carpet and features Indrajith, Aju Varghese, Mamta Mohandas, Sandhya, and Daniel Balaji in the lead roles. Set against the backdrop of Chennai and Kochi, Paisa Paisa is a multi-narrative realistic thriller showing how money can affect the lives of people. The film released on 28 June 2013. The songs were composed by debutant, Aby Salvin while Rahul Raj composed the background score. Plot The story unfolds the events happening in just four hours of a day in two cities - Kochi and Chennai. Balu who goes to Chennai to attend an interview falls into a trap in the few minutes he goes out of the call centre office to make a phone call. He contacts his friend Kishore, an ad filmmaker and his friend, to help him with some money. Kishore, who is in Kochi, has an equally crucial day. His wife Surya is returning to his life as the couple has been living separately for some time. Kishore sets aside his plans to reconcile with his wife to help his friend. However, he fails to gather enough money to help Balu. How money changes the lives of these characters forms the rest of the story. Cast Indrajith Sukumaran as Kishore Aju Varghese as Balu Daniel Balaji as Auto driver who kidnap Balu Mamta Mohandas as Surya Sandhya as Kumudam, auto driver's wife Apoorva Bose as Pooja Kishore Satya as Aby Pothen Rajeev Rangan as Rajeev Anoop Chandran as Venkidesh Dileesh Pothan as Omanakuttan Dinesh Paniker as Bhaskaran Aneesh G Menon as Sandheep Sasi Kalinga as Aalikka Production Directed by debutante Prasanth Murali, an erstwhile assistant to V. K. Prakash, the script for the flick was jointly penned by the director and Rajesh Varma. Model-turned-actress Amruta Patki featured in the promotional song of this film. The shooting of the film started at Chennai in November 2012. Soundtrack Paisa PaisaSoundtrack album by Aby Salvin ThomasReleased23 June 2013 (2013-June-23)GenreFeature film soundtrackLength21:49LanguageMalayalamLabelMuzik 247 The soundtrack of Paisa Paisa consists of seven songs, out of which six were composed by Aby Salvin Thomas while the theme song was composed by Rahul Raj. D. Santhosh wrote the lyrics of all the songs. TracklistNo.TitleSinger(s)Length1."Iravino Pagalino"Vineeth Sreenivasan03:452."Karaleriyumbol"Namitha Correya & Carl Frenies02:033."Neeyo Kaatto" (Female Version)Bhavya Lakshmi03:354."Neeyo Kaatto" (Karaoke Version) 03:335."Neeyo Kaatto" (Male Version)Vijay Yesudas03:336."Paisa Paisa"Namitha Correya & Carl Frenies02:597."Paisa Paisa" (Theme Music by Rahul Raj) 02:22Total length:21:49 Critical reception The Times of India gave the film a rating of 2.5 out of 5 saying that, "Paisa Paisa loses its pace for want of engaging twists and a taut narrative and easily turns into a flick that passes by without a flutter." Paresh C Palicha of Rediff gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5 and said that, "Paisa Paisa has a promising premise to build on, but turns out to be a disappointment." References ^ a b "Paisa Paisa Movie Review". The Times of India. ^ "Mamta Mohandas and Indrajith team up for Malayalam film 'Paisa Paisa'". IBN Live. 30 November 2012. Archived from the original on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2013. ^ Sivalakshmi Roshith (25 June 2013). "Taking a reality check". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2013. ^ Jisha G Nair (27 June 2013). "'Paisa, Paisa' is all about money matters". Malayala Manorama. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2013. ^ "Paisa Paisa". The Times of India. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2013. ^ "Indrajith and Mamta in 'Paisa Paisa'". Indiaglitz.com. 26 November 2012. Archived from the original on 28 November 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2013. ^ "Amruta Patki to star in Paisa Paisa". The Times of India. 9 December 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2013. ^ "Indrajith, Mamta in 'Paisa Paisa'". Sify. 29 November 2012. Archived from the original on 9 June 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013. ^ "Paisa Paisa (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)". Saavn. ^ "Paisa Paisa (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)". iTunes. 7 August 2014. ^ "Review: Paisa Paisa is disappointing". Rediff. External links Paisa Paisa at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam"},{"link_name":"thriller film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_film"},{"link_name":"Indrajith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrajith_Sukumaran"},{"link_name":"Aju Varghese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aju_Varghese"},{"link_name":"Mamta Mohandas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamta_Mohandas"},{"link_name":"Sandhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhya_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Balaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Balaji"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"Kochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi"},{"link_name":"multi-narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiperspectivity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rahul Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahul_Raj"}],"text":"2013 Indian filmPaisa Paisa is a 2013 Indian Malayalam thriller film written and directed by debutante director Prasanth Murali. The film was produced by Raj Zacharias under the banner Celebs and Red Carpet and features Indrajith, Aju Varghese, Mamta Mohandas, Sandhya, and Daniel Balaji in the lead roles.[2] Set against the backdrop of Chennai and Kochi, Paisa Paisa is a multi-narrative realistic thriller showing how money can affect the lives of people.[3] The film released on 28 June 2013.[4] The songs were composed by debutant, Aby Salvin while Rahul Raj composed the background score.","title":"Paisa Paisa (2013 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The story unfolds the events happening in just four hours of a day in two cities - Kochi and Chennai. Balu who goes to Chennai to attend an interview falls into a trap in the few minutes he goes out of the call centre office to make a phone call. He contacts his friend Kishore, an ad filmmaker and his friend, to help him with some money. Kishore, who is in Kochi, has an equally crucial day. His wife Surya is returning to his life as the couple has been living separately for some time. Kishore sets aside his plans to reconcile with his wife to help his friend. However, he fails to gather enough money to help Balu. How money changes the lives of these characters forms the rest of the story.[5]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indrajith Sukumaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrajith_Sukumaran"},{"link_name":"Aju Varghese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aju_Varghese"},{"link_name":"Daniel Balaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Balaji"},{"link_name":"Mamta Mohandas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamta_Mohandas"},{"link_name":"Sandhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhya_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Anoop Chandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoop_Chandran"},{"link_name":"Dileesh Pothan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dileesh_Pothan"},{"link_name":"Sasi Kalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasi_Kalinga"}],"text":"Indrajith Sukumaran as Kishore\nAju Varghese as Balu\nDaniel Balaji as Auto driver who kidnap Balu\nMamta Mohandas as Surya\nSandhya as Kumudam, auto driver's wife\nApoorva Bose as Pooja\nKishore Satya as Aby Pothen\nRajeev Rangan as Rajeev\nAnoop Chandran as Venkidesh\nDileesh Pothan as Omanakuttan\nDinesh Paniker as Bhaskaran\nAneesh G Menon as Sandheep\nSasi Kalinga as Aalikka","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"V. K. Prakash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._K._Prakash"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Directed by debutante Prasanth Murali, an erstwhile assistant to V. K. Prakash, the script for the flick was jointly penned by the director and Rajesh Varma.[6] Model-turned-actress Amruta Patki featured in the promotional song of this film.[7] The shooting of the film started at Chennai in November 2012.[8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Vijay Yesudas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Yesudas"}],"text":"The soundtrack of Paisa Paisa consists of seven songs, out of which six were composed by Aby Salvin Thomas while the theme song was composed by Rahul Raj. D. Santhosh wrote the lyrics of all the songs.[10]TracklistNo.TitleSinger(s)Length1.\"Iravino Pagalino\"Vineeth Sreenivasan03:452.\"Karaleriyumbol\"Namitha Correya & Carl Frenies02:033.\"Neeyo Kaatto\" (Female Version)Bhavya Lakshmi03:354.\"Neeyo Kaatto\" (Karaoke Version) 03:335.\"Neeyo Kaatto\" (Male Version)Vijay Yesudas03:336.\"Paisa Paisa\"Namitha Correya & Carl Frenies02:597.\"Paisa Paisa\" (Theme Music by Rahul Raj) 02:22Total length:21:49","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Times of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOI-1"},{"link_name":"Rediff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Times of India gave the film a rating of 2.5 out of 5 saying that, \"Paisa Paisa loses its pace for want of engaging twists and a taut narrative and easily turns into a flick that passes by without a flutter.\"[1] Paresh C Palicha of Rediff gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5 and said that, \"Paisa Paisa has a promising premise to build on, but turns out to be a disappointment.\"[11]","title":"Critical reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Paisa Paisa Movie Review\". The Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/paisa-paisa/movie-review/20840461.cms","url_text":"\"Paisa Paisa Movie Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Mamta Mohandas and Indrajith team up for Malayalam film 'Paisa Paisa'\". IBN Live. 30 November 2012. Archived from the original on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121207150140/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mamta-mohandas-and-indrajith-team-up-for-malayalam-film-paisa-paisa/308210-71-210.html","url_text":"\"Mamta Mohandas and Indrajith team up for Malayalam film 'Paisa Paisa'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBN_Live","url_text":"IBN Live"},{"url":"http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mamta-mohandas-and-indrajith-team-up-for-malayalam-film-paisa-paisa/308210-71-210.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sivalakshmi Roshith (25 June 2013). \"Taking a reality check\". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131023133724/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Taking-a-reality-check/2013/06/25/article1650946.ece","url_text":"\"Taking a reality check\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express","url_text":"The New Indian Express"},{"url":"http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Taking-a-reality-check/2013/06/25/article1650946.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jisha G Nair (27 June 2013). \"'Paisa, Paisa' is all about money matters\". Malayala Manorama. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130629090959/http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/mmonline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=14395096&tabId=1&programId=11565555&channelId=-1073865026","url_text":"\"'Paisa, Paisa' is all about money matters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayala_Manorama","url_text":"Malayala Manorama"},{"url":"http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/mmonline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=14395096&tabId=1&programId=11565555&channelId=-1073865026","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Paisa Paisa\". The Times of India. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/previews/Paisa-Paisa/articleshow/20797399.cms","url_text":"\"Paisa Paisa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Indrajith and Mamta in 'Paisa Paisa'\". Indiaglitz.com. 26 November 2012. Archived from the original on 28 November 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121128201451/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/88587.html","url_text":"\"Indrajith and Mamta in 'Paisa Paisa'\""},{"url":"http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/88587.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Amruta Patki to star in Paisa Paisa\". The Times of India. 9 December 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/news/Amruta-Patki-to-star-in-Paisa-Paisa/articleshow/17532750.cms","url_text":"\"Amruta Patki to star in Paisa Paisa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indrajith, Mamta in 'Paisa Paisa'\". Sify. 29 November 2012. Archived from the original on 9 June 2013. Retrieved 9 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130609073932/http://www.sify.com/movies/indrajith-mamta-in-paisa-paisa-news-malayalam-ml3keqcbead.html","url_text":"\"Indrajith, Mamta in 'Paisa Paisa'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sify","url_text":"Sify"},{"url":"http://www.sify.com/movies/indrajith-mamta-in-paisa-paisa-news-malayalam-ml3keqcbead.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Paisa Paisa (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)\". Saavn.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saavn.com/s/album/malayalam/Paisa-Paisa-2013/w2afxvlnKas_","url_text":"\"Paisa Paisa (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saavn","url_text":"Saavn"}]},{"reference":"\"Paisa Paisa (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)\". iTunes. 7 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/be/album/paisa-paisa-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/908519984","url_text":"\"Paisa Paisa (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes","url_text":"iTunes"}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Paisa Paisa is disappointing\". Rediff.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-paisa-paisa-is-disappointing/20130701.htm","url_text":"\"Review: Paisa Paisa is disappointing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff","url_text":"Rediff"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/paisa-paisa/movie-review/20840461.cms","external_links_name":"\"Paisa Paisa Movie Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121207150140/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mamta-mohandas-and-indrajith-team-up-for-malayalam-film-paisa-paisa/308210-71-210.html","external_links_name":"\"Mamta Mohandas and Indrajith team up for Malayalam film 'Paisa Paisa'\""},{"Link":"http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mamta-mohandas-and-indrajith-team-up-for-malayalam-film-paisa-paisa/308210-71-210.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131023133724/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Taking-a-reality-check/2013/06/25/article1650946.ece","external_links_name":"\"Taking a reality check\""},{"Link":"http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Taking-a-reality-check/2013/06/25/article1650946.ece","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130629090959/http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/mmonline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=14395096&tabId=1&programId=11565555&channelId=-1073865026","external_links_name":"\"'Paisa, Paisa' is all about money matters\""},{"Link":"http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/mmonline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=14395096&tabId=1&programId=11565555&channelId=-1073865026","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/previews/Paisa-Paisa/articleshow/20797399.cms","external_links_name":"\"Paisa Paisa\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121128201451/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/88587.html","external_links_name":"\"Indrajith and Mamta in 'Paisa Paisa'\""},{"Link":"http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/88587.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/news/Amruta-Patki-to-star-in-Paisa-Paisa/articleshow/17532750.cms","external_links_name":"\"Amruta Patki to star in Paisa Paisa\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130609073932/http://www.sify.com/movies/indrajith-mamta-in-paisa-paisa-news-malayalam-ml3keqcbead.html","external_links_name":"\"Indrajith, Mamta in 'Paisa Paisa'\""},{"Link":"http://www.sify.com/movies/indrajith-mamta-in-paisa-paisa-news-malayalam-ml3keqcbead.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.saavn.com/s/album/malayalam/Paisa-Paisa-2013/w2afxvlnKas_","external_links_name":"\"Paisa Paisa (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/be/album/paisa-paisa-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/908519984","external_links_name":"\"Paisa Paisa (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)\""},{"Link":"http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-paisa-paisa-is-disappointing/20130701.htm","external_links_name":"\"Review: Paisa Paisa is disappointing\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3259220/","external_links_name":"Paisa Paisa"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmjit_Singh_Gill	Parmjit Singh Gill	["1 Personal life","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	British Liberal Democrat politician Parmjit Singh GillMember of Parliament for Leicester SouthIn office15 July 2004 – 11 April 2005Preceded byJim MarshallSucceeded bySir Peter SoulsbyMajority1,654 (5.4%) Personal detailsBorn (1966-12-20) 20 December 1966 (age 57)Leicester, EnglandPolitical partyLiberal DemocratSpouseJuliet GillChildren2OccupationPolitician Parmjit Singh Gill (born 20 December 1966) is a British Liberal Democrat politician. As Member of Parliament for Leicester South from July 2004 to May 2005, he was the first ethnic-minority Liberal Democrat MP. He was first elected as Liberal Democrat councillor for Leicester City Council's Stoneygate Ward, before being elected to the House of Commons at the Leicester South by-election on 15 July 2004. He contested the seat again at the 2005 general election, but this time came second to the Labour Party candidate, Sir Peter Soulsby. He continued to serve as councillor for Stoneygate Ward until he was defeated in May 2011. He was initially selected to run as the Liberal Democrat candidate for the 2011 Leicester South by-election after Soulsby stood down to run for mayor for Leicester. However, he stood down after a short time, citing family pressures and was replaced by Zuffar Haq. He works as a local authority information management and security consultant for Charnwood Borough Council. Prior to that he worked as a data protection administrator for Leicester City Council. Gill was the Liberal Democrat candidate in the 2023 Leicester mayoral election. He came in third place. Personal life He is married to Juliet Gill, and the couple have a son and daughter. See also List of United Kingdom MPs with the shortest service References ^ "Lib Dems snatch Labour seat". 16 July 2004. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022 – via news.bbc.co.uk. ^ "Record number of new minority MPs". 10 May 2005. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022 – via news.bbc.co.uk. ^ Duffett, Helen (23 March 2011). "Parmjit Singh Gill withdraws as Lib Dem candidate for Leicester South". Archived from the original on 26 March 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2011. ^ "Local elections: Leicester mayor role under spotlight as vote nears". BBC News. 29 April 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023. ^ "Leicester result - Local Elections 2023". BBC News. Retrieved 7 May 2023. External links Parmjit Singh Gill profile at the site of Liberal Democrats Leicester Liberal Democrats constituency party Guardian Politics Ask Aristotle - Parmjit Singh Gill TheyWorkForYou.com - Parmjit Gill The Public Whip - Parmjit Gill voting record BBC News - Parmjit Singh Gill profile 10 February 2005 Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byJim Marshall Member of Parliament for Leicester South 2004 – 2005 Succeeded bySir Peter Soulsby	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberal Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Leicester South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"ethnic-minority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_minority"},{"link_name":"Leicester City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Stoneygate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoneygate"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Leicester South by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Leicester_South_by-election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2005 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Peter Soulsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Soulsby"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2011 Leicester South by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Leicester_South_by-election"},{"link_name":"mayor for Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directly_elected_mayor_of_Leicester"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"information management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_management"},{"link_name":"security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_security"},{"link_name":"Charnwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charnwood_(borough)"},{"link_name":"data protection administrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_protection"},{"link_name":"Leicester City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Leicester mayoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Leicester"},{"link_name":"election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Leicester_City_Council_election"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Parmjit Singh Gill (born 20 December 1966) is a British Liberal Democrat politician. As Member of Parliament for Leicester South from July 2004 to May 2005, he was the first ethnic-minority Liberal Democrat MP.He was first elected as Liberal Democrat councillor for Leicester City Council's Stoneygate Ward, before being elected to the House of Commons at the Leicester South by-election on 15 July 2004.[1] He contested the seat again at the 2005 general election, but this time came second to the Labour Party candidate, Sir Peter Soulsby.[2] He continued to serve as councillor for Stoneygate Ward until he was defeated in May 2011.He was initially selected to run as the Liberal Democrat candidate for the 2011 Leicester South by-election after Soulsby stood down to run for mayor for Leicester. However, he stood down after a short time, citing family pressures and was replaced by Zuffar Haq.[3]He works as a local authority information management and security consultant for Charnwood Borough Council. Prior to that he worked as a data protection administrator for Leicester City Council.Gill was the Liberal Democrat candidate in the 2023 Leicester mayoral election.[4] He came in third place.[5]","title":"Parmjit Singh Gill"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"He is married to Juliet Gill, and the couple have a son and daughter.","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of United Kingdom MPs with the shortest service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_MPs_with_the_shortest_service"}]	[{"reference":"\"Lib Dems snatch Labour seat\". 16 July 2004. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022 – via news.bbc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/3898823.stm","url_text":"\"Lib Dems snatch Labour seat\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220301233600/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/3898823.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Record number of new minority MPs\". 10 May 2005. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022 – via news.bbc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/4530293.stm","url_text":"\"Record number of new minority MPs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220301233558/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/4530293.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Duffett, Helen (23 March 2011). \"Parmjit Singh Gill withdraws as Lib Dem candidate for Leicester South\". Archived from the original on 26 March 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110326043950/http://www.libdemvoice.org/parmjit-singh-gill-withdraws-as-lib-dem-candidate-for-leicester-south-23541.html","url_text":"\"Parmjit Singh Gill withdraws as Lib Dem candidate for Leicester South\""},{"url":"http://www.libdemvoice.org/parmjit-singh-gill-withdraws-as-lib-dem-candidate-for-leicester-south-23541.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Local elections: Leicester mayor role under spotlight as vote nears\". BBC News. 29 April 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leicestershire-65374381","url_text":"\"Local elections: Leicester mayor role under spotlight as vote nears\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leicester result - Local Elections 2023\". BBC News. Retrieved 7 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/election/2023/england/councils/E06000016","url_text":"\"Leicester result - Local Elections 2023\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/3898823.stm","external_links_name":"\"Lib Dems snatch Labour seat\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220301233600/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/3898823.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/4530293.stm","external_links_name":"\"Record number of new minority MPs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220301233558/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/4530293.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110326043950/http://www.libdemvoice.org/parmjit-singh-gill-withdraws-as-lib-dem-candidate-for-leicester-south-23541.html","external_links_name":"\"Parmjit Singh Gill withdraws as Lib Dem candidate for Leicester South\""},{"Link":"http://www.libdemvoice.org/parmjit-singh-gill-withdraws-as-lib-dem-candidate-for-leicester-south-23541.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leicestershire-65374381","external_links_name":"\"Local elections: Leicester mayor role under spotlight as vote nears\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/election/2023/england/councils/E06000016","external_links_name":"\"Leicester result - Local Elections 2023\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060111233716/http://www.libdems.org.uk/party/people/mr-parmjit-singh-gill.html","external_links_name":"Parmjit Singh Gill"},{"Link":"http://www.leicester-libdems.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Leicester Liberal Democrats"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/apr/04/mpsuncovered.parliament114","external_links_name":"Guardian Politics Ask Aristotle - Parmjit Singh Gill"},{"Link":"https://www.theyworkforyou.com/mp/parmjit_gill/leicester_south","external_links_name":"TheyWorkForYou.com - Parmjit Gill"},{"Link":"https://www.publicwhip.org.uk/mp.php?mpn=Parmjit_Gill&mpc=Leicester+South","external_links_name":"The Public Whip - Parmjit Gill"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/mpdb/html/252.stm","external_links_name":"BBC News - Parmjit Singh Gill"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Corridor	Heritage Corridor	["1 Route","2 Stations","3 Ridership","4 Excursion service","5 References","6 External links"]	Route map: Metra commuter rail service in the Chicago area Heritage CorridorRomeoville station in Romeoville, IllinoisOverviewOwnerCanadian NationalTerminiChicago Union StationJolietStations7ServiceTypeCommuter railSystemMetraOperator(s)Metra, Canadian NationalDaily ridership2,400 (Avg. Weekday 2016)Ridership252,907 (2023)TechnicalLine length37.3 mi (60.0 km)Number of tracks2Track gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge Route map Heritage Corridor highlighted in maroon Show interactive map Legend NCS to Antioch MD-W to Big Timber Road MD-N to Fox Lake 0.0 Union Station Blue BNSF to Aurora Chicago River (south branch) SWS to Manhattan IC West Lineto Randolph Street Station Orange to the Loop I-90 / I-94 2.6 mi4.2 km Halsted Street \| Halsted Bubbly Creek I-55 IC West Lineto Addison Orange to Midway Western Avenue Corridor 5.2 mi8.4 km Brighton Park BNSF Railway Belt Railway of Chicago 10.3 mi16.6 km Glenn 11.9 mi19.2 km Summit Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad I-294 Mt. Forest 17.5 mi28.2 km Willow Springs Cal-Sag Channel Lambert 25.3 mi40.7 km Lemont I-355 29.2 mi47 km Romeoville 31.7 mi51 km 5th Street 32.9 mi52.9 km Lockport EJ&E Railway State Prison RI to LaSalle Street 37.3 mi60 km Joliet Amtrakto St. Louis & San Antonio Mileagesource All stations are accessible This diagram: viewtalkedit Show BSicon diagram map For the public park system, see National Heritage Corridor. The Heritage Corridor (HC) is a Metra commuter rail line in Chicago, Illinois, and its southwestern suburbs, terminating in Joliet, Illinois. While Metra does not refer to its lines by colors, the Heritage Corridor appears on Metra timetables as "Alton Maroon," after the Alton Railroad, which ran trains on this route. The name Heritage Corridor refers to the Illinois and Michigan Canal Heritage Corridor. Established in 1984, it runs parallel to the line. Unlike other Metra lines, the Heritage Corridor runs during weekday rush hours only in the peak direction–to Chicago in the morning and Joliet in the afternoon, with the trip from Joliet to Union Station taking about 1 hour and 7 minutes. The Rock Island District also serves Joliet with 21 trains. Fares on the Rock Island District were cut because of the Fair Transit South Cook pilot program; a ticket from Joliet to Union Station via the Heritage Corridor is now more expensive than a ticket from Joliet to LaSalle Street on the Rock Island District. As of February 15, 2024, Metra operates six trains (three in each direction) on the Heritage Corridor on weekdays, with each train serving all stations on the route. All inbound trains originate from Joliet in the morning, and all outbound trains terminate at Joliet in the afternoon. Except for occasional seasonal excursion services, there is no Saturday service. There is currently no off-peak, Sunday, or holiday service on the Heritage Corridor. The Heritage Corridor has the lowest train frequency and fewest number of stations of any other Metra line. Like the North Central Service and the SouthWest Service, all stations on the route are fully ADA-accessible. Route The line runs from Union Station in downtown Chicago through southwestern suburbs to Joliet. In March 2016, the public timetable shows four Chicago to Joliet trains each weekday. An additional train runs inbound during the afternoon rush hour but as an empty equipment move or deadhead. Amtrak's Texas Eagle and Lincoln Service use these tracks from Union Station to Joliet, as do Canadian National freight trains, with CN being the owner of the tracks on which the corridor runs. The Texas Eagle only stops at Chicago and Joliet, while the Lincoln Service also stops at Summit. The Joliet Transportation Center replaced Joliet Union Station on April 11, 2018. On May 16, 2017, Metra announced that the new station for Romeoville had officially broken ground near the intersection of 135th St and New Avenue. The cost of the new station is estimated to be around $4.9 million. The station was opened to the public on February 5, 2018. Metra has included the possibility of extending the Heritage Corridor in their Cost Benefit Analysis report. If this were to happen, the Heritage Corridor would continue south from Joliet to Wilmington, with an additional station in Elwood. Stations County Zone Location Station Connections and notes Cook 1 Chicago Union Station Amtrak (long-distance): California Zephyr, Capitol Limited, Cardinal, City of New Orleans, Empire Builder, Lake Shore Limited, Southwest Chief, Texas Eagle Amtrak (intercity): Blue Water, Borealis, Hiawatha, Illini and Saluki, Illinois Zephyr and Carl Sandburg, Lincoln Service, Pere Marquette, Wolverine Metra: ■ BNSF, ■ Milwaukee District North, ■ Milwaukee District West, ■ North Central Service, ■ SouthWest Service Chicago "L": Blue (at Clinton), Brown Orange Pink Purple (at Quincy) CTA Bus: 1, 7, J14, 19, 28, 56, 60, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 128, 130, 151, 156, 157, 192 Pace Bus: 755 Amtrak Thruway: Chicago–Madison and Chicago–Rockford (Van Galder), Chicago–Louisville (Greyhound) 23rd Street Closed 1902, replaced with Halsted Street Halsted Street Closed 1984 Brighton Park Closed 1984 Central Stickney Glenn Closed 1989 2 Summit Summit Amtrak: Lincoln Service Pace Bus: 307 Willow Springs Mt. Forest Closed 3 Willow Springs Pace Bus: 390 Lemont Lambert Closed 3 Lemont Pace Bus: 755 Will 4 Romeoville Romeoville Pace Bus: 755 Lockport 5th Street Closed 1988 4 Lockport Pace Bus: 755, 834 Joliet State Prison Closed 4 Joliet Amtrak: Lincoln Service, Texas Eagle Metra: ■ Rock Island Pace Bus: 501, 504, 505, 507, 508, 509, 511, 832, 834 Ridership Between 2014 and 2019 annual ridership remained steady at roughly 730,000. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, ridership dropped to 177,838 passengers in 2020 and to 82,197 passengers in 2021. 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Excursion service Metra has offered "Rails, Trails, and Ales" excursion service on Saturdays in the fall of 2021 and 2023, and the summer of 2022. In 2021, two trains in each direction made all stops between Union Station and Joliet from September 18 to October 16. In 2022, three trains in each direction made all stops between Union Station and Joliet from July 2 to September 3. In 2023, three trains in each direction made all stops between Union Station and Joliet from September 9 to October 14. References Baty, Chris (2004). Chicago. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74104-032-9. ^ "Operations and Ridership Data". Metra. Archived from the original on March 31, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2017. ^ State of the System - Heritage Corridor ^ "Did you know?" (PDF). On the Bi-Level: 3. June 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-01-02. ^ Baty (2004), 237-238. ^ "Heritage Corridor \| Metra". ridertools.metrarail.com. Retrieved 2024-01-12. ^ Fabbre, Alicia (April 11, 2018). "New train station opens for commuters in Joliet, ending a six-year wait". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 24, 2018. ^ "Romeoville breaks ground on new Metra station \| Metra". Archived from the original on 2017-07-31. ^ "Romeoville Metra station opens – Bugle Newspapers". buglenewspapers.com. Retrieved February 24, 2018. ^ "Systemwide Cost Benefit Analysis of Major Capital Improvements" (PDF). Retrieved May 7, 2022. ^ "Removal of Station". Chicago Tribune. August 12, 1902. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d Ridership Trends - Annual Report 2017 (PDF) (Report). Metra Division of Strategic Capital Planning. February 2018. p. 32. Retrieved December 2, 2018. ^ "RIDERSHIP TRENDS ANNUAL REPORT 2018" (PDF). Metra. p. 4. Retrieved 12 May 2019. ^ "RIDERSHIP TRENDS ANNUAL REPORT 2019" (PDF). Metra. Retrieved 27 February 2021. ^ "RIDERSHIP TRENDS ANNUAL REPORT 2020" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-04-23. Retrieved 2021-04-04. ^ "RIDERSHIP TRENDS 2021" (PDF). ^ "RTAMS \| Regional Transportation Authority Mapping and Statistics". rtams.org. Retrieved 2023-06-22. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Heritage CorridorKML is from Wikidata Wikimedia Commons has media related to Metra Heritage Corridor. Heritage Corridor Archived 2015-10-07 at the Wayback Machine service schedule vteMetraLinesCurrent BNSF Heritage Corridor Metra Electric Milwaukee District North Milwaukee District West North Central Service Rock Island SouthWest Service Union Pacific North Union Pacific Northwest Union Pacific West Proposed Rockford Intercity Passenger Rail SouthEast Service Stations and terminals Chicago Union Station LaSalle Street Station Millennium Station Ogilvie Transportation Center Rolling stock EMD F40C EMD F40PH EMD F59PH MPI MP36PH-3S Gallery Car Highliner Car 553 Incidents 1972 Chicago commuter rail crash (Illinois Central Gulf Railroad) 1995 Fox River Grove bus–train collision See also Regional Transportation Authority South Shore Line Calumet Illinois Central West Line Chicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Heritage Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Metra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metra"},{"link_name":"commuter rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Joliet, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joliet,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Alton Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Illinois and Michigan Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_and_Michigan_Canal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rock Island District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Island_District"},{"link_name":"LaSalle Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaSalle_Street_Station"},{"link_name":"Joliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joliet_Transportation_Center"},{"link_name":"North Central Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_Service"},{"link_name":"SouthWest Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SouthWest_Service"}],"text":"Metra commuter rail service in the Chicago areaFor the public park system, see National Heritage Corridor.The Heritage Corridor (HC) is a Metra commuter rail line in Chicago, Illinois, and its southwestern suburbs, terminating in Joliet, Illinois. While Metra does not refer to its lines by colors, the Heritage Corridor appears on Metra timetables as \"Alton Maroon,\" after the Alton Railroad, which ran trains on this route.[3] The name Heritage Corridor refers to the Illinois and Michigan Canal Heritage Corridor. Established in 1984, it runs parallel to the line.[4]Unlike other Metra lines, the Heritage Corridor runs during weekday rush hours only in the peak direction–to Chicago in the morning and Joliet in the afternoon, with the trip from Joliet to Union Station taking about 1 hour and 7 minutes.[5] The Rock Island District also serves Joliet with 21 trains. Fares on the Rock Island District were cut because of the Fair Transit South Cook pilot program; a ticket from Joliet to Union Station via the Heritage Corridor is now more expensive than a ticket from Joliet to LaSalle Street on the Rock Island District.As of February 15, 2024, Metra operates six trains (three in each direction) on the Heritage Corridor on weekdays, with each train serving all stations on the route. All inbound trains originate from Joliet in the morning, and all outbound trains terminate at Joliet in the afternoon. Except for occasional seasonal excursion services, there is no Saturday service. There is currently no off-peak, Sunday, or holiday service on the Heritage Corridor.The Heritage Corridor has the lowest train frequency and fewest number of stations of any other Metra line.Like the North Central Service and the SouthWest Service, all stations on the route are fully ADA-accessible.","title":"Heritage Corridor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Station_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Texas Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Service"},{"link_name":"Joliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joliet_Transportation_Center"},{"link_name":"Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_(Amtrak_station)"},{"link_name":"Joliet Transportation Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joliet_Transportation_Center"},{"link_name":"Joliet Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joliet_Union_Station"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Romeoville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeoville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Will_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Elwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elwood,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The line runs from Union Station in downtown Chicago through southwestern suburbs to Joliet. In March 2016, the public timetable shows four Chicago to Joliet trains each weekday. An additional train runs inbound during the afternoon rush hour but as an empty equipment move or deadhead.Amtrak's Texas Eagle and Lincoln Service use these tracks from Union Station to Joliet, as do Canadian National freight trains, with CN being the owner of the tracks on which the corridor runs. The Texas Eagle only stops at Chicago and Joliet, while the Lincoln Service also stops at Summit. The Joliet Transportation Center replaced Joliet Union Station on April 11, 2018.[6]On May 16, 2017, Metra announced that the new station for Romeoville had officially broken ground near the intersection of 135th St and New Avenue. The cost of the new station is estimated to be around $4.9 million.[7] The station was opened to the public on February 5, 2018.[8]Metra has included the possibility of extending the Heritage Corridor in their Cost Benefit Analysis report. If this were to happen, the Heritage Corridor would continue south from Joliet to Wilmington, with an additional station in Elwood.[9]","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Stations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2018report-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2019report-13"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Between 2014 and 2019 annual ridership remained steady at roughly 730,000.[12][13] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, ridership dropped to 177,838 passengers in 2020[14] and to 82,197 passengers in 2021.[15][16]100,000\n\n200,000\n\n300,000\n\n400,000\n\n500,000\n\n600,000\n\n700,000\n\n800,000\n\n\n\n2014\n\n2015\n\n2016\n\n2017\n\n2018\n\n2019\n\n2020\n\n2021\n\n2022\n\n2023","title":"Ridership"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Metra has offered \"Rails, Trails, and Ales\" excursion service on Saturdays in the fall of 2021 and 2023, and the summer of 2022. In 2021, two trains in each direction made all stops between Union Station and Joliet from September 18 to October 16. In 2022, three trains in each direction made all stops between Union Station and Joliet from July 2 to September 3. In 2023, three trains in each direction made all stops between Union Station and Joliet from September 9 to October 14.","title":"Excursion service"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Baty, Chris (2004). Chicago. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74104-032-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/chicago00baty","url_text":"Chicago"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonely_Planet","url_text":"Lonely Planet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74104-032-9","url_text":"1-74104-032-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Operations and Ridership Data\". Metra. Archived from the original on March 31, 2020. 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Retrieved 2024-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://ridertools.metrarail.com/maps-schedules/train-lines/HC","url_text":"\"Heritage Corridor \| Metra\""}]},{"reference":"Fabbre, Alicia (April 11, 2018). \"New train station opens for commuters in Joliet, ending a six-year wait\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/daily-southtown/news/ct-met-joliet-train-station-opens-20180411-story.html","url_text":"\"New train station opens for commuters in Joliet, ending a six-year wait\""}]},{"reference":"\"Romeoville breaks ground on new Metra station \| Metra\". Archived from the original on 2017-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170731040359/https://metrarail.com/about-metra/newsroom/romeoville-breaks-ground-new-metra-station","url_text":"\"Romeoville breaks ground on new Metra station \| Metra\""},{"url":"https://www.metrarail.com/about-metra/newsroom/romeoville-breaks-ground-new-metra-station","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Romeoville Metra station opens – Bugle Newspapers\". buglenewspapers.com. Retrieved February 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://buglenewspapers.com/romeoville-metra-station-opens","url_text":"\"Romeoville Metra station opens – Bugle Newspapers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Systemwide Cost Benefit Analysis of Major Capital Improvements\" (PDF). Retrieved May 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://metra.com/sites/default/files/assets/cba_final_report_20190116.pdf","url_text":"\"Systemwide Cost Benefit Analysis of Major Capital Improvements\""}]},{"reference":"\"Removal of Station\". Chicago Tribune. August 12, 1902. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune/132466247/","url_text":"\"Removal of Station\""}]},{"reference":"Ridership Trends - Annual Report 2017 (PDF) (Report). Metra Division of Strategic Capital Planning. February 2018. p. 32. Retrieved December 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://metrarail.com/sites/default/files/assets/planning/ridership/ridership_report_-_annual_report_2017_standalone.pdf","url_text":"Ridership Trends - Annual Report 2017"}]},{"reference":"\"RIDERSHIP TRENDS ANNUAL REPORT 2018\" (PDF). Metra. p. 4. Retrieved 12 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://metrarail.com/sites/default/files/assets/planning/ridership/2018_annual_ridership_report.pdf","url_text":"\"RIDERSHIP TRENDS ANNUAL REPORT 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"RIDERSHIP TRENDS ANNUAL REPORT 2019\" (PDF). Metra. Retrieved 27 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://metrarail.com/sites/default/files/assets/planning/annual_report_2019_standalone.pdf","url_text":"\"RIDERSHIP TRENDS ANNUAL REPORT 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"RIDERSHIP TRENDS ANNUAL REPORT 2020\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-04-23. Retrieved 2021-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210423173302/https://metrarail.com/sites/default/files/assets/planning/2020_annual_ridership_report_v5.pdf","url_text":"\"RIDERSHIP TRENDS ANNUAL REPORT 2020\""},{"url":"https://metrarail.com/sites/default/files/assets/planning/2020_annual_ridership_report_v5.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RIDERSHIP TRENDS 2021\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://metra.com/sites/default/files/inline-files/2021%20Annual%20Ridership%20Report%20v6.1.pdf","url_text":"\"RIDERSHIP TRENDS 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"RTAMS \| Regional Transportation Authority Mapping and Statistics\". rtams.org. Retrieved 2023-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://rtams.org/dataset/metra-ridership/resource/4524acc4-f5d0-48b2-bd52-cd8b0c4af6d1#%7B%7D","url_text":"\"RTAMS \| Regional Transportation Authority Mapping and Statistics\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/chicago00baty","external_links_name":"Chicago"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200331203308/https://metrarail.com/about-metra/reports-documents/operations-ridership-data","external_links_name":"\"Operations and Ridership Data\""},{"Link":"https://metrarail.com/about-metra/reports-documents/operations-ridership-data","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://metra.com/sites/default/files/2021-02/State%20of%20the%20System%20-%20Heritage%20Corridor.pdf","external_links_name":"State of the System - Heritage Corridor"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100102070558/http://metrarail.com/content/dam/metra/documents/Bi_Level/OTBLJune09.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Did you know?\""},{"Link":"http://metrarail.com/content/dam/metra/documents/Bi_Level/OTBLJune09.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ridertools.metrarail.com/maps-schedules/train-lines/HC","external_links_name":"\"Heritage Corridor \| Metra\""},{"Link":"http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/daily-southtown/news/ct-met-joliet-train-station-opens-20180411-story.html","external_links_name":"\"New train station opens for commuters in Joliet, ending a six-year wait\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170731040359/https://metrarail.com/about-metra/newsroom/romeoville-breaks-ground-new-metra-station","external_links_name":"\"Romeoville breaks ground on new Metra station \| Metra\""},{"Link":"https://www.metrarail.com/about-metra/newsroom/romeoville-breaks-ground-new-metra-station","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://buglenewspapers.com/romeoville-metra-station-opens","external_links_name":"\"Romeoville Metra station opens – Bugle Newspapers\""},{"Link":"https://metra.com/sites/default/files/assets/cba_final_report_20190116.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Systemwide Cost Benefit Analysis of Major Capital Improvements\""},{"Link":"https://newspapers.com/article/chicago-tribune/132466247/","external_links_name":"\"Removal of Station\""},{"Link":"https://metrarail.com/sites/default/files/assets/planning/ridership/ridership_report_-_annual_report_2017_standalone.pdf","external_links_name":"Ridership Trends - Annual Report 2017"},{"Link":"https://metrarail.com/sites/default/files/assets/planning/ridership/2018_annual_ridership_report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"RIDERSHIP TRENDS ANNUAL REPORT 2018\""},{"Link":"https://metrarail.com/sites/default/files/assets/planning/annual_report_2019_standalone.pdf","external_links_name":"\"RIDERSHIP TRENDS ANNUAL REPORT 2019\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210423173302/https://metrarail.com/sites/default/files/assets/planning/2020_annual_ridership_report_v5.pdf","external_links_name":"\"RIDERSHIP TRENDS ANNUAL REPORT 2020\""},{"Link":"https://metrarail.com/sites/default/files/assets/planning/2020_annual_ridership_report_v5.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://metra.com/sites/default/files/inline-files/2021%20Annual%20Ridership%20Report%20v6.1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"RIDERSHIP TRENDS 2021\""},{"Link":"https://rtams.org/dataset/metra-ridership/resource/4524acc4-f5d0-48b2-bd52-cd8b0c4af6d1#%7B%7D","external_links_name":"\"RTAMS \| Regional Transportation Authority Mapping and Statistics\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Heritage_Corridor&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Heritage_Corridor&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"http://metrarail.com/content/metra/en/home/maps_schedules/metra_system_map/hc/map.html","external_links_name":"Heritage Corridor"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151007210951/http://metrarail.com/content/metra/en/home/maps_schedules/metra_system_map/hc/map.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Chian-der_3	Sinking of Chian-der 3	["1 Background","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°30′S 64°42′W / 51.50°S 64.70°W / -51.50; -64.70 (Sinking Chian-der 3)1986 maritime incident 51°30′S 64°42′W / 51.50°S 64.70°W / -51.50; -64.70 (Sinking Chian-der 3) Territories and exclusive economic zones claimed by Argentina The sinking of Chian-der 3 was an incident that occurred on 28 May 1986, when the Taiwanese-flagged trawler Chian-der 3 was detected, tracked, fired upon, set on fire and eventually sunk by the Mantilla-class patrol vessel PNA Prefecto Derbes of the Prefectura Naval Argentina, at a location 24 nautical miles (44 km; 28 mi) outside the United Kingdom's Total Exclusion Zone, which covers a circle of 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) from the centre of the Falklands Islands. Two Taiwanese fishermen were killed; four others were injured. Background The overlapping of the exclusive economic zone of the Argentine mainland and the Falkland Islands and the British exclusion zone for Argentine ships is used by fishing fleets in order to fish without permission, said the Argentine government. According to an Argentine statement the trawler Chi-Fu 6 was detected fishing in the Argentine zone at 11:45, but she took refuge in the British zone. At 18:25 the trawler Chian-der 3 was spotted again within the Argentine zone of 200 nautical miles (230 mi). Despite requests to stop and warning shots being fired by Prefecto Derbes, the trawler escaped and was chased. At 21:05 the Argentine commander stated that he saw that the trawler stopped and emitting smoke from the engine room. He ordered the rescue of the trawler's crew. According to official sources, the trawler was hit by non-explosive rounds. As a result of the incident, one Taiwanese fisherman was killed and four others wounded. Another member of the crew became missing. The Taiwan fishermen's union called it a "barbaric act" and the British government condemned it as "unjustifiable and excessive". References ^ a b "Un guardacostas argentino hunde un pesquero de Taiwan en aguas reclamadas por Buenos Aires". El País (in Spanish). 30 May 1986. ^ "Argentina culpa al capitán del pesquero taiwanés y a Londres por el suceso del Atlántico". El País (in Spanish). 31 May 1986. Retrieved 24 September 2016. External links Article "Argentina culpa al capitán del pesquero taiwanés y a Londres por el suceso del Atlántico". El País (31 May 1986) (in Spanish) Article "Un guardacostas argentino hunde un pesquero de Taiwan en aguas reclamadas por Buenos Aires". El País (30 May 1986) (in Spanish) vteTerritorial disputes involving ArgentinaLatent disputes Argentine Antarctica Falkland Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Southern Patagonian Ice Field Disputes settled in the 20th century Beagle conflict (1984) Puna de Atacama (1904) Patagonia west of the continental divide (1902) Encuentro-Alto Palena (1966) Laguna del Desierto (1994) Martín García Island (1973) Incidents Beagle channel maps (1898–1984) Corbeta Uruguay base (1976–1982) Falklands War (1982) Hope Bay incident (1952) Laguna del Desierto incident (1965) Sinking of Chian-der 3 (1986) Snipe incident (1958) Soberanía (1978) vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1986Shipwrecks 11 Jan: Castillo de Salas 15 Jan: Castillo de Salas 16 Feb: Mikhail Lermontov 23 Feb: Castillo de Salas 13 Mar: Thunderbolt 13 Apr: USS Grayback 24 Apr: USS Higbee 14 May: Pride of Baltimore 28 May: Chian-der 3 18 Aug: HMS Berwick 31 Aug: Admiral Nakhimov 3 Oct: K-219 9 Nov: Hvalur 6, Hvalur 7 22 Nov: Kowloon Bridge Unknown date: Crusader II Other incidents 13 March: USS Caron, Ladny, USS Yorktown 5 Apr: RFA Cherryleaf 29 Apr: USS Atlanta 17 Sep: NOAAS Ferrel September (unknown date): Jan Heweliusz 3 Oct: USS Augusta 20 Oct: USS Augusta, K-279 4 Dec: Amazon Venture (oil spill) 1985 1987 This article about the history of Argentina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Falkland Islands-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"51°30′S 64°42′W / 51.50°S 64.70°W / -51.50; -64.70 (Sinking Chian-der 3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sinking_of_Chian-der_3&params=51.5_S_64.7_W_dim:1500km&title=Sinking+Chian-der+3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Argentine_map_of_Argentina.png"},{"link_name":"Taiwanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"trawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_trawler"},{"link_name":"Mantilla-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantilla-class_patrol_vessel"},{"link_name":"PNA Prefecto Derbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNA_Prefecto_Derbes_(GC-28)"},{"link_name":"Prefectura Naval Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefectura_Naval_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Total Exclusion Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Exclusion_Zone"},{"link_name":"Falklands Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_Islands"}],"text":"1986 maritime incident51°30′S 64°42′W / 51.50°S 64.70°W / -51.50; -64.70 (Sinking Chian-der 3)Territories and exclusive economic zones claimed by ArgentinaThe sinking of Chian-der 3 was an incident that occurred on 28 May 1986, when the Taiwanese-flagged trawler Chian-der 3 was detected, tracked, fired upon, set on fire and eventually sunk by the Mantilla-class patrol vessel PNA Prefecto Derbes of the Prefectura Naval Argentina, at a location 24 nautical miles (44 km; 28 mi) outside the United Kingdom's Total Exclusion Zone, which covers a circle of 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) from the centre of the Falklands Islands. Two Taiwanese fishermen were killed; four others were injured.","title":"Sinking of Chian-der 3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"exclusive economic zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais30mai1986-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpais30mai1986-1"}],"text":"The overlapping of the exclusive economic zone of the Argentine mainland and the Falkland Islands and the British exclusion zone for Argentine ships is used by fishing fleets in order to fish without permission, said the Argentine government.[1]According to an Argentine statement the trawler Chi-Fu 6 was detected fishing in the Argentine zone at 11:45, but she took refuge in the British zone. At 18:25 the trawler Chian-der 3 was spotted again within the Argentine zone of 200 nautical miles (230 mi). Despite requests to stop and warning shots being fired by Prefecto Derbes, the trawler escaped and was chased. At 21:05 the Argentine commander stated that he saw that the trawler stopped and emitting smoke from the engine room. He ordered the rescue of the trawler's crew. According to official sources, the trawler was hit by non-explosive rounds. As a result of the incident, one Taiwanese fisherman was killed and four others wounded. Another member of the crew became missing.[2]The Taiwan fishermen's union called it a \"barbaric act\" and the British government condemned it as \"unjustifiable and excessive\".[1]","title":"Background"}]	[{"image_text":"Territories and exclusive economic zones claimed by Argentina","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Argentine_map_of_Argentina.png/150px-Argentine_map_of_Argentina.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Un guardacostas argentino hunde un pesquero de Taiwan en aguas reclamadas por Buenos Aires\". 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Retrieved 24 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://elpais.com/diario/1986/05/31/internacional/517874414_850215.html","url_text":"\"Argentina culpa al capitán del pesquero taiwanés y a Londres por el suceso del Atlántico\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sinking_of_Chian-der_3&params=51.5_S_64.7_W_dim:1500km&title=Sinking+Chian-der+3","external_links_name":"51°30′S 64°42′W / 51.50°S 64.70°W / -51.50; -64.70 (Sinking Chian-der 3)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sinking_of_Chian-der_3&params=51.5_S_64.7_W_dim:1500km&title=Sinking+Chian-der+3","external_links_name":"51°30′S 64°42′W / 51.50°S 64.70°W / -51.50; -64.70 (Sinking Chian-der 3)"},{"Link":"http://elpais.com/diario/1986/05/30/internacional/517788024_850215.html","external_links_name":"\"Un guardacostas argentino hunde un pesquero de Taiwan en aguas reclamadas por Buenos Aires\""},{"Link":"http://elpais.com/diario/1986/05/31/internacional/517874414_850215.html","external_links_name":"\"Argentina culpa al capitán del pesquero taiwanés y a Londres por el suceso del Atlántico\""},{"Link":"http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/TAIWAN/ARGENTINA/Argentina/culpa/capitan/pesquero/taiwanes/Londres/suceso/Atl%C3%A1ntico/elpepiint/19860531elpepiint_14/Tes/","external_links_name":"\"Argentina culpa al capitán del pesquero taiwanés y a Londres por el suceso del Atlántico\""},{"Link":"http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/TAIWAN/ARGENTINA/guardacostas/argentino/hunde/pesquero/Taiwan/aguas/reclamadas/Buenos/Aires/elpepiint/19860530elpepiint_24/Tes/","external_links_name":"\"Un guardacostas argentino hunde un pesquero de Taiwan en aguas reclamadas por Buenos Aires\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinking_of_Chian-der_3&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinking_of_Chian-der_3&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoGeNT	CoGeNT	["1 Results","2 References","3 External links"]	Experiment searching for dark matter The CoGeNT experiment has searched for dark matter. It uses a single germanium crystal (~100 grams) as a cryogenic detector for WIMP particles. CoGeNT has operated in the Soudan Underground Laboratory since 2009. Results Their first announcement was an excess of events recorded after 56 days. Juan Collar, who presented the results to a conference at the University of California, was quoted: "If it's real, we're looking at a very beautiful dark-matter signal". This signal conflicts with other searches that have failed to find any evidence, such as XENON and LUX but appears to confirm results from DAMA. They observed an annual modulation in the event rate that could indicate light dark matter. The annual modulation has continued to be seen in 3 years of data. However more recent work has shown that the excess of events attributed to a tentative dark matter signal was in fact due to an underestimated background from surface events. After accounting for this background there is no evidence for a signal in data from the CoGeNT experiment and no tension with null results from other experiments. References ^ a b Edwin Cartlidge (Jan 20, 2014). "CoGeNT gives further backing to annual dark-matter variation". ^ a b Eric Hand (2010-02-26). "A CoGeNT result in the hunt for dark matter". Nature. Nature News. doi:10.1038/news.2010.97. ^ C. E. Aalseth; CoGeNT collaboration (2011). "Results from a Search for Light-Mass Dark Matter with a P-type Point Contact Germanium Detector". Physical Review Letters. 106 (13): 131301. arXiv:1002.4703. Bibcode:2011PhRvL.106m1301A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.131301. PMID 21517370. S2CID 24822628. ^ James Dacey (June 2011). "CoGeNT findings support dark-matter halo theory". physicsworld. Retrieved 5 May 2015. ^ Davis, Jonathan; McCabe, Christopher; Boehm, Celine (August 2014). "Quantifying the evidence for Dark Matter in CoGeNT data". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 1408 (8): 014. arXiv:1405.0495. Bibcode:2014JCAP...08..014D. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2014/08/014. S2CID 54532870. ^ Aalseth, C.E. (5 Feb 2015). "Maximum Likelihood Signal Extraction Method Applied to 3.4 years of CoGeNT Data". arXiv:1401.6234 . ^ Davis, Jonathan (June 12, 2015). "The Past and Future of Light Dark Matter Direct Detection". Int. J. Mod. Phys. A. 30 (15): 1530038. arXiv:1506.03924. Bibcode:2015IJMPA..3030038D. doi:10.1142/S0217751X15300380. S2CID 119269304. External links CoGeNT Dark Matter Experiment website vteDark matterForms ofdark matter Baryonic dark matter Cold dark matter Hot dark matter Light dark matter Mixed dark matter Warm dark matter Self-interacting dark matter Scalar field dark matter Primordial black holes Hypothetical particles Axino Axion Dark photon LSP Minicharged particle Neutralino Sterile neutrino SIMP WIMP WISP Theoriesand objects Cuspy halo problem Dark fluid Dark galaxy Dark globular cluster Dark matter halo Dark radiation Dark star Dwarf galaxy problem Halo mass function Mass dimension one fermions Massive compact halo object Mirror matter Navarro–Frenk–White profile Scalar field dark matter SearchexperimentsDirectdetection ADMX ANAIS ArDM CDEX CDMS CLEAN CoGeNT COSINE COUPP CRESST CUORE D3 DAMA/LIBRA DAMA/NaI DAMIC DarkSide DARWIN DEAP DM-Ice DMTPC DRIFT EDELWEISS EURECA KIMS LUX LZ MACRO MIMAC NAIAD NEWAGE NEWS-G PandaX PICASSO PICO ROSEBUD SABRE SIMPLE TREX-DM UKDMC WARP XENON XMASS ZEPLIN Indirectdetection AMS-02 ANTARES ATIC CALET CAST DAMPE Fermi HAWC HESS IceCube MAGIC MOA OGLE PAMELA VERITAS Other projects MultiDark PVLAS Potential dark galaxies HE0450-2958 HVC 127-41-330 Smith's Cloud VIRGOHI21 Related Antimatter Dark energy Exotic matter Galaxy formation and evolution Illustris project Imaginary mass Negative mass UniverseMachine Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dark matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter"},{"link_name":"germanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cartlidge2014-1"},{"link_name":"cryogenic detector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_particle_detectors"},{"link_name":"WIMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particles"},{"link_name":"Soudan Underground Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudan_Underground_Laboratory"}],"text":"The CoGeNT experiment has searched for dark matter. It uses a single germanium crystal (~100 grams[1]) as a cryogenic detector for WIMP particles. CoGeNT has operated in the Soudan Underground Laboratory since 2009.","title":"CoGeNT"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NN-2010-02-26-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NN-2010-02-26-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"XENON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XENON"},{"link_name":"LUX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Underground_Xenon_experiment"},{"link_name":"DAMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAMA/LIBRA"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dacey2011-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cartlidge2014-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Their first announcement was an excess of events recorded after 56 days.[2] Juan Collar, who presented the results to a conference at the University of California, was quoted: \"If it's real, we're looking at a very beautiful dark-matter signal\".[2][3]This signal conflicts with other searches that have failed to find any evidence, such as XENON and LUX but appears to confirm results from DAMA.They observed an annual modulation in the event rate that could indicate light dark matter.[4]The annual modulation has continued to be seen in 3 years of data.[1]However more recent work has shown that the excess of events attributed to a tentative dark matter signal was in fact due to an underestimated background from surface events.[5] After accounting for this background there is no evidence for a signal in data from the CoGeNT experiment and no tension with null results from other experiments.[6][7]","title":"Results"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Edwin Cartlidge (Jan 20, 2014). \"CoGeNT gives further backing to annual dark-matter variation\".","urls":[{"url":"http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2014/jan/20/cogent-gives-further-backing-to-annual-dark-matter-variation","url_text":"\"CoGeNT gives further backing to annual dark-matter variation\""}]},{"reference":"Eric Hand (2010-02-26). \"A CoGeNT result in the hunt for dark matter\". Nature. Nature News. doi:10.1038/news.2010.97.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100226/full/news.2010.97.html","url_text":"\"A CoGeNT result in the hunt for dark matter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2010.97","url_text":"10.1038/news.2010.97"}]},{"reference":"C. E. Aalseth; CoGeNT collaboration (2011). \"Results from a Search for Light-Mass Dark Matter with a P-type Point Contact Germanium Detector\". Physical Review Letters. 106 (13): 131301. arXiv:1002.4703. Bibcode:2011PhRvL.106m1301A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.131301. PMID 21517370. S2CID 24822628.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1002.4703","url_text":"1002.4703"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhRvL.106m1301A","url_text":"2011PhRvL.106m1301A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.106.131301","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.131301"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21517370","url_text":"21517370"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24822628","url_text":"24822628"}]},{"reference":"James Dacey (June 2011). \"CoGeNT findings support dark-matter halo theory\". physicsworld. 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S2CID 54532870.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1405.0495","url_text":"1405.0495"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JCAP...08..014D","url_text":"2014JCAP...08..014D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1475-7516%2F2014%2F08%2F014","url_text":"10.1088/1475-7516/2014/08/014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54532870","url_text":"54532870"}]},{"reference":"Aalseth, C.E. (5 Feb 2015). \"Maximum Likelihood Signal Extraction Method Applied to 3.4 years of CoGeNT Data\". arXiv:1401.6234 [astro-ph.CO].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.6234","url_text":"1401.6234"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/archive/astro-ph.CO","url_text":"astro-ph.CO"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Jonathan (June 12, 2015). \"The Past and Future of Light Dark Matter Direct Detection\". Int. J. Mod. Phys. A. 30 (15): 1530038. arXiv:1506.03924. Bibcode:2015IJMPA..3030038D. doi:10.1142/S0217751X15300380. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beugneux	Beugneux	["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]	Coordinates: 49°14′06″N 3°24′53″E / 49.235°N 3.4147°E / 49.235; 3.4147 You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2008) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|fr\|Beugneux}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Commune in Hauts-de-France, FranceBeugneuxCommune Coat of armsLocation of Beugneux BeugneuxShow map of FranceBeugneuxShow map of Hauts-de-FranceCoordinates: 49°14′06″N 3°24′53″E / 49.235°N 3.4147°E / 49.235; 3.4147CountryFranceRegionHauts-de-FranceDepartmentAisneArrondissementSoissonsCantonVillers-CotterêtsIntercommunalityOulchy le ChâteauGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Etienne CallayArea17.68 km2 (2.97 sq mi)Population (2021)113 • Density15/km2 (38/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code02082 /02210Elevation92–202 m (302–663 ft) (avg. 135 m or 443 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Beugneux (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the department of Aisne in Hauts-de-France in northern France. Population Historical populationYearPop.±%1962122— 196897−20.5%197594−3.1%198292−2.1%199075−18.5%199983+10.7%2008126+51.8% See also Communes of the Aisne department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beugneux. vte Communes of the Aisne department Abbécourt Achery Acy Agnicourt-et-Séchelles Aguilcourt Aisonville-et-Bernoville Aizelles Aizy-Jouy Alaincourt Allemant Ambleny Ambrief Amifontaine Amigny-Rouy Ancienville Andelain Anguilcourt-le-Sart Anizy-le-Grand Annois Any-Martin-Rieux Archon Arcy-Sainte-Restitue Armentières-sur-Ourcq Arrancy Artemps Assis-sur-Serre Athies-sous-Laon Attilly Aubencheul-aux-Bois Aubenton Aubigny-aux-Kaisnes Aubigny-en-Laonnois Audignicourt Audigny Augy Aulnois-sous-Laon Les Autels Autremencourt Autreppes Autreville Azy-sur-Marne Bagneux Bancigny Barenton-Bugny Barenton-Cel Barenton-sur-Serre Barisis-aux-Bois Barzy-en-Thiérache Barzy-sur-Marne Bassoles-Aulers Bazoches-et-Saint-Thibaut Beaumé Beaumont-en-Beine Beaurevoir Beaurieux Beautor Beauvois-en-Vermandois Becquigny Belleau Bellenglise Belleu Bellicourt Benay Bergues-sur-Sambre Berlancourt Berlise Bernot Bernoy-le-Château Berny-Rivière Berrieux Berry-au-Bac Bertaucourt-Epourdon Berthenicourt Bertricourt Besmé Besmont Besny-et-Loizy Béthancourt-en-Vaux Beugneux Beuvardes Bézu-le-Guéry Bézu-Saint-Germain Bichancourt Bieuxy Bièvres Billy-sur-Aisne Billy-sur-Ourcq Blanzy-lès-Fismes Blérancourt Blesmes Bohain-en-Vermandois Bois-lès-Pargny Boncourt Bonneil Bonnesvalyn Bony Bosmont-sur-Serre Bouconville-Vauclair Boué Bouffignereux Bouresches Bourg-et-Comin Bourguignon-sous-Coucy Bourguignon-sous-Montbavin La Bouteille Braine Brancourt-en-Laonnois Brancourt-le-Grand Brasles Braye Braye-en-Laonnois Braye-en-Thiérache Bray-Saint-Christophe Brécy Brenelle Breny Brie Brissay-Choigny Brissy-Hamégicourt Brumetz Brunehamel Bruyères-et-Montbérault Bruyères-sur-Fère Bruys Bucilly Bucy-le-Long Bucy-lès-Cerny Bucy-lès-Pierrepont Buire Buironfosse Burelles Bussiares Buzancy Caillouël-Crépigny Camelin La Capelle Castres Le Catelet Caulaincourt Caumont Celles-lès-Condé Celles-sur-Aisne Cerizy Cerny-en-Laonnois Cerny-lès-Bucy Cerseuil Cessières-Suzy Chacrise Chaillevois Chalandry Chambry Chamouille Champs Chaourse La Chapelle-sur-Chézy Charly-sur-Marne Le Charmel Charmes Chartèves Chassemy Château-Thierrysubpr Châtillon-lès-Sons Châtillon-sur-Oise Chaudardes Chaudun Chauny Chavignon Chavigny Chavonne Chérêt Chermizy-Ailles Chéry-Chartreuve Chéry-lès-Pouilly Chéry-lès-Rozoy Chevennes Chevregny Chevresis-Monceau Chézy-en-Orxois Chézy-sur-Marne Chierry Chigny Chivres-en-Laonnois Chivres-Val Chivy-lès-Étouvelles Chouy Cierges Cilly Ciry-Salsogne Clacy-et-Thierret Clairfontaine Clamecy Clastres Clermont-les-Fermes Cœuvres-et-Valsery Coincy Coingt Colligis-Crandelain Colonfay Commenchon Concevreux Condé-en-Brie Condé-sur-Aisne Condé-sur-Suippe Condren Connigis Contescourt Corbeny Corcy Coucy-la-Ville Coucy-le-Château-Auffrique Coucy-lès-Eppes Coulonges-Cohan Coupru Courbes Courboin Courcelles-sur-Vesle Courchamps Courmelles Courmont Courtemont-Varennes Courtrizy-et-Fussigny Couvrelles Couvron-et-Aumencourt Coyolles Cramaille Craonne Craonnelle Crécy-au-Mont Crécy-sur-Serre Crépy Crézancy Croix-Fonsomme La Croix-sur-Ourcq Crouttes-sur-Marne Crouy Crupilly Cuffies Cugny Cuirieux Cuiry-Housse Cuiry-lès-Chaudardes Cuiry-lès-Iviers Cuissy-et-Geny Cuisy-en-Almont Cutry Cys-la-Commune Dagny-Lambercy Dallon Dammard Dampleux Danizy Dercy Deuillet Dhuizel Dhuys-et-Morin-en-Brie Dizy-le-Gros Dohis Dolignon Dommiers Domptin Dorengt Douchy Dravegny Droizy Dury Ébouleau Effry Englancourt Épagny Éparcy Épaux-Bézu Épieds L'Épine-aux-Bois Eppes Erlon Erloy Esquéhéries Essigny-le-Grand Essigny-le-Petit Essises Essômes-sur-Marne Estrées Étampes-sur-Marne Étaves-et-Bocquiaux Étouvelles Étréaupont Étreillers Étrépilly Étreux Évergnicourt Faverolles Fayet La Fère Fère-en-Tardenois La Ferté-Chevresis La Ferté-Milon Fesmy-le-Sart Festieux Fieulaine Filain La Flamengrie Flavigny-le-Grand-et-Beaurain Flavy-le-Martel Fleury Fluquières Folembray Fonsomme Fontaine-lès-Clercs Fontaine-lès-Vervins Fontaine-Notre-Dame Fontaine-Uterte Fontenelle Fontenoy Foreste Fossoy Fourdrain Francilly-Selency Franqueville Fresnes-en-Tardenois Fresnes-sous-Coucy Fresnoy-le-Grand Fressancourt Frières-Faillouël Froidestrées Froidmont-Cohartille Gandelu Gauchy Gercy Gergny Germaine Gibercourt Gizy Gland Goudelancourt-lès-Berrieux Goudelancourt-lès-Pierrepont Goussancourt Gouy Grandlup-et-Fay Grandrieux Grand-Rozoy Grand-Verly Gricourt Grisolles Gronard Grougis Grugies Guise Guivry Guny Guyencourt Hannapes Happencourt Haramont Harcigny Hargicourt Harly Hartennes-et-Taux Hary Hautevesnes Hauteville Haution La Hérie Le Hérie-la-Viéville Hinacourt Hirson Holnon Homblières Houry Housset Iron Itancourt Iviers Jaulgonne Jeancourt Jeantes Joncourt Jouaignes Jumencourt Jumigny Jussy Juvigny Juvincourt-et-Damary Laffaux Laigny Lanchy Landifay-et-Bertaignemont Landouzy-la-Cour Landouzy-la-Ville Landricourt Laniscourt Laonpref Lappion Largny-sur-Automne Latilly Launoy Laval-en-Laonnois Lavaqueresse Laversine Lehaucourt Lemé Lempire Lerzy Leschelle Lesdins Lesges Lesquielles-Saint-Germain Leuilly-sous-Coucy Leury Leuze Levergies Lhuys Licy-Clignon Lierval Liesse-Notre-Dame Liez Limé Lislet Logny-lès-Aubenton Longpont Lor Louâtre Loupeigne Lucy-le-Bocage Lugny Luzoir Ly-Fontaine Maast-et-Violaine Mâchecourt Macogny Macquigny Magny-la-Fosse Maissemy Maizy La Malmaison Malzy Manicamp Marchais Marcy Marcy-sous-Marle Marest-Dampcourt Mareuil-en-Dôle Marfontaine Margival Marigny-en-Orxois Marizy-Sainte-Geneviève Marizy-Saint-Mard Marle Marly-Gomont Martigny Martigny-Courpierre Mauregny-en-Haye Mayot Mennessis Mennevret Mercin-et-Vaux Merlieux-et-Fouquerolles Mesbrecourt-Richecourt Mesnil-Saint-Laurent Meurival Mézières-sur-Oise Mézy-Moulins Missy-aux-Bois Missy-lès-Pierrepont Missy-sur-Aisne Molain Molinchart Monampteuil Monceau-le-Neuf-et-Faucouzy Monceau-lès-Leups Monceau-le-Waast Monceau-sur-Oise Mondrepuis Monnes Mons-en-Laonnois Montaigu Montbavin Montbrehain Montchâlons Montcornet Mont-d'Origny Montescourt-Lizerolles Montfaucon Montgobert Montgru-Saint-Hilaire Monthenault Monthiers Monthurel Montigny-en-Arrouaise Montigny-l'Allier Montigny-le-Franc Montigny-Lengrain Montigny-lès-Condé Montigny-sous-Marle Montigny-sur-Crécy Montlevon Montloué Mont-Notre-Dame Montreuil-aux-Lions Mont-Saint-Jean Mont-Saint-Martin Mont-Saint-Père Morcourt Morgny-en-Thiérache Morsain Mortefontaine Mortiers Moulins Moussy-Verneuil Moÿ-de-l'Aisne Muret-et-Crouttes Muscourt Nampcelles-la-Cour Nampteuil-sous-Muret Nanteuil-la-Fosse Nanteuil-Notre-Dame Nauroy Nesles-la-Montagne Neufchâtel-sur-Aisne Neuflieux Neuilly-Saint-Front Neuve-Maison La Neuville-Bosmont La Neuville-en-Beine La Neuville-Housset La Neuville-lès-Dorengt Neuville-Saint-Amand Neuville-sur-Ailette Neuville-sur-Margival Neuvillette Nizy-le-Comte Nogentel Nogent-l'Artaud Noircourt Noroy-sur-Ourcq Le Nouvion-en-Thiérache Nouvion-et-Catillon Nouvion-le-Comte Nouvion-le-Vineux Nouvron-Vingré Noyales Œuilly Ognes Ohis Oigny-en-Valois Oisy Ollezy Omissy Orainville Orgeval Origny-en-Thiérache Origny-Sainte-Benoite Osly-Courtil Ostel Oulches-la-Vallée-Foulon Oulchy-la-Ville Oulchy-le-Château Paars Paissy Pancy-Courtecon Papleux Parcy-et-Tigny Parfondeval Parfondru Pargnan Pargny-Filain Pargny-la-Dhuys Pargny-les-Bois Parpeville Pasly Passy-en-Valois Passy-sur-Marne Pavant Pernant Petit-Verly Pierremande Pierrepont Pignicourt Pinon Pithon Pleine-Selve Le Plessier-Huleu Ploisy Plomion Ployart-et-Vaurseine Pommiers Pont-Arcy Pontavert Pontru Pontruet Pont-Saint-Mard Pouilly-sur-Serre Prémont Prémontré Presles-et-Boves Presles-et-Thierny Priez Prisces Proisy Proix Prouvais Proviseux-et-Plesnoy Puiseux-en-Retz Puisieux-et-Clanlieu Quierzy Quincy-Basse Quincy-sous-le-Mont Raillimont Ramicourt Regny Remaucourt Remies Remigny Renansart Renneval Résigny Ressons-le-Long Retheuil Reuilly-Sauvigny Ribeauville Ribemont Rocourt-Saint-Martin Rocquigny Rogécourt Rogny Romeny-sur-Marne Romery Ronchères Roucy Rougeries Roupy Rouvroy Rouvroy-sur-Serre Royaucourt-et-Chailvet Rozet-Saint-Albin Rozières-sur-Crise Rozoy-Bellevalle Rozoy-sur-Serre Saconin-et-Breuil Sains-Richaumont Saint-Algis Saint-Aubin Saint-Bandry Saint-Christophe-à-Berry Saint-Clément Sainte-Croix Sainte-Geneviève Sainte-Preuve Saint-Erme-Outre-et-Ramecourt Saint-Eugène Saint-Gengoulph Saint-Gobain Saint-Gobert Saint-Mard Saint-Martin-Rivière Saint-Michel Saint-Nicolas-aux-Bois Saint-Paul-aux-Bois Saint-Pierre-Aigle Saint-Pierre-lès-Franqueville Saint-Pierremont Saint-Quentinsubpr Saint-Rémy-Blanzy Saint-Simon Saint-Thomas Samoussy Sancy-les-Cheminots Saponay Saulchery Savy Seboncourt Selens La Selve Septmonts Les Septvallons Septvaux Sequehart Serain Seraucourt-le-Grand Serches Sergy Seringes-et-Nesles Sermoise Servais Serval Séry-lès-Mézières Silly-la-Poterie Sinceny Sissonne Sissy Soissonssubpr Soize Sommelans Sommeron Sommette-Eaucourt Sons-et-Ronchères Sorbais Soucy Soupir Le Sourd Surfontaine Taillefontaine Tannières Tartiers Tavaux-et-Pontséricourt Tergnier Terny-Sorny Thenailles Thenelles Thiernu Le Thuel Torcy-en-Valois Toulis-et-Attencourt Travecy Trefcon Trélou-sur-Marne Troësnes Trosly-Loire Trucy Tugny-et-Pont Tupigny Ugny-le-Gay Urcel Urvillers Vadencourt Vailly-sur-Aisne La Vallée-au-Blé La Vallée-Mulâtre Vallées en Champagne Variscourt Vassens Vasseny Vassogne Vaucelles-et-Beffecourt Vaudesson Vauxaillon Vaux-Andigny Vauxbuin Vaux-en-Vermandois Vauxrezis Vauxtin Vendelles Vendeuil Vendhuile Vendières Vendresse-Beaulne Vénérolles Venizel Verdilly Le Verguier Vermand Verneuil-sous-Coucy Verneuil-sur-Serre Versigny Vervinssubpr Vesles-et-Caumont Veslud Veuilly-la-Poterie Vézaponin Vézilly Vichel-Nanteuil Vic-sur-Aisne Viel-Arcy Viels-Maisons Vierzy Viffort Vigneux-Hocquet La Ville-aux-Bois-lès-Dizy La Ville-aux-Bois-lès-Pontavert Villemontoire Villeneuve-Saint-Germain Villeneuve-sur-Aisne Villeneuve-sur-Fère Villequier-Aumont Villeret Villers-Agron-Aiguizy Villers-Cotterêts Villers-Hélon Villers-le-Sec Villers-lès-Guise Villers-Saint-Christophe Villers-sur-Fère Ville-Savoye Villiers-Saint-Denis Vincy-Reuil-et-Magny Viry-Noureuil Vivaise Vivières Voharies Vorges Voulpaix Voyenne Vregny Vuillery Wassigny Watigny Wiège-Faty Wimy Wissignicourt pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture This Soissons arrondissement geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[bœɲø]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisne"},{"link_name":"Hauts-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Hauts-de-France, FranceBeugneux (French pronunciation: [bœɲø]) is a commune in the department of Aisne in Hauts-de-France in northern France.","title":"Beugneux"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"}]	[]	[{"title":"Communes of the Aisne department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Aisne_department"}]	[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/en/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(surname)	Pascal (surname)	["1 Origin of the surname","2 People","3 Fictional characters","4 References","5 See also"]	PascalBlaise Pascal, French philosopherOriginWord/nameLatin, in turn of HebrewMeaningrelated to EasterRegion of originFrance, Italy, Neo-Latin LanguagesOther namesVariant form(s)Paschal, Pasquale, Pasqual, Pascual Pascal is a French and an Italian surname of Romance origin. Origin of the surname Pascal is a patronymic surname that derives from the personal given name Pascal, from Latin Paschalis, which means "relating to Easter". In France Pascal is especially found in the Southern-Eastern area, in Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, while in Italy Pascal is found in Northern-Western area, in Piedmont, Aosta Valley and the variant De Pascal in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. People Adam Pascal (born 1970), American actor and singer Amy Pascal (born 1958), American film producer. André Pascal (1932–2001), French songwriter and composer Andrew Pascal (born 1965), American businessman in the gaming industry. Blaise Pascal (1623–1662), French mathematician and philosopher Christine Pascal (1953 – 1996), French actress, writer and director Dave Pascal (1918 – 2003), American cartoonist Ernest Pascal (1896 – 1966), English-American writer Étienne Pascal (1588–1651), French judge and amateur scientist, father of Blaise Fabian Pascal, Romanian-American computer scientist Francine Pascal, American author Francoise Pascal, Mauritian actress Gabriel Pascal, Romanian film producer and director Gisèle Pascal, French actress Jacqueline Pascal (1625–1661), the sister of Blaise Jean-Claude Pascal, French singer Jean-Thenistor Pascal, Haitian-Canadian professional boxer John Pascal, American playwright Julia Pascal, British playwright Maite Orsini Pascal, Chilean actress and model Marie-Georges Pascal, French actress Marta Pascal (born 1983), Spanish politician Mary Ann Pascal, American actress Nelon Pascal, West Indian cricketer Olivia Pascal, German actress Paul Pascal (1839 - 1905), French landscape painter Pedro Pascal, Chilean-American actor Robert A. Pascal, American politician Zach Pascal (born 1994), American football player Fictional characters Ana Pascal, the love interest of the main character from the film Stranger than Fiction (2006) Mattia Pascal, the main character in The Late Mattia Pascal, novel by Luigi Pirandello Esmée Pascal, a police officer appearing in the second season of Dexter References ^ "Pascal - Name Meaning and Origin". thinkbabynames.com. Retrieved 2007-12-20. ^ Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508137-4. ^ L'encyclopédie des noms de familles ^ Gens Labo Net, surnames in Italy ^ Cognomix, surnames in Italy ^ Gens Labo Net, surnames in Italy ^ Cognomix, surnames in Italy See also Pascal (given name) Pascal (disambiguation) Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Pascal. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Pascal is a French and an Italian surname of Romance origin.[1]","title":"Pascal (surname)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(name)"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lasttn-2"},{"link_name":"Rhône-Alpes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes"},{"link_name":"Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence-Alpes-C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Aosta Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Friuli-Venezia Giulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Pascal is a patronymic surname that derives from the personal given name Pascal, from Latin Paschalis,[2] which means \"relating to Easter\". In France Pascal is especially found in the Southern-Eastern area, in Rhône-Alpes and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur,[3] while in Italy Pascal is found in Northern-Western area, in Piedmont, Aosta Valley[4][5] and the variant De Pascal in Friuli-Venezia Giulia.[6][7]","title":"Origin of the surname"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Amy Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Pascal"},{"link_name":"André Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Andrew Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Blaise Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Christine Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Dave Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Ernest Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Étienne Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Fabian Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Francine Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francine_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Francoise Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoise_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Gisèle Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gis%C3%A8le_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Jean-Claude Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Jean-Thenistor Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Pascal"},{"link_name":"John Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Julia Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Maite Orsini Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maite_Orsini"},{"link_name":"Marie-Georges Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Georges_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Marta Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Mary Ann Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ann_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Nelon Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelon_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Olivia Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Paul Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Pedro Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Robert A. Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Pascal"},{"link_name":"Zach Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Pascal"}],"text":"Adam Pascal (born 1970), American actor and singer\nAmy Pascal (born 1958), American film producer.\nAndré Pascal (1932–2001), French songwriter and composer\nAndrew Pascal (born 1965), American businessman in the gaming industry.\nBlaise Pascal (1623–1662), French mathematician and philosopher\nChristine Pascal (1953 – 1996), French actress, writer and director\nDave Pascal (1918 – 2003), American cartoonist\nErnest Pascal (1896 – 1966), English-American writer\nÉtienne Pascal (1588–1651), French judge and amateur scientist, father of Blaise\nFabian Pascal, Romanian-American computer scientist\nFrancine Pascal, American author\nFrancoise Pascal, Mauritian actress\nGabriel Pascal, Romanian film producer and director\nGisèle Pascal, French actress\nJacqueline Pascal (1625–1661), the sister of Blaise\nJean-Claude Pascal, French singer\nJean-Thenistor Pascal, Haitian-Canadian professional boxer\nJohn Pascal, American playwright\nJulia Pascal, British playwright\nMaite Orsini Pascal, Chilean actress and model\nMarie-Georges Pascal, French actress\nMarta Pascal (born 1983), Spanish politician\nMary Ann Pascal, American actress\nNelon Pascal, West Indian cricketer\nOlivia Pascal, German actress\nPaul Pascal (1839 - 1905), French landscape painter\nPedro Pascal, Chilean-American actor\nRobert A. Pascal, American politician\nZach Pascal (born 1994), American football player","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stranger than Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranger_than_Fiction_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"The Late Mattia Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Late_Mattia_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Dexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_(TV_Series)"}],"text":"Ana Pascal, the love interest of the main character from the film Stranger than Fiction (2006)\nMattia Pascal, the main character in The Late Mattia Pascal, novel by Luigi Pirandello\nEsmée Pascal, a police officer appearing in the second season of Dexter","title":"Fictional characters"}]	[]	[{"title":"Pascal (given name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(given_name)"},{"title":"Pascal (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Pascal_(surname)&namespace=0"},{"title":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking"},{"title":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"}]	[{"reference":"\"Pascal - Name Meaning and Origin\". thinkbabynames.com. Retrieved 2007-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thinkbabynames.com/meaning/1/Pascal","url_text":"\"Pascal - Name Meaning and Origin\""}]},{"reference":"Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508137-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-508137-4","url_text":"0-19-508137-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.thinkbabynames.com/meaning/1/Pascal","external_links_name":"\"Pascal - Name Meaning and Origin\""},{"Link":"http://www.linternaute.com/femmes/nom-de-famille/nom/167228/pascal.shtml","external_links_name":"L'encyclopédie des noms de familles"},{"Link":"http://www.gens.labo.net/it/cognomi/genera.html?cognome=PASCAL&t=cognomi-prov","external_links_name":"Gens Labo Net, surnames in Italy"},{"Link":"http://www.cognomix.it/mappe-dei-cognomi-italiani.php?ricCognome=Pascal&ricDove=1&x=0&y=0","external_links_name":"Cognomix, surnames in Italy"},{"Link":"http://www.gens.labo.net/it/cognomi/genera.html?cognome=DE%20PASCAL&t=cognomi","external_links_name":"Gens Labo Net, surnames in Italy"},{"Link":"http://www.cognomix.it/mappe-dei-cognomi-italiani.php?ricCognome=De+Pascal&ricDove=1&x=0&y=0","external_links_name":"Cognomix, surnames in Italy"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Pascal_(surname)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_Lake_(Oregon)	Miller Lake (Oregon)	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 43°13′42″N 121°57′36″W / 43.22833°N 121.96000°W / 43.22833; -121.96000For other places with the same name, see Miller Lake (disambiguation). Miller LakeMiller LakeShow map of OregonMiller LakeShow map of the United StatesLocationKlamath County, OregonCoordinates43°13′42″N 121°57′36″W / 43.22833°N 121.96000°W / 43.22833; -121.96000TypeNatural, oligotrophicPrimary inflowsTipsoo, Evening, and Gideon creeksPrimary outflowsMiller CreekCatchment area11 square miles (28 km2)Basin countriesUnited StatesSurface area566 acres (229 ha)Average depth77 feet (23 m)Max. depth145 feet (44 m)Water volume43,700 acre-feet (53,900,000 m3)Residence time2.9 yearsShore length14.3 miles (6.9 km)Surface elevation5,633 feet (1,717 m)References1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. Miller Lake is a large natural freshwater lake in the Cascade Range in western Klamath County in the U.S. state of Oregon. The lake is in the Winema National Forest, about 14 miles (23 km) west of Chemult via Miller Lake Road (Forest Road 9772). Recreation at the lake includes fishing for stocked rainbow and brown trout and kokanee. The lake has been called "one of the best brown trout fisheries in the state". Many brown trout in the lake, which is open for night fishing as well as day fishing, exceed 26 inches (66 cm) in length. The lake and its drainage system form the sole habitat for the Miller Lake lamprey. The species was nearly exterminated during the 1950s by state wildlife managers, who saw it as a threat to trout populations in the lake. Since its rediscovery in 1992, efforts have been underway to rebuild lamprey populations and reintroduce it to Miller Lake. Miller Lake is also used for swimming and non-motorized boating. Hiking trails in the vicinity provide access to the Mount Thielsen Wilderness and the Pacific Crest Trail. Digit Point Campground at the lake has 64 individual camping sites with access to picnic tables, potable water, and toilets. Mosquito infestations may require repellent or headnets. See also List of lakes in Oregon References ^ Johnson, Daniel M.; Petersen, Richard R.; Lycan, D. Richard; Sweet, James W.; Neuhaus, Mark E., and Schaedel, Andrew L. (1985). Atlas of Oregon Lakes. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. p. 234. ISBN 0-87071-343-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Atlas of Oregon Lakes: Miller Lake (Klamath County)". Portland State University. 1985–2012. Retrieved December 19, 2012. ^ "Miller Lake". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved Jan 17, 2021. ^ a b Oregon Atlas & Gazetteer (7th ed.). Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. 2008. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-89933-347-2. ^ a b c "Digit Point Campground". U.S. Forest Service. Retrieved December 19, 2012. ^ a b "Featured Lakes: Miller Lake". U.S. Forest Service. 2001. Retrieved December 19, 2012. ^ a b c Sheehan, Madelynne Diness (April 2005). Fishing in Oregon: The Complete Oregon Fishing Guide (10th ed.). Scappoose, Oregon: Flying Pencil Publications. p. 283. ISBN 0-916473-15-5. ^ Scott, Aaron; Swanson, Brandon (October 28, 2020). "Long thought extinct, lampreys return to Oregon's Miller Lake". OPB. Retrieved October 28, 2020. External links Photo of sunrise on the lake by Milt Hill	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miller Lake (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_Lake_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Cascade Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_Range"},{"link_name":"Klamath County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klamath_County,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Winema National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winema_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Chemult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemult,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeLorme-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digit_Point-5"},{"link_name":"rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_trout"},{"link_name":"brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_trout"},{"link_name":"kokanee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sockeye_salmon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Featured_Miller-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheehan-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheehan-7"},{"link_name":"Miller Lake lamprey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_Lake_lamprey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digit_Point-5"},{"link_name":"Mount Thielsen Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Thielsen_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Pacific Crest Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Crest_Trail"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeLorme-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Digit_Point-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Featured_Miller-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheehan-7"}],"text":"For other places with the same name, see Miller Lake (disambiguation).Miller Lake is a large natural freshwater lake in the Cascade Range in western Klamath County in the U.S. state of Oregon. The lake is in the Winema National Forest, about 14 miles (23 km) west of Chemult via Miller Lake Road (Forest Road 9772).[4][5]Recreation at the lake includes fishing for stocked rainbow and brown trout and kokanee.[6] The lake has been called \"one of the best brown trout fisheries in the state\".[7] Many brown trout in the lake, which is open for night fishing as well as day fishing, exceed 26 inches (66 cm) in length.[7]The lake and its drainage system form the sole habitat for the Miller Lake lamprey. The species was nearly exterminated during the 1950s by state wildlife managers, who saw it as a threat to trout populations in the lake.[8] Since its rediscovery in 1992, efforts have been underway to rebuild lamprey populations and reintroduce it to Miller Lake.Miller Lake is also used for swimming and non-motorized boating.[5] Hiking trails in the vicinity provide access to the Mount Thielsen Wilderness and the Pacific Crest Trail.[4] Digit Point Campground at the lake has 64 individual camping sites with access to picnic tables, potable water, and toilets.[5] Mosquito infestations may require repellent or headnets.[6][7]","title":"Miller Lake (Oregon)"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of lakes in Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Oregon"}]	[{"reference":"Johnson, Daniel M.; Petersen, Richard R.; Lycan, D. Richard; Sweet, James W.; Neuhaus, Mark E., and Schaedel, Andrew L. (1985). Atlas of Oregon Lakes. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. p. 234. ISBN 0-87071-343-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87071-343-4","url_text":"0-87071-343-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Atlas of Oregon Lakes: Miller Lake (Klamath County)\". Portland State University. 1985–2012. Retrieved December 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://aol.research.pdx.edu/?q=lake/480","url_text":"\"Atlas of Oregon Lakes: Miller Lake (Klamath County)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miller Lake\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved Jan 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1146275","url_text":"\"Miller Lake\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"Oregon Atlas & Gazetteer (7th ed.). Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. 2008. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-89933-347-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89933-347-2","url_text":"978-0-89933-347-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Digit Point Campground\". U.S. Forest Service. Retrieved December 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/fremont-winema/recreation/wateractivities/recarea/?recid=59715&actid=82","url_text":"\"Digit Point Campground\""}]},{"reference":"\"Featured Lakes: Miller Lake\". U.S. Forest Service. 2001. Retrieved December 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/fishing/forests/gofishing/win_lakes.html","url_text":"\"Featured Lakes: Miller Lake\""}]},{"reference":"Sheehan, Madelynne Diness (April 2005). Fishing in Oregon: The Complete Oregon Fishing Guide (10th ed.). Scappoose, Oregon: Flying Pencil Publications. p. 283. ISBN 0-916473-15-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916473-15-5","url_text":"0-916473-15-5"}]},{"reference":"Scott, Aaron; Swanson, Brandon (October 28, 2020). \"Long thought extinct, lampreys return to Oregon's Miller Lake\". OPB. Retrieved October 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.opb.org/article/2020/10/28/lamprey-miller-lake-oregon-extinct/","url_text":"\"Long thought extinct, lampreys return to Oregon's Miller Lake\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Miller_Lake_(Oregon)&params=43_13_42_N_121_57_36_W_region:US-OR_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"43°13′42″N 121°57′36″W / 43.22833°N 121.96000°W / 43.22833; -121.96000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Miller_Lake_(Oregon)&params=43_13_42_N_121_57_36_W_region:US-OR_type:waterbody","external_links_name":"43°13′42″N 121°57′36″W / 43.22833°N 121.96000°W / 43.22833; -121.96000"},{"Link":"http://aol.research.pdx.edu/?q=lake/480","external_links_name":"\"Atlas of Oregon Lakes: Miller Lake (Klamath County)\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1146275","external_links_name":"\"Miller Lake\""},{"Link":"https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/fremont-winema/recreation/wateractivities/recarea/?recid=59715&actid=82","external_links_name":"\"Digit Point Campground\""},{"Link":"http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/fishing/forests/gofishing/win_lakes.html","external_links_name":"\"Featured Lakes: Miller Lake\""},{"Link":"https://www.opb.org/article/2020/10/28/lamprey-miller-lake-oregon-extinct/","external_links_name":"\"Long thought extinct, lampreys return to Oregon's Miller Lake\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brown_(Scottish_footballer)	David Brown (footballer, born 1887)	["1 Career","2 Career statistics","3 Honours","4 References"]	Scottish footballer For others of a similar name, see David Brown. David BrownPersonal informationFull name David BrownDate of birth 26 November 1887Place of birth Broughty Ferry, ScotlandDate of death 1970 (aged 83)Height 5 ft 7+1⁄2 in (1.71 m)Position(s) Centre forwardSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)– Dundee St Joseph's 1913–1917 Dundee 103 (79)1917 Greenock Morton 1917–1919 Rangers 20 (14)1919 Dundee 13 (11)1919–1921 Stoke 50 (17)1921–1922 Notts County 14 (7)1922–1923 Kilmarnock 19 (4)1923–1925 Darlington 97 (74)1926–1927 Crewe Alexandra 37 (21)1927–1928 Barrow 23 (7)Total 376 (234) Club domestic league appearances and goals David Brown (26 November 1887 – 1970) was a Scottish footballer who played extensively in both England and Scotland. He played in the Football League for Barrow, Crewe Alexandra, Darlington, Notts County and Stoke. A centre-forward, he scored 39 league goals as Darlington won the Third Division North title in 1924–25. Career Brown played for Dundee St Joseph's, Dundee (in two spells, scoring six goals in a Scottish Football League fixture against Raith Rovers in December 1916), Greenock Morton and Peebles Rovers. During World War I he guested for Rangers, Nottingham Forest, Birmingham and Port Vale. After the war he joined Second Division side Stoke and made an instant impact, scoring twice on his debut against Rotherham County on 1 November 1919. He then scored six goals in four matches in December and went on to become top-scorer in 1919–20 with 13. Stoke had a poor 1920–21 campaign, almost being relegated, and Brown only managed four goals in 20 matches before he was sold to Notts County. He scored seven goals in 14 Second Division games at Meadow Lane in the 1921–22 campaign. He returned to Scotland to play for Kilmarnock in the 1922–23 season, then left Rugby Park and again moved to England with Darlington. He was a prolific striker for the "Quakers", scoring 27 goals in 1923–24 and then a club record 39 league goals in 1924–25 as Darlington won the Third Division North title. His goalscoring tally left him as the division's top-scorer for two consecutive seasons. He then departed Feethams and played for Crewe Alexandra. He scored 21 goals in 37 Third Division North appearances in the 1926–27 season in a brief stay at Gresty Road. He then spent the 1927–28 season with Barrow, before retiring to become honorary reserve team manager of former club Darlington. Career statistics Source: Club Season Division League FA Cup Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Stoke 1919–20 Second Division 31 13 1 0 32 13 1920–21 Second Division 19 4 1 0 20 4 Total 50 17 2 0 52 17 Notts County 1921–22 Second Division 14 7 0 0 14 7 Darlington 1923–24 Third Division North 40 27 3 0 43 27 1924–25 Third Division North 40 39 5 1 45 40 1925–26 Third Division North 17 8 2 2 19 10 Total 97 74 10 3 107 77 Crewe Alexandra 1926–27 Third Division North 37 21 3 2 40 23 Barrow 1927–28 Third Division North 23 7 1 0 24 7 Career total 221 126 16 5 237 131 Honours Rangers Scottish League: 1917–18 Glasgow Cup: 1917–18 Glasgow Merchants Charity Cup: 1918–19 Darlington Football League Third Division North: 1924–25 References ^ a b c d e f g h Matthews, Tony (1994). The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. Lion Press. ISBN 0-9524151-0-0. ^ "League Clubs and their Player for the Coming Season: The Northern Section: Darlington". Athletic News. Manchester. 4 August 1924. p. 3. ^ Davie Brown Player Profile, Dee Archive. Retrieved 21 February 2022 ^ Six Hat-tricks In Scottish League Yesterday. The Sunday Post, 10 December 1916. Scan via London Hearts Supporters Club ^ a b (Rangers player) Brown, David, FitbaStats. Retrieved 21 February 2022 ^ David Brown (1918), TheCityGround.com. Retrieved 21 February 2022 ^ Kent, Jeff (1996). Port Vale Personalities. Witan Books. p. 45. ISBN 0-9529152-0-0. ^ John Litster (October 2012). "A Record of pre-war Scottish League Players". Scottish Football Historian magazine. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) ^ "Club Honours & Records". Darlington 1883 F.C. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2012. ^ David Brown at the English National Football Archive (subscription required) vteEnglish Third Division top scorers 1921: Conner, Simms & Whitworth 1922: CarmichaelN / RichardsonS 1923: Beel & CarmichaelN / PagnamS 1924: BrownN / HainesS 1925: BrownN / FowlerS 1926: CooksonN / CockS 1927: WhitehurstN / MorrisS 1928: SmithN / MorrisS 1929: McConnellN / RennieS 1930: NewtonN / GoddardS 1931: McConnellN / SimpsonS 1932: HallN / BourtonS 1933: McNaughtonN / BourtonS 1934: LythgoeN / DawesS 1935: AlsopN / R. AllenS 1936: BellN / DawesS 1937: HarstonN / PayneS 1938: J. RobertsN / CrawshawS 1939: HuntN / MortonS 1947: JordanN / ClarkS 1948: HutchinsonN / TownsendS 1949: ArdronN / McGibbonS 1950: R. Phillips & DohertyN / LawtonS 1951: ShawN / ArdronS 1952: GraverN / BlackmanS 1953: WhitehouseN / BradfordS 1954: AshmanN / EnglishS 1955: Travis, Connor & BottomN / MorganS 1956: CrosbieN / CollinsS 1957: StrawN / E. PhillipsS 1958: AckermanN / Reeves & McCroryS 1959: Towers 1960: Reeves 1961: Richards 1962: Holton 1963: Hudson 1964: Biggs 1965: Wagstaff 1966: L. Allen 1967: Marsh 1968: Rogers 1969: Rogers 1970: Ge. Jones 1971: Ingram & D. Roberts 1972: MacDougall 1973: Horsfield 1974: Jennings 1975: McNeil 1976: McNeil 1977: Ward 1978: Bruce 1979: Jenkins 1980: Curran 1981: Kellow 1982: Davies 1983: Dixon 1984: Edwards 1985: Tynan 1986: Senior 1987: A. Jones 1988: Crown 1989: Bull 1990: Taylor 1991: Angell & Philliskirk 1992: Holdsworth & I. Roberts 1993: Foreman & Griffiths 1994: Ellis 1995: Freedman 1996: White & Saville 1997: Gr. Jones 1998: Ga. Jones 1999: Gabbiadini 2000: Gabbiadini 2001: Zamora 2002: Howard 2003: Morrell 2004: MacLean (N) Football League Third Division North; (S) Football League Third Division South	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brown_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Crewe Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewe_Alexandra_F.C."},{"link_name":"Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_F.C."},{"link_name":"Notts County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notts_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Encyclopaedia_of_Stoke_City-1"},{"link_name":"centre-forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Third Division North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division_North"}],"text":"For others of a similar name, see David Brown.David Brown (26 November 1887 – 1970) was a Scottish footballer who played extensively in both England and Scotland. He played in the Football League for Barrow, Crewe Alexandra, Darlington, Notts County and Stoke.[1] A centre-forward, he scored 39 league goals as Darlington won the Third Division North title in 1924–25.","title":"David Brown (footballer, born 1887)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee_F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Scottish Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Raith Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raith_Rovers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Greenock Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock_Morton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Peebles Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peebles_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fsrfc-5"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Port Vale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vale_F.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-litsterprewar-8"},{"link_name":"Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"Stoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Rotherham County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Encyclopaedia_of_Stoke_City-1"},{"link_name":"top-scorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Stoke_City_F.C._seasons"},{"link_name":"1919–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919%E2%80%9320_Stoke_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Encyclopaedia_of_Stoke_City-1"},{"link_name":"1920–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920%E2%80%9321_Stoke_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"relegated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"},{"link_name":"Notts County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notts_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Encyclopaedia_of_Stoke_City-1"},{"link_name":"Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"Meadow Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow_Lane"},{"link_name":"1921–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921%E2%80%9322_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Kilmarnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock_F.C."},{"link_name":"1922–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922%E2%80%9323_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"Rugby Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Park"},{"link_name":"Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_F.C."},{"link_name":"1923–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923%E2%80%9324_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"1924–25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924%E2%80%9325_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Third Division North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division_North"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Feethams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feethams"},{"link_name":"Crewe Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewe_Alexandra_F.C."},{"link_name":"1926–27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926%E2%80%9327_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Gresty Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Stadium"},{"link_name":"1927–28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927%E2%80%9328_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"reserve team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_team"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"}],"text":"Brown played for Dundee St Joseph's, Dundee[3] (in two spells, scoring six goals in a Scottish Football League fixture against Raith Rovers in December 1916),[4] Greenock Morton and Peebles Rovers. During World War I he guested for Rangers,[5] Nottingham Forest,[6] Birmingham and Port Vale.[7][8]After the war he joined Second Division side Stoke and made an instant impact, scoring twice on his debut against Rotherham County on 1 November 1919.[1] He then scored six goals in four matches in December and went on to become top-scorer in 1919–20 with 13.[1] Stoke had a poor 1920–21 campaign, almost being relegated, and Brown only managed four goals in 20 matches before he was sold to Notts County.[1] He scored seven goals in 14 Second Division games at Meadow Lane in the 1921–22 campaign.He returned to Scotland to play for Kilmarnock in the 1922–23 season, then left Rugby Park and again moved to England with Darlington. He was a prolific striker for the \"Quakers\", scoring 27 goals in 1923–24 and then a club record 39 league goals in 1924–25 as Darlington won the Third Division North title.[9] His goalscoring tally left him as the division's top-scorer for two consecutive seasons. He then departed Feethams and played for Crewe Alexandra. He scored 21 goals in 37 Third Division North appearances in the 1926–27 season in a brief stay at Gresty Road. He then spent the 1927–28 season with Barrow, before retiring to become honorary reserve team manager of former club Darlington.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Source:[10]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fsrfc-5"},{"link_name":"Scottish League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scottish_football_champions"},{"link_name":"1917–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917%E2%80%9318_Scottish_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Cup"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Merchants Charity Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Merchants_Charity_Cup"},{"link_name":"Football League Third Division North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division_North"},{"link_name":"1924–25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924%E2%80%9325_in_English_football"}],"text":"Rangers[5]Scottish League: 1917–18\nGlasgow Cup: 1917–18\nGlasgow Merchants Charity Cup: 1918–19DarlingtonFootball League Third Division North: 1924–25","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Matthews, Tony (1994). The Encyclopaedia of Stoke City. Lion Press. ISBN 0-9524151-0-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9524151-0-0","url_text":"0-9524151-0-0"}]},{"reference":"\"League Clubs and their Player for the Coming Season: The Northern Section: Darlington\". Athletic News. Manchester. 4 August 1924. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kent, Jeff (1996). Port Vale Personalities. Witan Books. p. 45. ISBN 0-9529152-0-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9529152-0-0","url_text":"0-9529152-0-0"}]},{"reference":"John Litster (October 2012). \"A Record of pre-war Scottish League Players\". Scottish Football Historian magazine.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Club Honours & Records\". Darlington 1883 F.C. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150227202340/http://www.darlington1883.co.uk/?page_id=70","url_text":"\"Club Honours & Records\""},{"url":"http://www.darlington1883.co.uk/?page_id=70","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.deearchive.co.uk/player.php?id=448","external_links_name":"Davie Brown Player Profile"},{"Link":"https://www.londonhearts.com/scores/images/1916/1916120907.htm","external_links_name":"Six Hat-tricks In Scottish League Yesterday."},{"Link":"https://www.fitbastats.com/rangers/player.php?playerid=1741","external_links_name":"(Rangers player) Brown, David"},{"Link":"http://thecityground.com/player.php?player_name=David%20Brown%20(1918)","external_links_name":"David Brown (1918)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150227202340/http://www.darlington1883.co.uk/?page_id=70","external_links_name":"\"Club Honours & Records\""},{"Link":"http://www.darlington1883.co.uk/?page_id=70","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.enfa.co.uk/","external_links_name":"David Brown"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persoonia_arborea	Persoonia arborea	["1 Description","2 Taxonomy","3 Distribution and habitat","4 References"]	Species of shrub Tree geebung Persoonia arborea in Toolangi State Forest Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Order: Proteales Family: Proteaceae Genus: Persoonia Species: P. arborea Binomial name Persoonia arboreaF.Muell. Occurrence data from Australasian Virtual Herbarium Synonyms Linkia arborea (F.Muell.) Kuntze Persoonia arborea, commonly known as tree geebung, is a species of large shrub or small tree that is endemic to Victoria, Australia. Description Persoonia arborea is a large shrub or small tree that typically grows to a height of 3–14 m (9.8–45.9 ft), its young branchlets densely covered with greyish to rust-coloured hairs. The leaves are narrow spatula-shaped to lance-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, 40–100 mm (1.6–3.9 in) long and 6–21 mm (0.24–0.83 in) wide. The flowers are arranged singly in the axils of leaves on a pedicel up to 5 mm (0.20 in) long, the tepals 16–20 mm (0.63–0.79 in) long, hairy on the outside with a spine 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) long on the end and white anthers. Flowering occurs from December to March and the fruit is a yellowish green, oval drupe up to about 14 mm (0.55 in) long and 12 mm (0.47 in) wide. Taxonomy Persoonia arborea was first formally described in 1865 by Ferdinand von Mueller in the fifth volume of Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae, based on material he collected from the "headwaters of the La Trobe and Yarra Rivers". Distribution and habitat Tree geebung occurs in high rainfall mountain ash forest to the north-east of Melbourne at altitudes of 450–1,200 m (1,480–3,940 ft). It is listed as "vulnerable" on the Department of Sustainability and Environment's Advisory List of Rare Or Threatened Plants In Victoria. However, within its limited range it is relatively common, and is able to colonise disturbed areas. About 40% of its habitat lies within the Yarra Ranges National Park, while the remaining 60% occurs on public land utilised for logging. References ^ a b "Persoonia arborea". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 1 October 2020. ^ a b Jeanes, Jeff A. "Persoonia arborea". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 1 October 2020. ^ Weston, Peter H. "Prostanthera arborea". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved 1 October 2020. ^ a b "A Rare plant that is locally abundant". Rare Plants of Victoria ). Viridans Biological Databases. 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2011. ^ "Persoonia arborea". APNI. Retrieved 1 October 2020. ^ von Mueller, Ferdinand (1865). Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae. Melbourne: Victorian Government Printer. pp. 37–38. Retrieved 1 October 2020. ^ "Advisory List of Rare Or Threatened Plants In Victoria - 2014" (PDF). Department of Sustainability and Environment (Victoria). Retrieved 1 October 2020. Taxon identifiersPersoonia arborea Wikidata: Q7170705 APNI: 111867 BOLD: 1109458 CoL: 76VB3 FoAO2: Persoonia arborea GBIF: 5637916 IPNI: 705377-1 IUCN: 118152388 NCBI: 1961263 Open Tree of Life: 6128934 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:705377-1 VicFlora: bae65ddd-a842-4bb6-a24e-9146439eaf2c WFO: wfo-0000483298	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBGV-2"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"}],"text":"Persoonia arborea, commonly known as tree geebung,[2] is a species of large shrub or small tree that is endemic to Victoria, Australia.","title":"Persoonia arborea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pedicel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)"},{"link_name":"tepals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepal"},{"link_name":"anthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen#anther"},{"link_name":"drupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RBGV-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABRS-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-viridans-4"}],"text":"Persoonia arborea is a large shrub or small tree that typically grows to a height of 3–14 m (9.8–45.9 ft), its young branchlets densely covered with greyish to rust-coloured hairs. The leaves are narrow spatula-shaped to lance-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, 40–100 mm (1.6–3.9 in) long and 6–21 mm (0.24–0.83 in) wide. The flowers are arranged singly in the axils of leaves on a pedicel up to 5 mm (0.20 in) long, the tepals 16–20 mm (0.63–0.79 in) long, hairy on the outside with a spine 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) long on the end and white anthers. Flowering occurs from December to March and the fruit is a yellowish green, oval drupe up to about 14 mm (0.55 in) long and 12 mm (0.47 in) wide.[2][3][4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ferdinand von Mueller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Mueller"},{"link_name":"Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragmenta_Phytographiae_Australiae"},{"link_name":"La Trobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrobe_River"},{"link_name":"Yarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarra_River"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APNI-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F.Muell.-6"}],"text":"Persoonia arborea was first formally described in 1865 by Ferdinand von Mueller in the fifth volume of Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae, based on material he collected from the \"headwaters of the La Trobe and Yarra Rivers\".[5][6]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mountain ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_regnans"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DSE-7"},{"link_name":"Yarra Ranges National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarra_Ranges_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-viridans-4"}],"text":"Tree geebung occurs in high rainfall mountain ash forest to the north-east of Melbourne at altitudes of 450–1,200 m (1,480–3,940 ft). It is listed as \"vulnerable\" on the Department of Sustainability and Environment's Advisory List of Rare Or Threatened Plants In Victoria.[7] However, within its limited range it is relatively common, and is able to colonise disturbed areas. About 40% of its habitat lies within the Yarra Ranges National Park, while the remaining 60% occurs on public land utilised for logging.[4]","title":"Distribution and habitat"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Persoonia arborea\". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 1 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/111867","url_text":"\"Persoonia arborea\""}]},{"reference":"Jeanes, Jeff A. \"Persoonia arborea\". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 1 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/bae65ddd-a842-4bb6-a24e-9146439eaf2c","url_text":"\"Persoonia arborea\""}]},{"reference":"Weston, Peter H. \"Prostanthera arborea\". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved 1 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Persoonia%20arborea","url_text":"\"Prostanthera arborea\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Rare plant that is locally abundant\". Rare Plants of Victoria ). Viridans Biological Databases. 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.viridans.com/RAREPL/locallyabundant.htm","url_text":"\"A Rare plant that is locally abundant\""}]},{"reference":"\"Persoonia arborea\". APNI. Retrieved 1 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/544626","url_text":"\"Persoonia arborea\""}]},{"reference":"von Mueller, Ferdinand (1865). Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae. Melbourne: Victorian Government Printer. pp. 37–38. Retrieved 1 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7222#page/38/mode/1up","url_text":"Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae"}]},{"reference":"\"Advisory List of Rare Or Threatened Plants In Victoria - 2014\" (PDF). Department of Sustainability and Environment (Victoria). Retrieved 1 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.environment.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0021/50448/Advisory-List-of-Rare-or-Threatened-Plants-in-Victoria-2014.pdf","url_text":"\"Advisory List of Rare Or Threatened Plants In Victoria - 2014\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/111867","external_links_name":"\"Persoonia arborea\""},{"Link":"https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/bae65ddd-a842-4bb6-a24e-9146439eaf2c","external_links_name":"\"Persoonia arborea\""},{"Link":"https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Persoonia%20arborea","external_links_name":"\"Prostanthera arborea\""},{"Link":"http://www.viridans.com/RAREPL/locallyabundant.htm","external_links_name":"\"A Rare plant that is locally abundant\""},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/544626","external_links_name":"\"Persoonia arborea\""},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7222#page/38/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae"},{"Link":"https://www.environment.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0021/50448/Advisory-List-of-Rare-or-Threatened-Plants-in-Victoria-2014.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Advisory List of Rare Or Threatened Plants In Victoria - 2014\""},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/111867","external_links_name":"111867"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=1109458","external_links_name":"1109458"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/76VB3","external_links_name":"76VB3"},{"Link":"https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Persoonia%20arborea","external_links_name":"Persoonia arborea"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5637916","external_links_name":"5637916"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/705377-1","external_links_name":"705377-1"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/118152388","external_links_name":"118152388"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1961263","external_links_name":"1961263"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=6128934","external_links_name":"6128934"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A705377-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:705377-1"},{"Link":"https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/bae65ddd-a842-4bb6-a24e-9146439eaf2c","external_links_name":"bae65ddd-a842-4bb6-a24e-9146439eaf2c"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000483298","external_links_name":"wfo-0000483298"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killimor	Killimor	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 53°09′55″N 8°17′18″W / 53.16520°N 8.28843°W / 53.16520; -8.28843Village in County Galway, Ireland This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Killimor" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Village in Connacht, IrelandKillimor Cill ÍomairVillageLooking north-west along Killimor's main streetKillimorLocation in IrelandCoordinates: 53°09′55″N 8°17′18″W / 53.16520°N 8.28843°W / 53.16520; -8.28843CountryIrelandProvinceConnachtCountyGalwayElevation57 m (187 ft)Time zoneUTC+0 (WET) • Summer (DST)UTC-1 (IST (WEST)) Killimor (Irish: Cill Íomair, meaning 'Íomar's church') is a village in east County Galway, Ireland. It is on the N65 road around nine kilometres north-west of Portumna. The village contains a number of facilities including a Heritage Centre, Roman Catholic church, a post office, a national school, a public library (which also provides a variety of activities for children and adults), a post office, a health centre, supermarkets, a pharmacy, restaurants, hairdressers & barbers, a dog grooming salon, a take-away and a number of public houses. It also has a small Adult Education school (Arts, Crafts & Languages). See also List of towns and villages in Ireland References ^ Placenames Database of Ireland External links Killimor website vtePlaces in County GalwayCounty town: GalwayTowns Athenry Ballinasloe Clifden Dunmore Gort Glenamaddy Headford Loughrea Mountbellew Oranmore Portumna Tuam Villages Abbeyknockmoy Ahascragh Annaghdown Ardrahan Aughrim Ballynahown Ballinderreen Ballindooley Ballygar Ballyconneely Ballymacward Ballymoe Ballynahinch Barna Barnaderg Bealadangan Belclare Boyounagh Bullaun Camus Caltra Carnmore Carraroe Castleblakeney Castlegar Claregalway Clarinbridge Cleggan Clonbur Clonfert Cloonboo Cloonfush Cornamona Corofin Corrandulla Costelloe Craughwell Creggs Cregmore Derrybrien Duniry Eyrecourt Furbo Garrafrauns Goulane Glinsk Hollygrove Inverin Kilcolgan Kilconnell Kilkerrin Kilkieran Killimor Killimordaly Kilronan Kiltormer Kinvara Laurencetown Leenaun Letterfrack Lettermore Lettermullen Maum Menlough Milltown Monivea Moycullen Moylough New Inn Newbridge Oughterard Recess Rosmuc Rossaveal Rosscahill Roundstone Skehana Spiddal Turloughmore Williamstown Woodford Townlands / places Attymon Ballynahown Ballybrit Cappataggle Coalpits Creagh Derrymullan Hollygrove Kilclooney Kilrickle Kiltivna Killagoola Kinvara Knockferry Lissagurraun Maam Cross Meelick Muckanaghederdauhaulia Oldthort Rossadillisk Tiaquin Demesne Baronies Aran Athenry Ballymoe Ballynahinch Clare Clonmacnowen Dunkellin Dunmore Galway Kilconnell Killian Kiltartan Leitrim Longford Loughrea Moycullen Ross Tiaquin Islands Ardoileán Dinish Eddy Gorumna Illauneeragh Illauneeragh West Inchaghaun Inchamakinna Inishbarra Inisheer Inisheltia Inishmaan Inishark Inishmore Inishbofin Inishnee Inishturk South Mason Mutton Omey Turbot White Goat List of townlands in County Galway Category:Mountains and hills of County Galway Category:Rivers of County Galway Category:Geography of County Galway This article related to the geography of County Galway, Ireland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"County Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway"},{"link_name":"N65 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N65_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Portumna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portumna"},{"link_name":"national school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_school_(Ireland)"}],"text":"Village in County Galway, IrelandVillage in Connacht, IrelandKillimor (Irish: Cill Íomair, meaning 'Íomar's church')[1] is a village in east County Galway, Ireland. It is on the N65 road around nine kilometres north-west of Portumna. The village contains a number of facilities including a Heritage Centre, Roman Catholic church, a post office, a national school, a public library (which also provides a variety of activities for children and adults), a post office, a health centre, supermarkets, a pharmacy, restaurants, hairdressers & barbers, a dog grooming salon, a take-away and a number of public houses. It also has a small Adult Education school (Arts, Crafts & Languages).","title":"Killimor"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Galway.svg/100px-Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Galway.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"List of towns and villages in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Killimor&params=53.1652_N_8.28843_W_dim:100000_region:IE_type:city","external_links_name":"53°09′55″N 8°17′18″W / 53.16520°N 8.28843°W / 53.16520; -8.28843"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Killimor%22","external_links_name":"\"Killimor\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Killimor%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Killimor%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Killimor%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Killimor%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Killimor%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Killimor&params=53.1652_N_8.28843_W_dim:100000_region:IE_type:city","external_links_name":"53°09′55″N 8°17′18″W / 53.16520°N 8.28843°W / 53.16520; -8.28843"},{"Link":"http://www.logainm.ie/19977.aspx","external_links_name":"Placenames Database of Ireland"},{"Link":"http://www.killimor.org/","external_links_name":"Killimor website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Killimor&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Rushton	Julian Rushton	["1 References","2 External links"]	English musicologist Julian Gordon Rushton (born 22 May 1941) is an English musicologist, born in Cambridge. He has contributed the entry on Mozart in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera and several other articles in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians and other reference works. He has written a critical study of the style of Hector Berlioz and was involved in critical editions of that composer's works. In 1999, he published an analysis of Elgar's Enigma Variations. His book Coffee with Mozart (2007) has been translated into German. He also wrote Mozart (The Master Musicians, 2006) and Mozart: An Extraordinary Life (2006). In addition to his 1983 work The Musical Language of Berlioz, he wrote The Music of Berlioz (OUP, 2001) as well as several articles on Mozart, Berlioz, and Elgar. He was General Editor of Cambridge Music Handbooks (c. 60 volumes), contributing Berlioz, Roméo et Juliette and Elgar, 'Enigma' Variations. He has edited works by Charpentier, Berlioz (four volumes of the New Berlioz Edition), Elgar, and Vaughan Williams. He is editor the Cambridge Berlioz Encyclopedia (2018). He was for 25 years chair of the Editorial Committee of Musica Britannica. Rushton studied at Trinity College Cambridge under Raymond Leppard, and received a doctorate (DPhil.) from Oxford, supervised by J. A. Westrup, awarded in 1970. His thesis was on French tragic opera in the period dominated by Gluck (c. 1774–1789). He taught at the University of East Anglia and then at Cambridge, holding a fellowship at King's College from 1974 until 1981, before being appointed to the West Riding Chair of Music at the University of Leeds. He retired in 2005. References ^ Auf einen Kaffee mit Mozart, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag (2009) ISBN 978-3423345453 ^ Professor Julian Rushton, Faculty of Arts, Humanities and Cultures, University of Leeds External links Berlioz editions by Julian Rushton at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) "Music and drama at the Académie Royale de Musique (Paris), 1774–1789", Rushton's PhD thesis, University of Oxford, 1969 Portals: Biography Classical music Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Sweden Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland Academics ORCID Other IdRef This article on a musicologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musicologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicologist"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"The New Grove Dictionary of Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera"},{"link_name":"The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians"},{"link_name":"Hector Berlioz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Berlioz"},{"link_name":"critical editions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_editions_(music)"},{"link_name":"Elgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Elgar"},{"link_name":"Enigma Variations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_Variations"},{"link_name":"Coffee with Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_with..._Biographies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"J. A. Westrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Westrup"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University of East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"King's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"University of Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leeds"}],"text":"Julian Gordon Rushton (born 22 May 1941) is an English musicologist, born in Cambridge. He has contributed the entry on Mozart in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera and several other articles in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians and other reference works. He has written a critical study of the style of Hector Berlioz and was involved in critical editions of that composer's works. In 1999, he published an analysis of Elgar's Enigma Variations. His book Coffee with Mozart (2007) has been translated into German.[1] He also wrote Mozart (The Master Musicians, 2006) and Mozart: An Extraordinary Life (2006). In addition to his 1983 work The Musical Language of Berlioz, he wrote The Music of Berlioz (OUP, 2001) as well as several articles on Mozart, Berlioz, and Elgar. He was General Editor of Cambridge Music Handbooks (c. 60 volumes), contributing Berlioz, Roméo et Juliette and Elgar, 'Enigma' Variations. He has edited works by Charpentier, Berlioz (four volumes of the New Berlioz Edition), Elgar, and Vaughan Williams. He is editor the Cambridge Berlioz Encyclopedia (2018). He was for 25 years chair of the Editorial Committee of Musica Britannica.Rushton studied at Trinity College Cambridge under Raymond Leppard, and received a doctorate (DPhil.) from Oxford, supervised by J. A. Westrup, awarded in 1970. His thesis was on French tragic opera in the period dominated by Gluck (c. 1774–1789).[2] He taught at the University of East Anglia and then at Cambridge, holding a fellowship at King's College from 1974 until 1981, before being appointed to the West Riding Chair of Music at the University of Leeds. He retired in 2005.","title":"Julian Rushton"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.amazon.de/Auf-einen-Kaffee-Mozart-Sachbuch/dp/3423345454","external_links_name":"Auf einen Kaffee mit Mozart"},{"Link":"http://music.leeds.ac.uk/people/professor-julian-rushton/","external_links_name":"Professor Julian Rushton"},{"Link":"https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:56c9b67d-cfe4-440e-8aa2-142d0b2792a3","external_links_name":"\"Music and drama at the Académie Royale de Musique (Paris), 1774–1789\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110353772","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/2551137","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqKdCPKgk8Y9ybW93tFrq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12372523x","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12372523x","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/134504631","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007299338605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14067485","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80074315","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/sq4677lb3g4m2qv","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010601243&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200900599","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070917361","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810589773005606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5889-8509","external_links_name":"ORCID"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/032757239","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian_Rushton&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chrysalis_Years	The Chrysalis Years	["1 Track listing","1.1 Disc One","1.2 Disc Two","1.3 Disc Three","2 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Chrysalis Years" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2002 compilation album by RamonesThe Chrysalis YearsCompilation album by RamonesReleasedAugust 29, 2002Recorded1989–1995GenrePunk rockLength3 Discs; 84 Tracks LabelChrysalisProducerJean BeauvoirBill LaswellDaniel ReyEd StasiumScott HackwithRamones compilation album chronology Best of the Chrysalis Years(2002) The Chrysalis Years(2002) Loud, Fast Ramones: Their Toughest Hits(2002) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic The Chrysalis Years is a three-disc compilation that includes all five of the Ramones albums on Chrysalis Records (or also the band's final five releases): Brain Drain, Mondo Bizarro, Acid Eaters, ¡Adios Amigos! and Loco Live (some versions include "Animal Boy" from Loco Live). It was released in 2002. Track listing Disc One "I Believe In Miracles" "Zero Zero UFO" "Don't Bust My Chops" "Punishment Fits The Crime" "All Screwed Up" "Palisades Park" "Pet Semetary" "Learn to Listen" "Can't Get You Out of My Mind" "Ignorance Is Bliss" "Come Back Baby" "Merry Christmas (I Don't Want To Fight Tonight)" "Journey to the Centre of the Mind" "Substitute" "Out of Time" "Shape of Things to Come" "Somebody to Love" "When I Was Young" "7 And 7 Is" "My Back Pages" "Can't Seem to Make You Mine" "Have You Ever Seen the Rain?" "I Can't Control Myself" "Surf City" "Spider-Man" Disc Two "Censorshit" "Job That Ate My Brain" "Poison Heart" "Anxiety" "Strength to Endure" "It's Gonna Be Alright" "Take It As It Comes" "Main Man" "Tomorrow She Goes Away" "I Won't Let It Happen" "Cabbies On Crack" "Heidi Is a Head Case" "Touring" "I Don't Want to Grow Up" "Makin' Monsters for My Friends" "It's Not for Me to Know" "Crusher" "Life's a Gas" "Take the Pain Away" "I Love You" "Cretin' Family" "Have a Nice Day" "Scattergun" "Got a Lot to Say" "She Talks to Rainbows" "Born to Die In Berlin" Disc Three "The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly" (live) "Durango '95" (live) "Teenage Lobotomy" (live) "Psycho Therapy" (live) "Blitzkrieg Bop" (live) "Do You Remember Rock 'n' Roll Radio?" (live) "I Believe In Miracles" (live) "Gimme Gimme Shock Treatment" (live) "Rock N' Roll High School" (live) "I Wanna Be Sedated" (live) "The KKK Took My Baby Away" (live) "I Wanna Live" (live) "Bonzo Goes To Bitzberg" (live) "Too Tough to Die" (live) "Sheena Is a Punk Rocker" (live) "Rockaway Beach" (live) "Pet Semetary" (live) "Don't Bust My Chops" (live) "Palisades Park" (live) "Mama's Boy" (live) "Animal Boy" (live) "Wart Hog" (live) "Surfin' Bird" (live) "Cretin' Hop" (live) "I Don't Wanna Walk Around With You" (live) "Today Your Love Tomorrow The World" (live) "Pinhead" (live) "Somebody Put Something In My Drink" (live) "Beat on the Brat" (live) "Judy Is a Punk" (live) "Chinese Rocks" (live) "Love Kills" (live) "Ignorance Is Bliss" (live) References ^ "The Chrysalis Years - The Ramones \| Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. 2002-11-26. Retrieved 2014-02-10. vteRamones Joey Ramone Johnny Ramone Dee Dee Ramone Tommy Ramone Marky Ramone Richie Ramone Elvis Ramone C. J. Ramone Studio albums Ramones Leave Home Rocket to Russia Road to Ruin End of the Century Pleasant Dreams Subterranean Jungle Too Tough to Die Animal Boy Halfway to Sanity Brain Drain Mondo Bizarro Acid Eaters Adios Amigos Live albums It's Alive Loco Live Greatest Hits Live We're Outta Here! You Don't Come Close NYC 1978 Compilations Ramones Mania All the Stuff (And More!) Vol. 1 All the Stuff (And More!) Vol. 2 Hey! Ho! Let's Go: The Anthology Ramones Mania 2 Masters of Rock Best of the Chrysalis Years The Chrysalis Years Loud, Fast Ramones The Best of the Ramones Weird Tales of the Ramones Hey Ho Let's Go: Greatest Hits Essential Morrissey Curates The Ramones Songs "Blitzkrieg Bop" "I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend" "Carbona Not Glue" "Rockaway Beach" "Sheena Is a Punk Rocker" "Teenage Lobotomy" "I Just Want to Have Something to Do" "I Wanna Be Sedated" "Rock 'n' Roll High School" "Do You Remember Rock 'n' Roll Radio?" "Danny Says" "The KKK Took My Baby Away" "Durango 95" "Somebody Put Something in My Drink" "Bonzo Goes to Bitburg" "Something to Believe In" "Pet Sematary" "Poison Heart" Films Rock 'n' Roll High School Lifestyles We're Outta Here! Around the World End of the Century Raw It's Alive 1974–1996 Tribute albums Ramones covers album series Gabba Gabba Hey Blitzkrieg Over You! Ramones Maniacs We're a Happy Family The Song Ramones the Same Brats on the Beat: Ramones for Kids File Under Ramones (by The Huntingtons) Osaka Ramones (by Shonen Knife) Associated personnel Jean Beauvoir Tony Bongiovi Danny Fields Gary Kurfirst Mickey Leigh Walter Lure Linda Ramone Daniel Rey Andy Shernoff Ed Stasium Linda Stein Seymour Stein Arturo Vega John Holmstrom Related articles Discography List of Ramones concerts "R.A.M.O.N.E.S." "Rosebud" (Simpsons episode) Gabba Gabba Gabba Hey Ramones Museum The Ramainz Chinese Rocks Schott Perfecto Danny Says CBGB Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramones"},{"link_name":"Chrysalis Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysalis_Records"},{"link_name":"Brain Drain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Drain_(album)"},{"link_name":"Mondo Bizarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Bizarro"},{"link_name":"Acid Eaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_Eaters"},{"link_name":"¡Adios Amigos!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%A1Adios_Amigos!"},{"link_name":"Loco Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loco_Live"}],"text":"2002 compilation album by RamonesThe Chrysalis Years is a three-disc compilation that includes all five of the Ramones albums on Chrysalis Records (or also the band's final five releases): Brain Drain, Mondo Bizarro, Acid Eaters, ¡Adios Amigos! and Loco Live (some versions include \"Animal Boy\" from Loco Live). It was released in 2002.","title":"The Chrysalis Years"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palisades Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisades_Park_(Freddy_Cannon_song)"},{"link_name":"Substitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_(The_Who_song)"},{"link_name":"Out of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Time_(Rolling_Stones_song)"},{"link_name":"Shape of Things to Come","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_Things_to_Come_(song)"},{"link_name":"Somebody to Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody_to_Love_(Jefferson_Airplane_song)"},{"link_name":"When I Was Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_I_Was_Young_(song)"},{"link_name":"7 And 7 Is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_And_7_Is"},{"link_name":"My Back Pages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Back_Pages"},{"link_name":"Can't Seem to Make You Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Seem_to_Make_You_Mine"},{"link_name":"Have You Ever Seen the Rain?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have_You_Ever_Seen_the_Rain%3F"},{"link_name":"I Can't Control Myself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can%27t_Control_Myself"},{"link_name":"Surf City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surf_City_(song)"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man_(song)"}],"sub_title":"Disc One","text":"\"I Believe In Miracles\"\n\"Zero Zero UFO\"\n\"Don't Bust My Chops\"\n\"Punishment Fits The Crime\"\n\"All Screwed Up\"\n\"Palisades Park\"\n\"Pet Semetary\"\n\"Learn to Listen\"\n\"Can't Get You Out of My Mind\"\n\"Ignorance Is Bliss\"\n\"Come Back Baby\"\n\"Merry Christmas (I Don't Want To Fight Tonight)\"\n\"Journey to the Centre of the Mind\"\n\"Substitute\"\n\"Out of Time\"\n\"Shape of Things to Come\"\n\"Somebody to Love\"\n\"When I Was Young\"\n\"7 And 7 Is\"\n\"My Back Pages\"\n\"Can't Seem to Make You Mine\"\n\"Have You Ever Seen the Rain?\"\n\"I Can't Control Myself\"\n\"Surf City\"\n\"Spider-Man\"","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Censorshit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Bizarro"},{"link_name":"Poison Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_Heart"}],"sub_title":"Disc Two","text":"\"Censorshit\"\n\"Job That Ate My Brain\"\n\"Poison Heart\"\n\"Anxiety\"\n\"Strength to Endure\"\n\"It's Gonna Be Alright\"\n\"Take It As It Comes\"\n\"Main Man\"\n\"Tomorrow She Goes Away\"\n\"I Won't Let It Happen\"\n\"Cabbies On Crack\"\n\"Heidi Is a Head Case\"\n\"Touring\"\n\"I Don't Want to Grow Up\"\n\"Makin' Monsters for My Friends\"\n\"It's Not for Me to Know\"\n\"Crusher\"\n\"Life's a Gas\"\n\"Take the Pain Away\"\n\"I Love You\"\n\"Cretin' Family\"\n\"Have a Nice Day\"\n\"Scattergun\"\n\"Got a Lot to Say\"\n\"She Talks to Rainbows\"\n\"Born to Die In Berlin\"","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Durango '95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durango_95_(song)"},{"link_name":"Blitzkrieg Bop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg_Bop"},{"link_name":"Do You Remember Rock 'n' Roll Radio?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_You_Remember_Rock_%27n%27_Roll_Radio%3F"},{"link_name":"Rock N' Roll High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_Roll_High_School_(song)"},{"link_name":"I Wanna Be Sedated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wanna_Be_Sedated"},{"link_name":"The KKK Took My Baby Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_KKK_Took_My_Baby_Away"},{"link_name":"Bonzo Goes To Bitzberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonzo_Goes_to_Bitburg"},{"link_name":"Sheena Is a Punk Rocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheena_Is_a_Punk_Rocker"},{"link_name":"Rockaway Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockaway_Beach_(song)"},{"link_name":"Palisades Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisades_Park_(Freddy_Cannon_song)"},{"link_name":"Surfin' Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfin%27_Bird"},{"link_name":"Somebody Put Something In My Drink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody_Put_Something_In_My_Drink"},{"link_name":"Chinese Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Rocks"}],"sub_title":"Disc Three","text":"\"The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly\" (live)\n\"Durango '95\" (live)\n\"Teenage Lobotomy\" (live)\n\"Psycho Therapy\" (live)\n\"Blitzkrieg Bop\" (live)\n\"Do You Remember Rock 'n' Roll Radio?\" (live)\n\"I Believe In Miracles\" (live)\n\"Gimme Gimme Shock Treatment\" (live)\n\"Rock N' Roll High School\" (live)\n\"I Wanna Be Sedated\" (live)\n\"The KKK Took My Baby Away\" (live)\n\"I Wanna Live\" (live)\n\"Bonzo Goes To Bitzberg\" (live)\n\"Too Tough to Die\" (live)\n\"Sheena Is a Punk Rocker\" (live)\n\"Rockaway Beach\" (live)\n\"Pet Semetary\" (live)\n\"Don't Bust My Chops\" (live)\n\"Palisades Park\" (live)\n\"Mama's Boy\" (live)\n\"Animal Boy\" (live)\n\"Wart Hog\" (live)\n\"Surfin' Bird\" (live)\n\"Cretin' Hop\" (live)\n\"I Don't Wanna Walk Around With You\" (live)\n\"Today Your Love Tomorrow The World\" (live)\n\"Pinhead\" (live)\n\"Somebody Put Something In My Drink\" (live)\n\"Beat on the Brat\" (live)\n\"Judy Is a Punk\" (live)\n\"Chinese Rocks\" (live)\n\"Love Kills\" (live)\n\"Ignorance Is Bliss\" (live)","title":"Track listing"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Chrysalis Years - The Ramones \| Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards\". AllMusic. 2002-11-26. Retrieved 2014-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-chrysalis-years-mw0000738897","url_text":"\"The Chrysalis Years - The Ramones \| Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Chrysalis+Years%22","external_links_name":"\"The Chrysalis Years\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Chrysalis+Years%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Chrysalis+Years%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Chrysalis+Years%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Chrysalis+Years%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Chrysalis+Years%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-chrysalis-years-mw0000738897","external_links_name":"\"The Chrysalis Years - The Ramones \| Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/ba628a0f-735e-39d6-8d25-2bf7e61949c7","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E2%80%99Association	L'Association	["1 History","2 Lapin","3 Recognition and awards","4 Today","5 Titles (by author)","5.1 Anthologies","5.2 Edmond Baudoin","5.3 David B.","5.4 Guy Delisle","5.5 Julie Doucet","5.6 Patrice Killoffer","5.7 Mattt Konture","5.8 Étienne Lécroart","5.9 Jean-Christophe Menu","5.10 Léo Quievreux","5.11 Riad Sattouf","5.12 Marjane Satrapi","5.13 Joann Sfar","5.14 Lewis Trondheim","5.15 Jim Woodring","6 References","7 External links"]	French comic book publisher L'AssociationStatusActiveFoundedMay 1990FounderJean-Christophe Menu, Lewis Trondheim, David B., Mattt Konture, Patrice Killoffer, Stanislas, MokeïtCountry of originFranceHeadquarters locationParis, FranceKey peopleMattt KonturePublication typesComicsFiction genresAlternativeOfficial websitewww.lassociation.fr L'Association is a French publishing house located in Paris which publishes comic books. It was founded in May 1990 by Jean-Christophe Menu, Lewis Trondheim, David B., Mattt Konture, Patrice Killoffer, Stanislas, and Mokeït. L'Association is one of the most important publishers to come out of the new wave of Franco-Belgian comics in the 1990s, and remains highly regarded. They were among the first to publish authors such as Joann Sfar and Marjane Satrapi, and also are known for publishing French translations of the work of North American cartoonists like Julie Doucet and Jim Woodring. Mon Lapin quotidien (MLQ, formerly Lapin and Mon Lapin) is the group's magazine. History The forerunner of the association was founded in 1984 as "Aanal", or Association pour l’Apologie du 9e Art Libre. Various other structures were set up by the founding members, and in 1990 they decided to return to an independent organisational structure, based on Aanal. At the time, the comics industry dominated by a number of large publishers who did not publish comic books exclusively. Similar to alternative comics in North America at the time, L’Association focused published works based on reality-based, and exclusively in black and white. L’Association (à la Pulpe) was founded in May 1990 by seven young cartoonists struggling to find an outlet for their work: Jean-Christophe Menu, Lewis Trondheim, David B., Mattt Konture, Patrice Killoffer, Stanislas, and Mokeït (who left soon afterwards to follow a fine art career, returning in 2009). They named their venture "Atelier Nawak" (later the "Atelier des Vosges"), with the publishing branch being L'Association. The first major hit published by L'Association was Persepolis, by Marjane Satrapi, published from 1999–2004. One of L'Association's most distinctive works was the seminal black-and-white anthology Comix 2000 which includes work from over 300 creators from 29 countries in one 2,000-page hardcover volume. In addition to L'Association's founders, notable contributors to Comix 2000 included Jessica Abel, Edmond Baudoin, Nick Bertozzi, Émile Bravo, Mike Diana, Julie Doucet, Renée French, Tom Hart, Dylan Horrocks, Megan Kelso, James Kochalka, Étienne Lécroart, Brian Ralph, Ron Regé, Jr., Joann Sfar, R. Sikoryak, Chris Ware, Skip Williamson, and Aleksandar Zograf. Other creators published by L'Association included Dupuy and Berberian, Lewis Trondheim, Joann Sfar, Blutch, Anke Feuchtenberger, Emmanuel Guibert, François Ayroles, Jochen Gerner, and Guy Delisle. By 2005, many of L'Association's founders and creators had begun also publishing in France's "mainstream" industry. That year co-founder Menu published Plates-bandes, a diatribe against what he perceived as the co-opting and wholesale copycatting of the alternative comics aesthetic by France's mainstream comic book publishers looking to corner what had suddenly become a lucrative market. Literally meaning "flowerbeds", the title is a pun involving part of the word for comics ("bande dessinée," or "drawn strip"), a concern that independent comics are headed for blandness and platitude ("plat," literally flat or insipid), and a gauntlet thrown down to mainstream publishers for encroaching on indie territory (the colloquial expression "trampling someone's flowerbeds" means to step on someone's toes). The book coincided with three of the original founders and a few authors leaving L'Association: David B. left the group in spring 2005; Lewis Trondheim left in autumn 2006, followed shortly after by Stanislas and Killoffer. (At that point, L'Association's "editorial board" was dissolved, since it was originally composed of the company's founders.) This left Menu as sole director of L’Association. Although he had been the driving force, there had been dissatisfaction with his lack of collaborative approach. Konture remained loyal and stayed on, but was not involved in operations. It was managed by Menu and a board of directors who had been in place since 1993: Patricia Perdrizet as president, Isabelle “Zab” Chipot as secretary, and Laetitia Zuccarelli as treasurer. In May 2011, after nearly six months of debate Menu announced his official departure from L'Association, and Stanislas also left, leaving only Mattt Konture from the original group. Shortly afterwards, co-founders David B., Killoffer, and Trondheim returned to the publishing house, as president, secretary, and treasurer respectively. A new editorial committee was created, comprising Konture, David B., Killoffer, François Ayroles, Jochen Gerner, Étienne Lécroart, Lisa Mandel et Jérome Mulot, with Céline Merrien as president. Lapin In 1992 L'Association launched a magazine/anthology called Lapin (referencing Menu's Lapot), initially a bulletin reporting on internal information about the organisation. It appeared quarterly from issue 9 in October 1995, and then continued to appear erratically over the years, publishing a variety of experimental graphic works. It was resurrected from a period of dormancy in 2007 as a platform for emerging authors, which gave exposure to people such as Lisa Mandel, Nine Antico, and Matthias Picard. In September 2013, Lapin was relaunched as Mon Lapin, and was published under this name until November 2014. In 2017, it was relaunched as Mon Lapin quotidien (MLQ) as a large format (41 cm (16 in) by 58 cm (23 in)) magazine, in its sixth series, starting with issue 1. Its appearance follows that of an ordinary mainstream newspaper, but its title is misleading: it is not published daily (quotidien), but quarterly. Recognition and awards L'Association has won numerous awards at the Angoulême International Comics Festival. Today L'Association is one of the most important publishers to come out of the new wave of Franco-Belgian comics in the 1990s, and remains highly regarded. Titles (by author) Anthologies Comix 2000 (2000) Oubapo OuPus 1 (1997) OuPus 2 (2003) OuPus 3 (2004) OuPus 4 (2005) Edmond Baudoin Le portrait (re-issue of 'Baudoin, collection 30x40, originally published by Futuropolis in 1990) coll. Eperluette Éloge de la poussière (1995) Terrains vagues (1996) coll. Patte de Mouche Made in U.S. (1995) Nam (1998) coll. Ciboulette Le voyage (1996) Salade niçoise (1999) Le chemin de Saint-Jean (2002) Araucaria, carnets du Chili (collection Mimolette, 2004) Couma acò (2005; re-issue, originally published by Futuropolis in 1991) Crazyman (2005) L'Espignole (2006) David B. le Cheval blême (1992) le Cercueil de course (1993) L'ascension du haut mal Vol. 1 (1996, ISBN 2-909020-73-8) Vol. 2 (1997, ISBN 2-909020-84-3) Vol. 3 (1998, ISBN 2-84414-004-1) Vol. 4 (1999, ISBN 2-84414-020-3) Vol. 5 (2000, ISBN 2-84414-047-5) Vol. 6 (2003, ISBN 2-909020-07-X) la Bombe familiale (1997, ISBN 2-909020-78-9) L'Association en Égypte (with Golo, Edmond Baudoin, Jean-Christophe Menu) (1998) Maman a des problèmes (with Anne Baraou) (1999) les Incidents de la nuit Tome 1 (1999) les Traces du dieu Enn (2000) l'Embuscade (2002) Guy Delisle Réflexion (October 1996, ISBN 978-2909020723) Aline et les autres (April 1999, ISBN 978-2844140159) Shenzhen (April 2000, ISBN 978-2844140357) Albert et les autres (June 2001, ISBN 978-2844140746) Pyongyang (June 2003, ISBN 978-2844141132) Julie Doucet Ciboire de criss Patrice Killoffer Killoffer en la matière (1992) Billet SVP (1995) La Clef des champs (1997) Six cent soixante-seize apparitions de Killoffer (2002) Le Rock et si je ne m'abuse le roll (2006) Quand faut y aller (2006) Mattt Konture coll. Patte de Mouche Supra plus (1992) Glofluné Triblonto (1996) Galopinot (story and drawings) (with Lewis Trondheim) (1998) coll. Mimolette Printemps, Automnes (1993) Krokrodile comix II (1999) Tombe (la veste ?) (1999) Head banger forever !? (2000) Barjouflasque (2000) Cinq heure du Mattt (2001) Sclérose en plaques (2006) Ivan Morve (coll. Éperluette, 1996) Les Contures (coll. Ciboulette, 2004) Galopu sauve la terre (Hors-Collection, 2005) Archives - Mattt Konture (coll. Archives, 2006) Étienne Lécroart Pervenche et Victor (1994) Cercle vicieux (2000) Le Cycle (2003) Scroubabble (2005) L'élite à la portée de tous (2005) Jean-Christophe Menu Moins d'un quart de seconde pour vivre (with Lewis Trondheim) (1991) Dinozor Apokalips (1991) Omelette (1995) Livret de Phamille (1995) Gnognottes (1999) Le Livre du Mont-Vérité (2002) Mini Mune Comix (2003) Meder (2005; originally published by Futuropolis in 1988) Plates-Bandes (2005; writings) La Marraine des Moines (2008) Lock Groove Comix Lock Groove Comix N°1 (2008) Lock Groove Comix N°2 (2009) Lourdes coquilles (2009) Corr&spondance (with Christian Rosset) (2009; writings) La Présidente with Blutch (2010; originally published by Autrement in 1995) La bande dessinée et son double (2011; writings) Léo Quievreux Agents dormants (2008) Sphynx song (with J. M. Bertoyas, 2012) Riad Sattouf La vie secrète des jeunes (2007) Marjane Satrapi Persepolis Persepolis, vol. 1 (2000), ISBN 2-84414-058-0. Persepolis, vol. 2 (2001), ISBN 2-84414-079-3. Persepolis, vol. 3 (2002), ISBN 2-84414-104-8. Persepolis, vol. 4 (2003), ISBN 2-84414-137-4. Broderies (2003, ISBN 2-84414-095-5) Poulet aux prunes (2004), ISBN 2-84414-159-5. Joann Sfar Le petit monde du Golem (1998, ISBN 2-909020-98-3) Lewis Trondheim Genèses apocalyptiques Non, non, non Le pays des trois sourires Jim Woodring Frank Frank (1998, ISBN 2-84414-005-X) Frank, Tome 1 (2001, ISBN 978-2-844-14005-0) Frank, Tome 2 (2006, ISBN 978-2-844-14216-0) Frank's Real Pa: Suivi de Frank et la corde de luth (2007, ISBN 978-2-844-14224-5) Weathercraft (2010, ISBN 978-2-844-14390-7) Frank et le congrès des bêtes (2011, ISBN 978-2-844-14422-5) Fran (2014, ISBN 978-2-844-14506-2) References ^ a b c "A little history for neophytes about L'Association". L’Association (in French). 28 February 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022. ^ a b c d e f "A House Divided: The Crisis at L'Association (Part 1 of 2)". The Comics Journal. 3 November 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2022. ^ a b Gauvin, Edward. "La Grève, C’est Grave (Striking is a Serious Business)," Words Without Borders (Jan. 19, 2011). ^ "Conversations: Jean-Christophe Menu & Sammy Harkham," The Comics Journal #300 (Dec. 2009). ^ Spurgeon, Tom. "Jean-Christophe Menu Resigns From L'Association," Comics Reporter (May 23, 2011). ^ Beaty, Bart (23 May 2011). "The Comics Reporter". The Comics Reporter. Retrieved 17 June 2022. ^ a b c HOJLO, Frédéric. ""Mon Lapin Quotidien" #1 : L'Association en grand forma". ActuaBD (in French). Retrieved 17 June 2022. ^ "Les Collections de L'Association: Lapin". L’Association (in French). 28 April 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2022. ^ Nevins, Mark D. "L'Association: The Future of Comics?" Expo 2000 (Bethesda, Maryland: The Expo, 2000), pp. 264-266. External links Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French publishing house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Belgian_publishing_houses"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"comic books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_books"},{"link_name":"Jean-Christophe Menu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Menu"},{"link_name":"Lewis Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Trondheim"},{"link_name":"David B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B."},{"link_name":"Mattt Konture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattt_Konture"},{"link_name":"Patrice Killoffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Killoffer"},{"link_name":"Stanislas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanislas_(comics)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mokeït","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moke%C3%AFt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Franco-Belgian comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics"},{"link_name":"Joann Sfar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joann_Sfar"},{"link_name":"Marjane Satrapi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjane_Satrapi"},{"link_name":"Julie Doucet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Doucet"},{"link_name":"Jim Woodring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Woodring"}],"text":"L'Association is a French publishing house located in Paris which publishes comic books. It was founded in May 1990 by Jean-Christophe Menu, Lewis Trondheim, David B., Mattt Konture, Patrice Killoffer, Stanislas, and Mokeït.L'Association is one of the most important publishers to come out of the new wave of Franco-Belgian comics in the 1990s, and remains highly regarded. They were among the first to publish authors such as Joann Sfar and Marjane Satrapi, and also are known for publishing French translations of the work of North American cartoonists like Julie Doucet and Jim Woodring.Mon Lapin quotidien (MLQ, formerly Lapin and Mon Lapin) is the group's magazine.","title":"L'Association"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infos-1"},{"link_name":"alternative comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_comic"},{"link_name":"black and white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_and_white"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crisis-2"},{"link_name":"Jean-Christophe Menu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Menu"},{"link_name":"Lewis Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Trondheim"},{"link_name":"David B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B."},{"link_name":"Mattt Konture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattt_Konture"},{"link_name":"Patrice Killoffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Killoffer"},{"link_name":"Stanislas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanislas_(comics)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mokeït","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moke%C3%AFt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-explanation-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infos-1"},{"link_name":"fine art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crisis-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Persepolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persepolis_(comic)"},{"link_name":"Marjane Satrapi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjane_Satrapi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crisis-2"},{"link_name":"Comix 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comix_2000"},{"link_name":"Jessica Abel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Abel"},{"link_name":"Edmond Baudoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Baudoin"},{"link_name":"Nick Bertozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Bertozzi"},{"link_name":"Émile Bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Bravo"},{"link_name":"Mike Diana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Diana"},{"link_name":"Julie Doucet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Doucet"},{"link_name":"Renée French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_French"},{"link_name":"Tom Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hart_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Dylan Horrocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Horrocks"},{"link_name":"Megan Kelso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Kelso"},{"link_name":"James Kochalka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Kochalka"},{"link_name":"Étienne Lécroart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_L%C3%A9croart"},{"link_name":"Brian Ralph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Ralph"},{"link_name":"Ron Regé, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Reg%C3%A9,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Joann Sfar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joann_Sfar"},{"link_name":"R. Sikoryak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Sikoryak"},{"link_name":"Chris Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Ware"},{"link_name":"Skip Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_Williamson"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Zograf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Zograf"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dupuy and Berberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupuy_and_Berberian"},{"link_name":"Lewis Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Trondheim"},{"link_name":"Joann Sfar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joann_Sfar"},{"link_name":"Blutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blutch"},{"link_name":"Anke Feuchtenberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anke_Feuchtenberger"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Guibert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Guibert"},{"link_name":"François Ayroles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Ayroles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jochen Gerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jochen_Gerner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guy Delisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Delisle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crisis-2"},{"link_name":"diatribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatribe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-explanation-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interview-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crisis-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-update-5"},{"link_name":"Mattt Konture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattt_Konture"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"François Ayroles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Ayroles&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jochen Gerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jochen_Gerner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Étienne Lécroart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_L%C3%A9croart"},{"link_name":"Lisa Mandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Mandel"},{"link_name":"Jérome Mulot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A9rome_Mulot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Céline Merrien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A9line_Merrien&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infos-1"}],"text":"The forerunner of the association was founded in 1984 as \"Aanal\", or Association pour l’Apologie du 9e Art Libre. Various other structures were set up by the founding members, and in 1990 they decided to return to an independent organisational structure, based on Aanal.[1] At the time, the comics industry dominated by a number of large publishers who did not publish comic books exclusively. Similar to alternative comics in North America at the time, L’Association focused published works based on reality-based, and exclusively in black and white.[2]L’Association (à la Pulpe) was founded in May 1990 by seven young cartoonists struggling to find an outlet for their work: Jean-Christophe Menu, Lewis Trondheim, David B., Mattt Konture, Patrice Killoffer, Stanislas, and Mokeït[3][1] (who left soon afterwards to follow a fine art career, returning in 2009[2]). They named their venture \"Atelier Nawak\" (later the \"Atelier des Vosges\"), with the publishing branch being L'Association.[citation needed]The first major hit published by L'Association was Persepolis, by Marjane Satrapi, published from 1999–2004.[2]One of L'Association's most distinctive works was the seminal black-and-white anthology Comix 2000 which includes work from over 300 creators from 29 countries in one 2,000-page hardcover volume. In addition to L'Association's founders, notable contributors to Comix 2000 included Jessica Abel, Edmond Baudoin, Nick Bertozzi, Émile Bravo, Mike Diana, Julie Doucet, Renée French, Tom Hart, Dylan Horrocks, Megan Kelso, James Kochalka, Étienne Lécroart, Brian Ralph, Ron Regé, Jr., Joann Sfar, R. Sikoryak, Chris Ware, Skip Williamson, and Aleksandar Zograf.[citation needed]Other creators published by L'Association included Dupuy and Berberian, Lewis Trondheim, Joann Sfar, Blutch, Anke Feuchtenberger, Emmanuel Guibert, François Ayroles, Jochen Gerner, and Guy Delisle.[2]By 2005, many of L'Association's founders and creators had begun also publishing in France's \"mainstream\" industry. That year co-founder Menu published Plates-bandes, a diatribe against what he perceived as the co-opting and wholesale copycatting of the alternative comics aesthetic by France's mainstream comic book publishers looking to corner what had suddenly become a lucrative market. Literally meaning \"flowerbeds\", the title is a pun involving part of the word for comics (\"bande dessinée,\" or \"drawn strip\"), a concern that independent comics are headed for blandness and platitude (\"plat,\" literally flat or insipid), and a gauntlet thrown down to mainstream publishers for encroaching on indie territory (the colloquial expression \"trampling someone's flowerbeds\" means to step on someone's toes).[3]The book coincided with three of the original founders and a few authors leaving L'Association:[4] David B. left the group in spring 2005; Lewis Trondheim left in autumn 2006, followed shortly after by Stanislas and Killoffer. (At that point, L'Association's \"editorial board\" was dissolved, since it was originally composed of the company's founders.) This left Menu as sole director of L’Association. Although he had been the driving force, there had been dissatisfaction with his lack of collaborative approach. Konture remained loyal and stayed on, but was not involved in operations. It was managed by Menu and a board of directors who had been in place since 1993: Patricia Perdrizet as president, Isabelle “Zab” Chipot as secretary, and Laetitia Zuccarelli as treasurer.[2]In May 2011, after nearly six months of debate Menu announced his official departure from L'Association,[5] and Stanislas also left, leaving only Mattt Konture from the original group. Shortly afterwards, co-founders David B., Killoffer, and Trondheim returned to the publishing house, as president, secretary, and treasurer respectively.[6] A new editorial committee was created, comprising Konture, David B., Killoffer, François Ayroles, Jochen Gerner, Étienne Lécroart, Lisa Mandel et Jérome Mulot, with Céline Merrien as president.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapinactua-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crisis-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapinactua-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapin-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lapinactua-7"}],"text":"In 1992 L'Association launched a magazine/anthology called Lapin (referencing Menu's Lapot), initially a bulletin reporting on internal information about the organisation. It appeared quarterly from issue 9 in October 1995, and then continued to appear erratically over the years, publishing a variety of experimental graphic works.[7] It was resurrected from a period of dormancy in 2007 as a platform for emerging authors, which gave exposure to people such as Lisa Mandel, Nine Antico, and Matthias Picard.[2]In September 2013,[7] Lapin was relaunched as Mon Lapin, and was published under this name until November 2014.[8] In 2017, it was relaunched as Mon Lapin quotidien (MLQ) as a large format (41 cm (16 in) by 58 cm (23 in)) magazine, in its sixth series, starting with issue 1. Its appearance follows that of an ordinary mainstream newspaper, but its title is misleading: it is not published daily (quotidien), but quarterly.[7]","title":"Lapin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angoulême International Comics Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme_International_Comics_Festival"}],"text":"L'Association has won numerous awards at the Angoulême International Comics Festival.","title":"Recognition and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franco-Belgian comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Belgian_comics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"L'Association is one of the most important publishers to come out of the new wave of Franco-Belgian comics in the 1990s, and remains highly regarded.[9]","title":"Today"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Titles (by author)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Comix 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comix_2000"},{"link_name":"Oubapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oubapo"}],"sub_title":"Anthologies","text":"Comix 2000 (2000)\nOubapo\nOuPus 1 (1997)\nOuPus 2 (2003)\nOuPus 3 (2004)\nOuPus 4 (2005)","title":"Titles (by author)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Edmond Baudoin","text":"Le portrait (re-issue of 'Baudoin, collection 30x40, originally published by Futuropolis in 1990)\ncoll. Eperluette\nÉloge de la poussière (1995)\nTerrains vagues (1996)\ncoll. Patte de Mouche\nMade in U.S. (1995)\nNam (1998)\ncoll. Ciboulette\nLe voyage (1996)\nSalade niçoise (1999)\nLe chemin de Saint-Jean (2002)\nAraucaria, carnets du Chili (collection Mimolette, 2004)\nCouma acò (2005; re-issue, originally published by Futuropolis in 1991)\nCrazyman (2005)\nL'Espignole (2006)","title":"Titles (by author)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L'ascension du haut mal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epileptic_(comics)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-909020-73-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-909020-73-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-909020-84-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-909020-84-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-84414-004-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84414-004-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-84414-020-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84414-020-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-84414-047-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84414-047-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-909020-07-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-909020-07-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-909020-78-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-909020-78-9"},{"link_name":"Golo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golo_(cartoonist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edmond Baudoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Baudoin"},{"link_name":"Jean-Christophe Menu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Christophe_Menu"},{"link_name":"Anne Baraou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne_Baraou&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"David B.","text":"le Cheval blême (1992)\nle Cercueil de course (1993)\nL'ascension du haut mal\nVol. 1 (1996, ISBN 2-909020-73-8)\nVol. 2 (1997, ISBN 2-909020-84-3)\nVol. 3 (1998, ISBN 2-84414-004-1)\nVol. 4 (1999, ISBN 2-84414-020-3)\nVol. 5 (2000, ISBN 2-84414-047-5)\nVol. 6 (2003, ISBN 2-909020-07-X)\nla Bombe familiale (1997, ISBN 2-909020-78-9)\nL'Association en Égypte (with Golo, Edmond Baudoin, Jean-Christophe Menu) (1998)\nMaman a des problèmes (with Anne Baraou) (1999)\nles Incidents de la nuit\nTome 1 (1999)\nles Traces du dieu Enn (2000)\nl'Embuscade (2002)","title":"Titles (by author)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2909020723","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2909020723"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2844140159","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2844140159"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_(comics)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2844140357","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2844140357"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2844140746","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2844140746"},{"link_name":"Pyongyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_(comics)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2844141132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2844141132"}],"sub_title":"Guy Delisle","text":"Réflexion (October 1996, ISBN 978-2909020723)\nAline et les autres (April 1999, ISBN 978-2844140159)\nShenzhen (April 2000, ISBN 978-2844140357)\nAlbert et les autres (June 2001, ISBN 978-2844140746)\nPyongyang (June 2003, ISBN 978-2844141132)","title":"Titles (by author)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Julie Doucet","text":"Ciboire de criss","title":"Titles (by author)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Patrice Killoffer","text":"Killoffer en la matière (1992)\nBillet SVP (1995)\nLa Clef des champs (1997)\nSix cent soixante-seize apparitions de Killoffer (2002)\nLe Rock et si je ne m'abuse le roll (2006)\nQuand faut y aller (2006)","title":"Titles (by author)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lewis Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Trondheim"}],"sub_title":"Mattt Konture","text":"coll. Patte de Mouche\nSupra plus (1992)\nGlofluné Triblonto (1996)\nGalopinot (story and drawings) (with Lewis Trondheim) (1998)\ncoll. Mimolette\nPrintemps, Automnes (1993)\nKrokrodile comix II (1999)\nTombe (la veste ?) (1999)\nHead banger forever !? (2000)\nBarjouflasque (2000)\nCinq heure du Mattt (2001)\nSclérose en plaques (2006)\nIvan Morve (coll. Éperluette, 1996)\nLes Contures (coll. Ciboulette, 2004)\nGalopu sauve la terre (Hors-Collection, 2005)\nArchives - Mattt Konture (coll. Archives, 2006)","title":"Titles (by author)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Étienne Lécroart","text":"Pervenche et Victor (1994)\nCercle vicieux (2000)\nLe Cycle (2003)\nScroubabble (2005)\nL'élite à la portée de tous (2005)","title":"Titles (by author)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lewis Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Trondheim"},{"link_name":"Christian Rosset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Rosset&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Blutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blutch"}],"sub_title":"Jean-Christophe Menu","text":"Moins d'un quart de seconde pour vivre (with Lewis Trondheim) (1991)\nDinozor Apokalips (1991)\nOmelette (1995)\nLivret de Phamille (1995)\nGnognottes (1999)\nLe Livre du Mont-Vérité (2002)\nMini Mune Comix (2003)\nMeder (2005; originally published by Futuropolis in 1988)\nPlates-Bandes (2005; writings)\nLa Marraine des Moines (2008)\nLock Groove Comix\nLock Groove Comix N°1 (2008)\nLock Groove Comix N°2 (2009)\nLourdes coquilles (2009)\nCorr&spondance (with Christian Rosset) (2009; writings)\nLa Présidente with Blutch (2010; originally published by Autrement in 1995)\nLa bande dessinée et son double (2011; writings)","title":"Titles (by author)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Léo Quievreux","text":"Agents dormants (2008)\nSphynx song (with J. M. Bertoyas, 2012)","title":"Titles (by author)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La vie secrète des jeunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_vie_secr%C3%A8te_des_jeunes"}],"sub_title":"Riad Sattouf","text":"La vie secrète des jeunes (2007)","title":"Titles (by author)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persepolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persepolis_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Persepolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persepolis_(graphic_novel)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-84414-058-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84414-058-0"},{"link_name":"Persepolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persepolis_(graphic_novel)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-84414-079-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84414-079-3"},{"link_name":"Persepolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persepolis_(graphic_novel)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-84414-104-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84414-104-8"},{"link_name":"Persepolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persepolis_(graphic_novel)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-84414-137-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84414-137-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-84414-095-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84414-095-5"},{"link_name":"Poulet aux prunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poulet_aux_prunes"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-84414-159-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84414-159-5"}],"sub_title":"Marjane Satrapi","text":"Persepolis\n Persepolis, vol. 1 (2000), ISBN 2-84414-058-0.\n Persepolis, vol. 2 (2001), ISBN 2-84414-079-3.\n Persepolis, vol. 3 (2002), ISBN 2-84414-104-8.\n Persepolis, vol. 4 (2003), ISBN 2-84414-137-4.\nBroderies (2003, ISBN 2-84414-095-5)\n Poulet aux prunes (2004), ISBN 2-84414-159-5.","title":"Titles (by author)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-909020-98-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-909020-98-3"}],"sub_title":"Joann Sfar","text":"Le petit monde du Golem (1998, ISBN 2-909020-98-3)","title":"Titles (by author)"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lewis Trondheim","text":"Genèses apocalyptiques\nNon, non, non\nLe pays des trois sourires","title":"Titles (by author)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_(comics)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-84414-005-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84414-005-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-844-14005-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-844-14005-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-844-14216-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-844-14216-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-844-14224-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-844-14224-5"},{"link_name":"Weathercraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathercraft"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-844-14390-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-844-14390-7"},{"link_name":"Frank et le congrès des bêtes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Animals"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-844-14422-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-844-14422-5"},{"link_name":"Fran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_(comics)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-844-14506-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-844-14506-2"}],"sub_title":"Jim Woodring","text":"Frank\nFrank (1998, ISBN 2-84414-005-X)\nFrank, Tome 1 (2001, ISBN 978-2-844-14005-0)\nFrank, Tome 2 (2006, ISBN 978-2-844-14216-0)\nFrank's Real Pa: Suivi de Frank et la corde de luth (2007, ISBN 978-2-844-14224-5)\nWeathercraft (2010, ISBN 978-2-844-14390-7)\nFrank et le congrès des bêtes (2011, ISBN 978-2-844-14422-5)\nFran (2014, ISBN 978-2-844-14506-2)","title":"Titles (by author)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"A little history for neophytes about L'Association\". L’Association (in French). 28 February 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lassociation.fr/en/infos/","url_text":"\"A little history for neophytes about L'Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"A House Divided: The Crisis at L'Association (Part 1 of 2)\". The Comics Journal. 3 November 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tcj.com/a-house-divided-the-crisis-at-lassociation-part-1-of-2/","url_text":"\"A House Divided: The Crisis at L'Association (Part 1 of 2)\""}]},{"reference":"Beaty, Bart (23 May 2011). \"The Comics Reporter\". The Comics Reporter. Retrieved 17 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/briefings/eurocomics/32887/","url_text":"\"The Comics Reporter\""}]},{"reference":"HOJLO, Frédéric. \"\"Mon Lapin Quotidien\" #1 : L'Association en grand forma\". ActuaBD (in French). Retrieved 17 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.actuabd.com/Mon-Lapin-Quotidien-1-L-Association-en-grand-format","url_text":"\"\"Mon Lapin Quotidien\" #1 : L'Association en grand forma\""}]},{"reference":"\"Les Collections de L'Association: Lapin\". L’Association (in French). 28 April 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lassociation.fr/catalogue/collections/lapin/","url_text":"\"Les Collections de L'Association: Lapin\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.lassociation.fr/","external_links_name":"www.lassociation.fr"},{"Link":"https://www.lassociation.fr/en/infos/","external_links_name":"\"A little history for neophytes about L'Association\""},{"Link":"https://www.tcj.com/a-house-divided-the-crisis-at-lassociation-part-1-of-2/","external_links_name":"\"A House Divided: The Crisis at L'Association (Part 1 of 2)\""},{"Link":"http://wordswithoutborders.org/dispatches/article/la-greve-cest-grave-striking-is-a-serious-business/","external_links_name":"\"La Grève, C’est Grave (Striking is a Serious Business),\""},{"Link":"http://classic.tcj.com/tcj-300/tcj-300-conversations-jean-christophe-menu-sammy-harkham/","external_links_name":"\"Conversations: Jean-Christophe Menu & Sammy Harkham,\""},{"Link":"http://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/jean_christophe_menu_resigns_from_lassociation/","external_links_name":"\"Jean-Christophe Menu Resigns From L'Association,\""},{"Link":"https://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/briefings/eurocomics/32887/","external_links_name":"\"The Comics Reporter\""},{"Link":"https://www.actuabd.com/Mon-Lapin-Quotidien-1-L-Association-en-grand-format","external_links_name":"\"\"Mon Lapin Quotidien\" #1 : L'Association en grand forma\""},{"Link":"https://www.lassociation.fr/catalogue/collections/lapin/","external_links_name":"\"Les Collections de L'Association: Lapin\""},{"Link":"https://www.lassociation.fr/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000123314422","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/143452447","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2010079227","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/160265819","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chellame	Chellamae	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Soundtrack","5 Release and reception","6 References","7 External links"]	2004 film by Gandhi Krishna For the television series, see Chellamay. ChellamaePosterDirected byGandhi KrishnaWritten byGandhi KrishnaSujatha (dialogues)Produced byV. GnanaveluV. JayaprakashStarringVishalBharathReema SenCinematographyK. V. AnandEdited byV. T. VijayanMusic byHarris JayarajProductioncompanyGJ CinemaRelease date 10 September 2004 (2004-09-10) Running time156 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageTamil Chellamae (transl. Oh darling) is a 2004 Indian Tamil-language romantic thriller film directed by Gandhi Krishna, who directed the critically acclaimed Nila Kaalam. The film stars Vishal and Reema Sen in the lead role, while Bharath plays an antagonistic role. Vivek and Girish Karnad play supporting roles. The film's score and soundtrack are composed by Harris Jayaraj. This film marks the debut of Vishal as an actor. Plot Mythili (Reema) showers love and affection on her neighbour Vishwa (Bharath) since childhood. Vishwa happens to be the only son of a rich business tycoon named Rajasekhar (Girish Karnad), who loses his mother at a young age. Mythili treats Vishwa as her younger brother and spends all her time with him. Ragunandan (Vishal), an Income Tax Inspector, turns up at Rajasekhar's house for an IT raid and happens to meet Mythili there. They eventually fall in love, and after a series of incidents, they get wed locked and later settle in Goa. The trouble begins when Vishwa reaches Goa in search of Mythili. He manages to kidnap her and bring her to Chennai. The reasons for Vishwa's obsession and possessiveness towards Mythili unfolds as the movie progresses. Ragunandan, who comes back to Goa, finds the house deserted. The next-door neighbour tells him that Mythili eloped with Vishwa. He then begins to track her down and finds that the duo had left to Chennai. Ragunandan reaches Chennai. With the help of his colleague Income Tax Inspector Harichandra (Vivek), he tries to trace Mythili out. A chance look at the video of their marriage throws light on Vishwa's hatred towards Ragunandan. Ragunandan is convinced that Mythili did not go on her own will. He confronts Rajasekhar, but he is of no help. Finally, he traces out the location of Vishwa's hideout. Mythili pleads with Vishwa to release her. She explains that she cannot be his wife and can see him as a son or little brother. The plea falls on deaf ears. In a racy climax on high seas, the three protagonists fight it out, and Mythili hits Vishwa with the boat oars. He plunges into the sea in an unconscious condition, taking Mythili along. Ragunandan soon saves her. Even though Mythili had killed Vishwa because of her attack on him, she is filled with remorse. Cast Vishal as C. Ragunandan Bharath as Vishwa Reema Sen as Mythili Ragunandan Reshmi Menon as Young Mythili Vivek as Harichandra, Raghu's friend. Girish Karnad as Rajasekhar, Vishwa's father. Sriranjani as Vaishnavi, Ragunandan's sister. Crane Manohar Sampath Ram as Kumar K. P. Mohan as Dr. K. Bangaru Babu Boys Rajan as Income Tax Officer Mumtaj as herself (guest appearance). Bhanupriya in a special appearance in song "Kummi Adi". Production Newcomer Vishal was signed to work on the film, after Arjun, who worked with Vishal in Vedham, encouraged Vishal to accept the role. Bharath was cast in the role of "obsessed teenage lover" for the first time. Majority of the shoot was held in Goa while it was also shot at places like Chennai, Maldives, Mumbai and Bangkok and was completed in 50 days. Soundtrack The music was composed by Harris Jayaraj. All lyrics are written by VairamuthuTamil track listingNo.TitleSinger(s)Length1."Aariya Udhadugal"Hariharan, Swarnalatha5:322."Chella Kiliyo"Ranjith, Anuradha Sriram4:173."Kadhalikkum Aasai"Kay Kay, Timmy, Mahathi, Chinmayi (Humming only), Premgi Amaren4:254."Kummiyadi"Sandhya5:435."Vellaikkara Mutham"Mahathi5:01Total length:24:58 Telugu track listingNo.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1."Aaryula Hrudayapu Sannidhi"VeturiP. Unnikrishnan, Swarnalatha5:302."Muddula Chilaka"SahithiDevi Sri Prasad, Anuradha Sriram4:153."Venditeralo Bulliteralo"ChandraboseChakri, Chinni, Timmy, Mahathi, Chinmayi (Humming only)4:254."Gummadamma Kanne Gummadamma"SahithiSandhya5:385."Pettadey Oh Muddu"VeturiMahathi4:45Total length:24:33 Release and reception Indiaglitz wrote "All credits go to director Ar Gandhi Krishna for coming out with the movie Chellamae which is not only racy but also entertaining. Even without any big names in the cast, Gandhi Krishna has succeeded in weaving a magic on screen". Sify wrote "The story and screenplay of Gandhi Krishna is somewhat in the manner of Yash Chopra?s Darr and so many other obsessive love stories. Still he has come out with a racy film that is sure to satisfy the youth audience and has been packaged strictly to suit their tastes". Malathi Rangarajan of The Hindu wrote, "Traces of "Guna" and "Kadhal Kondain" are evident in "Chellamae," but Gandhi Krishna's refreshing approach to the storyline gives the necessary spark to make the venture watch-worthy till the end". Malini Mannath of Chennai Online wrote "Gandhi Krishna's apprenticeship under Shanker seems to have been a fruitful one, he having picked up the right ingredients, and extracting excellent team work from his cast and crew, to make Chellamay, an engaging entertainer". Visual Dasan of Kalki wrote that by taking the outline of the epic Ramayana, the director had given it an interesting plot set in a contemporary setting, strong incidents, seamless character creation, and a flawless script. Chellame ran for 100 days. It was made with a budget of ₹3.5 crore and collected a share of ₹6 crore selling 3 million tickets worldwide. The film was dubbed and released in Telugu under the title, Prema Chadarangam (transl. Love Chess). References ^ Gerald, Olympia Shilpa (12 March 2011). "Transition Time". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2020. ^ "Vishal assisted Arjun in the film Vedham". The Times of India. 19 October 2015. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020. ^ Raghavan, Nikhil (18 October 2014). "Vishal in Poojai: Action unlimited". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2019. ^ Poornima (29 November 2004). "Bharath: Hot property!". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2019. ^ Mannath, Malini (27 July 2004). "Chellamay". Chennai Online. Archived from the original on 23 August 2004. Retrieved 27 November 2019. ^ "Chellamay (2004)". Music India Online. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2019. ^ "Prema Chadarangam (2004)". Raaga.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2019. ^ "Chellame Review". IndiaGlitz. 10 September 2004. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2019. ^ "Chellame". Sify. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2022. ^ Rangarajan, Malathi (17 September 2004). "Chellamae". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 13 October 2004. Retrieved 27 November 2019. ^ Mannath, Malini (20 September 2004). "Chellamay". Chennai Online. Archived from the original on 27 September 2004. Retrieved 27 November 2019. ^ தாசன், விஷுவல் (26 September 2004). "செல்லமே". Kalki (in Tamil). p. 33. Retrieved 18 January 2023. ^ "Chitchat with Vishal". Idlebrain.com. 10 October 2006. Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 7 August 2012. ^ Jeevi. "Movie review — Prema Chadarangam". Idlebrain.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022. ^ "Audio release — Prema Chadarangam". Idlebrain.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2018. External links Chellamae at IMDb vteWorks by SujathaNovels En Iniya Iyanthira (1980) Meendum Jeano (1987) Niramatra Vanavil Sorga Theevu (1970) Kolaiyuthir Kaalam Writer Gayathri (1977) Priya (1978) Ninaithale Inikkum (1979) Karaiyellam Shenbagapoo (1981) Poi Mugangal (1985) Vikram (1986) Roja (1992) Indian (1996) Kannedhirey Thondrinal (1998) Mudhalvan (1999) Kandukondain Kandukondain (2000) Nila Kaalam (2001) Kannathil Muthamittal (2002) Whistle (2003) Boys (2003) Chellamae (2004) Aayutha Ezhuthu (2004) Kangalal Kaidhu Sei (2004) Udhaya (2004) Ullam Ketkumae (2005) Anniyan (2005) Sivaji: The Boss (2007) Ananda Thandavam (2009) Enthiran (2010) Producer Bharathi (2000) Little John (2001) Nila Kaalam (2001) Miscellaneous Ganesh–Vasanth	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chellamay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chellamay"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"romantic thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_thriller"},{"link_name":"Gandhi Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_Krishna"},{"link_name":"Nila Kaalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nila_Kaalam"},{"link_name":"Vishal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishal_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Reema Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reema_Sen"},{"link_name":"Bharath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharath_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Vivek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivek_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Girish Karnad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girish_Karnad"},{"link_name":"Harris Jayaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Jayaraj"}],"text":"For the television series, see Chellamay.Chellamae (transl. Oh darling) is a 2004 Indian Tamil-language romantic thriller film directed by Gandhi Krishna, who directed the critically acclaimed Nila Kaalam. The film stars Vishal and Reema Sen in the lead role, while Bharath plays an antagonistic role.[1] Vivek and Girish Karnad play supporting roles. The film's score and soundtrack are composed by Harris Jayaraj. This film marks the debut of Vishal as an actor.","title":"Chellamae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reema_Sen"},{"link_name":"Bharath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharath_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Girish Karnad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girish_Karnad"},{"link_name":"Vishal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishal_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Vivek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivek_(actor)"}],"text":"Mythili (Reema) showers love and affection on her neighbour Vishwa (Bharath) since childhood. Vishwa happens to be the only son of a rich business tycoon named Rajasekhar (Girish Karnad), who loses his mother at a young age. Mythili treats Vishwa as her younger brother and spends all her time with him. Ragunandan (Vishal), an Income Tax Inspector, turns up at Rajasekhar's house for an IT raid and happens to meet Mythili there. They eventually fall in love, and after a series of incidents, they get wed locked and later settle in Goa. The trouble begins when Vishwa reaches Goa in search of Mythili. He manages to kidnap her and bring her to Chennai. The reasons for Vishwa's obsession and possessiveness towards Mythili unfolds as the movie progresses. Ragunandan, who comes back to Goa, finds the house deserted. The next-door neighbour tells him that Mythili eloped with Vishwa. He then begins to track her down and finds that the duo had left to Chennai. Ragunandan reaches Chennai. With the help of his colleague Income Tax Inspector Harichandra (Vivek), he tries to trace Mythili out. A chance look at the video of their marriage throws light on Vishwa's hatred towards Ragunandan. Ragunandan is convinced that Mythili did not go on her own will. He confronts Rajasekhar, but he is of no help. Finally, he traces out the location of Vishwa's hideout. Mythili pleads with Vishwa to release her. She explains that she cannot be his wife and can see him as a son or little brother. The plea falls on deaf ears. In a racy climax on high seas, the three protagonists fight it out, and Mythili hits Vishwa with the boat oars. He plunges into the sea in an unconscious condition, taking Mythili along. Ragunandan soon saves her. Even though Mythili had killed Vishwa because of her attack on him, she is filled with remorse.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vishal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishal_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Bharath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharath_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Reema Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reema_Sen"},{"link_name":"Reshmi Menon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reshmi_Menon"},{"link_name":"Vivek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivek_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Girish Karnad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girish_Karnad"},{"link_name":"Sriranjani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sriranjani_(Tamil_actress)"},{"link_name":"Crane Manohar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_Manohar"},{"link_name":"Sampath Ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampath_Ram"},{"link_name":"Mumtaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumtaj"},{"link_name":"guest appearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_appearance"},{"link_name":"Bhanupriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhanupriya"}],"text":"Vishal as C. Ragunandan\nBharath as Vishwa\nReema Sen as Mythili Ragunandan\nReshmi Menon as Young Mythili\nVivek as Harichandra, Raghu's friend.\nGirish Karnad as Rajasekhar, Vishwa's father.\nSriranjani as Vaishnavi, Ragunandan's sister.\nCrane Manohar\nSampath Ram as Kumar\nK. P. Mohan as Dr. K. Bangaru Babu\nBoys Rajan as Income Tax Officer\nMumtaj as herself (guest appearance).\nBhanupriya in a special appearance in song \"Kummi Adi\".","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arjun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjun_Sarja"},{"link_name":"Vedham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bharath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharath_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Newcomer Vishal was signed to work on the film, after Arjun, who worked with Vishal in Vedham, encouraged Vishal to accept the role.[2][3] Bharath was cast in the role of \"obsessed teenage lover\" for the first time.[4] Majority of the shoot was held in Goa while it was also shot at places like Chennai, Maldives, Mumbai and Bangkok and was completed in 50 days.[5]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harris Jayaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Jayaraj"},{"link_name":"Vairamuthu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vairamuthu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hariharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hariharan_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Swarnalatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarnalatha"},{"link_name":"Ranjith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjith_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Anuradha Sriram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuradha_Sriram"},{"link_name":"Kay Kay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Mahathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathi_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Chinmayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinmayi"},{"link_name":"Premgi Amaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premgi_Amaren"},{"link_name":"Mahathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathi_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Veturi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veturi"},{"link_name":"P. Unnikrishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Unnikrishnan"},{"link_name":"Swarnalatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarnalatha"},{"link_name":"Devi Sri Prasad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi_Sri_Prasad"},{"link_name":"Anuradha Sriram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuradha_Sriram"},{"link_name":"Chandrabose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrabose_(lyricist)"},{"link_name":"Chakri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakri_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Mahathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathi_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Chinmayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinmayi"}],"text":"The music was composed by Harris Jayaraj.All lyrics are written by VairamuthuTamil track listing[6]No.TitleSinger(s)Length1.\"Aariya Udhadugal\"Hariharan, Swarnalatha5:322.\"Chella Kiliyo\"Ranjith, Anuradha Sriram4:173.\"Kadhalikkum Aasai\"Kay Kay, Timmy, Mahathi, Chinmayi (Humming only), Premgi Amaren4:254.\"Kummiyadi\"Sandhya5:435.\"Vellaikkara Mutham\"Mahathi5:01Total length:24:58Telugu track listing[7]No.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1.\"Aaryula Hrudayapu Sannidhi\"VeturiP. Unnikrishnan, Swarnalatha5:302.\"Muddula Chilaka\"SahithiDevi Sri Prasad, Anuradha Sriram4:153.\"Venditeralo Bulliteralo\"ChandraboseChakri, Chinni, Timmy, Mahathi, Chinmayi (Humming only)4:254.\"Gummadamma Kanne Gummadamma\"SahithiSandhya5:385.\"Pettadey Oh Muddu\"VeturiMahathi4:45Total length:24:33","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sify"},{"link_name":"Yash Chopra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yash_Chopra"},{"link_name":"Darr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darr"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"Guna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunaa"},{"link_name":"Kadhal Kondain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaadhal_Kondein"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Kalki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalki_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Ramayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Indiaglitz wrote \"All credits go to director Ar Gandhi Krishna for coming out with the movie Chellamae which is not only racy but also entertaining. Even without any big names in the cast, Gandhi Krishna has succeeded in weaving a magic on screen\".[8] Sify wrote \"The story and screenplay of Gandhi Krishna is somewhat in the manner of Yash Chopra?s Darr and so many other obsessive love stories. Still he has come out with a racy film that is sure to satisfy the youth audience and has been packaged strictly to suit their tastes\".[9] Malathi Rangarajan of The Hindu wrote, \"Traces of \"Guna\" and \"Kadhal Kondain\" are evident in \"Chellamae,\" but Gandhi Krishna's refreshing approach to the storyline gives the necessary spark to make the venture watch-worthy till the end\".[10] Malini Mannath of Chennai Online wrote \"Gandhi Krishna's apprenticeship under Shanker seems to have been a fruitful one, he having picked up the right ingredients, and extracting excellent team work from his cast and crew, to make Chellamay, an engaging entertainer\".[11] Visual Dasan of Kalki wrote that by taking the outline of the epic Ramayana, the director had given it an interesting plot set in a contemporary setting, strong incidents, seamless character creation, and a flawless script.[12]Chellame ran for 100 days. It was made with a budget of ₹3.5 crore and collected a share of ₹6 crore selling 3 million tickets worldwide.[13] The film was dubbed and released in Telugu under the title, Prema Chadarangam (transl. Love Chess).[14][15]","title":"Release and reception"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Gerald, Olympia Shilpa (12 March 2011). \"Transition Time\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Transition-time/article14944599.ece","url_text":"\"Transition Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230111034301/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Transition-time/article14944599.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Vishal assisted Arjun in the film Vedham\". The Times of India. 19 October 2015. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/Vishal-assisted-Arjun-in-the-film-Vedham/articleshow/49448239.cms","url_text":"\"Vishal assisted Arjun in the film Vedham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200403215120/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/Vishal-assisted-Arjun-in-the-film-Vedham/articleshow/49448239.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Raghavan, Nikhil (18 October 2014). \"Vishal in Poojai: Action unlimited\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/vishal-in-poojai-action-unlimited/article6514791.ece","url_text":"\"Vishal in Poojai: Action unlimited\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141205031225/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/vishal-in-poojai-action-unlimited/article6514791.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Poornima (29 November 2004). \"Bharath: Hot property!\". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/nov/29ss.htm","url_text":"\"Bharath: Hot property!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediff.com","url_text":"Rediff.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180129054043/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/nov/29ss.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mannath, Malini (27 July 2004). \"Chellamay\". Chennai Online. Archived from the original on 23 August 2004. Retrieved 27 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040823194447/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/onlocation/chellamay.asp","url_text":"\"Chellamay\""},{"url":"http://www.chennaionline.com/film/onlocation/chellamay.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chellamay (2004)\". Music India Online. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170702055128/http://mio.to/album/Chellame+(2004)","url_text":"\"Chellamay (2004)\""},{"url":"https://mio.to/album/Chellame+%282004%29","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Prema Chadarangam (2004)\". Raaga.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201022151439/https://www.raaga.com/telugu/movie/prema-chadarangam-songs-A0000449","url_text":"\"Prema Chadarangam (2004)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raaga.com","url_text":"Raaga.com"},{"url":"https://www.raaga.com/telugu/movie/prema-chadarangam-songs-A0000449","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chellame Review\". IndiaGlitz. 10 September 2004. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181106092819/https://www.indiaglitz.com/chellame-review-tamil-movie-7202","url_text":"\"Chellame Review\""},{"url":"https://www.indiaglitz.com/chellame-review-tamil-movie-7202","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chellame\". Sify. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131020032123/http://www.sify.com/movies/chellamay-review-tamil-13563830.html","url_text":"\"Chellame\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sify","url_text":"Sify"},{"url":"http://www.sify.com/movies/chellamay-review-tamil-13563830.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rangarajan, Malathi (17 September 2004). \"Chellamae\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 13 October 2004. Retrieved 27 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041013200641/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/09/17/stories/2004091702810300.htm","url_text":"\"Chellamae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/09/17/stories/2004091702810300.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mannath, Malini (20 September 2004). \"Chellamay\". Chennai Online. Archived from the original on 27 September 2004. Retrieved 27 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040927000834/http://chennaionline.com/film/moviereviews/tammov368.asp","url_text":"\"Chellamay\""},{"url":"http://chennaionline.com/film/moviereviews/tammov368.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"தாசன், விஷுவல் (26 September 2004). \"செல்லமே\". Kalki (in Tamil). p. 33. Retrieved 18 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/kalki2004-09-26/page/32/mode/2up","url_text":"\"செல்லமே\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalki_(magazine)","url_text":"Kalki"}]},{"reference":"\"Chitchat with Vishal\". Idlebrain.com. 10 October 2006. Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 7 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-vishal.html","url_text":"\"Chitchat with Vishal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlebrain.com","url_text":"Idlebrain.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090310155842/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-vishal.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jeevi. \"Movie review — Prema Chadarangam\". Idlebrain.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-premachadarangam.html","url_text":"\"Movie review — Prema Chadarangam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlebrain.com","url_text":"Idlebrain.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220621182851/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-premachadarangam.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Audio release — Prema Chadarangam\". Idlebrain.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oceanography_awards	List of earth sciences awards	["1 General","2 Meteorology","3 Oceanography","4 Paleontology","5 See also","6 References"]	This list of earth sciences awards is an index to articles on notable awards for earth sciences, or natural science related to the planet Earth. It includes awards for meteorology, oceanography and paleontology, but excludes awards for environmental science, geography, geology and geophysics, which are covered by separate lists. General Country Award Sponsor Description Australia Dorothy Hill Medal Australian Academy of Science Research in the Earth sciences by women researchers up to 10 years post PhD United States F.W. Clarke Medal Geochemical Society Early-career scientist for a single outstanding contribution to geochemistry or cosmochemistry United States Global Challenge Award University of Vermont, National Science Foundation Program for pre-college school students to work towards a solution to mitigate global warming and help envision the future of renewable energy India Krishnan Medal Indian Geophysical Union Outstanding geophysicist/geologist whose age does not exceed 40 years United States Leidy Award Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University Excellence in publications, explorations, discoveries or research in the natural sciences United States Meinzer Award Geological Society of America Publication or body of publications that have significantly advanced the science of hydrogeology or a closely related field Chile National Prize for Natural Sciences National Prize for Sciences (Chile) Natural sciences United States Roger Revelle Prize Scripps Institution of Oceanography Outstanding contributions that advance or promote scientific research in fields such as oceanography, climatology and other planetary sciences United Kingdom Seligman Crystal International Glaciological Society Outstanding scientific contribution to glaciology so that the subject is now enriched Meteorology Country Award Sponsor Description Netherlands Buys Ballot Medal Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Individual who has made significant contributions to meteorology United States Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal American Meteorological Society Individual atmospheric scientists United States Fawbush-Miller Award United States Air Force Most outstanding operational weather squadron for the entire Air Force Russia Friedmann Prize Russian Academy of Sciences Outstanding work in cosmology and gravity Switzerland International Meteorological Organization Prize World Meteorological Organization Outstanding contributions in the field of meteorology and, since 1971, the field of operational hydrology United States Jule G. Charney Award American Meteorological Society Highly significant research or development achievement in the atmospheric or hydrologic sciences United States National Collegiate Weather Forecasting Contest Pennsylvania State University Weather forecasting competition among colleges in North America. Replaced by the WxChallenge Canada Patterson Medal Meteorological Service of Canada Residents of Canada for services rendered to meteorology Germany Reinhard Süring Medal German Meteorological Society Outstanding scientific and organizational contributions to the objectives of the DMG United States Sverdrup Gold Medal American Meteorological Society Outstanding contributions to the scientific knowledge of interactions between the oceans and the atmosphere United Kingdom Symons Gold Medal Royal Meteorological Society Distinguished work in the field of meteorological science Europe Vilhelm Bjerknes Medal European Geosciences Union Distinguished research in atmospheric sciences United Kingdom William Gaskell Medal Royal Meteorological Society Scientist who has distinguished himself in the field of experimental meteorology United States WxChallenge University of Oklahoma Weather forecasting competition among colleges in North America Oceanography Country Award Sponsor Description (international) A.C. Redfield Lifetime Achievement Award Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography Major, long-term, achievements in limnology and oceanography United States Alexander Agassiz Medal National Academy of Sciences Original contribution in the science of oceanography United States B H Ketchum Award Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Innovative coastal/nearshore research United States Bigelow Medal Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Oceanography (international) G. Evelyn Hutchinson Award Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography Mid-career scientist for excellence in any aspect of limnology or oceanography United States Hans Hass Award Historical Diving Society (United States) Recognition of contribution made to the advancement of our knowledge of the ocean United States Jerlov Award The Oceanography Society Contribution made to the advancement of our knowledge of the nature and consequences of light in the ocean United States Henry Stommel Research Award American Meteorological Society Outstanding contributions to the advancement of the understanding of the dynamics and physics of the ocean United States Mary Sears Women Pioneers in Oceanography Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Lifetime achievement and impact United States Walter Munk Medal (formerly Walter Munk Award) The Oceanography Society Distinguished research in oceanography related to sound and the sea (international) Yentsch-Schindler Award Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography Outstanding contributions by an early career scientist to aquatic sciences Paleontology Country Award Sponsor Description United States Charles Schuchert Award Paleontological Society Person under 40 whose work reflects excellence and promise in the science of paleontology United Kingdom Lapworth Medal Palaeontological Association Those who have made a significant contribution to the science by means of a substantial body of research United States Leidy Award Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University Excellence in publications, explorations, discoveries or research in the natural sciences United States Paleontological Society Medal Paleontological Society Person whose eminence is based on advancement of knowledge in paleontology United Kingdom Palaeontographical Society Medal Palaeontographical Society Sustained and important series of contributions to the taxonomic and systematic palaeontology of Great Britain and Ireland, especially those which address problems of palaeogeography, palaeoecology and phylogeny United States Raymond C. Moore Medal Society for Sedimentary Geology Persons who have made significant contributions in the field which have promoted the science of stratigraphy by research in paleontology and evolution and the use of fossils for interpretations of paleoecology United States Romer-Simpson Medal Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Sustained and outstanding scholarly excellence and service to the discipline of vertebrate paleontology United States Charles Doolittle Walcott Medal National Academy of Sciences Individual achievement in advancing knowledge of Cambrian or Precambrian life and its history See also Lists of awards List of environmental awards List of geography awards List of geology awards List of geophysics awards References ^ "Dorothy Hill Medal". Australian Academy of Science. Retrieved 28 November 2018. ^ "F.W. Clarke Award". Geochemical Society. Retrieved 29 November 2016. ^ "Digital Media and Learning Competition 6". ^ Announcement for IGU Medal/Award - 2019 (PDF), IGU, retrieved 2020-02-11 ^ a b "The Four Awards Bestowed by The Academy of Natural Sciences and Their Recipients". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 156 (1). The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia: 403–404. June 2007. doi:10.1635/0097-3157(2007)1562.0.CO;2. S2CID 198160356. ^ Meyer, Gerald (17 November 2012). "Oscar E. Meinzer — father of modern groundwater hydrology in the United States". Hydrogeology Journal. 3 (2): 76–78. doi:10.1007/s10040-995-0005-0. S2CID 128468128. ^ "Ley 19169: Establece normas sobre otorgamiento de Premios Nacionales" (in Spanish). Ministry of Education. 26 September 1992. Retrieved 8 December 2017 – via Library of the National Congress of Chile. ^ "Roger Revelle Prize". Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Retrieved 22 December 2014. ^ "The Seligman Crystal". Awards by the Society. International Glaciological Society (igsoc.org). 19 June 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2011. ^ "Buys Ballot Medal — KNAW". www.knaw.nl. Retrieved 2017-10-03. ^ "The Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 27 September 2019. ^ Tech. Sgt. Kevin Williams, 20th Fighter Wing Public Affairs (June 15, 2006), 28th OWS: Most outstanding - Forecasters bring Fawbush-Miller Award back to Shaw, Shaw Air Force Base, retrieved 2020-02-11{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "КОНКУРСЫ" (doc). Russian Academy of Sciences (in Russian). 1974. Retrieved 25 September 2018. Академия наук СССР объявила конкурс на соискание премии им. А. А. Фридмана в размере 2000 руб., присуждаемой советским ученым за лучшие научные работы в области метеорологии. ^ "Постановление Президиума Российская Академии Наук от 23 февраля 1993 г. №47, О золотых медалях и премиях имени выдающихся ученых, присуждаемых Российской академией наук" . Russian Academy of Sciences (in Russian). 23 February 1993. Retrieved 25 September 2018. ^ "International Meteorological Organization (IMO) Prize". World Meteorological Organization. World Meteorolical Association (WMO). Retrieved 29 May 2018. ^ Jule G. Charney Award ^ a b Welcome to the WxChallenge, the North American collegiate weather forecasting competition, Univ. of Oklahoma, retrieved 2020-02-11 ^ "Non-CMOS Awards / Honneurs pas SCMO" (in French and English). Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society. 2015. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2018.. ^ "Patterson Medal in Meteorology" (PDF). Nature. 158 (4018): 614. November 2, 1946. doi:10.1038/158614a0. Retrieved January 15, 2020. ^ "Patterson Medal in Meteorology". Weather. 2 (2). Royal Meteorological Society: 40. February 1947. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1947.tb00709.x. ^ Reinhard-Süring-Plakette, Deutsche Meteorologische Gesellschaft, retrieved 2020-02-11 ^ "The Sverdrup Gold Medal". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 27 September 2019. ^ "Symons Gold Medal". Royal Metereological Society. Retrieved 23 November 2015. ^ "Vilhelm Bjerknes Medal". European Geosciences Union. Retrieved 29 May 2022. ^ "Gaskell Memorial medal 1994". University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Retrieved 22 November 2015. ^ a b "ASLO Awards". ASLO. Retrieved 2021-05-04. ^ True, Frederick (31 December 1913). A History of the First Half-Century of the National Academy of Sciences: 1863-1913. National Academies Press. ISBN 0309581656. ^ "Awards - Alexander Agassiz Medal". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 20 January 2010. ^ "B.H. Ketchum Award Recipients - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution". WHOI. Retrieved 2019-11-06. ^ "Award Recipients - Henry Bryant Bigelow Medal in Oceanography". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved November 29, 2016. ^ Anonymous (1982). "G. Evelyn Hutchinson Medal Announcement and Call for Nominations". Limnology and Oceanography. 27 (6): 1175. doi:10.4319/lo.1982.27.6.1175. ^ "Dead Scientist of the Week: G. Evelyn Hutchinson". 2011-01-30. ^ "G. Evelyn Hutchinson Medal Award". Limnology and Oceanography. 36 (7): 1503–1505. November 1991. doi:10.4319/lo.1991.36.7.1503. ISSN 0024-3590. ^ Hans Hass Fifty Fathoms Award, Hans Hass-Institut, retrieved 2020-02-11 ^ "The Jerlov Award". Oceanography Society. Retrieved 23 November 2015. ^ The Henry Stommel Research Medal, AMS, retrieved 2020-02-11 ^ "Awards & Recognition - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution". www.whoi.edu/. Retrieved 2021-05-04. ^ "The Walter Munk Award". Oceanography Society. Retrieved 23 November 2015. ^ "Walter Munk Medal". The Oceanography Society. Retrieved 10 February 2020. ^ "Grants and Awards". Paleontological Society. Retrieved 2 April 2017. ^ "Lapworth Medal". The Palaeontological Association. Retrieved 29 May 2016. ^ Paleontology Society awards page http://paleosoc.org/grants-and-awards/ ^ Research Funding - Details of Awards/Grants : 4. The Palaeontographical Society Medal, The Palaeontographical Society, retrieved 2020-02-11 ^ "Raymond C. Moore Medal for Paleontology". Society for Sedimentary Geology. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2015. ^ "Romer-Simpson Medal". Society for Vertebrate Paleontology. Retrieved 21 May 2014. ^ Bill Clemens awarded the Romer-Simpson Medal for his contributions to vertebrate paleontology ^ "The Stanley Miller Medal is scheduled for presentation in 2016". NAS. Retrieved 21 June 2015. vteLists of science and technology awardsGeneral General science and technology Science and technology awards for women Science Archaeology Astronomy Biochemistry Biology Biomedical science Chemistry Earth sciences Environmental Geography Geology Geophysics Mathematics Medicine Meteorology Paleontology Physics Psychology Technology Agriculture Aviation Computer science Computer-related Engineering Mechanical engineering Motor vehicles Space technology Others Economics Ornithology Social sciences	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of earth sciences awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"General"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Meteorology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Oceanography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Paleontology"}]	[]	[{"title":"Lists of awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_awards"},{"title":"List of environmental awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_awards"},{"title":"List of geography awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geography_awards"},{"title":"List of geology awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geology_awards"},{"title":"List of geophysics awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geophysics_awards"}]	[{"reference":"\"Dorothy Hill Medal\". 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Retrieved 22 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/people/awards/revelle","url_text":"\"Roger Revelle Prize\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Seligman Crystal\". Awards by the Society. International Glaciological Society (igsoc.org). 19 June 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.igsoc.org/awards/seligman/","url_text":"\"The Seligman Crystal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buys Ballot Medal — KNAW\". www.knaw.nl. Retrieved 2017-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.knaw.nl/en/awards/laureates/buys-ballot-medal/buys-ballot-medaille","url_text":"\"Buys Ballot Medal — KNAW\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal\". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 27 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ametsoc.org/index.cfm/ams/about-ams/ams-awards-honors/awards/science-and-technology-medals/the-carl-gustaf-rossby-research-medal/","url_text":"\"The Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal\""}]},{"reference":"Tech. Sgt. 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Royal Meteorological Society: 40. February 1947. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1947.tb00709.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Meteorological_Society","url_text":"Royal Meteorological Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1477-8696.1947.tb00709.x","url_text":"10.1002/j.1477-8696.1947.tb00709.x"}]},{"reference":"Reinhard-Süring-Plakette, Deutsche Meteorologische Gesellschaft, retrieved 2020-02-11","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dmg-ev.de/aktivitaeten/auszeichnungen/reinhard-suering-plakette/","url_text":"Reinhard-Süring-Plakette"}]},{"reference":"\"The Sverdrup Gold Medal\". American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 27 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ametsoc.org/index.cfm/ams/about-ams/ams-awards-honors/awards/science-and-technology-medals/the-sverdrup-gold-medal/","url_text":"\"The Sverdrup Gold Medal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Symons Gold Medal\". Royal Metereological Society. 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Retrieved 19 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170704015527/http://www.sepm.org/pages.aspx?pageid=72","url_text":"\"Raymond C. Moore Medal for Paleontology\""},{"url":"http://www.sepm.org/pages.aspx?pageid=72","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Romer-Simpson Medal\". Society for Vertebrate Paleontology. Retrieved 21 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://vertpaleo.org/Awards/Award-(7).aspx","url_text":"\"Romer-Simpson Medal\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Stanley Miller Medal is scheduled for presentation in 2016\". NAS. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Cern%C3%BD_(art_director)	Karel Černý (art director)	["1 Selected filmography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Czech art director Karel ČernýBorn(1922-04-07)7 April 1922Plzeň, CzechoslovakiaDied5 September 2014(2014-09-05) (aged 92)Tábor, Czech RepublicOccupation(s)Art director, production designerYears active1938–2001 Karel Černý (7 April 1922 – 5 September 2014) was a Czech art director and production designer. He won an Academy Award in the category Best Art Direction for the film Amadeus. He died aged 92 in 2014. Selected filmography Black Peter (1964) Loves of a Blonde (1965) Amadeus (1984) See also Cinema of the Czech Republic List of Czech Academy Award winners and nominees References ^ "The 57th Academy Awards (1985) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 13 October 2011. ^ Velinger, Jan (5 September 2014). "Oscar-winning art director Karel Černý dies at 92". Radio Prague. Retrieved 16 November 2014. External links Karel Cerný at IMDb Karel Cerný at AllMovie vteAcademy Award for Best Production Design1927–1939Interior Decoration 1927/1928: William Cameron Menzies 1929/1929: Cedric Gibbons 1929/1930: Herman Rosse 1930/1931: Max Rée 1931/1932: Gordon Wiles 1932/1933: William S. Darling 1934: Cedric Gibbons, Fredric Hope 1935: Richard Day 1936: Richard Day 1937: Stephen Goosson 1938: Carl Jules Weyl 1939: Lyle R. Wheeler 1940–1946Black & White/ Color separate 1940 (bw): Cedric Gibbons, Paul Groesse / (c): Vincent Korda 1941 (bw): Richard Day, Nathan Juran, Thomas Little / (c): Cedric Gibbons, Urie McCleary, Edwin B. Willis 1942 (bw): Richard Day, Joseph C. Wright, Thomas Little / (c): Richard Day, Joseph C. Wright, Thomas Little 1943 (bw): James Basevi, William S. Darling, Thomas Little / (c): Alexander Golitzen, John B. Goodman, Russell A. Gausman, Ira S. Webb 1944 (bw): Cedric Gibbons, William Ferrari, Paul Huldschinsky, Edwin B. Willis / (c): Wiard Ihnen, Thomas Little 1945 (bw): Wiard Ihnen, A. Roland Fields / (c): Hans Dreier, Ernst Fegté, Samuel M. Comer 1946 (bw): William S. Darling, Lyle R. Wheeler, Thomas Little, Frank E. Hughes / (c): Cedric Gibbons, Paul Groesse, Edwin B. Willis 1947–1956 renamedArt Direction- Set DecorationBlack & White/ Color separate 1947 (bw): John Bryan, Wilfred Shingleton / (c): Alfred Junge 1948 (bw): Roger K. Furse, Carmen Dillon / (c): Hein Heckroth, Arthur Lawson 1949 (bw): Harry Horner, John Meehan, Emile Kuri / (c): Cedric Gibbons, Paul Groesse, Edwin B. Willis, Jack D. Moore 1950 (bw): Hans Dreier, John Meehan, Samuel M. Comer, Ray Moyer / (c): Hans Dreier, Walter Tyler, Samuel M. Comer, Ray Moyer 1951 (bw): Richard Day, George James Hopkins / (c): Cedric Gibbons, E. Preston Ames, Edwin B. Willis, F. Keogh Gleason 1952 (bw): Cedric Gibbons, Edward Carfagno, Edwin B. Willis, F. Keogh Gleason /(c): Paul Sheriff, Marcel Vertès 1953 (bw): Cedric Gibbons, Edward Carfagno, Edwin B. Willis, Hugh Hunt / (c): Lyle R. Wheeler, George Davis, Walter M. Scott, Paul S. Fox 1954 (bw): Richard Day / (c): John Meehan, Emile Kuri 1955 (bw): Hal Pereira, Tambi Larsen, Samuel M. Comer, Arthur Krams / (c): William Flannery, Jo Mielziner, Robert Priestley 1956 (bw): Cedric Gibbons, Malcolm F. Brown, Edwin B. Willis, F. Keogh Gleason / (c): Lyle R. Wheeler, John DeCuir, Walter M. Scott, Paul S. Fox 1957–1958 1957: Ted Haworth, Robert Priestley 1958: William A. Horning, E. Preston Ames, Henry Grace, F. Keogh Gleason 1959–1966Black & White/ Color separate 1959 (bw): Lyle R. Wheeler, George Davis, Walter M. Scott, Stuart A. Reiss / (c): William A. Horning (posthumous award), Edward Carfagno, Hugh Hunt 1960 (bw): Alexandre Trauner, Edward G. Boyle /(c): Alexander Golitzen, Eric Orbom (posthumous award), Russell A. Gausman, Julia Heron 1961 (bw): Harry Horner, Gene Callahan / (c): Boris Leven, Victor A. Gangelin 1962 (bw): Alexander Golitzen, Henry Bumstead, Oliver Emert /(c): John Box, John Stoll, Dario Simoni 1963 (bw): Gene Callahan / (c): John DeCuir, Jack Martin Smith, Hilyard M. Brown, Herman A. Blumenthal, Elven Webb, Maurice Pelling, Boris Juraga, Walter M. Scott, Paul S. Fox, Ray Moyer 1964 (bw): Vassilis Photopoulos /(c): Gene Allen, Cecil Beaton, George James Hopkins 1965 (bw): Robert Clatworthy, Joseph Kish /(c): John Box, Terence Marsh, Dario Simoni 1966 (bw): Richard Sylbert, George James Hopkins / (c): Jack Martin Smith, Dale Hennesy, Walter M. Scott, Stuart A. Reiss 1967–1980 1967: John Truscott, Edward Carrere, John W. Brown 1968: John Box, Terence Marsh, Vernon Dixon, Ken Muggleston 1969: John DeCuir, Jack Martin Smith, Herman A. Blumenthal, Walter M. Scott, George James Hopkins, Raphaël Bretton 1970: Urie McCleary, Gil Parrondo, Antonio Mateos, Pierre-Louis Thévenet 1971: John Box, Ernest Archer, Jack Maxsted, Gil Parrondo, Vernon Dixon 1972: Rolf Zehetbauer, Jurgen Kiebach, Herbert Strabel 1973: Henry Bumstead, James W. Payne 1974: Dean Tavoularis, Angelo P. Graham, George R. Nelson 1975: Ken Adam, Roy Walker, Vernon Dixon 1976: George C. Jenkins, George Gaines 1977: John Barry, Norman Reynolds, Leslie Dilley, Roger Christian 1978: Paul Sylbert, Edwin O'Donovan, George Gaines 1979: Philip Rosenberg, Tony Walton, Edward Stewart, Gary J. Brink 1980: Pierre Guffroy, Jack Stephens 1981–2000 1981: Norman Reynolds, Leslie Dilley; Michael D. Ford (set) 1982: Stuart Craig, Robert W. Laing; Michael Seirton (set) 1983: Anna Asp 1984: Patrizia von Brandenstein; Karel Černý (set) 1985: Stephen B. Grimes; Josie MacAvin (set) 1986: Gianni Quaranta, Brian Ackland-Snow; Brian Savegar, Elio Altramura (set) 1987: Ferdinando Scarfiotti; Bruno Cesari, Osvaldo Desideri (set) 1988: Stuart Craig; Gérard James (set) 1989: Anton Furst; Peter Young (set) 1990: Richard Sylbert (art); Rick Simpson (set) 1991: Dennis Gassner (art); Nancy Haigh (set) 1992: Luciana Arrighi (art); Ian Whittaker (set) 1993: Allan Starski (art); Ewa Braun (set) 1994: Ken Adam (art); Carolyn Scott (set) 1995: Eugenio Zanetti (art) 1996: Stuart Craig (art); Stephenie McMillan (set) 1997: Peter Lamont (art); Michael D. Ford (set) 1998: Martin Childs (art); Jill Quertier (set) 1999: Rick Heinrichs (art); Peter Young (set) 2000: Timmy Yip (art) 2001–present 2001: Catherine Martin (art); Brigitte Broch (set) 2002: John Myhre (art); Gordon Sim (set) 2003: Grant Major (art); Dan Hennah and Alan Lee (set) 2004: Dante Ferretti (art); Francesca Lo Schiavo (set) 2005: John Myhre (art); Gretchen Rau (set) 2006: Eugenio Caballero (art); Pilar Revuelta (set) 2007: Dante Ferretti (art); Francesca Lo Schiavo (set) 2008: Donald Graham Burt (art); Victor J. Zolfo (set) 2009: Rick Carter and Robert Stromberg (art); Kim Sinclair (set) 2010: Robert Stromberg (art); Karen O'Hara (set) 2011: Dante Ferretti (art); Francesca Lo Schiavo (set) 2012: Rick Carter (art); Jim Erickson (set) 2013: Catherine Martin (art); Beverley Dunn (set) 2014: Adam Stockhausen (art); Anna Pinnock (set) 2015: Colin Gibson (art); Lisa Thompson (set) 2016: David Wasco (art); Sandy Reynolds-Wasco (set) 2017: Paul Denham Austerberry (art); Shane Vieau and Jeff Melvin (set) 2018: Hannah Beachler (art); Jay Hart (set) 2019: Barbara Ling (art); Nancy Haigh (set) 2020: Donald Graham Burt (art); Jan Pascale (set) 2021: Patrice Vermette (art) and Zsuzsanna Sipos (set) 2022: Christian M. Goldbeck (art) and Ernestine Hipper (set) 2023: James Price and Shona Heath (art); Zsuzsa Mihalek (set) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Czech Republic People Deutsche Biographie This article about an art director is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"art director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director#In_film"},{"link_name":"production designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_designer"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Art Direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Production_Design"},{"link_name":"Amadeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus_(film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oscars1985-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Karel Černý (7 April 1922 – 5 September 2014) was a Czech art director and production designer. He won an Academy Award in the category Best Art Direction for the film Amadeus.[1] He died aged 92 in 2014.[2]","title":"Karel Černý (art director)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Peter_(film)"},{"link_name":"Loves of a Blonde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loves_of_a_Blonde"},{"link_name":"Amadeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus_(film)"}],"text":"Black Peter (1964)\nLoves of a Blonde (1965)\nAmadeus (1984)","title":"Selected filmography"}]	[]	[{"title":"Cinema of the Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Czech_Republic"},{"title":"List of Czech Academy Award winners and nominees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Czech_Academy_Award_winners_and_nominees"}]	[{"reference":"\"The 57th Academy Awards (1985) Nominees and Winners\". oscars.org. Retrieved 13 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1985","url_text":"\"The 57th Academy Awards (1985) Nominees and Winners\""}]},{"reference":"Velinger, Jan (5 September 2014). \"Oscar-winning art director Karel Černý dies at 92\". Radio Prague. Retrieved 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radio.cz/en/section/news/oscar-winning-art-director-karel-cerny-dies-at-92","url_text":"\"Oscar-winning art director Karel Černý dies at 92\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Prague","url_text":"Radio Prague"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1985","external_links_name":"\"The 57th Academy Awards (1985) Nominees and Winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.radio.cz/en/section/news/oscar-winning-art-director-karel-cerny-dies-at-92","external_links_name":"\"Oscar-winning art director Karel Černý dies at 92\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0148692/","external_links_name":"Karel Cerný"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p159076","external_links_name":"Karel Cerný"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000056019617","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/84022660","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvhtD6JcwdMhMFGVt9JjC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1060767872","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000403026&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1060767872.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karel_%C4%8Cern%C3%BD_(art_director)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_Productions	Fauna Productions	["1 Select Credits","2 References","3 External links"]	Australian film and TV production company Fauna ProductionsIndustryFilmFounderLee Robinson Fauna Productions is an Australian film and TV production company established by Lee Robinson, Lionel ('Bob') Austin and John McCallum who met during the making of the film They're a Weird Mob (1966). Robinson, Austin and McCallum wanted to make productions aimed at the international audience and enjoyed great success with the TV series Skippy the Bush Kangaroo and Barrier Reef. Fauna Productions is still in business, now being run by two sons of the founders, Philip Austin and Nick McCallum. Select Credits Skippy the Bush Kangaroo (1966–69) - TV series The Intruders (1969) - film Nickel Queen (1971) - film Barrier Reef (1971–72) - TV series Boney (1972–73) - TV series Shannon's Mob (1975–76) - TV series Bailey's Bird (1977) - TV series Attack Force Z (1981) - film The Highest Honor (1983) - film References ^ Don Storey, "Skippy" at Classic Australian Television 2008 accessed 21 Sept 2012 ^ "Who remembers the 1970s TV show 'Barrier Reef'? \| State Library Of Queensland". www.slq.qld.gov.au. 2021-05-13. Retrieved 2021-05-17. External links Company website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Robinson_(director)"},{"link_name":"John McCallum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCallum_(actor)"},{"link_name":"They're a Weird Mob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They%27re_a_Weird_Mob_(film)"},{"link_name":"Skippy the Bush Kangaroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skippy_the_Bush_Kangaroo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Barrier Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier_Reef_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Fauna Productions is an Australian film and TV production company established by Lee Robinson, Lionel ('Bob') Austin and John McCallum who met during the making of the film They're a Weird Mob (1966). Robinson, Austin and McCallum wanted to make productions aimed at the international audience and enjoyed great success with the TV series Skippy the Bush Kangaroo [1] and Barrier Reef.[2]Fauna Productions is still in business, now being run by two sons of the founders, Philip Austin and Nick McCallum.","title":"Fauna Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skippy the Bush Kangaroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skippy_the_Bush_Kangaroo"},{"link_name":"The Intruders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Intruders_(1969_film)"},{"link_name":"Nickel Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_Queen"},{"link_name":"Barrier Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier_Reef_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Boney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boney_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Shannon's Mob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon%27s_Mob"},{"link_name":"Bailey's Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey%27s_Bird"},{"link_name":"Attack Force Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_Force_Z"},{"link_name":"The Highest Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Highest_Honor"}],"text":"Skippy the Bush Kangaroo (1966–69) - TV series\nThe Intruders (1969) - film\nNickel Queen (1971) - film\nBarrier Reef (1971–72) - TV series\nBoney (1972–73) - TV series\nShannon's Mob (1975–76) - TV series\nBailey's Bird (1977) - TV series\nAttack Force Z (1981) - film\nThe Highest Honor (1983) - film","title":"Select Credits"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Who remembers the 1970s TV show 'Barrier Reef'? \| State Library Of Queensland\". www.slq.qld.gov.au. 2021-05-13. Retrieved 2021-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/who-remembers-1970s-tv-show-barrier-reef","url_text":"\"Who remembers the 1970s TV show 'Barrier Reef'? \| State Library Of Queensland\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.classicaustraliantv.com/Skippy.htm","external_links_name":"Don Storey, \"Skippy\" at Classic Australian Television 2008"},{"Link":"https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/who-remembers-1970s-tv-show-barrier-reef","external_links_name":"\"Who remembers the 1970s TV show 'Barrier Reef'? \| State Library Of Queensland\""},{"Link":"http://www.faunaproductions.com/","external_links_name":"Company website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Chilean_grape_scare	1989 Chilean grape scare	["1 The scare","2 The doubts","3 References"]	Food safety scare This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1989 Chilean grape scare" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Chilean grape scare was a 1989 incident involving two grapes from Chile allegedly found tainted with cyanide after a threat was supposedly made by phone to the US Embassy in Santiago. No additional contaminated fruit was found, but the United States Food and Drug Administration banned the import of Chilean fruit and warned people not to eat grapes or Chilean fruit despite the fact investigators found no traces of cyanide in any other fruit shipped from Chile to Philadelphia. The scare The individual who supposedly telephoned the U.S. embassy in Santiago on March 2 told them some Chilean grapes contained cyanide. No individual or group ever claimed responsibility for poisoning the two grapes or making the phone call. Just two grapes were said to have been injected with cyanide and the country's fruit export sector was thrown into panic. Table grapes are the leading Chilean agricultural export to the United States. Thousands of farm workers lost their jobs and the Government was forced to provide temporary subsidies to offset the more than $400 million in losses. The doubts Because cyanide is highly reactive and the fact that a punctured grape decomposes rapidly, it is not possible for a grape to be injected with cyanide (or anything else for that matter) and arrive in the U.S. intact, two to three weeks later. This fact led the GAO (General Accounting Office) to investigate to determine whether the scare was a result of poor laboratory processes. The investigation was inconclusive. The Military Chilean government, without evidence, blamed the contamination scare on the work of local Marxist extremists. However, a report by Eduardo Engel dismisses the Military Government's accusations of any Marxist sabotage, and instead says that the FDA and US State Department either conspired to harm elements in Chile or the FDA director had an unprecedented over-reaction--which President George H. W. Bush promoted. In either case, Engels concludes the US response was a violation of international trade agreements, and thus Chile was justified in suing the US FDA for more than $200m. The Engels report concludes California competitors did not play a role in what was likely a hoax according to US-based statistical analyses. The Engels report further suggests the George H. W. Bush administration attempted to influence the Chilean election, but does not provide evidence and shifts emphasis instead to free-trade issues and a legal case against the US. Thus, evidence of US economic sabotage is established in Engels, but definitive evidence of a political motive is lacking from the Engels report. The Engels report doubts fumigation prior to shipping for export could have been the source of the trace amounts actually detected, even though some standard fumigation agents in used contained cyanide. Engels concludes there was foul play, while a contemporaneous article suggests a hoax. References ^ Chilean Fruit Pulled From Shelves As U.S. Widens Inquiry on Poison, NY Times, March 15, 1989, ^ U.S.-Chilean Trade: Developments in the Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry Sectors, GAO/GGD-93-88 ^ Eduardo Engel, 1996. Uvas envenenadas, vacas locas y proteccionismo, Documentos de Trabajo 9, Centro de Economía Aplicada, Universidad de Chile ^ Eduardo Engel, 1996. Uvas envenenadas, vacas locas y proteccionismo, Documentos de Trabajo 9, Centro de Economía Aplicada, Universidad de Chile. (See sections beyond first paragraph of §2.1.2) ^ EE UU investiga un supuesto envenenamiento de uva chilena, El País, 15 Mar 1989 ^ ASIA : Between U.S. and Chile, a Grape Divide : A report that the 1989 poison scare was probably a hoax has growers angry once again. And California counterparts aren’t helping matters. LA Times, Dec. 31, 1994 http://www.fortfreedom.org/l28.htm The Cyanide Scare; a Tale of Two Grapes vteConsumer food safetyAdulterants, food contaminants 3-MCPD Aldicarb Antibiotic use in livestock Cyanide Formaldehyde HGH controversies Lead poisoning Melamine Mercury in fish Sudan I Food additives Flavorings Monosodium glutamate (MSG) Salt Sugar High-fructose corn syrup Intestinal parasites, parasitic disease Amoebiasis Anisakiasis Cryptosporidiosis Cyclosporiasis Diphyllobothriasis Enterobiasis Fasciolopsiasis Fasciolosis Giardiasis Gnathostomiasis Paragonimiasis Toxocariasis Toxoplasmosis Trichinosis Trichuriasis Microorganisms Botulism Campylobacter jejuni Clostridium perfringens Cronobacter Enterovirus Escherichia coli O104:H4 Escherichia coli O157:H7 Hepatitis A Hepatitis E Listeria Norovirus Rotavirus Salmonella Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic E. coli Vibrio cholerae Pesticides Chlorpyrifos DDT Lindane Malathion Methamidophos Preservatives Benzoic acid Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) Sodium benzoate Sugar substitutes Acesulfame potassium Aspartame controversy Saccharin Sodium cyclamate Sorbitol Sucralose Toxins, poisons, environment pollution Aflatoxin Arsenic contamination of groundwater Benzene in soft drinks Bisphenol A Dieldrin Diethylstilbestrol Dioxin Mycotoxins Nonylphenol Shellfish poisoning Food processing 4-Hydroxynonenal Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein Acrylamide Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease Food additives Food irradiation Heterocyclic amines Modified starch Nitrosamines Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon Shortening Trans fat Water fluoridation controversy Food contamination incidents Devon colic Swill milk scandal Esing Bakery incident 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning 1900 English beer poisoning Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident Minamata disease 1971 Iraq poison grain disaster Toxic oil syndrome 1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal United Kingdom BSE outbreak Australian meat substitution scandal Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak 1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak 2006 North American E. coli outbreaks ICA meat repackaging controversy 2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak 2008 Chinese milk scandal 2008 Irish pork crisis 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak 2011 Germany E. coli outbreak 2011 United States listeriosis outbreak Bihar school meal poisoning 2013 horse meat scandal 2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning 2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat 2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak 2018 Australian strawberry contamination 2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak Food safety incidents in China Food safety incidents in Taiwan Foodborne illness outbreaks death toll United States Regulation, standards, watchdogs Acceptable daily intake E number Food labeling regulations Food libel laws Food safety in Australia International Food Safety Network ISO 22000 Nutrition facts label Organic certification Quality Assurance International United Kingdom food information regulations Institutions Centre for Food Safety (Hong Kong) European Food Safety Authority Food and Drug Administration Food Information and Control Agency (Spain) Food Standards Agency (United Kingdom) Institute for Food Safety and Health International Food Safety Network Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (South Korea) Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition Related topics Curing (food preservation) Food and drink prohibitions Food fraud Food marketing Food politics Food preservation Food quality Genetically modified food Conspiracy theories Food portal Drink portal Category Commons Cookbook WikiProject	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"cyanide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide"},{"link_name":"US Embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Embassy"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago,_Chile"},{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"}],"text":"The Chilean grape scare was a 1989 incident involving two grapes from Chile allegedly found tainted with cyanide after a threat was supposedly made by phone to the US Embassy in Santiago. No additional contaminated fruit was found, but the United States Food and Drug Administration banned the import of Chilean fruit and warned people not to eat grapes or Chilean fruit[1] despite the fact investigators found no traces of cyanide in any other fruit shipped from Chile to Philadelphia.","title":"1989 Chilean grape scare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The individual who supposedly telephoned the U.S. embassy in Santiago on March 2 told them some Chilean grapes contained cyanide. No individual or group ever claimed responsibility for poisoning the two grapes or making the phone call. Just two grapes were said to have been injected with cyanide and the country's fruit export sector was thrown into panic. Table grapes are the leading Chilean agricultural export to the United States.[2] Thousands of farm workers lost their jobs and the Government was forced to provide temporary subsidies to offset the more than $400 million in losses.","title":"The scare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Engel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Engel"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Because cyanide is highly reactive and the fact that a punctured grape decomposes rapidly, it is not possible for a grape to be injected with cyanide (or anything else for that matter) and arrive in the U.S. intact, two to three weeks later. This fact led the GAO (General Accounting Office) to investigate to determine whether the scare was a result of poor laboratory processes. The investigation was inconclusive.The Military Chilean government, without evidence, blamed the contamination scare on the work of local Marxist extremists.[3] However, a report by Eduardo Engel dismisses the Military Government's accusations of any Marxist sabotage, and instead says that the FDA and US State Department either conspired to harm elements in Chile or the FDA director had an unprecedented over-reaction--which President George H. W. Bush promoted. In either case, Engels concludes the US response was a violation of international trade agreements, and thus Chile was justified in suing the US FDA for more than $200m. The Engels report concludes California competitors did not play a role in what was likely a hoax according to US-based statistical analyses. The Engels report further suggests the George H. W. Bush administration attempted to influence the Chilean election, but does not provide evidence and shifts emphasis instead to free-trade issues and a legal case against the US. [4] Thus, evidence of US economic sabotage is established in Engels, but definitive evidence of a political motive is lacking from the Engels report. The Engels report doubts fumigation prior to shipping for export could have been the source of the trace amounts actually detected, even though some standard fumigation agents in used contained cyanide.[5] \nEngels concludes there was foul play, while a contemporaneous article suggests a hoax.[6]","title":"The doubts"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%221989+Chilean+grape+scare%22","external_links_name":"\"1989 Chilean grape scare\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%221989+Chilean+grape+scare%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%221989+Chilean+grape+scare%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%221989+Chilean+grape+scare%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%221989+Chilean+grape+scare%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%221989+Chilean+grape+scare%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/15/us/chilean-fruit-pulled-from-shelves-as-us-widens-inquiry-on-poison.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.gao.gov/assets/160/153266.pdf","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121201100446/https://www.u-cursos.cl/ingenieria/2005/1/IN75Q/1/material_docente/objeto/59894","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121201100446/https://www.u-cursos.cl/ingenieria/2005/1/IN75Q/1/material_docente/objeto/59894","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"https://elpais.com/diario/1989/03/15/internacional/605919621_850215.html","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-12-31-mn-14948-story.html","external_links_name":"[6]"},{"Link":"http://www.fortfreedom.org/l28.htm","external_links_name":"http://www.fortfreedom.org/l28.htm"},{"Link":"https://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=J4SQStYTvRyDVHJd9XxY5LGK6221hz51GjCTTv5ZyKZGGJ6qJDZF!329144733!-957050587?docId=5002147496","external_links_name":"The Cyanide Scare; a Tale of Two Grapes"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thapsia_gummifera	Thapsia gummifera	["1 References"]	Species of plant in the family Apiaceae Thapsia gummifera In bloom in Portugal Botanical illustration Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Apiales Family: Apiaceae Genus: Thapsia Species: T. gummifera Binomial name Thapsia gummifera(Desf.) Spreng. Synonyms Laserpitium gummiferum Desf. Margotia gummifera (Desf.) Lange Margotia laserpitioides Boiss. Thapsia gummifera (syn. Margotia gummifera) is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to the western Mediterranean; Portugal, Spain, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. It has been proposed as a candidate for the plant known in antiquity as silphium and gone extinct in Libya in the 5th century. References ^ a b "Thapsia gummifera (Desf.) Spreng". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 29 September 2022. ^ Amigues, Suzanne (2004). "Le silphium - État de la question" . Journal des Savants (in French). 2 (1): 191–226. doi:10.3406/jds.2004.1685. Taxon identifiersThapsia gummifera Wikidata: Q17136858 Wikispecies: Thapsia gummifera CoL: 564BP GBIF: 5538773 GRIN: 468464 iNaturalist: 823599 IPNI: 849328-1 NCBI: 571639 Open Tree of Life: 1098674 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:849328-1 WFO: wfo-0000409907 Margotia gummifera Wikidata: Q17138601 APDB: 154899 CoL: 3Y63N EPPO: MZGGU EUNIS: 152240 GBIF: 3631904 GRIN: 460017 iNaturalist: 341110 IPNI: 844893-1 Plant List: kew-2365418 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:844893-1 Tropicos: 1701485 WFO: wfo-0000373041 This Apiaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiaceae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-POWO_849328-1-1"},{"link_name":"silphium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silphium"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amigues-2"}],"text":"Thapsia gummifera (syn. Margotia gummifera) is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to the western Mediterranean; Portugal, Spain, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.[1] It has been proposed as a candidate for the plant known in antiquity as silphium and gone extinct in Libya in the 5th century.[2]","title":"Thapsia gummifera"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Thapsia gummifera (Desf.) Spreng\". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 29 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/849328-1","url_text":"\"Thapsia gummifera (Desf.) Spreng\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online","url_text":"Plants of the World Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew","url_text":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"}]},{"reference":"Amigues, Suzanne (2004). \"Le silphium - État de la question\" [Silphium - State of the art]. Journal des Savants (in French). 2 (1): 191–226. doi:10.3406/jds.2004.1685.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fjds.2004.1685","url_text":"10.3406/jds.2004.1685"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/849328-1","external_links_name":"\"Thapsia gummifera (Desf.) 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet_schools	Magnet school	["1 History","2 Enrollment and curriculum","3 In other countries","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	Public schools with specialized courses or curricula This article is about magnet schools. For other types of specialized school, see Specialist school. Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology in Fairfax, Virginia, one of the highest rated magnet schools in the United States In the U.S. education system, magnet schools are public schools with specialized courses or curricula. Normally, a student will attend an elementary school, and this also determines the middle school and high school they attend unless they move. "Magnet" refers to how magnet schools accept students from different areas, pulling students out of the normal progression of schools. Attending them is voluntary. There are magnet schools at the elementary, middle, and high school levels. In the United States, where education is decentralized, some magnet schools are established by school districts and draw only from the district, while others are set up by state governments and may draw from multiple districts. Other magnet programs are within comprehensive schools, as is the case with several "schools within a school". In large urban areas, several magnet schools with different specializations may be combined into a single "center," such as Skyline High School in Dallas. Other countries have similar types of schools, such as specialist schools in the United Kingdom. Most of these are academically selective. Other schools are built around elite-sporting programs or teach agricultural skills such as farming or animal husbandry. In 1965, then Vice President Hubert Humphrey came to John Bartram High School in Southwest Philadelphia to declare it the first magnet school in the country. Bartram's curriculum was concentrated in the commercial field, offering commercial and business training to students from all over Philadelphia. History DeBakey High School for Health Professions in Houston, Texas, is a magnet school specializing in medical sciences These 2nd graders from Buchanan Math Science Magnet School in Los Angeles, work on an art project. After studying the physical environment of the planet Mars, they are now designing a suitable Martian community. In the United States, the term "magnet school" refers to public schools with enrichment programs that are designed to attract and serve certain targeted subgroups of potential students and their families. There are two major categories of public magnet school structures in the United States, and although there is some overlap, their origins and missions remain largely distinct. The first type of magnet school is the fully competitive admissions magnet school. These schools use competitive admissions, usually rely on a standardized assessment score, and are structured to serve and support populations that are 100% gifted and/or talented students. Schools in this group generally rank among the top 100 public high schools in the United States. Examples of this type of school and program include the Maine School of Science and Mathematics, Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology in Virginia, The School Without Walls in the District of Columbia, and nine schools that all use competitive admissions and are overseen by the New York City Department of Education (which still uses the older term "specialized school" instead of "magnet school" to refer to them). Another type of "magnet school" or "magnet program" emerged in the United States in the 1970s as one means of remedying racial segregation in public schools, and they were written into law in Section 5301 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Authorization. Demographic trends following the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education US Supreme Court decision revealed a pattern later characterized as white flight, the hypersegregation of blacks and whites, as the latter moved to the suburbs. The first charter school, McCarver Elementary School, opened in Tacoma, Washington, in 1968. This second type of magnet can often take the form of "a school within a school," meaning that the school may have no competitive admissions for the majority of the school population, and even the magnet program itself may not have fully competitive admissions. This is consistent with the equity-based objectives of such programs. With the magnets designed to increase equity, at first school districts tried using involuntary plans which involved court-ordered attendance, the busing of children far from their homes, and building closer schools to achieve the required balance. Later, voluntary school integration plans were developed. One approach that educators within the public school system came up with was open schools. During the Open Schools movement of the 1970s, several ideas designed to influence public education were put into practice, including Schools without Walls, Schools within a School, Multicultural Schools, Continuation Schools, Learning Centers, Fundamental Schools, and Magnet Schools. "These schools were characterized by parent, student, and teacher choice, autonomy in learning and pace, non-competitive evaluation, and a child centered approach." Magnet schools have been the most successful of the ideas that originated from the Open Schools movement. It was expounded in 1971 by educator Nolan Estes, superintendent of Dallas Independent School District. The Magnet Schools Assistance Program was developed in the early 1980s as a way to encourage schools to address de facto racial segregation. Funds were given to school districts that implemented voluntary desegregation plans or court orders to reduce racial isolation. From 1985 to 1999, a US district court judge required the state of Missouri to fund the creation of magnet schools in the Kansas City Public Schools to reverse the white flight that had afflicted the school district since the 1960s. The district's annual budget more than tripled in the process. The expenditure per pupil and the student-teacher ratio were the best of any major school district in the nation. Many high schools were given college-level facilities. Still, test scores in the magnet schools did not rise; the black-white gap did not diminish; and there was less, not greater, integration. Finally, on September 20, 2011, The Missouri Board of Education voted unanimously to withdraw the district's educational accreditation status from January 1, 2012. Districts started embracing the magnet school models in the hope that their geographically open admissions would end racial segregation in "good" schools and decrease de facto segregation of schools in poorer areas. To encourage the voluntary desegregation, districts started developing magnet schools to draw students to specialized schools all across their districts. Each magnet school would have a specialized curriculum that would draw students based on their interests. One of the goals of magnet schools is to eliminate, reduce, and prevent minority group isolation while providing the students with a stronger knowledge of academic subjects and vocational skills. Magnet schools still continue to be models for school improvement plans and provide students with opportunities to succeed in a diverse learning environment. Within a few years, in locations such as Richmond, Virginia, additional magnet school programs for children with special talents were developed at facilities in locations that parents would have otherwise found undesirable. That effort to both attract voluntary enrollment and achieve the desired racial balance met with considerable success and helped improve the acceptance of farther distances, hardships with transportation for extracurricular activities, and the separation of siblings. Even as districts such as Richmond were released from desegregation court orders, the parental selection of magnet school programs has continued to create more racially diverse schools than would have otherwise been possible. With a wide range of magnet schools available, a suitable program could be found for more children than only the "bright" ones for whom the earliest efforts were directed. Some 21st-century magnet schools have de-emphasized the racial integration aspects, such as Capital Prep Magnet School, a high school in Hartford, Connecticut. Capital Prep, a year-round school where more than 80% of its students are black and Latino, boasts a near-0% dropout rate; 100% of its 2009 senior class was sent to a four-year college. According to the school's principal, the goal is to prepare all of its students for college. Since coming into fruition, the number of magnet schools has risen dramatically. Over 232 school districts housed magnet school programs in the early 1990s. By the end of the decade, nearly 1,400 magnet schools were operating across the country. Traditionally, these magnet schools are found in neighborhoods with large minority populations. They advertise their unique educational curricula in order to attract white students who do not live in the surrounding area. In this way, the schools act as a "magnet" pulling out-of-neighborhood students that would otherwise go to a school in their traditional attendance zone. Enrollment and curriculum Patapsco High School and Center for the Arts in Baltimore specializes in performing and visual arts, including theatre and dance and is also a Comprehensive high school Some magnet schools have a competitive entrance process, requiring an entrance examination, interview, or audition. Other magnet schools either select all students who apply, or use a lottery system among students who apply, while others combine elements of competitive entrance and a lottery among applicants. Most magnet schools concentrate on a particular discipline or area of study, while others (such as International Baccalaureate schools) have a more general focus. Magnet programs may focus on academics (mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering; humanities; social sciences; fine or performing arts) or may focus on technical/vocational/agricultural education. Access to free transportation is a key component in facilitating racial diversity in magnet schools. According to a survey distributed at the Magnet Schools of America's (MSA) 2008 annual meeting, in magnet schools with free transportation services, non-white students comprise almost 33% of the student body, which is higher than the 23% found in magnet schools without such services. Moreover, 11.9% of magnet schools that do not provide transportation are largely one-race, while only 6.4% of magnet schools with the provision of transportation are characterized as one-race schools. Such services are integral in ensuring that potential out-of-neighborhood students have access to these schools of choice. Ultimately, the presence of free transportation contributes to more integrated magnet environments. Across the country, magnet school application forms assume that its readers are proficient in reading and writing in English, understand the school's curriculum, and recognize what kinds of resources are offered to students at that respective school. In diverse urban contexts especially, these assumptions privilege some families over others. Parents who seek out magnet schools tend to be Asian, educated, middle-class, and English-fluent. Thus, in order to break down the racial disparities these schools were intended to dismantle, magnet school programs have to be intentional in not only their outreach efforts, but also how they create the application text itself. In other countries Specialized school in post-Soviet countries Specialist school in UK Selective school in Australia See also United States portalSchools portal Alternative school Education reform Exceptional education Magnet Schools of America Public education School choice Selective school Specialized high schools in New York City References ^ U.S. Department of Education, Office of Innovation and Improvement, Innovations in Education: Creating Successful Magnet Schools Programs, Washington, D.C., 2004. ^ ed.gov ^ Charles T. Clotfelter. After Brown: The Rise and Retreat of School Desegregation. Princeton University Press, 2004. ^ Diane Ravitch. The Troubled Crusade: American Education, 1945–1980. Basic Books, 1984. p. 177. ^ "A Brief History of Magnet Schools". magnet.edu. Retrieved 15 August 2021. ^ Kryczka, Nicholas (February 2019). "Building a Constituency for Racial Integration: Chicago's Magnet Schools and the Prehistory of School Choice". History of Education. 59 (1): 1–34. doi:10.1017/heq.2018.49. ^ a b Lange, C. M. & Sletten, S. J. (2002, February). Alternative education: A brief history and research synthesis (Project FORUM). Alexandria, VA: National Association of State Directors of Special Education. Retrieved March 2, 2009, projectforum.org ^ Lange and Sletten (2002), p. 4 ^ "Super Highs Sought: Estes Unveils Plan for Specialty Schools." The Dallas Morning News, 29 August 1971. ^ Magnet Schools of America (2007). Magnet schools in America: A brief history. Retrieved February 20, 2009, magnet.edu Archived 2008-03-19 at the Wayback Machine ^ Ciotti, Paul (16 March 1998). "Money And School Performance: Lessons from the Kansas City Desegregation Experiment". Cato Institute. Retrieved 26 February 2012. ^ Oberholtz, Chris. "Missouri strips Kansas City School District of accreditation". KCTV5. Retrieved 26 February 2012. ^ U.S. Department of Education. Magnet school assistance. Retrieved February 27, 2009, ed.gov ^ Magnet Schools of America. About MSA. Retrieved February 27, 2009, www.magnet.edu ^ a b "Principal's tough love, high expectations gets kids into college". CNN. July 22, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-23. ^ Goldring, Ellen; Smrekar, Claire (2002). "Magnet Schools: Reform and Race in Urban Education". The Clearing House. 76 (1): 13–15. doi:10.1080/00098650209604939. JSTOR 30189779. S2CID 144406358. ^ Le, Chinh; Frankenberg, Erica (2008). "The Post-Parents Involved Challenge: Confronting Extralegal Obstacles to Integration". Ohio State Law Journal. 69: 1015–1072. ^ Orfield, Gary; Frankenberg, Erica (2013). Educational Delusions? : Why Choice Can Deepen Inequality and How to Make Schools Fair. University of California Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-520-27474-7. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt24hsqs. ^ André-Bechely, Lois (2004). "The Goals of a Voluntary Integration Program and the Problems of Access: A Closer Look at a Magnet School Application Brochure". Equity & Excellence in Education. 37 (3): 302–315. doi:10.1080/10665680490500370. S2CID 144204231. Further reading Orfield, Gary (University of California, Los Angeles professor and co-director of the Civil Rights Project) "Alternatives to School Segregation in the US: The Case of Magnet Schools" ("Alternatives a la segregació escolar als Estats Units: el cas de les magnet schools"/"Alternativas a la segregación escolar en Estados Unidos: el caso de las magnet schools"). Debats d'Educació. (Archive of profile) ("Alternatives a la segregació escolar als Estats Units: el cas de les magnet schools"/"Alternativas a la segregación escolar en Estados Unidos: el caso de las magnet schools"). Debats d'Educació. (Archive of profile). -- Profile in Catalan, Profile in Spanish. Video in English, at YouTube Audio in English Audio in Catalan (in Catalan) Complete text. (in Catalan) External links Magnet Schools of America, The National Association of Magnet and Theme-Based Schools (U.S.) U.S. Department of Education resources: Creating and Sustaining Successful K–8 Magnet Innovations in Education: Successful Magnet High Schools Innovations in Education: Creating Successful Magnet School Programs Magnet Schools Assistance vteSchool typesBy educational stageEarly childhood Preschool Pre-kindergarten Kindergarten Primary First school Infant school Junior school Primary school / Elementary school Secondary Adult high school Cadet college College-preparatory school Collegiate institute Comprehensive high school Comprehensive school Continuation high school Grammar school Gymnasium Hauptschule Lyceum Maths school Minor seminary Secondary school / High school Sixth form college Studio school University technical college Upper school Tertiary Professional school Technical school Vocational school Higher Academy College Community college Graduate school Institute of technology Junior college Liberal arts college Research university Residential college Seminary University Collegiate Upper division college Vocational university Combined All-through school Middle school One-room school Ranch school By funding / eligibility Academy (England) Charter school Community day school Comprehensive school (British) For-profit education Free education Free school (England) Institute Private school UK private school preparatory public University private public international Selective school Separate school Sink school Specialist school (United Kingdom) State or public school State-integrated school (New Zealand) By style / purpose Alternative school Democratic education Anarchistic free school Sudbury school International school Magnet school Music school Single-sex education Specialist school Vocal school Progressive Free school movement Folk high school Laboratory school Montessori school Waldorf school Religious Bible college Catholic school Christian school Female seminary Gurukula Parochial school Madrasa Yeshiva By location Boarding school Day school Distance education Homeschooling Prison education Virtual school By scope College preparatory Compensatory education Compulsory education Continuing education Further education Gifted education Inclusive education Remedial education Special education Historical Ancient higher-learning institutions Platonic Academy Lyceum Monastic school Cathedral school Medieval university Schools imposed onindigenous peoples in Canada in New Zealand in South Africa in the United States Informal or illegal in Ireland in Greece in South Tyrol Related topics K–12 Educational institution Schools portal Category Commons Authority control databases National Israel United States Other NARA	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Specialist school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialist_school"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TJHSST_Front.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_High_School_for_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Fairfax, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"the U.S. education system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"public schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"specialized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialized_school"},{"link_name":"courses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Course_(education)"},{"link_name":"curricula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum"},{"link_name":"Magnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet"},{"link_name":"elementary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_school"},{"link_name":"middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_school"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"},{"link_name":"decentralized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralization"},{"link_name":"school districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_district"},{"link_name":"state governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District"},{"link_name":"comprehensive schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_school"},{"link_name":"Skyline High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyline_High_School_(Dallas)"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"specialist schools in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialist_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Vice President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Vice_President"},{"link_name":"Hubert Humphrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey"},{"link_name":"John Bartram High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bartram_High_School"},{"link_name":"Southwest Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Philadelphia"}],"text":"This article is about magnet schools. For other types of specialized school, see Specialist school.Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology in Fairfax, Virginia, one of the highest rated magnet schools in the United StatesIn the U.S. education system, magnet schools are public schools with specialized courses or curricula. Normally, a student will attend an elementary school, and this also determines the middle school and high school they attend unless they move. \"Magnet\" refers to how magnet schools accept students from different areas, pulling students out of the normal progression of schools. Attending them is voluntary.There are magnet schools at the elementary, middle, and high school levels. In the United States, where education is decentralized, some magnet schools are established by school districts and draw only from the district, while others are set up by state governments and may draw from multiple districts. Other magnet programs are within comprehensive schools, as is the case with several \"schools within a school\". In large urban areas, several magnet schools with different specializations may be combined into a single \"center,\" such as Skyline High School in Dallas.Other countries have similar types of schools, such as specialist schools in the United Kingdom. Most of these are academically selective. Other schools are built around elite-sporting programs or teach agricultural skills such as farming or animal husbandry.In 1965, then Vice President Hubert Humphrey came to John Bartram High School in Southwest Philadelphia to declare it the first magnet school in the country. Bartram's curriculum was concentrated in the commercial field, offering commercial and business training to students from all over Philadelphia.","title":"Magnet school"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DeBakeyHSnewbldg.jpg"},{"link_name":"DeBakey High School for Health Professions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeBakey_High_School_for_Health_Professions"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magnet2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Maine School of Science and Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_School_of_Science_and_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_High_School_for_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"The School Without Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_School_Without_Walls_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"specialized school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialized_high_schools_in_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"racial segregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Brown v. Board of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education"},{"link_name":"US Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"white flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flight"},{"link_name":"hypersegregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersegregation"},{"link_name":"suburbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tacoma, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"busing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desegregation_busing"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lange2002-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lange2002-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dallas Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Independent_School_District"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Magnet Schools Assistance Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet_Schools_Assistance_Program"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"US district court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_district_court"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"white flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flight"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"educational accreditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_accreditation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Richmond, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Hartford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hartford-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hartford-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"DeBakey High School for Health Professions in Houston, Texas, is a magnet school specializing in medical sciencesThese 2nd graders from Buchanan Math Science Magnet School in Los Angeles, work on an art project. After studying the physical environment of the planet Mars, they are now designing a suitable Martian community.In the United States, the term \"magnet school\" refers to public schools with enrichment programs that are designed to attract and serve certain targeted subgroups of potential students and their families. There are two major categories of public magnet school structures in the United States, and although there is some overlap, their origins and missions remain largely distinct. The first type of magnet school is the fully competitive admissions magnet school. These schools use competitive admissions, usually rely on a standardized assessment score, and are structured to serve and support populations that are 100% gifted and/or talented students. Schools in this group generally rank among the top 100 public high schools in the United States. Examples of this type of school and program include the Maine School of Science and Mathematics, Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology in Virginia, The School Without Walls in the District of Columbia, and nine schools that all use competitive admissions and are overseen by the New York City Department of Education (which still uses the older term \"specialized school\" instead of \"magnet school\" to refer to them[citation needed]). Another type of \"magnet school\" or \"magnet program\" emerged in the United States in the 1970s[1] as one means of remedying racial segregation in public schools, and they were written into law in Section 5301 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Authorization.[2] Demographic trends following the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education US Supreme Court decision revealed a pattern later characterized as white flight, the hypersegregation of blacks and whites, as the latter moved to the suburbs.[3][4] The first charter school, McCarver Elementary School, opened in Tacoma, Washington, in 1968.[5] This second type of magnet can often take the form of \"a school within a school,\" meaning that the school may have no competitive admissions for the majority of the school population, and even the magnet program itself may not have fully competitive admissions. This is consistent with the equity-based objectives of such programs.With the magnets designed to increase equity, at first school districts tried using involuntary plans which involved court-ordered attendance, the busing of children far from their homes, and building closer schools to achieve the required balance.[6] Later, voluntary school integration plans were developed. One approach that educators within the public school system came up with was open schools. During the Open Schools movement of the 1970s, several ideas designed to influence public education were put into practice, including Schools without Walls, Schools within a School, Multicultural Schools, Continuation Schools, Learning Centers, Fundamental Schools, and Magnet Schools.[7] \"These schools were characterized by parent, student, and teacher choice, autonomy in learning and pace, non-competitive evaluation, and a child centered approach.\"[7][8] Magnet schools have been the most successful of the ideas that originated from the Open Schools movement. It was expounded in 1971 by educator Nolan Estes, superintendent of Dallas Independent School District.[9] The Magnet Schools Assistance Program was developed in the early 1980s as a way to encourage schools to address de facto racial segregation. Funds were given to school districts that implemented voluntary desegregation plans or court orders to reduce racial isolation.[10]From 1985 to 1999, a US district court judge required the state of Missouri to fund the creation of magnet schools in the Kansas City Public Schools to reverse the white flight that had afflicted the school district since the 1960s. The district's annual budget more than tripled in the process. The expenditure per pupil and the student-teacher ratio were the best of any major school district in the nation. Many high schools were given college-level facilities. Still, test scores in the magnet schools did not rise; the black-white gap did not diminish; and there was less, not greater, integration.[11]\nFinally, on September 20, 2011, The Missouri Board of Education voted unanimously to withdraw the district's educational accreditation status from January 1, 2012.[12]Districts started embracing the magnet school models in the hope that their geographically open admissions would end racial segregation in \"good\" schools and decrease de facto segregation of schools in poorer areas. To encourage the voluntary desegregation, districts started developing magnet schools to draw students to specialized schools all across their districts. Each magnet school would have a specialized curriculum that would draw students based on their interests. One of the goals of magnet schools is to eliminate, reduce, and prevent minority group isolation while providing the students with a stronger knowledge of academic subjects and vocational skills.[13] Magnet schools still continue to be models for school improvement plans and provide students with opportunities to succeed in a diverse learning environment.[14]Within a few years, in locations such as Richmond, Virginia, additional magnet school programs for children with special talents were developed at facilities in locations that parents would have otherwise found undesirable. That effort to both attract voluntary enrollment and achieve the desired racial balance met with considerable success and helped improve the acceptance of farther distances, hardships with transportation for extracurricular activities, and the separation of siblings. Even as districts such as Richmond were released from desegregation court orders, the parental selection of magnet school programs has continued to create more racially diverse schools than would have otherwise been possible. With a wide range of magnet schools available, a suitable program could be found for more children than only the \"bright\" ones for whom the earliest efforts were directed.Some 21st-century magnet schools have de-emphasized the racial integration aspects, such as Capital Prep Magnet School, a high school in Hartford, Connecticut.[15] Capital Prep, a year-round school where more than 80% of its students are black and Latino, boasts a near-0% dropout rate; 100% of its 2009 senior class was sent to a four-year college.[15] According to the school's principal, the goal is to prepare all of its students for college.Since coming into fruition, the number of magnet schools has risen dramatically. Over 232 school districts housed magnet school programs in the early 1990s. By the end of the decade, nearly 1,400 magnet schools were operating across the country.[16]Traditionally, these magnet schools are found in neighborhoods with large minority populations. They advertise their unique educational curricula in order to attract white students who do not live in the surrounding area. In this way, the schools act as a \"magnet\" pulling out-of-neighborhood students that would otherwise go to a school in their traditional attendance zone.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patapsco_High_School.gif"},{"link_name":"Patapsco High School and Center for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patapsco_High_School_and_Center_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Comprehensive high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_high_school"},{"link_name":"entrance examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrance_examination"},{"link_name":"interview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interview"},{"link_name":"audition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audition_(performing_arts)"},{"link_name":"lottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lottery"},{"link_name":"International Baccalaureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Baccalaureate"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"natural sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"social sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciences"},{"link_name":"fine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art"},{"link_name":"performing arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_arts"},{"link_name":"technical/vocational/agricultural education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Patapsco High School and Center for the Arts in Baltimore specializes in performing and visual arts, including theatre and dance and is also a Comprehensive high schoolSome magnet schools have a competitive entrance process, requiring an entrance examination, interview, or audition. Other magnet schools either select all students who apply, or use a lottery system among students who apply, while others combine elements of competitive entrance and a lottery among applicants.Most magnet schools concentrate on a particular discipline or area of study, while others (such as International Baccalaureate schools) have a more general focus. Magnet programs may focus on academics (mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering; humanities; social sciences; fine or performing arts) or may focus on technical/vocational/agricultural education.Access to free transportation is a key component in facilitating racial diversity in magnet schools. According to a survey distributed at the Magnet Schools of America's (MSA) 2008 annual meeting, in magnet schools with free transportation services, non-white students comprise almost 33% of the student body, which is higher than the 23% found in magnet schools without such services. Moreover, 11.9% of magnet schools that do not provide transportation are largely one-race, while only 6.4% of magnet schools with the provision of transportation are characterized as one-race schools. Such services are integral in ensuring that potential out-of-neighborhood students have access to these schools of choice. Ultimately, the presence of free transportation contributes to more integrated magnet environments.[18]Across the country, magnet school application forms assume that its readers are proficient in reading and writing in English, understand the school's curriculum, and recognize what kinds of resources are offered to students at that respective school. In diverse urban contexts especially, these assumptions privilege some families over others. Parents who seek out magnet schools tend to be Asian, educated, middle-class, and English-fluent. Thus, in order to break down the racial disparities these schools were intended to dismantle, magnet school programs have to be intentional in not only their outreach efforts, but also how they create the application text itself.[19]","title":"Enrollment and curriculum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Specialized school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialized_school"},{"link_name":"Specialist school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialist_school"},{"link_name":"Selective school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_school_(New_South_Wales)"}],"text":"Specialized school in post-Soviet countries\nSpecialist school in UK\nSelective school in Australia","title":"In other countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orfield, Gary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Orfield"},{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Alternatives to School Segregation in the US: The Case of Magnet Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150818162227/http://www.debats.cat/en/debates/alternatives-school-segregation-us-case-magnet-schools"},{"link_name":"Debats d'Educació","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debats_d%27Educaci%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Archive of profile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150818162227/http://www.debats.cat/en/debates/alternatives-school-segregation-us-case-magnet-schools"},{"link_name":"Debats d'Educació","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debats_d%27Educaci%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Archive of profile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150818162227/http://www.debats.cat/en/debates/alternatives-school-segregation-us-case-magnet-schools"},{"link_name":"Profile in Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150818160005/http://www.debats.cat/ca/debats/alternatives-la-segregacio-escolar-als-estats-units-el-cas-de-les-magnet-schools"},{"link_name":"Profile in Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150923213225/http://www.debats.cat/es/debates/alternativas-la-segregacion-escolar-en-estados-unidos-el-caso-de-las-magnet-schools"},{"link_name":"Video in English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=fPeTjlEZ4ag"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Audio in English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150818155805/http://www.debats.cat/sites/default/files/debats/audios/orfield-eng.mp3"},{"link_name":"Audio in Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150818160028/http://www.debats.cat/sites/default/files/debats/audios/orfield-cat.mp3"},{"link_name":"Complete text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150818155815/http://www.debats.cat/sites/default/files/debats/pdf/alternatives-segregacio-escolar.pdf"}],"text":"Orfield, Gary (University of California, Los Angeles professor and co-director of the Civil Rights Project) \"Alternatives to School Segregation in the US: The Case of Magnet Schools\" (\"Alternatives a la segregació escolar als Estats Units: el cas de les magnet schools\"/\"Alternativas a la segregación escolar en Estados Unidos: el caso de las magnet schools\"). Debats d'Educació. (Archive of profile) (\"Alternatives a la segregació escolar als Estats Units: el cas de les magnet schools\"/\"Alternativas a la segregación escolar en Estados Unidos: el caso de las magnet schools\"). Debats d'Educació. (Archive of profile). -- Profile in Catalan, Profile in Spanish.\nVideo in English, at YouTube\nAudio in English\nAudio in Catalan (in Catalan)\nComplete text. (in Catalan)","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology in Fairfax, Virginia, one of the highest rated magnet schools in the United States","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/TJHSST_Front.jpg/270px-TJHSST_Front.jpg"},{"image_text":"DeBakey High School for Health Professions in Houston, Texas, is a magnet school specializing in medical sciences","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/DeBakeyHSnewbldg.jpg/220px-DeBakeyHSnewbldg.jpg"},{"image_text":"These 2nd graders from Buchanan Math Science Magnet School in Los Angeles, work on an art project. After studying the physical environment of the planet Mars, they are now designing a suitable Martian community.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Magnet2.jpg/220px-Magnet2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Patapsco High School and Center for the Arts in Baltimore specializes in performing and visual arts, including theatre and dance and is also a Comprehensive high school","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Patapsco_High_School.gif/220px-Patapsco_High_School.gif"}]	[{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"title":"Schools portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Schools"},{"title":"Alternative school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_school"},{"title":"Education reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_reform"},{"title":"Exceptional education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exceptional_education"},{"title":"Magnet Schools of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet_Schools_of_America"},{"title":"Public education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_education"},{"title":"School choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_choice"},{"title":"Selective school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_school"},{"title":"Specialized high schools in New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialized_high_schools_in_New_York_City"}]	[{"reference":"\"A Brief History of Magnet Schools\". magnet.edu. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://magnet.edu/brief-history-of-magnets","url_text":"\"A Brief History of Magnet Schools\""}]},{"reference":"Kryczka, Nicholas (February 2019). \"Building a Constituency for Racial Integration: Chicago's Magnet Schools and the Prehistory of School Choice\". History of Education. 59 (1): 1–34. doi:10.1017/heq.2018.49.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fheq.2018.49","url_text":"\"Building a Constituency for Racial Integration: Chicago's Magnet Schools and the Prehistory of School Choice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fheq.2018.49","url_text":"10.1017/heq.2018.49"}]},{"reference":"Ciotti, Paul (16 March 1998). \"Money And School Performance: Lessons from the Kansas City Desegregation Experiment\". Cato Institute. Retrieved 26 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-298.html","url_text":"\"Money And School Performance: Lessons from the Kansas City Desegregation Experiment\""}]},{"reference":"Oberholtz, Chris. \"Missouri strips Kansas City School District of accreditation\". KCTV5. Retrieved 26 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kctv5.com/story/15503773/mo-board-of-education-votes-to-retain-kc-accreditation","url_text":"\"Missouri strips Kansas City School District of accreditation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Principal's tough love, high expectations gets kids into college\". CNN. July 22, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/07/22/bia.education.success/index.html","url_text":"\"Principal's tough love, high expectations gets kids into college\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"Goldring, Ellen; Smrekar, Claire (2002). \"Magnet Schools: Reform and Race in Urban Education\". The Clearing House. 76 (1): 13–15. doi:10.1080/00098650209604939. JSTOR 30189779. S2CID 144406358.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00098650209604939","url_text":"10.1080/00098650209604939"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30189779","url_text":"30189779"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144406358","url_text":"144406358"}]},{"reference":"Le, Chinh; Frankenberg, Erica (2008). \"The Post-Parents Involved Challenge: Confronting Extralegal Obstacles to Integration\". Ohio State Law Journal. 69: 1015–1072.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Orfield, Gary; Frankenberg, Erica (2013). Educational Delusions? : Why Choice Can Deepen Inequality and How to Make Schools Fair. University of California Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-520-27474-7. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt24hsqs.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Orfield","url_text":"Orfield, Gary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27474-7","url_text":"978-0-520-27474-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt24hsqs","url_text":"10.1525/j.ctt24hsqs"}]},{"reference":"André-Bechely, Lois (2004). \"The Goals of a Voluntary Integration Program and the Problems of Access: A Closer Look at a Magnet School Application Brochure\". Equity & Excellence in Education. 37 (3): 302–315. doi:10.1080/10665680490500370. S2CID 144204231.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10665680490500370","url_text":"10.1080/10665680490500370"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144204231","url_text":"144204231"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www2.ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/esea02/pg65.html","external_links_name":"ed.gov"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iH6jKXSgoRkC&pg=PA177&vq=white+flight&dq=%22School+desegregation+and+White+Flight.%22","external_links_name":"177"},{"Link":"https://magnet.edu/brief-history-of-magnets","external_links_name":"\"A Brief History of Magnet Schools\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fheq.2018.49","external_links_name":"\"Building a Constituency for Racial Integration: Chicago's Magnet Schools and the Prehistory of School 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Skylar	Sunny Skylar	["1 Early life","2 Singing career","3 Songwriting career","4 Music publishing","5 Death","6 Achievements","7 Popular compositions","8 Music in movies","9 Music in television","10 Music for radio","11 References"]	American composer, singer, lyricist, and music publisher This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sunny Skylar" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sunny SkylarSunny Skylar in a 1944 advertisementBackground informationBirth nameSelig Sidney ShaftelAlso known asSonny Schuyler, Sonny SkylerBorn(1913-10-11)October 11, 1913New York City, USDiedFebruary 2, 2009(2009-02-02) (aged 95)Las Vegas, Nevada, USGenresJazz, Big Band, Tin Pan AlleyOccupation(s)Music composer, lyricist, singer, publisherInstrument(s)Vocals, PianoLabelsDecca Records, Capitol Records, Mercury Records, Bluebird Records, Columbia Records, RCA Victor Records, MGM Records, Universal Music Group, Warner Brother Records, Atlantic Records, Apple Records, Polydor Records, EMI Records, Sony Classical Records, CBS Record GroupFormerly ofVincent Lopez, Abe Lyman, Paul Whiteman, Ben Bernie, Jack Denny, Freddie Perren, George Hall, Henry (Hank) Sylvern, Henry King, CBS House Orchestra, Ben Marden, Carl HoffMusical artist Sunny Skylar (October 11, 1913 – February 2, 2009) was an American music composer, singer, lyricist, and music publisher, often recognized as one the most prominent songwriters of the Tin Pan Alley era. Sunny Skylar had written over 300 songs according to ASCAP, and was inducted into the Songwriter's Hall of Fame in 2010. His compositions have been performed and recorded by countless timeless acts such as Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Ella Fitzgerald, Nat King Cole, The Beatles, Tony Bennett, Louis Armstrong, Bing Crosby, and Benny Goodman. He may be best remembered for adapting English lyrics to popular songs like "Bésame Mucho" and "Amor", as well as his original compositions such as "Don't Wait Too Long", "Gotta Be This or That", "Waitin' For The Train to Come In", "You're Breaking My Heart", "Hair of Gold, Eyes of Blue", "A Little Bit South of North Carolina", and many more. Included in the Great American Songbook and The Real Book, many of Sunny Skylar's songs have remained jazz standards. Early life Sunny Skylar was born Selig Sidney Shaftel in Brooklyn, New York on October 11, 1913. His father, Jack, was born in Russia and immigrated to the United States around the age of 10, while his mother, Sarah, was born in the state of New York, both in the 1880s. Sunny was one of four children and grew up with his family in Brooklyn, New York. Singing career Sunny Skylar began his professional singing career at the age of 18, with the Harold Stern band at a resort known as "Manhattan Beach" in 1932. Classified as a baritone, by 1938, he was the featured singer in the orchestras of Vincent Lopez and Paul Whiteman, and soon appeared with a number of big bands, including those led by Ben Bernie, Jack Denny, Freddie Perren, Abe Lyman, George Hall, Ben Marden, Henry "Hank" Sylvern, Carl Hoff, Henry King, and the CBS House Orchestra, under the name Sonny Schuyler (pronounced: "Skylar"). It was band leader, Vincent Lopez, who changed the singer's professional name from Sonny Schuyler to Sunny Skylar, based in his strong belief in numerology in 1940. Lopez believed that the reduced number of letters was an omen of good fortune. Only a few months later, the newly named, Sunny Skylar, had his first chart-topping hit song. In 1942, Skylar embarked on a singing career in entertainment that was not tied to just one orchestra or bandleader. Instead, he entertained as a vocalist, mostly performing his own popular tunes as a headliner at music venues in New York City such as the Latin Quarter, Montreal, El Morocco, and La Martinique. With a growing demand for top performers in the newly developing Las Vegas Strip, Skylar secured residencies at hotels such as The Flamingo, El Rancho, El Cortez, and The Dunes, among others. In August 1949, Sunny Skylar was a featured entertainer on The Ed Sullivan Show, performing a four-minute medley of some of his biggest songs on live television. He continued to perform in nightclubs and theaters until 1952, when he retired from singing, at the end of the big band era. Songwriting career Though Skylar had many of his singing performances with big bands pressed onto records throughout his career, it was his songwriting that would become his legacy. Skylar began as a songwriter in New York City's Tin Pan Alley, which is said to be the birthplace of pop music in the United States. Like many up-and-coming songwriters of the time, he was writing and refining songs for other composers, oftentimes not receiving credit for his work until he could prove himself as a consistent hit songwriter. One of his first notable hit songs, "Don't Cry", was performed by Skylar with Vincent Lopez & His Suave String Orchestra for Soundies on June 31, 1940, displayed on the Mills Panoram Jukebox. His next hit song also came about in 1940, when during a live performance, Sunny observed Vincent Lopez overworking his orchestra, and spontaneously created the humorous lyrics which became known as "Fifteen Minute Intermission". He graduated to even greater popularity with his song "Just A Little Bit South of North Carolina" in 1941. His next two hits, "Move It On Over" and "Paper Troopers", were written as wartime anthems for the United States Armed Forces during World War II, both released in 1943. One of Sunny Skylar's most well-known song credits is "Bésame Mucho", which was originally written by the famed Mexican songwriter Consuelo Velázquez. Skylar discovered the song while at the La Martinique club in New York City. He noticed that people kept coming up to the bandleader requesting the same song every few minutes. He became really fond of the song and wrote his version of English lyrics to the melody. A common practice during the Big Band Era was to adapt lyrics for audiences around the world. The English version of "Bésame Mucho" was first released in 1944 by Jimmy Dorsey & His Orchestra. The song became and instant hit and has been covered countless times since its release. "Bésame Mucho" has been said to be one of the most popular songs of the 20th century. In 1999, it was recognized as the most recorded and covered song in of all time. "Bésame Mucho" was even the song recorded by The Beatles on their demo that they used for a chance at a record deal with Decca Records on January 1, 1962. Compared to the original Spanish lyrics by Velázquez published in 1941, Skylar's 1944 English version has been criticized for its overly romantic theme, as it is not a true Spanish to English translation. Skylar continued adapting English lyrics to songs and made two more hits, "Amor" (originally by Gabriel Ruiz) and "Be Mine Tonight (Noche De Ronda)" through the end of the 1940s. Many hit songs followed such as "Gotta Be This or That", "You'll Always Be The One I Love", "And So To Sleep Again", "Atlanta, G.A.", "Waitin' For The Train To Come In", "Cry, Cry, Cry", "Hair of Gold, Eyes of Blue", "It Must Be Jelly ('Cause Jam Don't Shake like That)", "It's All Over Now", "Louisville, K.Y.", "Nola", "Put That Ring on My Finger", "Song of New Orleans", and "Whatta Ya Gonna Do". Skylar's song "You're Breaking My Heart", began as Ruggero Leoncavallo's 1904 Italian opera tune, "Mattinata", which Skylar wrote lyrics and a melody to, and singer Vic Damone made popular in 1949. Sunny Skylar has had hundreds of songs published through ASCAP and BMI, with the official ASCAP database showing over 300 song credits to his name. Popular music shifted from the Big band era to rock and roll in the 1950s, but Skylar continued to have a few hits until 1965, making him one of only a few songwriters (including Sammy Cahn and Johnny Mercer) to transition from the era of Tin Pan Alley songwriting to the newer sounds of the 1950s and 1960s. "Love Me With All Your Heart", the song originally titled, "Cuando Calienta El Sol", was released in 1964 by The Ray Charles Singers, and would prove to be one their biggest selling singles. His song "Don't Wait Too Long" on the Frank Sinatra album, September of My Years, was released in 1965. Many of Skylar's compositions have been included in The Real Book by Hal Leonard Music Publishing, which continues to be a relevant collection of songs, which jazz musician learn from. Some of these titles include "Bésame Mucho", "Don't Wait Too Long", "Gotta Be This or That", "Love Me With All Your Heart", "Be Mine Tonight (Noche De Ronda)", and "Amor". Music publishing With a talent for recognizing hit songs, Sunny Skylar, began working as a music publisher at Peer-Southern Music following his singing career. Peer-Southern Music was the company Skylar used most often to publish his own songs. In 1965, he moved to São Paulo, Brazil and began working as a consultant for foreign songs. He relocated their Hollywood, California branch and worked closely with Roy Kohn and Bobby Mellin. Peer-Southern Music is known to be the largest independent music publisher in the world. Death Sunny Skylar died at the age of 95 on February 2, 2009. Achievements Featured in Billboard 152 times from January 1942 until April 2010 with top charting songs, advertisements, musical achievements, quotes, career updates, as well as song, album, and live performance reviews. Featured in Time (1943) and The New York Times Magazine (1944) Popular compositions Among the songs he wrote (either music or lyrics) are: "Amor" (English lyrics) "And So to Sleep Again" "Ask Me" "Atlanta, G.A." "Be Mine Tonight (Noche De Ronda)" (English lyrics) "Bésame Mucho" (English lyrics) "Cry, Cry, Cry" "Don’t Cry" "Don't Wait Too Long" "Fifteen Minute Intermission" "Gotta Be This or That" "Hair of Gold, Eyes of Blue" "I Miss Your Kiss" "I'd Be Lost Without You" "If You Loved Me" (English version of Polnareff's "Soul Coaxing") "It Must Be Jelly ('Cause Jam Don't Shake like That)" "It's All Over Now" "Just a Little Bit South of North Carolina" "Long Time No See Baby" "Louisville, K.Y." "Love Is So Terrific" "Love Me with All Your Heart" "Move It On Over" "Nola" "Put That Ring on My Finger" "Song of New Orleans" "Soul Coixing" "Waitin' For The Train To Come In" "Watching The World Go By" "Whatta Ya Gonna Do" "Where There's Smoke, There's Fire" "You" "You're Breaking My Heart" "You'll Always Be The One I Love" Music in movies Valentine's Day (2010) featuring "Amor" The Quiet American (2002) featuring "Bésame Mucho" Lolita (1997) featuring "Amor" Bugsy (1991) featuring "Waitin' For The Train to Come In" The Naked Gun 2 1/2: The Smell of Fear (1991) featuring "Bésame Mucho" Avalon (1990) featuring "Bésame Mucho" Moon Over Parador (1988) featuring "Bésame Mucho" Frances (1982) featuring "Love Is So Terrific" Massacre Mafia Style (1974) featuring "Open Your Heart" Ardent Summer (1973) featuring "Bésame Mucho" The Seduction of Mimi (1972) featuring "La Cumparsita " Home Before Dark (1958) featuring "Gotta Be This or That" No Time For Sergeants (1958) featuring "Gotta Be This or That" The Proud and Profane (1956) featuring "Amor" Flyg-Bom (1952) featuring "Bundle of Love" Clash By Night (1952) featuring "Don't Cry" Havana Rose (1951) featuring "Be Mine Tonight (Noche De Ronda)" The Glass Menagerie (1950) featuring "Gotta Be This or That" Singing Guns (1950) featuring "Mexicali Trail" Maytime in Mayfair (1949) featuring "Amor" Riders of The Whistling Pines (1949) featuring "Hair of Gold, Eyes of Blue" Fighter Squadron (1948) featuring "Gotta Be This or That" Swingin' Spurs (1948) featuring "Hair of Gold, Eyes of Blue" The Voice of The Turtle (1947) featuring "Gotta Be This or That" Carnival in Costa Rica (1947) featuring "Costa Rica" That Way With Women (1947) featuring "Gotta Be This or That" The Man I Love (1947) featuring "Gotta Be This or That" Breakfast in Hollywood (1946) featuring "Amor" Lights of Old Santa Fe (1944) featuring "Amor" Swing In The Saddle (1944) featuring "Amor" Swing Fever (1943) featuring "Sh-! Don't Make a Sound" Music in television Lovecraft Country (2020) featuring "Bésame Mucho" Manhattan (2014) featuring "Bésame Mucho" The War (2007) featuring "Waitin' For The Train to Come In" Cold Case (2004–2005) featuring "Gotta Be This or That" and "Waitin' For The Train to Come In" The Beatles Anthology (1995–1996) Bandstand (1966) featuring "Love Me With All Your Heart" Shindig! (1965) featuring "Hidden Island" Hawaiian Eye (1962) featuring "I'd Be Lost Without You" Glenn Miller Time (1961) featuring " It Must Be Jelly ('Cause Jam Don't Shake Like That)" The Adventures of Rin-Tin-Tin (1956) featuring "Yo-O Rinty" The Milton Berle Show (1955) "You're Breaking My Heart" Looney Tunes (1946–1954) featuring "Gotta Be This or That", "All The Time", and "I'd Be Lost Without You" The Ed Sullivan Show (1949) featuring "Just a Little Bit South of North Carolina", "Amor", "Bésame Mucho", "Waitin' For The Train to Come In", "Love Is So Terrific", "Hair of Gold, Eyes of Blue", and "You're Breaking My Heart" Soundies (1940) featuring "Don't Cry" Music for radio Composed the music to "Hello, Again", the theme song that New York City radio presenter Herb Oscar Anderson sang everyday to start his show. Anderson composed the lyrics. Hosted a weekly Sunday radio show during the 1940s on New York's WKBB, singing popular song requests. A songbook of sheet music was published with all of Skylar's favorite songs from this time period, titled Sunny Skylar's Radio Song Favorites. References ^ "Songs written by Sunny Skylar \| SecondHandSongs". secondhandsongs.com. Retrieved April 1, 2024. ^ a b "Sunny Skylar Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More". AllMusic. Retrieved April 17, 2024. ^ "Sunny Skylar". Ascap.com. Retrieved April 17, 2024. ^ "Sunny Skylar \| Songwriters Hall of Fame". Songhall.org. Retrieved April 1, 2024. ^ "Sunny Skylar - MusicBrainz". Musicbrainz.org. Retrieved April 1, 2024. ^ a b "About Sunny Skylar". Shayskylar.com. ^ "Sunny Skylar Discography". Discogs.com. ^ "Sunny Skylar". Discography of American Historical Recordings. Retrieved April 1, 2024. ^ "Sunny Skylar, 95; prolific songwriter; co-wrote "Besame Mucho", "Amor Amor", "Love Me With All Your Heart", many others". Groups.google.com. Retrieved April 3, 2024. ^ "Peermusic – the global independent". Peermusic.com. Retrieved March 30, 2024. ^ "Peer-Southern Organization – 40th Anniversary Salute". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. June 1, 1968. Retrieved March 31, 2024. ^ "Sunny Skylar Radio". Open.spotify.com. Retrieved April 1, 2024. ^ a b "Sunny Skylar". IMDb.com. Retrieved March 30, 2024. ^ "Sunny Skylar's Radio Song Favorites" (JPG). M.media-amazon.com. Retrieved April 17, 2024. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Finland Belgium United States Czech Republic 2 Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz People Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"lyricist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrics"},{"link_name":"music publisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_publisher"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunny_Skylar_at_AllMusic-2"},{"link_name":"Tin Pan Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley"},{"link_name":"ASCAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Composers,_Authors_and_Publishers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Songwriter's Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriters_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Dean Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Martin"},{"link_name":"Ella Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"Nat King Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_King_Cole"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Tony Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Louis Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"Benny Goodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Goodman"},{"link_name":"Bésame Mucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9same_Mucho"},{"link_name":"Amor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor_(Gabriel_Ruiz_song)"},{"link_name":"Great American Songbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Songbook"},{"link_name":"The Real Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Book"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Musical artistSunny Skylar (October 11, 1913 – February 2, 2009) was an American music composer, singer, lyricist, and music publisher,[2] often recognized as one the most prominent songwriters of the Tin Pan Alley era. Sunny Skylar had written over 300 songs according to ASCAP,[3] and was inducted into the Songwriter's Hall of Fame in 2010.[4]His compositions have been performed and recorded by countless timeless acts such as Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Ella Fitzgerald, Nat King Cole, The Beatles, Tony Bennett, Louis Armstrong, Bing Crosby, and Benny Goodman. He may be best remembered for adapting English lyrics to popular songs like \"Bésame Mucho\" and \"Amor\", as well as his original compositions such as \"Don't Wait Too Long\", \"Gotta Be This or That\", \"Waitin' For The Train to Come In\", \"You're Breaking My Heart\", \"Hair of Gold, Eyes of Blue\", \"A Little Bit South of North Carolina\", and many more. Included in the Great American Songbook and The Real Book, many of Sunny Skylar's songs have remained jazz standards.[5]","title":"Sunny Skylar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklyn, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York"}],"text":"Sunny Skylar was born Selig Sidney Shaftel in Brooklyn, New York on October 11, 1913. His father, Jack, was born in Russia and immigrated to the United States around the age of 10, while his mother, Sarah, was born in the state of New York, both in the 1880s. Sunny was one of four children and grew up with his family in Brooklyn, New York.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manhattan Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Beach,_New_York"},{"link_name":"baritone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baritone"},{"link_name":"Vincent Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Paul Whiteman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Whiteman"},{"link_name":"big bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band"},{"link_name":"Ben Bernie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bernie"},{"link_name":"Jack Denny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Denny"},{"link_name":"Freddie Perren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Perren"},{"link_name":"Abe Lyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Lyman"},{"link_name":"George Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hall_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Henry \"Hank\" Sylvern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_(Hank)_Sylvern"},{"link_name":"Henry King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_King_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Vincent Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Lopez"},{"link_name":"numerology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerology"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Latin Quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Quarter_(nightclub)"},{"link_name":"El Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Morocco"},{"link_name":"La Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Martinique"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip"},{"link_name":"residencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_residency"},{"link_name":"The Flamingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamingo_Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"El Rancho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Rancho_Vegas"},{"link_name":"El Cortez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cortez_(Las_Vegas)"},{"link_name":"The Dunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunes_(hotel_and_casino)"},{"link_name":"The Ed Sullivan Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ed_Sullivan_Show"},{"link_name":"medley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medley_(music)"},{"link_name":"nightclubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclub"},{"link_name":"theaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater"}],"text":"Sunny Skylar began his professional singing career at the age of 18, with the Harold Stern band at a resort known as \"Manhattan Beach\" in 1932. Classified as a baritone, by 1938, he was the featured singer in the orchestras of Vincent Lopez and Paul Whiteman, and soon appeared with a number of big bands, including those led by Ben Bernie, Jack Denny, Freddie Perren, Abe Lyman, George Hall, Ben Marden, Henry \"Hank\" Sylvern, Carl Hoff, Henry King, and the CBS House Orchestra, under the name Sonny Schuyler (pronounced: \"Skylar\"). It was band leader, Vincent Lopez, who changed the singer's professional name from Sonny Schuyler to Sunny Skylar, based in his strong belief in numerology in 1940. Lopez believed that the reduced number of letters was an omen of good fortune. Only a few months later, the newly named, Sunny Skylar, had his first chart-topping hit song.In 1942, Skylar embarked on a singing career in entertainment that was not tied to just one orchestra or bandleader. Instead, he entertained as a vocalist, mostly performing his own popular tunes as a headliner at music venues in New York City such as the Latin Quarter, Montreal, El Morocco, and La Martinique. With a growing demand for top performers in the newly developing Las Vegas Strip, Skylar secured residencies at hotels such as The Flamingo, El Rancho, El Cortez, and The Dunes, among others. In August 1949, Sunny Skylar was a featured entertainer on The Ed Sullivan Show, performing a four-minute medley of some of his biggest songs on live television. He continued to perform in nightclubs and theaters until 1952, when he retired from singing, at the end of the big band era.","title":"Singing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"big bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band"},{"link_name":"records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph_record"},{"link_name":"Tin Pan Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley"},{"link_name":"pop music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Soundies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundie"},{"link_name":"Mills Panoram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoram"},{"link_name":"United States Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Bésame Mucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9same_Mucho"},{"link_name":"Consuelo Velázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consuelo_Vel%C3%A1zquez"},{"link_name":"La Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Martinique"},{"link_name":"Big Band Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band_era"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Dorsey & His Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Dorsey_%26_His_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"record deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_deal"},{"link_name":"Decca Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"Velázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consuelo_Vel%C3%A1zquez"},{"link_name":"\"Amor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor_(Gabriel_Ruiz_song)"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Ruiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Ruiz_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Hair of Gold, Eyes of Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_of_Gold,_Eyes_of_Blue"},{"link_name":"It Must Be Jelly ('Cause Jam Don't Shake like That)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Must_Be_Jelly_(%27Cause_Jam_Don%27t_Shake_like_That)"},{"link_name":"You're Breaking My Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_Breaking_My_Heart"},{"link_name":"Ruggero Leoncavallo's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo"},{"link_name":"Italian opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_opera"},{"link_name":"Mattinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattinata_(Leoncavallo)"},{"link_name":"Vic Damone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Damone"},{"link_name":"ASCAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Composers,_Authors_and_Publishers"},{"link_name":"BMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Music,_Inc."},{"link_name":"ASCAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Composers,_Authors_and_Publishers"},{"link_name":"Big band era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"Sammy Cahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Cahn"},{"link_name":"Johnny Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Mercer"},{"link_name":"Tin Pan Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley"},{"link_name":"\"Love Me With All Your Heart\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Me_with_All_Your_Heart"},{"link_name":"\"Cuando Calienta El Sol\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuando_calienta_el_sol_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Ray Charles Singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ray_Charles_Singers"},{"link_name":"singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"September of My Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_of_My_Years"},{"link_name":"The Real Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Book"},{"link_name":"Hal Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Leonard"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Though Skylar had many of his singing performances with big bands pressed onto records throughout his career, it was his songwriting that would become his legacy. Skylar began as a songwriter in New York City's Tin Pan Alley, which is said to be the birthplace of pop music in the United States. Like many up-and-coming songwriters of the time, he was writing and refining songs for other composers, oftentimes not receiving credit for his work until he could prove himself as a consistent hit songwriter.One of his first notable hit songs, \"Don't Cry\", was performed by Skylar with Vincent Lopez & His Suave String Orchestra for Soundies on June 31, 1940, displayed on the Mills Panoram Jukebox. His next hit song also came about in 1940, when during a live performance, Sunny observed Vincent Lopez overworking his orchestra, and spontaneously created the humorous lyrics which became known as \"Fifteen Minute Intermission\". He graduated to even greater popularity with his song \"Just A Little Bit South of North Carolina\" in 1941. His next two hits, \"Move It On Over\" and \"Paper Troopers\", were written as wartime anthems for the United States Armed Forces during World War II, both released in 1943.One of Sunny Skylar's most well-known song credits is \"Bésame Mucho\", which was originally written by the famed Mexican songwriter Consuelo Velázquez. Skylar discovered the song while at the La Martinique club in New York City. He noticed that people kept coming up to the bandleader requesting the same song every few minutes. He became really fond of the song and wrote his version of English lyrics to the melody. A common practice during the Big Band Era was to adapt lyrics for audiences around the world. The English version of \"Bésame Mucho\" was first released in 1944 by Jimmy Dorsey & His Orchestra. The song became and instant hit and has been covered countless times since its release. \"Bésame Mucho\" has been said to be one of the most popular songs of the 20th century. In 1999, it was recognized as the most recorded and covered song in of all time. \"Bésame Mucho\" was even the song recorded by The Beatles on their demo that they used for a chance at a record deal with Decca Records on January 1, 1962. Compared to the original Spanish lyrics by Velázquez published in 1941, Skylar's 1944 English version has been criticized for its overly romantic theme, as it is not a true Spanish to English translation. Skylar continued adapting English lyrics to songs and made two more hits, \"Amor\" (originally by Gabriel Ruiz) and \"Be Mine Tonight (Noche De Ronda)\" through the end of the 1940s.Many hit songs followed such as \"Gotta Be This or That\", \"You'll Always Be The One I Love\", \"And So To Sleep Again\", \"Atlanta, G.A.\", \"Waitin' For The Train To Come In\", \"Cry, Cry, Cry\", \"Hair of Gold, Eyes of Blue\", \"It Must Be Jelly ('Cause Jam Don't Shake like That)\", \"It's All Over Now\", \"Louisville, K.Y.\", \"Nola\", \"Put That Ring on My Finger\", \"Song of New Orleans\", and \"Whatta Ya Gonna Do\". Skylar's song \"You're Breaking My Heart\", began as Ruggero Leoncavallo's 1904 Italian opera tune, \"Mattinata\", which Skylar wrote lyrics and a melody to, and singer Vic Damone made popular in 1949. Sunny Skylar has had hundreds of songs published through ASCAP and BMI, with the official ASCAP database showing over 300 song credits to his name.Popular music shifted from the Big band era to rock and roll in the 1950s, but Skylar continued to have a few hits until 1965, making him one of only a few songwriters (including Sammy Cahn and Johnny Mercer) to transition from the era of Tin Pan Alley songwriting to the newer sounds of the 1950s and 1960s. \"Love Me With All Your Heart\", the song originally titled, \"Cuando Calienta El Sol\", was released in 1964 by The Ray Charles Singers, and would prove to be one their biggest selling singles. His song \"Don't Wait Too Long\" on the Frank Sinatra album, September of My Years, was released in 1965. Many of Skylar's compositions have been included in The Real Book by Hal Leonard Music Publishing, which continues to be a relevant collection of songs, which jazz musician learn from. Some of these titles include \"Bésame Mucho\", \"Don't Wait Too Long\", \"Gotta Be This or That\", \"Love Me With All Your Heart\", \"Be Mine Tonight (Noche De Ronda)\", and \"Amor\".[6][7][8][9]","title":"Songwriting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peer-Southern Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peermusic"},{"link_name":"São Paulo, Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Hollywood, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_California"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"With a talent for recognizing hit songs, Sunny Skylar, began working as a music publisher at Peer-Southern Music following his singing career. Peer-Southern Music was the company Skylar used most often to publish his own songs. In 1965, he moved to São Paulo, Brazil and began working as a consultant for foreign songs. He relocated their Hollywood, California branch and worked closely with Roy Kohn and Bobby Mellin. Peer-Southern Music is known to be the largest independent music publisher in the world.[10][11]","title":"Music publishing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Sunny Skylar died at the age of 95 on February 2, 2009.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The New York Times Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine"}],"text":"Featured in Billboard 152 times from January 1942 until April 2010 with top charting songs, advertisements, musical achievements, quotes, career updates, as well as song, album, and live performance reviews.\nFeatured in Time (1943) and The New York Times Magazine (1944)","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor_(Gabriel_Ruiz_song)"},{"link_name":"And So to Sleep Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_So_to_Sleep_Again"},{"link_name":"Bésame Mucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9same_Mucho"},{"link_name":"Hair of Gold, Eyes of Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_of_Gold,_Eyes_of_Blue"},{"link_name":"If You Loved Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_You_Loved_Me"},{"link_name":"Soul Coaxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Coaxing"},{"link_name":"It Must Be Jelly ('Cause Jam Don't Shake like That)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Must_Be_Jelly_(%27Cause_Jam_Don%27t_Shake_like_That)"},{"link_name":"Love Me with All Your Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Me_with_All_Your_Heart"},{"link_name":"You're Breaking My Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_Breaking_My_Heart"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Among the songs he wrote (either music or lyrics) are:\"Amor\" (English lyrics)\n\"And So to Sleep Again\"\n\"Ask Me\"\n\"Atlanta, G.A.\"\n\"Be Mine Tonight (Noche De Ronda)\" (English lyrics)\n\"Bésame Mucho\" (English lyrics)\n\"Cry, Cry, Cry\"\n\"Don’t Cry\"\n\"Don't Wait Too Long\"\n\"Fifteen Minute Intermission\"\n\"Gotta Be This or That\"\n\"Hair of Gold, Eyes of Blue\"\n\"I Miss Your Kiss\"\n\"I'd Be Lost Without You\"\n\"If You Loved Me\" (English version of Polnareff's \"Soul Coaxing\")\n\"It Must Be Jelly ('Cause Jam Don't Shake like That)\"\n\"It's All Over Now\"\n\"Just a Little Bit South of North Carolina\"\n\"Long Time No See Baby\"\n\"Louisville, K.Y.\"\n\"Love Is So Terrific\"\n\"Love Me with All Your Heart\"\n\"Move It On Over\"\n\"Nola\"\n\"Put That Ring on My Finger\"\n\"Song of New Orleans\"\n\"Soul Coixing\"\n\"Waitin' For The Train To Come In\"\n\"Watching The World Go By\"\n\"Whatta Ya Gonna Do\"\n\"Where There's Smoke, There's Fire\"\n\"You\"\n\"You're Breaking My Heart\"\n\"You'll Always Be The One I Love\"[12]","title":"Popular compositions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valentine's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"The Quiet American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quiet_American_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"Bésame Mucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9same_Mucho"},{"link_name":"Lolita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolita_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Bugsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugsy"},{"link_name":"The Naked Gun 2 1/2: The Smell of Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Naked_Gun_2%C2%BD:_The_Smell_of_Fear"},{"link_name":"Bésame Mucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9same_Mucho"},{"link_name":"Avalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon_(1990_film)"},{"link_name":"Bésame Mucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9same_Mucho"},{"link_name":"Moon Over Parador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_over_Parador"},{"link_name":"Bésame Mucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9same_Mucho"},{"link_name":"Frances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_(film)"},{"link_name":"Massacre Mafia Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_Mafia_Style"},{"link_name":"Bésame Mucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9same_Mucho"},{"link_name":"The Seduction of Mimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seduction_of_Mimi"},{"link_name":"Home Before Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Before_Dark_(film)"},{"link_name":"No Time For Sergeants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Time_for_Sergeants_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Proud and Profane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Proud_and_Profane"},{"link_name":"Flyg-Bom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bom_the_Flyer"},{"link_name":"Clash By Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_by_Night"},{"link_name":"Havana Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana_Rose"},{"link_name":"The Glass Menagerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glass_Menagerie_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"Singing Guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing_Guns"},{"link_name":"Maytime in Mayfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maytime_in_Mayfair"},{"link_name":"Riders of The Whistling Pines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riders_of_the_Whistling_Pines"},{"link_name":"Fighter Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Swingin' Spurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singin%27_Spurs"},{"link_name":"The Voice of The Turtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_of_the_Turtle_(film)"},{"link_name":"Carnival in Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_in_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"That Way With Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Way_with_Women"},{"link_name":"The Man I Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_I_Love_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"Breakfast in Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast_in_Hollywood_(film)"},{"link_name":"Lights of Old Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lights_of_Old_Santa_Fe"},{"link_name":"Swing In The Saddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_in_the_Saddle"},{"link_name":"Swing Fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Fever"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDb-13"}],"text":"Valentine's Day (2010) featuring \"Amor\"\nThe Quiet American (2002) featuring \"Bésame Mucho\"\nLolita (1997) featuring \"Amor\"\nBugsy (1991) featuring \"Waitin' For The Train to Come In\"\nThe Naked Gun 2 1/2: The Smell of Fear (1991) featuring \"Bésame Mucho\"\nAvalon (1990) featuring \"Bésame Mucho\"\nMoon Over Parador (1988) featuring \"Bésame Mucho\"\nFrances (1982) featuring \"Love Is So Terrific\"\nMassacre Mafia Style (1974) featuring \"Open Your Heart\"\nArdent Summer (1973) featuring \"Bésame Mucho\"\nThe Seduction of Mimi (1972) featuring \"La Cumparsita [English Lyrics]\"\nHome Before Dark (1958) featuring \"Gotta Be This or That\"\nNo Time For Sergeants (1958) featuring \"Gotta Be This or That\"\nThe Proud and Profane (1956) featuring \"Amor\"\nFlyg-Bom (1952) featuring \"Bundle of Love\"\nClash By Night (1952) featuring \"Don't Cry\"\nHavana Rose (1951) featuring \"Be Mine Tonight (Noche De Ronda)\"\nThe Glass Menagerie (1950) featuring \"Gotta Be This or That\"\nSinging Guns (1950) featuring \"Mexicali Trail\"\nMaytime in Mayfair (1949) featuring \"Amor\"\nRiders of The Whistling Pines (1949) featuring \"Hair of Gold, Eyes of Blue\"\nFighter Squadron (1948) featuring \"Gotta Be This or That\"\nSwingin' Spurs (1948) featuring \"Hair of Gold, Eyes of Blue\"\nThe Voice of The Turtle (1947) featuring \"Gotta Be This or That\"\nCarnival in Costa Rica (1947) featuring \"Costa Rica\"\nThat Way With Women (1947) featuring \"Gotta Be This or That\"\nThe Man I Love (1947) featuring \"Gotta Be This or That\"\nBreakfast in Hollywood (1946) featuring \"Amor\"\nLights of Old Santa Fe (1944) featuring \"Amor\"\nSwing In The Saddle (1944) featuring \"Amor\"\nSwing Fever (1943) featuring \"Sh-! Don't Make a Sound\"[13]","title":"Music in movies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lovecraft Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft_Country_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Bésame Mucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9same_Mucho"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Bésame Mucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9same_Mucho"},{"link_name":"The War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Cold Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Case"},{"link_name":"The Beatles Anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles_Anthology_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Bandstand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandstand_(TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Shindig!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shindig!"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Eye"},{"link_name":"Glenn Miller Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Miller_Time"},{"link_name":"The Adventures of Rin-Tin-Tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Rin-Tin-Tin"},{"link_name":"The Milton Berle Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Milton_Berle_Show"},{"link_name":"Looney Tunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes"},{"link_name":"The Ed Sullivan Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ed_Sullivan_Show"},{"link_name":"Bésame Mucho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9same_Mucho"},{"link_name":"Soundies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundie"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDb-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunny_Skylar_at_AllMusic-2"}],"text":"Lovecraft Country (2020) featuring \"Bésame Mucho\"\nManhattan (2014) featuring \"Bésame Mucho\"\nThe War (2007) featuring \"Waitin' For The Train to Come In\"\nCold Case (2004–2005) featuring \"Gotta Be This or That\" and \"Waitin' For The Train to Come In\"\nThe Beatles Anthology (1995–1996)\nBandstand (1966) featuring \"Love Me With All Your Heart\"\nShindig! (1965) featuring \"Hidden Island\"\nHawaiian Eye (1962) featuring \"I'd Be Lost Without You\"\nGlenn Miller Time (1961) featuring \" It Must Be Jelly ('Cause Jam Don't Shake Like That)\"\nThe Adventures of Rin-Tin-Tin (1956) featuring \"Yo-O Rinty\"\nThe Milton Berle Show (1955) \"You're Breaking My Heart\"\nLooney Tunes (1946–1954) featuring \"Gotta Be This or That\", \"All The Time\", and \"I'd Be Lost Without You\"\nThe Ed Sullivan Show (1949) featuring \"Just a Little Bit South of North Carolina\", \"Amor\", \"Bésame Mucho\", \"Waitin' For The Train to Come In\", \"Love Is So Terrific\", \"Hair of Gold, Eyes of Blue\", and \"You're Breaking My Heart\"\nSoundies (1940) featuring \"Don't Cry\"[13][2]","title":"Music in television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Composed the music to \"Hello, Again\", the theme song that New York City radio presenter Herb Oscar Anderson sang everyday to start his show. Anderson composed the lyrics.\nHosted a weekly Sunday radio show during the 1940s on New York's WKBB, singing popular song requests. A songbook of sheet music was published with all of Skylar's favorite songs from this time period, titled Sunny Skylar's Radio Song Favorites.[6][14]","title":"Music for radio"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Songs written by Sunny Skylar \| SecondHandSongs\". secondhandsongs.com. Retrieved April 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://secondhandsongs.com/artist/7838/works","url_text":"\"Songs written by Sunny Skylar \| SecondHandSongs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sunny Skylar Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More\". AllMusic. Retrieved April 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/sunny-skylar-mn0000924643","url_text":"\"Sunny Skylar Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Sunny Skylar\". Ascap.com. Retrieved April 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ascap.com/repertory#/ace/search/writer/SKYLAR%20SUNNY?page=1","url_text":"\"Sunny Skylar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sunny Skylar \| Songwriters Hall of Fame\". Songhall.org. Retrieved April 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.songhall.org/profile/sunny_skylar","url_text":"\"Sunny Skylar \| Songwriters Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sunny Skylar - MusicBrainz\". Musicbrainz.org. Retrieved April 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/cace4f50-6af8-4edc-8ea1-1bab8cb18570","url_text":"\"Sunny Skylar - MusicBrainz\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Sunny Skylar\". Shayskylar.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://shayskylar.com/sunnyskylar","url_text":"\"About Sunny Skylar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sunny Skylar Discography\". Discogs.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/661417-Sunny-Skylar","url_text":"\"Sunny Skylar Discography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs.com","url_text":"Discogs.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Sunny Skylar\". Discography of American Historical Recordings. Retrieved April 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/mastertalent/detail/344111/Skylar_Sunny","url_text":"\"Sunny Skylar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sunny Skylar, 95; prolific songwriter; co-wrote \"Besame Mucho\", \"Amor Amor\", \"Love Me With All Your Heart\", many others\". Groups.google.com. Retrieved April 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://groups.google.com/g/alt.obituaries/c/ptApkNr622U?pli=1","url_text":"\"Sunny Skylar, 95; prolific songwriter; co-wrote \"Besame Mucho\", \"Amor Amor\", \"Love Me With All Your Heart\", many others\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peermusic – the global independent\". Peermusic.com. Retrieved March 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.peermusic.com/","url_text":"\"Peermusic – the global independent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peer-Southern Organization – 40th Anniversary Salute\". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. June 1, 1968. Retrieved March 31, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yQoEAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22peer-southern%22+%22sunny+skylar%22+billboard&pg=RA1-PA42","url_text":"\"Peer-Southern Organization – 40th Anniversary Salute\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Sunny Skylar Radio\". Open.spotify.com. Retrieved April 1, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1E4FJV5C9ULvl4","url_text":"\"Sunny Skylar Radio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sunny Skylar\". IMDb.com. Retrieved March 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0805048/fullcredits","url_text":"\"Sunny Skylar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sunny Skylar's Radio Song Favorites\" (JPG). M.media-amazon.com. Retrieved April 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/9175nlGXF7L._AC_UF1000,1000_QL80_.jpg","url_text":"\"Sunny Skylar's Radio Song Favorites\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sunny+Skylar%22","external_links_name":"\"Sunny Skylar\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sunny+Skylar%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sunny+Skylar%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sunny+Skylar%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sunny+Skylar%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sunny+Skylar%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://secondhandsongs.com/artist/7838/works","external_links_name":"\"Songs written by Sunny Skylar \| SecondHandSongs\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/sunny-skylar-mn0000924643","external_links_name":"\"Sunny Skylar Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More\""},{"Link":"https://www.ascap.com/repertory#/ace/search/writer/SKYLAR%20SUNNY?page=1","external_links_name":"\"Sunny Skylar\""},{"Link":"https://www.songhall.org/profile/sunny_skylar","external_links_name":"\"Sunny Skylar \| Songwriters Hall of Fame\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/cace4f50-6af8-4edc-8ea1-1bab8cb18570","external_links_name":"\"Sunny Skylar - MusicBrainz\""},{"Link":"https://shayskylar.com/sunnyskylar","external_links_name":"\"About Sunny Skylar\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/661417-Sunny-Skylar","external_links_name":"\"Sunny Skylar Discography\""},{"Link":"https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/mastertalent/detail/344111/Skylar_Sunny","external_links_name":"\"Sunny Skylar\""},{"Link":"https://groups.google.com/g/alt.obituaries/c/ptApkNr622U?pli=1","external_links_name":"\"Sunny Skylar, 95; prolific songwriter; co-wrote \"Besame Mucho\", \"Amor Amor\", \"Love Me With All Your Heart\", many others\""},{"Link":"https://www.peermusic.com/","external_links_name":"\"Peermusic – the global independent\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yQoEAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22peer-southern%22+%22sunny+skylar%22+billboard&pg=RA1-PA42","external_links_name":"\"Peer-Southern Organization – 40th Anniversary Salute\""},{"Link":"https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1E4FJV5C9ULvl4","external_links_name":"\"Sunny Skylar Radio\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0805048/fullcredits","external_links_name":"\"Sunny Skylar\""},{"Link":"https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/9175nlGXF7L._AC_UF1000,1000_QL80_.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Sunny Skylar's Radio Song Favorites\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000059545882","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/44569074","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtxfpbJgqtXVfQ6pc7T73","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX924481","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb148432753","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb148432753","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1160193886","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012338276905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000200489","external_links_name":"Finland"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14246602","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2002028606","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2014817489&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2014817490&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p183591801","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810642888505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/cace4f50-6af8-4edc-8ea1-1bab8cb18570","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1489986","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qg7jdt","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/156479524","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Thavaud	Norman Thavaud	["1 History","1.1 Youth","1.2 Le Velcrou","1.3 Increasing popularity","1.4 Accusations of sexual harassment and rape","2 Filmography","3 References"]	French comedian and YouTuber (born 1987) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (May 2012) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. 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Norman ThavaudThavaud at the 2015 Cannes Film FestivalPersonal informationBornNorman Jacky Cyril Thavaud (1987-04-14) 14 April 1987 (age 37)Arras, FranceNationalityFrenchOccupationInternet personalityYouTube informationAlso known asNormanChannel NORMAN FAIT DES VIDÉOS Years active2011–2022GenreComedySubscribers11.6 millionTotal views2.7 billionAssociated acts Hugo Dessioux Cyprien Iov Marc Jarousseau Creator Awards100,000 subscribers1,000,000 subscribers10,000,000 subscribers Last updated: December Norman Jacky Cyril Thavaud (French pronunciation: ; born 14 April 1987) also known by his channel name Norman fait des vidéos (Norman makes videos), is a French comedian and blogger known for his short comic YouTube videos. Several of his videos have been viewed tens of millions of times. History Youth Norman was born on 14 April 1987 in Arras, France. His mother was a history and geography teacher and his father, Jackie Thavaud, was a culture promoter and head of a local cinema school. As a child, Norman played the saxophone for seven years in a conservatory. He also made numerous videos using his father's camera. Having gained his high school baccalaureate in 2005, Norman moved to Paris in order to study cinema. He had a succession of jobs before becoming a video montage specialist. Le Velcrou Norman met Hugo Dessioux (alias Hugo tout seul) at college and they formed the "Le Velcrou" comedic group in March 2008. "Le Velcrou" regularly posted comical videos on the Dailymotion website. Four months later, Marc Jarousseau (alias Kemar), a friend from university, joined the team. Thanks to Le Velcrou, Norman met Cyprien Iov (alias Monsieur Dream), another video blogger, who appeared in a few of Le Velcrou's videos. In December of the same year, Cyprien created "Super Mega Noël", a short humorous film about Christmas. Cyprien featured other bloggers in his work, including Hugo and Norman. In July 2009, Norman was awarded a degree in cinematography from University Paris-1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. Le Velcrou broke up in October 2010. Since then, the group's former members have been producing solo videos. Increasing popularity At the end of 2010, Norman launched a new format: short video sequences of about 4 minutes long, in which he embodied "mister average" and dealt with daily life subjects, as seen in his first one-man video titled "Table tennis club". His account was created on January 3, 2011. Two months later, he posted what became at the time his most popular video, "The bilinguals", marking the beginning of his notoriety. It was subsequently surpassed in views by the "Now, I have Google" video, among others. "Luigi Clash Mario" is today his most viewed video, with over 86 million views as of March, 2021. Norman records his videos in his Parisian flat where he lives with his flatmate and his two cats (Sergi, who often appears in his videos, and Becassine). His videos have been viewed billions of times, enabling him to be paid by the YouTube internet website and to attract national media attention. Several media outlets have called him a "web phenomenon", including reporter Eric Loret who described Norman and his partners, Cyprien and Hugo Dessioux (who have launched the same format as Norman), as having the advantage of being "young artists who are really good at business and communication, able to manage all strategic decisions with the biggest candour." As an internet star and the second biggest French YouTuber, Norman has been invited by many video makers and internet friends to be a part of their videos. Unsurprisingly, he participates in the one-man videos of the former members of his group, Hugo Dessioux and Marc Jarousseau, on their YouTube channels. Cyprien, the best known French YouTuber in terms of number of subscribers has invited Norman to participate in only one of his videos, even though they performed together as part of Le Velcrou. Norman has also appeared on TV, taking part in several episodes of Very Bad Plagues by the Palmashow. The Palmashow are a comic duo, composed of Grégoire Ludig and David Marsais, who also originated on the internet but now broadcast their sketches on the D8 TV channel. In December 2011, Norman was invited to the Les Arcs European Film Festival with other YouTube stars such as La Ferme Jerome, Cyprien, Maxime Musqua, Mistertel, as well as the Palmashow. On 12 January 2012, Norman organized Zapping Amazing, a show at the Grand Rex (a major venue in Paris) in which he gathered some web-comedy friends with whom he has performed (Palmashow, Kemar, Cyprien, PV Nova, Julfou, Mister V, Volt, Backstage Rodeo, LeGrandJD, Spicy Marguerites and La Ferme Jerome). The comedians re-aired some of their most famous sketches for the audience. The show (which attracted almost 3000 people) was so successful that a tour was scheduled in France from 5 February 2013 to 15 February 2013. He often works with Yvick Letexier, Cyprien Iov, and Hugo Dessioux. Accusations of sexual harassment and rape In 2018, several testimonies were made against Thavaud regarding a potential sexual harassment. In 2020, a Quebecois woman accused him of having asked her for sexual photographs in an increasingly insistent manner when she was 16 and he was 30. She announced that she had filed a complaint in Canada against Norman for "luring a child and sexual exploitation of minors" and that she had forwarded all the messages and photographs exchanged with the video artist to the police. Thavaud's press attaché refuted the accusations, but confirmed that exchanges had taken place. In January 2022, the public prosecutor's office in Paris launched an investigation concerning "six complainants". All of them had filed complaints, five of them for rape, with two of them being minors at the time of the events. On 5 December 2022, Thavaud was placed into custody for 36 hours as part of a preliminary investigation for rape and corruption of minors. The investigation was entrusted to a brigade specialized in the protection of minors. After the announcement of his arrest, production company Webedia announced the suspension of its collaboration with Thavaud. On 10 December, YouTube announced that Norman's videos had been demonetized following these accusations. Thavaud told the investigators that he had received "death threats, hordes of insults and cyber harassment" since the media coverage of the case began. Filmography Year Title Role Director Notes 2009 Manger une banane ne tue pas Charles Rémi Forte Short 2013 Pas très normales activités Octave Blin Maurice Barthélemy Super Social Movie Norman / Namron Morgan Prêleur & Rémi Sello ShortAlso Writer 2014 Le fantôme de merde Bad ghost Raphaël Descraques Short Scènes de ménages The young owner Francis Duquet TV series (1 episode) 2015 Mon roi Nico Maïwenn Peplum The messenger Philippe Lefebvre TV series (1 episode) 2017 Alibi.com Paul-Edouard Philippe Lacheau Call My Agent! Himself Antoine Garceau TV series (1 episode) 2020 Ducobu 3 Willie's father Élie Semoun References ^ a b "About NORMAN FAIT DES VIDÉOS". YouTube. ^ a b "Tête à clics - Libération". www.liberation.fr. Archived from the original on 2011-10-27. ^ a b "YouTube Top 100 Most Subscribed France Channels List - Top by Subscribers". Archived from the original on June 17, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Norman accusé de corruption de mineure : Silence des médias - Par Pauline Bock \| Arrêt sur images". ^ "" Je veux qu'il assume ce qu'il a fait " : Enquête sur Norman Thavaud - URBANIA FR". ^ "" Je veux qu'il assume ce qu'il a fait " : enquête sur Norman Thavaud - URBANIA FR". urbania.fr (in French). Retrieved 2022-12-12. ^ L.B. "Norman Thavaud à nouveau dans l'œil du cyclone suite à #BalanceTonYoutubeur: "Je veux qu'il sache qu'il ne va plus nous contrôler"". DHnet (in French). Retrieved 2022-12-12. ^ a b Azam, Nicolas; Derestiat, Anthony; Boscq, Maxime Dubernet de. "Le youtubeur Norman Thavaud en garde à vue pour viols et corruption de mineurs". Libération (in French). Retrieved 2022-12-12. ^ "Violences sexuelles : la garde à vue du youtubeur Norman Thavaud levée, sans poursuites à ce stade". Le Monde.fr (in French). 2022-12-05. Retrieved 2022-12-12. ^ "Norman Thavaud : ce que la justice reproche au youtubeur". www.rtl.fr (in French). Retrieved 2022-12-12. ^ "Norman Thavaud en garde à vue: Webedia suspend sa collaboration avec le youtubeur". BFMTV (in French). Retrieved 2022-12-12. ^ "YouTube démonétise les vidéos de Norman après sa garde à vue". Le HuffPost (in French). 2022-12-10. Retrieved 2022-12-12. ^ "INFO TF1/LCI - Affaire Norman Thavaud : ce qu'a dit le youtubeur lors de sa garde à vue". TF1 INFO (in French). 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2022-12-12. The information in this article is based on that in its French equivalent. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[nɔʁman ʒaki siʁil tavo]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"comedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedian"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"}],"text":"Norman Jacky Cyril Thavaud (French pronunciation: [nɔʁman ʒaki siʁil tavo]; born 14 April 1987) also known by his channel name Norman fait des vidéos (Norman makes videos), is a French comedian and blogger known for his short comic YouTube videos. Several of his videos have been viewed tens of millions of times.","title":"Norman Thavaud"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T%C3%AAte_%C3%A0_clics_-_Lib%C3%A9ration-2"}],"sub_title":"Youth","text":"Norman was born on 14 April 1987 in Arras, France. His mother was a history and geography teacher and his father, Jackie Thavaud, was a culture promoter and head of a local cinema school. As a child, Norman played the saxophone for seven years in a conservatory.[2] He also made numerous videos using his father's camera. Having gained his high school baccalaureate in 2005, Norman moved to Paris in order to study cinema. He had a succession of jobs before becoming a video montage specialist.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T%C3%AAte_%C3%A0_clics_-_Lib%C3%A9ration-2"}],"sub_title":"Le Velcrou","text":"Norman met Hugo Dessioux (alias Hugo tout seul) at college and they formed the \"Le Velcrou\" comedic group in March 2008. \"Le Velcrou\" regularly posted comical videos on the Dailymotion website. Four months later, Marc Jarousseau (alias Kemar), a friend from university, joined the team.Thanks to Le Velcrou, Norman met Cyprien Iov (alias Monsieur Dream), another video blogger, who appeared in a few of Le Velcrou's videos. In December of the same year, Cyprien created \"Super Mega Noël\", a short humorous film about Christmas. Cyprien featured other bloggers in his work, including Hugo and Norman.In July 2009, Norman was awarded a degree in cinematography from University Paris-1 Panthéon-Sorbonne.[2] Le Velcrou broke up in October 2010. Since then, the group's former members have been producing solo videos.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vidstatsx.com-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vidstatsx.com-3"},{"link_name":"Yvick Letexier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvick_Letexier"},{"link_name":"Cyprien Iov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprien_Iov"}],"sub_title":"Increasing popularity","text":"At the end of 2010, Norman launched a new format: short video sequences of about 4 minutes long, in which he embodied \"mister average\" and dealt with daily life subjects, as seen in his first one-man video titled \"Table tennis club\". His account was created on January 3, 2011. Two months later, he posted what became at the time his most popular video, \"The bilinguals\", marking the beginning of his notoriety. It was subsequently surpassed in views by the \"Now, I have Google\" video, among others. \"Luigi Clash Mario\" is today his most viewed video, with over 86 million views as of March, 2021. Norman records his videos in his Parisian flat where he lives with his flatmate and his two cats (Sergi, who often appears in his videos, and Becassine).His videos have been viewed billions of times, enabling him to be paid by the YouTube internet website and to attract national media attention. Several media outlets have called him a \"web phenomenon\", including reporter Eric Loret who described Norman and his partners, Cyprien and Hugo Dessioux (who have launched the same format as Norman), as having the advantage of being \"young artists who are really good at business and communication, able to manage all strategic decisions with the biggest candour.\"As an internet star and the second biggest French YouTuber,[3] Norman has been invited by many video makers and internet friends to be a part of their videos. Unsurprisingly, he participates in the one-man videos of the former members of his group, Hugo Dessioux and Marc Jarousseau, on their YouTube channels. Cyprien, the best known French YouTuber in terms of number of subscribers [3] has invited Norman to participate in only one of his videos, even though they performed together as part of Le Velcrou.Norman has also appeared on TV, taking part in several episodes of Very Bad Plagues by the Palmashow. The Palmashow are a comic duo, composed of Grégoire Ludig and David Marsais, who also originated on the internet but now broadcast their sketches on the D8 TV channel. In December 2011, Norman was invited to the Les Arcs European Film Festival with other YouTube stars such as La Ferme Jerome, Cyprien, Maxime Musqua, Mistertel, as well as the Palmashow. On 12 January 2012, Norman organized Zapping Amazing, a show at the Grand Rex (a major venue in Paris) in which he gathered some web-comedy friends with whom he has performed (Palmashow, Kemar, Cyprien, PV Nova, Julfou, Mister V, Volt, Backstage Rodeo, LeGrandJD, Spicy Marguerites and La Ferme Jerome). The comedians re-aired some of their most famous sketches for the audience. The show (which attracted almost 3000 people) was so successful that a tour was scheduled in France from 5 February 2013 to 15 February 2013.He often works with Yvick Letexier, Cyprien Iov, and Hugo Dessioux.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Webedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webedia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Accusations of sexual harassment and rape","text":"In 2018, several testimonies were made against Thavaud regarding a potential sexual harassment. In 2020, a Quebecois woman accused him of having asked her for sexual photographs in an increasingly insistent manner when she was 16 and he was 30.[4][5] She announced that she had filed a complaint in Canada against Norman for \"luring a child and sexual exploitation of minors\" and that she had forwarded all the messages and photographs exchanged with the video artist to the police. Thavaud's press attaché refuted the accusations, but confirmed that exchanges had taken place.[6][7]In January 2022, the public prosecutor's office in Paris launched an investigation concerning \"six complainants\". All of them had filed complaints, five of them for rape, with two of them being minors at the time of the events.[8] On 5 December 2022, Thavaud was placed into custody for 36 hours as part of a preliminary investigation for rape and corruption of minors.[8][9] The investigation was entrusted to a brigade specialized in the protection of minors.[10] After the announcement of his arrest, production company Webedia announced the suspension of its collaboration with Thavaud.[11] On 10 December, YouTube announced that Norman's videos had been demonetized following these accusations.[12]Thavaud told the investigators that he had received \"death threats, hordes of insults and cyber harassment\" since the media coverage of the case began.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"About NORMAN FAIT DES VIDÉOS\". 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Retrieved 2022-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/police-justice/le-youtubeur-norman-thavaud-en-garde-a-vue-pour-viols-et-corruption-de-mineurs-20221205_DCRZV4NS4VAX7MA5PFG2KHKILM/","url_text":"\"Le youtubeur Norman Thavaud en garde à vue pour viols et corruption de mineurs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Violences sexuelles : la garde à vue du youtubeur Norman Thavaud levée, sans poursuites à ce stade\". Le Monde.fr (in French). 2022-12-05. Retrieved 2022-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2022/12/05/le-youtubeur-norman-en-garde-a-vue-pour-viol-et-corruption-de-mineurs_6153033_4408996.html","url_text":"\"Violences sexuelles : la garde à vue du youtubeur Norman Thavaud levée, sans poursuites à ce stade\""}]},{"reference":"\"Norman Thavaud : ce que la justice reproche au youtubeur\". www.rtl.fr (in French). Retrieved 2022-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rtl.fr/actu/debats-societe/norman-thavaud-en-garde-a-vue-ce-que-la-justice-reproche-au-youtubeur-7900212981","url_text":"\"Norman Thavaud : ce que la justice reproche au youtubeur\""}]},{"reference":"\"Norman Thavaud en garde à vue: Webedia suspend sa collaboration avec le youtubeur\". BFMTV (in French). Retrieved 2022-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bfmtv.com/tech/norman-thavaud-en-garde-a-vue-webedia-suspend-sa-collaboration-avec-le-youtubeur_AV-202212050636.html","url_text":"\"Norman Thavaud en garde à vue: Webedia suspend sa collaboration avec le youtubeur\""}]},{"reference":"\"YouTube démonétise les vidéos de Norman après sa garde à vue\". Le HuffPost (in French). 2022-12-10. 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Retrieved 2022-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tf1info.fr/justice-faits-divers/info-lci-tf1-affaire-norman-thavaud-ce-qu-a-dit-le-youtubeur-aux-enqueteurs-apres-six-plaintes-et-garde-a-vue-2240973.html","url_text":"\"INFO TF1/LCI - Affaire Norman Thavaud : ce qu'a dit le youtubeur lors de sa garde à vue\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNorman_fait_des_vid%C3%A9os&sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/NormanFaitDesVideos","external_links_name":"NORMAN FAIT DES VIDÉOS"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/NormanFaitDesVideos/about","external_links_name":"\"About NORMAN FAIT DES VIDÉOS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111027222744/http://www.liberation.fr/medias/01012367544-tete-a-clics","external_links_name":"\"Tête à clics - Libération\""},{"Link":"http://www.liberation.fr/medias/01012367544-tete-a-clics","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120617071131/http://vidstatsx.com/youtube-top-100-most-subscribed-france-fr-channels","external_links_name":"\"YouTube Top 100 Most Subscribed France Channels List - Top by Subscribers\""},{"Link":"https://www.arretsurimages.net/articles/norman-accuse-de-corruption-de-mineure-silence-des-medias","external_links_name":"\"Norman accusé de corruption de mineure : Silence des médias - Par Pauline Bock \| Arrêt sur images\""},{"Link":"https://urbania.fr/article/je-veux-quil-assume-ce-quil-a-fait-enquete-sur-norman-thavaud","external_links_name":"\"\" Je veux qu'il assume ce qu'il a fait \" : Enquête sur Norman Thavaud - URBANIA FR\""},{"Link":"https://urbania.fr/article/je-veux-quil-assume-ce-quil-a-fait-enquete-sur-norman-thavaud","external_links_name":"\"\" Je veux qu'il assume ce qu'il a fait \" : enquête sur Norman Thavaud - URBANIA FR\""},{"Link":"https://www.dhnet.be/medias/divers/2021/04/26/norman-thavaud-a-nouveau-dans-loeil-du-cyclone-suite-a-balancetonyoutubeur-je-veux-quil-sache-quil-ne-va-plus-nous-controler-6DY2ZPITDBFJHJMBK6QOGJQU74/","external_links_name":"\"Norman Thavaud à nouveau dans l'œil du cyclone suite à #BalanceTonYoutubeur: \"Je veux qu'il sache qu'il ne va plus nous contrôler\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/police-justice/le-youtubeur-norman-thavaud-en-garde-a-vue-pour-viols-et-corruption-de-mineurs-20221205_DCRZV4NS4VAX7MA5PFG2KHKILM/","external_links_name":"\"Le youtubeur Norman Thavaud en garde à vue pour viols et corruption de mineurs\""},{"Link":"https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2022/12/05/le-youtubeur-norman-en-garde-a-vue-pour-viol-et-corruption-de-mineurs_6153033_4408996.html","external_links_name":"\"Violences sexuelles : la garde à vue du youtubeur Norman Thavaud levée, sans poursuites à ce stade\""},{"Link":"https://www.rtl.fr/actu/debats-societe/norman-thavaud-en-garde-a-vue-ce-que-la-justice-reproche-au-youtubeur-7900212981","external_links_name":"\"Norman Thavaud : ce que la justice reproche au youtubeur\""},{"Link":"https://www.bfmtv.com/tech/norman-thavaud-en-garde-a-vue-webedia-suspend-sa-collaboration-avec-le-youtubeur_AV-202212050636.html","external_links_name":"\"Norman Thavaud en garde à vue: Webedia suspend sa collaboration avec le youtubeur\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/justice/article/norman-thavaud-youtube-demonetise-ses-videos-apres-sa-garde-a-vue_211364.html","external_links_name":"\"YouTube démonétise les vidéos de Norman après sa garde à vue\""},{"Link":"https://www.tf1info.fr/justice-faits-divers/info-lci-tf1-affaire-norman-thavaud-ce-qu-a-dit-le-youtubeur-aux-enqueteurs-apres-six-plaintes-et-garde-a-vue-2240973.html","external_links_name":"\"INFO TF1/LCI - Affaire Norman Thavaud : ce qu'a dit le youtubeur lors de sa garde à vue\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000465693629","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/801164963946324300001","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/6252a89f-eb85-454c-bf7b-8468ef88541c","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/261194178","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candace_Crawford	Candace Crawford	["1 References"]	Canadian alpine skier Candace CrawfordPersonal informationBorn (1994-03-11) March 11, 1994 (age 30)OccupationAlpine skierSkiing careerDisciplinesSlalomWorld ChampionshipsTeams1 (2015)Medals1 (0 gold) Medal record World Championships 2015 Beaver Creek Team event Candace Crawford (born March 11, 1994) is a Canadian alpine skier. Candace's home ski club is The Georgian Peaks Ski Club in Thornbury Ontario. Her younger brother Jack is also an alpine skier. Crawford competed in the World Cup the first time in slalom in Sölden in October 2014. She earned her first World Cup points in Kühtai's slalom in December 2014 for being 25th. Crawford was part of the Canadian alpine skiing team that won the silver medal in the Nations Team Event at the 2015 FIS Alpine World Ski Championships in Vail and Beaver Creek, Colorado. Crawford competed on a team with Erin Mielzynski, Phil Brown, Trevor Philp and the substitutes Marie-Pier Préfontaine and Erik Read. The Canadian team was seeded only as the 10th team before the event, but managed to eliminate higher-seeded teams Germany (7), Italy (2), and Sweden (6) during the competition before only losing in the final to the favorites from Austria (1). At the end of that season, she won the 2014-15 Nor-Am Cup overall women's ranking, ahead of fellow Canadian teammate Mikaela Tommy and American Paula Moltzan. She also won the individual rankings in slalom and giant slalom and finished second in super-G. References ^ a b Candace Crawford at the International Ski and Snowboard Federation ^ "Toronto skiing siblings Candace and Jack Crawford bring heady family history to Olympic debuts". Retrieved 16 January 2021. ^ FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2015 – Nations team event ^ "FIS ALPINE WORLD SKI CHAMPIONSHIPS - VAIL - BEAVER CREEK (USA)" (PDF). FIS. 2015-02-10. ^ "Alpine Continental Cups wrap up in Northern Hemisphere". FIS-Ski.com. FIS. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015. Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"alpine skier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIS-1"},{"link_name":"Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Crawford_(alpine_skier)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_Ski_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slalom_skiing"},{"link_name":"Sölden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6lden"},{"link_name":"Kühtai's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BChtai"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIS-1"},{"link_name":"silver medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_medal"},{"link_name":"Nations Team Event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_World_Ski_Championships_2015_%E2%80%93_Nations_team_event"},{"link_name":"2015 FIS Alpine World Ski Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Alpine_World_Ski_Championships_2015"},{"link_name":"Vail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vail,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Beaver Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_Creek,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"Erin Mielzynski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Mielzynski"},{"link_name":"Phil Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Brown_(skier)"},{"link_name":"Trevor Philp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Philp"},{"link_name":"Marie-Pier Préfontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Pier_Pr%C3%A9fontaine"},{"link_name":"Erik Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Read"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nor-Am Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor-Am_Cup"},{"link_name":"Mikaela Tommy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikaela_Tommy"},{"link_name":"Paula Moltzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Moltzan"},{"link_name":"slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slalom_skiing"},{"link_name":"giant slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_slalom"},{"link_name":"super-G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-G"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Candace Crawford (born March 11, 1994) is a Canadian alpine skier.[1] Candace's home ski club is The Georgian Peaks Ski Club in Thornbury Ontario. Her younger brother Jack\nis also an alpine skier.[2]Crawford competed in the World Cup the first time in slalom in Sölden in October 2014. She earned her first World Cup points in Kühtai's slalom in December 2014 for being 25th.[1]Crawford was part of the Canadian alpine skiing team that won the silver medal in the Nations Team Event at the 2015 FIS Alpine World Ski Championships in Vail and Beaver Creek, Colorado. Crawford competed on a team with Erin Mielzynski, Phil Brown, Trevor Philp and the substitutes Marie-Pier Préfontaine and Erik Read. The Canadian team was seeded only as the 10th team before the event, but managed to eliminate higher-seeded teams Germany (7), Italy (2), and Sweden (6) during the competition before only losing in the final to the favorites from Austria (1).[3][4]At the end of that season, she won the 2014-15 Nor-Am Cup overall women's ranking, ahead of fellow Canadian teammate Mikaela Tommy and American Paula Moltzan. She also won the individual rankings in slalom and giant slalom and finished second in super-G.[5]","title":"Candace Crawford"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Toronto skiing siblings Candace and Jack Crawford bring heady family history to Olympic debuts\". Retrieved 16 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/sports/olympics/2018/02/10/toronto-skiing-siblings-candace-and-jack-crawford-bring-heady-family-history-to-olympic-debuts.html","url_text":"\"Toronto skiing siblings Candace and Jack Crawford bring heady family history to Olympic debuts\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIS ALPINE WORLD SKI CHAMPIONSHIPS - VAIL - BEAVER CREEK (USA)\" (PDF). FIS. 2015-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.fis-ski.com/pdf/2015/AL/0337/2015AL0337RLR0.pdf","url_text":"\"FIS ALPINE WORLD SKI CHAMPIONSHIPS - VAIL - BEAVER CREEK (USA)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ski_Federation","url_text":"FIS"}]},{"reference":"\"Alpine Continental Cups wrap up in Northern Hemisphere\". FIS-Ski.com. FIS. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Ossory	Bishop of Ossory	["1 History","2 Pre-diocesan succession","3 Pre-Reformation bishops","4 Bishops during the Reformation","5 Post-Reformation Roman Catholic succession","6 Church of Ireland succession","7 References","8 External links"]	Ordinary of the diocese of Ossory Bishop of OssoryBishopriccatholic Coat of armsIncumbent:Niall Collsince 28 October 2022StyleYour LordshipLocationCountryRepublic of IrelandInformationFirst holderDomnall Ua FogartaigEstablished1111CathedralSt. Mary's Cathedral, KilkennyWebsiteossory.ie Ancient stone cathedra of the Bishops of Ossory in St Canice's Cathedral. St Canice's Cathedral, Kilkenny, the episcopal seat of the pre-Reformation and Church of Ireland bishops. St. Mary's Cathedral, Kilkenny, the episcopal seat of the Roman Catholic bishops. Christianity portal The Bishop of Ossory (Irish: Easpag Osraí) is an episcopal title which takes its name after the ancient of Kingdom of Ossory in the Province of Leinster, Ireland. In the Roman Catholic Church it remains a separate title, but in the Church of Ireland it has been united with other bishoprics. History The diocese of Ossory was one of the twenty-four dioceses established at the Synod of Rathbreasail in 1111 and coincided with the ancient Kingdom of Ossory (Osraige); this is unusual, as Christian dioceses are almost always named for cities, not for regions. The episcopal see has always been in Kilkenny, the capital of Ossory at the time of the Synod of Rathbreasail. The erroneous belief that the cathedral was originally further north at Aghaboe is traced by John Bradley to a 16th-century misinterpretation of a 13th-century property transfer, combined with the fact that the abbey at the site which became St Canice's Cathedral, Kilkenny, was a daughter house of Aghaboe Abbey. Following the Reformation, there were parallel apostolic successions. In the Church of Ireland, the see of Ossory combined with Ferns and Leighlin to form the united bishopric of Ossory, Ferns and Leighlin in 1835. In the Roman Catholic Church, the title continues as a separate bishopric. The bishop's seat (cathedra) is located at St. Mary's Cathedral, Kilkenny. The current Ordinary is the Most Reverend Niall Coll, who was appointed by the Holy See on 28 October 2022 and ordained bishop on 29 December 2022. Pre-diocesan succession List of bishops up to 1386. Note the change from Gaelic names to Norman and English names after the Norman conquest of Ireland List of bishops from 1386 onward — Catholic succession The following list of bishops is inscribed in St Mary's Cathedral, Kilkenny and was listed on the Roman Catholic diocese's website. Bishops in the early Irish church ruled over a kingdom, in this case, Osraige or Ossory, but were also often associated with a particular monastery and may have been in some matters subordinate to its abbot. St. Ciarán of Saigir (Kieran) (Feast date: 5 March) According to his vitae, St. Ciarán was ordained to the episcopate by Pope Celestine I. St. Carthage (Feast date: 5 March) St. Medran (Feast date: 8 June) St. Sedna (Feast date: 10 March) St. Muccine (Feast date: 4 March) St. Modomnoc (Feast date: 13 February) St. Aengus Lamoidan (Feast date: 16 February) St. Lachtin (Feast date: 19 March) St. Colman Ua Eirc (Feast date: 22 April) St. Cuillen (Feast date: 22 April) St. Bochonna (Feast date: 13 January) St. Finnech Duirn (Feast date: 2 February) St. Eochan (Feast date: 18 April) St. Killene Mac Lubne (d. 696) Laidhgnen Mac Doinlanach (d. 739) Tnuthgall (d. 771) Mocoach (d. 788) Cucathrach (d. 793) Cothach (d. 812) Fereoach (d. 814) Conchobhar (d. 815) Conmhach Ua Loichene (d. 826) Inchalach (d. 832) Anluan (d. 846) Cormac Mac Eladhach (d. 867) Ceran Departed (d. 868) Sloidhedhach (d. 885) Cormac (d. 907) Fearchal (d. 919) Fochartach (d. 941) Colman (d. 948) Confoelad (d. 951) Donchadh (d. 971) Fochartach (d. 1004) Donchad Ua Celieachair (d. 1048) Comhoran (d. 1066) Ceallack Reamhar (d. 1079) Ceallack Ua Caonhoran (d. 1108) Pre-Reformation bishops Pre-Reformation Bishops of Ossory From Until Ordinary Notes bef.1152 1178 Domnall Ua Fogartaig Became bishop before March 1152; died 1178 bef.1180 1202 Felix Ua Duib Sláin, Cistercians (O.Cist.) Became bishop before 1180; died 24 January 1202 c.1202 1218 Hugo de Rous, Order of Saint Augustine (O.S.A.) Became bishop c. 1202; died before December 1218; also recorded as Hugo Rufus 1218 1231 Peter Mauveisin, O.S.A. Elected before 8 December 1218; consecrated after 31 August 1220; died before March 1231 1231 1232 William of Kilkenny Elected after 16 March 1231; resigned before May 1232 1232 1243 Walter de Brackley Elected before 13 June 1232; consecrated before 15 July 1233; died before 12 October 1243 1244 1250 Geoffrey de Turville Elected after 5 February 1244; consecrated before 28 October 1245; died before 18 October 1250 1251 1260 Hugh de Malpilton Elected before 17 April 1251; consecrated after 20 August 1251; died before 4 June 1260 1260 1287 Geoffrey St Leger Elected before 29 June 1260; died 10 January 1287 1287 1289 Roger of Wexford Elected before 22 June 1287; consecrated 3 November 1287; died 28 June 1289 1289 1302 Michael d'Exeter Elected 28 September 1289; died 12 July 1302 1302 1317 William FitzJohn Elected 10 September 1302; consecrated after 6 January 1303; translated to Metropolitan see Cashel 26 March 1317 1317 1361 Richard de Ledrede, Friars Minor (O.F.M.) Appointed 24 April 1317; consecrated c. May 1317; died c. 1361 1361 1364 John de Tatenhale, Dominican Order (O.P.) Appointed 8 November 1361; consecrated before 14 December 1361; died after March 1364 1366 unknown William Became bishop before February 1366 unknown 1370 John of Oxford, Order of Saint Augustine (O.E.S.A.) died c. 1370/- 1370 1386 Alexander de Balscot or le Petit Elected c. 1370 and appointed 9 February 1371; translated to Meath c. 10 March 1386 1386 1395 Richard Northalis, Carmelites (O.Carm.) Elected 1386, appointed before 17 February 1387 and consecrated 4 December 1387; translated to Metropolitan see of Dublin 25 October 1395 1395 1398 Thomas Peverel, O.Carm. Appointed 25 October 1395; translated to Llandaff 2 July 1398, later Bishop of Worcester (England) (1407.07.04 – 1419.03) 1398 1400 John Waltham, O.S.A. (first time) Appointed 1 February 1398; translated to Dromore 14 May 1400 1399 1400 John Griffin Translated from Leighlin 2 July 1399; died c. March 1400 1400 John Appointed before 14 May 1400; died after 8 June 1400 1400 1402 Roger Appleby, O.S.A. Appointed 26 September 1400; resigned October 1402; later Bishop of Dromore (Northern Ireland) (1402.10.11 – 1407), finally Bishop of Waterford and Lismore (Ireland) (1407 – death 1409) 1402 1405 John Waltham, O.S.A. (again) Translated from Dromore 9 or 11 October 1402; died 5 November 1405 1405 1407 See vacant 1407 1417 Thomas Snell Translated from Waterford and Lismore (Bishop since 1400.05.26) 11 March 1407; died 16 October 1417 1417 1421 Patrick Foxe Translated from Cork (uncanonical Bishop since 1409.10.14) on 15 December 1417; died 20 April 1421 1421 1426 Dionysius Ó Deadhaidh Appointed 4 July 1421; died before 12 December 1426 1427 1460 Thomas Barry Appointed 19 February 1427; died 3 March 1460 1460 1478 David Hackett Appointed 4 July 1460; died 24 October 1478 1479 1487 Seaán Ó hÉidigheáin Appointed 15 January and consecrated 21 February 1479; died 6 January 1487 1487 1527 Oliver Cantwell, O.P. Appointed 26 March 1487; died 9 January 1527 Source(s):: 369–370 : 316–318 Bishops during the Reformation Bishops of Ossory during the Reformation From Until Ordinary Notes 1528 1550 Milo Baron, O.S.A. Appointed 8 June 1528; also held in commendam the priory of Inistioge until the dissolution of religious houses, when surrendered it to King Henry VIII; swore the Oath of Supremacy at Clonmel early in 1539.; died sometime between 1 July and 27 September 1550; also known Milo Fitzgerald 1552 1553 John Bale Nominated by King Edward VI 22 October 1552; consecrated 2 February 1553; compelled to flee under Queen Mary I in September 1553; died November 1563 1553 1565 John Tonory, O.S.A. Nominated in December 1553 by Queen Mary I and consecrated January 1554. Allegiance to the papacy was restored on 29 November 1554, but after the accession of Queen Elizabeth I his position is uncertain. He died in 1565. Source(s):: 403–404, 440–441 : 377–378, 429–431 Post-Reformation Roman Catholic succession Roman Catholic Bishops of Ossory From Until Ordinary Notes 1565 1582 See vacant 1582 1602 Thomas Strong Appointed 28 March and consecrated 5 April 1582; appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela in Spain 20 January 1597; died 20 January 1602 1603 1609 William Brenan, Friars Minor (O.F.M.) Appointed vicar apostolic by papal brief 13 November 1603; died in Flanders c. 1609 1609 1620 See vacant During this period there were no bishops or vicars apostolic. Laurence Reneghan was vicar general of Ossory 1609–1613; followed by Luke Archer, O.Cist., who was also vicar apostolic of Leighlin and titular abbot of Holy Cross 1620 1650 David Rothe Appointed 1 October 1618 and consecrated 1620; died 20 April 1650 1657 1668 Terence Fitzpatrick Appointed vicar apostolic by papal 17 April 1657; died c. 1668 1669 1695 James Phelan Appointed 11 January and consecrated 1 August 1669; died January 1695 1696 1712 William Daton Appointed 20 February 1696; died 26 January 1712; also recorded as William Dalton 1713 1731 Malachy Dulany Appointed 20 September 1713 and consecrated 17 February 1714; died May 1731 1731 1736 Patrick Shee Appointed 28 July 1731; died June. 1736 1736 1748 Colman O'Shaughnessy, O.P. Appointed 5 October 1736; died 2 September 1748 1748 1758 James Bernard Dunne Appointed 17 December 1748; died 30 April 1758 1759 1776 Thomas Burke, O.P. Appointed 9 January and consecrated 22 April 1759; died 25 September 1776; also recorded as Thomas de Burgo 1776 1786 John Thomas Troy, O.P. Appointed 16 December 1776 and consecrated 8 June 1777; translated to Metropolitan see of Dublin 3 December 1786 (till death 1823.05.11) 1787 1789 John Dunne Appointed 13 July and consecrated 16 September 1787; died 15 March 1789 1789 1812 James Lanigan Appointed 10 July and consecrated 21 September 1789; died 11 February 1812 1812 1814 See vacant 1814 1827 Kyran Marum Appointed 4 October 1814 and consecrated 5 March 1815; died 22 December 1827 1827 1829 See vacant (1829) (Miles Murphy) Appointed 8 June 1828 and by papal brief 5 March 1829, however, the appointment was not accepted 1829 1845 William Kinsella Appointed 15 May and consecrated 26 July 1829; died 12 December 1845 1846 1872 Edward Walsh Appointed 24 April and consecrated 26 July 1846; died 11 August 1872 1872 1884 Patrick Francis Moran Appointed coadjutor bishop 28 December 1871 (and Titular Bishop of Olba) and consecrated 5 March 1872; succeeded 11 August 1872; translated to Metropolitan see Sydney, Australia 14 March 1884 (till death 1911.08.16), created Cardinal-Priest of S. Susanna on 1885.07.30 1884 1928 Abraham Brownrigg, Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament (S.S.S.) Appointed 28 October and consecrated 14 December 1884; died 1 October 1928 1928 1964 Patrick Collier Appointed coadjutor bishop 18 May (and Titular Bishop of Himeria) and consecrated 5 August 1928; succeeded 1 October 1928; died 10 January 1964 1964 1981 Peter Birch Appointed coadjutor bishop 24 July (and Titular Bishop of Dibon) and consecrated 23 September 1962; succeeded 10 January 1964; died 7 March 1981 1981 2007 Laurence Forristal Previously Auxiliary Bishop of Dublin 1979–1981 (Titular Bishop of Rotdon); appointed Bishop of Ossory 30 June 1981; retired 14 September 2007; died 10 October 2018 2007 2016 Séamus Freeman, Pallottines (S.A.C.) Appointed 14 September and consecrated 2 December 2007; retired 29 July 2016; died 20 August 2022 2016 2018 See vacant 2018 2020 Dermot Farrell Appointed 3 January and consecrated 11 March 2018; translated to Dublin 29 December 2020 2022 Niall Coll Appointed 28 October and consecrated 29 December 2022 Source(s):: 440–441 : 377–378 Church of Ireland succession Church of Ireland Bishops of Ossory From Until Ordinary Notes 1566 1576 Christopher Gaffney Nominated 4 December 1566 and consecrated May 1567; died 3 August 1576 1578 1585 Nicholas Walsh Appointed by letters patent 23 January 1578 and consecrated February 1578; murdered 14 December 1585 1586 1610 John Horsfall Nominated 1 August 1586 and appointed by letters patent 15 September 1586; died 13 February 1610 1610 1613 Richard Deane Nominated 7 March 1610 and appointed by letters patent 18 April 1610; died 20 February 1613 1613 1640 Jonas Wheeler Nominated 14 March 1613 and consecrated 8 May 1613; died 19 April 1640 1641 1672 Griffith Williams Nominated 19 July 1641 and consecrated 26 September 1641; died 29 March 1672 1672 1677 John Parry Nominated 5 April 1672 and consecrated 28 April 1672; died 21 December 1677 1677 1678 Benjamin Parry Nominated 29 December 1677 and consecrated 27 January 1678; died 4 October 1678 1678 1680 Michael Ward Nominated 25 October 1678 and consecrated 24 November 1678; translated to Derry 22 January 1680 1680 1693 Thomas Otway Translated from Killala and Achonry; nominated 6 January 1680 and appointed by letters patent 7 February 1680; died 6 March 1693 1693 1714 John Hartstonge Nominated 16 March 1693 and consecrated 2 July 1693; translated to Derry 3 March 1714 1714 1730 Sir Thomas Vesey, Bt. Translated from Killaloe; nominated 18 February and appointed by letters patent 28 April 1714; died 6 August 1730 1730 1735 Edward Tenison Nominated 11 September 1730 and consecrated 4 July 1731; died 29 November 1735 1735 1740 Charles Este Nominated 17 December 1735 and consecrated 1 February 1736; translated to Waterford and Lismore 4 October 1740 1741 1743 Anthony Dopping Nominated 19 June 1741 and consecrated 19 July 1741; died 1 February 1743 1743 1754 Michael Cox Nominated 15 February and consecrated 29 May 1743; translated to Cashel 22 January 1754 1754 1756 Edward Maurice Nominated 3 January and consecrated 27 January 1754; died 10 February 1756 1756 1765 Richard Pococke Nominated 5 March and consecrated 21 March 1756; translated to Meath 16 July 1765 1765 1775 Charles Dodgson Nominated 22 June and consecrated 11 August 1765; translated to Elphin 12 April 1775 1775 1779 William Newcome Translated from Dromore; nominated 23 March and appointed by letters patent 13 April 1775; translated to Waterford and Lismore 5 November 1779 1779 1782 John Hotham Nominated 22 October and consecrated 14 November 1779; translated to Clogher 17 May 1782 1782 1794 Hon. William Beresford Translated from Dromore; nominated 11 April and appointed by letters patent 21 May 1782; translated Tuam 10 October 1794 1795 1798 Thomas Lewis O'Beirne Nominated 17 January and consecrated 1 February 1795; translated to Meath 18 December 1798 1799 1805 Hugh Hamilton Translated from Clonfert; nominated 15 January and appointed by letters patent 24 January 1799; died 1 December 1805 1806 1813 John Kearney Nominated 4 January and consecrated 2 February 1806; died 22 May 1813 1813 1841 Robert Fowler Nominated 7 January and consecrated 20 June 1813; became bishop of Ossory, Ferns and Leighlin when the dioceses were united on 12 July 1835; died 31 December 1841 In 1835, the Church of Ireland see became part of the united bishopric of Ossory, Ferns and Leighlin Source(s):: 403–404 : 429–431 References ^ Bradley, John (2015). "Pulp Facts and Core Fictions; Translating a Cathedral from Aghaboe to Kilkenny". In Purcell, Emer; MacCotter, Paul; Nyhan, Julianne; Sheehan, John (eds.). Clerics, Kings and Vikings: Essays on Medieval Ireland in Honour of Donnchadh Ó Corráin. Four Courts Press. pp. 169–184. ISBN 9781846822797. ^ "The Bishops of Ossory". ossory.ie. Roman Catholic Diocese of Ossory. Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2018. ^ a b c d Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1986). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X. ^ a b c d Moody, T. W.; Martin, F. X.; Byrne, F. J., eds. (1984), Maps, Genealogies, Lists: A Companion to Irish History, Part II, New History of Ireland: Volume XI, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-821745-5 ^ Bagwell, Richard (1885–1890). Ireland Under the Tudors. Vol. 1. p. 305. ^ Diocese of Ossory. Catholic-Hierarchy. Retrieved 17 December 2009. ^ "Monsignor Dermot Farrell named Bishop of Ossory". 3 January 2018. ^ "Donegal priest appointed new Bishop of Ossory". RTE News. Retrieved 28 October 2022. External links GCatholic with Catholic incumbent bio links vteCatholic Church in IrelandIrish Catholic Bishops' ConferenceDioceses Province of Armagh: Archdiocese of Armagh Diocese of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise Diocese of Clogher Diocese of Derry Diocese of Down and Connor Diocese of Dromore Diocese of Kilmore Diocese of Meath Diocese of Raphoe Province of Cashel: Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly Diocese of Cloyne Cork and Ross Diocese of Kerry Diocese of Killaloe Diocese of Limerick Diocese of Waterford and Lismore Diocese of Kilfenora Province of Dublin: Archdiocese of Dublin Diocese of Ferns Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin Diocese of Ossory Province of Tuam: Archdiocese of Tuam Diocese of Achonry Diocese of Clonfert Diocese of Galway and Kilmacduagh Diocese of Elphin Diocese of Killala Bishops Archbishop of Armagh (Eamon Martin) Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise (Paul Connell) Bishop of Clogher (Lawrence Duffy) Bishop of Derry (Donal McKeown) Bishop of Down and Connor (Noel Treanor) Bishop of Dromore (sede vacante) Bishop of Kilmore (Martin Hayes) Bishop of Meath (Thomas Deenihan) Bishop of Raphoe (Alan McGuckian) Archbishop of Cashel and Emly (Kieran O'Reilly) Bishop of Cloyne (William Crean) Bishop of Cork and Ross (Fintan Gavin) Bishop of Kerry (Raymond Browne) Bishop of Killaloe (Fintan Monahan) Bishop of Limerick (Brendan Leahy) Bishop of Waterford and Lismore (Alphonsus Cullinan) Archbishop of Dublin (Dermot Farrell) Bishop of Ferns (Gerard Nash) Bishop of Kildare and Leighlin (Denis Nulty) Bishop of Ossory (Niall Coll) Archbishop of Tuam and Bishop of Killala (Francis Duffy) Bishop of Clonfert and Bishop of Galway, Kilmacduagh and Kilfenora (Michael Duignan) Bishop of Achonry and Bishop of Elphin (Kevin Doran) Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Apostolic Visitor (Kenneth Nowakowski) Churches Armagh Cathedral Belfast Cathedral Cavan Cathedral Derry Cathedral Letterkenny Cathedral Longford Cathedral Monaghan Cathedral Mullingar Cathedral Newry Cathedral Cobh Cathedral Cork Cathedral Ennis Cathedral Killarney Cathedral Limerick Cathedral Skibbereen Cathedral Thurles Cathedral Waterford Cathedral Carlow Cathedral Dublin Pro-Cathedral Enniscorthy Cathedral Kilkenny Cathedral Ballaghaderreen Cathedral Ballina Cathedral Galway Cathedral Loughrea Cathedral Sligo Cathedral Tuam Cathedral List of Catholic churches in Ireland See also Knock Shrine St Patrick's Purgatory St Patrick's College, Maynooth List of monastic houses in Ireland List of Catholic schools in Ireland by religious order List of saints of Ireland Apostolic Nunciature to Ireland Holy See–Ireland relations Catholicism portal Ireland portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cathedra_in_Kilkenny.jpg"},{"link_name":"cathedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedra"},{"link_name":"St Canice's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Canice%27s_Cathedral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kilkenny_St_Canice_Cathedral_SW_2007_08_28.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Canice's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Canice%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Marys_Cathedral_in_Kilkenny.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's Cathedral, Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Kilkenny"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"link_name":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"episcopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_polity"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Ossory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ossory"},{"link_name":"Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Leinster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"}],"text":"Ancient stone cathedra of the Bishops of Ossory in St Canice's Cathedral.St Canice's Cathedral, Kilkenny, the episcopal seat of the pre-Reformation and Church of Ireland bishops.St. Mary's Cathedral, Kilkenny, the episcopal seat of the Roman Catholic bishops.Christianity portalThe Bishop of Ossory (Irish: Easpag Osraí) is an episcopal title which takes its name after the ancient of Kingdom of Ossory in the Province of Leinster, Ireland. In the Roman Catholic Church it remains a separate title, but in the Church of Ireland it has been united with other bishoprics.","title":"Bishop of Ossory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Synod of Rathbreasail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod_of_Rathbreasail"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Ossory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ossory"},{"link_name":"regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Region"},{"link_name":"episcopal see","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_see"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"Aghaboe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaboe"},{"link_name":"St Canice's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Canice%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"daughter house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughter_house"},{"link_name":"Aghaboe Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghaboe_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"apostolic successions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_succession"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ferns and Leighlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Ferns_and_Leighlin"},{"link_name":"bishopric of Ossory, Ferns and Leighlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Ossory,_Ferns_and_Leighlin"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"cathedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedra"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's Cathedral, Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"Ordinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Niall Coll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_Coll"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"ordained bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)"}],"text":"The diocese of Ossory was one of the twenty-four dioceses established at the Synod of Rathbreasail in 1111 and coincided with the ancient Kingdom of Ossory (Osraige); this is unusual, as Christian dioceses are almost always named for cities, not for regions. The episcopal see has always been in Kilkenny, the capital of Ossory at the time of the Synod of Rathbreasail. The erroneous belief that the cathedral was originally further north at Aghaboe is traced by John Bradley to a 16th-century misinterpretation of a 13th-century property transfer, combined with the fact that the abbey at the site which became St Canice's Cathedral, Kilkenny, was a daughter house of Aghaboe Abbey.[1]Following the Reformation, there were parallel apostolic successions. In the Church of Ireland, the see of Ossory combined with Ferns and Leighlin to form the united bishopric of Ossory, Ferns and Leighlin in 1835.In the Roman Catholic Church, the title continues as a separate bishopric. The bishop's seat (cathedra) is located at St. Mary's Cathedral, Kilkenny. The current Ordinary is the Most Reverend Niall Coll, who was appointed by the Holy See on 28 October 2022 and ordained bishop on 29 December 2022.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bishops_of_Ossory_plaque_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"Norman conquest of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_Ireland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bishops_of_Ossory_plaque_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Cathedral, Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot"},{"link_name":"Ciarán of Saigir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciar%C3%A1n_of_Saigir"},{"link_name":"vitae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiography"},{"link_name":"Pope Celestine I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I"},{"link_name":"Modomnoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modomnoc"}],"text":"List of bishops up to 1386. Note the change from Gaelic names to Norman and English names after the Norman conquest of IrelandList of bishops from 1386 onward — Catholic successionThe following list of bishops is inscribed in St Mary's Cathedral, Kilkenny and was listed on the Roman Catholic diocese's website.[2] Bishops in the early Irish church ruled over a kingdom, in this case, Osraige or Ossory, but were also often associated with a particular monastery and may have been in some matters subordinate to its abbot.St. Ciarán of Saigir (Kieran) (Feast date: 5 March) According to his vitae, St. Ciarán was ordained to the episcopate by Pope Celestine I.\nSt. Carthage (Feast date: 5 March)\nSt. Medran (Feast date: 8 June)\nSt. Sedna (Feast date: 10 March)\nSt. Muccine (Feast date: 4 March)\nSt. Modomnoc (Feast date: 13 February)\nSt. Aengus Lamoidan (Feast date: 16 February)\nSt. Lachtin (Feast date: 19 March)\nSt. Colman Ua Eirc (Feast date: 22 April)\nSt. Cuillen (Feast date: 22 April)\nSt. Bochonna (Feast date: 13 January)\nSt. Finnech Duirn (Feast date: 2 February)\nSt. Eochan (Feast date: 18 April)\nSt. Killene Mac Lubne (d. 696)\nLaidhgnen Mac Doinlanach (d. 739)\nTnuthgall (d. 771)\nMocoach (d. 788)\nCucathrach (d. 793)\nCothach (d. 812)\nFereoach (d. 814)\nConchobhar (d. 815)\nConmhach Ua Loichene (d. 826)\nInchalach (d. 832)\nAnluan (d. 846)\nCormac Mac Eladhach (d. 867)\nCeran Departed (d. 868)\nSloidhedhach (d. 885)\nCormac (d. 907)\nFearchal (d. 919)\nFochartach (d. 941)\nColman (d. 948)\nConfoelad (d. 951)\nDonchadh (d. 971)\nFochartach (d. 1004)\nDonchad Ua Celieachair (d. 1048)\nComhoran (d. 1066)\nCeallack Reamhar (d. 1079)\nCeallack Ua Caonhoran (d. 1108)","title":"Pre-diocesan succession"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pre-Reformation bishops"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bishops during the Reformation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Post-Reformation Roman Catholic succession"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Church of Ireland succession"}]	[{"image_text":"Ancient stone cathedra of the Bishops of Ossory in St Canice's Cathedral.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cathedra_in_Kilkenny.jpg/220px-Cathedra_in_Kilkenny.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Canice's Cathedral, Kilkenny, the episcopal seat of the pre-Reformation and Church of Ireland bishops.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kilkenny_St_Canice_Cathedral_SW_2007_08_28.jpg/200px-Kilkenny_St_Canice_Cathedral_SW_2007_08_28.jpg"},{"image_text":"St. Mary's Cathedral, Kilkenny, the episcopal seat of the Roman Catholic bishops.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/St._Marys_Cathedral_in_Kilkenny.jpg/200px-St._Marys_Cathedral_in_Kilkenny.jpg"},{"image_text":"List of bishops up to 1386. Note the change from Gaelic names to Norman and English names after the Norman conquest of Ireland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bishops_of_Ossory_plaque_1.jpg/220px-Bishops_of_Ossory_plaque_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"List of bishops from 1386 onward — Catholic succession","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bishops_of_Ossory_plaque_2.jpg/220px-Bishops_of_Ossory_plaque_2.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Bradley, John (2015). \"Pulp Facts and Core Fictions; Translating a Cathedral from Aghaboe to Kilkenny\". In Purcell, Emer; MacCotter, Paul; Nyhan, Julianne; Sheehan, John (eds.). Clerics, Kings and Vikings: Essays on Medieval Ireland in Honour of Donnchadh Ó Corráin. Four Courts Press. pp. 169–184. ISBN 9781846822797.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846822797","url_text":"9781846822797"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bishops of Ossory\". ossory.ie. Roman Catholic Diocese of Ossory. Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140409143923/http://www.ossory.ie/diocese/bishop-freeman/bishops-of-ossory/","url_text":"\"The Bishops of Ossory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ossory","url_text":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Ossory"},{"url":"http://www.ossory.ie/diocese/bishop-freeman/bishops-of-ossory/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1986). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56350-X","url_text":"0-521-56350-X"}]},{"reference":"Moody, T. W.; Martin, F. X.; Byrne, F. J., eds. (1984), Maps, Genealogies, Lists: A Companion to Irish History, Part II, New History of Ireland: Volume XI, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-821745-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821745-5","url_text":"0-19-821745-5"}]},{"reference":"Bagwell, Richard (1885–1890). Ireland Under the Tudors. Vol. 1. p. 305.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bagwell","url_text":"Bagwell, Richard"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/irelandundertud00unkngoog#page/n340/mode/2up/search/Clonmel","url_text":"Ireland Under the Tudors"}]},{"reference":"\"Monsignor Dermot Farrell named Bishop of Ossory\". 3 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/news/leinster/2018/0103/930807-bishop/","url_text":"\"Monsignor Dermot Farrell named Bishop of Ossory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Donegal priest appointed new Bishop of Ossory\". RTE News. Retrieved 28 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/news/leinster/2022/1028/1331949-fr-niall-coll/","url_text":"\"Donegal priest appointed new Bishop of Ossory\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://ossory.ie/","external_links_name":"ossory.ie"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140409143923/http://www.ossory.ie/diocese/bishop-freeman/bishops-of-ossory/","external_links_name":"\"The Bishops of Ossory\""},{"Link":"http://www.ossory.ie/diocese/bishop-freeman/bishops-of-ossory/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/irelandundertud00unkngoog#page/n340/mode/2up/search/Clonmel","external_links_name":"Ireland Under the Tudors"},{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dosso.html","external_links_name":"Diocese of Ossory"},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/news/leinster/2018/0103/930807-bishop/","external_links_name":"\"Monsignor Dermot Farrell named Bishop of Ossory\""},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/news/leinster/2022/1028/1331949-fr-niall-coll/","external_links_name":"\"Donegal priest appointed new Bishop of Ossory\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/osso0.htm","external_links_name":"GCatholic with Catholic incumbent bio links"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle-Derived_Heavy_Lift_Launch_Vehicle	Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle	["1 Origin","2 HLV specifications","2.1 Upper stage","2.2 Performance","2.3 Mission profile","3 Lunar mission architecture","4 Growth options","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Space launch vehicle conceptThis article is about a side-mount concept. For other concepts of Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicles, see Shuttle-derived vehicle. Artist impression of the Shuttle-Derived HLV concept The Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle ("HLV") was an alternate super heavy-lift launch vehicle proposal for the NASA Constellation program. It was first presented to the Augustine Commission on 17 June 2009. Based on the Shuttle-C concept which has been the subject of various studies since the 1980s, the HLV was a Shuttle-Derived Launch Vehicle (SDLV) that proposed to replace the winged Orbiter from the Space Shuttle stack with a side-mounted payload carrier. The Space Shuttle's External Tank (ET) and four-segment Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) would have remained the same. According to initial estimates, the HLV could have been developed within 41⁄2 years for about US$6.6 billion, which was about 20% of the costs estimated for the Ares I and Ares V vehicle development. Origin An artist's conception of a Shuttle-C launching at night An uncrewed side-mounted concept of the Space Shuttle named Shuttle-C was investigated between 1984 and 1995. The Shuttle-C cargo only option was not funded in the 1980s and 1990s due to NASA's budgetary constraints. After the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, a two-year industry study was prepared in 2004 and 2005 to further investigate the concept as a Shuttle replacement. The Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS) in 2005 also investigated a Shuttle-C option for Project Constellation, again only in an uncrewed version. All these concepts intended the side-mounted carrier to be an autonomous spacecraft which would detach from the External Tank after main engine cut-off, similarly to the Space Shuttle. Some of the studies included the reuse of the Space Shuttle Main Engines on this side-mounted carrier. None of the concepts involved in-ascent fairing separation. The HLV proposal presented on 17 June 2009 was partly based on the original Shuttle-C proposal. The main differences were that the side-mounted carrier could not detach from the ET, and proposing to also carry crews on the HLV. The proposal included work from about 60 NASA engineers. HLV specifications A diagram of the Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle, Block I configuration The HLV was proposed to be a 4,600,000 pounds (2,100,000 kg) vehicle at liftoff with two 4-segment Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters weighing about 2,600,000 pounds (1,200,000 kg) providing a total thrust of 5,900,000 pounds-force (26 MN) at sea level and the Space Shuttle External Tank weighing about 1,660,000 pounds (750,000 kg) fueled. The side-mounted carrier was to include a Shuttle-derived 'boattail' carrying the three Space Shuttle Main Engines and other propulsion elements. A 7.5 meters (25 ft) diameter payload carrier with a separable fairing weighing 51,000 pounds (23,000 kg) would take up the space usually occupied by the rest of the orbiter. The basic vehicle would not have an upper stage, requiring the payload to perform orbit circularization and possibly trans-lunar injection burns. The only completely new hardware development to be required for the HLV was the side-mounted carrier. All other components used on the HLV were previously in use with the Space Shuttle, and up to the first six flights of the vehicle would have reused spare parts and salvaged functioning hardware from the orbiters, including existing avionics modules, flight software, and SSMEs (Block I flights). Virtually no change to the existing Space Shuttle infrastructure, from the Vehicle Assembly Building to the External Tank barge to the launch pads, was to be required. Upper stage To be usable for the envisioned lunar flights, the HLV would require an upper stage. The use of the J-2X engine that was under development for the Ares I launch vehicle was proposed for this upper stage. It would have provided nearly 300,000 pounds-force (1.3 MN) (vacuum) and was intended to have a specific impulse (Isp) of 448 sec. Alternatively, the United Launch Alliance (ULA) proposed that their Dual Thrust Axis Lander (DTAL) could fit in a side mount payload shroud. The ULA ACE 41 and ACE 71 upper stage/fuel depot concepts could have also fitted inside a side mount payload shroud, and the ACE 71 at 75 metric tons (83 short tons) was well within the side mount shuttle derived vehicle's payload capacity. Performance The HLV's 4-segment SRBs were to deliver a specific impulse (Isp) of 267 sec and a thrust of 5,900,000 pounds-force (26 MN) and burn for about 155 seconds. The SSME main engines were to be flown at 104.5% and deliver a specific impulse (Isp) of 452 sec and 1,500,000 pounds-force (6.7 MN) (vacuum) and burn for about 500 seconds (depending on the mission profile). The payload mass for different missions was envisioned as follows: Block I vehicle without an upper stage – 79 metric tons (174,000 lb) (gross) and 71 metric tons (157,000 lb) (net) to a 120 nautical miles (220 km) × 120 nautical miles (220 km) reference orbit (28.5°) from Kennedy Space Center Block II cargo vehicle with an upper stage (mass of upper stage not included) – 90 metric tons (200,000 lb) (gross) and 81 metric tons (179,000 lb) (net) to a 120 nautical miles (220 km) × 120 nautical miles (220 km) reference orbit (28.5°) from Kennedy Space Center Block II crew vehicle with an upper stage (mass of upper stage not included) – 92 metric tons (203,000 lb) (gross) and 83 metric tons (183,000 lb) (net) to a 120 nautical miles (220 km) × 120 nautical miles (220 km) reference orbit (28.5°) from Kennedy Space Center Block II lunar missions: 39 metric tons (86,000 lb) to TLI (gross) with the lunar lander and 35 metric tons (77,000 lb) to TLI (net) from Kennedy Space Center. Mission profile In contrast to Shuttle-C, no part of the vehicle (except for the 4-segment SRBs) would have been recoverable and reusable. The HLV could have used a different flight profile than Shuttle because of a lack of wings and associated load limits. The payload fairing 23,000 pounds (10,000 kg) was to be jettisoned 185 seconds into the flight at about 57 nautical miles (106 km) altitude. The SSME main engines were not to be reused and thus could be simplified, and new engines would have to be produced for each vehicle. For lunar missions, the HLV proposal envisioned suborbital staging at 30 nautical miles (56 km) × 120 nautical miles (220 km) of the vehicle to increase mass through TLI (trans-lunar injection) with two burns of the upper stage (a suborbital burn and an additional TLI burn). Lunar mission architecture Lunar mission scenario with the HLV, a lunar lander and the Orion spacecraft While the HLV was designed to provide crew and cargo missions to the ISS, its primary aim would have been to replace the Ares I – Ares V lunar architecture. The rudimentary mission architecture used a Lunar Orbit Rendezvous profile. Two HLVs were to be launched for the completion of one mission. The first HLV was to be launched with the lunar lander and immediately place the lunar lander on a trans-lunar injection. The lunar lander would have had a net mass of 35 metric tons after TLI, and would have inserted itself into a low lunar orbit (LLO). In LLO, the lunar lander would weigh about 28 metric tons. The second HLV was to place an Orion spacecraft and crew to trans-lunar injection. The 20 metric ton Orion spacecraft would remain attached to the upper stage, which was to insert the Orion spacecraft into LLO and dock with the lunar lander. Growth options The HLV would have had limited growth option. While 5-segment SRBs could have been used on the vehicle, they would have required significant re-engineering to yield 7 metric tons more to lower Earth orbit. Other growth options included an upgrade of the SSME to 106% or 109% thrust level or a switch from the J-2X upper engine to an air-startable SSME. See also Jupiter (rocket family) Magnum (rocket), a 1990s Shuttle-derived heavy lift vehicle concept. Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee References ^ Borenstein, Seth (June 30, 2009). "NASA manager pitches a cheaper return-to-moon plan". Associated Press. ^ "Shuttle-C". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-01-20. ^ Keith Cowing (July 6, 2009). "More Internal Validation of Sidemount HLV". NASA Watch. Retrieved April 1, 2023. ^ a b c "Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle" (PDF). Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee. NASA. June 17, 2009. ^ "A Commercially Based Lunar Architecture" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-11-04. Retrieved 2009-09-12.. ULA ^ a b "Will son of Shuttle-C replace NASA's Ares?". Flightglobal.com. 2009-06-29. Retrieved 2009-07-18. External links HEFT about Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle YouTube: NASA Shuttle-derived Sidemount Heavy Launch Vehicle Concept (First Shown on June 17, 2009) Universe Today: Faster, Cheaper (and Better?) Way to the Moon (July 1, 2009) San Francisco Chronicle': Backup plan to get NASA to moon cheaper (July 5, 2009) United Launch Alliance Lunar lander paper YouTube: NASA's Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle Concept animation by YouTube user Hazegrayart vteRocket familiesCarrier rocketsChina Long March 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 Kuaizhou Europe / ESA Ariane Diamant Europa Vega Miura 1 5 India PSLV GSLV LVM3 Japan Epsilon H-II / H-IIA / H-IIB Mu Soviet Union / Russia Angara Kosmos N1 Proton R-7 Molniya Soyuz Vostok Universal Rocket Soviet Union / Ukraine Tsyklon Zenit United States Antares Athena Atlas Delta Electron Falcon 1 9 Heavy Jupiter Minotaur Pegasus Saturn Scout Titan Thor Other nations Safir Shavit Unha Sounding rockets Black Brant Lambda Rohini Skylark Missiles Aggregat Agni Minuteman Peacekeeper Redstone R-7 Semyorka R-36 RS-82 Universal Rocket Some families include both missiles and carrier rockets; they are listed in both groups. vteSpace Shuttle program Space Shuttle List of missions List of crews Components Orbiter Solid Rocket Booster External tank Main engine Orbital Maneuvering System Reaction control system Thermal protection system Booster separation motor Orbiters Enterprise Columbia Challenger Discovery Atlantis Endeavour Add-ons Spacelab (ESA) Canadarm (CSA) Extended Duration Orbiter Remote Controlled Orbiter Spacehab Multi-Purpose Logistics Module Sites Launch Complex 39 A B Space Launch Complex 6 Landing sites Shuttle Landing Facility Abort landing sites Operationsand training Missions (canceled) Crews Mission timeline Rollbacks Abort modes Rendezvous pitch maneuver Shuttle Mission Simulator Shuttle Training Aircraft Testing Inspiration (design) Pathfinder (simulator) MPTA (engine test article) Approach and Landing Tests Disasters Challenger disaster (report) Columbia disaster (report) Support Crawler-transporter Mate-Demate Device Mobile Launcher Platform NASA recovery ship Orbiter Processing Facility Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL) Shuttle Carrier Aircraft flights Shuttle Training Aircraft STS-3xx Special Deutschland-1 Getaway Special Journalist in Space Project Teacher in Space Project Shuttle-Mir Hitchhiker Space suits Extravehicular Mobility Unit Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit Launch Entry Suit Advanced Crew Escape Suit Experiments Freestar experiments Inflatable Antenna Experiment Spartan Packet Radio Experiment Shuttle pallet satellite Wake Shield Facility Derivatives Saturn-Shuttle Magnum Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle Jupiter Shuttle-C Shuttle-Centaur Ares I IV V Liberty Space Launch System OmegA Replicas Independence Related Space Shuttle design process studied designs Inertial Upper Stage Payload Assist Module International Space Station Criticism Retirement Conroy Virtus Hail Columbia (1982 documentary) The Dream Is Alive (1985 documentary) Challenger (1990 film) Destiny in Space (1994 documentary) Columbia: The Tragic Loss (2004 documentary) Hubble (2010 documentary) The Challenger Disaster (2013 film) Challenger: The Final Flight (2020 documentary miniseries) Space Shuttle America Rendezvous: A Space Shuttle Simulation Space Shuttle Project Shuttle Space Shuttle: A Journey into Space Space Shuttle Mission 2007 Orbiter Space Flight Simulator When We Left Earth: The NASA Missions vteConstellation program List of missions Test flights MLAS (Jul 2009) Ares I-X (Oct 2009) Launch vehicles Ares I Ares IV Ares V Lite Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle Jupiter Spacecraft Crew Exploration Vehicle Orion Altair Launch sites Launch Complex 39 A B Ground facilities Kennedy Space Center Mission Control Center Abort systems Orion abort modes Launch Abort System (LAS) Max Launch Abort System (MLAS) Related topics Vision for Space Exploration Exploration Systems Architecture Study DIRECT Constellation Space Suit NASA Authorization Act of 2005 Augustine Commission Artemis program Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shuttle-derived vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle-derived_vehicle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nasansc.JPG"},{"link_name":"super heavy-lift launch vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Constellation program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation_program"},{"link_name":"Augustine Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee"},{"link_name":"Shuttle-C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle-C"},{"link_name":"Shuttle-Derived Launch Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle-derived_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-1"},{"link_name":"Ares I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I"},{"link_name":"Ares V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_V"}],"text":"This article is about a side-mount concept. For other concepts of Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicles, see Shuttle-derived vehicle.Artist impression of the Shuttle-Derived HLV conceptThe Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle (\"HLV\") was an alternate super heavy-lift launch vehicle proposal for the NASA Constellation program. It was first presented to the Augustine Commission on 17 June 2009.Based on the Shuttle-C concept which has been the subject of various studies since the 1980s, the HLV was a Shuttle-Derived Launch Vehicle (SDLV) that proposed to replace the winged Orbiter from the Space Shuttle stack with a side-mounted payload carrier. The Space Shuttle's External Tank (ET) and four-segment Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) would have remained the same.According to initial estimates, the HLV could have been developed within 41⁄2 years for about US$6.6 billion,[1] which was about 20% of the costs estimated for the Ares I and Ares V vehicle development.","title":"Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shuttle-c_launch_painting.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globalsec-2"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle Columbia disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster"},{"link_name":"Exploration Systems Architecture Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration_Systems_Architecture_Study"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Shuttle-C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle-C"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"An artist's conception of a Shuttle-C launching at nightAn uncrewed side-mounted concept of the Space Shuttle named Shuttle-C was investigated between 1984 and 1995.[2] The Shuttle-C cargo only option was not funded in the 1980s and 1990s due to NASA's budgetary constraints. After the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, a two-year industry study was prepared in 2004 and 2005 to further investigate the concept as a Shuttle replacement. The Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS) in 2005 also investigated a Shuttle-C option for Project Constellation, again only in an uncrewed version. All these concepts intended the side-mounted carrier to be an autonomous spacecraft which would detach from the External Tank after main engine cut-off, similarly to the Space Shuttle. Some of the studies included the reuse of the Space Shuttle Main Engines on this side-mounted carrier. None of the concepts involved in-ascent fairing separation.[citation needed]The HLV proposal presented on 17 June 2009 was partly based on the original Shuttle-C proposal. The main differences were that the side-mounted carrier could not detach from the ET, and proposing to also carry crews on the HLV. The proposal included work from about 60 NASA engineers.[3]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:High_Confidence_Heavy_Lift_Launch_Vehicle_Diagram.jpg"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle External Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_External_Tank"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle Main Engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Main_Engine"},{"link_name":"trans-lunar injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"},{"link_name":"avionics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics"},{"link_name":"Vehicle Assembly Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A diagram of the Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle, Block I configurationThe HLV was proposed to be a 4,600,000 pounds (2,100,000 kg) vehicle at liftoff with two 4-segment Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters weighing about 2,600,000 pounds (1,200,000 kg) providing a total thrust of 5,900,000 pounds-force (26 MN) at sea level and the Space Shuttle External Tank weighing about 1,660,000 pounds (750,000 kg) fueled.The side-mounted carrier was to include a Shuttle-derived 'boattail' carrying the three Space Shuttle Main Engines and other propulsion elements. A 7.5 meters (25 ft) diameter payload carrier with a separable fairing weighing 51,000 pounds (23,000 kg) would take up the space usually occupied by the rest of the orbiter. The basic vehicle would not have an upper stage, requiring the payload to perform orbit circularization and possibly trans-lunar injection burns.[4]The only completely new hardware development to be required for the HLV was the side-mounted carrier. All other components used on the HLV were previously in use with the Space Shuttle, and up to the first six flights of the vehicle would have reused spare parts and salvaged functioning hardware from the orbiters, including existing avionics modules, flight software, and SSMEs (Block I flights). Virtually no change to the existing Space Shuttle infrastructure, from the Vehicle Assembly Building to the External Tank barge to the launch pads, was to be required.[citation needed]","title":"HLV specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J-2X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-2X"},{"link_name":"Ares I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_I"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Upper stage","text":"To be usable for the envisioned lunar flights, the HLV would require an upper stage. The use of the J-2X engine that was under development for the Ares I launch vehicle was proposed for this upper stage. It would have provided nearly 300,000 pounds-force (1.3 MN) (vacuum) and was intended to have a specific impulse (Isp) of 448 sec.[citation needed]Alternatively, the United Launch Alliance (ULA) proposed that their Dual Thrust Axis Lander (DTAL) could fit in a side mount payload shroud. The ULA ACE 41 and ACE 71 upper stage/fuel depot concepts could have also fitted inside a side mount payload shroud, and the ACE 71 at 75 metric tons (83 short tons) was well within the side mount shuttle derived vehicle's payload capacity.[5]","title":"HLV specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flightglobal1-6"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Space Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"}],"sub_title":"Performance","text":"The HLV's 4-segment SRBs were to deliver a specific impulse (Isp) of 267 sec and a thrust of 5,900,000 pounds-force (26 MN) and burn for about 155 seconds. The SSME main engines were to be flown at 104.5% and deliver a specific impulse (Isp) of 452 sec and 1,500,000 pounds-force (6.7 MN) (vacuum) and burn for about 500 seconds (depending on the mission profile). The payload mass for different missions was envisioned as follows:[6]Block I vehicle without an upper stage – 79 metric tons (174,000 lb) (gross) and 71 metric tons (157,000 lb) (net) to a 120 nautical miles (220 km) × 120 nautical miles (220 km) reference orbit (28.5°) from Kennedy Space Center\nBlock II cargo vehicle with an upper stage (mass of upper stage not included) – 90 metric tons (200,000 lb) (gross) and 81 metric tons (179,000 lb) (net) to a 120 nautical miles (220 km) × 120 nautical miles (220 km) reference orbit (28.5°) from Kennedy Space Center\nBlock II crew vehicle with an upper stage (mass of upper stage not included) – 92 metric tons (203,000 lb) (gross) and 83 metric tons (183,000 lb) (net) to a 120 nautical miles (220 km) × 120 nautical miles (220 km) reference orbit (28.5°) from Kennedy Space Center\nBlock II lunar missions: 39 metric tons (86,000 lb) to TLI (gross) with the lunar lander and 35 metric tons (77,000 lb) to TLI (net)[4] from Kennedy Space Center.","title":"HLV specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shuttle-C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle-C"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Mission profile","text":"In contrast to Shuttle-C, no part of the vehicle (except for the 4-segment SRBs) would have been recoverable and reusable. The HLV could have used a different flight profile than Shuttle because of a lack of wings and associated load limits. The payload fairing 23,000 pounds (10,000 kg) was to be jettisoned 185 seconds into the flight at about 57 nautical miles (106 km) altitude. The SSME main engines were not to be reused and thus could be simplified, and new engines would have to be produced for each vehicle. For lunar missions, the HLV proposal envisioned suborbital staging at 30 nautical miles (56 km) × 120 nautical miles (220 km) of the vehicle to increase mass through TLI (trans-lunar injection) with two burns of the upper stage (a suborbital burn and an additional TLI burn).[citation needed]","title":"HLV specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shuttleclunar.svg"},{"link_name":"Lunar Orbit Rendezvous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbit_Rendezvous"},{"link_name":"lunar lander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flightglobal1-6"},{"link_name":"Orion spacecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_spacecraft"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Lunar mission scenario with the HLV, a lunar lander and the Orion spacecraftWhile the HLV was designed to provide crew and cargo missions to the ISS, its primary aim would have been to replace the Ares I – Ares V lunar architecture. The rudimentary mission architecture used a Lunar Orbit Rendezvous profile. Two HLVs were to be launched for the completion of one mission. The first HLV was to be launched with the lunar lander and immediately place the lunar lander on a trans-lunar injection. The lunar lander would have had a net mass of 35 metric tons after TLI, and would have inserted itself into a low lunar orbit (LLO). In LLO, the lunar lander would weigh about 28 metric tons.[6]The second HLV was to place an Orion spacecraft and crew to trans-lunar injection. The 20 metric ton Orion spacecraft would remain attached to the upper stage, which was to insert the Orion spacecraft into LLO and dock with the lunar lander.[citation needed]","title":"Lunar mission architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-4"}],"text":"The HLV would have had limited growth option. While 5-segment SRBs could have been used on the vehicle, they would have required significant re-engineering to yield 7 metric tons more to lower Earth orbit. Other growth options included an upgrade of the SSME to 106% or 109% thrust level or a switch from the J-2X upper engine to an air-startable SSME.[4]","title":"Growth options"}]	[{"image_text":"Artist impression of the Shuttle-Derived HLV concept","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Nasansc.JPG/310px-Nasansc.JPG"},{"image_text":"An artist's conception of a Shuttle-C launching at night","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Shuttle-c_launch_painting.jpg/240px-Shuttle-c_launch_painting.jpg"},{"image_text":"A diagram of the Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle, Block I configuration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/High_Confidence_Heavy_Lift_Launch_Vehicle_Diagram.jpg/350px-High_Confidence_Heavy_Lift_Launch_Vehicle_Diagram.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lunar mission scenario with the HLV, a lunar lander and the Orion spacecraft","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Shuttleclunar.svg/400px-Shuttleclunar.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Jupiter (rocket family)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(rocket_family)"},{"title":"Magnum (rocket)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnum_(rocket)"},{"title":"Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee"}]	[{"reference":"Borenstein, Seth (June 30, 2009). \"NASA manager pitches a cheaper return-to-moon plan\". Associated Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Shuttle-C\". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/sts-c.htm","url_text":"\"Shuttle-C\""}]},{"reference":"Keith Cowing (July 6, 2009). \"More Internal Validation of Sidemount HLV\". NASA Watch. Retrieved April 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nasawatch.com/shuttle-news/more-internal-validation-of-sidemount-hlv/","url_text":"\"More Internal Validation of Sidemount HLV\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle\" (PDF). Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee. NASA. June 17, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/361842main_15%20-%20Augustine%20Sidemount%20Final.pdf","url_text":"\"Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee","url_text":"Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee"}]},{"reference":"\"A Commercially Based Lunar Architecture\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-11-04. Retrieved 2009-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091104134500/http://www.ulalaunch.com/docs/publications/AffordableExplorationArchitecture2009.pdf","url_text":"\"A Commercially Based Lunar Architecture\""},{"url":"http://www.ulalaunch.com/docs/publications/AffordableExplorationArchitecture2009.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Will son of Shuttle-C replace NASA's Ares?\". Flightglobal.com. 2009-06-29. Retrieved 2009-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/06/29/328988/will-son-of-shuttle-c-replace-nasas-ares.html","url_text":"\"Will son of Shuttle-C replace NASA's Ares?\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/sts-c.htm","external_links_name":"\"Shuttle-C\""},{"Link":"https://nasawatch.com/shuttle-news/more-internal-validation-of-sidemount-hlv/","external_links_name":"\"More Internal Validation of Sidemount HLV\""},{"Link":"http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/361842main_15%20-%20Augustine%20Sidemount%20Final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091104134500/http://www.ulalaunch.com/docs/publications/AffordableExplorationArchitecture2009.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A Commercially Based Lunar Architecture\""},{"Link":"http://www.ulalaunch.com/docs/publications/AffordableExplorationArchitecture2009.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/06/29/328988/will-son-of-shuttle-c-replace-nasas-ares.html","external_links_name":"\"Will son of Shuttle-C replace NASA's Ares?\""},{"Link":"http://www.nasawatch.com/images/heft2.pdf","external_links_name":"HEFT about Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOnlAUpYWoc","external_links_name":"YouTube: NASA Shuttle-derived Sidemount Heavy Launch Vehicle Concept"},{"Link":"http://www.universetoday.com/2009/07/01/faster-cheaper-and-better-way-to-the-moon/","external_links_name":"Universe Today: Faster, Cheaper (and Better?) Way to the Moon"},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/07/05/MN2218GD18.DTL&type=science","external_links_name":"San Francisco Chronicle': Backup plan to get NASA to moon cheaper"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100331235522/http://www.ulalaunch.com/docs/publications/DualThrustAxisLander(DTAL)2009.pdf","external_links_name":"United Launch Alliance Lunar lander paper"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Il4xDpx4rJk","external_links_name":"YouTube: NASA's Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle Concept"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/652_BC	652 BC	["1 Events","1.1 Middle East","1.2 Asia","2 Births","3 Deaths","4 References"]	Calendar year Millennium: 1st millennium BC Centuries: 8th century BC 7th century BC 6th century BC Decades: 670s BC 660s BC 650s BC 640s BC 630s BC Years: 655 BC 654 BC 653 BC 652 BC 651 BC 650 BC 649 BC 652 BC by topic Politics State leaders Political entities Categories Deaths vte 652 BC in various calendarsGregorian calendar652 BCDCLII BCAb urbe condita102Ancient Egypt eraXXVI dynasty, 13- PharaohPsamtik I, 13Ancient Greek era32nd Olympiad (victor)¹Assyrian calendar4099Balinese saka calendarN/ABengali calendar−1244Berber calendar299Buddhist calendar−107Burmese calendar−1289Byzantine calendar4857–4858Chinese calendar戊辰年 (Earth Dragon)2046 or 1839 — to —己巳年 (Earth Snake)2047 or 1840Coptic calendar−935 – −934Discordian calendar515Ethiopian calendar−659 – −658Hebrew calendar3109–3110Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat−595 – −594 - Shaka SamvatN/A - Kali Yuga2449–2450Holocene calendar9349Iranian calendar1273 BP – 1272 BPIslamic calendar1312 BH – 1311 BHJavanese calendarN/AJulian calendarN/AKorean calendar1682Minguo calendar2563 before ROC民前2563年Nanakshahi calendar−2119Thai solar calendar−109 – −108Tibetan calendar阳土龙年(male Earth-Dragon)−525 or −906 or −1678 — to —阴土蛇年(female Earth-Snake)−524 or −905 or −1677 The year 652 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as year 102 Ab urbe condita . The denomination 652 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events Middle East Elam withdraws from her alliance with king Shamash-shum-ukin of Babylon, who launches a premature attack on his half brother Ashurbanipal at year's end without waiting for reinforcements that have been promised by the Egyptian king Psamtik I. Asia Guan Zhong, Chinese chancellor, urges Duke Huan of Qi to attack the small neighboring State of Xing which is under attack from Quan Rong nomads. Later, he advises the duke not to ally with a vassal ruler's son who wishes to depose his father. Births This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (September 2013) Deaths Hui of Zhou, ruler of the Zhou Dynasty References ^ Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (13 March 1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge University Press. p. 555. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8. This BC year article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pre-Julian Roman calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_calendar"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ab urbe condita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita"},{"link_name":"Anno Domini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini"},{"link_name":"calendar era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_era"}],"text":"The year 652 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as year 102 Ab urbe condita . The denomination 652 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.","title":"652 BC"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam"},{"link_name":"alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_alliance"},{"link_name":"Shamash-shum-ukin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamash-shum-ukin"},{"link_name":"Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon"},{"link_name":"Ashurbanipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashurbanipal"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Psamtik I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psamtik_I"}],"sub_title":"Middle East","text":"Elam withdraws from her alliance with king Shamash-shum-ukin of Babylon, who launches a premature attack on his half brother Ashurbanipal at year's end without waiting for reinforcements that have been promised by the Egyptian king Psamtik I.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guan Zhong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Zhong"},{"link_name":"chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Duke Huan of Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Huan_of_Qi"},{"link_name":"State of Xing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xing_(state)"},{"link_name":"Quan Rong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanrong"},{"link_name":"vassal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal"}],"sub_title":"Asia","text":"Guan Zhong, Chinese chancellor, urges Duke Huan of Qi to attack the small neighboring State of Xing which is under attack from Quan Rong nomads. Later, he advises the duke not to ally with a vassal ruler's son who wishes to depose his father.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hui of Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Hui_of_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Zhou Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Hui of Zhou, ruler of the Zhou Dynasty[1]","title":"Deaths"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (13 March 1999). The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge University Press. p. 555. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cHA7Ey0-pbEC&pg=PA555","url_text":"The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47030-8","url_text":"978-0-521-47030-8"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=652_BC&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cHA7Ey0-pbEC&pg=PA555","external_links_name":"The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=652_BC&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_%C3%81lvarez_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez	Vicente Álvarez (footballer)	["1 Career","2 Honours","3 Career statistics","4 References","5 External links"]	Spanish footballer In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Álvarez and the second or maternal family name is Núñez. Vicente ÁlvarezPersonal informationFull name Vicente Álvarez NúñezDate of birth (1960-04-30) 30 April 1960 (age 64)Place of birth Ourense, SpainHeight 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s) Central midfielderYouth career–1979 OurenseSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1979–1980 Ourense 12 (1)1980–1996 Celta Vigo 309 (13)1982–1983 → Racing de Ferrol (loan) 32 (1)Total 353 (15) Club domestic league appearances and goals Vicente Álvarez Núñez (born 30 April 1960), sometimes known simply as Vicente, is a retired Spanish football player who played as a central midfielder. He spent almost his entire career with Celta Vigo, becoming club captain and an iconic figure during sixteen seasons at Balaídos. Eight of these seasons were in La Liga, during which Vicente amassed 194 top flight appearances and eight goals. Career Álvarez was born in Ourense, capital of the province of the same name, in the autonomous community of Galicia, and began his career in the youth teams of CD Ourense. He was promoted to the first team for the 1979–80 Segunda División B campaign, and quickly drew the attention of scouts from Galician giants Celta Vigo. Not yet 20 years old, he joined Celta in February 1980. Segunda División regulations at the time required teams to start each match with two players aged 20 or younger, who could be substituted after 15 minutes. Álvarez was one of the players to benefit from this rule, which led to him starting 14 matches that season, but not playing the full 90 minutes in any of them. It was a disastrous season for Los Celestes, who were relegated to the third tier. Álvarez didn't feature in either of the next two seasons, in part due to completing his military service in October 1981. He spent the 1982–83 season on loan at Racing de Ferrol in Segunda División B, before finally making his return to the Celta first team the following year. He played 21 matches that season, and 22 in 1984–85 as Los Celestes earned promotion to La Liga. He made his top flight debut on 6 October 1985 at Balaídos, coming on as a second half substitute for Nino Lema as Celta sufferred a 2–1 home defeat at the hands of Real Zaragoza. He then went on to score his first top division goal on 19 October, after replacing Fernando Arteaga at half time in a home match against Osasuna. He picked up the rebound after Baltazar's free kick hit the post, and scored Celta's second in a 2–0 victory. Celta were relegated at the end of that season, a fate they sufferred again in 1989–90, but there were also good times, with promotion straight back to the top flight in 1986–87, and as Segunda División champions in 1991–92. During this period, Álvarez established himself as a legend of the club, able to excel in any area of the pitch. His versatility led to comparisons with another giant of the club's history, Quique Costas. However, he also sufferred with a series of injuries, in particular missing almost all of the 1990–91 season. By the time Celta started an extended period in the top flight in 1992, Álvarez was established as club captain. Having experienced some of the club's darkest days, including relegation to Segunda División B, he also got to be there for one of its brightest, captaining the team in the 1994 Copa del Rey Final. Celta held Real Zaragoza at bay for 120 minutes, but were denied a fairytale victory when Alejo's penalty was saved by Andoni Cedrún, handing Zaragoza the trophy. Álvarez continued to play for Celta for another two seasons, although his appearances were limited by injury. His swansong came on 25 May 1996, in the final match of the 1995–96 season. He replaced Ángel Merino in the second half against Valencia at Balaídos, in a match which ended 1–1. Álvarez, along with José Gil who was also departing after a long and successful time at Celta, received a standing ovation from the appreciative crowd. The following year, Celta played a testimonial for Álvarez against Tenerife at Balaídos, where he was honoured by club president Horacio Gómez. Honours Celta Vigo Segunda División: 1991–92 Copa del Rey runners-up: 1993–94 Career statistics As of 6 March 2021 Club Season League Cup Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Ourense 1979–80 Segunda División B 12 1 3 0 – 15 1 Celta Vigo 1979–80 Segunda División 14 0 0 0 – 14 0 1983–84 19 0 0 0 2 0 21 0 1984–85 16 0 5 1 1 0 22 1 1985–86 La Liga 23 2 8 0 2 0 33 2 1986–87 Segunda División 38 3 3 0 – 41 3 1987–88 La Liga 33 1 6 0 – 39 1 1988–89 33 3 5 0 – 38 3 1989–90 28 0 4 0 – 32 0 1990–91 Segunda División 3 0 0 0 – 3 0 1991–92 25 2 0 0 – 25 2 1992–93 La Liga 36 2 0 0 – 36 2 1993–94 11 0 1 0 – 12 0 1994–95 10 0 2 0 – 12 0 1995–96 20 0 3 0 – 23 0 Total 309 13 37 1 5 0 351 14 Racing de Ferrol 1982–83 Segunda División B 32 1 – 2 0 34 1 Career total 353 15 40 1 7 0 400 16 1.^ Appearances in the 1984 Copa de la Liga Segunda División 2.^ Appearance in the 1985 Copa de la Liga Segunda División 3.^ Appearances in the 1986 Copa de la Liga 4.^ Appearances in the 1983 Copa de la Liga Segunda División B References ^ a b c d e f g h i j "VICENTE". yojugueenelcelta.com. Retrieved 5 March 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h "Vicente". BDFutbol. Retrieved 5 March 2021. ^ "Matches Vicente". BDFutbol. Retrieved 5 March 2021. ^ "Copa del Rey / Spanish Cup 1993-94". linguasport.com. Retrieved 6 March 2021. ^ "Celta de Vigo - Valencia (1 - 1) 25/05/1996". BDFutbol. Retrieved 6 March 2021. External links Vicente Álvarez at BDFutbol VICENTE at yojugueenelcelta.com Vicente Álvarez at WorldFootball.net	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"central midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Celta Vigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC_Celta_de_Vigo"},{"link_name":"Balaídos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bala%C3%ADdos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jugue-1"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDF-2"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Álvarez and the second or maternal family name is Núñez.Vicente Álvarez Núñez (born 30 April 1960), sometimes known simply as Vicente, is a retired Spanish football player who played as a central midfielder. He spent almost his entire career with Celta Vigo, becoming club captain and an iconic figure during sixteen seasons at Balaídos.[1] Eight of these seasons were in La Liga, during which Vicente amassed 194 top flight appearances and eight goals.[2]","title":"Vicente Álvarez (footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ourense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourense"},{"link_name":"province of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Ourense"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"CD Ourense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Ourense"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jugue-1"},{"link_name":"1979–80 Segunda División B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDF-2"},{"link_name":"Celta Vigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RC_Celta_de_Vigo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jugue-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Segunda División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jugue-1"},{"link_name":"that season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"the third tier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDF-2"},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B"},{"link_name":"Racing de Ferrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_de_Ferrol"},{"link_name":"Segunda División B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B"},{"link_name":"the following year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jugue-1"},{"link_name":"1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDF-2"},{"link_name":"Balaídos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bala%C3%ADdos"},{"link_name":"Nino Lema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nino_Lema"},{"link_name":"Real Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"Osasuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_Osasuna"},{"link_name":"Baltazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltazar_Maria_de_Morais_J%C3%BAnior"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jugue-1"},{"link_name":"1989–90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"1986–87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"1991–92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDF-2"},{"link_name":"Quique Costas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quique_Costas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jugue-1"},{"link_name":"1990–91 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDF-2"},{"link_name":"1994 Copa del Rey Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Copa_del_Rey_Final"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jugue-1"},{"link_name":"Real Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"Alejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejo_Indias"},{"link_name":"Andoni Cedrún","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andoni_Cedr%C3%BAn"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDF-2"},{"link_name":"1995–96 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jugue-1"},{"link_name":"Ángel Merino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Merino"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_CF"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"José Gil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gil_Gordillo"},{"link_name":"Tenerife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Tenerife"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jugue-1"}],"text":"Álvarez was born in Ourense, capital of the province of the same name, in the autonomous community of Galicia, and began his career in the youth teams of CD Ourense.[1] He was promoted to the first team for the 1979–80 Segunda División B campaign,[2] and quickly drew the attention of scouts from Galician giants Celta Vigo.[1] Not yet 20 years old, he joined Celta in February 1980.[3] Segunda División regulations at the time required teams to start each match with two players aged 20 or younger, who could be substituted after 15 minutes. Álvarez was one of the players to benefit from this rule,[1] which led to him starting 14 matches that season, but not playing the full 90 minutes in any of them. It was a disastrous season for Los Celestes, who were relegated to the third tier.[2]Álvarez didn't feature in either of the next two seasons, in part due to completing his military service in October 1981. He spent the 1982–83 season on loan at Racing de Ferrol in Segunda División B, before finally making his return to the Celta first team the following year.[1] He played 21 matches that season, and 22 in 1984–85 as Los Celestes earned promotion to La Liga.[2] He made his top flight debut on 6 October 1985 at Balaídos, coming on as a second half substitute for Nino Lema as Celta sufferred a 2–1 home defeat at the hands of Real Zaragoza. He then went on to score his first top division goal on 19 October, after replacing Fernando Arteaga at half time in a home match against Osasuna. He picked up the rebound after Baltazar's free kick hit the post, and scored Celta's second in a 2–0 victory.[1]Celta were relegated at the end of that season, a fate they sufferred again in 1989–90, but there were also good times, with promotion straight back to the top flight in 1986–87, and as Segunda División champions in 1991–92.[2] During this period, Álvarez established himself as a legend of the club, able to excel in any area of the pitch. His versatility led to comparisons with another giant of the club's history, Quique Costas. However, he also sufferred with a series of injuries,[1] in particular missing almost all of the 1990–91 season.[2]By the time Celta started an extended period in the top flight in 1992, Álvarez was established as club captain. Having experienced some of the club's darkest days, including relegation to Segunda División B, he also got to be there for one of its brightest, captaining the team in the 1994 Copa del Rey Final.[1] Celta held Real Zaragoza at bay for 120 minutes, but were denied a fairytale victory when Alejo's penalty was saved by Andoni Cedrún, handing Zaragoza the trophy.[4]Álvarez continued to play for Celta for another two seasons, although his appearances were limited by injury.[2] His swansong came on 25 May 1996, in the final match of the 1995–96 season.[1] He replaced Ángel Merino in the second half against Valencia at Balaídos, in a match which ended 1–1.[5] Álvarez, along with José Gil who was also departing after a long and successful time at Celta, received a standing ovation from the appreciative crowd. The following year, Celta played a testimonial for Álvarez against Tenerife at Balaídos, where he was honoured by club president Horacio Gómez.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Segunda División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"1991–92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"1993–94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Copa_del_Rey"}],"text":"Celta VigoSegunda División: 1991–92\nCopa del Rey runners-up: 1993–94","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BDF-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_a"},{"link_name":"Copa de la Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_de_la_Liga"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_b"},{"link_name":"Copa de la Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_de_la_Liga"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_c"},{"link_name":"1986 Copa de la Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Copa_de_la_Liga"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_d"},{"link_name":"Copa de la Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_de_la_Liga"}],"text":"As of 6 March 2021[2]1.^ Appearances in the 1984 Copa de la Liga Segunda División\n2.^ Appearance in the 1985 Copa de la Liga Segunda División\n3.^ Appearances in the 1986 Copa de la Liga\n4.^ Appearances in the 1983 Copa de la Liga Segunda División B","title":"Career statistics"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"VICENTE\". yojugueenelcelta.com. Retrieved 5 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yojugueenelcelta.com/2009/10/vicente.html","url_text":"\"VICENTE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vicente\". BDFutbol. Retrieved 5 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j2578.html","url_text":"\"Vicente\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matches Vicente\". BDFutbol. Retrieved 5 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j2578.html?temp=1979-80&cat=1a-2a-2aB-COP-CLI-CL2-CL3","url_text":"\"Matches Vicente\""}]},{"reference":"\"Copa del Rey / Spanish Cup 1993-94\". linguasport.com. Retrieved 6 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.linguasport.com/futbol/nacional/copa/Copa94.htm","url_text":"\"Copa del Rey / Spanish Cup 1993-94\""}]},{"reference":"\"Celta de Vigo - Valencia (1 - 1) 25/05/1996\". BDFutbol. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daingean	Daingean	["1 History","2 Tourism","3 Cultural events","4 Transport","5 People","6 See also","7 References"]	Coordinates: 53°17′42″N 7°17′31″W / 53.295°N 7.292°W / 53.295; -7.292Town in County Offaly, Ireland For the town in County Kerry, see Dingle. Town in Leinster, IrelandDaingean An DaingeanTownMolesworth Bridge, Daingean as seen from the HarbourDaingeanLocation in IrelandCoordinates: 53°17′42″N 7°17′31″W / 53.295°N 7.292°W / 53.295; -7.292CountryIrelandProvinceLeinsterCountyOffalyGovernment • Dáil constituencyLaois–OffalyElevation78 m (256 ft)Population (2022)1,223Time zoneUTC+0 (WET) • Summer (DST)UTC-1 (IST (WEST))Area code057Irish Grid ReferenceN474275 Historical populationYearPop.±%18211,619— 18311,454−10.2%18411,189−18.2%1851748−37.1%18611,074+43.6%1871820−23.6%1881829+1.1%1891836+0.8%1901778−6.9%1911659−15.3%1926460−30.2%1936518+12.6%1946663+28.0%1951660−0.5%1956648−1.8%1961679+4.8%1966605−10.9%1971492−18.7%1981551+12.0%1986659+19.6%1991641−2.7%1996679+5.9%2002777+14.4%20061,056+35.9%20111,037−1.8%20161,077+3.9%20221,223+13.6% Daingean (/ˈdæŋɡən/; Irish: An Daingean, meaning 'the fort' or Daingean Ua bhFáilghe), formerly Philipstown, named after King Philip II of Spain (then King of Ireland by jure uxoris), is a small town in east County Offaly, Ireland. It is situated midway between the towns of Tullamore and Edenderry on the R402 regional road. The town of Daingean had a population, as of the 2022 census, of 1,223. It is the principal town of the Daingean Catholic Parish. The other main poles of this parish are Ballycommon, Kilclonfert and Cappincur. History Daingean was originally named Philipstown in 1556 when it was established as the county town of the newly shired King's County that was planted by Mary I. The town and the county were so named after her husband and co-monarch Philip who was the titular King of Ireland. From his wife's death in 1558 he no longer held royal status in England or Ireland, and was soon afterwards crowned as Philip II of Spain. The Philipstown parliamentary borough sent two MPs to the Irish House of Commons until its abolition in 1801. The town was once the seat of the O'Connor clan, who were chieftains of the surrounding area of Offaly. Its current name of Daingean, from Daingean Ua bhFáilghe, means fortress of the Uí Fáilghe clan, a name that it derived from the medieval island fortress of O'Connor Faly. In 1883, Tullamore replaced Daingean as the focal point of the county, being on a railway line. As a result, Philipstown was demoted from county town to village and as a result lost most of its political status. With the foundation of the Irish Free State in 1922, the village was renamed Daingean, at the same time as County Offaly replaced the old style of King's County. In the 1850s, Philipstown Gaol was used to detain people who were convicted and sentenced to transportation to Australia while they waited for a ship to transport them. Many of them died in the jail after spending several years waiting to be transported. Public buildings in Daingean include the courthouse, whose design is locally attributed to James Gandon, and a children's reformatory (mentioned in the Ryan Report). The remnants of a military barracks (known as the footbarrack) gives its name to the bridge leading out of the town towards Tullamore - the footbarrack bridge. There are the remnants of a Church of Ireland (Anglican) church and a functioning Roman Catholic church. A number of these buildings are no longer used for their original function. The courthouse, for example, has functioned as a town hall, dance hall and bingo hall, having been renovated in the 1980s. The Daingean Reformatory A bog body, given the name Old Croghan Man, was found near Daingean in 2004 and featured on the BBC Two Timewatch programme in January 2006. A book called From the Quiet Annals of Daingean was written and published by John Kearney of Daingean in December 2006. While there is a local farming economy, many of the people from Daingean work in Tullamore or commute further afield. Daingean is surrounded by the Bog of Allen and Bord Na Mona (BnM) remains a local employer, however the number employed is much reduced from the heyday when local people made a living working at the briquette factory and on the bog. The ESB power station at nearby Rhode was also a significant employer before its closure. Even in the period of high unemployment in the 1980s, the ESB and BnM trained local men in their apprenticeship programmes. Publican Matt Farrell was murdered in the town on 1 April 2009. A €10,000 reward was offered for information when the crime had not been solved several months later. Tourism The Grand Canal, which links Dublin and the River Shannon, passes through the village. The village has an 18-hole golf course, Castle Barna Golf Club. Daingean is also home to Grand Canal Adventures who provide kayaking, water zorbing, bicycle hire and other water sports and leisure activities on the canal. Cultural events The Daingean Homecoming Festival is a week-long event hosted at the beginning of each August. The festival includes a raft race on the Grand Canal, a parade, traditional threshing, a karaoke competition and a children's day. During the Daingean Homecoming Festival, a "festival queen" is selected by a panel of judges. On the Friday night of the festival, the Tullamore Harriers Athletic Club organise a 5 km road race which makes four loops of the town. The race has previously seen over 100 runners taking part. Transport Map of Daingean The regional R402 road forms the principal street of Daingean known as Main Street. This road links Enfield, Edenderry, Daingean, Ballinagar and (through the R420) Tullamore. Daingean is served by a Bus Éireann commuter bus service through route 120. The nearest railway station is Tullamore railway station, approximately 17.5 km (10.9 mi) or 15 to 20 minutes away. People See also: Category:People from Daingean Mrs. Eckleston of Philipstown was stated to be 143 when she died (1548–1691). Patrick Dunne (1818–1900), a Roman Catholic priest who ministered in Australia, was born in Philipstown. Lord Charles Beresford (1846–1919), British admiral and politician; born in Philipstown. Joe Connor (1877–1934), an Irish international footballer who played for West Bromwich Albion, Arsenal and Fulham among others, was born in Philipstown. Kevin Kilmurray, former Offaly footballer and manager Geraldine O'Neill is an author, originally from Scotland, living in Daingean since 1991. Her mother was originally from Daingean. O'Neill primarily writes historical fiction novels, many of which are set in County Offaly. See also List of towns and villages in Ireland References ^ a b c "Census 2022 - F1015 Population". Central Statistics Office Census 2022 Reports. Central Statistics Office Ireland. August 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023. ^ "Census for post 1821 figures". Archived from the original on 20 September 2010. ^ "histpop.org". Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. ^ "NISRA - Census". Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2015. ^ Lee, J.J. (1981). "On the accuracy of the Pre-famine Irish censuses". In Goldstrom, J. M.; Clarkson, L. A. (eds.). Irish Population, Economy, and Society: Essays in Honour of the Late K. H. Connell. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. ^ Mokyr, Joel; O Grada, Cormac (November 1984). "New Developments in Irish Population History, 1700-1850". The Economic History Review. 37 (4): 473–488. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1984.tb00344.x. hdl:10197/1406. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012. ^ "Sapmap Area - Settlements - Daingean". Census 2016. Central Statistics Office. April 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2020. ^ "An Daingean / Daingean". logainm.ie. Irish Placenames Commission. Retrieved 28 February 2020. ^ www.catholicireland.net Archived 2007-02-03 at the Wayback Machine ^ Title deeds to land still show the name "King's County" in 2019. ^ "Ireland Australia Transportation Records 1791-1853". Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2015. ^ www.connorsgenealogy.com - Ireland Parish History Books (recovered 5 January 2008) ^ "Publican found dead in Offaly". RTÉ News. 1 April 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2009. ^ "Reward offered in Offaly publican's death". RTÉ News. 21 December 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2009. ^ "castlebarna.ie". ^ "Grand Canal". Grand Canal Adventures. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2020. ^ a b "Daingean Festival website". www.thedaingeanfestival.com. ^ "Printed timetable" (PDF). Bus Éireann. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2007. ^ Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick (February–May 1862). "The Old Countess of Desmond". The Dublin Review. 51. London: Thomas Richardson and Son: 78. ^ "Offaly managerless as Kilmurray quits". Irish Examiner. 13 September 2006. The Daingean native confirmed that he was stepping down last night after the Board reviewed his reign so far, which has run since November 2004. vtePlaces in County OffalyCounty town: TullamoreTowns Banagher Birr Clara Cloghan Daingean Edenderry Ferbane Tullamore Villages andTownlands Ballinagar Ballyboy Ballycumber Belmont Blue Ball Bracknagh Brosna Cadamstown Clareen Clonahenoge Clonbullogue Clonmacnoise Clonony Clonygowan Coolderry Crinkill Croghan Cushina Doon Dunkerrin Durrow Geashill Horseleap Kilcormac Killeigh Killoughey Killurin Kinnitty Moneygall Mountbolus Mucklagh Pollagh Rahan Rath Rhode Shannonbridge Shannon Harbour Shinrone Walsh Island Landforms Arderin Barcam Bog of Allen Boora bog Carroll's Hill Farbreague Clara Bog Croghan Hill Esker Riada Grand Canal Raheenmore Bog River Brosna River Camcor River Shannon Silver River Stillbrook Hill Wolftrap Mountain Yellow River Topics Education in County Offaly Geography of County Offaly History of County Offaly List of National Monuments in County Offaly List of townlands of County Offaly Media in County Offaly Mountains and hills of County Offaly Politics of County Offaly Religion in County Offaly Rivers of County Offaly Transport in County Offaly Counties of Ireland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingle"},{"link_name":"/ˈdæŋɡən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"King of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"jure uxoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jure_uxoris"},{"link_name":"County Offaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Offaly"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Tullamore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullamore"},{"link_name":"Edenderry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edenderry"},{"link_name":"R402","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R402_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"regional road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"2022 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_census_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cso2022-1"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parishlist-9"}],"text":"Town in County Offaly, IrelandFor the town in County Kerry, see Dingle.Town in Leinster, IrelandDaingean (/ˈdæŋɡən/; Irish: An Daingean, meaning 'the fort' or Daingean Ua bhFáilghe),[8] formerly Philipstown, named after King Philip II of Spain (then King of Ireland by jure uxoris), is a small town in east County Offaly, Ireland. It is situated midway between the towns of Tullamore and Edenderry on the R402 regional road. The town of Daingean had a population, as of the 2022 census, of 1,223.[1] It is the principal town of the Daingean Catholic Parish.[9] The other main poles of this parish are Ballycommon, Kilclonfert and Cappincur.","title":"Daingean"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_town"},{"link_name":"King's County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Offaly"},{"link_name":"Mary I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Philipstown parliamentary borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipstown_(Parliament_of_Ireland_constituency)"},{"link_name":"MPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"Irish House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Tullamore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullamore"},{"link_name":"railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway"},{"link_name":"Irish Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Free_State"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"James Gandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gandon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"reformatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformatory"},{"link_name":"Ryan Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_to_Inquire_into_Child_Abuse"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daingean_Reformatory_Ireland.jpg"},{"link_name":"bog body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog_body"},{"link_name":"Old Croghan Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Croghan_Man"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"Timewatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timewatch"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bog of Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog_of_Allen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Daingean was originally named Philipstown in 1556 when it was established as the county town of the newly shired King's County that was planted by Mary I. The town and the county were so named after her husband and co-monarch Philip who was the titular King of Ireland. From his wife's death in 1558 he no longer held royal status in England or Ireland, and was soon afterwards crowned as Philip II of Spain. The Philipstown parliamentary borough sent two MPs to the Irish House of Commons until its abolition in 1801.The town was once the seat of the O'Connor clan, who were chieftains of the surrounding area of Offaly. Its current name of Daingean, from Daingean Ua bhFáilghe, means fortress of the Uí Fáilghe clan, a name that it derived from the medieval island fortress of O'Connor Faly. In 1883, Tullamore replaced Daingean as the focal point of the county, being on a railway line. As a result, Philipstown was demoted from county town to village and as a result lost most of its political status. With the foundation of the Irish Free State in 1922, the village was renamed Daingean, at the same time as County Offaly replaced the old style of King's County.[10]In the 1850s, Philipstown Gaol was used to detain people who were convicted and sentenced to transportation to Australia while they waited for a ship to transport them. Many of them died in the jail after spending several years waiting to be transported.[11]Public buildings in Daingean include the courthouse, whose design is locally attributed to James Gandon,[citation needed] and a children's reformatory (mentioned in the Ryan Report). The remnants of a military barracks (known as the footbarrack) gives its name to the bridge leading out of the town towards Tullamore - the footbarrack bridge. There are the remnants of a Church of Ireland (Anglican) church and a functioning Roman Catholic church. A number of these buildings are no longer used for their original function.[citation needed] The courthouse, for example, has functioned as a town hall, dance hall and bingo hall, having been renovated in the 1980s.[citation needed]The Daingean ReformatoryA bog body, given the name Old Croghan Man, was found near Daingean in 2004 and featured on the BBC Two Timewatch programme in January 2006.A book called From the Quiet Annals of Daingean was written and published by John Kearney of Daingean in December 2006.[12]While there is a local farming economy, many of the people from Daingean work in Tullamore or commute further afield.[citation needed] Daingean is surrounded by the Bog of Allen and Bord Na Mona (BnM) remains a local employer, however the number employed is much reduced from the heyday when local people made a living working at the briquette factory and on the bog.[citation needed] The ESB power station at nearby Rhode was also a significant employer before its closure. Even in the period of high unemployment in the 1980s, the ESB and BnM trained local men in their apprenticeship programmes.[citation needed]Publican Matt Farrell was murdered in the town on 1 April 2009.[13] A €10,000 reward was offered for information when the crime had not been solved several months later.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canal_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"River Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Shannon"},{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"kayaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayaking"},{"link_name":"water zorbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_zorbing"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The Grand Canal, which links Dublin and the River Shannon, passes through the village. The village has an 18-hole golf course, Castle Barna Golf Club.[15] Daingean is also home to Grand Canal Adventures who provide kayaking, water zorbing, bicycle hire and other water sports and leisure activities on the canal.[16]","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fest-17"},{"link_name":"festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival"},{"link_name":"raft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raft"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fest-17"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Daingean Homecoming Festival is a week-long event hosted at the beginning of each August.[17] The festival includes a raft race on the Grand Canal, a parade, traditional threshing, a karaoke competition and a children's day. During the Daingean Homecoming Festival, a \"festival queen\" is selected by a panel of judges.[17] On the Friday night of the festival, the Tullamore Harriers Athletic Club organise a 5 km road race which makes four loops of the town. The race has previously seen over 100 runners taking part.[citation needed]","title":"Cultural events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daingean.png"},{"link_name":"Enfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfield,_County_Meath"},{"link_name":"Ballinagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballinagar"},{"link_name":"R420","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R420_road"},{"link_name":"Bus Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Tullamore railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullamore_railway_station"}],"text":"Map of DaingeanThe regional R402 road forms the principal street of Daingean known as Main Street. This road links Enfield, Edenderry, Daingean, Ballinagar and (through the R420) Tullamore.Daingean is served by a Bus Éireann commuter bus service through route 120.[18]The nearest railway station is Tullamore railway station, approximately 17.5 km (10.9 mi) or 15 to 20 minutes away.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People from Daingean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Daingean"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Patrick Dunne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Dunne_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Lord Charles Beresford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Charles_Beresford"},{"link_name":"Joe Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Connor_(footballer_born_1877)"},{"link_name":"West Bromwich Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Fulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham"},{"link_name":"Kevin Kilmurray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Kilmurray"},{"link_name":"Offaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offaly_county_football_team"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-managerless-20"},{"link_name":"Geraldine O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"See also: Category:People from DaingeanMrs. Eckleston of Philipstown was stated to be 143 when she died (1548–1691).[19]\nPatrick Dunne (1818–1900), a Roman Catholic priest who ministered in Australia, was born in Philipstown.\nLord Charles Beresford (1846–1919), British admiral and politician; born in Philipstown.\nJoe Connor (1877–1934), an Irish international footballer who played for West Bromwich Albion, Arsenal and Fulham among others, was born in Philipstown.\nKevin Kilmurray, former Offaly footballer and manager[20]\nGeraldine O'Neill is an author, originally from Scotland, living in Daingean since 1991. Her mother was originally from Daingean. O'Neill primarily writes historical fiction novels, many of which are set in County Offaly.[citation needed]","title":"People"}]	[{"image_text":"The Daingean Reformatory","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Daingean_Reformatory_Ireland.jpg/400px-Daingean_Reformatory_Ireland.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Daingean","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Daingean.png/220px-Daingean.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Offaly.svg/100px-Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Offaly.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"List of towns and villages in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"}]	[{"reference":"\"Census 2022 - F1015 Population\". Central Statistics Office Census 2022 Reports. Central Statistics Office Ireland. August 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.cso.ie/table/F1015","url_text":"\"Census 2022 - F1015 Population\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(Ireland)","url_text":"Central Statistics Office Ireland"}]},{"reference":"\"Census for post 1821 figures\". Archived from the original on 20 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100920090814/http://cso.ie/census","url_text":"\"Census for post 1821 figures\""},{"url":"http://www.cso.ie/census","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"histpop.org\". Archived from the original on 7 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160507023856/http://www.histpop.org/","url_text":"\"histpop.org\""},{"url":"http://www.histpop.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NISRA - Census\". Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120217095720/http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census","url_text":"\"NISRA - Census\""},{"url":"http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lee, J.J. (1981). \"On the accuracy of the Pre-famine Irish censuses\". In Goldstrom, J. M.; Clarkson, L. A. (eds.). Irish Population, Economy, and Society: Essays in Honour of the Late K. H. Connell. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Joseph_Lee","url_text":"Lee, J.J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)","url_text":"Pre-famine"}]},{"reference":"Mokyr, Joel; O Grada, Cormac (November 1984). \"New Developments in Irish Population History, 1700-1850\". The Economic History Review. 37 (4): 473–488. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1984.tb00344.x. hdl:10197/1406. Archived from the original on 4 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121204160709/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120035880/abstract","url_text":"\"New Developments in Irish Population History, 1700-1850\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.1984.tb00344.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1468-0289.1984.tb00344.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10197%2F1406","url_text":"10197/1406"},{"url":"http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120035880/abstract","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sapmap Area - Settlements - Daingean\". Census 2016. Central Statistics Office. April 2016. Retrieved 27 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2016/Results.aspx?Geog_Type=ST2016&Geog_Code=A15ABE2F-8463-47EC-B1F4-048911690DB4","url_text":"\"Sapmap Area - Settlements - Daingean\""}]},{"reference":"\"An Daingean / Daingean\". logainm.ie. Irish Placenames Commission. Retrieved 28 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.logainm.ie/125001.aspx","url_text":"\"An Daingean / Daingean\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ireland Australia Transportation Records 1791-1853\". Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161026173450/http://www.nationalarchives.ie/genealogy1/genealogy-records/ireland-australia-transportation-records-1791-1853/","url_text":"\"Ireland Australia Transportation Records 1791-1853\""},{"url":"http://www.nationalarchives.ie/genealogy1/genealogy-records/ireland-australia-transportation-records-1791-1853/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Publican found dead in Offaly\". RTÉ News. 1 April 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0401/farrellm.html","url_text":"\"Publican found dead in Offaly\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_News","url_text":"RTÉ News"}]},{"reference":"\"Reward offered in Offaly publican's death\". RTÉ News. 21 December 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/news/2009/1221/farrellm.html","url_text":"\"Reward offered in Offaly publican's death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_News","url_text":"RTÉ News"}]},{"reference":"\"castlebarna.ie\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.castlebarna.ie/","url_text":"\"castlebarna.ie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grand Canal\". Grand Canal Adventures. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714181614/http://www.grandcanalsports.ie/","url_text":"\"Grand Canal\""},{"url":"http://www.grandcanalsports.ie/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Daingean Festival website\". www.thedaingeanfestival.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedaingeanfestival.com/","url_text":"\"Daingean Festival website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Printed timetable\" (PDF). Bus Éireann. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070213052831/http://www.buseireann.ie/site/your_journey/printed_timetable_pdfs/local/120.pdf","url_text":"\"Printed timetable\""},{"url":"http://www.buseireann.ie/site/your_journey/printed_timetable_pdfs/local/120.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick (February–May 1862). \"The Old Countess of Desmond\". The Dublin Review. 51. London: Thomas Richardson and Son: 78.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xWnqaPtA0AoC&q=%22dublin+review%22&pg=PA51","url_text":"\"The Old Countess of Desmond\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"}]},{"reference":"\"Offaly managerless as Kilmurray quits\". Irish Examiner. 13 September 2006. The Daingean native confirmed that he was stepping down last night after the Board reviewed his reign so far, which has run since November 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/gaa/arid-30276617.html","url_text":"\"Offaly managerless as Kilmurray quits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Examiner","url_text":"Irish Examiner"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Daingean&params=53.295_N_7.292_W_dim:100000_region:IE_type:city","external_links_name":"53°17′42″N 7°17′31″W / 53.295°N 7.292°W / 53.295; -7.292"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Daingean&params=53.295_N_7.292_W_dim:100000_region:IE_type:city","external_links_name":"53°17′42″N 7°17′31″W / 53.295°N 7.292°W / 53.295; -7.292"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Daingean&params=53.295935_N_7.289869_W_region:IE_scale:25000","external_links_name":"N474275"},{"Link":"https://data.cso.ie/table/F1015","external_links_name":"\"Census 2022 - F1015 Population\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100920090814/http://cso.ie/census","external_links_name":"\"Census for post 1821 figures\""},{"Link":"http://www.cso.ie/census","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160507023856/http://www.histpop.org/","external_links_name":"\"histpop.org\""},{"Link":"http://www.histpop.org/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120217095720/http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census","external_links_name":"\"NISRA - Census\""},{"Link":"http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121204160709/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120035880/abstract","external_links_name":"\"New Developments in Irish Population History, 1700-1850\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.1984.tb00344.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1468-0289.1984.tb00344.x"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10197%2F1406","external_links_name":"10197/1406"},{"Link":"http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120035880/abstract","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2016/Results.aspx?Geog_Type=ST2016&Geog_Code=A15ABE2F-8463-47EC-B1F4-048911690DB4","external_links_name":"\"Sapmap Area - Settlements - Daingean\""},{"Link":"https://www.logainm.ie/125001.aspx","external_links_name":"\"An Daingean / Daingean\""},{"Link":"http://www.catholicireland.net/parishes/parishlist.php?DioceseID=18","external_links_name":"www.catholicireland.net"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070203053449/http://www.catholicireland.net/parishes/parishlist.php?DioceseID=18","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161026173450/http://www.nationalarchives.ie/genealogy1/genealogy-records/ireland-australia-transportation-records-1791-1853/","external_links_name":"\"Ireland Australia Transportation Records 1791-1853\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationalarchives.ie/genealogy1/genealogy-records/ireland-australia-transportation-records-1791-1853/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.connorsgenealogy.com/books/parishes-L.htm#Offaly","external_links_name":"www.connorsgenealogy.com"},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0401/farrellm.html","external_links_name":"\"Publican found dead in Offaly\""},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/news/2009/1221/farrellm.html","external_links_name":"\"Reward offered in Offaly publican's death\""},{"Link":"http://www.castlebarna.ie/","external_links_name":"\"castlebarna.ie\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714181614/http://www.grandcanalsports.ie/","external_links_name":"\"Grand Canal\""},{"Link":"http://www.grandcanalsports.ie/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.thedaingeanfestival.com/","external_links_name":"\"Daingean Festival website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070213052831/http://www.buseireann.ie/site/your_journey/printed_timetable_pdfs/local/120.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Printed timetable\""},{"Link":"http://www.buseireann.ie/site/your_journey/printed_timetable_pdfs/local/120.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xWnqaPtA0AoC&q=%22dublin+review%22&pg=PA51","external_links_name":"\"The Old Countess of Desmond\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/gaa/arid-30276617.html","external_links_name":"\"Offaly managerless as Kilmurray quits\""}]

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